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Roosevelt family
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Roosevelt family - wikipedia Roosevelt family This article is about the U.S. business and political family of Dutch origin . For the name Roosevelt , see Roosevelt ( surname ) . For people named Roosevelt , see List of people with surname Roosevelt . `` Roosevelts '' redirects here . For the 2014 documentary , see The Roosevelts ( film ) . Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt family ( 1903 ) Current region New York and New England Earlier spellings Rosevelt , van Rosenvelt , van Rosevelt Etymology rose field ( Dutch ) Place of origin Netherlands England Ireland Scotland Connected families Delano family Du Pont family Astor family Livingston family Longworth family Hoffman family Schuyler family Goodyear family Lowell family de Peyster family Motto Qui plantavit curabit ( He who planted ( us ) will care ( for us ) ) Estate ( s ) Sagamore Hill ( Oyster Bay , New York ) Springwood ( Hyde Park , New York ) The Roosevelt family is an American business and political family from New York whose members have included two United States Presidents , a First Lady , and various merchants , politicians , inventors , clergymen , artists , and socialites . Progeny of a mid-17th century Dutch immigrant to New Amsterdam , many members of the family became locally prominent in New York City business and politics and intermarried with prominent colonial families . Two distantly related branches of the family from Oyster Bay on Long Island and Hyde Park in Dutchess County rose to national political prominence with the elections of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) and his fifth cousin Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) , whose wife , First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt , was Theodore 's niece . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Van Roosevelts of Oud - Vossemeer 1.2 Claes van Rosenvelt 2 Coats of arms 3 Family diagram 4 Members 4.1 Oyster Bay Roosevelts 4.2 Hyde Park Roosevelts 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Van Roosevelts of Oud - Vossemeer ( edit ) The earliest known ancestor of the family was a man from the Netherlands named Claes van Rosenvelt . It has been suggested that he was related to the Van Roosevelts of Oud - Vossemeer , who were amt lords in the Tholen region of the Netherlands . While evidence suggests that Claes van Rosenvelt indeed came from the Tholen region where the Van Roosevelts were landowners , no records exist that prove that he is related to the noble family . It may simply be a coincidence , or Claes van Rosenvelt may have chosen the name purposefully because of its noble origins or to honor his local amt lord , as was common practice for peasants of the time . Claes van Rosenvelt ( edit ) Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt , the immigrant ancestor of the Roosevelt family , arrived in New Amsterdam ( present day New York City ) some time between 1638 and 1649 . About the year 1652 , he bought a farm from Lambert van Valckenburgh comprising 24 morgens ( that is , 20.44 ha or 50.51 acres ) in what is now Midtown Manhattan , including the present site of the Empire State Building . The property included approximately what is now the area between Lexington Avenue and Fifth Avenue bounded by 29th St. and 35th St . Claes ' son Nicholas was the first to use the spelling Roosevelt and the first to have a political office , as an alderman . His children Johannes and Jacobus were , respectively , the progenitors of the Oyster Bay and Hyde Park branches of the family . By the late 19th century , the Hyde Park Roosevelts were generally associated with the Democratic Party and the Oyster Bay Roosevelts with the Republican Party . President Theodore Roosevelt , an Oyster Bay Roosevelt , was the uncle of Eleanor Roosevelt later wife of Franklin Roosevelt . Despite political differences that caused family members to actively campaign against each other , the two branches generally remained friendly . Franklin Roosevelt married Eleanor Roosevelt , Theodore 's niece and his own fifth cousin once removed . Coats of arms ( edit ) Roosevelt family Information Date of origin 17th century Shield Three roses one in pale and two in saltire gules barbed seeded slipped and leaved proper . Crest and mantle Upon a torse argent and gules , Three ostrich plumes each per pale gules and argent , the mantling gules doubled argent . In heraldry , canting arms are a visual or pictorial depiction of a surname , and were and still are a popular practice . It would be common to find roses , then , in the arms of many Roosevelt families , even unrelated ones ( the name Rosenvelt means roses - field ) . Also , grassy mounds or fields of green would be a familiar attribute . The Van Roosevelts of Oud - Vossemeer in Zeeland have a coat of arms that is divided horizontally , the top portion with a white chevron between three white roses , while the bottom half is gold with a red lion rampant . A traditional blazon suggested would be , Per fess vert a chevron between three roses argent and Or a lion rampant gules . The coat of arms of the namesakes of the Dutch immigrant Claes van Rosenvelt , ancestor of the American political family that included Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt , were white with a rosebush with three rose flowers growing upon a grassy mound , and whose crest was of three ostrich feathers divided into red and white halves each . In heraldic terms this would be described as , Argent upon a grassy mound a rose bush proper bearing three roses gules barbed and seeded all proper , with a crest upon a torse argent and gules of Three ostrich plumes each per pale gules and argent. Franklin Roosevelt altered his arms to omit the rosebush and use in its place three crossed roses on their stems , changing the blazon of his shield to Three roses one in pale and two in saltire gules barbed seeded slipped and left proper . Family diagram ( edit ) show Roosevelt family tree Claes Maartenszen van Rosenvelt emigrated to America c. 1649 ( died 1659 ) Nicholas Roosevelt ( 1658 -- 1742 ) Johannes Roosevelt ( 1689 -- 1750 ) Jacobus Roosevelt ( 1692 -- 1776 ) Jacobus Roosevelt ( 1724 -- 1777 ) Isaac Roosevelt Hyde Park branch ( 1726 -- 1794 ) James Jacobus Roosevelt ( 1759 -- 1840 ) Jacobus Roosevelt III ( 1760 -- 1847 ) Cornelius Van Schaack Roosevelt Oyster Bay branch ( 1794 -- 1871 ) Isaac Daniel Roosevelt ( 1790 -- 1863 ) Theodore Roosevelt , Sr . ( 1831 -- 1878 ) James Roosevelt ( 1828 -- 1900 ) Theodore `` T.R. '' Roosevelt , Jr . ( 1858 -- 1919 ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( 1860 -- 1894 ) Kermit Roosevelt ( 1889 - 1943 ) Theodore `` Ted '' Roosevelt III ( 1887 -- 1944 ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( 1884 -- 1962 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt , Sr . ( 1882 -- 1945 ) Kermit Roosevelt Jr . ( 1916 - 2000 ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( 1906 -- 1975 ) James Roosevelt ( 1907 -- 1991 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr . ( 1909 -- 1909 ) Elliott Roosevelt ( 1910 -- 1990 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt , Jr . ( 1914 -- 1988 ) John Aspinwall Roosevelt II ( 1916 -- 1981 ) Kermit Roosevelt III ( b . 1938 ) Mark Roosevelt ( b . 1955 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt III ( 1938 - 2006 ) Kermit Roosevelt IV ( b . 1971 ) Members ( edit ) For an alphabetical list of people with the surname Roosevelt , see Roosevelt ( surname ) . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) hide Roosevelt family members Claes Martenszen van Rosenvelt ( 1623 -- 1660 ) , m . Jannetje Samuels Thomas ( 1625 -- 1660 ) Elsie Roosevelt ( bap. 1652 -- 1703 ) , m . Hendrick Meyer , New York City assistant alderman Catharina Meyer , m . Harmanus Rutgers Hendrick Rutgers ( 1712 -- 1779 ) , m . Catharina De Peyster , daughter of Mayor of New York City Johannes de Peyster Henry Rutgers ( 1745 -- 1830 ) , Revolutionary War hero , philanthropist , namesake of Rutgers University Eva Rutgers , m . John Provoost Samuel Provoost ( 1742 -- 1815 ) , Bishop of the Episcopal Church Maria Provoost , m . Cadwallader D. Colden , Mayor of New York City Anna Margaret Roosevelt ( 1654 -- 1706 ) , m . Heyman A. Roosa ( 1643 -- 1708 ) Nicholas Roosevelt ( 1658 -- 1742 ) , m . Heyltje Jans Kunst ( 1664 -- 1730 ) Nicholas Roosevelt ( b . 1687 ) , goldsmith Nicholas Roosevelt ( b . 1715 ) , first lieutenant of the Hearts of Oak militia in the American Revolutionary War Nicholas Roosevelt ( 1758 -- 1838 ) , member of the New York Assembly from Warren County Solomon Roosevelt ( 1778 -- 1832 ) Solomon Roosevelt ( 1807 -- 1900 ) , shipbuilder , built many steamships under the firm Roosevelt & Joyce , including the USS Morse . See Allaire Iron Works . George Washington Roosevelt ( 1844 -- 1907 ) , Medal of Honor recipient for action at Bull Run , diplomat Johannes Roosevelt ( 1689 -- 1750 ) Margreta Roosevelt ( bap. 1709 ) , m . William de Peyster , son of Mayor of New York City Johannes de Peyster Nicholas Roosevelt ( b . 1717 ) , merchant Nicholas Roosevelt ( bap. 1740 ) , New York City alderman Cornelius Roosevelt ( b . 1731 ) , chocolate maker , New York City alderman Cornelius C. Roosevelt ( bap. 1755 ) , merchant , New York City alderman , member of the New York State Assembly , m . Alida Fargie , granddaughter of Albany and New York City mayor Edward Holland Maria Roosevelt ( 1760 -- 1821 ) , m . John Duffie Matilda Duffie , m . Gerard De Peyster , New York City alderman Margaret De Peyster , m . Philip Milledoler Brett , President of Rutgers University Cornelius Roosevelt Duffie ( 1789 -- 1827 ) , Episcopal priest , founder and rector of Saint Thomas Church , m . Helena Bleecker , granddaughter of Anthony Lispenard Bleecker Cornelius Roosevelt Duffie ( 1821 -- 1900 ) , first chaplain of Columbia College , founder and first rector of the Church of St. John the Baptist Elbert Roosevelt ( 1767 -- 1857 ) , New York City merchant , early settler of Pelham Manor , New York , m . Jane Curtenius , daughter of merchant and politician Peter T. Curtenius Clinton Roosevelt ( 1804 -- 1898 ) , politician and inventor Jacobus Roosevelt ( 1724 -- 1777 ) Johannes Roosevelt ( bap. 1751 ) , m . Mary Schuyler of the Schuyler , Van Rensselaer , and Van Cortlandt families . Mary Roosevelt ( 1789 -- 1837 ) , m . William Sheriff de Peyster , son of Pierre Guillaume de Peyster ( himself a brother of Arent de Peyster ) Nicholas Roosevelt ( 1767 -- 1854 ) , inventor involved with steamboats , m . Lydia Latrobe , daughter of architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe Samuel Roosevelt ( 1813 -- 1878 ) Nicholas Latrobe Roosevelt ( 1847 -- 1892 ) Henry Latrobe Roosevelt ( 1879 -- 1936 ) , Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Navy , m . Eleanor Morrow , daughter of California judge and U.S. Representative William W. Morrow Eleanor Katherine Roosevelt ( 1915 -- 1995 ) , m . Reverdy Wadsworth , son of U.S. Senator and Representative James W. Wadsworth Jr . Samuel Montgomery Roosevelt ( 1858 -- 1920 ) , noted portrait painter James Jacobus Roosevelt ( 1759 -- 1840 ) , m . Maria Van Schaack ( a descendant of the Schuyler family ) . Cornelius Van Schaack Roosevelt Sr. ( 1794 -- 1871 ) , progenitor of the Oyster Bay Roosevelts ( see below ) James John Roosevelt ( 1795 -- 1875 ) , politician , businessman and jurist , m . Cornelia Van Ness , daughter of Vermont politician Cornelius P. Van Ness Marcia Ouseley Roosevelt ( b . 1847 ) , m . Edward Brooks Scovel , opera singer Frederick Roosevelt Scovel , m . Vivien May Sartoris ( 1879 -- 1933 ) , daughter of Nellie Grant and granddaughter of President Ulysses S. Grant Catherine Roosevelt ( 1803 -- 1844 ) , m . Michael Bourke Margaret Jones Bourke , m . Thomas Edward Kenny , Canadian merchant , banker , and politician William Henry Roosevelt ( 1806 -- 1869 ) , politician , land speculator ( Illinois ) James Jacobus Roosevelt ( 1692 -- 1776 ) , m . Catharina Hardenbroek Helena Roosevelt ( 1719 -- 1772 ) , m . Andrew Barclay , namesake of Barclay Street in Manhattan Charlotte Amelia Barclay ( 1760 -- 1778 ) , m . Richard Bayley , first professor of anatomy at Columbia College Guy Carlton Bayley , m . Grace Roosevelt ( see below ) James Roosevelt Bayley ( 1814 -- 1877 ) , Bishop of Newark and Archbishop of Baltimore Christopher Roosevelt ( b . 1739 ) James Christopher Roosevelt ( 1770 ) James Henry Roosevelt ( 1800 -- 1863 ) , founder of the Roosevelt Hospital Isaac Roosevelt ( 1726 -- 1794 ) , merchant , co-founder of the Bank of New York , Federalist politician , served in the New York State Assembly and the New York Constitutional Convention , m . Cornelia Hoffman Jacobus Roosevelt ( 1760 -- 1847 ) , m . Maria Walton , a descendant of Wilhelmus Beekman Grace Roosevelt , m . Guy Carlton Bayley ( see above ) Isaac Daniel Roosevelt ( 1790 -- 1863 ) , progenitor of the Hyde Park Roosevelts , m . Mary Rebecca Aspinwall Maria Roosevelt ( b . 1763 ) , m . Richard Varick , Mayor of New York City Oyster Bay Roosevelts ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) hide Oyster Bay Roosevelts Cornelius Van Schaack Roosevelt Sr. ( 1794 -- 1871 ) , co-founder of Chemical Bank Silas Weir Roosevelt ( 1823 -- 1870 ) Cornelius Roosevelt ( 1847 -- 1902 ) , m . Anais Julia Carmencita Piorkque ( 1848 -- 1941 ) , m . Anastacia Anderpoll ( 1879 -- 1962 ) Andre Roosevelt ( 1879 -- 1962 ) , film director , m . Adelheid Lange ( 1879 -- 1962 ) , sculptress Hilda Roosevelt ( 1881 -- 1965 ) , Parisian opera singer Hilborne Roosevelt , ( 1849 -- 1886 ) , pioneering organ builder , m . Katherine Shippen James West Roosevelt , ( 1858 -- 1896 ) , physician Nicholas Roosevelt ( 1893 -- 1982 ) , American diplomat and journalist James Alfred Roosevelt ( 1825 -- 1898 ) , banker Alfred Roosevelt ( 1856 - 1891 ) , banker , m . Katherine Lowell , daughter of Massachusetts businessman Augustus Lowell Elfrida Roosevelt , m . Sir Orme Bigland Clarke , 4th Baronet , military officer Sir Humphrey Clarke , 5th Baronet ( 1906 -- 1973 ) Sir Toby Clarke , 6th Baronet ( 1939 -- ) , British businessman Lawrence Clarke ( 1990 -- ) , Olympic hurdler William Emlen Roosevelt ( 1857 -- 1930 ) , banker and telegraph executive George Emlen Roosevelt ( 1887 -- 1963 ) , banker and philanthropist Julian Roosevelt ( 1924 -- 1986 ) , Olympic gold medalist and IOC member Philip James Roosevelt Sr. ( 1892 -- 1941 ) , U.S. Army captain during World War I and banker , m. his second cousin Jean S. Roosevelt ( see below ) Philip James Roosevelt Jr. ( 1928 -- 1998 ) , investment counselor Cornelius Van Schaack Roosevelt Jr . Robert Barnwell Roosevelt ( 1829 -- 1906 ) , conservationist , m. 1st Elizabeth Ellis , m. 2nd Minnie O'Shea John Ellis Roosevelt ( 1853 - 1939 ) , m . Nannie Vance , daughter of New York City politician Samuel B.H. Vance Jean Schermerhorn Roosevelt , m . her second cousin Philip James Roosevelt Sr. ( see above ) Granville Roland Fortescue ( 1875 -- 1952 ) , soldier and war correspondent , m . Grace Hubbard Bell , niece of Alexander Graham Bell Thalia Massie ( 1911 -- 1963 ) , whose rape was the subject of the 1932 Massie Trial Helene Whitney ( 1914 -- 1990 ) ( born Kenyon Fortescue ) , 1930s and 1940s film actress , m . Julian Louis Reynolds , son of Richard S. Reynolds Sr. and heir to the Reynolds tobacco and aluminum fortunes Theodore Roosevelt Sr. ( 1831 -- 1878 ) , m . Martha `` Mittie '' Bulloch Anna `` Bamie / Bye '' Roosevelt ( 1855 -- 1931 ) , m . William Sheffield Cowles Sr . William Sheffield Cowles Jr. ( 1898 -- 1986 ) , Connecticut State Representative , Mayor of Farmington , Connecticut Theodore `` T.R. '' Roosevelt Jr. ( 1858 -- 1919 ) , 1st m . Alice Hathaway Lee , 2nd m . Edith Kermit Carow , 5th Assistant Secretary of the Navy , 33rd Governor of New York , 25th Vice-President of the United States , and 26th President of the United States Alice Lee Roosevelt ( 1884 -- 1980 ) , m . Nicholas Longworth IV Paulina Longworth ( 1925 -- 1957 ) ( daughter with William Edgar Borah ) , m . Alexander McCormick Sturm Joanna Mercedes Alessandra Sturm ( b . 1946 ) Alice Roosevelt Sturm ( b . 1987 ) ( daughter from relationship with Robert Hellman ) Theodore `` Ted '' Roosevelt III ( 1887 -- 1944 ) , m . Eleanor Butler Alexander Theodore Roosevelt IV ( 1914 -- 2001 ) , m . Anne Mason Babcock Theodore Roosevelt V ( b . 1942 ) , m . Constance Lane Rogers Theodore Roosevelt VI ( b . 1976 ) , m . Serena Clare Torrey Cornelius Van Schaack Roosevelt III ( 1915 -- 1991 ) Quentin Roosevelt II ( 1919 -- 1948 ) Anna C. Roosevelt , archaeologist Susan Roosevelt , m . William Weld Kermit Roosevelt Sr. ( 1889 -- 1943 ) , m . Belle Wyatt Willard Kermit Roosevelt Jr. ( changed to Sr. on father 's death ) ( 1916 -- 2000 ) , m . Mary Lowe Gaddis Kermit Roosevelt III ( changed to Jr. on grandfather 's death ) Kermit Roosevelt IV ( b . 1971 ) , law professor and writer Mark Roosevelt ( b . 1955 ) , President of St. John 's College Joseph Willard Roosevelt ( 1918 -- 2008 ) , pianist and composer Belle Wyatt `` Clochette '' Roosevelt ( 1920 -- 1985 ) , m . John Gorham Palfrey Jr. , great - grandson of Massachusetts congressman John G. Palfrey John Gorham Palfrey III John Palfrey ( b . 1972 ) , law professor and Head of School at Phillips Academy Ethel Carow Roosevelt ( 1891 -- 1977 ) , m . Richard Derby Edith Roosevelt Derby ( 1917 -- 2008 ) , historian and conservationist Sarah Alden Derby ( 1920 -- 1999 ) , m . Vermont State Senator Robert T. Gannett Archibald Bulloch `` Archie '' Roosevelt Sr. ( 1894 -- 1979 ) , m . Grace Lockwood , municipal bond broker Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt Jr. ( 1918 -- 1990 ) , CIA officer , 1st m . Katherine Tweed , 2nd m . Selwa Carmen Showker Tweed Roosevelt ( b . 1942 ) , businessman Theodora Roosevelt ( 1919 -- 2008 ) , novelist , m . Tom Keogh Nancy Dabney Roosevelt ( 1923 -- 2010 ) , m . William Eldred Jackson , son of jurist Robert H. Jackson Melissa Jackson ( b. 1952 ) , jurist and lawyer Melanie Jackson , literary agent , m . Thomas Pynchon Edith Kermit Roosevelt ( 1926 -- 2003 ) , newspaper columnist , m . Alexander Gregory Barmine Margot Roosevelt , journalist , m . Ralph Hornblower III Samuel Roosevelt Hornblower ( b . 1978 ) , Emmy Award winning producer of 60 Minutes Quentin Roosevelt I ( 1897 -- 1918 ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt Sr. ( 1860 -- 1894 ) , m . Anna Rebecca Hall , a descendant of the Livingston family Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( 1884 -- 1962 ) , politician , First Lady of the United States , delegate to the United Nations , m . Franklin Delano Roosevelt Sr . Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt Jr. ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Gracie Hall Roosevelt ( 1891 -- 1941 ) , 1st m . Margaret Richardson , 2nd m . Dorothy Kemp Corinne Roosevelt ( 1861 -- 1933 ) , m . Douglas Robinson , poet , lecturer , and orator Theodore Douglas Robinson ( 1883 -- 1934 ) m . Helen Rebecca Roosevelt Douglas Robinson ( 1906 -- 1964 ) , m . Louise Miller , daughter of New York Governor Nathan L. Miller Elizabeth Mary Douglas Robinson ( 1909 -- 1979 ) , m . Jacques Blaise de Sibour , son of architect Jules Henri de Sibour Corinne Douglas Robinson ( 1886 -- 1971 ) , twice elected to the Connecticut House of Representatives , m . Joseph Wright Alsop IV Joseph Wright Alsop V ( 1910 -- 1989 ) , gay journalist and syndicated newspaper columnist Corinne Roosevelt Alsop ( 1912 -- 1997 ) , m . Percy Chubb II , grandson of the founder of Chubb Limited Stewart Johonnot Oliver Alsop Sr. ( 1914 -- 1974 ) , American newspaper columnist and political analyst Joseph Wright Alsop VI Ian Alsop Elizabeth Winthrop Alsop , children 's book author , Stewart Johonnot Oliver Alsop Jr. investor and pundit Richard Nicholas Alsop , missionary with FamilyLife Andrew Alsop John deKoven Alsop ( 1915 -- 2000 ) , insurance executive and Connecticut state legislator Monroe Douglas Robinson ( 1887 -- 1944 ) Stewart Douglas Robinson ( 1889 -- 1909 ) , committed suicide by jumping from his college dormitory window after a party . Hyde Park Roosevelts ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) hide Hyde Park Roosevelts Isaac Daniel Roosevelt ( 1790 -- 1863 ) m . Mary Rebecca Aspinwall James Roosevelt ( 1828 -- 1900 ) , 1st m . Rebecca Howland , 2nd m . Sara Ann Delano James Roosevelt `` Rosey '' Roosevelt ( 1854 -- 1927 ) m . Helen Schermerhorn Astor Helen Rebecca Roosevelt ( 1881 -- 1962 ) , m . Theodore Douglas Robinson ( see above ) James Roosevelt `` Tadd '' Roosevelt Jr. ( 1879 -- 1958 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( 1882 -- 1945 ) , m . Anna Eleanor Roosevelt , 12th Assistant Secretary of the Navy , 44th Governor of New York and 32nd President of the United States Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( 1906 -- 1975 ) , m. 1st Curtis Bean Dall , m. 2nd Clarence John Boettiger , m. 3rd Dr. James Addison Halsted Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Dall ( b . 1927 ) Curtis Roosevelt Dall ( 1930 - 2016 ) John Roosevelt Boettiger ( b . 1939 ) , m . Leigh McCullough James Roosevelt II ( 1907 -- 1991 ) , m. 1st Betsy Cushing , m. 2nd Romelle Schneider , m. 3rd Irene Owens , m. 4th Mary Winskill Sara Delano Roosevelt , ( b . 1932 ) , m. pianist Anthony di Bonaventura Kate Roosevelt ( b . 1936 ) James Roosevelt III ( b . 1945 ) , attorney and Democratic Party official Michael Anthony Roosevelt ( b . 1946 ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( b . 1948 ) Hall Delano Roosevelt ( b . 1959 ) , served on the Long Beach , California City Council in the 1990s Rebecca Mary Roosevelt ( b . 1971 ) Elliott Roosevelt Sr. ( 1910 -- 1990 ) , United States Army Air Forces officer and author , m. 1st Emily Browning Donner , daughter of businessman William Donner , m. 2nd Ruth Josephine Googins , m. 3rd Faye Margaret Emerson , m. 4th Minnewa Bell , m. 5th Patricia Peabody William Donner Roosevelt ( 1931 -- 2003 ) , investment banker and philanthropist Ruth Chandler Roosevelt ( b . 1934 ) Elliott Roosevelt Jr. ( b . 1936 ) , Texas oilman David Boynton Roosevelt ( b . 1942 ) Livingston Delano Roosevelt ( b . 1962 , died as infant ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. , lawyer , politician , and businessman ( 1914 -- 1988 ) , m. 1st Ethel du Pont , m. 2nd Suzanne Perrin , m. 3rd Felicia Schiff Warburg Sarnoff , m. 4th Patricia Luisa Oakes , m. 5th Linda McKay Stevenson Weicker Franklin Delano Roosevelt III ( b . 1938 ) , economist , m . Grace R. Goodyear , great - granddaughter of businessman Charles W. Goodyear and granddaughter of Presbyterian minister Norman Thomas Phoebe Louisa Roosevelt ( b . 1965 ) Nicholas Martin Roosevelt ( b . 1966 ) ( twin ) Amelia Roosevelt ( b . 1966 ) ( twin ) , concert violinist Christopher du Pont Roosevelt ( b . 1941 ) m . Rosalind Havemeyer , a great - granddaughter of sugar refiner Henry Osborne Havemeyer Catherine ( `` Kate '' ) Roosevelt ( b . 1968 ) Emily Roosevelt ( 1969 -- 2010 ) Christopher Havemeyer Roosevelt ( b . 1972 ) John A. Roosevelt Nancy Roosevelt Ireland Laura Delano Roosevelt , m . Charles Henry Silberstein John Aspinwall Roosevelt II ( 1916 -- 1981 ) , m . Anne Lindsay Clark John Aspinwall Roosevelt ( 1840 -- 1909 ) , m . Ellen Murray Crosby Grace Walton Roosevelt , tennis player , m . Appleton LeSure Clark Russell Clark Roosevelt Clark Ellen Crosby Roosevelt ( 1868 -- 1954 ) , tennis champion See also ( edit ) The Roosevelts - 2014 PBS documentary References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier ( September 10 , 2014 ) . `` PBS ' ' The Roosevelts ' portrays an epic threesome '' . AP News . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amt lords '' . Ambachtsheerlijkheid . Archived from the original on 6 September 2008 . Retrieved 27 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Oud Vossemeer '' . Oudvossemeer.com . Archived from the original on 19 October 2007 . Retrieved 28 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lambert Jochemse van Valckenburch of New Amsterdam '' . VanValkenburg.org . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt , 26th and 32nd Presidents of the United States '' . American Heraldry Society . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2008 . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Whittelsey , Charles ( 1902 ) . The Roosevelt Genealogy , 1649 - 1902 . Hartford , Conn. , Press of J.B. Burr & co . Jump up ^ Hough , Franklin B. ( 1858 ) . The New York civil list . Albany , NY : Weed , Parsons & Co. p. 300 . Retrieved November 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/roosevelt.html#907.06.43 Jump up ^ Genealogical and Biographical Notes : Haring - Herring , Clark , Denton , White , Griggs , Judd , and Related Families . Peter Haring Judd. 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88082 - 190 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Pelham : Elbert Roosevelt , An Early Settler of the Manor of Pelham , and Other Members of His Family '' . historicpelham.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Theodore Roosevelt Association ( 1990 ) . Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal . The Association . Jump up ^ Frances M. Smith ( 1909 ) . Colonial Families of America . F. Allaben genealogical Company . Jump up ^ Berger , Joseph ( March 16 , 2005 ) . `` Roosevelts and the Quirks of Destiny '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ John Lippert ; Jim Efstathiou Jr. ; Mike Lee ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` Republican Born Roosevelt Digs Deep for Texas Oil Found With CO2 '' . Bloomberg Markets Magazine . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Further reading Cobb , William T. ( 1946 ) . The Strenuous Life : The Oyster Bay Roosevelts in Business and Finance . William E. Rudge 's Sons . Collier , Peter ; David Horowitz ( 1994 ) . The Roosevelts : An American Saga . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 65225 - 7 . Hubert , Philip G. ( 1903 ) . The Merchants ' National Bank of the City of New York . Schriftgiesser , Karl ( 1942 ) . The Amazing Roosevelt Family , 1613 -- 1942 . Wildred Funk , Inc . Scoville , Joseph A. ( 1863 ) . The Old Merchants of New York City . New York , NY : Carlton . Whittelsey , Charles B. ( 1902 ) . The Roosevelt Genealogy , 1649 -- 1902 . External links ( edit ) Booknotes interview with Peter Collier on The Roosevelts : An American Saga , August 7 , 1994 . Booknotes interview with Betty Boyd Caroli on The Roosevelt Women , May 9 , 1999 . Booknotes interview with Susan Dunn on The Three Roosevelts : Patrician Leaders Who Transformed America , May 6 , 2001 . United States presidential family political lines Adams Harrison Roosevelt Bush Theodore Roosevelt 26th President of the United States , 1901 -- 1909 25th Vice President of the United States , 1901 33rd Governor of New York , 1899 -- 1900 Assistant Secretary of the Navy , 1897 -- 1898 New York City Police Commissioner , 1895 -- 1897 New York State Assemblyman , 1882 1883 1884 Presidency First inauguration historic site Second inauguration `` Square Deal '' Booker T. Washington dinner Conservation Newlands Reclamation Act Transfer Act of 1905 Antiquities Act Pelican Island Devils Tower National Monument Muir Woods National Monument Other National Monuments United States Forest Service , United States Reclamation Service National Wildlife Refuge System Roosevelt Arch Conference of Governors Northern Securities Company breakup court case Coal strike of 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act Food and Drug Administration Meat Inspection Act Expediting Act Elkins Act Hepburn Act Aldrich -- Vreeland Act Federal Employers Liability Act Kinkaid Act Big Stick ideology Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty Panama Canal Zone Panama Canal Venezuelan crisis Roosevelt Corollary Occupation of Cuba Russo - Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth 1906 Nobel Peace Prize Gentlemen 's Agreement of 1907 College football meetings Bureau of Investigation Department of Commerce and Labor Bureau of Corporations Keep Commission Inland Waterways Commission Bureau of the Census Great White Fleet Perdicaris incident Cabinet White House West Wing State of the Union Address , 1901 1906 1908 White House desk Federal judiciary appointments Other events Spanish -- American War Rough Riders Battle of Las Guasimas Battle of San Juan Hill `` Bull Moose '' Progressive Party New Nationalism Assassination attempt Boone and Crockett Club Smithsonian -- Roosevelt African Expedition `` River of Doubt '' Amazonian expedition Life and homes Birthplace , boyhood home replica Sagamore Hill Home and Museum Oyster Bay Elkhorn Ranch Maltese Cross Cabin Pine Knot cabin Gravesite Writings and speeches Theodore Roosevelt bibliography The Naval War of 1812 ( 1882 book ) `` The Strenuous Life '' ( 1899 speech ) `` Citizenship in a Republic '' ( 1910 speech ) `` Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual '' ( 1912 post-assassination - attempt speech ) Theodore Roosevelt : An Autobiography ( 1913 book ) The Forum magazine articles Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia Archival collections Elections New York state election , 1898 Republican National Convention , 1900 1904 1912 1916 United States presidential election , 1900 1904 1912 Legacy Mount Rushmore Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library White House Roosevelt Room Theodore Roosevelt National Park Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness Theodore Roosevelt Island Roosevelt National Forest Roosevelt Study Center Theodore Roosevelt Association Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park Monument Assemblage Roosevelt River Theodore Roosevelt Award Roosevelt Road U.S. Postage stamps Theodore Roosevelt , Rough Rider sculpture Equestrian statue Popular culture Teddy bear `` Speak softly , and carry a big stick '' Books Films Roosevelt in Africa 1910 documentary The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Related Political positions `` Bully pulpit '' Ananias Club `` Nature fakers '' Progressive Era A Guest of Honor Porcellian Club `` Muckraker '' National Collegiate Athletic Association `` Roosevelt Republican '' Family Alice Hathaway Lee ( first wife ) Edith Kermit Carow ( second wife ) Alice Lee Roosevelt ( daughter ) Theodore Roosevelt III ( son ) Kermit Roosevelt ( son ) Ethel Carow Roosevelt ( daughter ) Archibald Roosevelt ( son ) Quentin Roosevelt ( son ) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. ( father ) Martha Stewart Bulloch ( mother ) Anna Roosevelt ( sister ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( brother ) Corinne Roosevelt ( sister ) Cornelius Roosevelt ( grandfather ) James Stephens Bulloch ( grandfather ) James A. Roosevelt ( uncle ) Robert Roosevelt ( uncle ) James Dunwoody Bulloch ( half - uncle ) Irvine Bulloch ( uncle ) Theodore Douglas Robinson ( nephew ) Corinne Robinson ( niece ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( niece ) Hall Roosevelt ( nephew ) ← William McKinley William Howard Taft → Category Franklin D. Roosevelt 32nd President of the United States ( 1933 -- 1945 ) 44th Governor of New York ( 1929 -- 1932 ) Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( 1913 -- 1920 ) New York State Senator ( 1911 -- 1913 ) Presidency Inaugurations ( 1st 2nd 3rd 4th ) New Deal overview New Deal coalition First 100 days Second New Deal Federal Emergency Relief Administration Civilian Conservation Corps Agricultural Adjustment Administration Emergency Banking Act Tennessee Valley Authority National Labor Relations Act National Industry Recovery Act Public Works Administration National Recovery Administration Works Progress Administration National Youth Administration Social Security Act Aid to Families with Dependent Children Communications Act of 1934 Federal Communications Commission Securities and Exchange Commission Monetary gold ownership Gold Reserve Act Silver seizure Record on civil rights Defense industry non-discrimination Fair Employment Practices Commission Indian Reorganization Act Executive Orders 9066 , 9102 War Relocation Authority Japanese American internment German - American internment Italian - American internment Brownlow Committee Executive Office of the President G.I. Bill of Rights Cullen -- Harrison Act Roerich Pact Four Freedoms Four Freedoms Monument Black Cabinet Jefferson 's Birthday holiday Judicial Court - Packing Bill Federal Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet `` Brain Trust '' Modern Oval Office Official car Criticism Presidential Foreign policy Banana Wars U.S. occupation of Nicaragua , 1912 -- 1933 U.S. occupation of Haiti , 1915 -- 1934 Good Neighbor Policy ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Montevideo Convention ( 1933 ) Second London Naval Treaty ( 1936 ) ABCD line ( 1940 ) Export Control Act Four Policemen Lend - Lease 1940 Selective Service Act Atlantic Charter ( 1941 ) Military history of the United States during World War II Home front during World War II Combined Munitions Assignments Board War Production Board Declaration by United Nations ( 1942 ) Dumbarton Oaks Conference World War II conferences Quebec Agreement Europe first Morgentau Plan support Presidential speeches Commonwealth Club Address Madison Square Garden speech `` Four Freedoms '' Infamy Speech Arsenal of Democracy `` ... is fear itself '' Fireside chats `` Look to Norway '' Quarantine Speech `` The More Abundant Life '' Second Bill of Rights State of the Union Address ( 1934 1938 1939 1940 1941 1945 ) Other events Early life , education , career Warm Springs Institute Governorship of New York Business Plot Assassination attempt Elections New York state election , 1928 1930 Democratic National Convention , 1920 1924 1932 1936 1940 1944 United States presidential election , 1920 1932 theme song 1936 1940 1944 Life and homes Early life and education Groton School `` Springwood '' birthplace , home , and gravesite Campobello home Paralytic illness Top Cottage Little White House , Warm Springs , Georgia Legacy Presidential Library and Museum Roosevelt Institute Roosevelt Institute Campus Network Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Roosevelt Island Four Freedoms Park White House Roosevelt Room Roosevelt Study Center Four Freedoms Award Four Freedoms paintings Unfinished portrait U.S. Postage stamps Roosevelt dime Films The Roosevelt Story 1947 Sunrise at Campobello 1960 Eleanor and Franklin 1976 , The White House Years 1977 World War II : When Lions Roared Warm Springs 2005 Hyde Park on Hudson 2012 The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Other namesakes Roosevelt family Delano family Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( wife ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( daughter ) James Roosevelt II ( son ) Elliott Roosevelt ( son ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. ( son ) John Aspinwall Roosevelt II ( son ) Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves ( granddaughter ) Curtis Roosevelt ( grandson ) Sara Delano Roosevelt ( granddaughter ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt III ( grandson ) John Roosevelt Boettiger ( grandson ) James Roosevelt III ( grandson ) James Roosevelt I ( father ) Sara Ann Delano ( mother ) James Roosevelt Roosevelt ( half - brother ) Isaac Roosevelt ( grandfather ) Jacobus Roosevelt ( great - grandfather ) Fala ( family dog ) ← Herbert Hoover Harry S. Truman → Category Eleanor Roosevelt Chairwoman , Presidential Commission on the Status of Women ( 1961 -- 1962 ) 34th First Lady of the United States ( 1933 -- 1945 ) United Nations United States delegate , United Nations General Assembly ( 1946 -- 1952 ) United Nations Commission on Human Rights ( 1947 -- 1953 , Chairperson 1946 -- 1951 ) Universal Declaration of Human Rights Human Rights Day First Lady of the United States `` My Day '' daily newspaper column , 1935 -- 1962 Co-Chair , Office of Civilian Defense Marian Anderson Lincoln Memorial Concert Tuskegee Airmen flight Arthurdale and Eleanor , West Virginia American Youth Congress National Youth Administration Black Cabinet 1940 Democratic National Convention speech Women in Defense Freedom House Other events First Lady of New York Presidential Commission on the Status of Women National Organization for Women Encampment for Citizenship Life and homes Val - Kill National Historic Site Val - Kill Industries Campobello home Franklin D. Roosevelt 's paralytic illness Hyde Park home and gravesite Legacy Roosevelt Institute Roosevelt Institute Campus Network Roosevelt Study Center Eleanor Roosevelt Monument Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights Statue at the Franklin Roosevelt Memorial Eleanor Roosevelt College Marian Anderson : the Lincoln Memorial Concert ( 1939 film ) Sunrise at Campobello ( 1958 play , 1960 film ) The Eleanor Roosevelt Story ( 1965 film ) Eleanor and Franklin ( 1976 film ) Eleanor and Franklin : The White House Years ( 1977 film ) The Roosevelts ( 2014 documentary ) Related United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights International Bill of Human Rights International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Morgenthau Plan Roosevelt family Franklin D. Roosevelt ( husband presidency ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( daughter ) James Roosevelt II ( son ) Elliott Roosevelt ( son ) Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. ( son ) John Roosevelt II ( son ) Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves ( granddaughter ) Curtis Roosevelt ( grandson ) Sara Delano Roosevelt ( granddaughter ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt III ( grandson ) John Roosevelt Boettiger ( grandson ) James Roosevelt III ( grandson ) Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( father ) Anna Hall Roosevelt ( mother ) Hall Roosevelt ( brother ) Theodore Roosevelt Sr. ( grandfather ) Martha Stewart Bulloch ( grandmother ) Theodore Roosevelt ( uncle presidency ) Bamie Roosevelt ( aunt ) Fala ( family dog ) Royal or noble family trees Monarchies by region Africa Ethiopia Madagascar Egypt ( House of Muhammad Ali ) Tunisia Americas Aztec Brazil Mexico Asia Cambodia China Ancient Early Middle Late India Mughal Mughal - Mongol Iran Pre-Islamic : Achaemenid Arsacid Sasanian post-Islamic dynasties Modern : Safavid Afsharid Zand Qajar Pahlavi Japan Jerusalem Korea Silla Goryeo Joseon Kuwait Malay Malaysia & Brunei Mongolia Borjigin Yuan Ilkhanate Timurid Myanmar Ottoman simplified Anatolian Seljuks Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Europe Aragon Belgium Bohemia Bosnia Castile Croatia Denmark France simplified House of Bonaparte Greece Hungary Leon Luxembourg Naples Navarre Netherlands Norway Orange - Nassau Poland Portugal Holy Roman Empire / Germany House of Habsburg ( incl . Holy Roman Empire after 1440 ) Romania Russia Serbia Medieval : Vlastimirović Vojislavljević Vukanović Nemanjić Lazarević Branković Modern : Karađorđević Obrenović Sicily Spain Sweden United Kingdom England simplified ) ( Wessex Mercia Northumbria Scotland Wales after 1603 Visigoths Oceania Bora Bora Hawaii Kamehameha Lunalilo Kalākaua Huahine Mangareva Samoa Malietoa Tui Manua Tupua Tamasese Tahiti Tonga Dukes , princes and counts Norfolk Artois Brittany Aquitaine Brabant Lorraine Burgundy Bourbon Condé Monaco Conti Holland Flanders Swabia Lithuania Jagiello La Fayette Hainault Noble families Borgia Braganza Farnese Frankopan Gonzaga Von Graben De Graeff Kabužić Medici Plantagenet Šubić ( Princes of Bribir ) Visconti Windsor York Zrinski Monarchies of the ancient world Egypt 1st 4th 11th 12th 18th 19th 20th 21st 25th 26th Near East Yamhad Israel / Judah Georgia Iberia Bagrationi of Georgia Kartli Kakheti Imereti Greece and Hellenistic World House of Atreus Erechtheids of Athens Alcmaeonids of Athens Heraclidae Kings of Sparta Argead dynasty Ptolemies Attalid Seleucids Rome Roman Emperors Caecilii Metelli Scipio -- Paullus -- Gracchus Julio - Claudian dynasty Severan dynasty Flavian dynasty Constantinian dynasty Valentinian dynasty Eastern Roman / Byzantine Emperors Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roosevelt_family&oldid=846454253 '' Categories : Roosevelt family Political families of the United States First Families of the United States Theodore Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt American families of Dutch ancestry American families of English ancestry American families of Scottish ancestry American genealogy Eleanor Roosevelt Hidden categories : Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 21 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did the roosevelt family come to america
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"The Roosevelt family is an American business and political family from New York whose members have included two United States Presidents, a First Lady,[1] and various merchants, politicians, inventors, clergymen, artists, and socialites. Progeny of a mid-17th century Dutch immigrant to New Amsterdam, many members of the family became locally prominent in New York City business and politics and intermarried with prominent colonial families. Two distantly related branches of the family from Oyster Bay on Long Island and Hyde Park in Dutchess County rose to national political prominence with the elections of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) and his fifth cousin Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945), whose wife, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, was Theodore's niece."
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"mid-17th century"
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Burt Munro
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Burt Munro - wikipedia Burt Munro Burt Munro Herbert James Munro ( ' Burt ' ) ( 1899 - 03 - 25 ) 25 March 1899 Edendale , New Zealand 6 January 1978 ( 1978 - 01 - 06 ) ( aged 78 ) Invercargill , New Zealand Resting place Eastern Cemetery , Invercargill Nationality New Zealand Occupation Carpenter New Zealand Home Guard Speedway rider Motorcycle salesman Mechanic Known for Land Speed record holder Spouse ( s ) Florence Beryl Martyn ( m . 1927 ; div. 1947 ) Children Herbert James `` Burt '' Munro ( Bert in his youth ; 25 March 1899 -- 6 January 1978 ) was a New Zealand motorcycle racer , famous for setting an under - 1,000 cc world record , at Bonneville , 26 August 1967 . This record still stands ; Munro was 68 and was riding a 47 - year - old machine when he set his last record . Working from his home in Invercargill , he worked for 20 years to highly modify the 1920 Indian motorcycle that he had bought that same year . Munro set his first New Zealand speed record in 1938 and later set seven more . He travelled to compete at the Bonneville Salt Flats , attempting to set world speed records . During his ten visits to the salt flats , he set three speed records , one of which still stands . His efforts , and success , are the basis of the motion picture The World 's Fastest Indian ( 2005 ) , starring Anthony Hopkins , and an earlier 1971 short documentary film Burt Munro : Offerings to the God of Speed , both directed by Roger Donaldson . Contents 1 Early life 2 Challenges 3 Bonneville Salt Flats and Speed Week 4 Personal life 5 Records 6 Feature film The World 's Fastest Indian 7 2013 Indian named Spirit of Munro 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Munro was born in 1899 in Invercargill . His twin sister died at birth and Munro grew up on a farm in Edendale , east of Invercargill . Munro 's interest in speed began at an early age , riding the family 's fastest horse across the farm , despite the complaints of his father . Trips via train to the port at Invercargill were a rare source of excitement , and the arrival of cars , motorcycles and aircraft added to Burt 's eagerness to join the world outside his farm . As Munro 's family discouraged his endeavours outside farm life , he became constantly bored with daily routine . At the outbreak of the First World War , he intended to go to war as soon as he was old enough , for a chance to see the world . Munro remained on the family farm until the end of the First World War , when his father sold the farm . At that time , Munro worked on the Otira Tunnel construction until recalled to work with his father on a newly purchased farm . After this he became a professional speedway rider , but returned home to the family farm at the start of the Great Depression . Finding work as a motorcycle salesman and mechanic , he raced motorcycles and rose to the top of the New Zealand motorcycle scene , racing on Oreti Beach and later in Melbourne , Australia . After the Second World War , Munro and his wife divorced , and he subsequently gave up work to reside in a lock - up garage . Challenges ( edit ) A replica of the 1920 Indian ( with half the exterior removed to show detail ) that Burt Munro used to set his record in 1967 Munro 's Indian Scout was a very early model , being only the 627th Scout to leave the American factory . The bike had an original top speed of 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) . But this did not satisfy Munro , so in 1926 he decided to start modifying his beloved Indian . The biggest two challenges for Munro to overcome while modifying his bike were his lack of money and that he worked full - time as a motorcycle salesman . He would often work overnight on his bikes ( he had a 1936 Velocette MSS as well ) , then he would go to work in the morning , having had no sleep the night before . Because Munro was a man of modest means , he would often make parts and tools himself instead of having them professionally built . For example , he would cast parts in old tins , make his own barrels , pistons , flywheels , etc . His micrometer was an old spoke . Munro 's Indian on display in Invercargill In its final stages , the Indian 's displacement was 950 cc ( as built it was 600 cc ) and was driven by a triple chain drive system . The `` Munro Special , '' as Munro called his bike , is now owned by a motorcycle enthusiast in New Zealand 's South Island , and is on display at E Hayes & Sons , Invercargill . There is also a second motorcycle purported to be the original `` Munro Special '' in Te Papa Museum in Wellington . Bonneville Salt Flats and speed Week ( edit ) The Bonneville Salt Flats in northwestern Utah , USA are known worldwide for their many miles of flat , compacted salt ; perfect for testing speed machines . During Speed Week , usually in mid-late August , vehicle enthusiasts from around the world gather at Bonneville . Munro travelled to Bonneville ten times , the first time for `` sightseeing '' purposes . In the nine times he raced at Bonneville , Munro set three world records : first in 1962 , then in 1966 and finally in 1967 . He also once qualified at over 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) , but that was an unofficial run and was not counted . Following the misspelling of his name in an American motorcycling magazine in 1957 , Bert Munro changed his name to Burt . Personal life ( edit ) Munro had four children -- John , June , Margaret , and Gwen -- with his wife Florence Beryl Martyn , whom he married in 1927 . They were divorced in 1947 . Having suffered from angina since the late 1950s , Munro suffered a stroke in 1977 , and was admitted to hospital . He found his coordination had diminished . Frustrated , but wanting his motorcycles to remain in Southland , he sold both machines to a local dealer . Munro died of natural causes on 6 January 1978 , aged 78 years . He is buried at Invercargill 's Eastern Cemetery , along with his parents and brother . Records ( edit ) In 1962 , he set a 883 cc class record of 288 km / h ( 178.95 mph ) with his engine bored out to 850 cc . In 1966 , he set a 1000 cc class record of 270.476 km / h ( 168.07 mph ) with his engine punched out to 920 cc . In 1967 , his engine was bored out to 950 cc and he set an under 1000 cc class record of 295.453 km / h ( 183.59 mph ) . To qualify he made a one - way run of 305.89 km / h ( 190.07 mph ) , the fastest - ever officially recorded speed on an Indian . The unofficial speed record ( officially timed ) is 331 km / h ( 205.67 mph ) for a flying mile . In 2006 , he was inducted into the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame . In 2014 , 36 years after his death , he was retroactively awarded a 1967 record of 296.2593 km / h ( 184.087 mph ) after his son John noticed a calculation error by AMA at that time . Feature film the world 's fastest Indian ( edit ) Burt Munro was the subject of a 2005 film , The World 's Fastest Indian , based on a composite of his Bonneville speed runs . This film depicts a determined old man who , despite facing many difficulties , travels from New Zealand to the USA to test run his motorcycle west of the Great Salt Lake . The disclaimer says : `` While this motion picture is based upon historical events , certain characters names have been changed , some main characters are composites or invented and a number of incidents fictionalised . '' 2013 Indian named Spirit of Munro ( edit ) In March 2013 Indian Motorcycle announced that it was producing a custom - built streamliner named the Spirit of Munro . The motorcycle was built to showcase the Thunder Stroke 111 engine to be used in one of the 2014 road models . The company said the Spirit of Munro Scout was a tribute to Munro 's achievements with the Indian Scout and to all Indians of old . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tim Hanna One good run : The legend of Burt Munro , Penguin Books , 2005 ; ISBN 0143019740 ^ Jump up to : The Worlds Fastest Indian , The Munro Special . A Tribute to H.J Munro , a.k.a. ' Burt ' Munro , archived from the original on 23 July 2011 Jump up ^ Bonneville certified bike records Jump up ^ Burt Munro : Offerings to the God of Speed at IMDB Jump up ^ `` A Bike , a Shed , and Burt Munro '' . tepapa.govt.nz . Archived from the original on 1 October 2009 . Retrieved 1 July 2009 . Jump up ^ E Hayes & Sons website Archived 25 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ E Hayes & Sons website Jump up ^ Richard Backus ( August 2010 ) . `` Burt Munro Special takes top honors at Pebble Beach '' . Motorcycle Classics . Retrieved 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Motor Cycle , 20 April 1967 , pp. 482 -- 484 Dragnut by George Wilson . `` Last year marked Bert 's ( sic ) ninth Stateside visit '' . Accessed and added 22 October 2014 Jump up ^ http://www.ehayes.co.nz/Hayes-Motorworks-Collection/Hayes-motorworks-collection-__I.214 Jump up ^ `` Cemetery result '' . Invercargill City Council . Jump up ^ `` Burt Munro 's Records '' . Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. 2005 . Archived from the original on 24 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Burt Munro Challenge '' . Southland Times -- photo archive . Invercargill : Fairfax . Jump up ^ Harley , Bryan . `` Burt Munro Breaks Record 36 Years After Death '' . Motorcycle USA . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Motorcycle ' Spirit of Munro ' '' , BikeEXIF Jump up ^ Dave Moore ( 30 March 2013 ) . `` World 's newest Indian honours Burt Munro '' . stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . References ( edit ) Burt Munro : Indian Legend of Speed , George Begg ( 2002 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Burt Munro . E Hayes and Sons : The World 's Fastest Indian Exhibition ( original motorcycles ) , The World 's Fastest Indian Legend The World 's Fastest Indian on IMDb Offerings to the God of Speed on IMDb , a documentary Motorcycle Hall of Fame bio and photos Burt Munro Biography more detailed biography and photos `` Hero ! '' article , courtesy of `` Classic Bike '' magazine to Granite State BMW Riders Burt Munro at Find a Grave WorldCat Identities ISNI : 0000 0001 2022 4368 LCCN : n2005678775 NDL : 01086735 VIAF : 24020248 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burt_Munro&oldid=861995982 '' Categories : 1899 births 1978 deaths Burials at Eastern Cemetery , Invercargill Motorcycle land speed record people Motorcycle Hall of Fame inductees New Zealand farmers New Zealand motorcycle racers People from Invercargill Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2011 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2018 , at 14 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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how old was burt munro when he broke the land speed record
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"Herbert James \"Burt\" Munro (Bert in his youth; 25 March 1899 – 6 January 1978) was a New Zealand motorcycle racer, famous for setting an under-1,000 cc world record, at Bonneville, 26 August 1967.[2] This record still stands; Munro was 68 and was riding a 47-year-old machine when he set his last record.[3]\n"
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President of the People's Republic of China
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President of the People 's Republic of China - wikipedia President of the People 's Republic of China Jump to : navigation , search For the president of Taiwan , formally the Republic of China , see President of the Republic of China . For the de facto leader of China , see Paramount leader . `` President of the PRC '' redirects here . For the leader of Guernsey , see President of the Policy and Resources Committee . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) President of the People 's Republic of China 中华 人民 共和国 主席 Emblem of the People 's Republic of China Incumbent Xi Jinping since 14 March 2013 Style Mr. President ( 主席 ) ( Formal ) His Excellency ( 阁下 ) ( In international correspondence ) Type nominal figurehead Status Head of State Residence Zhongnanhai ( informal ) Seat Beijing Nominator the Presidium of the National People 's Congress Appointer the National People 's Congress Term length Five Years , renewable once consecutively Constituting instrument Constitution of the People 's Republic of China Inaugural holder Mao Zedong Li Xiannian Formation 27 September 1954 18 June 1983 Abolished January 1975 - December 1982 Deputy Vice President Website Presidency President of the People 's Republic of China Simplified Chinese 中华 人民 共和国 主席 Traditional Chinese 中華 人民 共和國 主席 Literal meaning Chinese People Republic Chairperson ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Zhǔxí Alternative Chinese name Simplified Chinese 国家 主席 Traditional Chinese 國家 主席 Literal meaning State Chairperson ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Guójiā Zhǔxí This article contains Chinese text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Chinese characters . The President of the People 's Republic of China is the head of state of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) . Under the PRC 's constitution , the presidency is a largely ceremonial office with limited powers . However , since 1993 , as a matter of convention , the presidency has been held simultaneously by the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China , top leader in one party system . The office is officially regarded as an institution of the state rather than an administrative post ; theoretically , the President serves at the pleasure of the National People 's Congress , the legislature , and is not legally vested to take executive action on its own prerogative . The current President is Xi Jinping , who took office in March 2013 . Since 1993 , apart from brief periods of transition , the top leader of China simultaneously serves as the President , the head of the party , and the commander - in - chief of the military ( as Chairman of the Central Military Commission ) . This individual then carries out different duties under separate titles . For example , the leader meets foreign dignitaries and receives ambassadors in his capacity as President , issues military directives as Chairman of the Central Military Commission , and upholds party rule through the office of General Secretary . The office was first established in the Constitution of the People 's Republic of China in 1954 and successively held by Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi . Liu fell into political disgrace during the Cultural Revolution , after which the office became vacant . The office was abolished under the Constitution of 1975 , then reinstated in the Constitution of 1982 , but with reduced powers . The official English - language translation of the title was `` Chairman '' ; after 1982 , this translation was changed to `` President '' , although the Chinese title remains unchanged . Therefore the title `` President '' in this case does not mean the same as in the United States or other Presidential systems , but rather as an approximation in terms of its power compared with parliamentary systems . The President is limited to serve up to two terms of five years each . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualifications and election 2 Powers and duties 3 Political ranking 4 History 4.1 Establishment in 1954 4.2 History up to 1974 4.3 Abolition in 1975 4.4 Restoration in 1982 5 List of presidents 5.1 Timeline 5.2 Chairmen / Presidents 5.3 Other Heads of State 6 President 's Spouse 7 Statistics 8 Living former presidents 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Qualifications and election ( edit ) China This article is part of a series on the politics and government of China Leadership ( show ) Leadership generations Collective leadership Paramount leader Leadership core Current leadership Xi - Li Administration National leaders President ( list ) : Xi Jinping Vice President ( list ) : Li Yuanchao Provincial leaders Communist Party ( show ) History Organization National Party Congress ( 18th ) Central Committee ( 18th ) General Secretary ( list ) Xi Jinping Central Politburo ( 18th ) Standing Committee ( list ) Central Secretariat Top - ranked secretary : Liu Yunshan Central Military Commission Chairman : Xi Jinping Vice Chairmen : Fan Changlong , Xu Qiliang National Security Commission Chairman : Xi Jinping Central Commission for Discipline Inspection ( 18th ) Standing Committee ( 18th ) Secretary : Wang Qishan Ideology ( show ) Marxism -- Leninism Maoism ( `` Mao Zedong Thought '' ) Socialism with Chinese characteristics Deng Xiaoping Theory Primary stage of socialism Four Cardinal Principles Three Represents Scientific Outlook on Development Harmonious Socialist Society Chinese Dream Four Comprehensives Constitution Law ( show ) Constitution Current constitution ( 1982 ) Previous constitutions 1954 1978 `` People 's democratic dictatorship '' Laws Statutes Legislative ( show ) National People 's Congress ( 12th ) Members Presidium Standing Committee Chairman : Zhang Dejiang Executive ( show ) State Council ( Li 's Government ) Premier ( list ) : Li Keqiang Vice Premiers ( list ) Zhang Gaoli Liu Yandong Wang Yang Ma Kai State Councilors Secretary - General Deputy Secretary - General United Front ( show ) Political Consultative Conference National Committee Chairman : Yu Zhengsheng Political parties Military ( show ) Central Military Commission Chairman : Xi Jinping Vice Chairmen : Fan Changlong , Xu Qiliang People 's Liberation Army People 's Armed Police Force State Council National Mobilization Commission Chairman : Li Keqiang Ministry of National Defense Minister : Chang Wanquan People 's Armed Police Force National Security Commission Chairman : Xi Jinping Judiciary ( show ) Central Politics and Law Commission Secretary : Meng Jianzhu Supreme People 's Court President : Zhou Qiang Supreme People 's Procuratorate Procurator - General : Cao Jianming Publicity ( show ) Leading Group for Propaganda Central Guidance Commission for Building Spiritual Civilization Chairman : Liu Yunshan Propaganda Department Head : Liu Qibao Foreign relations ( show ) Foreign aid program China and the United Nations China -- United States relations Related topics ( show ) Administrative divisions Politics of Hong Kong Politics of Macau Elections Human rights Internet Internet censorship Other countries Atlas According to the current Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , the President must be a Chinese citizen with full electoral rights who has reached the age of 45 . The President 's term of office is the same as the term of the National People 's Congress ( currently five years ) , and the president and vice-president are both limited to two consecutive terms . The President is elected by the National People 's Congress ( NPC ) , China 's highest state body , which also has the power to remove the President and other state officers from office . Elections and removals are decided by a simple majority vote . According to the Organic Law of the NPC , the President is nominated by the NPC Presidium , the Congress 's executive organ . In practice , however , the ruling Communist Party of China reserves the post of President for its current General Secretary . Like all officers of state elected by the NPC , the President is elected from a one name ballot . In the event that the office of President falls vacant , the Vice-President succeeds to the office . In the event that both offices fall vacant , the Chairman of the NPC Standing Committee temporarily acts as President until the NPC can elect a new President and Vice-President . Powers and duties ( edit ) Under the current Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , instated in 1982 with minor revisions in later years , the President has the power to promulgate laws , select and dismiss the Premier ( prime minister ) as well as the ministers of the State Council , grant presidential pardons , declares a state of emergency , issue mass mobilization orders , and issue state honours . In addition , the President names and dismisses ambassadors to foreign countries , signs and annuls treaties with foreign entities . According to the Constitution , all of these powers require the approval or confirmation of the National People 's Congress . The President also conducts state visits on behalf of the People 's Republic . Under the constitution the `` state visit '' clause is the only presidential power that does not stipulate any form of oversight from the National People 's Congress . As the vast majority of presidential powers are dependent on the ratification of the NPC , the President is , in essence , a symbolic post without any direct say in the governance of state . It is therefore conceived to mainly function as an symbolic institution of the state rather than an office with true executive powers . In theory , the President has discretion over the selection of the Premier , though in practice the Premier has historically been selected through the top - level discussions of the Communist Party of China . Upon the nomination of the Premier , the NPC convenes to confirm the nomination , but since only one name is on the ballot , it can only approve or reject . To date , it has never rejected a personnel nomination . Since the Premier , the head of government in China , is the most important political appointment in the Chinese government , the nomination power , under some circumstances , may give the President real political influence . Political ranking ( edit ) Main article : Orders of precedence in the People 's Republic of China For President Liu Shaoqi , he was also the first Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China , ranked second in the Communist Party of China , behind Chairman Mao Zedong . For President Li Xiannian , he was also the 5th ranked member of the Politburo Standing Committee , after CPC General Secretary and Premier . For President Yang Shangkun , he was not a member of Politburo Standing Committee , but he ranked third after General Secretary Zhao Ziyang and Deng Xiaoping . Since Jiang Zemin , the President is also the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China , ranking first in Party and State . History ( edit ) Establishment in 1954 ( edit ) The office of State Chairman ( the original English translation , as noted above ) was first established under China 's 1954 Constitution . The ceremonial powers of the office were largely identical to those in the current Constitution . The powers of the 1954 office differed from those of the current office in two areas : military and governmental . The State Chairman 's military powers were defined in the 1954 Constitution as follows : `` The Chairman of the People 's Republic of China commands the armed forces of the state , and is Chairman of the National Defence Council ( Chinese : 国防 委员会 ) . '' The National Defence Council was unique to the 1954 Constitution , and was mandated as the civil command for the People 's Liberation Army . It was abolished under the 1975 Constitution . The State Chairman 's governmental powers were defined in the 1954 Constitution as follows : `` The Chairman of the People 's Republic of China , whenever necessary , convenes a Supreme State Conference ( Chinese : 最高 国务 会议 ) and acts as its chairman . '' The members of the Supreme State Conference included the main officers of state , and its views were to be presented to the main organs of state and government , including the National People 's Congress and the State and National Defense Councils . The Supreme State Conference was also unique to the 1954 Constitution . It was abolished under the 1975 Constitution and later Constitutions have not included a similar body . History up to 1974 ( edit ) Mao Zedong was the first to hold the office of State Chairman . He was elected at the founding session of the National People 's Congress in 1955 . At the 2nd NPC in 1959 , Mao was succeeded by Liu Shaoqi , first Vice Chairman of the Communist Party . Liu was reelected as State Chairman at the 3rd NPC in Jan 1965 . However , in 1966 , Mao launched the Cultural Revolution and by August 1966 Mao and his supporters succeeding in removing Liu from his position as party Vice Chairman . A few months later Liu was apparently placed under house arrest , and after a prolonged power struggle the 12th Plenum of the 8th Communist Party Congress stripped Liu Shaoqi of all his party and non-party positions on October 31 , 1968 , including the post of State Chairman . This was in violation of the Constitution , which required a vote by the NPC to remove the State Chairman . From Liu 's removal in 1968 until 1972 , the office of State Chairman was vacant . From 1972 to 1975 , however , state media referred to Vice State Chairman Dong Biwu as `` acting State Chairman . '' Abolition in 1975 ( edit ) When the 4th NPC was convened in 1975 , its main act was to adopt a new Constitution which eliminated the office of State Chairman and emphasized instead the leadership of the Communist Party over the state , including an article that made the Party Chairman Supreme Commander of the PLA in concurrence as Chairman of the Party CMC . The 5th NPC was convened two years early , in 1978 , and a third Constitution was adopted , which also lacked the office of State Chairman . The office was finally reinstated in the fourth Constitution , adopted by the 5th Session of the 5th NPC in 1982 . The title of the office ( guojia zhuxi ) was unchanged in the Chinese text , but a new English translation of `` President of the People 's Republic of China '' was adopted . Restoration in 1982 ( edit ) In the 1982 Constitution , the President was conceived of as a figurehead of state with actual state power resting in the hands of the General Secretary of the Communist Party and the Premier , and all three posts were designed to be held by separate people . The President therefore held minor responsibilities such as greeting foreign dignitaries and signing the appointment of embassy staff , and did not intervene in the affairs of the State Council or the Party . In the original 1982 Constitution plan , the Party would develop policy , the state would execute it , and the power would be divided to prevent a cult of personality from forming as it did with the case of Mao Zedong . Thus in 1982 , China perceivably had four main leaders : Hu Yaobang , the Party General Secretary ; Zhao Ziyang , the Premier ; Li Xiannian , the President ; and Deng Xiaoping , the `` Paramount Leader '' , holding title of the Chairman of the Central Military Commission and was overall commander - in - chief of the armed forces . The current political structure of Vietnam is similar to the structure China followed in the 1980s . In the 1990s , the experiment of separating party and state posts , which led to conflict during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 , was terminated . In 1993 , the post of President was taken by Jiang Zemin , who as General Secretary of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission , became the undisputed top leader of the party and the state . When Jiang Zemin stepped down in 2003 , the offices of General Secretary and President were once again both given to one man , then Vice-President Hu Jintao , the first Vice President to assume the office . In turn , Hu vacated both offices for Xi Jinping in 2012 and 2013 . List of presidents ( edit ) Main article : List of Presidents of the People 's Republic of China Timeline ( edit ) ↓ P. of C.Gov ↓ President of China ↓ Acting Presidents ↓ Honorary President ↓ Restored Mao Zedong Liu Shaoqi Soong & Dong Dong Biwu N / A Soong Ching - ling N / A Li Xiannian Yang Shangkun Jiang Zemin Hu Jintao Xi Jinping │ 1949.83 │ 1959.83 │ 1969.83 │ 1979.83 │ 1989.83 │ 1999.83 │ 2009.83 Chairmen / Presidents ( edit ) Liu Shaoqi 2nd Chairman ( 27 April 1959 -- 31 October 1968 ) Dong Biwu Acting Chairman ( 24 February 1972 -- 17 January 1975 ) Song Qingling Honorary Chairwoman ( 16 May 1981 -- 28 May 1981 ) Li Xiannian 3rd President ( 18 June 1983 -- 8 April 1988 ) Yang Shangkun 4th President ( 8 April 1988 -- 27 March 1993 ) Jiang Zemin 5th President ( 27 March 1993 -- 15 March 2003 ) Hu Jintao 6th President ( 15 March 2003 -- 14 March 2013 ) Xi Jinping 7th President ( 14 March 2013 -- present ) Other Heads of State ( edit ) Zhu De Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Song Qingling Acting Chairwoman of the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Ye Jianying Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress ( 1978 -- 1983 ) President 's spouse ( edit ) Main article : Spouse of the President of the People 's Republic of China Since the first president , seven had a spouse during term of office . No Spouse President Tenure Jiang Qing Mao Zedong 1 October 1949 -- 27 April 1959 Wang Guangmei Liu Shaoqi 27 April 1959 -- 31 October 1968 Lin Jiamei Li Xiannian 18 June 1983 -- 8 April 1988 Li Bozhao Yang Shangkun 8 April 1988 -- 27 March 1993 5 Wang Yeping Jiang Zemin 27 March 1993 -- 15 March 2003 6 Liu Yongqing Hu Jintao 15 March 2003 -- 14 March 2013 7 Peng Liyuan Xi Jinping 14 March 2013 -- Incumbent Statistics ( edit ) # President Date of birth Age at ascension ( first term ) Time in office ( total ) Age at retirement ( last term ) Date of death Longevity Zedong , Mao Mao Zedong 18931226 December 26 , 1893 ( December 26 , 1893 ) 60 275 60 years , 275 days 04 212 4 years , 212 days 64 122 64 years , 122 days 19760909 September 9 , 1976 7004302070000000000 ♠ 30,207 82 years , 258 days Shaoqi , Liu Liu Shaoqi 18981124 November 24 , 1898 ( November 24 , 1898 ) 60 154 60 years , 154 days 09 187 9 years , 187 days 69 342 69 years , 342 days 19691112 November 12 , 1969 7004259200000000000 ♠ 25,920 70 years , 353 days Presidency vacant acting Biwu , Dong Dong Biwu 18860305 March 5 , 1886 ( March 5 , 1886 ) 85 356 85 years , 356 days 02 327 2 years , 327 days 88 318 88 years , 318 days 19750402 April 2 , 1975 7004325340000000000 ♠ 32,534 89 years , 28 days acting Ching - ling , Soong Soong Ching - ling 18930127 January 27 , 1893 ( January 27 , 1893 ) 83 161 83 years , 161 days 01 242 1 years , 242 days 85 037 85 years , 37 days 19810529 May 29 , 1981 7004322630000000000 ♠ 32,263 88 years , 122 days Presidency abolished Xiannian , Li Li Xiannian 19090623 June 23 , 1909 ( June 23 , 1909 ) 73 360 73 years , 360 days 04 295 4 years , 295 days 78 290 78 years , 290 days 19920621 June 21 , 1992 7004303140000000000 ♠ 30,314 82 years , 364 days Shangkun , Yang Yang Shangkun 19070803 August 3 , 1907 ( August 3 , 1907 ) 80 250 80 years , 250 days 04 352 4 years , 352 days 85 236 85 years , 236 days 19980914 September 14 , 1998 7004332800000000000 ♠ 33,280 91 years , 42 days 5 Zemin , Jiang Jiang Zemin 19260817 August 17 , 1926 ( August 17 , 1926 ) 66 222 66 years , 222 days 11 353 11 years , 353 days 76 210 76 years , 210 days Living 7004332720000000000 ♠ 33,272 7004332720000000000 ♠ 91 years , 34 days ( Living ) 6 Jintao , Hu Hu Jintao 19421221 December 21 , 1942 ( December 21 , 1942 ) 60 084 60 years , 84 days 09 364 9 years , 364 days 70 083 70 years , 83 days Living 7004273020000000000 ♠ 27,302 7004273020000000000 ♠ 74 years , 273 days ( Living ) 7 Jinping , Xi Xi Jinping 19530615 June 15 , 1953 ( June 15 , 1953 ) 7004218217500000000 ♠ 59 years , 272 days 7003165100000000000 ♠ 7003165100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 190 days ( Ongoing ) Incumbent Living 7004234730000000000 ♠ 23,473 7004234730000000000 ♠ 64 years , 97 days ( Living ) Living former presidents ( edit ) There are two living former presidents : Jiang Zemin ( 1993 -- 2003 ) ( 1926 - 08 - 17 ) August 17 , 1926 ( age 91 ) Hu Jintao ( 2003 -- 2013 ) ( 1942 - 12 - 21 ) December 21 , 1942 ( age 74 ) See also ( edit ) List of leaders of the People 's Republic of China Vice President of the People 's Republic of China Premier of the People 's Republic of China Political position ranking of the People 's Republic of China Paramount Leader List of Chinese leaders Air transports of heads of state and government Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ It is listed as such in the current Constitution ; it is thus equivalent to organs such as the State Council , rather than to offices such as that of the Premier . Jump up ^ In Chinese the President of the PRC is termed zhǔxí while the Presidents of other countries are termed zǒngtǒng . Furthermore zhǔxí continues to have the meaning of `` chairman '' in a generic context . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University , EXECUTIVE : THE PRESIDENT OF THE CHINESE REPUBLIC . Jump up ^ Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , Section 2 , Article 79 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , Articles 62 , 63 . Jump up ^ `` Organic Law of the National People 's Congress of the PRC '' . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 03 . , Article 13 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , Article 84 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , Article 62 , Section 5 . The NPC does no itself have the power to nominate the Premier . Jump up ^ Yew , Chiew Ping ; Gang Chen ( 2010 - 03 - 13 ) . China 's National People 's Congress 2010 : Addressing Challenges With No Breakthrough in Legislative Assertiveness ( PDF ) . Background Brief . Singapore : East Asian Institute . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Weng , Byron ( September 1982 ) . `` Some Key Aspects of the 1982 Draft Constitution of the People 's Republic of China '' . The China Quarterly ( 91 ) : 492 -- 506 . JSTOR 653370 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , 1954 , Articles 40 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , Article 43 . Jump up ^ Constitution of the People 's Republic of China , Article 44 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jerome Alan ( 1978 - 12 - 01 ) . `` China 's Changing Constitution '' . The China Quarterly ( 76 ) : 794 -- 841 . ISSN 0305 - 7410 . JSTOR 652647 . External links ( edit ) The President 's Official Website ( in English ) Heads of state of the People 's Republic of China Common Program ( 1949 -- 1954 ) CPG Chairman Mao Zedong 1954 Constitution ( 1954 -- 1975 ) Chairman Mao Zedong Liu Shaoqi Song Qingling and Dong Biwu ( acting ) 1975 & 1978 Constitutions ( 1975 -- 1982 ) NPCSC Chairman Zhu De Song Qingling ( acting ) Ye Jianying 1982 Constitution ( 1982 -- present ) President Li Xiannian Yang Shangkun Jiang Zemin Hu Jintao Xi Jinping Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms - Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → ROC / PRC Central state organs of the People 's Republic of China National People 's Congress NPC Standing Committee President State Council Central Military Commission Supreme People 's Court Supreme People 's Procuratorate Politics of China Constitution Laws Parties Parties Communist Party Central Committee General Secretary Central Politburo Politburo Standing Committee Central Secretariat Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Provincial party standing committee State organs National People 's Congress Standing Committee Chairman President Vice President State Council Premier Vice Premiers State Councilors Central Military Commission Chairman People 's Liberation Army People 's Armed Police People 's Political Consultative Conference National Committee Chairman Politics of province - level divisions ( current leaders ) Municipalities Beijing Chongqing Shanghai Tianjin Provinces Anhui Fujian Gansu Guangdong Guizhou Hainan Hebei Heilongjiang Henan Hubei Hunan Jiangsu Jiangxi Jilin Liaoning Qinghai Shaanxi Shandong Shanxi Sichuan Yunnan Zhejiang Autonomous regions Guangxi Inner Mongolia Ningxia Xinjiang Tibet ( leaders ) SARs Hong Kong Macau Claimed province Taiwan See also Elections Heads of state of the Group of 20 Macri Elizabeth II ( Governor - General : Cosgrove ) Temer Elizabeth II ( Governor General : Johnston ) Xi Tusk Macron Steinmeier Kovind Jokowi Mattarella Akihito Peña Nieto Putin Salman Zuma Moon Erdoğan Elizabeth II Trump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&oldid=797515987 '' Categories : Presidents of the People 's Republic of China Ceremonial heads of state Figurehead China politics - related lists 1954 establishments in China 1975 disestablishments 1982 establishments in China Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from April 2015 Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 14 : 55 . 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who is the head of the state of china
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"\n\n\n\nIncumbent\nXi Jinping\nsince 14 March 2013\n\n"
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Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom
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Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom - wikipedia Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 2018 American science fiction adventure film Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Theatrical release poster Directed by J.A. Bayona Produced by Frank Marshall Patrick Crowley Belén Atienza Written by Derek Connolly Colin Trevorrow Based on Characters by Michael Crichton Starring Chris Pratt Bryce Dallas Howard Rafe Spall Justice Smith Daniella Pineda James Cromwell Toby Jones Ted Levine B.D. Wong Isabella Sermon Geraldine Chaplin Jeff Goldblum Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Óscar Faura Edited by Bernat Vilaplana Production companies Universal Pictures Amblin Entertainment The Kennedy / Marshall Company Legendary Pictures Perfect World Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) ( WiZink Center ) June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $170 -- 187 million Box office $1.276 billion Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a 2018 American science fiction adventure film and the sequel to Jurassic World ( 2015 ) . Directed by J.A. Bayona , it is the fifth installment of the Jurassic Park film series , as well as the second installment of a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Derek Connolly and Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow both returned as writers , with Trevorrow and original Jurassic Park director Steven Spielberg acting as executive producers . Set on the fictional Central American island of Isla Nublar , off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica , it follows Owen Grady and Claire Dearing as they rescue the remaining dinosaurs on the island before a volcanic eruption destroys it . Chris Pratt , Bryce Dallas Howard , B.D. Wong , and Jeff Goldblum reprise their roles from previous films in the series , with Rafe Spall , Justice Smith , Daniella Pineda , James Cromwell , Toby Jones , Ted Levine , Isabella Sermon , and Geraldine Chaplin joining the cast . Filming took place from February to July 2017 in the United Kingdom and Hawaii . Produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , Fallen Kingdom premiered in Madrid on May 21 , 2018 , and was released internationally in early June 2018 and in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . The film has grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , making it the third Jurassic film to pass the mark , the third highest - grossing film of 2018 and the 13th highest - grossing film of all time . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised Pratt 's performance , Bayona 's direction , the visuals , and the `` surprisingly dark moments '' , although many criticized the screenplay and lack of innovation , with some suggesting the series has run its course . An untitled sequel is set to be released on June 11 , 2021 , with Trevorrow returning to direct . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Writing 3.4 Casting 3.5 Filming 3.6 Creatures on screen 4 Marketing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot Shortly after the events of Jurassic World , a small team of mercenaries arrives on the abandoned Isla Nublar to collect DNA from the remains of the Indominus rex at the bottom of the park 's lagoon . After successfully collecting a bone fragment , the team 's survivors barely escape the island following attacks by the Mosasaurus and Tyrannosaurus rex . Three years later in 2018 , a U.S. Senate hearing in Washington , D.C. debates whether Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs should be saved from an impending volcanic eruption . Mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm testifies that the dinosaurs should be allowed to perish to correct John Hammond 's mistake of cloning them . Meanwhile , Jurassic World 's former operations manager Claire Dearing has established the Dinosaur Protection Group to save the animals . After the Senate rules against rescuing the dinosaurs , Hammond 's former partner , Benjamin Lockwood , summons Claire to his Northern California estate . Lockwood and his aide , Eli Mills , reveal a plan to relocate the dinosaurs to a new island sanctuary . Claire is needed to help reactivate the park 's dinosaur tracking system to locate the animals , particularly Blue , the last living Velociraptor . Although they are estranged , Claire recruits Jurassic World 's former Velociraptor trainer and Blue 's alpha , Owen Grady , to help capture her . On Isla Nublar , Claire and former park technician Franklin Webb get the tracking system online . Owen , paleo - veterinarian Zia Rodriguez , and a mercenary team led by Ken Wheatley search for Blue . Upon finding her , the encounter escalates , resulting in a mercenary shooting Blue and Wheatley tranquilizing Owen . The mercenaries take Zia so she can treat Blue 's injury . Their ship departs for the U.S. mainland as the animals left behind die in the eruption . Claire , Franklin , and Owen sneak aboard in time and assist Zia in transfusing Blue with Tyrannosaurus blood . The group now realize the captured dinosaurs were never being transported to a new island and are for another purpose . Back at the estate , Lockwood 's orphaned pre-teen granddaughter Maisie overhears Mills and auctioneer Gunnar Eversol secretly planning to auction the captured dinosaurs on the black market . They will also unveil the Indoraptor , a new genetically - engineered dinosaur created by geneticist Dr. Henry Wu using Indominus rex and Velociraptor DNA . Wu wants Blue 's DNA to create an enhanced Indoraptor , unaware that Blue 's blood is contaminated . After Maisie informs Lockwood about the auction , he confronts Mills , who murders him . Maisie is later revealed to have been cloned from Lockwood 's deceased daughter and is the reason John Hammond , who opposed human cloning , ended their partnership . The dinosaurs are transported to Lockwood 's estate and caged . Zia and Franklin evade capture , but Owen and Claire are apprehended and confined . Owen incites a Stygimoloch into breaking open their cell . They find Maisie who leads them to the auction where the Indoraptor is being sold despite Wu 's protests that it is a prototype . Owen disrupts the proceedings by luring the Stygimoloch into the room . In the ensuing chaos , Wheatley tranquilizes the Indoraptor to extract a tooth as a trophy , but it feigns sedation and escapes , killing him , Eversol , and others . The Indoraptor hunts Owen , Claire , and Maisie throughout the mansion . Zia releases Blue , who attacks the Indoraptor , causing it to fall through a glass roof to its death . When a hydrogen cyanide gas leak threatens the caged animals , Maisie is unable to let them die and frees them despite Owen 's warning . Mills is killed and the Indominus bone destroyed by the Tyrannosaurus . Owen , Claire , Maisie , Zia , and Franklin safely get away , while Blue and the other dinosaurs escape . In a new U.S. Senate hearing , Dr. Malcolm declares the beginning of a Neo-Jurassic Age where humans and dinosaurs must learn to coexist . The closing scenes show the freed dinosaurs roaming wilderness and outer urban areas . Cast Main article : List of Jurassic Park characters Chris Pratt as Owen Grady : A Navy veteran and former Velociraptor handler for Jurassic World . Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing : Jurassic World 's former operations manager , now a dinosaur - rights activist , who has founded the Dinosaur Protection Group at San Francisco to save the surviving dinosaurs from Isla Nublar . Rafe Spall as Eli Mills : Lockwood 's ambitious assistant who recruits Owen and Claire to rescue the dinosaurs . Speaking of his character 's actions over the course of the film , Spall noted that , `` Ambition is such a powerful emotion , you can get wrapped up in it and end up doing things in order to succeed . This character believes he is doing right . He has been entrusted with pushing Lockwood 's fortune into the future and making it survive after he dies . Mills feels he is simply doing what he was asked to do . '' Justice Smith as Franklin Webb : A former IT technician for Jurassic World who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's systems analyst and hacker . Daniella Pineda as Zia Rodriguez : A former Marine who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's paleoveterinarian . James Cromwell as Sir Benjamin Lockwood : John Hammond 's former partner in developing the technology to clone dinosaurs . Toby Jones as Gunnar Eversol : An auctioneer host at Lockwood Estate who sells the Isla Nublar dinosaurs for profit . In an interview , Jones likened his character to that of `` a rogue arms dealer ; he sees profits in selling these creatures as weapons . He is totally morally neutral about whatever he is selling . He is only interested in whether or not it will make him a profit . '' Ted Levine as Ken Wheatley : A seasoned mercenary who commands the rescue operation on Isla Nublar . B.D. Wong as Henry Wu : The former head geneticist of both Jurassic World and the original Jurassic Park . Speaking of his character 's actions , Wong stated : `` I do think he 's motivated by his love for science and his own ego , which is well supported by his massive achievements ... I think he turns a blind eye to the human suffering that comes as a result because he thinks he 's looking at some bigger picture . '' Isabella Sermon as Maisie Lockwood : Lockwood 's juvenile granddaughter and legal ward following her parents ' deaths . Geraldine Chaplin as Iris : The Lockwood Estate housekeeper , Maisie 's nanny , and protector of the Lockwood family 's secrets . Jeff Goldblum as Ian Malcolm : An expert in chaos theory who once consulted for InGen 's Jurassic Park . In a podcast interview , Goldblum revealed of his role `` It 's small ... who knows , they may cut me out entirely ! But if I stay in , I 'll be a sprig of parsley or a little garnish , hopefully with some impact ! '' Director Bayona confirmed that Goldblum 's role is simply a cameo , stating , `` He does n't have a major role in the action but it 's definitely a very meaningful one in terms of the story . '' Peter Jason as Senator Sherwood : A Senator who is among those who debate about saving the dinosaurs on Isla Nublar . Production Development During early conversations on the 2015 film Jurassic World , executive producer Steven Spielberg told director Colin Trevorrow that he was interested in having several more films made . In April 2014 , Trevorrow announced that sequels had been discussed : `` We wanted to create something that would be a little bit less arbitrary and episodic , and something that could potentially arc into a series that would feel like a complete story . '' Trevorrow said Chris Pratt and Omar Sy might reprise their roles for the next few films and said he would direct the film if asked . Trevorrow later told Spielberg that he would only focus on directing one film in the series . In May 2015 , Trevorrow announced that he would not direct another film in the series : `` I would be involved in some way , but not as director . '' Trevorrow felt that different directors could bring different qualities to future films . Pratt had been signed for future films in the series , as was Ty Simpkins , who portrayed Gray in Jurassic World . On June 3 , 2015 , Trevorrow stated that Jurassic World left many story possibilities open : `` I really like the idea that this group of geneticists are n't the only people who can make a dinosaur ( ... ) when you think of the differences between Apple and PC -- the minute something goes open - source , there are all kinds of entities and interests that may be able to utilize that technology . '' On June 8 , 2015 , Jurassic World producer Frank Marshall met with Trevorrow and Universal Pictures to discuss a sequel . Later that month , Trevorrow did not deny that the film could involve `` dinosaur soldiers '' and said the series is `` not always gon na be about a Jurassic Park '' , saying he felt that future films could explore the idea of dinosaurs and humans co-existing . Trevorrow also hinted that the next film may not involve the Jurassic World theme park and said he would be interested in seeing a Jurassic Park film made by one of several Spanish horror film directors , whose names he did not mention . Pre-production On July 23 , 2015 , Universal announced that a fifth film had been scheduled for a June 22 , 2018 , release date in the U.S. It was also announced that Trevorrow would write the script with his writing partner Derek Connolly , as they did for Jurassic World ; that the film would be produced by Frank Marshall ; and that Spielberg and Trevorrow would act as executive producers . Universal also said that Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard would reprise their roles from the previous film . At the time of the film 's announcement , Trevorrow said the series `` is n't always going to be limited to theme parks '' and confirmed that the film would not involve `` a bunch of dinosaurs chasing people on an island '' stating , `` That 'll get old real fast . '' Trevorrow also spoke of the film 's possible open - source storyline : `` It 's almost like InGen is Mac , but what if PC gets their hands on it ? What if there are 15 different entities around the world who can make a dinosaur ? '' In August 2015 , Howard said that the script was being written , and it was announced that the film would be released in the UK two weeks early , on June 7 , 2018 . Later that year , B.D. Wong said he `` would be happy to return '' as Dr. Henry Wu , while Howard announced that filming would begin in 2017 . Howard also said she would be interested in seeing characters from earlier Jurassic Park films return for the fifth film , saying , `` I could see versions of the film where a lot of the characters come back . '' By October 2015 , director J.A. Bayona was being considered to direct the film , although he chose instead to direct the World War Z sequel , a project to which he had already signed on . In January 2016 , it was reported that Bayona could still be a candidate to direct the film after he dropped out of the World War Z sequel due to other commitments . In March 2016 , London was being scouted as a possible filming location and setting for the film , and it was subsequently announced that filming would take place at a UK studio . On April 14 , 2016 , actor Jeff Goldblum said he had no plans to appear in the film as his character Ian Malcolm , although he said he was open to the possibility . On April 18 , 2016 , Bayona was announced as the film 's director , with Belén Atienza and Patrick Crowley joining Marshall as producers . Spielberg , Marshall , and Kathleen Kennedy had been impressed by Bayona 's 2012 film , The Impossible , and initially considered having him direct Jurassic World , but he declined as he felt there was not enough time for production . Trevorrow wanted Bayona to direct the film after seeing his 2007 horror film , The Orphanage . Before Bayona was hired , he met with Trevorrow and became enthused with the project after being shown the script 's second half , which would play out like a haunted house film . After Bayona was hired , Trevorrow said about the film , `` We 're moving it into new territory . J.A. Bayona is an incredible director and I know he 'll push the boundaries of what a ' Jurassic ' movie is . I think it 's important that we take risks . A franchise must evolve or perish . '' Trevorrow and Bayona worked closely throughout the film 's production . In June 2016 , actor Sam Neill was asked if he would return to the series as Dr. Alan Grant and responded , `` You never say never , but I think it 's moved on . It 's different times . '' The film , under the working title of Ancient Futures , was in full pre-production as of July 2016 , with storyboards being designed . Andy Nicholson was hired as the film 's production designer and spent four weeks with Bayona in Barcelona , discussing reference pictures and background details , as well as Bayona 's ideas for the Lockwood mansion . Production was scheduled to begin in Hawaii in February 2017 . Wales was also confirmed as a filming location , including Brecon Beacons and Penbryn . Trevorrow stated that Hawaii would be used as a primary filming location , while U.K. shooting would be limited to studios , without the story taking place there . Trevorrow also said that the film would feature many dinosaurs that were not seen in previous films and denied that the film 's story would involve militarized dinosaurs , which would only be mentioned in the film . For the film 's second half in which dinosaurs are transported by boat to the mainland , Ecuador and Peru had both been scouted as possible filming locations and settings , while Marshall thought that Cabo San Lucas would be ideal , but such locations ultimately did not work for the film 's story . Although the film was partially shot in England , Spielberg felt that the country was too far from the fictional Isla Nublar to be used as the in - film setting during the second half , as he and the producers did not want the film to focus too much time on a boat . Crowley stated , `` Rather than making it a movie about traveling on a boat , which is not very exciting , you needed to get to the place . '' In September 2016 , Bayona confirmed that the film would be the second chapter in a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Later that year , Marshall said that Wong was `` probably going to come back , '' while Jurassic World composer Michael Giacchino confirmed that he would return to compose the fifth film . Óscar Faura was announced as the film 's cinematographer at the end of the year . Writing Although Spielberg was heavily involved in the development of ideas for Jurassic World , he had Trevorrow and Connolly devise their own ideas for the sequel , while retaining final approval on the project . In June 2015 , approximately two weeks after the theatrical release of Jurassic World , Trevorrow embarked on a road trip from Los Angeles back to his home state of Vermont . Connolly agreed to accompany Trevorrow on the trip so they could discuss a basic set of ideas that Trevorrow had for the film . During their eight - day trip , the writers began work on the script and devised the basic story . Trevorrow said the film 's story was inspired by a quote from Dr. Alan Grant in the first film : `` Dinosaurs and man , two species separated by 65 million years of evolution , have suddenly been thrown back into the mix together . How can we possibly have the slightest idea of what to expect ? '' Trevorrow also said that the story was heavily inspired by the idea that , `` A mistake made a long time ago just ca n't be undone . '' The film is also based on concepts from Michael Crichton 's novel Jurassic Park ( 1990 ) and its sequel The Lost World ( 1995 ) , and includes dialogue from the first novel . Isla Nublar 's volcano was an idea that existed in the first novel , and the writers chose to incorporate the idea into the film 's plot . Trevorrow compared the destruction of Isla Nublar to `` the burning down of a church or a temple , '' stating , `` I honestly think it 's like killing off a character in a way , and if you 're going to do that , as long as you approach it with the proper respect and acknowledgement that you understand how indelible and permanent what you 're doing is , then hopefully people will have an emotional response but they wo n't hate you for it . '' The idea to include a `` silent partner '' of John Hammond was also inspired by the Jurassic Park novel . Although the character of Benjamin Lockwood was not featured in the novel , the book depicts the early years leading up to the cloning of dinosaurs , which made Trevorrow realize that there would have been many people involved in such a project , convincing him that someone like Lockwood would be among those people . In his initial film treatment , Trevorrow had included story elements that Marshall and Crowley considered excessive for a single film , as the producers felt it was also important to include details about Owen and Claire 's lives after the events of Jurassic World . Although the original ending was the same as the final film , Trevorrow had wanted to include more details about the integration of dinosaurs into the world , before choosing to remove such details to keep the story focused . For the script 's structure , Trevorrow said he had been inspired by Spielberg 's 2015 film Bridge of Spies , in which two seemingly unrelated stories `` collide in the middle , and move on together . '' Trevorrow was also inspired by the 1975 film Three Days of the Condor , stating , `` It 's one of those places where you think you know what the score is , and then everything changes , and then suddenly you do n't know who to trust . '' Having directed Jurassic World , Trevorrow became familiar with how animatronics worked and wrote scenes into the sequel in a way that would allow for their use , as animatronics are incapable of certain actions such as running . Regarding the idea of human cloning , Trevorrow stated that `` we 're so much closer to cloning humans than we are to cloning dinosaurs . It felt like far less of a leap to me than dinosaurs do . ( ... ) To have a character who has such deep love and has felt such loss and the inability to go on , I think is something we all feel . So the idea that you might be able to bring someone back in that way is emotionally grounded in a very universal idea . '' Trevorrow also stated that he was interested in `` the larger impact '' of genetic power , including its emotional impact and its potential human impact , while further stating `` we knew that we did n't want to continue to make movies about the dangers of messing with science . We want to tell a story about where we are now , which is that we have messed with science , we have fundamentally altered our world and now we 're dealing with the consequences . '' Trevorrow was nervous about how audiences would react to the story 's human cloning aspect , an idea that was supported by Spielberg , who was excited about the questions that such an idea could raise in the film 's sequel . Because of criticism regarding the death of Zara in the previous film , Trevorrow stated that for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , `` We made sure that every death was earned . Everybody deserves their death in this movie , a lesson learned . In 2018 everyone earns it . Horrible people . '' After Bayona was hired , he began reading all of Crichton 's novels -- including Jurassic Park and The Lost World -- for inspiration and `` to try to immerse myself in Crichton 's mind . '' Trevorrow and Connolly began working with Bayona in July 2016 , to perfect the script to the director 's liking . Trevorrow stated that the film would be more `` suspenseful and scary '' than its predecessor : `` It 's just the way it 's designed ; it 's the way the story plays out . I knew I wanted Bayona to direct it long before anyone ever heard that it was a possibility , so the whole thing was just built around his skillset . '' Trevorrow later described the film as `` The Impossible meets The Orphanage with dinosaurs . '' Bayona stated that with the first half of the film set on an island , `` you have what you expect from a Jurassic movie , '' while the second half `` moves to a totally different environment that feels more suspenseful , darker , claustrophobic , and even has this kind of gothic element , which I love . '' Bayona 's concept of gothic suspense for the film was influenced by Alfred Hitchcock films , and he compared the film to The Empire Strikes Back and Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , which were both considered darker than their predecessors . Trevorrow said the film 's dinosaurs would be `` a parable of the treatment animals receive today : the abuse , medical experimentation , pets , having wild animals in zoos like prisons , the use the military has made of them , animals as weapons . '' The idea of weaponized dinosaurs came from Spielberg . Trevorrow said that with the film 's dinosaur auction , `` The worst instincts of mankind are revealed . The first film was very clearly about corporate greed . This is just about human greed . '' The film includes ideas previously featured in a rejected 2004 draft for Jurassic Park IV ( later Jurassic World ) , presented in the same structure : a return to Isla Nublar followed by a second half set in a large Gothic building on the mainland . The idea of a dinosaur auction was also present in the rejected draft , which Trevorrow had read while writing the first Jurassic World film . Bayona had his own ideas incorporated into the script while essentially retaining the same original story devised by Trevorrow and Connolly . The film 's underwater opening sequence was already in Trevorrow and Connolly 's script , and Bayona asked Trevorrow to push for it to become a bigger scene with a larger set . Among Trevorrow 's ideas was to include Jeff Goldblum 's character of Ian Malcolm , who appeared in the franchise 's earlier films . Trevorrow and Goldblum discussed dialogue ideas for Malcolm , and Trevorrow stated that he used a lot of dialogue from Crichton 's Jurassic Park novel for the character . Marshall stated that Trevorrow wrote Malcolm as `` the ' Uh oh , danger , I told you so ' kind of character , '' and Trevorrow said about the character , `` I saw him as kind of Al Gore . He 's got a beard now , and he 's like , ' I told all of you this was going to be a disaster , and sure enough it is . ' '' Bayona and Trevorrow ultimately removed certain moments from the script that they felt would be better for the sequel , which was expected to depict dinosaurs having spread around the world . Casting In October 2016 , casting was underway for the role of a nine - year - old girl . Approximately 2,500 girls were interviewed for the role , which ultimately went to Isabella Sermon , marking her film debut . By November 2016 , Tom Holland -- who previously starred in The Impossible -- had discussed having a possible role in the film , but he did not believe he would be available for filming because of scheduling conflicts . Toby Jones , Rafe Spall , and Justice Smith were cast at the end of the year . Daniella Pineda , Ted Levine and James Cromwell were cast in early 2017 , while Wong confirmed his return as Dr. Henry Wu . To maintain secrecy , the Ancient Futures title was used in the casting phase . During auditions , references to dinosaurs were replaced with animals such as lions and grizzly bears . To convince the studio that Pineda was right for the role of Zia , Bayona had her demonstrate that she could perform comedy and drama scenes , as well as improvisation . Pineda auditioned a total of seven times before receiving the role . She auditioned for Bayona , Atienza , and Crowley , and did not meet the cast until she arrived in England for filming . In March 2017 , Bayona announced that Geraldine Chaplin , who had roles in each of his previous films , had joined the cast . The next month , it was announced that Jeff Goldblum would be reprising his role as Dr. Ian Malcolm from the first two films . Bayona considered Malcolm a `` great character ! '' while Marshall said , `` The world has changed a lot since Ian Malcolm went to Jurassic Park and we need his point of view now more than ever . He told us about chaos theory , he was right . '' Filming Filming began at Langley Business Centre in Slough , England , on February 23 , 2017 . Scenes shot at the business center included Claire 's Dinosaur Protection Group office , Owen training his baby raptors , and Owen and Claire attempting to retrieve blood from the sedated T. rex . A majority of filming in England took place at Pinewood Studios . Because of its large sound stages , Pinewood Studios was considered perfect for the film 's many interior scenes . After filming concluded in England , production moved to Hawaii , which was used as a primary filming location . Scenes shot in Hawaii were set on Isla Nublar , the fictional island featured in the first and fourth films . Scenes were also expected to be shot at Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales . The film was shot in CinemaScope , and is the first entry in the Jurassic Park series that is presented in a 2.40 : 1 aspect ratio . The film crew used Arri Alexa 65 cameras throughout the duration of filming . Several scenes were shot to reference various films including From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) and Dracula ( 1979 ) , as well as Spielberg 's films Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) . Spielberg was shown scenes from the film during production and he offered his opinions to Bayona . During filming and in between takes , Bayona used an iPod to play different types of music on set to inspire the actors during certain scenes , as he had done for his previous films . Bayona also played sound effects from previous films in the series , including a T. rex roar that he sometimes used to get a natural reaction from the actors . In particular , Bayona played unexpected sounds and loud music to scare Smith for certain scenes , as his character is portrayed as easily frightened . Prior to being filmed , Bayona and Pratt discussed each scene involving the character of Owen , and many of Pratt 's ideas were added into the film . Speaking about Levine 's character , Bayona said , `` He came with this idea of creating this kind of military man . He just wanted to portray the most hateable character possible . ( ... ) And he was so creative on set , trying to give ideas , bringing story notes to make this character more and more hateable . '' The film includes several indirect references to U.S. president Donald Trump , including an idea from Trevorrow in which a news ticker states that the `` U.S. president '' has questioned the `` existence of dinosaurs in the first place . '' Jones was allowed to decide his character 's appearance , which included a wig similar to Trump 's hairstyle . An unscripted moment that was left in the film involves Levine 's character referring to Pineda 's character Zia as a `` nasty woman '' , a line that was previously made famous by Trump . In April 2017 , scenes were filmed at East Berkshire College in Berkshire , England , and at Loch Long in Argyll and Bute , Scotland . Also that month , filming took place at Hartland Park -- formerly the Pyestock jet engine test site -- in Fleet , Hampshire , England , where the film 's opening sequence was shot . The scene was filmed through the night and involved helicopters , rain machines , and lightning simulators to depict a thunderstorm . Bayona described the opening scene as a `` massive action piece '' that resembled the prologues used in James Bond films . Scenes were filmed on sets at Hawley Common , also in Hampshire , where the exterior of Lockwood 's mansion was built , as well as a mainland loading dock where the dinosaurs are brought . The exterior of the ship that transports Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs to the mainland was created entirely through computer - generated effects by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , which worked on the previous films . The ship 's interior was constructed by Nicholson and his team as a large set at Pinewood Studios , and after filming , the set was rebuilt to depict the large rooftop of the Lockwood Estate . The exterior of the Cragside country house in Northumberland , England , along with its coniferous surrounding , was used to depict the Lockwood Estate exterior . The film crew took plate shots of Cragside and used a computer to combine the shots with footage filmed on set to create the exterior of the Lockwood Estate . No actors were involved in the Cragside shoot . Nicholson previsualized each of the sets that he and his team built to ensure they would be large enough for the intended scenes , stating , `` Someone can tell you a Velociraptor is X-feet long , but until you see it in the space , you ca n't appreciate what that means in terms of your set and the action that needs to take place within it . '' The interior of the multi-floor Lockwood Estate was built entirely on sound stages at Pinewood Studios . The estate set included Eli Mills ' office , Dr. Wu 's large underground laboratory , an underground dinosaur containment facility , separate bedrooms belonging to Benjamin and Maisie Lockwood , and a large library with dinosaur skeletons and artifacts . When filming was completed in the Lockwood library , the set was redecorated and converted into the estate 's underground garage , where the dinosaur auction takes place . Pratt stated that the film involved significantly more stunts than its predecessor . An improvised fist fight scene , between Owen and several men during the dinosaur auction , was added late in filming . It was the first such scene to be featured in the film series , and was filmed in a single continuous shot with the use of a dolly track . On May 10 , 2017 , it was reported that scenes were being filmed at Rock Barracks military base , near Woodbridge , Suffolk . On May 24 , 2017 , scenes were shot at Hampshire 's Blackbushe Airport , which stood in as an American airfield . Filming in the United Kingdom concluded on June 10 , 2017 . Up to that point , Trevorrow was present as an on - set writer for each day of production so he could aid Bayona with any possible script changes . Goldblum shot his scenes in a single day at Pinewood Studios , during the last day of filming in the United Kingdom . Jones also filmed his scenes on large sets at Pinewood Studios . Filming in Hawaii was underway as of June 13 , 2017 , and lasted more than 25 days , with locations that included Dillingham Airfield and Pua'ena Point . On June 21 , 2017 , filming began at Heʻeia Kea Small Boat Harbor in Heʻeia , Hawaii , which served as Isla Nublar 's shipping dock . More than half of the harbor was closed for filming , which required the use of smoke machines . Scenes were scheduled to be shot at the harbor throughout the end of the month . Filming also took place in a nearby Heʻeia jungle for scenes in which Owen searches for and locates Blue . As a reference to the first Jurassic Park film , the scene between Owen and Blue includes an overturned Ford Explorer , previously featured in the original film as a Jurassic Park tour vehicle . Trevorrow had initially considered including the vehicle in a scene in Jurassic World , before settling on the original Jurassic Park visitor center instead . On June 22 , 2017 , the film 's official title was announced as Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . At the time , filming was underway at Kualoa Ranch on the Hawaiian island of Oahu . Filming at Kualoa Ranch included the exterior set for a radio tower bunker . In Hawaii , scenes in which characters are running were filmed with the use of the Edge Arm , a stabilized camera that was attached to a crane , which was mounted to a truck that drove alongside the actors . The specialized camera allowed for scenes to be shot steadily despite the truck driving over rough terrain . The film includes a scene on Isla Nublar in which Claire and Franklin are riding in a ball - shaped Jurassic World Gyrosphere ride to evade dinosaurs . The scene was shot at Kualoa Ranch and in England , and Bayona described it as one of the film 's biggest challenges . In Hawaii , the Edge Arm was used to film the actors riding in the Gyrosphere as it was hauled on a trailer to simulate its movement . In England , an outdoor roller coaster track with a 40 - foot drop was constructed for the Gyrosphere , which Howard and Smith rode in to shoot a scene in which the ride plummets off a cliff and into the water surrounding Isla Nublar . Although this portion of the scene could have been shot with the use of a green screen , Bayona wanted the actors to have genuine fear for the scene . The final portion of the scene was shot at Pinewood Studios , where a large indoor tank was constructed and filled with water to depict the submerged ride as Owen tries to break it open and rescue Claire and Franklin . Bayona wanted this portion of the scene to have the appearance of a single continuous shot ; to achieve this , the scene was filmed in five different takes that were merged to make it seem like a single shot . Pratt was aided by a diving instructor for the scene , which also involved Howard and Smith underwater . Filming in the tank lasted five days , and required 85 crew members . The scene in the tank was primarily shot by a second unit crew , as Bayona was busy directing scenes on other soundstages . David Vickery and his team at ILM created the volcanic special effects and consulted volcanologists for research . According to Vickery , the team inquired `` how a volcano of this type might erupt '' and also requested information about `` the various stages of lava and pyroclastic flow . We are speeding it up a bit for the sake of our film , but it is definitely all based on real science . '' All of the lava in the film was created through digital effects , although one scene used cat litter set on fire as a stand - in on set , so the actors would know where to react . The scene was set in an Isla Nublar bunker as lava begins dripping from the roof . The litter had been soaked in flammable liquid , and was dropped from 12 different nozzles above the set . The Main Street section of the Jurassic World theme park was rebuilt on Police Beach in Hawaii for a scene in which Owen and Claire return to the island . The set had previously been built in Louisiana for filming of the previous Jurassic World , but was dismantled after filming concluded . For the sequel , Nicholson had part of the Main Street practically built , although the park 's visitor center could not be constructed in its entirety because of its large size . Unbuilt portions of the park were created by ILM using digital set extensions . Main Street was the largest set built in Hawaii , and required more than three months to complete . Many of the same prop makers returned to recreate the Main Street set , which then had to be aged to give the appearance of abandonment . On July 7 , 2017 , filming took place at Oahu 's Hālona Blowhole , where Pratt , Howard and Smith shot scenes on a beach . Filming concluded on July 8 , 2017 , after shooting was completed at Hālona Blowhole . Bayona said that making the film was the biggest challenge of his life . The original cut of the film was approximately two hours and 45 minutes , which the filmmakers considered too long . The film was trimmed to two hours and eight minutes for the final cut . One scene that was removed from the film would reveal the character of Zia to be a lesbian , an idea that came from Bayona and Trevorrow , who chose to cut it out for runtime reasons . Creatures on screen See also : List of cloned animals in the Jurassic Park series The film 's dinosaurs were created through a combination of animatronics and computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) . Special effects artist Neal Scanlan served as the film 's creature effects creative supervisor , while Vickery and Alex Wuttke served as visual effects supervisors . Scanlan worked on the animatronic dinosaurs , while Vickery and his ILM team created versions of the dinosaurs through CGI . ILM animators in Vancouver worked on dinosaur stampede scenes , while ILM 's London studio created the remaining creature scenes . Approximately 52 ILM animators worked on the film . Scanlan worked closely with Bayona and Vickery to create the creatures , and Vickery and ILM did extensive research to accurately create and depict the dinosaurs , which included consulting with paleontologists . The ILM team also referred to elephants and rhinos to determine how the dinosaurs should move and behave . Dinosaur expert John Hankla , of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science , served as an advisor on the film . After reading fan thoughts on dinosaurs and speaking with children , Bayona realized that dinosaur textures and colors were frequently brought up , and stated , `` I thought that was the area where I could play with . They feel somehow a little bit more exotic and richer in this movie . '' New research had also suggested that real dinosaurs were more colorful and brighter than previously thought . The film features more dinosaurs than any previous film in the series , as Bayona wanted to include several new dinosaurs not previously seen in earlier films , including Allosaurus , Baryonyx , Carnotaurus , Sinoceratops , Stygimoloch , and the fictional Indoraptor . Baryonyx and Carnotaurus were among the creatures created through CGI . Dilophosaurus was in the film 's original cut , but was removed . The film features more animatronic dinosaurs than any previous sequel , and the animatronics used were more technologically advanced than in the previous films . Five animatronic dinosaurs were created for the film , whereas the previous film only featured one . More animatronics were used because the film features closer interaction between humans and dinosaurs than its predecessor , including a scene in which Howard rode atop the sedated T. rex . Bayona stated that animatronics `` are very helpful on set , especially for the actors so they have something to perform against . There 's an extra excitement if they can act in front of something real . '' Scanlan stated that animatronics were not best for every scene : `` In some ways it will have an impact on your shooting schedule ; you have to take time to film with an animatronic . In the balance , we ask ourselves if it is economically and artistically more valuable to do it that way , or as a post-production effect . Once we have looked at each particular case , with the director and the VFX supervisor we decide whether -- because of the environment or the circumstances -- it is the right way to go practically . '' Scanlan spent more than eight months at Pinewood Studios to work on the creatures before and during filming , with a crew of approximately 35 people . Scanlan 's team created functional animatronic models of the T. rex , the Indoraptor and Blue , while ILM worked on CGI versions of the creatures . The T. rex was one of the first animatronic creatures needed for filming , in the form of a full - scale head and shoulders . ILM sent Scanlan a model of the T. rex from its appearance in Jurassic World , and Scanlan used it to create a full - scale 3D print of the T. rex head and shoulders . The life - sized T. rex animatronic was controlled through joysticks , with the ability to breathe and move its head . The T. rex animatronic was used for a scene in which the sedated creature is inside a cage while Owen and Claire attempt to retrieve blood from it . The beginning shots in the scene were created using only the animatronic , while the ending shots solely used CGI , with the middle portion of the scene using a combination of the two methods . Within the film 's story , the T. rex is portrayed as the same individual featured in previous films . Trevorrow said , `` We 've been following this same character since the beginning ; she 's the same T. rex that was in Jurassic Park and in Jurassic World . She is iconic -- not just because she 's a T. rex , but because she 's this T. rex . '' The Blue animatronic was created to lay down on an operating table , depicting the animal in an injured state while the character of Zia operates on the creature . Up to 12 puppeteers , hidden under the operating table , were needed to control the animatronic during filming . The scene was shot twice , with and without the Blue animatronic , and the two versions were later combined for a seamless effect . In creating Blue through CGI , the animators referred to the animal 's appearance in the previous film . According to Vickery , Blue 's movements were designed to resemble a dog : `` You look at the way Blue cocks her head and looks up at you . It 's exactly like a dog . You 're trying to sort of connect the dinosaur with things that you understand as a human . '' The Indoraptor was primarily created through CGI , while a practical head , neck , shoulders , foot and arm were created for close - up shots . For some scenes , an inflatable dinosaur was operated by two puppeteers as a Indoraptor stand - in on set , while a CGI version of the creature would be added in later . The Indoraptor was designed to have long human - like arms , and the creature is depicted as a quadruped and biped , with a height of approximately 10 feet tall while standing on two legs . The Indoraptor 's black color was chosen as Bayona wanted the creature to have the appearance of a black shadow , stating that `` it 's very terrifying when you see the Indoraptor in the dark because you can only see the eyes and the teeth . '' Scanlan 's team also made puppeteering aids , rod puppets , and several prop dinosaurs , all created in coordination with Vickery to ensure a consistent result between the practical effects and CGI . Animal motions that could not be perfected with puppetry , such as blinking , were instead created with computer technology . Among the puppeteer dinosaurs were baby velociraptors , which were used for a scene with Pratt , while the final , wider shots of the scene used two - wheeled , remote - controlled toys to stand - in for the baby raptors on set . The toys included a spring which gave them the ability to jump , and the feature was used to get a genuinely startled reaction from Pratt . Although motion capture was used in the previous film to depict velociraptors , ILM determined after several tests that the technology would not be adequate for depicting dinosaurs in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , and the team chose instead to use key frame animation done for the previous films . However , some motion capture was done as a form of previsualization to aid Bayona . ILM used key framing to create scenes involving a large number of dinosaurs , and referred to high - speed photography of horses racing for aid in creating such scenes . The fight scene between Blue and the Indoraptor , set in Maisie 's bedroom , was designed in London and key framed by ILM . Jance Rubinchik , animation supervisor for ILM , stated that the fight was the `` trickiest sequence '' because of the lack of previsualization . According to Bayona , a Brachiosaurus that is shown dying in the volcanic eruption is meant to be the same individual that is first seen in the original Jurassic Park . The Brachiosaurus in the new film was created using the same animations from the 1993 film . The dinosaur 's death was the last shot on the entire film to be finished ; Bayona and the post-production team stayed up through the night to perfect the scene 's colors and composition , shortly before the film 's release . For advice on veterinary procedures and animatronic movements , the filmmakers sought a veterinary surgeon who had experience with African wildlife . Jonathan Cranston , a Gloucestershire veterinary surgeon , was recommended for the position because of his experience with wildlife in South Africa . Cranston advised Bayona and the producers on how to choreograph several scenes to accurately depict complex veterinarian procedures that involved the dinosaurs . Cranston also worked closely with Pratt , Howard , Pineda and Smith to teach them how to perform such procedures . Additionally , Cranston advised the puppeteers on creating subtle and authentic animal movements , and also worked with Bayona on two scenes . Cranston was on set for 12 days , primarily at Pinewood Studios . Marketing A six - second clip from the film was released on November 22 , 2017 . The first trailer was teased for release on November 30 , 2017 , but this was later confirmed to be incorrect . Several teaser trailers and a behind - the - scenes featurette of the film were released in early December 2017 , prior to the release of a full - length trailer on December 7 . That month , Universal launched a website for the Dinosaur Protection Group that ultimately included miscellaneous information about the group and its effort to save the island 's dinosaurs , as well as a video featuring Howard , Pineda and Smith as their characters . The website was created by Timothy Glover and Jack Anthony Ewins , who previously created the Masrani Global website for Jurassic World . A second trailer aired during Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . A 30 - second teaser trailer was released on April 13 , 2018 , announcing the release of a third full trailer on April 18 . Several of the trailers and commercials for the film included scenes from the ending that depict the Tyrannosaurus rex and the Mosasaurus now loose in the world , which frustrated Trevorrow , who preferred not to show such scenes prior to the film 's release . Universal spent $185 million on partners for a global marketing campaign , more than double the cost of the previous film 's partner program . The campaign included nine partners which aired television commercials and sold products to promote the film . The partners were Dairy Queen , Doritos , Dr Pepper , Ferrero SpA , Jeep , Juicy Fruit , Kellogg 's , M&M 's , and Skittles . The global marketing campaign consisted of 1.3 billion items to promote the film , including 100 million boxes of Kellogg 's products and 15 million packages of Kinder Joy candy by Ferrero . Dairy Queen , a returning partner from the previous film , sold `` Jurassic Chomp '' ice cream desserts in collectable cups , while Doritos and Dr Pepper marketed versions of their products that featured images of the film 's dinosaurs . For Super Bowl LII , Trevorrow directed a Jeep commercial starring Goldblum and featuring a T. rex . Within 24 hours of its release , the commercial received 39.7 million online views , which was more than any film trailer that was watched online following its Super Bowl LII television debut . Universal also teamed up with Amazon for a marketing stunt in which a large dinosaur - sized box was driven around Los Angeles on a truck to promote the film . Licensing partners included Mattel , Lego , and Funko , all of which created toys based on the film . Mattel produced a variety of toys , including dinosaurs and action figures , as well as Barbie dolls featuring the likeness of Pratt and Howard as their characters . A mobile app titled Jurassic World Facts was released as a tie - in to Mattel 's dinosaur toys , which included symbols that could be scanned to collect facts about each creature . Lego is expected to release 13 Lego sets based on the film . A video game , Jurassic World Evolution , was released simultaneously with the film . A two - part virtual reality miniseries titled Jurassic World : Blue was released for Oculus VR headsets as a film tie - in . It was created by Felix & Paul Studios and Industrial Light and Magic , and features Blue on Isla Nublar at the time of the volcanic eruption . A website and campaign for `` Extinction Now ! '' , the antithesis to the Dinosaur Protection Group , was created by Trevorrow , Glover and Ewins , and was launched shortly before the film 's release . The campaign included a found - footage clip of a Tyrannosaurus loose in San Diego , a reference to The Lost World : Jurassic Park . Release Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom had its premiere at the WiZink Center in Madrid , Spain , on May 21 , 2018 . The international theatrical release began on June 6 , with the film being released in Singapore and Malaysia on June 7 , in the United Kingdom , India , Italy , South Korea and Angola on June 8 , and in Pakistan on June 16 , 2018 . The film was released in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . Home Media Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is scheduled for digital release on September 4 , 2018 and Blu - ray , DVD , Blu - ray 3D and 4K Blu - ray on September 18 , 2018 . Reception Box Office As of August 12 , 2018 , Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom has grossed $409.6 million in the United States and Canada and $866.8 million in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $1.276 billion , against a production budget in the range of $170 -- 187 million . The film crossed the $1 billion mark on July 5 , 2018 , becoming the 35th film all - time to make the milestone , and seventh for Universal . It also made Universal the second studio ( behind Disney ) to have at least two films in three different franchises make $1 billion worldwide , alongside The Fast and the Furious and Despicable Me . United States and Canada In December 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Fallen Kingdom was one of the most anticipated films of 2018 . Initial projections three weeks before its release had the film grossing between $130 -- 150 million in its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , with BoxOffice magazine estimating a total of $325 -- 380 million for its final domestic gross . By the week of its release , the low - end of projections had reached $135 million . It was released on June 22 , 2018 , in 4,475 theaters ( the second - widest release ever behind Despicable Me 3 ) grossing $58.7 million on its opening day , the second - highest of the franchise and 28th - best on record . The film grossed $15.3 million from Thursday night previews at 3,600 theaters , down from the $18.5 million grossed by Jurassic World . It ended up debuting to $148 million , the 20th - best opening weekend of all - time and second highest for Universal . It also marked the first time two films opened to over $100 million in back - to - back weekends , following the Incredibles 2 's $182.7 million debut the week before . In its second weekend the film made $60 million , a drop of 59 % and less than the $105.8 million made by Jurassic World in its sophomore weekend , and in its third weekend made $28.3 million . Outside north america Overseas , the film was released in 48 countries between June 6 and June 8 , 2018 , including France , Germany , South Korea , the United Kingdom , Italy , Russia , and Spain , and was projected to gross $130 -- 145 million in its opening weekend . It made $20.2 million on its first day , including $1.4 million in France and $1 million in Indonesia . In South Korea , it grossed $9.7 million ( ₩ 10.3 billion ) and sold over 1 million tickets , setting opening day records for both ( beating The Mummy 's ₩ 7.4 billion and Avengers : Infinity War 's 980,000 , respectively ) . It went on to have an international debut of $151.1 million , including $8 million from IMAX screenings . Its largest opening markets were South Korea ( $27.2 million ) , the UK ( $19.9 million ) , France ( $10 million ) , Spain ( $9.5 million ) and Germany ( $9.1 million ) . In China , the film was released on June 15 and made $34.4 million ( ¥ 220 million ) on its opening day , nearly double the first day total of its predecessor ( $17.5 million ) . It went on to open to $111.9 million ( ¥ 715 million ) , the fourth best - ever in the country for a Hollywood release ( behind The Fate of the Furious , Avengers : Infinity War and Transformers : The Last Knight ) , and bringing the film 's two week international total to $372.1 million , more than the entire lifetime gross of Jurassic Park III ( $368 million ) . In its third week of international release the film made $106.7 million , bringing its total to $561.5 million . China remained one of the top markets with $32.4 million ( a standard 71 % drop for Hollywood films in the country ) , while it was also released in Mexico ( $12.3 million ) , Brazil ( $9.2 million ) and Australia $7.9 million ) . As of July 5 , 2018 , the film has grossed $245.5 million in China , making it the 5th highest grossing Hollywood film of all - time in the country . Critical response On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , Fallen Kingdom holds an approval rating of 51 % based on 311 reviews , and an average rating of 5.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom adds another set piece - packed entry to the blockbuster franchise , although genuinely thrilling moments are in increasingly short supply . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 59 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82 % overall positive score . Variety 's Owen Gleiberman called the film better than the first Jurassic World but wrote `` ... ( Fallen Kingdom ) ends up being just a so - so ride . I hope the next one is an all - out ride -- but that for the first time since Spielberg 's 1993 original , it 's actually a great one . The audience for this series has proved that it will turn out in mega-droves . '' Lindsey Bahr of the Associated Press wrote , `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom will not stand up to rigorous scrutiny , and yet , it 's kind of an enjoyable , preposterous and thrilling ride that ticks through nostalgia beats like a shopping list . '' The Boston Globe 's Ty Burr likened the film to a `` Universal Studios theme park ride '' noting , `` It 's enough for a fun fright night at the movies but lacks anything else : character , mystery , wonder , danger . The film 's a rush for an audience that only wants the high . '' In a more critical assessment , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone stated that `` ... this sequel has the perfunctory vibe that comes from filmmakers who cynically believe the public will buy anything T. rex - related , no matter how shoddy the goods or warmed - over the plot . '' Senior Editor Matt Goldberg of Collider also criticized the screenplay stating , `` The film is too lazy to even bother with the modest housekeeping of explaining its characters ' motives . '' The Verge 's Bryan Bishop was equally critical , writing , `` Like its predecessor , Fallen Kingdom is overstuffed with ethical conundrums , and not sophisticated enough to fully engage with them ... the movie 's villains become such cartoony caricatures that it 's impossible to take Fallen Kingdom 's attempted philosophical musings seriously . '' Sam Machkovech of Ars Technica called the film a B movie consisting of `` a sixth - grade sketchbook mash of dino - murder , cartoonish villains , and plot holes '' , while Travis M. Andrews of The Washington Post said the film had `` achieved the impossible : it makes dinosaurs boring '' . In a positive review , Scott Mendelson of Forbes wrote , `` Fallen Kingdom is a gorgeous , mostly enjoyable blockbuster that looked great in IMAX . That it does n't cash all the checks it tries to write is why it 's merely a good movie instead of a great one . '' Writing for The Hollywood Reporter , John DeFore also praised the film saying , `` Finally making good on its name , J.A. Bayona 's Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom says goodbye to the park for good , not just carrying the de-extincted dinos off the island but freeing itself from the genre trappings of the previous four films . '' Exclaim ! 's Alex Hudson said the film is `` a straight - ahead monster movie : it 's dumb , occasionally gory , and mostly plenty of fun ... It wo n't rekindle your childhood fascination with dinosaurs , but it makes for a suitably silly creature feature . '' Many reviewers singled out the scene where a lone Brachiosaurus , stranded on Isla Nublar , succumbs to the volcanic fumes while the characters helplessly watch from the departing ship , as `` poignant '' or `` haunting '' , especially given the species role in the first movie . Sequel Further information : Jurassic Park § Jurassic World 3 ( 2021 ) An untitled sequel , known as Jurassic World 3 , is scheduled for release on June 11 , 2021 . Trevorrow will direct the film , and will write the screenplay with Emily Carmichael , based on a story by him and Connolly . Trevorrow will also serve as executive producer along with Steven Spielberg ; Marshall and Crowley will serve as producers . Pratt and Howard will reprise their roles for the film . References Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Excited to announce that my longtime collaborator @ BernatVilaplana will be the editor for the new Jurassic film '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom -- Production Information '' ( PDF ) . Universal Pictures . 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So grateful to the fantastic UK crew . Next stop Hawaii ! # JW2 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Photo Returns to Isla Nublar , Big News Coming Soon '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 to film in the Brecon Beacons , director reveals '' . Media Wales . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Has a Handful of E.T. Easter Eggs You May Have Missed '' . / Film . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona on Bringing Suspense Back to the Franchise ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 3 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` How J.A. Bayona Used Music During Filming of ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . / Film . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Daniella Pineda on Saving Dinosaurs and Spilling Coffee on Frank Marshall ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 3 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Chris Pratt on Acting With Animatronic Dinos and Movie Legends ( Set Visit Interview ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow on ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' and Planning the Ending for ' Jurassic World 3 ' '' . Collider. 2 : 47 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lerner , Will ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's how those Donald Trump jokes wound up in ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Jordan ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Mad hair . Russian owners . Is Jurassic World 2 's meanest dinosaur really Donald Trump ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Connor ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` How A Nasty Woman Line Ended Up In Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` BD Wong Looks Sharp On The Set Of Jurassic World 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ali , Aftab ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom partly filmed in location near Glasgow '' . Evening Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Footage emerges of Jurassic World 2 filming in England '' . Jurassic Outpost. April 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lloyd , Stephen ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 : See first shots of the woodland set for huge blockbuster being filmed on Hawley Common '' . Get Surrey . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( December 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's Opening Scene Sounds Amazing '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cragside stars in new Jurassic World movie '' . Northumberland Gazette . June 27 , 2018 . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Duke , Simon ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Cragside has starring role in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Evening Chronicle . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hirst , Andrew ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Are Jeff Goldblum , Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard in Suffolk ? Jurassic World 2 rumoured to be filming at Rock Barracks '' . East Anglian Daily Times . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mathew , Ilin ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 weekly buzz : New set photos , plot spoilers excite fans '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` How Involved Colin Trevorrow Was With Making Jurassic World 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , John ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Colin Trevorrow on ' The Book of Henry ' and What He Learned Directing ' Jurassic World ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shattuck , Kathryn ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum , Back in ' Jurassic World ' and Making a Small Role Big '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Laxamana , Chris ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum and Vinnie Tortorich '' . The Adam Carolla Show . 01 : 16 : 00 -- 01 : 19 : 00 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard , Bryce Dallas ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Playing in the mud or shooting a movie ? * not Claire 's shoes . Day 46 . # jurassicworld # jurassicworld2 # jungle '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Santos , Danny F. ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Has Jurassic World 2 's Original Ending Been Rewritten ? '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jurassic World 2 is currently filming in Hawaii . Jump up ^ `` Real roar : Production put $31 M into Hawaii '' . West Hawaii Today . June 24 , 2018 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Donahue , Lillian ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Portion of Kamehameha Highway to be closed for Jurassic World sequel '' . KHNL . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World sequel starts filming at Oahu harbor '' . KHNL . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Labrecqque , Jeff ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` See exclusive concept art for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Entertainment Weekly . pp. 6 , 8 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Title Revealed In First Teaser Poster '' . Empire . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom -- Exclusive Behind - the - Scenes Images '' . Dread Central . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evangelista , Chris ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Sequel Bits : ' Hobbs and Shaw ' , ' Jurassic World ' , ' Mission : Impossible ' , ' Doom ' , ' Rabid ' , ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic World : Bukott birodalom - A pörgőgömb '' . Universal International Pictures . May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` The Unexpected Techniques ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Used to Create Super-Realistic FX '' . Thrillist . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Josh ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Chris Pratt Take the Plunge with Diving Pro for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Underwater Stunt '' . SyFy Wire . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona Talks About Creating That `` One Shot '' Sequence and More `` . / Film . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Rucha ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard reveal filthy details from ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' sets '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Burned Cat Litter To Mimic Lava On Set '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' sequel to close Halona Blowhole for filming '' . KHNL . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Halona Blowhole to close for ' Jurassic World ' filming '' . KHON - TV . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` This is a wrap for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ! What a journey ! Thank you to everyone that made it possible ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Barry ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's trailer reveals film was shot in Hawaii '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona on Why He Thanked Guillermo del Toro in the Credits '' . Collider. 2 : 26 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' star Daniella Pineda 's lesbian reveal was cut from film '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zemler , Emily ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' creature designer Neal Scanlan takes us on a dinosaur tour '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' premiere : Chris Pratt and cast speak fondly about Blue '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Barbara ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` How ILM Blended Practical and Digital Effects for ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Meet the Indoraptor , the scaly , terrifying new villain of Jurassic World '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona Teases New Dinosaurs and Action '' . Fandango . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anderton , Ethan ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Has More Animatronic Dinosaurs Than Any ' Jurassic Park ' Sequel '' . / Film . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Behind - the - Scenes Video Features a Lot of Dinosaurs '' . Collider . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Chris ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Featurette Has Bryce Dallas Howard Riding A T - Rex '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : King , Darryn ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` In ' Jurassic World , ' Old - School Effects Make a Comeback '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Original Jurassic Park T - Rex Will Return in Jurassic World 2 '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Louisa ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Meet the Gloucestershire vet who had a major role in the upcoming Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom film '' . Gloucestershire Live . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' First Footage Shows Chris Pratt Petting Baby Raptor '' . Variety . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Clip : Six Seconds Of Chris Pratt & Dino Baby '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Trailer Not Arriving This Week '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Molly ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser Confirms Trailer Arrives Thursday '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spry , Jeff ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Pratt Runs With the Dinos in Explosive New Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser '' . SyFy . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Trailer Teaser Awakens the T - Rex '' . / Film . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Jeff Goldblum 's joyous Jurassic return in Fallen Kingdom featurette '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' viral marketing begins with new website '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Viral Video : Meet The Dinosaur Protection Group '' . / Film . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Klayton Fioriti ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) , The Dinosaur Protection Group Interview - Jurassic Park Canon - Meet The Creators ! , retrieved 2018 - 07 - 07 Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Movie Trailers : Netflix 's ' Cloverfield ' Sequel To Run Spot ? ' Jurassic World ' , ' Mission : Impossible ' & More To Air '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's Super Bowl trailer puts dinosaurs in all the wrong places '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Chris ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Teaser Unleashes New Footage ; New Trailer Next Week '' . / Film . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` The final trailer for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom shows that people never learn from their mistakes '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Joe ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow is ' frustrated ' by Fallen Kingdom being spoiled by the trailers - When will marketing learn ? '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Roars $185 M Promo Campaign , More Than Double 2015 Movie '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' and Dr. Pepper Join Forces for Collectible Cans Promotion '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Griner , David ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon Is Driving Around a Jurassic - Sized Box , and You Can Ask Alexa What 's Inside '' . Adweek . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stark , George ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon impresses fans with prime marketing stunt for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Syfy . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Universal Announces New Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom License Partners Including Funko and More '' . Jurassic Outpost . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Squires , John ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Mattel Bringing ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Characters into Barbie Line '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lego sets offer a peek inside ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' ( exclusive ) '' . Yahoo . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Funko Shows Off Full Line of ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' POP ! Vinyl Toys '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World toys bring the Fallen Kingdom back to life '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Konrad , Jeremy ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's Take a Look at Some Jurassic World Figures ! Part 1 : Humans '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Konrad , Jeremy ( April 29 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's Take a Look at Some Jurassic World Figures ! Part 2 : Dinos ! '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilliam , Ryan ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution is exactly the park sim you want it to be '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rottgers , Janko ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal Teams up With Felix & Paul Studios for Jurassic World VR Series '' . Variety . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Jon ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Blue ' tells a dinosaur 's story on Oculus VR headsets '' . Engadget . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal , Felix & Paul Launch ' Jurassic World : Blue ' VR Experience '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Felix & Paul Studios Releases ' Jurassic World : Blue ' Episode 2 on Oculus Headsets '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extinction Now ! on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Reactions from the Spanish Premiere : Here is What People Are Saying '' . / Film . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic World : El Reino Caido ' Madrid Premiere '' . Getty Images . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roaring dinosaurs return in ' Jurassic World ' sequel '' . Reuters . May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' begins its worldwide cinema rollout from June 6 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Popcorn. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Popcorn. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cinemax - É um espectáculo - Mundo Jurássico : Reino Caído '' . Cinemax . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Blu - ray Release Date & Features Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Thrashes Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fans pick ' Avengers , ' ' Black Panther ' as 2018 's most - anticipated films in Fandango poll '' . USA Today . Gannett Satellite Information Network , LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Eyes $130 M - $150 M Stateside Start In Early Projections '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Long Range Tracking : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' & ' Deadpool 2 ' Updates '' . BoxOffice . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' With $150 M Reps Uni 's 2nd Highest Opening Ever -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Box office top 20 : ' Jurassic World ' debuts with $148 M '' . ABC News . ABC . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 1 , 2018 ) . `` At $2.5 B To Date , Summer 's B.O. Is More Colossal Than Ever Imagined ; Dinos Still Rule With $60 M+ Second Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant - Man And The Wasp ' Shrinks A Tick To $76 M+ Opening , But Still 34 % Bigger Than Original -- Early Sunday Read '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' To Rise With $140 M+ Overseas Opening -- International Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $39 M Overseas ; Heading Past $140 M Open '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Roars To $151 M Offshore Bow ; ' Infinity War ' A Stone 's Throw From $2 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Crushes $34.4 M In China Friday Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $370 M Overseas ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Powers $52 M Early Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Slurps $711 M+ WW ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Has Record Pixar China Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Jurassic World 2 ' leans on nostalgia , contrivances '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The new ' Jurassic World ' is kind of a Tyrannosaurus wreck '' . The Boston Globe . Boston Globe Media Partners . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Review : Welcome to Steaming Dino - Poop '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Spoiler Review : Stupidity Finds a Way '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Brian . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a stunning disappointment '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom review : This nonsense has gone full Sharknado '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Travis M. ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The ' Jurassic World ' sequel achieves the impossible : It makes dinosaurs boring '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Finally Escapes The Island '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DeFore , John ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Alex ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soans , Neil ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Movie Review '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Randolph , Grace ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Fallen Kingdom SPOILER Review '' . Beyond the Trailer . YouTube . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 rampaging toward 2021 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Life Continues to Find a Way as ' Jurassic World 3 ' is Already Dated for Release ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Variety is reporting that Jurassic World 3 , which surely wo n't actually be the official title , will be hitting theaters on June 11 , 2021 , three years after Fallen Kingdom . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg confirms Colin Trevorrow will direct third Jurassic World '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Universal launches plans for third ' Jurassic World ' film '' . ABC . Associated Press . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 3 ' to Hit Theaters in June 2021 '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 will be a ' science thriller , ' says Colin Trevorrow '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . External links Official website Official Dinosaur Protection Group website Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom on IMDb Jurassic Park Novels Jurassic Park The Lost World Films Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Music Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Spin - off novels Jurassic Park Adventures : Survivor Jurassic Park Adventures : Prey Jurassic Park Adventures : Flyers Theme park attractions Jurassic Park : The Ride Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure Canopy Flyer Dino - Soarin ' The Flying Dinosaur Jurassic World Related Cloned animals Characters Video games Song Isla Nublar Lego Jurassic World : The Indominus Escape Films directed by J.A. Bayona The Orphanage ( 2007 ) The Impossible ( 2012 ) A Monster Calls ( 2016 ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) Colin Trevorrow Films written and directed Home Base ( 2002 ) Reality Show ( 2004 ; written with Daniel Klein ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ; written with Derek Connolly and Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver ) Directed only Safety Not Guaranteed ( 2012 ; written by Derek Connolly ) The Book of Henry ( 2017 ; written by Gregg Hurwitz ) Written only Making Revolution ( 2003 , written with Daniel Klein and Brandon Krueger ; directed by Klein ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 , written with Derek Connolly ; directed by J.A. Bayona ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurassic_World:_Fallen_Kingdom&oldid=854633625 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2018 3D films American films American adventure films American disaster films American science fiction films American sequel films Amblin Entertainment films Biological weapons in popular culture Dinosaur films Films about animal rights Films about cloning Films about orphans Films about volcanoes Films based on works by Michael Crichton Films directed by J.A. Bayona Films produced by Frank Marshall Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films set in 2018 Films set in amusement parks Films set in Costa Rica Films set on islands Films set in California Films shot in England Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in Argyll and Bute Jurassic Park films Science fiction adventure films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with short description Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 19 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when does the latest jurassic park movie come out
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"Filming took place from February to July 2017 in the United Kingdom and Hawaii. Produced and distributed by Universal Pictures, Fallen Kingdom premiered in Madrid on May 21, 2018, and was released internationally in early June 2018 and in the United States on June 22, 2018. The film has grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide, making it the third Jurassic film to pass the mark, the third highest-grossing film of 2018 and the 13th highest-grossing film of all time. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised Pratt's performance, Bayona's direction, the visuals, and the \"surprisingly dark moments\", although many criticized the screenplay and lack of innovation, with some suggesting the series has run its course.[8] An untitled sequel is set to be released on June 11, 2021, with Trevorrow returning to direct.\n"
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"June 22, 2018"
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The Twelve Spies
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The twelve spies - wikipedia The twelve spies Jump to : navigation , search The Grapes of Canaan by James Tissot . Although the spies brought back a cluster of grapes so large that it took two men to carry it ( Numbers 13 : 23 ) , only two of the twelve brought back a good report of the land . The Twelve Spies ( Hebrew : שנים עשר המרגלים ) , as recorded in the Book of Numbers , were a group of Israelite chieftains , one from each of the Twelve Tribes , who were dispatched by Moses to scout out the Land of Canaan for 40 days as a future home for the Israelite people , during the time when the Israelites were in the wilderness following their Exodus from Ancient Egypt . The account is found in Numbers 13 : 1 - 33 . God had promised Abraham that there would be a Promised Land for the nations to come out of his son , Isaac . The land of Canaan which the spies were to explore was the same Promised Land . Moses asked for an assessment of the geographical features of the land , the strength and numbers of the population , the agricultural potential and actual performance of the land , civic organization ( whether their cities were like camps or strongholds ) , and forestry conditions . He also asked them to be positive in their outlook and to return with samples of local produce . When ten of the twelve spies showed little faith in the doom and gloom report they gave about the land , they were slandering what they believed God had promised them . They did not believe that God could help them , and the people as a whole were persuaded that it was not possible to take the land . As a result , the entire nation was made to wander in the desert for 40 years , until almost the entire generation of men had died . Joshua and Caleb were the two spies who brought back a good report and believed that God would help them succeed . They were the only men from their generation permitted to go into the Promised Land after the time of wandering . Contents ( hide ) 1 About the spies 2 Consequences 3 Tisha B'Av 4 References About the spies ( edit ) God had promised the Israelites that they would be able to conquer the land with its indigenous Canaanite nations . Moses instructed the spies to report back on the agriculture and lay of the land . However , during their tour , the spies saw fortified cities and resident giants , which frightened them and led them to believe that the Israelites would not be able to conquer the land as God had promised . Ten of the spies decided to bring back an unbalanced report , emphasizing the difficulty of the task before them . They gave Moses this account , `` We went into the land to which you sent us , and it does flow with milk and honey ! Here is its fruit . But the people who live there are very powerful , and the cities are fortified and very large . We even saw descendants of Anak there . '' -- Numbers , 13 : 27 - 28 Two of the spies -- Joshua and Caleb -- did not go along with the majority and tried to convince the Israelites that they could conquer the land : Then Caleb silenced the people before Moses and said , `` We should go up and take possession of the land , for we can certainly do it . '' -- Numbers , 13 : 30 However , the Israelite community believed the majority 's conclusions . All of the spies , except Joshua and Caleb , were struck down with a plague and died . Joshua was at first a fierce warrior . He was chosen as the representative from his tribe , Ephraim , to explore the land of Canaan , and was in agreement with Caleb that the Promised Land could be conquered . After the incident with the 12 spies , Joshua lived through the 40 year wandering period , and was named successor to Moses as instructed by God . Joshua completed the task of leading the Israelites into the Promised Land and of taking possession of it . Joshua also was the leader in renewing the Mosaic covenant with their God . Caleb was from the tribe of Judah . He was also chosen to explore the land of Canaan , and he was ( along with Joshua ) the other man who said that the God of Israel could help the Israelite people to victory against the Canaanites . God promised Caleb and Joshua that they would receive the land which they had explored for themselves and their descendants . Caleb was also told that he would live to go into the Promised Land . The names of the twelve spies were : Shammua son of Zaccur , from the tribe of Reuben Shaphat son of Hori , from the tribe of Simeon Caleb son of Jephunneh , from the tribe of Judah Igal son of Joseph , from the tribe of Issachar Hoshea ( Joshua ) son of Nun , from the tribe of Ephraim Palti son of Raphu , from the tribe of Benjamin Gaddiel son of Sodi , from the tribe of Zebulin Gaddi son of Susi , from the tribe of Manassah Ammiel son of Gemalli , from the tribe of Dan Sethur son of Michael , from the tribe of Asher Nahbi son of Vophsi , from the tribe of Naphtali Geuel son of Maki , from the tribe of Gad Some people think the word `` spies '' is an incorrect translation . The Hebrew word that the Torah uses is מרגלים ( `` meraglim '' ) , which can also mean `` traitors '' or `` deserters '' . In Numbers 13 : , the Hebrew word describing the group is also the word usually translated as `` men '' or the word usually translated as `` princes '' . In addition , the twelve were clearly not trained as spies , nor did they conduct any covert activity , nor did they enlist any indigenous people for later help . Thus , the phrase `` Twelve Scouts '' or `` Twelve Observers '' might be an alternative way of describing the group . However , the final point remains that their `` report '' resulted in a great outcry and the Israelites despaired of entering the promised land and were punished by God accordingly , as outlined above . Consequences ( edit ) The Israelites ' belief of the false report amounted to the acceptance of lashon hara ( lit . '' `` evil tongue '' / `` slander '' in Hebrew ) against the Land of Israel . But the men who had gone up with him said , `` We ca n't attack those people ; they are stronger than we are . '' And they spread a bad report about the land they had explored . They said , `` The land we explored devours those living in it . All the people we saw there were of great size . We saw the Nephilim there ( the descendants of Anak come from the Nephilim ) . We seemed like grasshoppers in our own eyes , and we looked the same to them . '' -- Numbers , 13 : 31 - 33 This was considered a grave sin by God . Corresponding to the 40 days that the spies toured the land , their God decreed that the Israelites would wander in the wilderness for 40 years as a result of their unwillingness to take the land . Moreover , the entire generation of men who left Egypt during the Exodus would die in the desert , save for Joshua and Caleb who did not slander the land . For 40 years , the Israelites wandered in the wilderness , eating quail and manna . They were led into the Promised Land by Joshua ; the victory at Jericho marked the beginning of possession of the land . As victories were won , the tracts of land were assigned to each tribe , and they lived peacefully with each other . God brought victories where needed , and his promise to Abraham was fulfilled . Tisha B'Av ( edit ) According to Rabbinic tradition ( as seen in the Mishnah Taanit 4 : 6 ) , the sin of the spies produced the annual fast day of Tisha B'Av . When the Israelites accepted the false report , they wept over the false belief that God was setting them up for defeat . The night that the people cried was the ninth of Av , which became a day of weeping and misfortune for all time . Rashi , commenting on Numbers 13 : 25 , notes that the journey was shortened by God , as God foresaw their downfall and subsequent proportionate punishment ( 1 day equaling 1 year ) . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Israelites carrying grapes of Canaan . Jump up ^ Numbers 14 : 34 ^ Jump up to : Numbers 14 : 30 ; Dummelow , J.R. The One Volume Bible Commentary. 1950 . Macmillan Company . pp. 107 - 108 Jump up ^ Numbers 14 : 20 - 31 ; Caleb , and Joshua , in Freeman , David Noel . The Anchor Bible Dictionary Volume 1 A-C and Volume 2 ( H-J ) . 1992 . Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 385 - 19351 - 3 , pp. 808 - 809 Jump up ^ Numbers 13 : 26 - 33 ; Wigoder , Geoffrey . Illustrated Dictionary and Concordance of the Bible . 1986 . The Jerusalem Publishing House . ISBN 0 - 89577 - 407 - 0 , pp. 563 - 564 Jump up ^ Numbers 14 : 36 - 38 ; Clarke , Adam . Commentary on the Holy Bible . 1967 . Beacon Hill Press . SBN 081023211 , p. 189 Jump up ^ Numbers 14 : 20 - 31 ; Joshua , Freeman , David Noel . The Anchor Bible Dictionary Volume 2 H-J. 1992 . Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 385 - 19360 - 2 , p. 999 Jump up ^ Numbers 14 : 20 - 31 ; Caleb , Freeman , David Noel . The Anchor Bible Dictionary Volume 1 A-C. 1992 . Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 385 - 19351 - 3 , pp. 808 - 809 Jump up ^ The Holy Bible , New International Version , Zondervan , 1984 , LOC 73174297 , pp. 104 - 105 Jump up ^ Mishna Taanit 4 : 6 read online ; Orthodox Union page on Tisha B'Av . Retrieved 5 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Mid . Tanchuma 8 , quoted in The Complete Jewish Bible with Rashi Commentary on Numbers 13 , accessed 24 February 2016 ( hide ) The Three Weeks Periods of observance The Three Weeks The Nine Days Week in which Tisha B'Av occurs Days of obervance Seventeenth of Tammuz Tisha B'Av Observances and events Seudah HaMafseket Texts Book of Lamentations Kinnot Book of Job Historic events Siege of Jerusalem ( AD 70 ) Alhambra Decree The Twelve Spies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Twelve_Spies&oldid=809595331 '' Categories : Book of Numbers Tisha B'Av Torah people Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 04 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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where is the story of joshua and caleb in the bible
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"The Twelve Spies (Hebrew: שנים עשר המרגלים), as recorded in the Book of Numbers, were a group of Israelite chieftains, one from each of the Twelve Tribes, who were dispatched by Moses to scout out the Land of Canaan for 40 days[1] as a future home for the Israelite people, during the time when the Israelites were in the wilderness following their Exodus from Ancient Egypt. The account is found in Numbers 13:1-33."
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The Looming Tower (miniseries)
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The Looming Tower ( miniseries ) - wikipedia The Looming Tower ( miniseries ) Jump to : navigation , search The Looming Tower Genre Drama Created by Dan Futterman Alex Gibney Lawrence Wright Based on The Looming Tower by Lawrence Wright Starring Jeff Daniels Tahar Rahim Wrenn Schmidt Bill Camp Louis Cancelmi Virginia Kull Ella Rae Peck Sullivan Jones Michael Stuhlbarg Peter Sarsgaard Composer ( s ) Will Bates Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Futterman Alex Gibney Lawrence Wright Craig Zisk Adam Rapp Producer ( s ) Ali Soufan Peter Feldman Laura Whitney Cinematography Jim Denault Frederick Elmes Ivan Strasburg Editor ( s ) Daniel A. Valverde Meg Reticker Joe Hobeck Running time 46 -- 51 minutes Production company ( s ) Wolf Moon Productions South Slope Pictures Jigsaw Productions Legendary Television Release Original network Hulu Original release February 28 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) -- April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) External links Official website Production website The Looming Tower is an American drama web television miniseries based on the book of the same name by Lawrence Wright that was released from February 28 to April 18 , 2018 on Hulu . The series consists of ten episodes and was created and executive produced by Dan Futterman , Alex Gibney , and Wright . In addition , Futterman acted as showrunner for the series and Gibney directed the first episode . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Premiere 5.3 Distribution 5.4 Home media 6 Reception 7 Potential sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) The Looming Tower traces the `` rising threat of Osama bin Laden and Al - Qaeda in the late 1990s and how the rivalry between the FBI and CIA during that time may have inadvertently set the path for the tragedy of 9 / 11 . It follows members of the I - 49 Squad in New York and Alec Station in Washington , D.C. , the counter-terrorism divisions of the FBI and CIA , respectively , as they travel the world fighting for ownership of information while seemingly working toward the same goal -- trying to prevent an imminent attack on U.S. soil . '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jeff Daniels as John O'Neill , chief of the New York FBI 's Counterterrorism Center known as `` I - 49 '' . He is convinced that the United States has been targeted for attack by Al Qaeda but is faced with hostility from other agencies of the federal government , particularly from the CIA . Tahar Rahim as Ali Soufan , a Muslim Lebanese - American FBI agent on John O'Neill's I - 49 counterterrorism squad who eventually becomes his protégé . He is infuriated by the perversion of Islam by enemies of the United States and goes so far as to go undercover in terrorists ' gathering spaces , in order to hunt Al Qaeda and prevent attacks . Wrenn Schmidt as Diane Marsh , a CIA analyst who works under Martin Schmidt . Similar to Schmidt , she believes that the CIA is uniquely positioned to combat terrorist attacks and therefore decides to conceal information from the FBI . The character is based on at least three people within the CIA including Alfreda Frances Bikowsky . Bill Camp as Robert Chesney , an FBI veteran in New York 's counterterrorism unit . About to retire , he uses his skills at interrogation to extract important intelligence from suspects in the struggle against terrorist threats . Chesney has been described as the most composited of all the main characters with Soufan commenting that he is `` at least four people . '' Louis Cancelmi as Vince Stuart , an FBI agent embedded into CIA 's Alec Station . His assignment imposes the responsibility of making sure that the FBI receives all the same intelligence the CIA does . His presence at the CIA is met with severe distrust . The character is based on FBI agent Mark Rossini . Virginia Kull as Kathy Shaughnessy , an FBI agent in the I - 49 counterterrorism squad who works closely with Floyd Bennet . Ella Rae Peck as Heather , a special education teacher from Ohio who begins to see Soufan . Their dates are constantly being interrupted by his work for the FBI . She finds the secretive nature of his job a difficult obstacle to overcome in their relationship . Sullivan Jones as Floyd Bennet , an FBI agent in the I - 49 counterterrorism squad who works closely with Kathy Shaughnessy . He is a former member of the New York State Police SWAT Team . Michael Stuhlbarg as Richard Clarke , the National Coordinator for Security , Infrastructure Protection , and Counterterrorism and the chief counterterrorism adviser on the United States National Security Council . Peter Sarsgaard as Martin Schmidt , the chief of `` Alec Station '' , a section of the CIA Counterterrorism Center . Schmidt butts heads with O'Neill after deciding to withhold information from him believing that the CIA is the only agency prepared to combat potential terrorist threats . The character is based on former CIA Officer Michael Scheuer . Recurring ( edit ) Katie Flahive as Amy , a CIA analyst working in Alec Station . Jenny Paul as Maureen , a CIA analyst working in Alec Station . Erica Cho as Leigh , a CIA analyst working in Alec Station . Jamie Neumann as Toni - Ann Marino , an FBI agent in O'Neill's I - 49 counterterrorism squad . Tawfeek Barhom as Khalid al - Mihdhar , one of five hijackers of American Airlines Flight 77 , which crashed into the Pentagon as part of the September 11 attacks . Samer Bisharat as Khallad , a Yemeni terrorist that helped in the preparation of the 1998 East Africa Embassy bombings and the USS Cole bombing and acted as a bodyguard to Osama bin Laden . Annie Parisse as Liz , a collegiate English professor with whom O'Neill is having an affair in New York . Nasser Faris as Ayman al - Zawahiri , one of the co-founders of al - Qaeda . Sharon Washington as Judith , a CIA analyst working in Alec Station . Michael Quinlan as General O'Keefe Ken Arnold as General Stetson Jordan Lage as Mr. Kearns , one of ten commissioners overseeing the 9 / 11 Commission in 2002 . Kimberly S. Fairbanks as Ms. McCabe , one of ten commissioners overseeing the 9 / 11 Commission in 2002 . July Namir as Hoda Hada , the wife of Khalid al - Mihdhar . Ibrahim Renno as Khalid Sheikh Mohammed , the leader of al - Qaeda 's propaganda operations and the principal architect of the 9 / 11 attacks . Nebras Jamali as Nawaf al - Hazmi , one of five hijackers of American Airlines Flight 77 , which crashed into the Pentagon as part of the September 11 attacks . Craig Wroe as Leonard Bliss , the CIA chief of the Near East Division and superior of Schmidt and Marsh . Jill Dalton as Beverly Alec Baldwin as George Tenet , the Director of Central Intelligence for the CIA . Yul Vazquez as Jason Sanchez , the assistant director of the FBI in the New York office and superior of O'Neill . Youssef Berouain as Mohamad al - Owhali , an al - Qaeda member who took part in the 1998 United States embassy bombings . Katie Finneran as Sheri , a woman with whom O'Neill is having an affair in Washington , D.C. Mohamad Ashraf as Walla Ayman Samman as Anas al - Liby , a computer specialist for al - Qaeda who takes part in the 1998 United States embassy bombings . Zaki Youssef as Abu Jandal , a Yemeni member of al - Qaeda in Afghanistan . Tasha Lawrence as Maria O'Neill , John 's wife and the mother of his two daughters . Ashley Leyva as Willa O'Neill , John 's daughter Angelina Leyva as Celia O'Neill , John 's daughter Jennifer Ehle as Barbara Bodine , U.S. ambassador to Yemen . She comes to dislike O'Neill , reports him to his superiors at the FBI , and has him expelled from Yemen . Zafer El - Abedin as Mohamed Atta , an Egyptian hijacker and one of the ringleaders of the September 11 attacks . He served as the hijacker - pilot of American Airlines Flight 11 and crashed the plane into the North Tower of the World Trade Center as part of the coordinated attacks . Joe Corrigall as John Chihoyne , an agent of the CIA stationed in Yemen . Eisa Davis as Condoleezza Rice , U.S. National Security Advisor to President George W. Bush . Ali Suliman as General Qamish , a Yemeni general that aids O'Neill and Soufan 's investigation into the USS Cole bombing in Yemen . Sami Karim as Omar al - Bayoumi , an agent of the Saudi Government who befriends al - Hazmi and al - Mihdhar . Guest ( edit ) C.J. Wilson as John Miller , a reporter for ABC News that conducts an interview with Osama bin Laden in the Hindu Kush of Afghanistan . Vincent Ebrahim as Wadih el - Hage , an al - Qaeda member who acted as secretary for Osama bin Laden and who took part in the 1998 United States embassy bombings . Wendy Mae Brown as April Brightsky Ray , the wife of Wadih el - Hage . Jennifer Dundas as Mary Jo White , the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York . Barbara Rosenblat as Elaine Kaufman , the owner of the Manhattan restaurant Elaine 's that O'Neill frequently eats at . Tony Curran as Barry James , an inspector in the Metropolitan Police Service at Scotland Yard in London , England . Osh Ghanimah as Abu Hamsa al - Masri Nayef Rashed as Ahmed al - Hada , an al - Qaeda operative who acted as their `` switchboard '' host . Robert Vincent Smith as Cardinal James Hickey , an American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and the Archbishop of Washington , D.C. He performed John and Maria O'Neill's marriage ceremony and John goes to see him about getting it annulled . Nezar Alderazi as Jamal Ahmad Mohammad Al Badawi , a Yemeni who helps plan the attack on the USS Cole . Bijan Daneshmand as Farouq Osman Donald Sage Mackay as Commander Kirk Lippold , the Commanding Officer of the USS Cole . Stewart Steinberg as Larry Silverstein , the founder of Silverstein Properties that has leased the World Trade Center from the Port Authority . He hires O'Neill as head of security at the World Trade Center following his retirement from the FBI . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Now it Begins ... '' Alex Gibney Story by : Dan Futterman , Alex Gibney , & Lawrence Wright Teleplay by : Dan Futterman February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) FBI agent Ali Soufan is asked to join John O'Neill's counterterrorism unit known as `` I - 49 '' . As the squad fights to get information out of the CIA , two American embassies are bombed . `` Losing My Religion '' John Dahl Story by : Dan Futterman , Alex Gibney , & Lawrence Wright Teleplay by : Dan Futterman February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) Following the concurrent embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania , the FBI begins to investigate in Africa while the CIA begins to devise a plan to strike back . `` Mistakes Were Made '' John Dahl Bash Doran February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) `` Mercury '' Ali Selim Adam Rapp March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 5 `` Y2K '' Ali Selim Shannon Houston March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 6 `` Boys at War '' Michael Slovis Dan Futterman March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) 7 `` The General '' Michael Slovis Ali Selim March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) 8 `` A Very Special Relationship '' Craig Zisk Bash Doran April 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 9 `` Tuesday '' Craig Zisk Adam Rapp April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 10 `` 9 / 11 '' Craig Zisk Dan Futterman & Ali Selim April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) Following the terrorist attacks on September 11th , various members of O'Neill's squad try to get in contact with him . Meanwhile , Soufan is finally given access to Abu Jandal and begins to interrogate him to confirm that al - Qaeda was behind the attacks . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The project emanated from Ali Soufan and Lawrence Wright 's realization that both of them were fielding offers from various studios and production companies regarding the rights to their books about the lead - up to the September 11th terrorist attacks . The pair met with filmmaker Alex Gibney , who had already adapted Wright 's one - man show , My Trip to Al - Qaeda , and Going Clear for HBO . Wright described the collaboration with Gibney saying , `` He 's a documentarian , and he understands the importance of truth . We 've been in the trenches . I came to trust him , and that 's what I wanted -- someone I felt could handle and negotiate these really difficult moral questions . '' Following that partnership , the team began to interview potential showrunners . They soon landed on screenwriter Dan Futterman after one meeting , and then decided to work on their pitch for the series . After refining their pitch , they approached HBO , Netflix and Amazon with the project . As a courtesy , they also reached out to Hulu without really placing them into consideration due to the perception of the streaming service as merely a place to stream episodes of network television shows . However , during their meeting with Hulu they were offered a straight - to - series order , an abbreviated development process , a promise not to cave under pressure from the federal agencies portrayed in the series , and the largest financial commitment of any service or network they had previously met with . It was due to these terms and conditions that the producers ultimatly decided to sign with the company . During pre-production , producers spent months doing exhaustive homework . This involved interviewing the real - life counterparts of the characters they were bringing to life , including Ali Soufan and his wife ; former National Security Council chief counterterrorism adviser Richard Clarke ; former and current members of the FBI 's I - 49 squad ; and former members of the CIA . Futterman has mentioned that in addition to adapting Wright 's book , the series also drew from Soufan 's book The Black Banners : The Inside Story of 9 / 11 and the War Against al - Qaeda and the 9 / 11 Commission Report . In September 2016 , Hulu ordered The Looming Tower to series from Legendary Television with executive producers including Alex Gibney , Dan Futterman , and Lawrence Wright . It was announced that the limited series would consist of ten episodes and premiere in 2017 . It was later reported that Craig Zisk was also an executive producer for the series and would be directing as well . Ultimately , five different directors were chosen to helm the series ' ten episodes : Zisk , Michael Slovis , John Dahl , Ali Selim and Alex Gibney . The show 's first episode was directed by Gibney , episodes six and seven were directed by Slovis , and episodes eight , nine , and ten were directed by Zisk . The series ' story requires multiple international locations with the first five episodes having scenes that are set in seven countries and ten cities . Early on in the development process , Zisk and Gibney went on several international location scouting missions , in order to give their fellow directors options to pick from for filming . Casting ( edit ) In January 2017 , it was announced that Tahar Rahim was cast in one of the series ' lead roles as Ali Soufan . In February 2017 , Michael Stuhlbarg and Bill Camp were announced as series regulars and cast as Richard Clarke and Robert Chesney , respectively . In March 2017 , Jeff Daniels was cast as John O'Neill . Also announced that month were the castings of Sullivan Jones , Virginia Kull , Louis Cancelmi , Peter Sarsgaard , and Wrenn Schmidt as series regulars and Ella Rae Peck as a guest . In May 2017 , Alec Baldwin was cast as George Tenet in a guest role . After being cast as the late O'Neill , Jeff Daniels struggled on how to approach playing the role . He ultimately credits significant research he did involving speaking with those who knew O'Neill . At one point , he spent an evening at a bar in Lower Manhattan with ten of O'Neill's colleagues , who 'd worked with him for years . He commented , `` I had a great meeting with those guys , walked out to the corner , turned to get a cab and there 's the World Trade Center . To feel him , you need the spirit of what John is fighting for . '' Filming ( edit ) The series began filming on May 3 , 2017 in New York City and it was expected that shooting would take place in a number of locations around the world . Ultimately , the production lasted six months and sprawled across three continents and six countries . Various places stood - in for the locales in which the story actually took place . For instance , scenes set in Yemen were filmed in Morocco , and drone and car travel shots of Pakistani landscapes were used to evoke Afghanistan . Johannesburg , South Africa served as the production base , and was where the bulk of filming took place . The city possessed the `` visual variety '' that the producers were seeking , and doubled for various places including Nairobi , Tanzania , England , Albania , and Las Vegas , Nevada . While there was an initial push to shoot the production all in South Africa , Zisk argued for filming the back half in Morocco . In August 2017 , filming took place at the River Café in Brooklyn . Production designer Lester Cohen credits Wright 's and Gibney 's list of contacts and the production 's research team for allowing him to gather the material needed to recreate various settings . During the design period , a set dresser shared photos of his tour in Afghanistan and an art coordinator 's daughter dove into the newspaper archives in Nairobi to help re-create the bombing site of the 1998 embassy attacks . Those details informed the design of the huge rubble pile that shut down the central business district in Cape Town for weeks . Also , as much of the story that takes place in the United States occurs in offices , practical sets were built , including Alec Station and the FBI office in New York . Release ( edit ) The Looming Tower posters Teaser poster Official poster Marketing ( edit ) On December 19 , 2017 , Hulu released the first preview of the series through a collection of images and a `` first - look '' video featuring interviews with the cast and crew . On January 11 , 2018 , Hulu released the first official trailer for the series . ( L -- R ) Mark Updegrove , Lawrence Wright , Michael Stuhlbarg and Ali Soufan participate in a discussion following a screening of The Looming Tower at the LBJ Presidential Library . Premiere ( edit ) On February 13 , 2018 , The Washington Post held a screening of the first episode . Following the screening , journalist David Ignatius moderated a question - and - answer session with Jeff Daniels , Tahar Rahim , Peter Sarsgaard and Wrenn Schmidt , Dan Futterman , Alex Gibney , Lawrence Wright , and Ali Soufan . On February 15 , 2018 , the series had its official premiere at The Paris Theatre in New York City . On February 20 , 2018 , the series held its international premiere during the annual Berlin International Film Festival at the Zoo Palast cinema in Berlin . On February 27 , 2018 , the LBJ Presidential Library held a screening of the first episode . Following the screening , LBJ Foundation president Mark K. Updegrove moderated a question - and - answer session with Lawrence Wright , Michael Stuhlbarg and Ali Soufan . On May 1 , 2018 , episodes one and two were screened during the Series Mania Festival at the Le Majestic cinema in Lille , France . It appeared alongside seven other television programs in the festival 's `` Best of USA '' series of shows . Distribution ( edit ) In all regions outside the United States , the series is distributed by Amazon Video . The series premiered on March 1 , 2018 , in the United Kingdom and subsequent episodes were released weekly for the following seven weeks . In Germany and Austria , the series premiered on March 9 , 2018 . Home media ( edit ) The Looming Tower will be released on Blu - ray and DVD on September 18 , 2018 . The set includes four behind - the - scenes featurettes and audio commentaries on the premiere and finale episodes . Reception ( edit ) The Looming Tower was met with a positive response from critics . On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the series holds a 96 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.59 out of 10 based on 47 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Well - acted and powerfully written , The Looming Tower delivers gripping counter-terrorism drama rendered even more soberingly effective through its roots in real - life events . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the series a score of 74 out of 100 based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' The Washington Post 's Hank Stuever praised the show for its `` coolly fascinating pace and tenor '' and that `` Tahar Rahim gives a smart and sincere performance as Ali Soufan , a Muslim American agent on O'Neill's squad . '' The Hollywood Reporter 's Daniel Fienberg offered the series praise saying , `` The Looming Tower demands a hasty combination of faith in the storytellers and half - forgotten knowledge of the history . Absent that , the series is essentially like a well - shot , brilliantly cast , fast - moving season of Homeland , which is better than the actual current season of Homeland . '' In a positive review , Variety 's Maureen Ryan said that the show was an `` accessible , illuminating series that does not downplay the petty and tragic elements of the tale . '' Time 's Daniel D'Addario commended the show as `` a series that 's both gripping and relevant . It succeeds , with a project that restages the years before Sept. 11 and tells a darkly ironic story about the fecklessness of government . '' In a more negative review , Collider 's Chris Cabin criticized the series calling it `` a middling act of didacticism , an attempt to pass off facts as insight and characters as little more than the sum of their intellect . Rather than tracing the complicated personalities and ludicrous dick - measuring contests that led to Al - Qaeda carrying out the biggest terrorist attack in American history , Gibney , Wright , and the rest of the creative team boil down the personal drama to little more than a series of arguments and discussions in offices at varying volumes . '' Potential sequel ( edit ) It has been reported that if the limited series proves to be successful enough , that a sequel series could possibly be ordered . Early discussions among the producers have begun , with their concept revolving around the birth of the Muslim Brotherhood . See also ( edit ) List of original programs distributed by Hulu References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu Sets Premiere Dates For ' Handmaid 's Tale ' , ' The Path ' & Two New Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mathews , Liam ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Who 's Who on The Looming Tower '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Looming Tower ' : Why It Was Time to Bring the 9 / 11 Book to TV '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Hulu Puts Up a Fight Against Netflix , Amazon and Apple '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Behind Hulu 's Next Big Bet : 9 / 11 Espionage Drama ' The Looming Tower ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Looming Tower ' Boss on the Importance of the Muslim - American Hero of the Story '' . Variety . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu Nears Series Order For 9 / 11 Drama ' The Looming Tower ' From Dan Futterman , Alex Gibney & Legendary TV '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Velocci , Carli ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Daniels to Lead Hulu 's New 9 / 11 Drama ' The Looming Tower ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Farmer , Ann ( Fall 2017 ) . `` Exposing a Wound That 's Still Raw '' . Directors Guild of America . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Looming Tower ' : Tahar Rahim To Star In Hulu 's 9 / 11 Drama Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Looming Tower ' Enlists Michael Stuhlbarg , Bill Camp ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Daniels To Star In Hulu 's 9 / 11 Drama Series ' The Looming Tower ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Looming Tower ' : Sullivan Jones , Virginia Kull & Louis Cancelmi Join Hulu 's 9 / 11 Drama Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Looming Tower ' : Peter Sarsgaard Cast In Hulu 's 9 / 11 Drama Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Looming Tower ' : Wrenn Schmidt To Co-Star In Hulu 's 9 / 11 Drama Series ; Ella Rae Peck Also Cast '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Alec Baldwin To Play Ex-CIA Boss George Tenet In Hulu 's ' The Looming Tower ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Rebecca ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` 3 Productions Begin Casting '' . Backstage.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive First Look : Hulu 's ' Looming Tower ' charts fateful path to 9 / 11 '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Looming Tower ' Trailer : Hulu 's Jeff Daniels Drama Pits U.S. Vs. Al - Qaeda -- And CIA Vs. FBI '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Washington Post hosts screening and discussion of Hulu 's ' The Looming Tower ' '' . The Washington Post . February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wichard - Edds , Adrienne ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Looming Tower ' Cast Brings 9 / 11 Series to Washington , D.C. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kropa , Andy ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Hulu 's `` The Looming Tower '' Series Premiere `` . NewsOK.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Peter ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Looming Tower ' & AMC 's ' The Terror ' Lead Berlin TV Lineup '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Looming Tower - International Premiere '' . Berlinale . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Watson , Brandon ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Austin literary superstar 's award - winning 9 / 11 tale premieres on Hulu '' . CultureMap Austin . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John ; Keslassy , Elsa ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Succession , ' ' American Woman , ' ' Autonomies , ' ' Rain ' Set for Series Mania in Lille '' . Variety . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Looming Tower Best of USA Séries mania '' . Séries Mania . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Amazon picks up The Looming Tower '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Howard , Kirsten ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` The Looming Tower : first trailer , UK air date confirmed '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon dominiert Berlinale Series Specials mit Premieren des Prime Exclusives The Looming Tower und des Prime Originals The Terror '' . PressePortal ( in German ) . February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` The Looming Tower - Warner 's Press Release Announces DVDs , Blu - rays for the Hulu Mini-Series '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Looming Tower - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Looming Tower - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Review Packed with 9 / 11 hindsight , ' The Looming Tower ' looms a lot '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Looming Tower ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` TV Review : ' The Looming Tower ' on Hulu '' . Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Looming Tower ' Tells a Darkly Ironic Story About the Pre-9 / 11 Years '' . Time . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cabin , Chris ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Looming Tower ' Review : The Hunt for Osama bin Laden as a Dry , Bureaucratic Boondoggle '' . Collider . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Production website The Looming Tower on IMDb ( hide ) Hulu original programming Current The Doozers ( since 2014 ) Casual ( since 2015 ) Freakish ( since 2016 ) Harlots ( since 2017 ) Dimension 404 ( since 2017 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( since 2017 ) I Love You , America with Sarah Silverman ( since 2017 ) Future Man ( since 2017 ) Marvel 's Runaways ( since 2017 ) Hard Sun ( since 2018 ) All Night ( since 2018 ) Ended The Morning After ( 2011 -- 14 ) A Day in the Life ( 2011 -- 13 ) Battleground ( 2012 ) Spoilers with Kevin Smith ( 2012 -- 14 ) Up to Speed ( 2012 ) The Thick of It ( series 4 ; 2012 ) East Los High ( 2013 -- 17 ) The Awesomes ( 2013 -- 15 ) Quick Draw ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Behind the Mask ( 2013 -- 15 ) Mother Up ! ( 2013 -- 14 ) The Wrong Mans ( 2013 -- 14 ) Deadbeat ( 2014 -- 16 ) The Hotwives ( 2014 -- 15 ) Difficult People ( 2015 -- 17 ) The Mindy Project ( seasons 4 -- 6 ; 2015 -- 17 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Path ( 2016 -- 18 ) Chance ( 2016 -- 17 ) Triumph 's Election Watch 2016 ( 2016 ) Shut Eye ( 2016 -- 17 ) The Looming Tower ( 2018 ) Upcoming Castle Rock ( 2018 ) Into the Dark ( 2018 ) The First ( 2018 ) The Act ( TBA ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( TBA ) Catch - 22 ( TBA ) Light as a Feather ( TBA ) Little Fires Everywhere ( TBA ) Looking for Alaska ( TBA ) PEN15 ( TBA ) Ramy ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Looming_Tower_(miniseries)&oldid=841613343 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television miniseries 2018 American television series debuts English - language television programs Hulu original programming Television programs based on books Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 22 : 20 . 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when does looming tower come out on hulu
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"The Looming Tower is an American drama web television miniseries based on the book of the same name by Lawrence Wright that was released from February 28 to April 18, 2018 on Hulu. The series consists of ten episodes and was created and executive produced by Dan Futterman, Alex Gibney, and Wright. In addition, Futterman acted as showrunner for the series and Gibney directed the first episode."
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"from February 28 to April 18, 2018"
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Publix
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Publix - wikipedia Publix Supermarket chain in the southeastern United States This article is about the supermarket chain . For other uses , see Publix ( disambiguation ) . Publix Super Markets , Inc . Storefront of Publix in Surfside , Florida Type Private , employee - owned Industry Retail Founded September 6 , 1930 ; 88 years ago ( 1930 - 09 - 06 ) Winter Haven , Florida , U.S. Founder George W. Jenkins Headquarters Lakeland , Florida , U.S. Number of locations 1,231 Area served Alabama Florida Georgia North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Virginia Key people Todd Jones ( CEO & President ) Ed Crenshaw ( Chairman ) Brands Aprons GreenWise ( products ) GreenWise Market ( stores ) PIX Presto ! Publix Sabor Services Event planning Money services Online shopping and home delivery ( via Instacart ) Real estate Revenue $34.56 billion ( 2017 ) $34.00 billion ( 2016 ) Operating income $3.028 billion ( 2017 ) $2.940 billion ( 2016 ) Net income $2.292 billion ( 2017 ) $2.026 billion ( 2016 ) Total assets $18.18 billion ( 2017 ) $17.39 billion ( 2016 ) Total equity $14.11 billion ( 2017 ) $13.50 billion ( 2016 ) Number of employees 193,000 ( 2018 ) Website www.publix.com Publix Super Markets , Inc. , commonly known as Publix , is an employee - owned , American supermarket chain headquartered in Lakeland , Florida . Founded in 1930 by George W. Jenkins , Publix is a private corporation that is wholly owned by present and past employees and members of the Jenkins family . Publix operates throughout the Southeastern United States , with locations in Florida ( 787 ) , Georgia ( 186 ) , Alabama ( 69 ) , South Carolina ( 58 ) , Tennessee ( 42 ) , North Carolina ( 38 ) , and Virginia ( 8 ) . Publix stands as one of the largest U.S. regional grocery chains . Locations are found as far north as Spotsylvania , Virginia , as far south as Key West , Florida , while the westernmost location is in Mobile , Alabama . Today , the state of Florida still has the largest number of stores , with 787 , about two - thirds of the outlets . As of August 2018 , Publix employs about 193,000 people at its 1,231 retail locations , cooking schools , corporate offices , 9 grocery distribution centers , and 11 manufacturing facilities . The manufacturing facilities produce its dairy , deli , bakery , and other food products . Publix is ranked No. 47 on Fortune magazine 's list of 100 Best Companies to Work For 2018 , down from No. 21 in 2017 , and was ranked No. 7 on Forbes ' 2017 list of America 's Largest Private Companies and is the largest in Florida . Fortune ranked Publix # 1 on their 2018 list of World 's Most Admired Companies in the Food & Drug Stores sector . The company 's 2017 sales totaled US $ 34.6 billion , with profits of $2.3 billion , ranking No. 88 on Fortune magazine 's Fortune 500 list of U.S. companies for 2017 . According to the National Retail Federation , based on 2016 revenue , Publix is the fifteenth - largest U.S. retailer . Publix stock is only available for purchase by eligible active employees and non-employee members of its Board of Directors . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Florida expansion 1.3 Southern and Mid-Atlantic expansion 2 Market 2.1 Aprons 2.2 GreenWise Market 2.3 Publix Sabor 2.4 Pharmacy 2.4. 1 Free medications 2.4. 2 The Little Clinic 2.4. 3 BayCare telehealth sites 2.5 Online shopping and delivery services 2.5. 1 Publix Curbside 2.5. 2 Instacart 2.6 Food World 2.7 Publix PIX 2.8 Crispers 2.9 Publix Liquors 2.10 DVD rental kiosks 2.11 Starbucks 2.12 Presto ! 3 Working environment 4 Charitable and political giving 5 Stock 6 Locations 6.1 Distribution centers 6.2 Manufacturing facilities 6.3 Support offices 7 Legal disputes 8 Awards 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) The first Publix Super Market in Winter Haven , Florida , circa 1940 . It is now a thrift store . George Jenkins opened the first Publix market in Winter Haven , Florida , on September 6 , 1930 - a 27 ft by 65 ft building at 199 West Central Avenue . In 1934 , that store made $120,000 in sales . In 1935 , he opened a second market , the Economy Food Store , also in Winter Haven . Despite the Great Depression , his stores were financially successful . In 1940 , Jenkins , affectionately called `` Mr. George '' by his employees , mortgaged an orange grove to build Florida 's first supermarket . His `` food palace '' had piped - in music , air conditioning , cold cases for frozen and refrigerated items , in - store doughnut and flower shops , and electric - eye automatic doors . During World War II , material shortages prevented him from building additional stores . In 1945 , Jenkins purchased the 19 - store All American chain of food stores and converted them into Publix Super Markets . In 1951 , Publix moved its headquarters from Winter Haven to Lakeland , Florida , and built its first distribution warehouse there . At the same time , they began to close the All American stores , replacing them with Publix markets . In 1956 , Publix achieved $50 million in sales , and $1 million in profit . In 1957 , the donut shop in each store was expanded into a full - service bakery . Florida expansion ( edit ) A 1960s - style Publix Super Market store marquee on Dade Avenue in Miami Beach , Florida By 1959 , Publix was the dominant supermarket chain in Central Florida , and began expansion to South Florida . In 1963 , the company built a distribution center in Miami , and began providing deli services . In 1970 , sales surpassed $500 million ; they reached $1 billion in 1974 , when the chain expanded to include Jacksonville , Florida . In 1982 , the company launched the Presto ! ATM network ; it soon installed ATMs in every Publix . Sales exceeded $5 billion in 1989 . In 1983 , Carol Jenkins Barnett joined the Publix Board of Directors and served in that role until 2016 . During her time at Publix , the company grew into the largest supermarket chain in Florida , expanded into five other states , and recorded $32.5 billion in sales in 2015 . A converted Albertsons location in South Tampa , Florida Publix Super Markets bought 49 Florida stores from Albertsons . The deal was announced on June 9 , 2008 , and was completed on September 9 , 2008 . It included 15 locations in North Florida , 30 in Central Florida , and four in South Florida . The sale allowed Publix to operate four stores in a new market area for the company , Escambia County , Florida ( the Pensacola area ) . On February 5 , 2009 , Publix opened its 1,000 th store in St. Augustine , Florida , allowing the company to become one of only five U.S. grocery retailers to operate that many stores . The St. Augustine store is among Publix 's first stores designed to be energy - efficient . The store includes motion sensor lights throughout the store , including on the freezer doors , and an overhead light system that can be controlled by each department . Southern and mid-atlantic expansion ( edit ) The first Publix outside Florida opened in Savannah , Georgia , in 1991 ; distribution and manufacturing facilities in Dacula , Georgia ( a northeastern suburb of Atlanta ) soon followed , as it began to expand into metro Atlanta in 1993 . Publix further expanded into South Carolina ( 1993 ) , Alabama ( 1996 ) , Tennessee ( 2002 ) , North Carolina ( 2014 ) and Virginia ( 2017 ) . In 2011 , Publix announced it was expanding into North Carolina , initially by opening stores in the Charlotte metropolitan area , and later announced construction of a new store in Asheville . The first Charlotte - area Publix stores ( on the South Carolina side of the metropolitan area , opened in 2012 ) ; the first North Carolina Publix store opened in Ballantyne in 2014 . Concurrently , Publix purchased seven Charlotte - area locations from competitor BI-LO stores . Publix completed the purchase of property in Boone , North Carolina on November 20 , 2015 with plans to open in 2017 . In February 2016 , Publix announced their entry into the Virginia market , with the signing of two store leases , the first in Bristol scheduled to open in 2017 and the second in metropolitan Richmond scheduled for 2018 . In July 2016 , it was announced that Publix had entered into a purchase agreement with Ahold and Delhaize Group for 10 Martin 's Food Markets locations in the Richmond market as part of the divestiture of stores to gain clearance from the Federal Trade Commission for the impending Ahold / Delhaize merger . Standalone Publix in Pompano Beach , Florida , with typical architecture of early 21st - century stores In April 2016 , Ed Crenshaw , grandson of founder George Jenkins , retired from his position as CEO . President Todd Jones , a 36 - year Publix veteran whose first job was as a Front Service Clerk ( bagger ) , has taken on Ed 's responsibilities as CEO , marking the first time that someone outside the Jenkins family is in charge of the company . Ed Crenshaw will remain with Publix as Chairman of the Board of Directors . Market ( edit ) Exterior of Publix in Carolina Forest , South Carolina , which opened in 2016 Each store provides products and services in its grocery , deli , bakery , produce , floral , meat , and seafood departments . Some stores have valet parking , cafés , sushi bars , pharmacy departments , and / or a liquor store . The customer service counter also provides check cashing , money orders , Western Union services , Rug Doctor rentals , and lottery tickets . Some stores also provide DVD rental services . In December 2005 , Publix discontinued its photo processing service , replacing it with an online or mail - order service via the Snapfish program . The Snapfish agreement has since been terminated , and Publix no longer offers photo services . Aprons ( edit ) Publix operates 11 cooking schools under the Aprons name . The schools offer cooking demonstrations in which customers are encouraged to sample easy - to - make , nutritious dishes prepared at in - store kiosks and take a recipe card with them . All recipes are developed in - house , using easy - to - prepare or prepackaged ingredients , often available at the Aprons kiosk . In 2005 Publix introduced its Aprons make - ahead meals concept . Customers could purchase meals that they could assemble in - store or , for an extra charge , an Aprons associate would prepare and assemble the meals . These were standalone stores located in Jacksonville and Lithia , Florida . In summer 2009 , Publix closed both locations citing lack of customer interest . GreenWise market ( edit ) The exterior of a first - generation Publix GreenWise Market in Tampa GreenWise Market is a concept the company introduced in response to the increase in the number and profitability of health food stores . GreenWise Markets were created to increase awareness of nutrition ; it focuses on organic and natural items . These stores are similar to the Whole Foods Market chain . In addition to organic and traditional products , GreenWise Markets include salad and hot bars . The first six stores were set to be in Palm Beach Gardens , Boca Raton , Vero Beach , Tampa , Naples , and Coral Springs , Florida . The first GreenWise Market opened on September 27 , 2007 in Palm Beach Gardens . The second Publix GreenWise Market opened in Boca Raton on May 29 , 2008 , located in Boca Village Square . The third Publix GreenWise Market opened November 6 , 2008 , in Tampa 's Hyde Park neighborhood . The interior of a first - generation Publix GreenWise Market From 2008 to 2016 , the company focused on a `` hybrid '' concept instead , integrating the GreenWise concept into traditional Publix stores . Approximately half of locations built since 2008 are considered hybrid stores . In 2017 , the company announced they would resume building standalone GreenWise locations , the first of which will be near the campus of Florida State University in Tallahassee , opening in 2018 . Publix Sabor ( edit ) Publix operates seven stores , branded `` Publix Sabor '' ( sabor is Spanish for `` flavor '' ) , which cater to Hispanic Americans living in Florida and offer products for Hispanics . Located in Miami - Dade County in Greater Miami , the seven themed stores are spread between Miami and Hialeah . They have since been closed and replaced by newly built locations or merged with existing stores that are not part of the Sabor sub-brand . Two other Publix Sabor locations in Kissimmee and Lake Worth Publix Sabor locations have bilingual English - Spanish employees , open seating cafés , and a wider selection of prepared foods from the deli and bakery catering to Hispanic flavors . Publix offers cafés and hot foods because many Hispanic Americans grew up in foreign cities which had open public squares where people socialize and eat . Logo of Publix Pharmacy Pharmacy ( edit ) The first Publix in - store pharmacy was opened on October 30 , 1986 , in Altamonte Springs , Florida . By 1995 , one - third of Publix stores had a pharmacy and today , approximately 90 % of Publix stores include a pharmacy . Publix Pharmacies consistently ranked number one for customer satisfaction in supermarket pharmacies in several surveys conducted by independent research companies . Free medications ( edit ) Publix announced in August 2007 , that it would offer several types of antibiotics free to its customers . Customers must have a prescription ; they are given a maximum of a two - week supply . Several medical professionals expressed concerns that this could contribute to an overuse of antibiotics which leads to antibiotic resistance , a serious public health concern . These medications include : Amoxicillin ( excluding Amoxicillin / clavulanic acid ) Ampicillin Ciprofloxacin ( excluding Ciprofloxacin XR ) Penicillin VK and Sulfamethoxazole - trimethoprim ( SMZ - TMP ) These antibiotics are offered to customers regardless of their prescription insurance provider . Doxycycline Hyclate was removed from the list because of cost increases . In May 2014 , Cephalexin was removed from the list due to cost increases . In March 2010 , Publix announced the launch of another free prescription , Metformin for Type II Diabetes , the generic of Glucophage . Publix provides the medication in 500 mg , 850 mg , and 1000 mg strengths . The only restriction is a 90 - day supply or up to 360 500 - mg , 270 850 - mg , or 225 1000 - mg tablets , but refills are not limited . In August 2011 , Publix began offering Lisinopril , an ACE inhibitor that is used to prevent , treat , or improve symptoms of high blood pressure , certain heart conditions , diabetes , and certain chronic kidney conditions , as another free prescription . Customers can get a 90 - day supply of this prescription for free at any Publix Pharmacy , up to a maximum of 180 tablets . Lisinopril - HCTZ combination products are excluded . In May 2014 , Publix began offering Amlodipine , a calcium channel blocker used to treat high blood pressure and chest pain ( angina ) as a free medication . Customers can get a 90 - day supply of this medication ( up to 180 2.5 - mg or 5 - mg tablets , or 90 10 - mg tablets ) free of charge . Montelukast , a medicine used for the treatment of allergies and asthma , was added to the free medication program in February 2017 . 90 - day supplies of 4 - or 5 - mg chewable tablets for children , or 10 - mg oral tablets for adults , are available with a doctor 's prescription . The Little Clinic ( edit ) In early 2006 , Publix and The Little Clinic signed an exclusive agreement to open medical clinics within Publix stores . The first clinics were opened in the Atlanta , Miami , Orlando , and Tampa markets in the first half of 2006 . The Little Clinic health - care centers were staffed by nurse practitioners who can write prescriptions , provide diagnosis and treatment of common ailments and minor injuries , and offer wellness care like physicals , screenings , and vaccinations . Effective May 9 , 2011 , Publix closed the Little Clinics in its stores in order to focus on its core pharmacy and grocery business . BayCare telehealth sites ( edit ) Publix and BayCare Health System announced a collaboration to provide telehealth and telemedicine services at specialized pharmacies in four Tampa Bay - area counties in March 2017 . Pharmacies participating in the program have private rooms for patients to speak with a board - certified physician in BayCare 's network via teleconferencing , plus diagnostic tools that can be used by the patient , with or without assistance from pharmacy staff . Doctors will be able to perform basic exams and write prescriptions for minor illnesses and conditions for patients . Online Shopping and delivery services ( edit ) Logo of the defunct PublixDirect online shopping and delivery service Publix Curbside ( edit ) After PublixDirect , Publix made a second attempt in 2010 at e-commerce with the introduction of Publix Curbside . Customers had the ability to browse and purchase groceries online , then drive to a participating location where an associate will have selected their items and would bring them out to the buyer 's vehicle . Announced as a pilot program with locations in the Atlanta area and Tampa , the program was ended in January 2012 after its performance reportedly did not meet expectations . The company later resurrected its curbside concept , this time using its delivery partner , Instacart , to manage the online ordering portion of the service . Currently in a trial stage , the second iteration of Publix Curbside began with two pilot locations in the greater Tampa area in September 2017 , and is expected to expand to the greater Atlanta area by the end of the year . Instacart ( edit ) In July 2016 , Publix announced another pilot program with Instacart to offer online shopping and delivery services in the greater Miami area . Customers in 37 ZIP codes from Hallandale Beach to South Miami are able to participate in the program . Not all products available at stores , such as tobacco , gift cards , prescriptions , and age - restricted items , are able to be delivered by the service . Beer and wine can be delivered in Florida and North Carolina only . As of February 2017 , Instacart deliveries from Publix are available in the metro areas of Atlanta , Charlotte , Fort Lauderdale , Miami , Orlando , Raleigh , Tampa , Jacksonville , and Nashville , as determined by ZIP code . Later in 2017 , Publix announced its intent to expand its delivery program , and expects to have the service available from more than 90 percent of stores by the end of the year . Food World ( edit ) In response to other grocery stores ' aggressive discounting across the Florida market , Publix opened its first Food World store in September 1970 in Orlando , Florida . The store marked the first under the Food World banner for Publix and would become the first of 22 more of the type . In November 1977 , in Lakeland , Florida , Publix opened the Lake Miriam Food World , which , at 57,000 sq. ft. , was its largest store in the company and also the largest store in the southeast . The store was the company 's first to feature barcode scanners . The brand was retired in 1985 because the stores were unable to turn a profit for Publix or give workers a percentage of their store 's profits . Publix PIX ( edit ) Starting in 2001 , Publix operated 14 PIX ( stylized in all - capitals ) gasoline - convenience stores in Florida , Georgia , and Tennessee . Locations were limited during the trial period of the concept . In 2014 , all Florida and Georgia locations were sold to Circle K , the sole Tennessee location was sold to another entity , and the concept was discontinued . The locations were converted to other brands , as Publix retains the rights to `` PIX . '' Crispers ( edit ) In 2002 , Publix invested in the Lakeland - based restaurant chain Crispers , which concentrates on health - conscious fare . It increased its stake in 2004 before purchasing the remainder of the company in 2007 . In May 2011 , Publix announced it had sold the Crispers chain to Healthy Food Concepts LLC . The stores had not performed well during the downturn and in recent years Publix closed several units , leaving the chain with 36 stores when the sale was announced . Publix liquors ( edit ) Publix tested the market response to liquor stores in the late 1980s , but closed its test sites in 1989 . It re-entered the liquor sales market again in 2003 and has met with success since . The liquor store is in an area accessed via a separate entrance as required by local laws , modeled after many other grocery chains . DVD rental kiosks ( edit ) In September 2010 , Publix reported it started adding Blockbuster DVD rental kiosks to its stores , with the movie rentals starting at $1 per day . In 2010 , Publix completed its rollout of Blockbuster Express kiosks to its stores . In 2012 , NCR sold its entertainment division , which includes the Blockbuster Express kiosks , to Coinstar , the owner of the Redbox DVD rental kiosks . Blockbuster Express machines were replaced with Redbox machines in most stores by the end of 2012 . Starbucks ( edit ) In December 2016 , Publix opened its first in - store Starbucks location in the Orlando area , with five more opening throughout 2017 . Presto ! ( edit ) Presto ! Operating area Southeastern United States Members 2,433 ( 2016 ) ATMs 1,120 Founded 1982 Website http://www.publix.com/presto Presto ! is an automated teller machine ( ATM ) network owned and operated by Publix Super Markets . There are over 1,100 Presto ! ATMs in Florida , Alabama , Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Tennessee , all located at Publix retail stores . This network includes point of sale ( POS ) capabilities , meaning that debit , credit , electronic benefit transfer ( EBT ) cash , or EBT food stamp cards can be used to make purchases at any Publix store . Working environment ( edit ) Corporate headquarters building The company , founded in 1930 , has never had a layoff . In 1995 Publix was sued `` for sex discrimination in job assignments , promotions and allocation of hours '' and settled for $81.5 million in 1997 . Publix had claimed that the suit was simply an effort by the United Food and Commercial Workers to unionize the company , but the judge ruled in favor of the plaintiffs and required Publix to `` correct some of its statements . '' Publix announced that effective January 1 , 2015 , health coverage would be available to same - sex couples regardless of place of marriage , as long as they are legally married . Charitable and political giving ( edit ) Publix regularly conducts charity drives raising money and food for such charities as Special Olympics , March of Dimes , Children 's Miracle Network , United Way , as well as various local food banks and soup kitchens such as Our Father 's House Soup Kitchen and Second Harvest North Florida . On May 25 , 2018 , student activists and survivors of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting , including David Hogg , planned a boycott of Publix , which would have included `` die - in '' protests at several Publix supermarkets , because of the $670,000 that the company made to Adam Putnam , a Republican candidate for Florida governor and self - described `` proud NRA sell - out '' who opposed new state gun restrictions created in response to the school shooting . Moments before the protests began , the company announced that it would suspend corporate - funded political contributions and reevaluate their political funding practices . Despite the company 's announcement , David Hogg led a die - in on May 25 , 2018 at a Publix supermarket with parents and students from Stoneman Douglas High School for 720 seconds , the approximate number of school shootings in recent history . Six days after halting political contributions , the Florida Retail Federation , a trade group heavily funded ( > 80 % in 2017 ) by Publix , donated an additional $100,000 to Putnam 's Florida Grown political action committee . Stock ( edit ) Main entrance to the corporate headquarters Publix stock is private and restricted : it can only be purchased by current employees or board members , and can not be sold to anyone without first being offered back to Publix for repurchase . Stock was made available to associates in 1959 , originally priced at $10.00 per share . Employees can acquire stock through three programs : an ESOP `` PROFIT '' plan , 401 ( k ) `` SMART '' ( Saving Makes A Richer Tomorrow ) plan , and an employee stock purchase plan . As of August 1 , 2018 , Publix stock is valued at $42.55 per share . Publix stock is quoted on the US OTC market under the code PUSH . It is listed on the 2016 Fortune 500 list at # 87 . Locations ( edit ) Publix in Jacksonville ( As of October 2018 ) Supermarkets GreenWise Markets Publix Sabor Cooking schools Event planning Florida 794 7 9 51 Georgia 187 0 10 Alabama 69 0 0 0 6 South Carolina 59 0 0 0 11 Tennessee 44 0 0 0 North Carolina 39 0 0 0 12 Virginia 11 0 0 Total 1,204 7 11 95 Distribution centers ( edit ) Distribution centers are located in : Alabama McCalla -- non-perishables Florida Boynton Beach -- grocery Deerfield Beach -- perishables Jacksonville -- dairy , frozen food , grocery , meat , produce Lakeland -- frozen food , grocery Miami -- grocery Orlando -- frozen food , meat , produce Sarasota -- grocery Georgia Dacula -- dairy , frozen food , grocery , meat , produce Manufacturing facilities ( edit ) Manufacturing facilities are located in : Florida Deerfield Beach -- dairy , fresh foods Jacksonville -- fresh foods Lakeland -- bakery , dairy , deli , fresh foods , printing services Georgia Dacula -- dairy , fresh foods Atlanta -- bakery Support offices ( edit ) Florida Lakeland -- corporate offices , IT data center , flight center , programming and IT support , call center and customer care Jacksonville -- offices Miami -- offices Georgia Marietta -- offices Alpharetta -- IT data center North Carolina Charlotte -- offices Legal disputes ( edit ) In 2003 , Publix supported a successful bill that prevents owners from suing if their land is polluted by dry cleaning chemicals dumped on an adjacent property , if the adjacent property owners are on a state clean - up list . Publix lost a 2001 lawsuit filed by an owner whose property had been contaminated in this manner . On October 4 , 2005 , Publix sued Visa and MasterCard , citing unfair business practices over their unannounced and non-negotiable increases in merchant account fees . Wal - Mart won a similar lawsuit against Visa in 2004 . In 2014 , Publix was fined by the Board of Human Rights of Broward County , Florida for discrimination involved in the termination of an LGBT employee . Upon appeal , the 17th Circuit Court found that the decision by the Board of Human Rights of Broward County was `` not supported by competent , substantial evidence '' and quashed the order . Awards ( edit ) Publix has won various local , regional , and national industry and philanthropic awards , including : One of the `` 100 Best Companies to Work For '' ( 1998 -- 2018 ) -- Fortune One of the Best Places to Work in IT ( 2005 -- 2010 ) -- Computerworld One of the `` Best Companies to Work for in Florida '' ( 2009 ) -- Florida Trend Sustainability Excellence Award ( 2009 ) -- Supermarket News One of the `` Most Admired Companies '' ( 1994 -- 2018 ) -- Fortune # 1 - `` World 's Most Admired Companies '' - Food & Drug Stores Industry ( 2018 ) - Fortune `` Green Grocer '' Award ( 2008 ) -- Progressive Grocer magazine `` Best Grocery Store '' ( 2003 -- 2004 ) -- Florida Monthly magazine Winner of the Mid-Florida Society for Human Resource Management Diversity Award ( 2003 ) Received the Diversistar Award for excelling in promoting workplace diversity practices ( 2003 ) One of the Top 10 Family - Friendly Supermarkets ( 2003 ) -- Child magazine The Governor 's Business Diversification Award -- Business Expansion ( 2003 ) Catalyst Blue Ribbon Board of Fortune 500 Companies with Multiple Women Directors ( 1998 -- 2002 ) One of the nation 's Outstanding Employers of Older Workers ( 2002 ) -- Experience Works America 's Second Harvest Grocery Distributor of the Year Award ( 2001 ) One of the `` Employers of Choice 500 '' ( 2001 ) -- BestJobsUSA.com Special Olympics Florida Hall of Fame ( 2001 ) United States Environmental Protection Agency 's Environmental Merit Award 2000 ( 2000 ) One of the top companies for working families ( 1999 ) -- Central Florida Family magazine March of Dimes Million Dollar Club Award ( 1999 ) Progressive Grocer `` Retailer of the Year '' Award ( 1998 ) -- Progressive Grocer magazine United Way of America national Spirit of America Award ( 1996 ) One of the top 10 companies in the book , The 100 Best Companies to Work for in America Number 2 in Consumer Reports ' 2015 ranking of grocery stores One of the 25 Most Important Private Companies ( 2016 ) - Fortune See also ( edit ) Carol Jenkins Barnett Howard Jenkins Florida portal Companies portal Food portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Facts & Figures '' . Publix Super Markets . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Publix CEO Announces Retirement Plans ; New President and CEO Named '' . Publix . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Publix Real Estate '' . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Securities and Exchange Commission Form 10 - K Annual Report '' . SEC.gov . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About Publix '' . Publix.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Top 100 Retailers '' . Stores . 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Companies to Work For '' . Fortune . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Largest Private Companies '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Most Admired Companies - Food & Drug Stores '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fortune Magazine '' . Fortune 500 . 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Trent ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` The Insider : St. Matt 's Is Moving '' . The Ledger . Lakeland , Florida . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Publix . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` @ aheneen The first store was located at 199 West Central Avenue. :) ^ CO '' . Twitter . Publix . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Peters ( December 12 , 2005 ) . `` HP Snapfish powers Publix Online Photo Service '' . Letsgodigital.org . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Photo Timeline '' . Publix . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Kyle . `` Publix director Carol Jenkins Barnett , daughter of founder , steps down at 59 with Alzheimer 's diagnosis '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Publix to buy 49 Albertsons stores in Florida '' . tribunedigital - orlandosentinel . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kyle Kennedy ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` Publix Ready to Open Its 1,000 th Store Next Month In St. Augustine '' . The Ledger . Lakeland , Florida . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Publix lines up second site in Charlotte region ; two more in works - Charlotte Business Journal '' . Bizjournals.com. April 8 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Search Results - WLOS ABC13 '' . WLOS . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Publix opens in Ballantyne ; first store in North Carolina '' . Charlotte Observer . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Publix to buy seven Bi-Lo stores in Charlotte area - Charlotte Business Journal '' . Charlotte Business Journal . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kmart Site Sold to Publix '' . November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Publix supermarkets are coming to Virginia - The Roanoke Times '' . The Roanoke Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sentinel , Orlando . `` Publix names new CEO with Central Florida roots '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sentinel , Orlando . `` How Publix store clerk Todd Jones rose to CEO 's office '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Publix CEO Announces Retirement Plans Newsroom '' . Publix Super Markets . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Publix Aprons Cooking School '' . Publix . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Publix offers meal preparation program '' . Jacksonville Business Journal . Bizjournals.com . October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Albright , Mark ( August 18 , 2009 ) . `` Publix ends its Apron 's Make - Ahead Meals store experiment '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Publix expands GreenWise Markets '' . South Florida Business Journal . Bizjournals.com . February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Publix GreenWise Market Debuting in Palm Beach Gardens '' ( Press release ) . Publix . September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jan Norris ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` GreenWise opens in Boca with popular elements of first store '' . Palm Beach Post . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Albright ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Publix GreenWise Market Is No Traditional Store '' . The Ledger . Lakeland , Florida . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold , Kyle ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Publix putting GreenWise stores back in plans '' . Orlando Sentinel . tronc , inc . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Publix Sabor '' . Publix Asset Management Company . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Palm Beach Post '' . Palm Beach Post blog . November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Galarza , Carlos . `` Publix Sabor does n't scare off local competition . '' Orlando Business Journal . Monday April 17 , 2006 . Retrieved on February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Publix on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Publix earns top spot in consumer satisfaction survey '' . DrugStoreNews.com . February 17 , 2010 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J.D. Power 2016 U.S. Pharmacy Study '' . J.D. Power . August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Publix Pharmacies Launch Free Prescription Drug Program in All Operating Areas '' ( Press release ) . Publix . August 6 , 2007 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Susan Donaldson James ( August 7 , 2007 ) . `` Grocer Publix to Offer 7 Antibiotics for Free '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Free Medications '' . Publix . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Welcome to Publix - Publix Super Markets '' . Publix Super Markets . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Publix Pharmacies Launch Free Metformin for Type II Diabetes Patients As New Diabetes Program Debuts '' ( Press release ) . Publix . March 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Publix Pharmacy Enhances Free Medication Programs Newsroom '' . Publix Super Markets . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Publix Pharmacy Provides Free Montelukast '' . February 23 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Publix and The Little Clinic to Open Walk - in Medical Clinics '' . Business Library . Findarticles.com . February 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sandra Pedicini ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Publix Closes Little Clinics '' . Orlando Sentinel . OrlandoSentinel.com . Jump up ^ Manning , Margie ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Publix partners with BayCare on in - store telehealth sites in the Bay area '' . www.bizjournals.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Publix and BayCare Health System Announce Exclusive Four - County Collaboration Newsroom '' . Publix Super Markets . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Daylina . `` BayCare , Publix Team Up To Create Telehealth Facilities '' . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Enright , Allison ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Publix launches its second e-commerce attempt '' . Internet Retailer Magazine . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Enright , Allison ( January 6 , 2012 ) . `` Publix will exit e-commerce for a second time '' . Internet Retailer Magazine . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Publix Tests Curbside Grocery Pickup '' . BusinessWire . September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Publix and Instacart Announce Instacart Grocery Delivery Service Available in Greater Miami Area '' . Publix Newsroom . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Publix on Twitter '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Publix Grocery Delivery - Instacart '' . Instacart . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave Aldrich ( September 10 , 2009 ) . `` Publix - Shopping Pleasure in the 70 's '' . Pleasant Family Shopping . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Publix Super Markets Inc . History '' . International Directory of Company Histories , Vol. 31 . St. James Press . 200 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pera , Eric ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Publix Plans to Sell Its Pix Stores '' . TheLedger.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Publix to Sell 14 PIX Locations '' . Publix.com . October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kyle Kennedy ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Publix to sell Crispers '' . The Ledger . Lakeland , Florida . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mary Toothman ( June 6 , 2003 ) . `` Publix Opens Liquor Stores , Promotes ' Unique Service ' in Ads '' . The Ledger . Lakeland , Florida . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kyle Kennedy ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` DVD Kiosks Are Popping Up All Over Polk County '' . The Ledger . Lakeland , Florida . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Terrence O'brien ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` Redbox snatches up NCR 's entertainment division '' . Engadget . engadget.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Greg Sandoval ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` Redbox pays $100 million for NCR 's Blockbuster Express '' . CNET . CNET News . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Kyle . `` Publix experimenting with Starbucks cafes '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Starbucks '' . Publix.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurbal Kritzer , Ashley ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Publix opens its first in - store Starbucks , dozens more in pipeline ( Photos ) ( Video ) '' . www.bizjournals.com . Jacksonville Business Journal . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Presto ! Network Members '' . Publix.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No layoffs -- ever ! '' . Fortune . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Publix Markets Settles Bias Suit for $81.5 Million '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Myerson , Allen R. ( January 25 , 1997 ) . `` Supermarket Chain To Pay $81 Million To Settle a Bias Suit '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lobosco , Katie ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` Publix offering workers same - sex health benefits '' . CNN Money . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Campaigns '' . Publix . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Eltagouri , Marwa ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` Publix halts donations to self - described ' NRA sellout ' amid boycott , ' die - in ' protests by David Hogg '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Man , Anthony ) ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Adam Putnam champions 2nd Amendment , explains calling himself proud NRA sellout '' . Sun - Sentinel . Jump up ^ Geggis , Anne Geggis ; Barszewski , Larry ; Shatzman , Marci ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` Publix halts campaign donations minutes before students stage ' die - in ' protests '' . Sun - Sentinel . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wolf , Colin ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` A lobbying group funded almost entirely by Publix just gave 100k to proud NRA sellout Adam Putnam '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ `` Stockholder Services '' . Publix . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Toothman , Marty ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Board : Split Publix Stock '' . The Ledger . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Canon , Gary ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` 3 Lessons We 've Learned From Publix for a Successful ESOP '' . GBH CPAs blog . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Publix Investor Relations Shareholder and Stock Information '' . Publix Super Markets . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Bloomberg '' . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 87 Publix Super Markets '' . Fortune . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Publix GreenWise Markets '' . Publix.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aprons Cooking Schools '' . Publix.com . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Julie Hauserman ( March 10 , 2003 ) . `` Bill : No suing over cleaning chemical '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christine Van Dusen ( October 5 , 2005 ) . `` Publix sues Visa , MasterCard Over Intercharge Rates '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . redOrbit.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Miller ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Publix Ordered to Pay Cake Decorator $100,000 for Firing Him Because He 's Gay '' . Miami New Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Case Detail CACE13005809 : Publix Super Markets Inc . Plaintiff vs. Brwd Cty Civil Rights Div Defendant '' . Jump up ^ Levering , Robert ; Moskowitz , Milton ( 1993 ) . The 100 Best Companies to Work for in America . Doubleday Business . ISBN 978 - 0385265485 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Publix . Official website Publix stockholder information Publix companies grouped at OpenCorporates Supermarket chains in the United States Kroger City Market Dillons Baker 's Gerbes Food 4 Less Foods Co . Fred Meyer Fry 's Harris Teeter Jay C King Soopers Kroger Owen 's Pay Less QFC Ralphs Roundy 's Copp 's Mariano 's Metro Market Pick ' n Save Ruler Foods Scott 's Smith 's Albertsons Acme Albertsons Carrs Haggen Jewel - Osco Lucky Pavilions Randalls Safeway Shaw 's and Star Market Super Saver Tom Thumb United Supermarkets Amigos Market Street Vons SuperValu County Market Cub Farm Fresh Hornbacher 's Shop ' n Save Shoppers Ahold Delhaize Food Lion Giant - Carlisle Martin 's Giant - Landover Hannaford Stop & Shop Southeastern Grocers BI-LO Fresco y Más Harveys Supermarkets Winn - Dixie Wakefern PriceRite ShopRite The Fresh Grocer Aldi Aldi Trader Joe 's Amazon Amazon Go Whole Foods Other national chains Target Walmart Regional chains Asian Great Wall Supermarket H Mart Hong Kong Supermarket Island Pacific Supermarket Jusgo Supermarket Kam Man Food Marukai Mitsuwa Marketplace Nijiya Market Patel Brothers Seafood City Subzi Mandi Cash & Carry SF Supermarket 99 Ranch Market Uwajimaya Hispanic Bravo El Ahorro Supermarket Fiesta Foods Fiesta Mart La Perla Tapatía Supermarkets Sedano 's Supermercados Teloloapan Vallarta Supermarkets Organic Earth Fare Natural Grocers Sprouts Wholesale BJ 's Costco Sam 's Smart Foodservice Conventional Acme Fresh Market Amigo Balducci 's Bashas ' Best Market Big Y Boyer 's Food Markets , Inc . Bristol Farms Brookshire Brothers Brookshire Grocery Company Buehler Food Markets Inc . C - Town Supermarkets Central Market D&W Fresh Market D'Agostino Dave 's Markets Dean & DeLuca DeMoulas Market Basket Dierbergs Markets Don Quijote Times Supermarkets Dorothy Lane Market Econofoods Family Fare Fairway Market Fareway Festival Foods Festival Foods ( Minnesota ) Food Giant Food City Foodarama FoodLand Foodtown Pathmark Gelson 's Gerland Corporation Giant Eagle Grand Mart Gristedes Grocery Outlet Harmons Harps Food Stores H-E-B Heinen 's Fine Foods Highland Park Market Homeland Houchens Hugo 's Hy - Vee IGA Ingles Inserra Supermarkets Jerry 's Foods Jungle Jim 's International Market Karns Quality Foods Key Food Super Fresh The Food Emporium King Kullen Kings Super Markets Kuhn 's Quality Foods Lewis Food Town Lidl Lowe 's Market Lowes Foods Lucky 's Market Lunds & Byerlys Magruder 's Marc 's Market Basket Market of Choice Martin 's Super Markets Meijer Met Foods Miracle Mart Mollie Stone 's Markets Morton Williams New Seasons Market Niemann Foods No Frills Supermarkets Nugget Markets PCC Community Markets Petrini 's Piggly Wiggly Piggly Wiggly Carolina Co . Pink Dot Price Chopper / Price Mart Price Chopper Supermarkets Publix Pueblo Raley 's Supermarkets Red Owl Redner 's Markets Remke Markets Rice Epicurean Markets Ridley 's Family Markets Roche Bros . Rosauers Supermarkets Rouses Russ 's Market Save - A-Lot Save Mart Supermarkets SaveRite Schnucks Scolari 's Food and Drug Sellers Bros . Sendik 's Food Market Sentry Foods Seven Mile Market Shop ' n Save Smart & Final SpartanNash Stanley Stores Star Market Stater Bros . Stew Leonard 's Strack & Van Til Straub 's Markets Sullivan Family of Companies Foodland Hawaii Supermercados Econo Supermercados Selectos Super Dollar Discount Foods Super One Foods Super Saver Foods ( B&R Stores ) The Fresh Market Tops Friendly Markets United Grocery Outlet URM Stores Valu King Weaver Street Market Wegmans Weis Markets Westborn Market Western Beef WinCo Foods Woodman 's Markets Yoke 's Fresh Market Zabar 's Zupan 's Markets Military Commissary Defense Commissary Agency ( DeCA ) Defunct banners A-Mart A&P Food Basics Pathmark Waldbaum 's ABCO Foods Alpha Beta Andronico 's AppleTree Markets Belle Foods Big Bear Stores Big Star Markets Bloom Bottom Dollar Food Bruno 's Buttrey Food & Drug Byrd 's Carter 's Foods Chatham Clemens Markets Colonial Stores Dahl 's Foods Daniel Reeves Stores David 's Supermarkets Davis Food City Delchamps Deskins Dick 's Supermarket Dominick 's Eagle Food Centers Easy - Way Store Eberhard 's Eisner Food Stores Farmer Jack Felpausch Finast Fisher Foods Food Fair Food World Food - a-rama Fresh & Easy Furr 's Genuardi 's Giant Open Air Glen 's Markets Grand Union Hamady Brothers Henry 's Farmers Market Hills Supermarkets Hinky Dinky Jitney Jungle Johnnie 's Foodmaster Kessel Food Markets Laneco Marketside Mars Marsh Supermarkets Más Club Mi Pueblo Food Center Minyard Food Stores National Supermarkets National Tea Omni Superstore Penn Fruit Penn Traffic Pick - N - Pay Supermarkets Plus Purity Supreme Quality Markets QFI Red Food Reid 's Schaffer Stores Company Seaway Food Town Seessel 's Simon David Skaggs Companies Southern Family Markets Sunflower Farmers Market Sunflower Market Super Duper Sweetbay Supermarket Tidyman 's Twin Valu Ukrop 's Super Markets Victory Supermarkets Warehouse Economy Outlet Weingarten 's Wild Oats Markets Xpect Discounts List of supermarket chains in the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Publix&oldid=866315248 '' Categories : Interbank networks Financial services companies of the United States Companies based in Lakeland , Florida Privately held companies based in Florida Employee - owned companies of the United States Supermarkets of the United States Retail companies established in 1930 1930 establishments in Florida Pharmacies of the United States Health care companies based in Florida Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with short description Use mdy dates from July 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 OpenCorporates groupings Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Română Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how many publix stores are there in the united states
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"Publix stands as one of the largest U.S. regional grocery chains. Locations are found as far north as Spotsylvania, Virginia, as far south as Key West, Florida, while the westernmost location is in Mobile, Alabama. Today, the state of Florida still has the largest number of stores, with 787, about two-thirds of the outlets. As of August 2018, Publix employs about 193,000 people[6] at its 1,231 retail locations, cooking schools, corporate offices, 9 grocery distribution centers, and 11 manufacturing facilities. The manufacturing facilities produce its dairy, deli, bakery, and other food products.[1]\n"
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"1,231"
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John Deere Classic
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John Deere Classic - wikipedia John Deere Classic John Deere Classic Tournament information Location Silvis , Illinois , U.S. Established 1971 Course ( s ) TPC Deere Run Par 71 Length 7,257 yards ( 6,636 m ) Tour ( s ) PGA Tour Format Stroke play Prize fund $ 5.8 million Month played July Tournament record score Aggregate 257 Michael Kim ( 2018 ) To par − 27 as above Current champion Michael Kim TPC Deere Run Location in the United States TPC Deere Run Location in Illinois The John Deere Classic is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour . It is played annually in July , the week before the British Open , at TPC Deere Run in the Quad Cities community of Silvis , Illinois . The tournament began as the Quad Cities Open in 1971 and was a `` satellite event '' on the PGA Tour . It became an official tour event in 1972 . Ed McMahon served as tournament host from 1975 to 1979 . Title sponsors have included Miller Brewing Company ( 1982 -- 85 ) , Hardee 's ( 1986 -- 94 ) and John Deere ( since 1999 ) . From the event 's inception in 1971 through 1974 , it was played at Crow Valley Country Club in Davenport , Iowa . It then moved to Oakwood Country Club in Coal Valley , Illinois from 1975 to 1999 . Beginning in 2000 , the event has been at the TPC at Deere Run in Silvis . In 2005 and 2006 , the tournament generated more media coverage because of the sponsor 's exemptions given to teenager Michelle Wie . In 2005 , the tournament 's storyline also revolved around Sean O'Hair , whose win qualified him to play in The Open the following week and was a significant part of his PGA Tour Rookie of the Year season . The 2013 edition saw Jordan Spieth , two weeks shy of his 20th birthday , become the first teenager to win on the PGA Tour since 1931 . In order to help attract players who will compete in the following week 's British Open , since 2008 the John Deere Classic has sponsored a charter flight that leaves the Quad Cities on Sunday night and arrives in Britain the next morning . Since the introduction of the Open Qualifying Series , the John Deere Classic is a final chance for a player not already exempt to earn entry into The Open if he finished in the top five . Contents 1 Sponsor 's exemptions for Michelle Wie 2 Winners 3 Multiple winners 4 References 5 External links Sponsor 's exemptions for Michelle Wie ( edit ) Michelle Wie first received a sponsor 's exemption to play in the John Deere Classic in 2005 , part of her effort to make the cut in a men 's professional golf event . The tournament attracted thousands of visitors as fans flocked to see the 15 - year - old Wie play . She posted a 70 ( − 1 ) in the first round and was four - under for the tournament after 32 holes , but then had a double bogey and bogey on successive holes . Wie finished with two pars to shoot 141 ( − 1 ) and missed the cut by two strokes . Wie received a sponsor 's exemption again in 2006 ; it was her first men 's event with a cut since making the cut in a men 's tournament for the first time earlier that year in Korea . She finished the first round at 77 ( + 6 ) , well behind the projected cut line of − 2 . In the moderate afternoon heat ( 88 ° F ( 31 ° C ) ) of the second day , she fell two strokes further behind after a double bogey at the 9th hole and withdrew from the tournament , citing heat exhaustion . After receiving treatment at the course medical trailer , Wie departed in an ambulance , as required by state law . Winners ( edit ) Year Player Country Score To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up Winner 's share ( $ ) Purse ( $ ) John Deere Classic 2018 Michael Kim United States 257 − 27 8 strokes Bronson Burgoon Joel Dahmen Francesco Molinari Sam Ryder 1,044,000 5,800,000 2017 Bryson DeChambeau United States 266 − 18 1 stroke Patrick Rodgers 1,008,000 5,600,000 2016 Ryan Moore United States 262 − 22 2 strokes Ben Martin 864,000 4,800,000 2015 Jordan Spieth ( 2 ) United States 264 − 20 Playoff Tom Gillis 846,000 4,700,000 2014 Brian Harman United States 262 − 22 1 stroke Zach Johnson 846,000 4,700,000 2013 Jordan Spieth United States 265 − 19 Playoff David Hearn Zach Johnson 828,000 4,600,000 2012 Zach Johnson United States 264 − 20 Playoff Troy Matteson 828,000 4,600,000 2011 Steve Stricker ( 3 ) United States 262 − 22 1 stroke Kyle Stanley 810,000 4,500,000 Steve Stricker ( 2 ) United States 258 − 26 2 strokes Paul Goydos 792,000 4,400,000 2009 Steve Stricker United States 264 − 20 3 strokes Zach Johnson Brett Quigley Brandt Snedeker 774,000 4,300,000 2008 Kenny Perry United States 268 − 16 Playoff Brad Adamonis Jay Williamson 756,000 4,200,000 2007 Jonathan Byrd United States 266 − 18 1 stroke Tim Clark 738,000 4,100,000 2006 John Senden Australia 265 − 19 1 stroke J.P. Hayes 720,000 4,000,000 2005 Sean O'Hair United States 268 − 16 1 stroke Robert Damron Hank Kuehne 720,000 4,000,000 Mark Hensby Australia 268 − 16 Playoff John E. Morgan 684,000 3,800,000 2003 Vijay Singh Fiji 268 − 16 4 strokes Jonathan Byrd J.L. Lewis Chris Riley 630,000 3,500,000 2002 J.P. Hayes United States 262 − 22 4 strokes Robert Gamez 540,000 3,000,000 David Gossett United States 265 − 19 1 stroke Briny Baird 504,000 2,800,000 2000 Michael Clark II United States 265 − 19 Playoff Kirk Triplett 468,000 2,600,000 1999 J.L. Lewis United States 261 − 19 Playoff Mike Brisky 360,000 2,000,000 Quad City Classic 1998 Steve Jones United States 263 − 17 1 stroke Scott Gump 279,000 1,550,000 David Toms United States 265 − 15 3 strokes Brandel Chamblee Robert Gamez Jimmy Johnston 243,000 1,350,000 Ed Fiori United States 268 − 12 2 strokes Andrew Magee 216,000 1,200,000 1995 D.A. Weibring ( 3 ) United States 197 ^ − 13 1 stroke Jonathan Kaye 180,000 1,000,000 Hardee 's Golf Classic Mark McCumber United States 265 − 15 1 stroke Kenny Perry 180,000 1,000,000 David Frost ( 2 ) South Africa 259 − 21 7 strokes Payne Stewart D.A. Weibring 180,000 1,000,000 David Frost South Africa 266 − 14 3 strokes Tom Lehman Loren Roberts 180,000 1,000,000 1991 D.A. Weibring ( 2 ) United States 267 − 13 1 stroke Paul Azinger Peter Jacobsen 180,000 1,000,000 Joey Sindelar United States 268 − 12 Playoff Willie Wood 180,000 1,000,000 Curt Byrum United States 268 − 12 1 stroke Bill Britton Brian Tennyson 126,000 700,000 Blaine McCallister United States 261 − 19 3 strokes Dan Forsman 108,000 600,000 Kenny Knox United States 265 − 15 1 stroke Gil Morgan 90,000 500,000 1986 Mark Wiebe United States 268 − 12 1 stroke Curt Byrum 72,000 400,000 Lite Quad Cities Open 1985 Dan Forsman United States 267 − 13 1 stroke Bob Tway 54,000 300,000 Miller High Life QCO 1984 Scott Hoch ( 2 ) United States 266 − 14 5 strokes George Archer Vance Heafner Dave Stockton 36,000 200,000 Danny Edwards United States 266 − 14 Playoff Morris Hatalsky 36,000 200,000 1982 Payne Stewart United States 268 − 12 2 strokes Brad Bryant Pat McGowan 36,000 200,000 Quad Cities Open 1981 Dave Barr Canada 270 − 10 Playoff Woody Blackburn Frank Conner Dan Halldorson Victor Regalado 36,000 200,000 1980 Scott Hoch United States 266 − 14 3 strokes Curtis Strange 36,000 200,000 Ed McMahon - Jaycees Quad Cities Open 1979 D.A. Weibring United States 266 − 14 2 strokes Calvin Peete 36,000 200,000 1978 Victor Regalado Mexico 269 − 15 1 stroke Fred Marti 30,000 150,000 1977 Mike Morley United States 267 − 17 1 stroke Bob Murphy Victor Regalado 25,000 125,000 1976 John Lister New Zealand 268 − 16 2 strokes Fuzzy Zoeller 20,000 100,000 Roger Maltbie United States 275 − 9 1 stroke Dave Eichelberger 15,000 75,000 Quad Cities Open Dave Stockton United States 271 − 13 1 stroke Bruce Fleisher 20,000 100,000 1973 Sam Adams United States 268 − 16 3 strokes Dwight Nevil Kermit Zarley 20,000 100,000 1972 Deane Beman ( 2 ) United States 279 − 5 1 stroke Tom Watson 20,000 100,000 As a satellite event Quad Cities Open 1971 -- Deane Beman -- United States ^ Indicates weather - shortened to 54 holes Note : Green highlight indicates scoring records . Main sources Multiple winners ( edit ) Through 2016 , six men have won the John Deere Classic more than once . 3 wins D.A. Weibring : 1979 , 1991 , 1995 Steve Stricker : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 2 wins Deane Beman : 1971 , 1972 Scott Hoch : 1980 , 1984 David Frost : 1992 , 1993 Jordan Spieth : 2013 , 2015 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tournament at a glance '' . John Deere Classic . 2012 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : History : John Deere Classic Jump up ^ `` Inside the course : TPC Deere Run '' . PGA Tour . July 9 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Spieth , 19 , takes John Deere '' . ESPN . July 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Ed ( July 8 , 2008 ) . `` John Deere Classic finds novel way to attract players '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoggard , Rex ( July 4 , 2011 ) . `` Air Deere draws Open crowd to John Deere '' . Golf Channel . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Wie scorecard : 2005 John Deere Classic '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Wie scorecard : 2006 John Deere Classic '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wie withdraws due to heat exhaustion at John Deere Classic '' . PGA Tour . July 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2006 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Deere Classic -- Winners -- at pgatour.com Jump up ^ John Deere Classic -- Winners Archived 2014 - 07 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . -- at golfobserver.com ( 1972 -- 2009 ) External links ( edit ) Official website Coverage on the PGA Tour 's official site TPC Deere Run PGA Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship ( British Open ) PGA Championship Other tournaments Safeway Open CIMB Classic CJ Cup WGC - HSBC Champions Sanderson Farms Championship Shriners Hospitals for Children Open OHL Classic at Mayakoba RSM Classic Sentry Tournament of Champions Sony Open in Hawaii CareerBuilder Challenge Farmers Insurance Open Waste Management Phoenix Open AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am Genesis Open The Honda Classic WGC - Mexico Championship Puerto Rico Open Valspar Championship Arnold Palmer Invitational WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship Houston Open RBC Heritage Valero Texas Open Zurich Classic of New Orleans Wells Fargo Championship The Players Championship AT&T Byron Nelson Fort Worth Invitational Memorial Tournament FedEx St. Jude Classic Travelers Championship The National A Military Tribute at The Greenbrier John Deere Classic Barbasol Championship RBC Canadian Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Barracuda Championship Wyndham Championship FedEx Cup playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Team events Ryder Cup Presidents Cup World Cup Unofficial money events Hero World Challenge QBE Shootout CVS Health Charity Classic Former events List of former events Fall Series All events are listed in chronological order . John Deere Vehicles 4020 Tractor 5220 Tractor 9630 Tractor Buck ATV DB120 Planter Gator ATV Military Robot Snowmobiles Other Tractors Divisions Chamberlain ( Australia ) Lanz Bulldog ( Germany ) Matbro Forklifts Nortrax Heavy Equipment StarFire GPS Timberjack Forestry People John Deere Hans W. Becherer John Rusling Block George Peek Other Country Song Golf Tournament Museum Pavilion Supreme Court Case TV Show Video Game World Headquarters Coordinates : 41 ° 28 ′ 37 '' N 90 ° 23 ′ 31 '' W / 41.477 ° N 90.392 ° W / 41.477 ; - 90.392 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Deere_Classic&oldid=852767348 '' Categories : PGA Tour events Golf in Illinois Golf in Iowa Sports in the Quad Cities Tourist attractions in Rock Island County , Illinois Recurring sporting events established in 1971 John Deere Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 06 : 42 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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where is the john deere classic golf tournament held at
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"The John Deere Classic is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour. It is played annually in July, the week before the British Open, at TPC Deere Run in the Quad Cities community of Silvis, Illinois.\n"
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Political status of Puerto Rico
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Political status of Puerto Rico - Wikipedia Political status of Puerto Rico Jump to : navigation , search Puerto Rico This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Puerto Rico Constitution and law ( show ) United States Constitution Puerto Rico Constitution Puerto Rico law Executive ( show ) Governor : Ricky Rosselló ( NPP , D ) Acting Governor Cabinet Chief of Staff Executive departments Fiscal agent and financing Government - owned corporations Lieutenant Governor Line of succession Office of the Governor Secretaries Transition process First Lady Legislative ( show ) Legislature : 17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico Senate : 26th Senate of Puerto Rico President of the Senate : Thomas Rivera Schatz President pro tempore : Larry Seilhamer Rodríguez Majority Leader : Carmelo Ríos Santiago Majority Whip : Ángel Chayanne Martínez Minority Leader : Eduardo Bhatia ; Juan Dalmau ; Vargas Vidot Minority Whip : José Luis Dalmau House of Representatives : 30th House of Representatives of Puerto Rico Speaker : Johnny Méndez Speaker pro tempore : José Torres Zamora Majority Leader : Gabriel Rodríguez Aguiló Majority Whip : Urayoán Hernández Minority Leader : Tatito Hernández Minority Whip : Ramón Luis Cruz Judicial ( show ) Supreme Court Elections ( show ) Elections Political Parties New Progressive Party Popular Democratic Party Puerto Rican Independence Party Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party Working People 's Party Sovereign Union Movement Political party strength Municipalities ( show ) Mayors in Puerto Rico Municipalities of Puerto Rico Federal relations ( show ) Federal representation United States House of Representatives Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Pedro Pierluisi ( PNP , D ) Insular Cases Political status ( show ) Current status Proposed political status Sovereigntism Independence Statehood Status quo Politics of the United States Politics portal The current political status of Puerto Rico is the result of various political activities within both the United States and Puerto Rican governments . Politically , Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the United States , which according to the U.S. Supreme Court 's Insular Cases is `` a territory appurtenant and belonging to the United States , but not a part of the United States within the revenue clauses of the Constitution . '' The basic question regarding this issue is whether Puerto Rico should remain a U.S. territory , become a U.S. state or become an independent country . American and Puerto Rican political activities regarding the status question have revolved around three sets of initiatives : presidential executive orders , bills in the U.S. Congress , and referenda held in Puerto Rico . U.S. Presidents have issued three executive orders on the subject , and Congress has considered four major bills on Puerto Rico 's political status . Puerto Rican status referenda have been held four times to determine the desired political status of Puerto Rico in relation to the United States of America . At the November 6 , 2012 , non-binding referendum on the status question , 54 % of respondents voted to reject the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution , while in a second question 61 % favored statehood as the preferred alternative . Another referendum was held on June 11 , 2017 , in which voters had three options : `` Statehood '' , `` Free Association / Independence '' or `` Current Territorial Status '' . An overwhelming 97 % of voters chose `` Statehood '' , although turnout was only 23 % due to a boycott from opponents to statehood . In 2009 , 2011 , and most recently in 2016 , The United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization called for the United States to expedite the process to allow self - determination in Puerto Rico . Internationally , the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity . More specifically , the Special Committee 's June 2016 report called for the United States `` ... to allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner , and to address their urgent economic and social needs , including unemployment , marginalization , insolvency and poverty '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Terminology 1.2 The Insular Cases 2 Implications of the current political status 3 Status questions 3.1 Plebiscites 3.2 Presidential executive orders 3.3 Bills in U.S. Congress 4 United Nations classification 4.1 Resolution 748 4.2 UN vote aftermath 4.3 Attempts to reintroduce a new UN vote 4.4 United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization 5 Distinct national group 5.1 Internationally 5.2 Amongst Puerto Ricans 6 Position of U.S. political parties 7 Controversies 7.1 Decolonization by the UN and political empowerment 7.2 Granting of U.S. citizenship and cultural identity 7.3 Economic survival and self - support 7.4 English as an official language 7.5 Suffrage and representation in the U.S. Congress 8 Stateside Puerto Ricans and status 9 U.S. public opinion on the status of Puerto Rico 10 See also 11 Additional reading 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links 14.1 U.N. Resolutions 14.2 Bills before Congress 14.3 Others Background ( edit ) The United States acquired the islands of Puerto Rico in 1898 after the Spanish -- American War . In 1950 , Congress enacted legislation ( P.L. 81 - 600 ) authorizing Puerto Rico to hold a constitutional convention and in 1952 , the people of Puerto Rico ratified a constitution establishing a republican form of government for the island . After being approved by Congress and the President in July 1952 and thus given force under federal law ( P.L. 82 - 447 ) , the new constitution went into effect on July 25 , 1952 . Puerto Rico has been under U.S. sovereignty for over a century and Puerto Ricans have been U.S. citizens since 1917 . Since the promulgation of the current Commonwealth constitution in 1952 , further local attempts to change the island 's political status took place in 1967 , 1993 , and 1998 . An additional referendum held in 1991 sought to amend the relationship through an amendment to the Puerto Rican constitution . Each time , the results favored retaining the current status over the possible independence of Puerto Rico and statehood alternatives . As a result of Puerto Rico 's status as a U.S. territory , the citizens of Puerto Rico do not have any voting representation in the U.S. Federal government . Instead of outright representation through Senators and House Representatives , Puerto Rico has one non-voting Resident Commissioner in the House of Representatives . Furthermore , Puerto Rico is not represented in the Electoral College , and thus U.S. citizens resident there are unable to vote in U.S. presidential elections . Citizens of Puerto Rico can vote in the Republican and Democratic primary elections . Although Puerto Rico presently has a certain amount of local autonomy , according to the U.S. Constitution ultimate governance of the island is retained by both the U.S. Congress and President . Thus , results of plebiscites , whether or not authorized by Congress , while they reflect public sentiment , and thus bear some impact , can be ignored by Congress . Ultimately , the results of Puerto Rican plebiscites are opinions , although congressional resolutions have expressed support for following the will of the Puerto Rican people . Terminology ( edit ) The English term commonwealth `` does not describe or provide for any specific political status or relationship ... ( and ) when used in connection with areas under U.S. sovereignty that are not states ... broadly describes an area that is self - governing under a constitution of its adoption and whose right of self - government will not be unilaterally withdrawn by Congress '' . It is the same terminology used elsewhere but with other different meanings than what is meant for Puerto Rico : Commonwealth is what four states of the United States have named themselves , these being Kentucky , Massachusetts , Pennsylvania , and Virginia . A number of independent states use `` Commonwealth '' in their style , such as the Commonwealth of Australia or the Commonwealth of The Bahamas ; historically the Commonwealth of England , the Icelandic Commonwealth , and the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth have also used the style in English . Here it relates to its original definition , as a translation of the Latin res publica . Commonwealth is part of the name of the Commonwealth of Nations , a group of independent nations , voluntarily joined by common bonds of various kinds and whose bonds are subject to unilateral revocation by any of the parties . Commonwealth is also used in the Commonwealth of Independent States , formerly parts of the Soviet Union , but now a group of independent nations , voluntarily joined by common bonds of various kinds . But in the United States , `` commonwealth '' is also a term , without a clear and stable legal definition , now and previously used by current and past possessions of the United States : Commonwealth was a term used by the Philippines before gaining its independence from the United States in 1947 and becoming a republic , prior to which the US Supreme Court had declared it was an unincorporated territory of the United States . Commonwealth is the term used by the U.S. territory of the Northern Mariana Islands , a country that is still `` unquestionably a colony in light of the decolonization criteria adopted by the United Nations , and ( which ) is openly treated as a territory by the government of the United States '' . Commonwealth term definition as per current U.S. State Department policy ( as codified in the department 's Foreign Affairs Manual ) reads : `` The term `` Commonwealth '' does not describe or provide for any specific political status or relationship . It has , for example , been applied to both states and territories . When used in connection with areas under U.S. sovereignty that are not states , the term broadly describes an area that is self - governing under a constitution of its adoption and whose right of self - government will not be unilaterally withdrawn by Congress `` . Juan R. Torruella , a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( which has jurisdiction over the Federal Court for the District of Puerto Rico ) , claims that the use of the term commonwealth is a label that `` can deceive and obscure the true nature of things '' . He contends that Puerto Rico is obviously not a state , and that `` neither Puerto Rico 's status nor its relationship with the U.S. supports any legitimate claim that a British type of `` commonwealth '' exists between Puerto Rico and the United States `` . Then U.S. Secretary of the Interior Oscar L. Chapman , under whose Department resided responsibility of Puerto Rican affairs , clarified the new commonwealth label by stating , `` The bill ( to permit Puerto Rico to write its own constitution ) merely authorizes the people of Puerto Rico to adopt their own constitution and to organize a local government ... The bill under consideration would not change Puerto Rico 's political , social , and economic relationship to the United States . '' The Insular Cases ( edit ) It has been said that `` any inquiry into Puerto Rico 's status must begin with the Constitution of the United States , as well as various Supreme Court and lower court decisions '' . Almost immediately after Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States , Puerto Rico 's political status was defined by a series of landmark decisions made by the U.S. Supreme Court in what are collectively known as The Insular Cases . From 1901 to 1905 , the Supreme Court held that the Constitution extended ex proprio vigore to the territories . However , the Court in these cases also established the doctrine of territorial incorporation . Under the same , the Constitution only applied fully in incorporated territories such as Alaska and Hawaii , whereas it only applied partially in the new unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico , Guam and the Philippines . Although other cases followed , strictly speaking the Insular Cases are the original six opinions issued concerning acquired territories as a result of the Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) . The six cases were : De Lima v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 1 ( 1901 ) A plaintiff challenged the imposition of duties for the import of sugar from Puerto Rico to the United States proper . The Court sided with the plaintiff holding that Puerto Rico was not a `` foreign country '' and hence the duties were invalid . Goetze v. United States ( Crossman v. United States ) , 182 U.S. 221 ( 1901 ) Dooley v. United States , 182 U.S. 222 ( 1901 ) Armstrong v. United States , 182 U.S. 243 ( 1901 ) Downes v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 244 ( 1901 ) Considered the leading Insular case , concluded that the United States could acquire territory and exercise unrestricted power in determining what rights to concede to its inhabitants . It included the `` fateful phrase '' that : `` While in an international sense Porto Rico ( sic ) was not a foreign country , since it was subject to the sovereignty of and was owned by the United States , it was foreign to the United States in a domestic sense , because the island has not been incorporated into the United States , but was merely appurtenant thereto as a possession . '' The case created the constitutionally unprecedented category of `` unincorporated territories '' . Huus v. New York and Porto Rico Steamship Co. , 182 U.S. 392 ( 1901 ) Other authorities , such as José Trías Monge , state that the list also includes these additional two cases : Dooley v. United States , 183 U.S. 151 ( 1901 ) Fourteen Diamond Rings v. United States , 183 U.S. 176 ( 1901 ) The Supreme Court later made other rulings . For example , in Balzac v. Porto Rico , 258 U.S. 298 , 305 ( 1922 ) , explained the distinction between an incorporated and a non-incorporated territory . Juan R. Torruella restated it this way , `` an unincorporated territory is a territory as to which , when acquired by the United States , no clear intention was expressed that it would eventually be incorporated into the Union as a State '' . Since the Insular Cases had established that only those rights in the U.S. Bill of Rights that are determined to be `` fundamental '' are applicable in unincorporated territories , the implications of Balzac v. Porto Rico have been enormous . For example : The Court held that the right to trial by jury is not a fundamental right , and thus need not be given to criminal defendants in Puerto Rico . ( see Dorr v. United States . See also Balzac v. Porto Rico The Court relied on Downes and Balzac to justify the outright denial of Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) to United States citizens who had relocated to Puerto Rico from the States . This ruling allowed Congress to deny Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) payments to the aged and benefits to children and the poor who reside in Puerto Rico , even in the case of an insured who had worked all his life as a resident of the States proper but then moved to live in Puerto Rico . ( see Califano v. Torres , 435 U.S. 1 ( 1978 ) ( per curiam ) ) In a brief concurrence in the United States Supreme Court judgment of Torres v. Puerto Rico , 442 U.S. 465 ( 1979 ) , Supreme Court Justice Brennan , argued that any implicit limits from the Insular Cases on the basic rights granted by the Constitution ( including especially the Bill of Rights ) were anachronistic in the 1970s . Implications of the current political status ( edit ) Main article : Implications of Puerto Rico 's current political status Puerto Rico 's current political status limits to the autonomy of the Puerto Rican government . For example , the Island 's government is not fully autonomous , and the level of federal presence in the Island is commonplace , including a branch of the United States Federal District Court . People born in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico are natural - born U.S. citizens . Puerto Ricans are also covered by a group of `` fundamental civil rights '' but , because Puerto Rico is not a state , they are not covered by the full Bill of Rights . All residents must pay federal taxes but , for a variety of reasons , only some pay federal income taxes . In 2017 , the Government Accountability Office estimated that corporations paid $1.42 billion in taxes . Had Puerto Rico been a state , corporations would have paid an estimated $5 billion to $9.3 billion . Puerto Ricans lack a voting representative in the U.S. Congress , but they do have a Resident Commissioner who has a voice in Congress ( but no vote other than committee - level voting ) . Puerto Ricans must also serve in the United States military whenever it is compulsory in the mainland United States , with the same duties and obligations as U.S. citizens residing in the 50 states . Governor Alejandro García Padilla signed legislation which would have allowed corporations owned by the Commonwealth to declare bankruptcy . However , in Puerto Rico v. Franklin California Tax - Free Trust ( 2016 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court , by a vote of 5 - 2 , found the legislation was void because it was preempted by the U.S. Bankruptcy Code , with Justice Sonia Sotomayor dissenting . In Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle ( 2016 ) the U.S. Supreme Court found that the Double Jeopardy Clause of the United States Constitution forbids successive criminal prosecutions by the Commonwealth and the Federal Government because they are not separate sovereigns . On June 30 , 2016 , President Barack Obama signed the PROMESA into law , which empowered him to appoint a seven - member Financial Oversight and Management Board that has ultimate control over the Commonwealth 's budget . Status Questions ( edit ) Part of a series on Elections in Puerto Rico General elections 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 Referendums 1951 1952 ( Mar ) 1952 ( Nov ) 1960 1961 1964 1967 1970 1991 1993 1998 2005 2012 ( Aug ) 2012 ( Nov ) 2017 Gubernatorial 2000 2008 2012 2016 Resident Commissioner 2000 2008 2012 2016 Senate 2008 2012 House of Representatives 2008 2012 PNP primaries 2003 2008 2012 2016 PPD primaries 2003 2008 2012 2016 Democratic primaries 2008 2016 Republican primaries 2008 2012 2016 Transition processes 2008 2012 Puerto Rico 's main political issue is the territory 's relationship with the United States . A United States territory since 1898 , and known as `` Estado Libre Asociado '' ( Free Associated State ) or as commonwealth since 1952 , Puerto Rico today is torn by profound ideological rifts , as represented by its political parties , which stand for three distinct future political scenarios : the status quo ( commonwealth ) , statehood , and independence . The Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) seeks to maintain or improve the current status towards becoming a more sovereign territory of the United States , the New Progressive Party ( PNP ) seeks to fully incorporate Puerto Rico as a U.S. state , and the Puerto Rican Independence Party ( PIP ) seeks national independence . When asked , in non-binding plebiscites , to choose between independence , statehood , or continuation of the status quo with enhanced powers , as proposed by the PPD , Puerto Ricans have voted to remain a commonwealth . In the penultimate plebiscite in 1998 , Puerto Ricans voted for `` none of the above '' by a slight majority . This has variously been interpreted as : `` the people of Puerto Rico exercised their inalienable right to self - determination , and a majority of them -- fully 50.3 percent , to be exact -- chose to remain a colony . One might also say , however , the oldest strategy for governing recalcitrant subjects -- divide and conquer -- was subtly at work . '' It is clear , however , that they are dissatisfied by their current status . The issue is debated and is on the agenda of all the political parties and civil society groups . Several pro-commonwealth leaders within the PPD are proposing an Associated Republic or Free Association similar to that of the former U.S. territories of the Federated States of Micronesia , Marshall Islands or Palau . Plebiscites ( edit ) Main article : Puerto Rico political status plebiscites In general , three main alternatives were presented to Puerto Rican voters in status plebiscites : Full independence Maintenance or enhancement of commonwealth status Full statehood The exact expectations for each of these status formulas are a matter of debate by a given position 's adherents and detractors . Puerto Ricans have proposed positions that modify the alternatives above : Indemnified independence with phased - out U.S. subsidy Expanded political but not fiscal autonomy Statehood with a gradual phasing out of industrial federal tax incentives The following table summarizes the results of Puerto Rico 's plebiscites so far . Results of Puerto Rico 's status referenda , vote total ( % total ) . 1967 1993 1998 2012 Independence 4,248 ( 0.6 % ) 75,620 ( 4.4 % ) 39,838 ( 2.54 % ) NA 5.5 % Commonwealth 425,132 ( 60.4 % ) 826,326 ( 48.6 % ) 993 ( 0.06 % ) NA 46.0 % Free Association NA NA 4536 ( 0.29 % ) NA 33.2 % Statehood 274,312 ( 39.0 % ) 788,296 ( 46.3 % ) 728,157 ( 46.49 % ) NA 61.3 % None of the above NA NA 787,900 ( 50.3 % ) NA Electoral turnout 66 % 74 % 71 % 79 % In the Puerto Rican status referendum , 2012 54.00 % of voters indicated `` No '' to maintaining the current political status . A full 61.11 % of voters chose statehood , 33.34 % chose free association , and 5.55 % chose independence . Because there were almost 500,000 blank ballots , creating confusion as to the voters ' true desire , Congress decided to ignore the vote . The 2014 budget bill included $2.5 million in funding for a future vote on Puerto Rico 's political status . The previous plebiscites provided voters with three options : remain a Commonwealth , Statehood and Independence / Free Association . The Puerto Rican status referendum , 2017 was to offer only two options : Statehood and Independence / Free Association . If the majority favor Independence / Free Association , a second vote will be held to determine the preference : full independence as a nation or associated free state status with independence but with a `` free and voluntary political association '' between Puerto Rico and the United States . The specifics of the association agreement would be detailed in the Compact of Free Association that would be negotiated between the U.S. and Puerto Rico . That document might cover topics such as the role of the US military in Puerto Rico , the use of the US currency , free trade between the two entities , and whether Puerto Ricans would be U.S. citizens . Governor Ricardo Rosselló is strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to `` solve our 500 - year - old colonial dilemma ... Colonialism is not an option ... It 's a civil rights issue ... 3.5 million citizens seeking an absolute democracy , '' he told the news media . Statehood might be useful as a means of dealing with the financial crisis , since it would allow for bankruptcy and the relevant protection . According to the Government Development Bank , this might be the only solution to the debt crisis . Congress has the power to vote to allow Chapter 9 protection without the need for statehood , but in late 2015 there was very little support in the House for this concept . Other benefits to statehood include increased disability benefits and Medicaid funding , the right to vote in Presidential elections and the higher ( federal ) minimum wage . At approximately the same time as the referendum , Puerto Rico 's legislators are also expected to vote on a bill that would allow the Governor to draft a state constitution and hold elections to choose senators and representatives to the federal Congress . Regardless of the outcome of the votes , Congress will be the body to make the final decision on the status of Puerto Rico . Presidential executive orders ( edit ) Main article : Presidential executive orders on the political status of Puerto Rico Various U.S. presidents have signed executive orders to help define , study , and generate activity regarding the political status of Puerto Rico . Three major orders were the 2005 , 2007 , and 2011 executive orders to establish the President 's Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Status . Bills in U.S. Congress ( edit ) Main article : Bills in U.S. Congress regarding the political status of Puerto Rico See also : The United States - Puerto Rico Political Status Act and Puerto Rico Democracy Act The Territories Clause of the United States Constitution ( Art . IV , Sec. 3 , cl. 2 ) allows for Congress to `` dispose of '' Puerto Rico and allow it to become independent of the U.S. ( in the same way as the Philippines did in 1945 ) or , under the authority of the Admissions Clause ( Art . IV , Sec. 3 , cl. 1 ) for it to be admitted as a state of the United States ( with a vote of Congress in the same way that Alaska and Hawaii were admiited in 1958 and 1959 respectively ) . Since Congress must approve of any political status change for Puerto Rico , some argue that `` congressional agreement to the options ( on a ballot ) , prior to a plebiscite would save the people of Puerto Rico the grief of an emotionally draining and politically divisive vote that might result in a status not acceptable to Congress '' . Former Resident Commissioner and Former Governor Carlos Romero Barceló echoed this sentiment when he recalled , at a 1997 congressional hearing , that both `` ( Representatives ) Young and Miller were clear in stating ( in their March 3 , 1997 , letter to the presidents of the three political parties in Puerto Rico ) that there was no purpose in presenting the people of Puerto Rico a status definition which does not represent an option that the Congress will be willing to ratify should it be approved in a plebiscite . '' A catalyst for the legislative activity taking place in Congress was the release in December 2005 of the presidential task force 's report . Per United States v. Sanchez , 992 F. 2d 1143 , 1152 -- 53 ( 11th Cir. 1993 ) , `` Congress continues to be the ultimate source of power ( over Puerto Rico ) pursuant to the Territory Clause of the Constitution '' . ( quoting United States v. Andino , 831 F. 2d 1164 , 1176 ( 1st Cir. 1987 ) ( Torruella , J. , concurring ) , cert . denied , 486 U.S. 1034 ( 1988 ) ) , cert . denied , 510 U.S. 11 10 ( 1994 ). 9 An Act of Congress , thus , is ultimately required to modify the current political status of Puerto Rico . On June 9 , 2016 , in Commonwealth of Puerto Rico vs Sanchez Valle , a 6 - 2 majority of the United States Supreme Court determined that Puerto Rico is a territory and lacks sovereignty . The opinion of the court stated : `` Back of the Puerto Rican people and their Constitution , the ' ultimate ' source of prosecutorial power remains the U.S. Congress , just as back of a city 's charter lies a state government . '' Four major bills regarding the political status of Puerto Rico have come before Congress , H.R. 856 , H.R. 900 , H.R. 2499 , and H.R. 2000 . United Nations classification ( edit ) The United Nations has intervened in the past to evaluate the legitimacy of Puerto Rico 's political status , to ensure that the island 's government structure complies with the standards of self - government that constitute the basic tenets of the United Nations Charter , its covenants , and its principles of international law . Some authorities , such as Trias Monge , argue that Puerto Rico `` clearly does not meet the decolonization standards set by the United Nations in 1960 '' . Resolution 748 ( edit ) During its 8th session , the United Nations General Assembly recognized Puerto Rico 's self - government on November 27 , 1953 , with Resolution 748 ( VIII ) . ( UN Resolution `` 748 ( VIII ) '' , adopted on November 27 , 1953 , during its 459th Plenary Meeting . ) This removed Puerto Rico 's classification as a non-self - governing territory ( under article 73 ( e ) of the Charter of the United Nations ) . The resolution passed , garnering a favorable vote from some 40 % of the General Assembly , with over 60 % abstaining or voting against it ( 20 to 16 , plus 18 abstentions ) . Today , however , the UN `` still debates whether Puerto Rico is a colony '' or not . UN vote aftermath ( edit ) However , Puerto Rico 's political status is still debated in many international forums , possibly in part because of the circumstances surrounding the vote : `` Under United States pressure , General Assembly Resolution 748 passed -- though only narrowly and with many countries abstaining . The debate over Resolution 748 prompted the United Nations to agree on governing arrangements that would provide full self - government to non-self - governing territories : in United States terms , these arrangements were statehood , independence , and free association . Yet , under international law , a freely associated state is a sovereign nation in a joint governing arrangement with another nation that either nation can unilaterally end . '' Though the subject continues to be debated in many forums it is clear that ( 1 ) the current territorial status has not satisfied Puerto Rican political leaders , and ( 2 ) that despite the divergent views that Puerto Ricans have with respect to their preferred political status , ' all factions agree on the need to end the present undemocratic arrangement whereby Puerto Rico is subject to the laws of Congress but can not vote in it . ' Attempts to reintroduce a new UN vote ( edit ) The list of factors for determining when a colony has achieved a full measure of self - government appears in Resolution 1541 ( XV ) of the General Assembly of the United Nations , 15 UN GAOR Supplement ( No. 16 ) at 29 , UN Document A / 4684 ( 1960 ) . The General Assembly did not apply its full list of criteria to Puerto Rico for determining whether or not self - governing status had been achieved . The UN 's Committee on Non-Self - Governing States recently unanimously agreed to ask the General Assembly to take up the issue of Puerto Rico . In June 2007 , the Puerto Rico Senate approved a Concurrent Resolution urging the UN General Assembly to discuss Puerto Rico 's case . Starting in 1971 , `` Cuba introduced annual resolutions on the issue in the UN 's Decolonization Committee but the United States has blocked General Assembly action and stopped cooperating with the Decolonization Committee . On August 23 , 1973 , the United States vigorously opposed that members of Puerto Rico 's independence movement be allowed to speak at the UN . The U.S. position has not been that Puerto Rico is not a territory ; rather , the U.S. position of record , based on General Assembly Resolution 748 , is that the Decolonization Committee lacks jurisdiction , that the matter is one for the United States and Puerto Rico to resolve , and that Puerto Rico has not sought a new status . '' In 1972 , the UN set a precedent when , after approving Puerto Rico 's association with the United States in 1953 as sufficient evidence to remove PR from the list of Colonized Countries , the United Nations reopened the matter in 1972 and it is still under review . `` Failure ( of the United States ) to include independence as an option and harassment of ( Puerto Rican ) pro-independence organizations were reasons for the United Nations ' recent reconsideration of the status of Puerto Rico '' . Since 1972 , the Decolonization Committee has called for Puerto Rico 's decolonization and for the United States to recognize the island 's right to self - determination and independence . Most recently , the Decolonization Committee called for the General Assembly to review the political status of Puerto Rico , a power reserved by the 1953 resolution . In 1993 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit stated that Congress may unilaterally repeal the Puerto Rican Constitution or the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950 and replace them with any rules or regulations of its choice . In a 1996 report on a Puerto Rico status political bill , the U.S. House Committee on Resources stated , `` Puerto Rico 's current status does not meet the criteria for any of the options for full self - government under Resolution 1541 '' ( the three established forms of full self - government being stated in the report as ( 1 ) national independence , ( 2 ) free association based on separate sovereignty , or ( 3 ) full integration with another nation on the basis of equality ) . The report concluded that Puerto Rico `` remains an unincorporated territory and does not have the status of ' free association ' with the United States as that status is defined under United States law or international practice '' , and that the establishment of local self - government with the consent of the people can be unilaterally revoked by the U.S. Congress . The application of the U.S. Constitution applies partially to Puerto Rico by the Insular Cases . United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization ( edit ) Since 1953 , the UN has been considering the political status of Puerto Rico and how to assist it in achieving `` independence '' or `` decolonization '' . In 1978 , the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization determined that a `` colonial relationship '' existed between the US and Puerto Rico . The United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization has often referred to Puerto Rico as a nation in its reports , because , internationally , the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity . In a June 2016 report , the Special Committee called for the United States to expedite the process to allow self - determination in Puerto Rico . The group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self - determination and independence ... ( and ) allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner and to address their urgent economic and social needs , including unemployment , marginalization , insolvency and poverty `` . Distinct national group ( edit ) Internationally ( edit ) Though politically associated with the United States , Puerto Rico is considered by many other nations to have its own distinct national identity . Internationally , it has been reported that `` the Fourteenth Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-aligned Nations ... reaffirms that Puerto Rican people constitute a Latin American and Caribbean nation . '' Amongst Puerto Ricans ( edit ) Although Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the United States classified as a commonwealth , many Puerto Ricans consider it to be a country in and of itself . In their book on American expansionism titled The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion , 1803 -- 1898 , Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow also determined that `` Most Puerto Ricans consider themselves a distinct national group . '' They also observed that both Americans and Puerto Ricans see themselves as separate cultures -- `` even separate nationalities '' . At the local level , it has been observed that Puerto Ricans `` consider themselves a territorially distinct national unit , a nation defined by its cultural distinctiveness '' . In recent plebiscites Puerto Ricans have not expressed themselves in favor of a political status with the intention of becoming a sovereign state , but the idea that Puerto Rico is a separate social , political and cultural entity from the United States has been repeatedly expressed . Position of U.S. political parties ( edit ) Main article : United States politics and the political status of Puerto Rico Both major United States political parties ( Democratic and Republican ) have expressed their support for the U.S. citizens in Puerto Rico to exercise their right to self - determination , with the Republican Party platform explicitly mentioning support for statehood and the Democratic Party platform expressing explicitly broader support for right to self - determination . Controversies ( edit ) The U.S. -- Puerto Rico relationship is a matter of debate . Some contend that the current political status of Puerto Rico , perhaps with enhancements , remains a viable option . Others argue that commonwealth status is or should be only a temporary fix to be resolved in favor of other solutions considered permanent , non-colonial , and non-territorial . Some contend that if independence is achieved , the close relationship with the United States could be continued through compact negotiations with the federal government . One element apparently shared by all discussants is that the people of Puerto Rico seek to attain full , democratic representation , notably through voting rights on national legislation to which they are subject . Decolonization by the UN and political empowerment ( edit ) Controversy exists surrounding the `` real '' political status of Puerto Rico , with some calling it a colony and others disagreeing . Some ( especially independentistas and statehooders ) claim Puerto Rico is still a colony despite the UN 's removing Puerto Rico from its list of non self - governing countries in 1953 . Others ( notably those who vote for the current commonwealth status option ) argue that Puerto Rico is not a colony because the UN has not revoked its resolution after 55 years . Some authors have called Puerto Rico `` the world 's oldest colony '' ( 2001 ) and `` one of the world 's last colonies '' ( 2004 ) . Former chief justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court José Trías Monge wrote a book that referred to it as the `` oldest colony in the world '' . Those who argue that Puerto Rico is still a colony insist that despite the UN resolution , Puerto Rico remains what some call a `` post-colonial colony '' . Defenders of this point of view argue that Puerto Rico has less self - determination than before the U.S. invasion -- it no longer has its own Puerto Rican citizenship , free maritime control , nor congressional representation as it did in the Spanish Cortes . Trías Monge argues that just prior to the U.S. invasion , Puerto Rico enjoyed greater freedom and rights in certain areas : The insular parliament could legislate in matters of monetary policy , banking , import / export duties , and public credit Puerto Rico could negotiate its own commercial treaties Puerto Ricans were Spanish citizens , equal in all respects to mainland Spanish citizens The Spanish Constitution applied in Puerto Rico in the same manner as it applied in Spain proper The Autonomic Charter of 1897 , which governed Puerto Rico 's relation with Spain , could not be changed except with Puerto Rico 's consent Yet those who claim Puerto Rico is not a colony will say that in its 8th session , the United Nations General Assembly recognized Puerto Rico 's self - government on November 27 , 1953 , with Resolution 748 . This side points out that such recognition removed Puerto Rico 's classification as a non-self - governing territory ( under article 73 ( e ) of the Charter of the United Nations ) . They add that the Resolution has not been revoked even though Puerto Rico 's political status is still debated in many international forums . Those who claim Puerto Rico is still a colony argue that Puerto Rico was vested with the commonwealth status by the U.S. Congress to give the appearance of self - government but that genuine decolonization never occurred . These supporters claim that the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1947 allowed the U.S. to continue its colonial policy of Puerto Rico in a post-colonial world . They see the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950 ( P.L. 600 ) as a gimmick to maintain the colonial status of PR `` The US Congress , however , carefully preserved its exclusive right to ( unilaterally ) alter the political status of Puerto Rico . Some saw the commonwealth as at best as temporary arrangement or at worst as a relic of the old colonial past . '' They also point to the fact that no change in the political status of Puerto Rico is possible unless authorized by the U.S. Congress as proof of the real current status . Rivera Ramos argues that the `` deepest question pertains to the source of rights and the source of authority to govern ... In the case of ( unincorporated ) territories , the rights deemed to apply to their people , as well as those denied them , have their source in a constitution they have not approved nor have the power to amend '' . Those who support the view that Puerto Rico is no longer a colony but has changed into a different status , the commonwealth , argue that since the 1952 Constitution Congress has indicated that they will respect the wishes of the people of Puerto Rico , indicating that this is evidence of the validity of the current status as a non-colony . Those claiming it is still a colony point to Congress legislating for Puerto Rico , and to bills where text such as those authorizing plebiscites in Puerto Rico ( example `` to conduct a second plebiscite between the options of ( 1 ) independence , ( 2 ) national sovereignty in association with the United States , and ( 3 ) U.S. statehood . The three options in the plebiscite also correspond to the options that the United Nations has identified as the options for decolonizing a territory . '' ( HR 2499 , section 2 ( c ) ) clearly include content to satisfy the United Nations demand for decolonizing a territory . In addition to judicial decisions like the 1993 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit decision , which stated that Congress may unilaterally repeal the Puerto Rican Constitution or the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act and replace them with any rules or regulations of its choice . Granting of U.S. citizenship and cultural identity ( edit ) Some claim that granting of U.S. citizenship on Puerto Ricans on March 2 , 1917 was devised by the United States in order to further reiterate its hold of Puerto Rico as a possession while others claim that it was a serious attempt to pave the way for statehood . Former chief of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court José Trías Monge insists that statehood was never intended for the island and that , unlike Alaska and Hawaii , which Congress deemed incorporated territories and slated for annexation to the Union from the start , Puerto Rico was kept `` unincorporated '' specifically to avoid offering it statehood . And Myriam Marquez has stated that Puerto Ricans `` fear that statehood would strip the people of their national identity , of their distinct culture and language '' . Ayala and Bernabe add that the `` purpose of the inclusion of U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans in the Jones Act of 1917 was an attempt by Congress to block independence and perpetuate Puerto Rico in its colonial status '' . Proponents of the citizenship clause in the Jones Act argue that `` the extension of citizenship did not constitute a promise of statehood but rather an attempt to exclude any consideration of independence '' . The preamble of the Commonwealth constitution approved by the people of Puerto Rico in 1952 in part reads : `` We consider as determining factors in our life our citizenship of the United States of America and our aspiration continually to enrich our democratic heritage in the individual and collective enjoyment of its rights and privileges ; For the island 's pro-statehood movement , the concession of U.S. citizenship has been seen , ever since , as the key that would eventually guarantee statehood for the island , as soon as the people of Puerto Rico demanded equality in citizenship . As former Puerto Rico House of Representatives Speaker Miguel A. García Méndez subsequently declared , `` For an American citizen , there can not be another political goal other than equality with his or her fellow American citizens . To seek other solutions -- to repudiate equality -- is to repudiate the natural destiny of American citizenship . '' However , as early as 1912 , President William Howard Taft had already said that there was no connection between the extension of citizenship to Puerto Ricans and the prospect of admission of Puerto Rico into the American Union . `` I believe the demand for citizenship is just , and amply earned by the sustained loyalty on the part of the inhabitants of the island . But it should be remembered that the demand must be entirely dissociated from any thought of statehood '' . President Taft 's views in 1912 became a Supreme Court opinion when , in 1922 , as Chief Justice , Taft wrote the opinion on Balzac , the last of the so - called Insular Cases . Thus , in the end , U.S. citizenship has had multiple meanings for Puerto Ricans . For some it is a welcome link to the United States , regardless of the political status of the territory . For others , it has been nothing more than an imposed identity by an imperial power . Still others regard it as a useful asset that provides access to certain rights and tangible benefits and opportunities . And there are those that cherish it as a constituent element of their self - image and identity . Economic survival and self - support ( edit ) Some contend that Puerto Rico can not become a fully independent republic because there will be economic chaos and its citizens will die of hunger given that the land has no natural resources to sustain its population . But others point to the example of countries that became independent , such as Ireland and Singapore and , though some containing less land and natural resources than Puerto Rico , today have economies far better than the Island . According to educational scientists Francesco Cordasco and Eugene Bucchioni , in their 1973 work The Puerto Rican Experience : a Sociological Sourcebook , the belief that Puerto Rico can not survive on its own results from teachings since grade school . `` Puerto Ricans here and in Puerto Rico are taught three things : Puerto Rico is small and the US is big , Puerto Rico is poor and the US is rich , Puerto Rico is weak and the US is strong . '' This theory of non-sustainability is not new ; it has been held by various groups at least since the 1930s . Commonwealth partisans argue that Puerto Rico can not afford statehood , that post-war economic growth in Puerto Rico was the result of special treatment via exemption from Federal corporate taxes . Statehooders respond that such tax exemptions primarily benefit the large industrialists and not the population as a whole since low income Puerto Ricans would not pay taxes . An example given by those who claim the Island will be able to support itself is Singapore , an island nation 14 times smaller than Puerto Rico with a drastically higher level of population density and fewer natural resources , which has surpassed the per capita income of larger nations , including the United States . `` In Puerto Rico , ever since you are a child , you are told that you live on a tiny island that has no natural resources , nothing . This is what they teach you in school , on TV , the media , and it 's always negative . This perception is a byproduct of the island 's political dependence on the U.S. Politicians here will name it 20,000 different ways , but in any dictionary Puerto Rico is a colony . And there is this colonized mentality that everything from abroad is better . '' Juan Mari Brás stated , `` Only through a great unified movement looking beyond political and ideological differences , can the prevalent fears of hunger and persecution be overcome for the eventual liberation of Puerto Rico , breaking through domination by the greatest imperialist power of our age . '' English as an official language ( edit ) See also : English in Puerto Rico After the invasion by the United States in 1898 , the Americans made English the official language . In 1991 under the pro-Commonwealth PPD administration of Rafael Hernández Colón Spanish was declared the only official language in the Island . Then , in 1993 , under the pro-statehood PNP administration of Pedro Rosselló , the law was reversed , and English was again reinstated as an official language alongside Spanish . In a 1993 survey by the Ateneo Puertorriqueño , a leading cultural institution in Puerto Rico , 93 percent of respondents indicated that they would not relinquish Spanish as their language if Puerto Rico ever became a state of the American Union , even if the United States required English as the only official language of the Island . Suffrage and representation in the U.S. Congress ( edit ) In a First Circuit Court of Appeals case Igartúa v. United States , two of three members of the three - judge panel that dismissed the appeal on procedural grounds suggested in separate opinions that , in an en banc reconsideration , the United States could be required to extend full voting representation to the United States citizens in Puerto Rico if ( 1 ) the en banc Court determines that , contrary to current Circuit precedent , the Constitution does not prohibit extending such rights `` under another source of law '' , ( 2 ) that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , which , at Article 25 , states that `` ( e ) very citizen shall have the right and the opportunity ... ( t ) o vote and to be elected at genuine and periodic elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage '' , is self - executing . Stateside Puerto Ricans and status ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Puerto Ricans in the United States Stateside Puerto Rican members of the United States Congress : Luis Gutierrez ( D - IL ) ( left ) , José Serrano ( D - NY ) ( center ) , and Nydia Velázquez ( D - NY ) ( right ) speaking at the Encuentro Boricua Conference at Hostos Community College in New York City , 2004 More Puerto Ricans live stateside in the U.S. than in Puerto Rico . A 2009 report by the Pew Hispanic Center indicates that , as of 2007 , 4.1 million Puerto Ricans lived in the mainland versus 3.9 million living in the Island . Since the 1967 referendum , there have been demands that stateside Puerto Ricans be allowed to vote in these plebiscites on the political status of Puerto Rico . Since the 1990s , the role of stateside Puerto Ricans in advocating for Puerto Rico in Washington , D.C. , on issues such as the Navy 's removal from Vieques and others has increased , especially given that there have been three voting members of the U.S. Congress who are stateside Puerto Ricans ( two from New York City and one from Chicago ) , in contrast to Puerto Rico 's single Resident Commissioner in the U.S. Congress with no vote . Between February 24 - March 6 , 2006 , the National Institute for Latino Policy conducted an opinion survey over the Internet of a broad cross-section of stateside Puerto Rican community leaders and activists across the United States . The survey had a total of 574 respondents , including 88 non-Puerto Rican members of the Institute 's national network of community leaders . The views of the 484 Puerto Ricans in the survey found broad support among them for the holding of a plebiscite on the future political status of Puerto Rico . While 73 % were in favor of such a vote , they were split on the options to be voted upon . Those supporting the 2005 proposal made by the White House Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Status that the vote be ultimately limited to the options of statehood versus independence made up 31 % of the total respondents . 43 % supported including the commonwealth option in the proposed plebiscite . U.S. Public opinion on the status of Puerto Rico ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . In particular : latest data is 10 years old ; more recent nationwide polls would be welcome . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2017 ) In a 1991 Gallup Poll more than 60 % of Americans said they would support independence or statehood if a majority of Puerto Ricans voted for either . A March 13 , 1998 Gallup Poll asked Americans : `` Do you personally think Puerto Rico : Should become a completely independent nation ; should remain a territory of the United States , or , should be admitted to the United States as the fifty - first state ? '' The responses were : Become independent -- 28 % Remain a U.S. territory -- 26 % Be admitted as the fifty - first state -- 30 % None / Other -- 5 % No opinion -- 11 % In a June 2007 Opinion Dynamics / Fox News poll , 57 % of Americans opposed Puerto Rican statehood . See also ( edit ) Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 ( H.R. 900 & S. 1936 ) Puerto Rican citizenship Voting rights in Puerto Rico Politics of Puerto Rico 51st state Puerto Rico ( proposed state ) Sovereigntism ( Puerto Rico ) Special Committee on Decolonization United Nations list of Non-Self - Governing Territories Proposed political status for Puerto Rico Statehood movement in Puerto Rico Privileges and Immunities Clause Territories of the United States United States territorial court Federal tribunals in the United States Index of Puerto Rico - related articles Puerto Rico portal United States portal New Spain portal Caribbean portal Additional reading ( edit ) `` The Singularly Strange Story of the English Language in Puerto Rico '' by A Pousada . `` Puerto Rico 's Political Status and the 2012 Plebiscite : Background and Key Questions . '' The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory and does not have the status of ' free association ' with the US as defined under United States law or international practice . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Contrary to common misconception , residents of Puerto Rico do pay U.S. federal taxes : customs taxes ( which are subsequently returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury ) , import / export taxes , federal commodity taxes , social security taxes , etc . Residents pay federal payroll taxes , such as Social Security and Medicare , as well as Commonwealth of Puerto Rico income taxes . All federal employees , those who do business with the federal government , Puerto Rico - based corporations that intend to send funds to the U.S. , and some others ( For example , Puerto Rican residents that are members of the U.S. military ; and Puerto Rico residents who earned income from sources outside Puerto Rico ) also pay federal income taxes . In addition , because the cutoff point for income taxation is lower than that of the U.S. IRS code , and because the per - capita income in Puerto Rico is much lower than the average per - capita income on the mainland , more Puerto Rico residents pay income taxes to the local taxation authority than if the IRS code were applied to the island . This occurs because `` the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico government has a wider set of responsibilities than do U.S. State and local governments '' . As residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security , Puerto Ricans are eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement , but are excluded from the Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) ( Commonwealth of Puerto Rico residents , unlike residents of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and residents of the 50 States , do not receive the SSI . The island actually receives less than 15 % of the Medicaid funding it would normally receive if it were a U.S. state . However , Medicare providers receive less - than - full state - like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico , even though the latter paid fully into the system . It has also been estimated that , because the population of the Island is greater than that of 50 % of the States , if it were a state , Puerto Rico would have six to eight seats in the House , in addition to the two seats in the Senate . Another misconception is that the import / export taxes collected by the U.S. on products manufactured in Puerto Rico are all returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury . This is not the case . Such import / export taxes are returned only for rum products , and even then the US Treasury keeps a portion of those taxes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Downes v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 244 , 287 ( 1901 ) ; Balzac v. Porto Rico , 258 U.S. 298 ( 1922 ) . Jump up ^ In November 2008 a district court judge ruled that a sequence of prior Congressional actions had had the cumulative effect of changing Puerto Rico 's status to incorporated. Consejo de Salud Playa Ponce v. Johnny Rullan , p. 28 : `` The Congressional incorporation of Puerto Rico throughout the past century has extended the entire Constitution to the island ... '' However , as of April 2011 the issue had not yet made its way through the courts : Hon . Gustavo A. Gelpi , `` The Insular Cases : A Comparative Historical Study of Puerto Rico , Hawai'i , and the Philippines '' , The Federal Lawyer , March / April 2011 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . p. 25 : `` In light of the ( Supreme Court ) ruling in Boumediene , in the future the Supreme Court will be called upon to reexamine the Insular Cases doctrine as applied to Puerto Rico and other US territories . '' As of January 2013 the U.S. government still referred to Puerto Rico as unincorporated : accessed 26 January 2013 Archived June 10 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. : `` Puerto Rico is a self - governing , unincorporated territory of the United States located in the Caribbean '' . Jump up ^ Condición Política Territorial Actual ( English : Actual Territorial Political Condition ) . Archived November 30 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Government of Puerto Rico . State Electoral Commission . Nov 16 2012 9 : 59PM . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Opciones No Territoriales . ( English : Non-Territorial Options ) . Archived November 30 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Government of Puerto Rico . State Electoral Commission . Nov 16 2012 9 : 59PM . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ 2011 - 06 - 20 . Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States , in Consensus Text , to Speed up Process Allowing Puerto Rico to Exercise Self - Determination : Nearly 25 Petitioners Underscore Gravity of Situation on Island , Buckling Under Economic Strain ; Vigorous Opposition to Death Penalty Also Expressed . June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 2009 - 06 - 15 . Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Self - determination Process for Puerto Rico : Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence , Statehood , Free Association . June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved Sept 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 2006 - 06 - 13 . Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Puerto Rican Self - determination Process : Draft Resolution Urges Probe of Pro-Independence Leader 's Killing , Human Rights Abuses ; Calls for Clean - up , Decontamination of Vieques . June 13 , 2006 . Retrieved Dec 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` XIV Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Nations . Durban , South Africa , 2004 . See pages 14 -- 15 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : United Nations . General Assembly . Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples ( 1971 ) . Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples . 23 . United Nations Publications . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 1 - 810211 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling upon United States Government to Expedite Self - Determination Process for Puerto Rico '' . United Nations . UN . June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ One Hundred Years of Solitude : Puerto Rico 's American Century . by Juan R. Torruella . In Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 248 . Jump up ^ Jones - Shafroth Act Jump up ^ 8 U.S.C. § 1402 Jump up ^ RHC admite congreso puede hacer lo que quiera con el ELA . El Sur a la Vista . Ponce , Puerto Rico . December 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bea , Keith ( May 25 , 2005 ) . `` Political Status of Puerto Rico : Background , Options , and Issues in the 109th Congress '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service , The Library of Congress : 5 -- 6 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 ... Jump up ^ United States v. Sanchez Archived May 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , 992 F. 2D 1143 ( 11th Cir. 1993 ) Jump up ^ Let Puerto Rico Decide : An Introduction to Puerto Rico 's Status Debate Archived February 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` 7 FAM 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7 - Consular Affairs . U.S. Department of State . January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Balzac v. Porto Rico , 258 U.S. 298 , 305 ( 1922 ) . Jump up ^ Injustice According to Law : The Insular Cases and Other Oddities . by José Trías Monge . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 231 . ^ Jump up to : One Hundred Years of Solitude : Puerto Rico 's American Century . by Juan R. Torruella . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 243 . Jump up ^ `` Let Puerto Rico Decide How to end its Colony Status : True Nationhood Stands on the Pillar of Independence . '' Rosalinda de Jesus . The Allentown Morning Call . Republished by The Puerto Rico Herald . July 21 , 2002 . San Juan , Puerto Rico . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ One Hundred Years of Solitude : Puerto Rico 's American Century . by Juan R. Torruella . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 242 . Jump up ^ One Hundred Years of Solitude : Puerto Rico 's American Century . by Juan R. Torruella . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 248 . Jump up ^ Between the Foreign and the Domestic : The Doctrine of Territorial Incorporation , Invented and Reinvented . by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 13 . ^ Jump up to : Injustice According to Law : The Insular Cases and Other Oddities . by José Trías Monge . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 239 . Jump up ^ Downes , 182 U.S. at 341 -- 342 ( White , J. concurring ) Jump up ^ Sanford Levinson , and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . The Louisiana Purchase and the American Expansion. page 12 . Jump up ^ One Hundred Years of Solitude : Puerto Rico 's American Century . by Juan R. Torruella . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 243 . In Balzac v. Porto Rico , 258 U.S. 298 , 305 ( 1922 ) at 304 -- 12 . Jump up ^ 195 U.S. 138 , 149 . Jump up ^ 258 U.S. 298 , 312 . Jump up ^ The right of trial by jury has been incorporated against the states through the Due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . See Duncan v. Louisiana , 391 U.S. 145 ( 1968 ) . However , the size of the jury , as well as the requirement that it unanimously reach its verdict , vary between federal and state courts . Even so , the Supreme Court has ruled that a jury in a criminal case may have as few as six members . If there are twelve , only nine jurors need agree on a verdict . See , Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Jump up ^ U.S. Citizens or `` qualified aliens '' resident of one of the 50 States , the District of Columbia , or the Northern Mariana Islands are eligible for SSI . Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) Jump up ^ One Hundred Years of Solitude : Puerto Rico 's American Century . by Juan R. Torruella . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 244 . Jump up ^ `` Torres v. Puerto Rico '' . FindLaw.com Supreme Court Case Law . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ All residents of PR pay federal taxes , with the exception of federal income taxes which only some residents of Puerto Rico must still pay ( though everyone must pay all other federal taxes ) . Jump up ^ Dept of the Interior , Office of Insular Affairs Archived June 10 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico '' . wellsphere.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tax Topics - Topic 903 Federal Employment Tax in Puerto Rico '' . irs.gov . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform '' . Reuters. 24 September 2009 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Is Not Innocent Of Colonization ... Puerto Ricans Pay Up , Too ... No They Do n't '' . Puerto Rico Herald . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.htrcpa.com/businessinpr1.html Archived April 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` D.C. Voting Rights : No Representation ? No Taxation ! '' . The Heritage Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.mcvpr.com/CM/CurrentEvents/CEOsummitarticle.pdf Archived October 26 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` An Overview of the Special Tax Rules Related to Puerto Rico and an Analysis of the Tax and Economic Policy Implications of Recent Legislative Options '' ( PDF ) . The Joint Committee on Taxation - Congress of the United States : 9 . 23 June 2006 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An Overview of the Special Tax Rules Related to Puerto Rico and an Analysis of the Tax and Economic Policy Implications of Recent Legislative Options '' ( PDF ) . The Joint Committee on Taxation - Congress of the United States : 14 -- 15 . 23 June 2006 . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. GAO - Puerto Rico : Fiscal Relations with the Federal Government and Economic Trends during the Phaseout of the Possessions Tax Credit '' . gao.gov . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SSA Handbook § 2114 '' . socialsecurity.gov . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.prfaa.com/news/?p=252 Archived May 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Deceitful Tactics Used To Make Puerto Rico A State '' . eagleforum.org . Retrieved 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-17-4-c.html Archived June 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Committee Reports , 110th Congress ( 2007 - 2008 ) , House Report 110 - 597 , Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 '' . thomas.gov . Retrieved 22 February 2005 . ( Note that for the official US Congress database website , you will need to resubmit a query . The document in question is called `` House Report 110 - 597 - Puerto Rico Democracy Act of . '' These are the steps to follow : http://www.thomas.gov > Committee Reports > 110 > drop down `` Word / Phrase '' and pick `` Report Number '' > type `` 597 '' next to Report Number . This will provide the document `` House Report 110 - 597 - Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 '' , then from the Table of Contents choose `` Background and Need for Legislation '' . ) Jump up ^ `` Statehood for Puerto Ricans : Billions More in U.S. Programs -- and in Taxes '' . Wall Street Journal . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Recent Legislation : Puerto Rico Passes New Municipal Reorganization Act , 128 Harv . L. Rev. 1320 ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico v. Franklin California Tax - Free Trust '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ The Supreme Court , 2015 Term -- Leading Cases , 130 Harv . L. Rev. 347 ( 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Developments in the Law -- Ch. II : Territorial Federalism , 130 Harv . L. Rev. 1632 ( 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page xii . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page xii . Jump up ^ 2005 President 's Task Force . Page 4 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico State Electoral Commission : Official Results for the 1967 Political - Status Plebiscite . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico State Electoral Commission : Official Results for the 1993 Political - Status Plebiscite . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 2005 President 's Task Force . Page 4 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico State Electoral Commission : Official Results for the 1998 Political - Status Plebiscite . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Resultados Elecciones Generales 2012 - Noche del Evento '' . Comision Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Political Status of Puerto Rico : Options for Congress . Report RL32933 . By Keith Bea and R. Sam Garrett , Government and Finance Division . Congressional Research Service . Updated May 29 , 2008 . Page 32 . Appendix B : Puerto Rico Status Votes in Plebiscites and Referenda , 1967 -- 1998 . ( A WikiLeaks Document Release . At : https://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32933 . Dated February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Archived February 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Political Status of Puerto Rico : Options for Congress . Report RL32933 . By Keith Bea and R. Sam Garrett , Congressional Research Service . Dated June 19 , 2009 . Page 29 . Table B - 1 : Puerto Rico Status Votes in Plebiscites and Referenda , 1967 -- 1998 . Page 29 . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Papeleta Modelo Plebiscito 2012 '' ( PDF ) . CEEPUR . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CEE Event - Condición Política Territorial Actual - Resumen '' ( in Spanish ) . Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico . 2012 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` CEE Event - Opciones No Territoriales - Resumen '' ( in Spanish ) . Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico . 2012 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Wyss , Jim ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag ? '' . Miami Herald . Miami Herald . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Willie , Santana , ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Incorporating the Lonely Star : How Puerto Rico Became Incorporated and Earned a Place in the Sisterhood of States '' . Tennessee Journal of Law & Policy . 9 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Crabbe , Nathan ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Part of our country but still not a State '' . Gainesville Sun . Gainesville , FL . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Make room for 51st star ? Spending bill includes $2.5 million for vote on Puerto RIco statehood '' . 2014 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` What 's a Free Associated State ? '' . Puerto Rico Report . Puerto Rico Report . February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Statehood , Independence , or Free Association Referendum ( 2017 ) '' . Ballotpedia . Ballotpedia . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . With my vote , I make the initial request to the Federal Government to begin the process of the decolonization through : ( 1 ) Free Association : Puerto Rico should adopt a status outside of the Territory Clause of the Constitution of the United States that recognizes the sovereignty of the People of Puerto Rico . The Free Association would be based on a free and voluntary political association , the specific terms of which shall be agreed upon between the United States and Puerto Rico as sovereign nations . Such agreement would provide the scope of the jurisdictional powers that the People of Puerto Rico agree to confer to the United States and retain all other jurisdictional powers and authorities . Under this option the American citizenship would be subject to negotiation with the United States Government ; ( 2 ) Proclamation of Independence , I demand that the United States Government , in the exercise of its power to dispose of territory , recognize the national sovereignty of Puerto Rico as a completely independent nation and that the United States Congress enact the necessary legislation to initiate the negotiation and transition to the independent nation of Puerto Rico . My vote for Independence also represents my claim to the rights , duties , powers , and prerogatives of independent and democratic republics , my support of Puerto Rican citizenship , and a `` Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation '' between Puerto Rico and the United States after the transition process Jump up ^ Wyss , Jim ( January 2017 ) . `` Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag ? '' . Miami Herald . Miami . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coto , Danica ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood '' . Washington Post . DC . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Gillian B. ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Why Puerto Rican Statehood Matters So Much Right Now '' . The Atlantic . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Six words : the ability to file for bankruptcy Jump up ^ Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , American Expansion , and the Constitution . By Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . Duke University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 2698 - 1 . Page 21 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 Statement from Romero Barcelo Before Congress '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Political Status of Puerto Rico : Options for Congress , Page 6 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Appendix E , page 6 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth of Puerto Rico vs Sanchez Valle , No. 15 -- 108 . ( Argued January 13 , 2016 -- Decided June 9 , 2016 ) Supreme Court of the United States '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of the United States Blog . June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Injustice According to Law : The Insular Cases and Other Oddities . by José Trías Monge . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 233 . ^ Jump up to : Resolution 748 ( VIII ) . ( Note : To access the text of the UN document , scroll down the list that appears until Resolution `` 748 ( VIII ) '' , dated `` November 27 , 1953 '' , is found . Click on the link `` 748 ( VIII ) '' to view the text of the Resolution . Important : This is a UN document database query server ; documents are served on - the - fly . Saving the link that appears when the document opens will not provide access in the future . ) Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico : Commonwealth , Statehood , or Independence ? Constitutional Rights Foundation Archived June 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : U.S House of Representatives . 110th Congress . Second Session . Report # 597 . Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Injustice According to Law : The Insular Cases and Other Oddities . by Jose Trias Monge . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 239 . ^ Jump up to : UN Resolution 1514 ( XV ) of December 15 , 1960 . Listing of the full set of criteria that determines if a country or territory is a colony . Archived May 14 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US Congress ( Thomas Online Query Database ) , House Report 110 - 597 -- Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 . Background and Need for Legislation section '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States to Epedite Puerto Rico 's Self - Determination Process -- General Assembly GA / COL / 3160 -- Department of Public Information -- June 14 , 2007 '' . June 14 , 2007 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Terroristic Activity : The Cuban Connection in Puerto Rico . Hearings Before the U.S. Senate , Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee of the Judiciary . 94th Congress . First Session , part 6 . July 30 , 1975 . ( Washington , D.C. ) Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ General Assembly Resolution 748 ( VIII ) , November 27 , 1953 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Ricans Must Approve Future Status - Decolonization Committee '' , U.N. Chronicle 15 ( 9 ) : 35 ( October 1978 ) Jump up ^ `` Committee Calls for Fact Finding Mission to Visit Puerto Rico '' , U.N. Chronicle 16 ( 6 ) : 25 ( July -- October 1979 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The International Legal Status of Native Alaska '' by Russel Lawrence Barsh , published in Alaska Native News ( July 1984 ) , 4 . 2 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ `` Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States to Expedite Puerto Rico 's Self - Determination Process -- General Assembly GA / COL / 3160 -- Department of Public Information -- June 14 , 2007 '' . June 14 , 2007 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Constitutional Rights Foundation . Archived June 10 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved October 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : United States v. Sanchez Archived May 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , 992 F. 2d 1143 ( 11 Cir. 1993 ) . ( Paragraphs 44 -- 46 ) Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Status Field Hearing '' . Committee on Resources , U.S. House of Representatives , 105th Congress . April 19 , 1997 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1541 ( XV ) . Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for under Article 73 e of the Charter '' . United Nations General Assembly . December 15 , 1960 . Jump up ^ López , Ana M. ( 2014 ) . `` Puerto Rico at the United Nations '' . The North American Congress on Latin America . The North American Congress on Latin America . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ United Nations . General Assembly . Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples ( 1971 ) . Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples . 23 . United Nations Publications . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 1 - 810211 - 9 . Jump up ^ U.S. Congressman Luis Gutierrez , D - Illinois . House Session : United States - Puerto Rico Political Status Act . March 4 , 1998 . C - SPAN Video Library . In the words of the Congressman , The fact is that Puerto Rico is a nation ... Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ U.S. Congressman Luis Gutierrez , D - Illinois . House Session : United States - Puerto Rico Political Status Act . March 4 , 1998 . Congressional Record . March 4 , 1998 . 105th Congress , Second Session . Volume 144 , Issue No. 20 . Page H821. 1900 Hours . In the words of the Congressman , The people of Puerto Rico consider themselves a nation ... Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dr. Lynn Darrell Bender . Puertorriqueños and americanos in Puerto Rico : Ethnic Conflict ? in `` The Perplexing Hemisphere . '' Revista / Review Interamericana . Vol . XXX , No. 1 - 4 ( 2002 ) , pp. 1 -- 4 . Interamerican University of Puerto Rico . San German , Puerto Rico . The ( Puerto Rican ) cultural elites and intellectuals ... view Puerto Rico as a `` nation , '' in the sense of a distinct cultural - linguistic unit ... Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Countries and Their Cultures : Culture of Puerto Rico . `` Orientation : Identification . '' Page 1 . Puerto Ricans are a Caribbean people who regard themselves as citizens of a distinctive island nation ... Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( page 167 ) Jump up ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion , 1803 -- 1898 . By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 4984 - 5 . Page 167 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion , 1803 -- 1898 . by Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 4984 - 5 . Page 243 . Jump up ^ Sponsored Identities : Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico . in Making and Marketing National Identities . By Arlene M. Dávila . Temple University Press . 1997 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56639 - 549 - 6 . Pages 1 -- 3 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Political Status of Puerto Rico : Options for Congress . Summary page '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ United States - Puerto Rico Relations in the Early Cold War Years ( 1945 -- 1953 ) : Abstract . Carlos Ramon Zapata - Oliveras . January 1 , 1986 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Rights Foundation '' . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Sharon Ann , and Mejia , Armando Xavier , Latino Americans and Political Participation Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 523 - 3 . page 106 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico : The Trials of the Oldest Colony in the World . By Jose Trias Monge . Yale University Press . 1997 . Jump up ^ Archaeology and the Postcolonial Critique . By Matthew Liebmann , and Uzma Z . Rizvi . Page 54 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GUILLERMO MOSCOSO , `` FACTS REGARDING PUERTO RICAN CITIZENSHIP , '' THE SAN JUAN STAR , VIEWPOINT , WEDNESDAY , SEPTEMBER 17 , 1997 , PAGE 58 `` . www.puertorico-herald.org . line feed character in title = at position 49 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Requirement to use US - flagged ships only '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ La Prensa San Diego . By Marjorie Cohn . The Incarceration of Carlos Alberto Torres : After 30 Years in Prison , the Puerto Rican Political Prisoner Will Be Freed ... Vol . XXXIII . July 30 , 2010. `` Every year for 29 years the United Nations Decolonization Committee has passed a resolution calling for independence . '' Jump up ^ Harvest of Empire : A History of Latinos in America By Juan Gonzalez. page 262 , 272 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Archaeology and the Postcolonial Critique . By Matthew Liebmann , Uzma Z . Rizvi . Page 54 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ cited as `` Act of July 3 , 1950 , U.S. Statutes at Large 64 ( 1950 ) : 319 '' , in One Hundred Years of Solitude : Puerto Rico 's American Century . by Juan R. Torruella . In , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : Puerto Rico , The American Expansion , and the Constitution . Ed. by Christina Duffy Burnett and Burke Marshall . 2001 . Duke University Press . Page 248 . ^ Jump up to : The Politics of Direct Democracy : Referendums in Global Perspective . By Lawrence By LeDuc . Page 117 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion : 1803 -- 1898 . by Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . New York : Rowman and Littlefield Publishers . 2005 . Page 175 . Jump up ^ Harvest of Empire . By Juan Gonzalez . Page 265 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ True Nationhood Stands On The Pillar Of Independence . Myriam Marquez . Orlando Sentinel. 21 July 2002 . Reprinted by `` Puerto Rico Herald . '' Retrieved 22 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico in the American Century : A History Since 1898 . By César J. Ayala and Rafael Bernabe . Page 82 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ayala and Bernabe , Page 82 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` prfaa.com '' . www.prfaa.com . Jump up ^ Harvest of Empire . By Juan Gonzalez . Page 265 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Insular Cases -- The Decisions , Influence of the Cases , De Lima v. Bidwell , Goetze v. United States -- United , Court , Territories , Rico , Puerto , and Congress Jump up ^ Juan R. Torruella ( 1985 ) . The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico : the doctrine of separate and unequal . La Editorial , UPR . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8477 - 3019 - 3 Jump up ^ `` The Insular Cases : The Establishment of a Regime of Political Apartheid '' ( 2007 ) Juan R. Torruella Pages 318 -- 319 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion : 1803 -- 1898 . by Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . New York : Rowman and Littlefield Publishers . 2005 . Page 174 . Jump up ^ Francesco Cordasco and Eugene Bucchioni . The Puerto Rican Experience : a Sociological Sourcebook . Littlefield , Adams , & Co. 1973 . ISBN 0 - 87471 - 162 - 2 . page = 317 . Jump up ^ Have A Puerto Rican question ? Ask El Boricuazo . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Angel Collado Schwarz . Soberanias Exitosas : Seis modelos para el desarrollo economico de Puerto Rico . Fundacion Voz del Centro . Guaynabo , Puerto Rico . ( Spanish ) 2009 . ISBN 1 - 933545 - 13 - 5 . pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Francesco Cordasco and Eugene Bucchioni ( 1973 ) . The Puerto Rican Experience : a Sociological Sourcebook . Littlefield , Adams , & Co. p. 317 . ISBN 0 - 87471 - 162 - 2 . Jump up ^ Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos . Accessed January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Defining Status : A Comprehensive Analysis of United States Territorial Relations . By Arnold H. Leibowitz . Dordrecht : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . 1989 . Page 128 . Jump up ^ Angel Collado Schwarz ( 2009 ) . `` Singapur '' . Soberanias Exitosas : Seis modelos para el desarrollo economico de Puerto Rico ( in Spanish ) . Guaynabo , Puerto Rico : Fundacion Voz del Centro . pp. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 1 - 933545 - 13 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Have A Puerto Rican question ? Ask El Boricuazo '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Voices for Independence : In the Spirit of Valor and Sacrifice . Portraits of Notable Individuals in the Struggle for Puerto Rican Independence . By Jean Zwickel . White Star Press ( Pittsburg , California , U.S. ) ISBN 0 - 9620448 - 0 - 6 . March 1998 . Copyrighted '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The University of Puerto Rico : Colonialism and the Language of Teaching and Learning , 1903 -- 1952 . By Pablo Navarro - Rivera , School of Undergraduate Studies , Lesley College , Cambridge , MA . In , Journal for Pedagogy , Pluralism & Practice. `` With the military invasion of Puerto Rico in 1898 the United States ( U.S. ) initiated a colonization effort that made English the official language of the island . '' Retrieved March 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ Language Situations . ( A Review of The Movement Against Teaching English in Schools in Puerto Rico . ( 1987 ) By Edith Algren de Guitierrez . University Press of America . ) JSTOR . Vol 19 . No. 3 . ( Sept , 1990 ) By Ana Cecilia Zentella . Cambridge University Press. `` Ever since the United States occupied the Island in 1898 and declared English the only official language ... '' Retrieved March 12 , 2010 Jump up ^ Caribbean Business . Historical Highlights of Puerto Rico Retrieved March 12 , 1020 . Jump up ^ Hispania Research Corporation : Memorando analitico sobre el estudio del idioma en Puerto Rico -- Sometido a : Ateneo Puertorriqueño . Page 60 . ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Rivera Ramos , Efren ( 2005 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's Political Status '' . In Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion : 1803 -- 1898 . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 179 -- 180 . Jump up ^ Igartúa v. United States , 626 F. 3d 592 ( 1st Cir 2010 ) . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.vocero.com/noticias-es/nuevamente-'no'-al-foto-federal Jump up ^ Hispanics of Puerto Rican Origin in the United States , 2007 Retrieved November 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ White House Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Status at the Wayback Machine ( archived June 24 , 2008 ) ( archived from the original on June 24 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Gallup Poll , 3 / 6 - 9 / 1998 , CNN / USA Today / Gallup Poll , ref # GO 121850 : The Gallup Poll : Public Opinion , 1998 , by George Horace Gallup , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico remains a colony , panel says . J.A. Cruz . People 's World . July 6 , 2007 . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . External links ( edit ) UN resolutions ( edit ) 2011 - 06 - 20 . Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States , in Consensus Text , to Speed up Process Allowing Puerto Rico to Exercise Self - Determination : Nearly 25 Petitioners Underscore Gravity of Situation on Island , Buckling Under Economic Strain ; Vigorous Opposition to Death Penalty Also Expressed. ( June 20 , 2011 ) Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . 2010 - 06 - 21 . Special Committee on Decolonization Passes Text Urging General Assembly to Consider Formally Situation Concerning Puerto Rico : Draft Resolution Calls on United States to Expedite Island 's Self - Determination . ( June 21 , 2010 ) Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . 2009 - 06 - 15 . Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Self - determination Process for Puerto Rico . Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence , Statehood , Free Association . ( June 15 , 2009 ) Retrieved Sept 3 , 2010 . 2006 - 06 - 13 . Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Puerto Rican Self - determination Process . Draft Resolution Urges Probe of Pro-Independence Leader 's Killing , Human Rights Abuses ; Calls for Clean - up , Decontamination of Vieques . ( June 13 , 2006 ) Retrieved Dec 3 , 2009 . Bills before Congress ( edit ) 1996 - 03 - 23 . HR - 3024 , U.S. - Puerto Rico Political Status Act . San Juan , PR . ( March 23 , 1996 ) Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . 1997 - 03 - 19 . 1997 Puerto Rico Status Hearing before the Committee on Resources , House of Representatives . 105th Congress . First Session on H.R. 856 , `` A Bill to Provide a Process Leading to Full Self - government for Puerto Rico '' . ( March 19 , 1997 ) -- Washington , D.C. ( Serial No. 105 -- 16 ) 2007 - 02 - 07 . Text of H.R. 900 : Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 . Union Calendar No. 370 . 110th CONGRESS , 2d Session . H.R. 900 . Report No. 110 - 597 . To provide for a federally sanctioned self - determination process for the people of Puerto Rico . In the House of Representatives . ( February 7 , 2007 ) Others ( edit ) Will Puerto Rico Finally Become Our 51st State ? Portal de la Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico ( In Spanish ) Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration An Introduction to Puerto Rico 's Status Debate at the Wayback Machine ( archived August 7 , 2007 ) ( archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 07 ) Again with the 51st State ... by Eric Lurio , The Huffington Post , August 1 , 2009 House Vote On Puerto Rico 's Status Divides Hispanic Lawmakers -- video report by Democracy Now ! 1993 - 07 - 13 . Puerto Rico Self - Determination Part I. Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Insular Affairs of the Committee on Natural Resources , House of Representatives . 103rd Congress , First Session . On H. Con . Res. 94 : Expressing the Sense of the Congress Regarding the Expression of Self - determination by the People of Puerto Rico . Washington , D.C. ( July 13 , 1993 ) Retrieved Dec 3 , 2009 . Text of Law # 283 of 2011 , ordering the 2012 Political Status plebiscite , and which provides a fairly complete picture of the events related to Puerto Rico 's political status that have taken place since the 1898 U.S. annexation of the island . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . 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why is puerto rico only a us territory
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"The current political status of Puerto Rico is the result of various political activities within both the United States and Puerto Rican governments. Politically, Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the United States, which according to the U.S. Supreme Court's Insular Cases is \"a territory appurtenant and belonging to the United States, but not a part of the United States within the revenue clauses of the Constitution.\"[1][2] The basic question regarding this issue is whether Puerto Rico should remain a U.S. territory, become a U.S. state or become an independent country."
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"according to the U.S. Supreme Court's Insular Cases is \"a territory appurtenant and belonging to the United States, but not a part of the United States within the revenue clauses of the Constitution.\""
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-4577366208520632192
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Surgical neck of the humerus
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Surgical neck of the humerus - Wikipedia Surgical neck of the humerus Jump to : navigation , search Surgical neck of the humerus Left humerus . Anterior view . ( Surgical neck labeled at upper left . ) Details Identifiers Latin collum chirurgicum humeri TA A02. 4.04. 004 FMA 23359 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The surgical neck of the humerus is a constriction below the tubercles of the greater tubercle and lesser tubercle , and above the Deltoid Tuberosity . It is much more frequently fractured than the anatomical neck of the humerus . A fracture in this area is most likely to cause damage to the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery . Damage to the axillary nerve affects function of the teres minor and deltoid muscles , resulting in loss of abduction of arm ( from 15 - 90 degrees ) , weak flexion , extension , and rotation of shoulder as well as loss of sensation of the skin over a small part of the lateral shoulder . See also ( edit ) Quadrangular space References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 209 of the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) External links ( edit ) Anatomy image : skel / humerusup2 at Human Anatomy Lecture ( Biology 129 ) , Pennsylvania State University `` Surgical neck of humerus '' . Medcyclopaedia . GE . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 20 . radiographsul at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) ( xrayleftshoulder ) Bones of the arm Shoulder girdle , clavicle conoid tubercle trapezoid line costal tuberosity subclavian groove Scapula fossae ( subscapular , supraspinatous , infraspinatous ) notches ( suprascapular , great scapular ) glenoid cavity tubercles ( infraglenoid , supraglenoid ) spine of scapula acromion coracoid process angles ( superior , inferior , lateral ) Humerus upper extremity : necks ( anatomical , surgical ) tubercles ( greater , lesser ) bicipital groove body : radial sulcus deltoid tuberosity lower extremity : capitulum trochlea epicondyles ( lateral , medial ) supracondylar ridges ( lateral , medial ) fossae ( radial , coronoid , olecranon ) Forearm Radius near elbow ( head , tuberosity ) near wrist ( ulnar notch , styloid process , Lister 's tubercle ) Ulna near elbow ( tuberosity , olecranon , coronoid process , radial notch , trochlear notch ) near wrist ( styloid process ) Hand Carpal bones scaphoid lunate triquetral pisiform trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate hamulus Metacarpal bones 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Phalanges proximal intermediate distal This human musculoskeletal system article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surgical_neck_of_the_humerus&oldid=825194806 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Humerus Musculoskeletal system stubs Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Galego Magyar Português Română ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 00 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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clinical implications of fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus
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"It is much more frequently fractured than the anatomical neck of the humerus. A fracture in this area is most likely to cause damage to the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery. Damage to the axillary nerve affects function of the teres minor and deltoid muscles, resulting in loss of abduction of arm (from 15-90 degrees), weak flexion, extension, and rotation of shoulder as well as loss of sensation of the skin over a small part of the lateral shoulder."
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"damage to the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery"
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List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
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List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees - wikipedia List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Jump to : navigation , search The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , established in 1983 and located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States , is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best - known and most influential musicians , bands , producers , and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry , particularly in the area of rock and roll . Originally , there were four categories of induction : performers , non-performers , early influences , and lifetime achievement . In 2000 , `` sidemen '' was introduced as a category . The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category . Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are then sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2010 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . As of 2017 , new inductees will be honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland ; prior to that , the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland , New York , and Los Angeles . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals , nominating too many artists in too many genres that are not entirely rock , ignoring entire rock genres , and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters . The Sex Pistols , who were inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony ; John Lydon writing a note , read out by Jann Wenner , calling the museum a `` piss stain . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Inductees 1.1 Performers 1.2 Early influences 1.3 Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) 1.4 Award for Musical Excellence 1.5 Sidemen 1.6 Lifetime achievement 2 Multiple inductees 3 References 4 External links Inductees ( edit ) Performers ( edit ) The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have `` influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . '' Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2011 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . In 2012 , six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee , due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' Year Image Name Inducted members Inducted by 1986 Berry , Chuck Chuck Berry Keith Richards 1986 Brown , James James Brown Steve Winwood 1986 Charles , Ray Ray Charles Quincy Jones 1986 Cooke , Sam Sam Cooke Herb Alpert 1986 Domino , Fats Fats Domino Billy Joel 1986 Everly Brothers ! The Everly Brothers Don Everly and Phil Everly . Neil Young 1986 Holly , Buddy Buddy Holly John Fogerty 1986 Lewis , Jerry Lee Jerry Lee Lewis Hank Williams Jr . 1986 Little Richard Roberta Flack 1986 Presley , Elvis Elvis Presley Julian and Sean Lennon Coasters ! The Coasters Carl Gardner , Cornell Gunter , Billy Guy , and Will `` Dub '' Jones . Lester Sill Cochran , Eddie Eddie Cochran Mick Jones Diddley , Bo Bo Diddley ZZ Top Franklin , Aretha Aretha Franklin Keith Richards Gaye , Marvin Marvin Gaye Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson Haley , Bill Bill Haley Chuck Berry King , B.B. B.B. King Sting McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter Ben E. King Nelson , Ricky Ricky Nelson John Fogerty Orbison , Roy Roy Orbison Bruce Springsteen Perkins , Carl Carl Perkins Sam Phillips Robinson , Smokey Smokey Robinson Daryl Hall and John Oates Turner , Big Joe Big Joe Turner Doc Pomus Waters , Muddy Muddy Waters Paul Butterfield Wilson , Jackie Jackie Wilson Peter Wolf 1988 Beach Boys ! The Beach Boys Al Jardine , Mike Love , Brian Wilson , Carl Wilson , and Dennis Wilson . Elton John 1988 Beatles ! The Beatles George Harrison , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and Ringo Starr . Mick Jagger 1988 Drifters ! The Drifters Ben E. King , Rudy Lewis , Clyde McPhatter , Johnny Moore , Bill Pinkney , Charlie Thomas , and Gerhart Thrasher . Billy Joel 1988 Dylan , Bob Bob Dylan Bruce Springsteen 1988 Supremes ! The Supremes Florence Ballard , Diana Ross , and Mary Wilson . Little Richard 1989 Dion ! Dion Lou Reed 1989 Redding , Otis Otis Redding Little Richard 1989 Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , and Bill Wyman . Pete Townshend 1989 Temptations ! The Temptations Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams , Dennis Edwards . Daryl Hall and John Oates 1989 Wonder , Stevie Stevie Wonder Paul Simon 1990 Ballard , Hank Hank Ballard Boz Scaggs 1990 Darin , Bobby Bobby Darin Paul Anka 1990 Four Seasons ! The Four Seasons Tom DeVito , Bob Gaudio , Nick Massi , and Frankie Valli . Bob Crewe 1990 Four Tops ! Four Tops Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson , Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Lawrence Payton , and Levi Stubbs . Stevie Wonder 1990 Kinks ! The Kinks Mick Avory , Dave Davies , Ray Davies , and Pete Quaife . Graham Nash 1990 Platters ! The Platters David Lynch , Herb Reed , Paul Robi , Zola Taylor , and Tony Williams . Phil Spector 1990 Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel . James Taylor 1990 Who ! The Who Roger Daltrey , John Entwistle , Keith Moon , and Pete Townshend . Bono 1991 Baker , LaVern LaVern Baker Chaka Khan 1991 Byrds ! The Byrds Gene Clark , Michael Clarke , David Crosby , Chris Hillman , and Roger McGuinn . Don Henley 1991 Hooker , John Lee John Lee Hooker Bonnie Raitt 1991 -- Impressions ! The Impressions Curtis Mayfield , Sam Gooden , Fred Cash , Arthur Brooks , Richard Brooks , and Jerry Butler . Tracy Chapman 1991 Pickett , Wilson Wilson Pickett Bobby Brown 1991 Reed , Jimmy Jimmy Reed ZZ Top 1991 Turner , Ike & Tina Ike & Tina Turner Ike Turner and Tina Turner . Phil Spector 1992 Bland , Bobby ! Bobby `` Blue '' Bland B.B. King 1992 Booker T. & the M.G. 's Booker T. Jones , Steve Cropper , Donald `` Duck '' Dunn , Al Jackson Jr. , and Lewie Steinberg . Jim Stewart 1992 Cash , Johnny Johnny Cash Lyle Lovett 1992 Isley Brothers ! The Isley Brothers Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , and Chris Jasper . Little Richard 1992 Hendrix Experience , The Jimi The Jimi Hendrix Experience Jimi Hendrix , Mitch Mitchell , and Noel Redding . Neil Young 1992 Sam & Dave Sam Moore and Dave Prater . Billy Joel 1992 Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds Jeff Beck , Eric Clapton , Chris Dreja , Jim McCarty , Jimmy Page , Keith Relf , and Paul Samwell - Smith . The Edge 1993 Brown , Ruth Ruth Brown Bonnie Raitt 1993 Cream Ginger Baker , Jack Bruce , and Eric Clapton . ZZ Top 1993 Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford , Stu Cook , John Fogerty , and Tom Fogerty . Bruce Springsteen 1993 Doors ! The Doors John Densmore , Robby Krieger , Ray Manzarek , and Jim Morrison . Eddie Vedder 1993 Lymon & The Teenagers , Frankie Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers Herman Santiago , Jimmy Merchant , Sherman Garnes , Frankie Lymon , and Joe Negroni Boyz II Men 1993 James , Etta Etta James k.d. lang 1993 Morrison , Van Van Morrison Robbie Robertson 1993 Sly and the Family Stone Gregg Errico , Larry Graham , Jerry Martini , Cynthia Robinson , Freddie Stone , Rosie Stone , and Sly Stone . George Clinton 1994 Animals ! The Animals Eric Burdon , Chas Chandler , Alan Price , John Steel , and Hilton Valentine . Dave Pirner 1994 Band ! The Band Rick Danko , Levon Helm , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel , and Robbie Robertson . Eric Clapton 1994 Eddy , Duane Duane Eddy Mick Jones 1994 Grateful Dead Tom Constanten , Jerry Garcia , Donna Jean Godchaux , Keith Godchaux , Mickey Hart , Robert Hunter , Bill Kreutzmann , Phil Lesh , Ron McKernan , Brent Mydland , Bob Weir , and Vince Welnick . Bruce Hornsby 1994 John , Elton Elton John Axl Rose 1994 Lennon , John John Lennon Paul McCartney 1994 Marley , Bob Bob Marley Bono 1994 Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart Jeff Beck 1995 Allman Brothers Band ! The Allman Brothers Band Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jai Johanny Johanson , Berry Oakley , and Butch Trucks . Willie Nelson 1995 Green , Al Al Green Natalie Cole 1995 Joplin , Janis Janis Joplin Melissa Etheridge 1995 Led Zeppelin John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , and Robert Plant Steven Tyler and Joe Perry 1995 Martha and the Vandellas Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , and Martha Reeves . Fred Schneider and Kate Pierson 1995 Young , Neil Neil Young Eddie Vedder 1995 Zappa , Frank Frank Zappa Lou Reed Bowie , David David Bowie Madonna and David Byrne Knight & the Pips , Gladys Gladys Knight & the Pips William Guest , Gladys Knight , Merald `` Bubba '' Knight , and Edward Patten . Mariah Carey Jefferson Airplane Marty Balin , Jack Casady , Spencer Dryden , Paul Kantner , Jorma Kaukonen , and Grace Slick . Mickey Hart and Phil Lesh Little Willie John Stevie Wonder Pink Floyd Syd Barrett , David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Roger Waters , and Rick Wright . Billy Corgan Shirelles ! The Shirelles Shirley Alston Reeves , Addie Harris , Doris Kenner - Jackson , and Beverly Lee . Merry Clayton , Marianne Faithfull and Darlene Love Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground John Cale , Sterling Morrison , Lou Reed , and Maureen Tucker . Patti Smith 1997 Bee Gees Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , and Robin Gibb . Brian Wilson 1997 Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , and Neil Young . Tom Petty 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash David Crosby , Graham Nash , and Stephen Stills . James Taylor 1997 Jackson 5 , The The Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Tito Jackson . Diana Ross 1997 Mitchell , Joni Joni Mitchell Shawn Colvin 1997 Parliament - Funkadelic Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , William `` Billy Bass '' Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , and Bernie Worrell . Prince 1997 Rascals ! The ( Young ) Rascals Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , and Dino Danelli . Steven Van Zandt 1998 Eagles Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , Randy Meisner , Timothy B. Schmit , and Joe Walsh . Jimmy Buffett 1998 Fleetwood Mac Lindsey Buckingham , Mick Fleetwood , Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , and Jeremy Spencer . Sheryl Crow 1998 Mamas & The Papas ! The Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , John Phillips , and Michelle Phillips . Shania Twain 1998 Price , Lloyd Lloyd Price Tony Rich 1998 Santana Jose Chepito Areas , David Brown , Michael Carabello , Gregg Rolie , Carlos Santana , and Michael Shrieve . John Popper 1998 Vincent , Gene Gene Vincent John Fogerty 1999 Joel , Billy Billy Joel Ray Charles 1999 Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield Sean Combs 1999 McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney Neil Young 1999 Shannon , Del Del Shannon Art Alexakis 1999 Springfield , Dusty Dusty Springfield Elton John 1999 Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen Bono 1999 Staple Singers , The The Staple Singers Cleotha Staples , Mavis Staples , Pervis Staples , Pops Staples , and Yvonne Staples . Lauryn Hill 2000 Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton Robbie Robertson 2000 Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey , Larry Dunn , Johnny Graham , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Fred White , Maurice White , Verdine White , and Andrew Woolfolk . Lil Kim 2000 Lovin ' Spoonful , The The Lovin ' Spoonful Steve Boone , Joe Butler , John Sebastian , and Zal Yanovsky . John Mellencamp 2000 Moonglows , The The Moonglows Prentiss Barnes , Harvey Fuqua , Peter Graves , Billy Johnson , and Bobby Lester . Paul Simon 2000 Raitt , Bonnie Bonnie Raitt Melissa Etheridge 2000 Taylor , James James Taylor Paul McCartney 2001 Aerosmith Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , and Brad Whitford . Kid Rock 2001 Burke , Solomon Solomon Burke Mary J. Blige 2001 Flamingos , The The Flamingos Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , and Paul Wilson . Frankie Valli 2001 Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson NSYNC 2001 Queen John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , and Roger Taylor . Dave Grohl and Taylor Hawkins 2001 Simon , Paul Paul Simon Marc Anthony 2001 Steely Dan Walter Becker and Donald Fagen . Moby 2001 Valens , Ritchie Ritchie Valens Ricky Martin 2002 Hayes , Isaac Isaac Hayes Alicia Keys 2002 Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee Jewel 2002 Petty and the Heartbreakers , Tom Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Tom Petty , Ron Blair , Mike Campbell , Howie Epstein , Stan Lynch , and Benmont Tench . Jakob Dylan 2002 Pitney , Gene Gene Pitney Darlene Love 2002 Ramones Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , Marky Ramone , and Tommy Ramone . Eddie Vedder 2002 Talking Heads David Byrne , Chris Frantz , Jerry Harrison , and Tina Weymouth . Anthony Kiedis 2003 AC / DC Brian Johnson , Phil Rudd , Bon Scott , Cliff Williams , Angus Young , and Malcolm Young . Steven Tyler 2003 Clash , The The Clash Terry Chimes , Topper Headon , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , and Joe Strummer . The Edge and Tom Morello 2003 Costello & the Attractions , Elvis Elvis Costello & the Attractions Elvis Costello , Steve Nieve , Bruce Thomas , and Pete Thomas . Elton John 2003 Police , The The Police Stewart Copeland , Sting , and Andy Summers . Gwen Stefani 2003 Righteous Brothers , The The Righteous Brothers Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley . Billy Joel Browne , Jackson Jackson Browne Bruce Springsteen Dells , The The Dells Verne Allison , Chuck Barksdale , Johnny Carter , Johnny Funches , Marvin Junior , and Michael McGill . Robert Townsend Harrison , George George Harrison Tom Petty and Jeff Lynne Prince Outkast and Alicia Keys Seger , Bob Bob Seger Kid Rock Traffic Jim Capaldi , Dave Mason , Steve Winwood , and Chris Wood . Dave Matthews ZZ Top Frank Beard , Billy Gibbons , and Dusty Hill . Keith Richards 2005 Guy , Buddy Buddy Guy Eric Clapton and B.B. King 2005 O'Jays , The The O'Jays Eddie Levert , Bobby Massey , William Powell , Sammy Strain , and Walter Williams . Justin Timberlake 2005 The Pretenders Martin Chambers , Pete Farndon , James Honeyman - Scott , and Chrissie Hynde . Neil Young 2005 Sledge , Percy Percy Sledge Rod Stewart 2005 U2 Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , and Larry Mullen , Jr ... Bruce Springsteen 2006 Black Sabbath Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi , Ozzy Osbourne , and Bill Ward . James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich 2006 Blondie Clem Burke , Jimmy Destri , Nigel Harrison , Debbie Harry , Frank Infante , Chris Stein , and Gary Valentine . Shirley Manson 2006 Davis , Miles Miles Davis Herbie Hancock 2006 Lynyrd Skynyrd Bob Burns , Allen Collins , Steve Gaines , Ed King , Billy Powell , Artimus Pyle , Gary Rossington , Ronnie Van Zant , and Leon Wilkeson . Kid Rock 2006 Sex Pistols Paul Cook , Steve Jones , Glen Matlock , John Lydon , and Sid Vicious . Jann Wenner 2007 Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five Melvin `` Melle Mel '' Glover , Nathaniel `` The Kidd Creole '' Glover , Eddie `` Scorpio '' Morris , Joseph `` Grandmaster Flash '' Sadler , Robert Keith `` Keef Cowboy '' Wiggins , and Guy Todd `` Rahiem '' Williams . Jay - Z 2007 R.E.M. Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills , and Michael Stipe . Eddie Vedder 2007 Ronettes , The The Ronettes Estelle Bennett , Ronnie Spector , and Nedra Talley . Keith Richards 2007 Smith , Patti Patti Smith Zack de la Rocha 2007 Van Halen Michael Anthony , Sammy Hagar , David Lee Roth , Alex Van Halen , and Eddie Van Halen . Velvet Revolver 2008 Clark Five , The Dave The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark , Lenny Davidson , Rick Huxley , Denis Payton , and Mike Smith . Tom Hanks 2008 Cohen , Leonard Leonard Cohen Lou Reed 2008 Madonna Justin Timberlake 2008 Mellencamp , John John Mellencamp Billy Joel 2008 Ventures , The The Ventures Bob Bogle , Nokie Edwards , Gerry McGee , Mel Taylor , and Don Wilson . John Fogerty 2009 Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck Jimmy Page 2009 Little Anthony and the Imperials Clarence Collins , Anthony Gourdine , Tracy Lord , Glouster `` Nat '' Rogers , Sammy Strain , and Ernest Wright Jr . Smokey Robinson 2009 Metallica Cliff Burton , Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield , Jason Newsted , Robert Trujillo , and Lars Ulrich . Flea 2009 Run - DMC Darryl `` D.M.C. '' McDaniels , Jason `` Jam - Master Jay '' Mizell , and Joseph `` DJ Run '' Simmons . Eminem 2009 Womack , Bobby Bobby Womack Ron Wood ABBA Benny Andersson , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , and Björn Ulvaeus . Barry and Robin Gibb Genesis Tony Banks , Phil Collins , Peter Gabriel , Steve Hackett , and Mike Rutherford . Trey Anastasio Cliff , Jimmy Jimmy Cliff Wyclef Jean Hollies , The The Hollies Bernie Calvert , Allan Clarke , Bobby Elliott , Eric Haydock , Tony Hicks , Graham Nash , and Terry Sylvester . Steven Van Zandt Stooges , The The Stooges Dave Alexander , Ron Asheton , Scott Asheton , Iggy Pop , and James Williamson . Billie Joe Armstrong 2011 Alice Cooper Alice Cooper , Michael Owen Bruce , Glen Buxton , Dennis Dunaway , and Neal Smith . Rob Zombie 2011 Diamond , Neil Neil Diamond Paul Simon 2011 Dr. John John Legend 2011 Love , Darlene Darlene Love Bette Midler 2011 Waits , Tom Tom Waits Neil Young 2012 Beastie Boys Michael `` Mike D '' Diamond , Adam `` Ad - Rock '' Horovitz , and Adam `` MCA '' Yauch . Chuck D and LL Cool J 2012 -- Blue Caps ! The Blue Caps Backing band for Gene Vincent . Inducted : Tommy Facenda , Cliff Gallup , Dickie Harrell , Bobby Jones , Johnny Meeks , Jack Neal , Paul Peek , and Willie Williams . Smokey Robinson 2012 Comets ! The Comets Backing band for Bill Haley . Inducted : Joey Ambrose , Franny Beecher , Danny Cedrone , Johnny Grande , Ralph Jones , Marshall Lytle , Rudy Pompilli , Al Rex , Dick Richards , and Billy Williamson . Smokey Robinson 2012 Crickets ! The Crickets Backing band for Buddy Holly . Inducted : Jerry Allison , Sonny Curtis , Joe B. Mauldin , and Niki Sullivan . Smokey Robinson 2012 Donovan John Mellencamp 2012 Famous Flames ! The Famous Flames Backing vocal group for James Brown . Inducted : Bobby Bennett , Bobby Byrd , Lloyd Stallworth , and Johnny Terry . Smokey Robinson 2012 Guns N ' Roses Steven Adler , Duff McKagan , Dizzy Reed , Axl Rose , Slash , Matt Sorum , and Izzy Stradlin . Green Day 2012 -- Midnighters ! The Midnighters Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard . Inducted : Henry Booth , Billy Davis , Cal Green , Arthur Porter , Lawson Smith , Charles Sutton , Norman Thrasher , and Sonny Woods . Smokey Robinson 2012 Miracles ! The Miracles Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson . Inducted : Claudette Rogers , Bobby Rogers , Ronald White , Marv Tarplin , and Pete Moore . Smokey Robinson 2012 Nyro , Laura Laura Nyro Bette Midler 2012 Red Hot Chili Peppers Flea , John Frusciante , Jack Irons , Anthony Kiedis , Josh Klinghoffer , Cliff Martinez , Hillel Slovak , and Chad Smith . Chris Rock 2012 -- Small Faces / Faces Kenney Jones , Ronnie Lane , Ian McLagan , Steve Marriott , Rod Stewart , and Ronnie Wood . Steven Van Zandt 2013 Heart Michael DeRosier , Roger Fisher , Steve Fossen , Howard Leese , Ann Wilson , and Nancy Wilson . Chris Cornell 2013 King , Albert Albert King John Mayer 2013 Newman , Randy Randy Newman Don Henley 2013 Public Enemy Flavor Flav , Professor Griff , Terminator X , and Chuck D . Harry Belafonte and Spike Lee 2013 Rush Geddy Lee , Alex Lifeson , and Neil Peart . Dave Grohl and Taylor Hawkins 2013 Summer , Donna Donna Summer Kelly Rowland 2014 Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel Chris Martin 2014 Hall & Oates Daryl Hall and John Oates . Questlove 2014 Kiss Peter Criss , Ace Frehley , Gene Simmons , and Paul Stanley . Tom Morello 2014 Nirvana Kurt Cobain , Dave Grohl , and Krist Novoselic . Michael Stipe 2014 Ronstadt , Linda Linda Ronstadt Glenn Frey 2014 Stevens , Cat Cat Stevens Art Garfunkel 2015 Butterfield Blues Band , The Paul The Paul Butterfield Blues Band Paul Butterfield , Mike Bloomfield , Elvin Bishop , Mark Naftalin , Jerome Arnold , Billy Davenport , and Sam Lay . Peter Wolf 2015 Jett & the Blackhearts , Joan Joan Jett & the Blackhearts Joan Jett , Gary Ryan , Lee Crystal , and Ricky Byrd . Miley Cyrus 2015 Reed , Lou Lou Reed Patti Smith 2015 Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong , Tré Cool , and Mike Dirnt . Fall Out Boy 2015 Vaughan , Stevie Ray Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Stevie Ray Vaughan , Chris Layton , Tommy Shannon , and Reese Wynans . John Mayer 2015 Withers , Bill Bill Withers Stevie Wonder 2016 Cheap Trick Bun E. Carlos , Rick Nielsen , Tom Petersson , and Robin Zander . Kid Rock 2016 Chicago Peter Cetera , Terry Kath , Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow , Walter Parazaider , and Danny Seraphine . Rob Thomas 2016 Deep Purple Ritchie Blackmore , David Coverdale , Rod Evans , Ian Gillan , Roger Glover , Glenn Hughes , Jon Lord , and Ian Paice Lars Ulrich 2016 N.W.A DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Eazy - E , and Dr. Dre Kendrick Lamar 2016 Miller , Steve Steve Miller The Black Keys 2017 Electric Light Orchestra Bev Bevan , Jeff Lynne , Richard Tandy , and Roy Wood Dhani Harrison 2017 Baez , Joan Joan Baez Jackson Browne 2017 Journey Jonathan Cain , Aynsley Dunbar , Steve Perry , Gregg Rolie , Neal Schon , Steve Smith , and Ross Valory Pat Monahan 2017 Pearl Jam Jeff Ament , Matt Cameron , Stone Gossard , Dave Krusen , Mike McCready , and Eddie Vedder David Letterman 2017 Tupac Shakur Snoop Dogg 2017 Yes Jon Anderson , Bill Bruford , Steve Howe , Tony Kaye , Trevor Rabin , Chris Squire , Rick Wakeman , and Alan White Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson 2018 Bon Jovi David Bryan , Jon Bon Jovi , Hugh McDonald , Richie Sambora , Alec John Such and Tico Torres Howard Stern 2018 The Cars Elliot Easton , Greg Hawkes , David Robinson , Ric Ocasek and Benjamin Orr Brandon Flowers 2018 Dire Straits Alan Clark , Guy Fletcher , John Illsley , David Knopfler , Mark Knopfler and Pick Withers 2018 The Moody Blues Graeme Edge , Justin Hayward , Denny Laine , John Lodge , Mike Pinder and Ray Thomas Ann Wilson 2018 Nina Simone Mary J. Blige ^ Note 1 . These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee , and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees . ^ Note 2 . This artist was later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame after inducting someone else . ^ Note 3 . This artist was already a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when they inducted someone else . Early influences ( edit ) Woody Guthrie , inducted in 1988 . Louis Armstrong , inducted in 1990 . Pete Seeger , inducted in 1996 . Charles Brown , inducted in 1999 . Artists inducted into the early influences category are those `` whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock 's leading artists . '' Unlike the performers category , these inductees are selected by a committee . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . Year Name 1986 Rodgers , Jimmie Jimmie Rodgers 1986 Yancey , Jimmy Jimmy Yancey 1986 Johnson , Robert Robert Johnson Jordan , Louis Louis Jordan Walker , T - Bone T - Bone Walker Williams , Hank Hank Williams 1988 Guthrie , Woody Woody Guthrie 1988 Lead Belly 1988 Les Paul 1989 Ink Spots ! The Ink Spots 1989 Smith , Bessie Bessie Smith 1989 Soul Stirrers ! The Soul Stirrers 1990 Christian , Charlie Charlie Christian 1990 Armstrong , Louis Louis Armstrong 1990 Rainey , Ma Ma Rainey 1991 Howlin ' Wolf 1992 James , Elmore Elmore James 1992 Longhair , Professor Professor Longhair 1993 Washington , Dinah Dinah Washington 1994 Dixon , Willie Willie Dixon 1995 Orioles , The The Orioles Seeger , Pete Pete Seeger 1997 Jackson , Mahalia Mahalia Jackson 1997 Monroe , Bill Bill Monroe 1998 Jelly Roll Morton 1999 Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys 1999 Brown , Charles Charles Brown 2000 Cole , Nat ! Nat King Cole 2000 Holiday , Billie Billie Holiday 2009 Jackson , Wanda Wanda Jackson 2012 King , Freddie Freddie King 2015 5 Royalses ! The `` 5 '' Royales 2018 Tharpe , Sister Rosetta Sister Rosetta Tharpe ^ A. Inducted members : Bill Kenny , Charlie Fuqua , Deek Watson , and Orville `` Hoppy '' Jones . ^ B. Inducted members : Roy Crain Sr. , R.H. Harris , Jesse Farley , and E.A. Rundless . ^ C. Inducted members : Sonny Til , Tommy Gaither , George Nelson , Johnny Reed , and Alexander Sharp . ^ D. Inducted members : Bob Wills , Tommy Duncan , Leon McAuliffe , Johnny Gimble , Joe `` Jody '' Holley , Tiny Moore , Herb Remington , Eldon Shamblin , and Al Stricklin . ^ E. Nominated as a performer . ^ F. Inducted members : John L. Tanner , Eugene Tanner , James E. Moore , Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling , Jr Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegün Award ) ( edit ) Carole King , inducted in 1990 Dick Clark , inducted in 1993 Clive Davis , inducted in 2000 The non-performer category honors `` songwriters , producers , disc jockeys , record executives , journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll . '' Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well . The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . This category has been criticized for inducting those that have `` been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets '' and not revealing their full criteria . In 2008 , this category was renamed the `` Ahmet Ertegün Award '' . Year Name 1986 Freed , Alan Alan Freed 1986 Phillips , Sam Sam Phillips Chess , Leonard Leonard Chess Ertegun , Ahmet Ahmet Ertegun Leiber ! Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Wexler , Jerry Jerry Wexler 1988 Gordy , Jr. , Berry Berry Gordy , Jr . 1989 Spector , Phil Phil Spector 1990 Gerry Goffin and Carole King 1990 Holland -- Dozier -- Holland 1991 Bartholomew , Dave Dave Bartholomew 1991 Bass , Ralph Ralph Bass 1992 Fender , Leo Leo Fender 1992 Graham , Bill Bill Graham 1992 Pomus , Doc Doc Pomus 1993 Clark , Dick Dick Clark 1993 Gabler , Milt Milt Gabler 1994 Otis , Johnny Johnny Otis 1995 Ackerman , Paul Paul Ackerman Donahue , Tom Tom Donahue 1997 Nathan , Syd Syd Nathan 1998 Toussaint , Allen Allen Toussaint 1999 Martin , George George Martin 2000 Davis , Clive Clive Davis 2001 Blackwell , Chris Chris Blackwell 2002 Stewart , Jim Jim Stewart 2003 Ostin , Mo Mo Ostin 2008 Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff Geffen , David David Geffen Blackwell , Otis Otis Blackwell Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich Shuman , Mort Mort Shuman Stone , Jesse Jesse Stone Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil 2011 Holzman , Jac Jac Holzman 2011 Rupe , Art Art Rupe 2012 Kirshner , Don Don Kirshner 2013 Adler , Lou Lou Adler 2013 Jones , Quincy Quincy Jones 2014 Epstein , Brian Brian Epstein 2014 Andrew Loog Oldham 2016 Berns , Bert Bert Berns Award for Musical Excellence ( edit ) Leon Russell , inducted in 2011 . This category , which replaced sidemen , `` honors those musicians , producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers . '' Year Name 2011 Russell , Leon Leon Russell 2012 Matassa , Cosimo Cosimo Matassa 2012 Dowd , Tom Tom Dowd 2012 Johns , Glyn Glyn Johns 2014 E Street Band 2015 Ringo Starr 2017 Nile Rodgers ^ G. Inducted members : Garry Tallent , Roy Bittan , Max Weinberg , Steven Van Zandt , Nils Lofgren , Patti Scialfa , Clarence Clemons , Danny Federici , Vini Lopez , David Sancious . Sidemen ( edit ) Established in 2000 , the sidemen category `` honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight , performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert . '' A separate committee , composed mainly of producers , chooses the inductees . In 2010 , the category was renamed to `` Award for Musical Excellence '' . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' James Burton , inducted in 2001 . Year Name Instrument 2000 Blaine , Hal Hal Blaine Drums 2000 Curtis , King King Curtis Saxophone 2000 Jamerson , James James Jamerson Bass guitar 2000 Moore , Scotty Scotty Moore Guitar 2000 Palmer , Earl Earl Palmer Drums 2001 Burton , James James Burton Guitar 2001 Johnson , Johnnie Johnnie Johnson Piano 2002 Atkins , Chet Chet Atkins Guitar 2003 Benjamin , Benny Benny Benjamin Drums 2003 Cramer , Floyd Floyd Cramer Piano 2003 Douglas , Steve Steve Douglas Saxophone 2008 Walter , Little Little Walter Harmonica 2009 Black , Bill Bill Black Bass guitar 2009 Fontana , D.J. D.J. Fontana Drums 2009 Oldham , Spooner Spooner Oldham Keyboard Lifetime achievement ( edit ) The following were inducted for `` Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category . '' Year Name 1986 Hammond , John John Hammond 1991 Ertegun , Nesuhi Nesuhi Ertegun Wenner , Jann Jann Wenner 2005 Barsalona , Frank Frank Barsalona 2005 Stein , Seymour Seymour Stein 2006 Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss Multiple inductees ( edit ) As of 2017 , 22 performers have been inducted twice or more ; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands . Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times : as a solo artist , with Cream and The Yardbirds . Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band , the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart . Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year . Crosby , Stills & Nash , inducted in 1997 , is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts : David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991 , Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997 , and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010 . The Beatles , inducted in 1988 , is the second band to have all of its members be inducted , as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction . Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories ( The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015 ) . He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions , at 27 years . Both of Stills ' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back - to - back years ( 1987 / 88 for McPhatter , 1992 / 93 for Clapton , as well as his solo induction in 2000 ) . The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted : Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987 , Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988 , George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004 , Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002 , and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017 . Name First Year Second Year Third Year Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 zzzzz ! Solo career 2009 -- -- Carter , Johnny Johnny Carter Flamingos ! The Flamingos 2001 Dells ! The Dells -- -- Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Cream 1993 Solo career 2000 Crosby , David David Crosby Byrds ! The Byrds 1991 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel Genesis ! Genesis Solo career 2014 -- -- Harrison , George George Harrison Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career -- -- Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson Jackson Five ! The Jackson Five 1997 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Lennon , John John Lennon Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 -- -- Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield Impressions ! The Impressions 1991 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter zzzzz ! Solo career Drifters ! The Drifters 1988 -- -- Nash , Graham Graham Nash Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 Hollies ! The Hollies -- -- Page , Jimmy Jimmy Page Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Led Zeppelin 1995 -- -- Reed , Lou Lou Reed Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground zzzzz ! Solo career 2015 -- -- Rolie , Gregg Gregg Rolie Santana 1998 Journey 2017 -- -- Simon , Paul Paul Simon Simon and Garfunkel 1990 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Starr , Ringo Ringo Starr Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 Award For Musical Excellence , Solo career 2015 -- -- Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 Faces 2012 -- -- Stills , Stephen Stephen Stills Buffalo Springfield 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Strain , Sammy ! Sammy Strain The O'Jays 2005 Little Anthony & The Imperials 2009 -- -- Wood , Ronnie Ronnie Wood Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones 1989 Faces 2012 -- -- Young , Neil Neil Young zzzzz ! Solo career 1995 Buffalo Springfield 1997 -- -- References ( edit ) General `` Inductee list '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Induction Ceremony and Process '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Cleveland will host Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Ceremony every two years '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sinkevics , John ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hall voters ' bias leaves prog - rock out -- again '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most COntroversial Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Moments '' . billboard.com . Jump up ^ `` Were not coming . Were not your monkey and so what ? '' ( sic ) Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on February 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Famers '' . Future Rock Legends . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Everly Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Coasters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beach Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Drifters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Supremes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Temptations '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Seasons '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Tops '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Kinks '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Platters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Who '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Byrds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Impressions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ike & Tina Turner '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T . & The M.G. 's '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Isley Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Jimi Hendrix Experience '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sam & Dave '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Yardbirds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cream '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Doors '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sly & The Family Stone '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Grateful Dead '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Allman Brothers Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Martha & The Vandellas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gladys Knight & the Pips '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Airplane '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Shirelles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Velvet Underground '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Springfield '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills & Nash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackson Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament - Funkadelic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Rascals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood Mac '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Mamas & The Papas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Santana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Staple Singers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Soeder , John ( September 22 , 1999 ) . `` Canton 's O'Jays , Aerosmith among Rock Hall finalists '' . The Plain Dealer . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Flamingos '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Queen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ramones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Clash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Costello & the Attractions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Police '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Righteous Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Dells '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ZZ Top '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The O'Jays '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Pretenders '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` U2 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Blondie '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sex Pistols '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` R.E.M. '' Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Ronettes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Van Halen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Dave Clark Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Ventures '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Anthony and the Imperials '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Run - D.M.C. '' Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Genesis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollies '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Stooges '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Beastie Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Caps '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Comets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Crickets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Flames '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Midnighters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Miracles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Small Faces / Faces '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Heart '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Public Enemy '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rush '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall and John Oates '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kiss '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Paul Butterfield Blues Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joan Jett & the Blackhearts '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Reed '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Green Day '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stevie Ray Vaughan & Double Trouble '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cheap Trick '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deep Purple '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` N.W.A '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Electric Light Orchestra '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Journey '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Stern to Induct Bon Jovi Into Rock Hall of Fame '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Cars '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mary J. Blige , Brandon Flowers to Present at Rock Hall of Fame Induction '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 30 2018 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Dire Straits '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Moody Blues '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heart 's Ann Wilson says she will induct The Moody Blues into Rock & Roll Hall of Fame '' . cleveland.com. 27 March 201 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Mary J. Blige , Brandon Flowers to Present at Rock Hall of Fame Induction '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 30 2018 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Ink Spots '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Soul Stirrers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Orioles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The `` 5 '' Royales `` . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Globes : Stars Fill in Blanks ; Rock Hall of Fame '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Inductees for 2008 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2017 Inductions '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Blaine '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` King Curtis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Jamerson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Scotty Moore '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Palmer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Burton '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Johnnie Johnson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Chet Atkins '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Benny Benjamin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Cramer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Douglas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Walter '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Black '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Fontana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spooner Oldham '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame makes Clapton first triple inductee '' . CNN . March 7 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees . ( hide ) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Classes 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees&oldid=834388406 '' Categories : Music - related lists Lists of musicians Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Galego ქართული مصرى 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 13 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who has the most inductions into the rock and roll hall of fame
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"As of 2017, 22 performers have been inducted twice or more; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands. Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times: as a solo artist, with Cream and The Yardbirds.[159] Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band, the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart. Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year. Crosby, Stills & Nash, inducted in 1997, is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts: David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991, Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997, and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010. The Beatles, inducted in 1988, is the second band to have all of its members be inducted, as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction. Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories (The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015). He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions, at 27 years. Both of Stills' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back-to-back years (1987/88 for McPhatter, 1992/93 for Clapton, as well as his solo induction in 2000). The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted: Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987, Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988, George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004, Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002, and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017."
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"Eric Clapton"
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Wake Me Up (Avicii song)
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Wake Me up ( Avicii song ) - wikipedia Wake Me up ( Avicii song ) `` Wake Me Up ! '' redirects here . For the song by Speed , see Rise ( Speed album ) . For other uses , see Wake Me Up . `` Wake Me Up '' Single by Avicii from the album True Released 17 June 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 17 ) Format CD digital download Recorded 2013 Genre Folktronica house dance - pop Length 4 : 09 Label PRMD Lava Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Avicii Aloe Blacc Mike Einziger Producer ( s ) Mike Shinoda Avicii Arash Pournouri Avicii singles chronology `` We Write the Story '' ( 2013 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( 2013 ) `` You Make Me '' ( 2013 ) Music video `` Wake Me Up '' on YouTube Audio sample 16 - second sample of Avicii 's single `` Wake Me Up '' . file help `` Wake Me Up '' is a song by Swedish DJ and record producer Avicii , released as the lead single from his debut studio album True , released on CD and cassette by PRMD Music , Lava Records and Sony Music 's Columbia Records on 17 June 2013 . `` Wake Me Up '' was written by Avicii , Mike Einziger , and Aloe Blacc . American soul singer Aloe Blacc provides uncredited vocals for the track and Mike Einziger of Incubus provides acoustic guitar . Avicii introduced `` Wake Me Up ! '' for the first time live on stage at the Ultra Music Festival in Miami . The experimental rendering ( it was accompanied by a live band with instruments and vocalists , including Blacc , Einziger and Incubus members Ben Kenney on bass and José Pasillas on drums ) reportedly confused and angered a section of the electronic dance festival community . Subsequently , Avicii achieved critical and commercial success with the release of the single worldwide . `` Wake Me Up '' peaked at number one in much of Europe and charted well in various countries . The song has been described as a `` summer anthem '' by Variance Magazine and , throughout the 2013 festival season , Avicii included it as part of the opening or closing sequence of his sets at EDC Las Vegas , EDC London , Tomorrowland , Creamfields , Electric Zoo and the iTunes Festival . Due to the success of the song , Blacc later released an acoustic version of `` Wake Me Up '' in his solo EP Wake Me Up . It was also released as a promotional stand - alone single on Interscope Records , made available online for downloads via iTunes . A separate music video was also made . The Blacc single also charted in its own right in various charts . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 4.1 Australia 4.2 Ireland 4.3 North America 4.4 United Kingdom 5 Usage in other media and cover versions 6 Music video 7 Track listing 8 Credits 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 Acoustic version 12.1 Chart performance 13 Cover versions 13.1 Chart performance 13.2 Other covers 14 Children in Need 2014 version 14.1 Background and release 14.2 Promotion and live performances 14.3 Track listings and formats 14.4 Chart performance 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Background ( Edit ) In an interview with the Daily Star , Avicii , who had previously labelled `` Wake Me Up ! '' as `` a fun experiment '' during an exclusive chat with MTV UK , said : `` I had a demo with Mac Davis singing , the guy who wrote some songs that were covered by Elvis Presley , but I needed another singer to do the parts . At the same time I was tipped off about doing another track with Aloe Blacc , and I started working on that track . When I was with Mike Einziger from Incubus , we came up with the chord progression and the melody for ' Wake Me Up ! ' but ( with ) no real lyrics . None of us ( could ) sing and we really needed to get that demo down and the only person I knew that lived in LA was Aloe , so I called him and he was free . Lyrics come really easy to him so he wrote them in a couple of hours and we finished the track . '' Aloe Blacc , who is not credited on the track , explained to The Huffington Post : `` I started writing the lyrics at the top of 2013 , travelling back from Switzerland . I started in hip hop music back in the 90s and I never expected to be singing and have an actual career as a musician , but I 'm travelling all over the world and I thought ' Life is a dream , wake me up when it 's all over ' . I was invited to the studio with Avicii and Mike Einziger from Incubus , and when I got to the studio they had already come up with a chord progression of the song . I came in with the lyrics and I just developed the melody as I heard the chords , and we all thought it was something very strong . We finished the song that night as an acoustic version , then Avicii made the dance mix in a couple of days , and that 's what we released to the world , and that was his release . '' Blacc later released an acoustic version of the song which was included on his solo EP Wake Me Up . It was also released as a promotional stand - alone single by Interscope Records and made available online for download via iTunes . The single also charted in its right in various charts . Composition ( Edit ) `` Wake Me Up '' is a folktronica song , blending elements of EDM , soul and country music . Musically , it is written in the key of B minor and runs at 124 beats per minute ( BPM ) . It follows a chord progression of Bm / G / D / A -- Bm / G / D / F# . Critical reception ( Edit ) Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song a positive review , stating : `` As chart - friendly EDM continues to reach the furthest corners of the globe , staying ahead of the pack can prove a tricky task -- especially when more and more acts arrive on the scene turning out mixes with identikit build - ups , tired lyrics and uninspired breakdowns that newcomers to the arena lap up with excitement . Kudos to Avicii then , who has dared to try something a little different for his latest offering . `` So wake me up when it 's all over / When I 'm wiser and I 'm older , '' featured artist Aloe Blacc sings over dialled - up , country - flecked guitar strums that sound like Mumford & Sons on speed . The jig - along chorus may conjure up images of Brits - on - tour , but to be honest , what summer anthem does n't ? '' . Commercial performance ( Edit ) The single has peaked at number one in 22 countries to date , including Australia , New Zealand , Hungary , Ireland , the United Kingdom and several European countries , in addition to reaching the top 10 in six others . The song is also the most searched on the app Shazam with more than 23 million in February of 2018 . Australia ( Edit ) The song debuted at number 42 on 24 June . On the next week , the song skyrocketed to number 2 , behind `` Blurred Lines '' . The number position became Avicii 's highest charting song , beating `` I Could Be the One '' record which peaked at number four earlier in the year . It also beat Blacc 's 2011 hit , `` I Need a Dollar '' , which peaked at number 11 . A week later , the song hit the top position , ending `` Blurred Lines '' eight - week reign . On its sixth week at the top , 12 August , the song became the longest - running number one by a Swedish act since Roxette 's 1989 hit `` The Look '' . Ireland ( Edit ) `` Wake Me Up '' spent seven consecutive weeks at number one . North america ( Edit ) `` Wake Me Up ! '' has performed well in the North American music markets , having peaked in Canada and the United States at number two and number four , respectively . In the United States , `` Wake Me Up ! '' was kept off the top three by Katy Perry 's `` Roar '' , Miley Cyrus 's `` Wrecking Ball '' , and Lorde 's `` Royals '' . It spent 21 weeks in the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 , and 53 weeks overall , making it the first Dance / Electronic song to stay over a year on that chart . It also reached number one position in the 7 September 2013 issue of Billboard 's Dance / Mix Show Airplay Chart . In Canada it was the second best - selling song of 2013 with 519,000 copies sold ( 523,000 for all versions combined ) . It is the first dance / electronic song to sell over 4 million copies in the U.S. , and as of August 2015 it has sold over 4,060,000 copies . United Kingdom ( Edit ) In July 2013 , `` Wake Me Up '' entered at the number one on the UK Singles Chart , selling 88,000 copies in its first day and 267,000 in its first week , becoming Britain 's fastest - selling single of 2013 . Following three weeks at number one , `` Wake Me Up '' spent a further four consecutive weeks at number two , and a total of 11 consecutive weeks in the top ten . The single spent 32 consecutive weeks in the top 40 , before exiting . By October 2013 , the single had sold over 1 million copies in the UK , becoming the 140th single to do so in UK chart history and the third single of 2013 to do so . `` Wake Me Up '' was also the fifth most streamed track of 2013 in the UK . The song also spent nine consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Dance Chart until being replaced by Avicii 's next single `` You Make Me '' . Usage in other Media and cover versions ( Edit ) Swiss singer Sebalter performed a version as his cover song choice during the Swiss national final for the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 . Glee 's character Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) sang a slower version in the series season 5 on the episode `` The Back - up Plan '' . Croatian cello duo 2Cellos released a cover version on YouTube on 6 January 2015 . As of June 2018 , the video has been viewed over 35 million times . It is included on their album Celloverse . K - pop group Lunafly recorded a version of `` Wake Me Up '' in 2013 . `` Wake Me Up '' is a playable song in Dance Dance Revolution A . Music video ( Edit ) A lyric video to accompany the release of `` Wake Me Up '' was first released on YouTube 28 June 2013 , at a total length of four minutes and thirty two seconds , and teaser clips for the official video were also released . The official video for `` Wake Me Up '' was released a month after the lyric video on 29 July 2013 . It was directed by celebrity photographer Mark Seliger & co-directed & edited by CB `` Barney '' Miller ( former guitarist for 1980 's pop band Miller Miller Miller & Sloan ) . It features two females : the older girl is Russian fashion model Kristina Romanova , and the younger girl is Laneya Grace . It depicts them and how they are different from the people in their village . One morning , Kristina gets up early and rides off on a horse to a nearby city . She notices a woman with the Avicii logo birthmark like the one on her lower arm . They meet others and then jump into a truck and are then shown to be attending an Avicii concert . The next morning , Kristina rides back on the horse to Laneya . The video ends with them walking down the highway and shots from the concert and the staring villagers from the beginning . The video includes product placement from Denim & Supply by Ralph Lauren and Sony Xperia Z smartphone . The video was shot in the Santa Clara River orange groves and in the town of Piru , California , west of Los Angeles , as well as Downtown LA . Avicii concert footage was from Miami . As of June 2018 , this video has been viewed on Avicii 's official YouTube channel over 1.6 billion times , making it the 34th most viewed video on the site . Avicii collaborated with the YouTube channel Yo Mama to produce the official music video for the single on his AVICII by AVICII album.It was directed by Zachary James and Alex Negrete Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Wake Me Up '' -- 4 : 09 `` Wake Me Up '' ( Mr. Worldwide Remix ) -- 3 : 38 Digital download -- remixes `` Wake Me Up '' ( Avicii Speed remix ) -- 7 : 04 `` Wake Me Up '' ( reggae mix ) -- 4 : 31 Digital download -- remixes `` Wake Me Up '' ( Avicii Speed remix ) -- 7 : 04 `` Wake Me Up '' ( original extended mix ) -- 5 : 44 `` Wake Me Up '' ( reggae remix ) -- 4 : 31 Digital download -- remixes ( part 2 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( PANG ! Slow Things Down remix ) -- 6 : 12 `` Wake Me Up '' ( EDX Miami Sunset remix ) -- 6 : 32 CD single `` Wake Me Up '' ( radio edit ) -- 4 : 09 `` Wake Me Up '' ( instrumental ) -- 4 : 32 Credits ( edit ) Personnel Avicii -- songwriter , producer Aloe Blacc -- lead vocals , songwriter Arash Pournouri -- co-producer Mike Einziger -- guitar , songwriter Peter Dyer -- keyboards Adapted from CD single and BMI website . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Bulgaria ( IFPI ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) Brazil Hot Pop Songs Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 19 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Airplay ( IFPI ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 6 Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Mexican Anglo Chart ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Romania ( Airplay 100 ) Romania ( Romania TV Airplay ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 22 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 30 South Africa ( EMA ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK Dance ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 14 US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) 5 Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Portugal ( AFP ) 22 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 9 Israel ( Media Forest ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 19 Chart ( 2014 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 92 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 17 US Billboard Hot 100 22 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 9 × Platinum 630,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 4 × Platinum 120,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 6 × Platinum 523,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 0 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Gold 8,647 France 200,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 4 × Platinum 1,200,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 4 × Platinum 120,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Platinum 250,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 2 × Platinum 120,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 7 × Platinum 70,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 13 × Platinum 520,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,800,000 United States ( RIAA ) 6 × Platinum 4,060,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) 3 × Platinum 30,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 6 × Platinum 10,800,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 16,000,000 Summaries Worldwide ( IFPI ) 11,100,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Germany 17 June 2013 Digital download RCA Sony Italy Spain United Kingdom PRMD Lava Columbia Sony United States 2 July 2013 PRMD Lava Columbia Sony 29 July 2013 Adult contemporary radio Triple A radio 30 July 2013 Alternative radio Mainstream radio rhythmic top 40 Acoustic version ( Edit ) `` Wake Me Up '' Single by Aloe Blacc from the album Lift Your Spirit Released 30 September 2013 Format Digital download Recorded 2013 Genre Folk soul Length 3 : 45 Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Mike Einziger Tim Bergling Egbert Nathaniel Dawkins III Producer ( s ) DJ Khalil Aloe Blacc singles chronology `` Green Lights '' ( 2011 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( 2013 ) `` The Man '' ( 2014 ) Music video `` Wake Me Up ( acoustic ) '' on YouTube On 30 September 2013 , Blacc released his own acoustic version of the song . The track appeared in the Wake Me Up EP as track number two in the 5 - track EP . Blacc 's version `` Wake Me Up '' was made available through the following formats : Promo single `` Wake Me Up ( Acoustic ) '' by Aloe Blacc was released as a promotional stand - alone single on Interscope Records and made available online for downloads via iTunes . `` Wake Me Up '' music video In October 2013 , Blacc released the music video for `` Wake Me Up '' . Blacc collaborated with the immigrant rights group National Day Laborer Organizing Network and the ABC * Foundation 's Healing Power of Music Initiative . The director is Alex Rivera . The cast were real life immigrant activists : Hareth Andrade Ayala ( a Virginia leader in the immigrant youth movement working to stop her own father 's deportation ) , Agustin Chiprez Alvarez ( a Los Angeles day laborer ) , and Margarita Reyes ( who was deported with her mother as a child despite being born in the US ) . On Aloe Blacc album The track also appears on Aloe Blacc 's full studio album Lift Your Spirit . On compilation albums The track also appears on a compilation album of 2 CDs released on German markets called Best of 2013 -- Die Hits Des Jahres . The `` Wake Me Up ( Acoustic ) '' is the initial track of the 44 - track compilation . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 71 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 30 France ( SNEP ) 20 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 42 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 24 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 23 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 79 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 11 Cover versions ( Edit ) `` Wake Me Up '' Single by Tebey featuring Emerson Drive from the album Two Released 27 November 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 27 ) Format Digital download Genre Country Length 4 : 35 Label TebeyMusic Road Angel ( CAN ) The Talent Associates ( US ) Producer ( s ) Tebey Danick Dupelle Tebey singles chronology `` Let It Down '' ( 2013 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( 2013 ) `` Now I Do '' ( 2014 ) Emerson Drive singles chronology `` She Always Gets What She Wants '' ( 2013 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( 2013 ) `` Who We Are '' ( 2015 ) `` Wake Me Up '' was covered in the style of country music 2013 by Canadian country singer Tebey featuring Canadian country band Emerson Drive . This version was released to digital retailers via TebeyMusic on 27 November 2013 as the third single from the former 's second studio album , Two ( 2014 ) before impacting radio in January 2014 . The song was released in the US on 28 January 2014 through The Talent Associates . It has been well received by Canadian country radio , peaking at No. 5 on the Canada Country airplay chart . The song is also included on Tebey 's 2016 EP , Old School . Chart performance ( Edit ) `` Wake Me Up '' , as performed by Tebey and Emerson Drive , entered the Canadian Hot 100 at No. 63 for the week ending 1 February 2014 . It peaked at No. 56 for the week ending 29 March 2014 , which position it held for one chart week . Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 56 Canada Country ( Billboard ) 5 Other covers ( Edit ) In the United Kingdom , the original release date was intended to be 8 September 2013 . In the absence of the original , a group called `` Spark Productions '' took advantage and released a cover version of it ; this version reached number 26 on the UK Singles Chart before Avicii conceded to public demand and decided to release it early , with the Official Charts Company announcing on 15 July 2013 that it would be released that week . A cover of the song in Irish was uploaded onto YouTube on 9 August 2013 , by an Irish Language College called ' Coláiste Lurgan ' . The video received heavy publicity and popularity within Ireland from many news websites and the public . The video was a viral hit within the country and with Irish abroad , hitting a million views in one week . British band You Me at Six made a country version for BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . James Shotwel commented that their cover `` will be pulling at your heart strings all day long . The once fun - loving track has taken a turn for the melancholy , but it plays so well you 'll hardly think twice about the change . '' In November 2013 , British singer - songwriter Pixie Lott covered `` Wake Me Up '' live at the Pool Studios in London . Also in November 2013 , Russian folk - metal band Russkaja covered `` Wake Me Up '' on their 2013 EP `` Barada '' . In December 2013 , The X Factor finalist Daniel Evans released a mellow Rhodes - based version on his YouTube channel . It was also released as part of his 2013 album , Wicked Game . In January 2014 , Scottish ensemble Red Hot Chilli Pipers performed an acoustic rendition with bagpipes on BBC Radio 1 . Irish singer Derek Ryan did a Country and Irish version of the song in his 2014 album The Entertainer -- Live accompanied with a music video of footage from his performances . Swedish band , Dirty Loops , covered the song on their album Loopified . Christian rock band Skillet began performing a shortened cover of the song at some of their live shows starting in 2015 . The Norwegian acoustic - pop supergroup Stavangerkameratene covered the song as a translated single called `` Vekk meg opp '' ( Wake Me Up ) , released 11 March 2016 . Jessica Mauboy covered the song on her 2016 album , The Secret Daughter : Songs from the Original TV Series . It reached number 34 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart . Children in Need 2014 version ( Edit ) `` Wake Me Up '' Single by Gareth Malone 's All Star Choir Released 9 November 2014 Format CD digital download Recorded 2014 Genre Pop Length 3 : 55 Label Decca Music video `` Wake Me Up '' on YouTube Performed by Gareth Malone 's All Star Choir , the song was released as the official BBC Children in Need single for 2014 . Background and release ( Edit ) Choirmaster and broadcaster Gareth Malone has previously had chart success after putting together non-singers and turning them into a cohesive choir . In 2011 , he guided the Military Wives -- a group of women with partners serving overseas in the army -- to Christmas number one with the song `` Wherever You Are '' . In 2012 , in collaboration with Gary Barlow , Malone produced the song `` Sing '' , as part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations , with the Commonwealth Band being joined by the Military Wives . Malone was chosen to create the official Children in Need single for 2014 , and his efforts were captured in a two - part series , Gareth Malone 's All Star Choir , which aired on 3 November and 10 November . The BBC press release said that Malone would `` bring together an array of untrained voices from the world of television sport and theatre '' for the single . The celebrities that make up the All Star Choir are Margaret Alphonsi , Jo Brand , Radzi Chinyanganya , John Craven , Mel Giedroyc , Nitin Ganatra , Larry Lamb , Alice Levine , Fabrice Muamba , Craig Revel Horwood , Linda Robson and Alison Steadman . Promotion and live performances ( Edit ) Gareth Malone went on numerous television and radio shows to promote the song , including some presented by celebrities who feature on the record . This included spots on Loose Women , Blue Peter , The One Show and Alice Levine 's afternoon show on Radio 1 . Track listings and formats ( edit ) CD Single ( Decca ) `` Wake Me Up '' -- 3 : 55 Digital Download ( Decca ) `` Wake Me Up '' -- 3 : 55 Chart performance ( Edit ) After its release on 9 November , the song was placed at number 1 on the midweek Official Chart Update on Radio 1 , ahead of `` Thinking Out Loud '' by Ed Sheeran and Cheryl 's `` I Do n't Care '' , which was number one the previous weekend . See also ( Edit ) List of Airplay 100 number ones of the 2010s List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in Australia List of best - selling singles in the United States List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2013 List of number - one singles of 2013 ( Australia ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Austria ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Denmark ) List of top 10 singles in 2013 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 2013 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Italy ) List of number - one songs of 2013 ( Mexico ) List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles of 2013 ( Poland ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Scotland ) List of number - one singles of 2013 ( Spain ) List of number - one hits of 2013 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of number - one dance singles of 2013 ( U.S. ) References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ `` How Avicii helped Aloe Blacc wake up and break out '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Aloe Blacc saves day for Avicii '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 27 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii -- Wake Me Up Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 '' . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs -- July 27 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 19 July 2013 . Retrieved 19 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Ingles : Del 7 al 13 de Octubre del 2013 '' . Monitor Latino ( in Spanish ) . RadioNotas. 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Avicii '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 15 NOvember 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 26 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Dance Top 50 . Retrieved 7 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs -- Peak '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 100 -- Cristi Nitzu Kiss FM -- 27 October 2013 '' . Kiss FM . Archived from the original on 27 January 2018 . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Note : User may scroll down the ' Podcasturi ' menu to play or download the respective podcast . Jump up ^ `` Media Forest -- Weekly Charts . Media Forest . 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Note : Select ' Songs -- TV ' . Romanian and international positions are rendered together by the number of plays before resulting an overall chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201332 into search . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201817 into search . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201436 into search . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2013 - 10 - 08 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avicii Chart History ( Rock Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record Report -- Pop Rock General '' . Record Report ( in Spanish ) . R.R. Digital C.A. 26 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up ! '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Year End Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` France : Qui a vendu le plus de singles en 2013 à ce jour ? '' . Ozap.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Jahrescharts 2013 : Helene Fischer & Avicii vorn '' . musikmarkz.de. 2014 - 01 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 -- radios 2013 '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's # 1 Music Discovery , Rating , and Purchasing Experience ! '' . Mediaforest.biz . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2013 '' . Promuiscae.es . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2013 '' . sverigetopplistan.se . Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lane , Dan ( 1 January 2014 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of 2013 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2014 '' . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 -- Year End 2014 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Enter Avicii in the field Interpret . Enter Wake Me Up in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Click on næste to go to page 5 if certification from official website ^ Jump up to : `` Avicii '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Hamard , Jonathan ( 23 May 2014 ) . `` Clip de `` Lay Me Down '' : Avicii au sommet de son art `` . Webedia . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Avicii ; ' Wake Me Up ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Single Certification List -- November 2017 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Type Avicii in the box under the ARTISTA column heading and Wake Me Up in the box under TÍTULO Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Troféoversikt '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter ' in the field `` Year '' . Select ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Avicii ; ' Wake Me Up ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Wake Me Up in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ APFV ( 30 November 2013 ) . `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . APFV . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer -- Avicii -- Wake Me Up '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Streaming -- Semana 33 : del 11 August 2014 al 17.08. 2014 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Digital Music Report 2014 '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . 18 March 2014 . p. 15 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Me Up : Avicii : Amazon.it : Musica MP3 '' . Amazon.it . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Me Up ( Radio Edit ) : Avicii : Amazon.es : Tienda MP3 '' . Amazone.es . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Me Up : Avicii : Amazon.co.uk : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazone.co.uk . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Wake Me Up : Avicii : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Triple A ( AAA ) Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Mainstream Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Le , Van . `` MUST - WATCH : `` WAKE ME UP , '' FEATURING ALOE BLACC AND DREAMER HARETH ANDRADE `` . October 23 , 2013 . America 's Voice . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aloe Blacc Teams with NDLON , abc * Foundation for Acoustic Video of No. 1 `` Wake Me Up '' `` . October 23 , 2013 . Herald Online ( Via Interscope ) . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Aloe Blacc -- Wake Me Up '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aloe Blacc -- Wake Me Up '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aloe Blacc -- Wake Me Up '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Aloe Blacc -- Wake Me Up '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Aloe Blacc Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Aloe Blacc -- Wake Me Up '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Aloe Blacc -- Wake Me Up '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ Zywietz , Tobias . `` Chart Log UK '' . Zobbel.de . Tobias Zywietz . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aloe Blacc Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt . `` Audio Track : Tebey Feat . Emerson Drive -- Wake Me Up '' . Roughstock . Cheri Media . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Me Up ( feat . Emerson Drive ) -- Single by Tebey '' . iTunes Store CAN. Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Tinson , Kayla . `` Pick of the Week : Tebey ft . Emerson Drive `` Wake Me Up '' `` . Top Country . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Me Up ( feat . Emerson Drive ) -- Single by Tebey '' . iTunes Store US . Apple Inc . Jump up ^ `` Old School -- EP by Tebey '' . iTunes Store ( Canada ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Singles Top 100 ( February 1 , 2014 ) '' . aCharts . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Singles Top 100 ( March 29 , 2014 ) '' . aCharts . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tebey Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Tebey Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Avicii ' Wake Me Up ! ' ( PRMD / Island Def Jam ) Release UK : 8 September R.O.W : 17 June '' . brandnite.com . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SPARK PRODUCTIONS '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This week 's new releases 15 - 07 - 2013 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Irish News , World News , Politics , Local News - MSN Ireland News '' . www.news.msn.ie . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Coláiste Lurgan gives Avicii 's ' Wake Me Up ' the Gaeltacht treatment '' . JOE.ie . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ TG Lurgan ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` Avicii Vs Lurgan - `` Wake Me Up '' as Gaeilge `` . YouTube . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ BBC Radio 1 ( 14 September 2013 ) . `` DYou Me At Six -- Wake Me Up ( Avicii ) in the Live Lounge '' . Youtube.com . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Shotwel , James ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` You Me At Six Turn Avicii 's `` Wake Me Up '' Into A Country Song On BBC Radio . A cover to differ from the others , is the hardrock cover of `` Wake me up '' made by the Swedish band , Reach . This was released on Youtube the 26th of august and has been spoken of in magazines just as the latest issue of `` Classic Rock AoR '' . 1 `` . Under The Gun Review . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` She 's Back : Pixie Lott Storms To Top Of Twitter Trends With Sensational Avicii Cover '' . Entertainmentwise . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barada EP '' . Jump up ^ Koerber , Brian ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` Red Hot Chilli Pipers Blow Avicii 's ' Wake Me Up ' Out of the Water '' . Mashable . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chilli Pipers Cover Avicii 's ' Wake Me Up , ' Prove How Badass Bagpipes Can Be '' . The Huffington Post . 30 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Derek Ryan ( 14 August 2013 ) . `` Derek Ryan - Wake Me Up ( Avicii Cover ) ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Vekk Meg Opp '' from Vekk Meg Opp - Single by Stavangerkameratene on iTunes `` . Itunes.apple.com. 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 24 October 2016 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This week 's new releases '' . 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Malone to form All - Star Choir for official BBC Children in Need single 2014 '' . BBC Media Centre . BBC . 25 September 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 12 November 2014 ) . `` Gareth Malone 's All Star Choir storm ahead in singles race '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . External links ( Edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Avicii Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums True Stories Extended plays The Days / Nights EP Pure Grinding / For a Better Day Avīci ( 01 ) Singles `` My Feelings for You '' `` Seek Bromance '' `` Street Dancer '' `` Blessed '' `` Fade into Darkness '' `` Levels '' `` Collide '' `` Silhouettes '' `` Superlove '' `` Dancing in My Head '' `` I Could Be the One '' `` X You '' `` Wake Me Up '' `` You Make Me '' `` Hey Brother '' `` Addicted to You '' `` Lay Me Down '' `` The Days '' `` The Nights '' `` Waiting for Love '' `` For a Better Day '' `` Pure Grinding '' `` Broken Arrows '' `` Taste the Feeling '' `` Feeling Good '' `` We Write the Story '' `` Without You '' `` Lonely Together '' Featured singles `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' `` Divine Sorrow '' Concert tours Stories World Tour Film Avicii : True Stories Children in Need Telethons 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Charity singles `` Almost Seems ( Too Late to Turn ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Heroes '' ( 1986 ) `` Perfect Day '' ( 1997 ) `` Especially for You '' ( 1998 ) `` Love Me '' ( 1999 ) `` Never Had a Dream Come True '' ( 2000 ) `` Have You Ever '' ( 2001 ) `` Do n't Let Me Down '' / `` You and I '' ( 2002 ) `` I 'm Your Man ( 2003 ) `` I 'll Stand by You '' ( 2004 ) `` A Night to Remember '' ( 2005 ) `` Downtown '' ( 2006 ) `` Headlines ( Friendship Never Ends ) '' ( 2007 ) `` Do Ya / Stay with Me '' ( 2008 ) `` The Official BBC Children in Need Medley '' ( 2009 ) `` Love You More '' ( 2010 ) `` Teardrop '' ( 2011 ) `` Something New '' ( 2012 ) `` How Long Will I Love You '' ( 2013 ) `` Wake Me Up '' ( 2014 ) `` Take Me Home '' ( 2015 ) `` All We Needed '' ( 2016 ) `` Fields of Gold '' ( 2017 ) Related articles Pudsey Bear Children in Need Rocks the Royal Albert Hall Children in Need Rocks Manchester Children in Need Rocks 2013 Comic Relief Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wake_Me_Up_(Avicii_song)&oldid=853878495 '' Categories : 2013 songs 2013 singles Avicii songs Aloe Blacc songs Song recordings produced by Avicii Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles UK Dance Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Folktronica songs Columbia Records singles Decca Records singles Interscope Records singles Lava Records singles Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Greece Number - one singles in Hungary Number - one singles in Israel Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Romania Number - one singles in Scotland Number - one singles in Sweden Billboard Dance / Electronic Songs number - one singles Record Report Pop Rock General number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 Bulgarian - language sources ( bg ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2018 CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from August 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Polishdance Singlechart usages for Romaniatvairplay Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKdance Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardrockairplay Singlechart usages for Portugal Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for Finland Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Song articles with missing songwriters Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 14 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who recorded wake me up when it's all over
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"\"Wake Me Up\" is a song by Swedish DJ and record producer Avicii, released as the lead single from his debut studio album True, released on CD and cassette by PRMD Music, Lava Records and Sony Music's Columbia Records on 17 June 2013. \"Wake Me Up\" was written by Avicii, Mike Einziger, and Aloe Blacc. American soul singer Aloe Blacc provides uncredited vocals for the track[2][3] and Mike Einziger of Incubus provides acoustic guitar. Avicii introduced \"Wake Me Up!\" for the first time live on stage at the Ultra Music Festival in Miami. The experimental rendering (it was accompanied by a live band with instruments and vocalists, including Blacc, Einziger and Incubus members Ben Kenney on bass and José Pasillas on drums)[4] reportedly confused and angered a section of the electronic dance festival community.[5][6] Subsequently, Avicii achieved critical and commercial success with the release of the single worldwide.\n"
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"Avicii"
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1939 NCAA Basketball Tournament
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1939 NCAA Basketball tournament - wikipedia 1939 NCAA Basketball tournament Jump to : navigation , search 1939 NCAA Basketball Tournament Teams 8 Finals site Patten Gymnasium Evanston , Illinois Champions Oregon Ducks ( 1st title , 1st title game , 1st Final Four ) Runner - up Ohio State Buckeyes ( 1st title game , 1st Final Four ) Semifinalists Oklahoma Sooners ( 1st Final Four ) Villanova Wildcats ( 1st Final Four ) Winning coach Howard Hobson ( 1st title ) MOP Jimmy Hull , ( Ohio State ) Attendance 15,025 Top scorer Jimmy Hull , Ohio State ( 58 points ) NCAA Division I Men 's Tournaments 1940 '' The 1939 NCAA Basketball Tournament involved 8 schools playing in single - elimination play to determine the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship . It was the first NCAA basketball national championship tournament , although it was operated by the NABC at the time . The tournament began on March 17 and ended with the championship game on March 27 on Northwestern University 's campus in Evanston , Illinois . A total of 8 games were played , including a single third place game in the West region . The East region did not hold a third place game until 1941 , and there was no national third place game until 1947 . Oregon , coached by Howard Hobson , won the national title with a 46 -- 33 victory in the final game over Ohio State , coached by Harold Olsen . Jimmy Hull of Ohio State was named the tournament 's Most Outstanding Player . Despite their success in this first tournament , Oregon would not make another Final Four until 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Locations 1.1 Regionals 1.2 Championship Game 2 Teams 3 Bracket 3.1 Regional Third Place 4 See also 5 References Locations ( edit ) The following are the sites selected to host each round of the 1939 tournament : Regionals ( edit ) March 17 and 18 East Regional , The Palestra , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania March 20 and 21 West Regional , California Coliseum , San Francisco , California Championship game ( edit ) March 27 Patten Gymnasium , Evanston , Illinois The 1939 Championship Game was held on the campus of Northwestern University in the Chicago suburb of Evanston . ( Ironically , it took until 2017 for the host team to make the tournament . ) It would be the first of two times the university would host the Final Four on its campus ; the Final Four would return in 1956 to McGaw Memorial Hall , which replaced the second Patten Gymnasium , which in turn replaced this one in 1940 . The regionals were held on the east and west coasts . The East was hosted by the University of Pennsylvania at the Palestra , which would go on to host 19 times . The West was hosted at the California Coliseum on the grounds of the Golden Gate International Exposition , then going on on Treasure Island in San Francisco . Within two years , both Patten Gym and the California Coliseum would be demolished , the former for academic expansion , the latter for the creation of the Naval Station Treasure Island on the island . Only the Palestra remains , still the home of the Penn Quakers . The tournament would not return to any of the host cities for several years - Chicago in 1952 , Philadelphia in 1953 and the San Francisco suburb of Daly City in 1955 ; to date the tournament has not held games within the city limits of San Francisco again , a streak which will finally end in 2022 when the Chase Center is used for the first time . Teams ( edit ) East Regional - Philadelphia School Coach Conference Record Brown Eck Allen Independent 16 -- 3 Ohio State Harold Olsen Big Ten 14 -- 6 Villanova Alex Severance Independent 19 -- 4 Wake Forest Murray Greason Southern 18 -- 5 West Regional - San Francisco School Coach Conference Record Oklahoma Bruce Drake Big Six 11 -- 8 Oregon Howard Hobson Pacific Coast 26 -- 5 Texas Jack Gray Southwest 19 -- 4 Utah State Dick Romney Mountain States 16 -- 6 Bracket ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals Villanova 42 Brown 30 Villanova 36 Ohio State 53 Ohio State 64 Wake Forest 52 Ohio State 33 Oregon 46 Oregon 56 Texas 41 Oregon 55 Oklahoma 37 Utah State 39 Oklahoma 50 Regional Third Place ( edit ) West Regional Third Place Texas 49 Utah State 51 See also ( edit ) 1939 National Invitation Tournament 1939 NAIA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Giant Oregon five defeats Ohio for U.S. title , 46 -- 33 '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . Associated Press . March 28 , 1939 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Kuechle , Oliver ( March 28 , 1939 ) . `` Oregon beats Ohio State easily for national title '' . Milwaukee Journal . p. 12 , part 2 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon tops Bucks , 46 -- 33 '' . Toledo Blade . Ohio . United Press . March 28 , 1939 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Strite , Dick ( March 28 , 1939 ) . `` Mighty Oregons scramble Ohio State to take hoop title of all America '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Oregon . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` 1939 NCAA Basketball Tournament '' . College Basketball Reference . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets 1938 -- 39 NCAA championships Basketball ( debut ) Cross country ( debut ) Football Golf ( debut ) Gymnastics Swimming and diving Track and field Wrestling Oregon Webfoots men 's basketball 1938 -- 39 NCAA champions 13 Ford Mullen 18 John H. Dick 20 Bobby Anet 22 Slim Wintermute 28 Laddie Gale 32 Wally Johansen Head coach Howard Hobson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1939_NCAA_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=839272134 '' Categories : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament 1938 -- 39 NCAA men 's basketball season First events Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 11 : 07 . About Wikipedia
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what was the inaugural year of the ncaa tournament
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"The 1939 NCAA Basketball Tournament involved 8 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship. It was the first NCAA basketball national championship tournament, although it was operated by the NABC at the time."
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Glenn Rhee
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Glenn Rhee - wikipedia Glenn Rhee The Walking Dead character Glenn Rhee The Walking Dead character From left to right , Glenn Rhee as depicted in the comic book series , television series and game series . First appearance Comic : `` Issue # 2 '' ( 2003 ) Television : `` Days Gone Bye '' ( 2010 ) Video game : `` A New Day '' ( 2012 ) Last appearance Comic : `` Issue # 101 '' ( 2012 ) Television : `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' ( 2016 ) Video game : `` A New Day '' ( 2012 ) Created by Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Portrayed by Steven Yeun Voiced by Nick Herman ( video game ) Information Occupation Pizza delivery man Alexandria supply runner Television : Prison Council Member Family Hershel Greene ( father - in - law ) Comic : Hershel Green ( son , with Maggie ) Television : Beth Greene ( half - sister - in - law ) Unborn child ( with Maggie ) Spouse ( s ) Maggie Greene Glenn Rhee is a fictional character from the comic book series The Walking Dead and is portrayed by Steven Yeun in the AMC television series of the same name . He is voiced by Nick Herman in the video game of the same name , by Telltale Games . In the comics , he is known simply as Glenn and was not given a last name . In both forms of media , Glenn is a young pizza delivery boy from Atlanta ( although in the television series it 's stated that he 's originally from Yeun 's home state , Michigan ) who is separated from his family after the zombie outbreak and joins a group of survivors led by Rick Grimes . Glenn is known for being quick thinking and resourceful , which makes him the group 's primary supply runner . As the group begins to move around the region looking for sanctuary , Glenn meets Maggie Greene and they fall in love . Their relationship is tested in numerous ways throughout the course of the series as their humanity is challenged in the face of numerous threats , including hostile survivors the group comes into contact with . They eventually marry and have a child , although he is killed by Negan before the child is born . Contents 1 Appearances 1.1 Comic book series 1.2 Television series 1.2. 1 Season 1 1.2. 2 Season 2 1.2. 3 Season 3 1.2. 4 Season 4 1.2. 5 Season 5 1.2. 6 Season 6 1.2. 7 Season 7 1.3 Video games 2 Development 2.1 Casting and characterization 2.2 Critical reception 3 References 4 External links Appearances ( edit ) Comic book series ( edit ) Resourceful and clever , Glenn makes it out of Atlanta and comes up on the group of survivors on the outer limits of the city . Due to his knack for scavenging , he is often nominated to sneak into the city and find supplies . On one of these runs , he finds group leader Rick Grimes and brings him back to the group , reuniting them with his family . His use of MacGyver - like tactics to outsmart and kill walkers enabled him to successfully recover guns for Jim , another of the group 's members . Glenn develops a nascent crush on Maggie , but his shyness initially prevents him from acting on his feelings . Maggie eventually realizes this and confronts Glenn about his feelings and they start a relationship . After Maggie 's father Hershel catches him in bed with Maggie , Glenn and Hershel have a brief argument . Despite the rocky start , Hershel understands that he can not stop his daughter from wanting to be with Glenn . While Hershel kicks the majority of the survivors out , he accepts Glenn 's decision to stay with Maggie . Glenn tests a new idea of how to clear walkers on the fence : by attaching knives to plywood so it 's easier to retrieve them after stabbing a roamer . Then he moves into the same cell as Maggie . Later on , Hershel gives Maggie permission to be in a relationship with Glenn , and helps him settle into a prison - turned - refuge with Maggie and helps the group find fuel and supplies . Glenn is later imprisoned by the Governor , an encounter that leaves him with physical and mental scars ; Glenn is beaten and forced to hear the Governor brutally rape Michonne in a neighboring cell . After his escape and return to the prison , Glenn grows to love Maggie and proposed to her with a ring stolen from a zombie 's finger ; Hershel marries the couple shortly after . Soon after their marriage , Glenn and Maggie volunteer to join the group that traveled to the Army Center to prevent enemies from Woodbury from using its fuel for their vehicles . The group is attacked by Bruce and his friends . Glenn , distracted , allows Andrea to snipe Bruce , and Michonne to kill the rest of the attackers . He fiercely defends the prison from a front gate sniper tower . With the group divided on what to do next , Glenn decides to leave with Dale and Andrea in the R.V. at the last minute , saving Sophia and Maggie 's lives ( at this point , Sophia saw him as a surrogate father ) . He , Maggie , and Sophia stay at Hershel 's farm with Dale and Andrea . When the group encounters survivors at the farm , Glenn immediately mistrusts Abraham Ford , Rosita Espinosa , and Eugene Porter . However , he agrees to accompany them to Washington for Eugene 's mission rather than stay at the farm any longer . On the road , Maggie attempts to hang herself and Glenn fought with Abraham , who intended to shoot her . Glenn cuts Maggie down and performs CPR , saving her life . Glenn 's focus shifts from scavenging to caring for his new family and supporting Maggie after the death of her entire family . With the rest of the group , he travels to the Alexandria Safe - Zone . Glenn is suspicious of the Safe - Zone 's community but adapts more rapidly than Rick . Glenn 's skills and agility make him a suitable applicant to once again be a scavenger and a replacement for the wounded Scott . While the survivors stay in Father Gabriel Stokes ' church , Glenn is caught in the center of conflict again when one of the Hunters , Albert , shoots him in the leg while he carries a mutilated Dale to safety . Gabriel and Eugene patch up Glenn 's leg using a few tea - leaves and hot candle wax . Like the rest of the group , Glenn is pinned down in the church and remains behind while Abraham and the other leaders take care of them . He is unharmed during and in the aftermath , and his leg wound heals a few days afterwards . Rick asks Glenn , due to his loyalty , to steal back their guns and weapons , which were taken by Douglas Monroe , when they first came to the Safety - zone . Glenn creates ea distraction for the Community 's survivors while he looks for the weapons . Rick and Glenn find the armory , and Glenn sneaks in . Rick distributes the weapons amongst the members of their group . After the issues with Douglas are solved , Glenn and Maggie live in Alexandria for some time and decide that Alexandria would be the best place to raise a child , something they had wanted to do for some time . After a few attempts , Maggie gets pregnant . However their celebration is short - lived ; a group called the Saviors attempt to break into the community numerous times . During one such invasion , Glenn helps Eugene escape . Glenn and others go out and take on walkers coming towards the Alexandria gates . After Abraham is killed by Dwight , one of the Saviors , Glenn convinces Maggie to leave the community with him and Sophia , and head toward the Hilltop Colony , which he believes to be a much safer place . As they are camped on the road resting for the night after driving halfway to the Hilltop , Rick says goodbye to Glenn , and states that he is happy for him . They are ambushed by the Saviors soon afterward . The leader of the Saviors , Negan , selects Glenn to die as `` punishment '' for the Saviors Rick 's group killed ; he then bludgeons Glenn to death with a baseball bat . Glenn dies while helplessly crying Maggie 's name . Rick and everyone else are left with Glenn 's mangled corpse as the Saviors drive away , with Rick swearing to avenge Glenn 's death . His death initially leaves the group shattered , with Maggie quickly descending into an emotional mess and Rick on the verge of yielding to Negan 's power . Glenn 's body is later driven by the group to the Hilltop , where it is buried in a matter of days . To honor Glenn 's final wishes , Maggie chooses to remain at the Hilltop with Sophia and start a new life while awaiting their baby . Television series ( edit ) Glenn 's parents were originally from Korea . Glenn grew up in Atlanta with several sisters and was a pizza delivery boy , giving him in depth knowledge of Atlanta 's layout . When the outbreak occurred , Glenn was separated from his family and he knew he would not see them again ; this realization traumatized him . While escaping Atlanta , he encountered another survivor named T - Dog and the two escaped Atlanta together and took refuge in the Atlanta camp led by Shane Walsh . Season 1 ( edit ) In the series premiere episode `` Days Gone Bye '' , Glenn 's voice is first heard using a radio to talk to Rick when Rick is hiding in a tank in the city of Atlanta . In the episode `` Guts '' , Glenn uses the radio to rescue Rick from the horde of walkers surrounding the tank , and guides Rick to the location of his group , which consists of Andrea , T - Dog , Merle Dixon , Jacqui , and Morales , hiding in a department store . The noise made by Rick as he and Glenn flee the horde draws the walkers to the store and the group finds themselves trapped inside . As the walkers try to break through the plate glass doors of the store , Rick decides to try to reach a box truck at a nearby construction site . To reach the truck , he and Glenn cover themselves in the blood and viscera of a dispatched walker , allowing them to successfully pass among the walkers , until a brief rainstorm washes off enough of the blood scent that they begin to draw attention . They make a break for the construction site , and Rick is able to reach the box truck . Glenn drives a Dodge Challenger , its alarm blaring , to draw the attention of the walkers away from the store , while Rick drives the box truck to one of the store 's cargo doors . The entire group ( other than Merle , who is trapped on the roof of the store ) is able to escape the city in the box truck , apart from Glenn , who drives away in the Challenger . Glenn races down the highway in his new Challenger and heads back to his group with Rick and his new group following behind in the box truck . In the episode `` Tell It to the Frogs '' , they meet up with the rest of the survivors at the Atlanta campsite , where Glenn helps distribute supplies and assist others when needed . He later goes with Rick , Daryl , and T - Dog to find Merle in the city and help Rick regain the guns previously dropped near the tank . In the episode `` Vatos '' , Glenn ends up getting kidnapped by a nursing home crew posing as gang bangers , who try to exchange him for weaponry . Glenn is released , but his group then finds out that the truck which they used to drive to the city is missing , leaving them with no choice but to return to the campsite on foot . Glenn and the rest of his teammates return to the camp just in time to witness a herd of walkers invade and kill many of the survivors . In the episode `` Wildfire '' , in the wake of the massacre , he assists in dealing with the corpses and insists that the group bury their people instead of burning them as they did the walkers they previously killed . Ultimately , he and the rest of the group leave the campsite and head to the CDC . Along the way Jim , a survivor who was bitten during the attack and has been battling the fever , finally gives in and requests to be left to die by the trees nearby which Glenn tries to argue but the group ultimately goes with Jim 's choice . In the episode `` TS - 19 '' , for a brief time , they enjoy the luxuries the CDC offers . They are on the road again , however , following the self - destruction of the CDC building . Season 2 ( edit ) In the season premiere `` What Lies Ahead , '' Glenn continues to be a valuable asset to the group , helping to repair the RV and scavenging items from abandoned cars on the highway . In the episode `` Bloodletting , '' Glenn , Lori , Carol , Daryl , and Andrea continue to search near the highway for Carol 's daughter Sophia . In the episode `` Save the Last One , '' Glenn and T - Dog arrive at Hershel Greene 's farm , where Carl is recovering from a gunshot wound . He sparks up a friendship with Hershel 's daughter Maggie when she catches him praying for Carl . In the episode `` Cherokee Rose , '' Glenn agrees to act as live bait to draw a trapped walker out of a well , but this goes badly and he almost falls into the well . Glenn and Maggie later decide to go into town to get supplies from a pharmacy , when Lori discreetly asks him to get her a pregnancy test as well . When Maggie asks him what he 's looking for , he tries to make an excuse and accidentally grabs a box of condoms . Maggie then seduces him and they have sex . In the episode `` Chupacabra , '' Glenn learns that Lori is pregnant , and she begs him not to tell Rick . Maggie expresses to Glenn that their fling was a one - time thing , but Glenn tries to convince her that their romance should continue . Later at dinner , Maggie slips Glenn a note under the table asking him where they can have another sexual encounter ; Glenn writes an answer and returns the note . After the meal ends Maggie opens the note with Glenn 's response saying that he will meet her in the barn outside . A horrified Maggie hurries outside and runs toward the barn , but she is unable to prevent Glenn from discovering that the locked building is full of walkers . In the episode `` Secrets , '' Maggie begs Glenn not to tell the others about the barn , but he soon reveals this secret and Lori 's pregnancy to Dale . Maggie feels frustrated and betrayed by Glenn when he does not keep his promise that he will not reveal that walkers are in the barn . She forgives him soon afterwards however , and they start to engage in a relationship . In the mid-season finale `` Pretty Much Dead Already , '' Glenn tells the rest of the group about the barn , and Shane eventually breaks the barn open , leading Glenn and the other survivors to kill all of the walkers as they file out of the barn , including a now - zombified Sophia . In the mid-season premiere `` Nebraska , '' Hershel disappears after the incident at the barn . Before Glenn and Rick leave for town to find Maggie 's father , Maggie tells Glenn she loves him . Glenn leaves before saying it back . They find Hershel in a bar and inform him that his youngest daughter , Beth , has collapsed and is in need of medical attention . They attempt to talk him into returning to the farm , but he refuses . Two men from another group , Dave and Tony , find them . An argument leads to a violent confrontation , and Rick kills the two men . In the episode `` Triggerfinger , '' more armed men from Dave and Tony 's group come looking for them , and they get into a shootout with Glenn , Rick , and Hershel . Glenn is wracked with embarrassment and guilt after freezing during the shootout with outsiders . They capture one of the attackers , named Randall , before they all return to the farm . Glenn blames his inaction in town on his deep love for Maggie , and apparently breaks up with her when they get back to the farm . In the episode `` Judge , Jury , Executioner , '' Hershel gives Glenn a family heirloom , representing his approval of Glenn 's relationship with Maggie . In the episode `` Better Angels , '' when Randall apparently escapes , Rick , Shane , Daryl , and Glenn go on a manhunt for the fugitive ; Shane leads Rick one direction while Daryl and Glenn comb another part of the woods . Glenn and Daryl find and kill Randall who has inexplicably reanimated from the dead as a walker despite no signs of a bite wound . In the season finale `` Beside the Dying Fire , '' when the farm is overrun by walkers , Glenn plays a big part in its defense . During the chaos , he convinces Maggie to abandon the farmyard for the meantime so as to avoid any further danger . He later assures her that her family is safe , and seeing the right opportunity , confesses his love for her . The two eventually reunite with the other survivors at the highway . After discovering that Rick kept secret the fact that they are all infected , Glenn is among the survivors who grow wary of Rick . He and Maggie contemplate leaving camp and abandoning Rick 's leadership . They , however , dismiss such thoughts after Rick taunts the group with the option of leaving on their own . Season 3 ( edit ) In the season premiere `` Seed , '' six to seven months after leaving the farm , Glenn has become increasingly proficient at fighting walkers . He and Maggie continue to have a strong relationship . The group finds a prison and decides to make it their new home . While clearing out part of the prison , Glenn and Maggie get separated from Hershel and Hershel gets bitten by a walker , forcing Rick to cut Hershel 's leg off below the knee to prevent the infection from spreading . In the episode `` Sick , '' Glenn escorts Carol to the prison yard so that she can practice a C - section in preparation for Lori 's delivery . In the episode `` Killer Within , '' when Andrew lets walkers into the prison yard to attack the survivors , Glenn helps kill the walkers and stabilize the prison , but not before T - Dog and Lori are killed . In the episode `` Say the Word , '' Glenn finds Rick losing control and pleads for him to stop , but Rick nearly assaults Glenn . In the episode `` Hounded , '' while out on a supply run , Glenn and Maggie are ambushed and captured by Merle and brought to Woodbury for interrogation . In the episode `` When the Dead Come Knocking , '' Merle brutally beats Glenn while trying to find the whereabouts of their camp . Despite this , as well as being forced to fight a walker while strapped to a chair and having the Governor threaten to shoot Maggie , Glenn remains unbroken . But when the Governor threatens to shoot Glenn , Maggie tells her about the prison and their group . In the mid-season finale `` Made to Suffer , '' when Glenn and Maggie attempt to escape , the Governor orders Merle to execute them ; they fight back and Merle 's group is overwhelmed by Rick 's group . Rick , Glenn , and Maggie escape over the wall , and meet up with Michonne . In the mid-season premiere `` The Suicide King , '' while Glenn remains behind , Rick and Maggie set off smoke grenades , killing several Woodbury residents and rescuing Merle and Daryl in the process . Glenn shows great frustration ( at one point bludgeoning a walker pulled from a nearby vehicle ) when he finds out that not only is Merle going with them , but Rick had not taken the opportunity to kill the Governor as well ( still believing that he raped Maggie when they were held captive ) . They return to the prison without Merle and Daryl , but Glenn 's relationship with Maggie begins to fall apart , despite her claims that the Governor threatened to cut off his hand if she refused to bow down to him . Rick has a breakdown while meeting Tyreese 's group , and Glenn escorts them out of the room when Rick starts yelling . In the episode `` Home , '' with Rick losing control of himself , Glenn decides to impose himself as leader of the group , thinking about killing the Governor when he will not be expecting it . As he leaves on a scouting mission , he misses an attack made on the prison by the Governor , which results in Axel 's death and the destruction of the main security gates . In the episode `` I Ai n't a Judas , '' when Rick argues with Hershel about leaving the prison , Glenn agrees with Rick that they should stay and fight . In the episode `` Arrow on the Doorpost , '' Merle wants to kill the Governor during his meeting with Rick , but Glenn gets into a brawl with Merle to keep him from leaving the prison . Glenn begins to let go of some of his anger , and his relationship with Maggie improves . In the episode `` This Sorrowful Life , '' Glenn asks Hershel for his permission to marry Maggie , and Hershel gives Glenn his blessing . Glenn then asks Maggie to marry him , and she says yes . In the season finale `` Welcome to the Tombs , '' the Governor launches his assault on the prison , but the group is prepared . Glenn and Maggie fight back while wearing riot gear . Later , when Rick returns with the survivors from Woodbury , and Glenn opens the prison gates for them . Season 4 ( edit ) In the season premiere `` 30 Days Without an Accident , '' Glenn and Maggie get a pregnancy scare and decides to go out on a run in her place . When he gets back to the prison , Maggie tells him she is not pregnant . In the episode `` Infected , '' Glenn is seen shouting about walkers being in a cell block during an attack . He later meets with the rest of the prison council about what to do about a possible deadly viral outbreak , and they begin quarantining the sick . In the episode `` Isolation , '' Glenn falls ill and is quarantined with the other sick prisoners . In the episode `` Internment , '' despite their illness , Glenn and Sasha help Hershel treat the other survivors with the virus . Glenn falls unconscious and recovers after Hershel saves him . Bob returns from a supply run with antibiotics and administers them to Glenn . In the mid-season finale `` Too Far Gone , '' when the Governor arrives and attacks the prison , Glenn is rescued by Maggie and gets separated from her once the bus leaves . In the mid-season premiere `` Inmates , '' after the prison attack , Glenn wakes up and finds himself trapped in the prison after leaving the escape bus . He heads to his room and finds the photo he took of Maggie . He grabs his riot gear , assault rifle , and an alcohol bottle from a survivor and heads out . Along the way , he encounters Tara , a survivor of the attacking army . She explains that she was the reason behind this and has no need for living as she watched her sister and niece die . She also tells him about the death of Hershel , which leaves Glenn saddened . Glenn convinces her that they need each other to get out alive . Glenn throws the bottle at a nearby car to distract the walkers and he and Tara escape . Along the road , Tara mentions that The Governor told her that the prison group were bad people and she did n't believe him for one second . She then apologizes for everything . They both get attacked by walkers and Glenn passes out . As Tara kills the last zombie , a military truck pulls up and three people climb out : Abraham Ford , Eugene Porter , and Rosita Espinosa . In the episode `` Claimed , '' Abraham convinces Tara to accompany them on their trek to Washington D.C. so Eugene can hopefully stop the virus and save the world , and they put an unconscious Glenn in the back of the truck . When Glenn wakes up , he bashes the back window until Abraham stops and gets out . Glenn insists on searching for Maggie , but when Abraham insists that Maggie is dead the two men brawl . The commotion draws walkers , and when Eugene tries to shoot them he accidentally cripples their vehicle . Glenn takes this as a sign that he should find Maggie and Tara decides to go with them , then Rosita follows and Eugene tells Abraham that they should go along until they can find a new vehicle . In the episode `` Alone , '' Glenn discovers a sign leading to Terminus . In the episode `` Us , '' the group begins to see signs from Maggie that they should go to Terminus and when the group comes to a tunnel , Abraham ca n't bring himself to risk Eugene 's life and they part ways , leaving Glenn and Tara to go through the tunnel alone . They come across the dead wandering around an area in the tunnel that has collapsed and while sneaking around them , Tara falls down the debris and is trapped . Glenn refuses to leave her and begins beating off the walkers , when they are rescued by Maggie , Sasha , Bob , Eugene , Abraham and Rosita . Reunited with Maggie , they all decide to continue to Terminus where they meet with the refugees . In the season finale `` A , '' it is revealed that they have been imprisoned in a railroad car when Rick and his group are also imprisoned in the same car . Season 5 ( edit ) In the season premiere `` No Sanctuary , '' Glenn and the others create makeshift weapons to fight off their captors , but the Terminus guards instead drop a flashbang grenade into the boxcar , and drag Glenn , Rick , Daryl , and Bob out . They are taken to the slaughterhouse and lined up bending over a pig trough next where four other male survivors are brutally slaughtered over the pig trough but just as Glenn is next Gareth walks in and questions one of the guards about the survivors . An explosion caused by Carol distracts Gareth and allows Rick to break free from his cuffs , kill the guards , then set Glenn , Daryl and Bob free . The four soon discover that the people of Terminus are cannibals and Rick orders everyone shot on sight . They make their way back to the boxcar and free their friends as they fight their way out . As Glenn tries to oppose Rick 's plan to go back they are reunited with Carol , Tyreese and Judith and move on . In the episode `` Strangers , '' the group hear screams for help . They go and assist the man from a group of walkers . He introduces himself as Gabriel . He takes the survivors back to his church , which they quickly check is secure and not a trap . It 's then decided that the group will need to go and fetch supplies . Glenn goes with Maggie and Tara to scavenge a weapons store , where he finds three silencers in a mini fridge . The group celebrate as Abraham makes a toast . In the episode `` Four Walls and a Roof , '' the group discover Bob was captured by the cannibals of Terminus and is being used as bait , having been eaten on the leg . Bob reveals he is bitten , to which Glenn reminds to Rick that Jim had lasted two days before turning . When Abraham announces that he 's taking Eugene and leaving to ensure his survival , an argument breaks out between him and Rick when he insists on taking the bus . Glenn manages to stop the argument by promising Abraham that if he stays for one more night to help deal with Gareth and the Hunters , then he and Maggie will leave with Abraham on the church bus the following morning . Abraham reluctantly agrees . Glenn says goodbye to Bob before he leaves to go to Washington with Maggie , Tara , Abraham , Eugene , and Rosita . In the episode `` Self Help , '' on their journey to DC , the bus crashes and the survivors face multiple walker problems including a herd consisting of thousands which Abraham tries to insist they go through despite Glenn attempting to reason with him . Eugene reveals he crashed the bus and admits that he lied about the cure , Glenn is stunned by the revelation and Abraham reacts in rage and violently punches Eugene and Glenn and Rosita try to stop him as they attempt to wake up Eugene . In the episode `` Crossed , '' Glenn , Tara and Rosita bond as Maggie watches over Eugene and Abraham , as Eugene is unconscious after his beating and Abraham is unresponsive . In the mid-season finale `` Coda , '' the group return to the church to discover Beth is alive and at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta . The group travel to Atlanta , but are too late , as Beth has been killed and arrive in time to see a distraught Daryl carrying her body out and Glenn is left comforting a broken Maggie . In the mid-season premiere `` What Happened and What 's Going On , '' two weeks after Beth 's death the group is heading to Richmond , Virginia to find Noah 's refuge following Rick 's desire to fulfill Beth 's last wish . However Glenn is doubtful that Noah 's sanctuary is still there and his suspicions are proven true as they find the sanctuary in ruin and he and Rick start debating the logic in searching , and Beth 's fate at Dawn 's hand . Rick states he knew Dawn did n't mean to do it but would have killed her anyway if Daryl had n't and Glenn noted that it would n't make a difference , making Michonne concerned about them debating killing someone makes her want to stop running and find a place to live . She later presses this when they find walker limbs , cut up , and insists on Washington again but Glenn is doubtful as Eugene was lying but Rick decides to take a chance . Later Glenn helps Michonne cut off Tyreese 's arm when he is bitten and tries to haul him to safety , briefly being delayed by a truck opening and letting out numerous walker bodies with no arms and legs with `` w '' s cut into their foreheads , but Tyreese dies from blood loss and Glenn stands over his service . In the episode `` Them , '' Glenn tries to comfort a grieving Maggie , still distraught over Beth 's death , after she begins to doubt if she wants to live anymore . Glenn is also the sole member of the group with water during the drought and tries to make at least one member of the group drink some and later helps defend the barn they 're staying in from a walker herd . In the episode `` The Distance , '' when Maggie and Sasha bring in a stranger named Aaron who claims to have a community of good people nearby and wants them to join , Glenn leads a small group of Michonne , Maggie , Abraham and Rosita to investigate his claim of nearby cars . After learning he was telling to truth of the cars the group takes off at night to avoid suspicion but when they get paranoid about Aaron again they are forced to drive through a herd of walkers and escape on foot . However Glenn begins to trust Aaron again when they meet his boyfriend Eric , confirming his earlier claim there was only one person with him and begs Rick to do so as well . Later when the R.V. breaks down Glenn shows an angry Abraham where to find another battery to which he says '' how 'd you know those were there ? '' and Glenn just smiles , referencing Dale 's teachings . Eventually the group arrives at Aaron 's community the Alexandria Safe - Zone . In the episode `` Remember , '' Glenn and the others are interviewed by Deanna Monroe , Alexandria 's leader , and he admits the sense of brutality he has developed from being in the world for too long and how he needs to make it work and Deanna offers Glenn the job of supply runner . When the group is given two houses to divide among themselves they decide to sleep all together in one house to be cautious and the next day Glenn , Tara and Noah accompany Deanna 's son Adien and his friend Nicholas on a run but learn they 've strung a walker up as a warning and they try to reattach it which Glenn kills before it can kill Tara which enrages Adien . Once back at the safe zone Glenn provokes Aiden into fighting him until Rick and Deanna break it up and Deanna addresses the community to accept the group and personally thanks Glenn for knocking Aiden `` on his ass . '' In the episode `` Forget , '' Glenn appears at the party at Deanna 's house , where he assures Noah that he is family now . In the episode `` Spend , '' Glenn , Noah , Tara , Eugene , Aiden , and Nicholas head to a warehouse to scavenge parts to repair Alexandria 's solar power system . As they approach the warehouse , they find that the front area is infested with walkers , though a cage prevents them from being able to enter . As the group enters , they encounter a zombified soldier wearing body armor . Despite Glenn 's pleas not to shoot it , Aiden fires at the walker several times and hits one of its grenades , causing an explosion . Tara is critically wounded , and Aiden is apparently killed . The explosion also weakens the cage , allowing walkers to enter the warehouse . The group falls back , only to discover Aiden is still alive , but impaled by two pieces of metal . As Glenn , Noah , and Nicholas go to save Aiden , Eugene carries Tara out of the warehouse . With the walkers closing in , Nicholas panics and flees , forcing Glenn and Noah to abandon Aiden , who is eaten alive by walkers . Glenn , Noah , and Nicholas take shelter inside a revolving door , but are trapped by walkers on both sides . Eugene arrives in the van and lures the walkers on the outside away . However , Nicholas pushes his way out , leaving Glenn and Noah vulnerable . The walkers grab Noah and tear him apart as Glenn watches in horror . Nicholas goes to the van and tells Eugene they must leave immediately . When Eugene refuses , Nicholas pulls him out of the van and tries to leave without him . Glenn arrives and knocks Nicholas out . Glenn then proceeds to put him in the van , instead of leaving him behind . In the episode `` Try , '' Glenn relates the true series of events to Rick . Deanna bans Glenn and Nicholas from the armory and leaving the Safe - Zone while she investigates . Glenn confronts Nicholas and tells him men like him should have died to the walkers , but he was lucky Alexandria 's walls came up . Glenn threatens Nicholas , warning him never to set foot outside of the walls again . In the season finale `` Conquer , '' Glenn sees Nicholas climbing over the wall and grows suspicious and follows him out . While tracking him , Glenn is shot and wounded by Nicholas . Glenn manages to escape , and later attacks Nicholas when he is off - guard . A struggle ensues and Nicholas manages to escape , leaving Glenn to defend himself against walkers they attracted . As Nicholas tries to escape , Glenn tracks him down and holds him at gunpoint . Nicholas begs for his life , and Glenn spares him . Season 6 ( edit ) In the season premiere `` First Time Again , '' Glenn first appears in a flashback . In a flashback Glenn and Nicholas show at the infirmary both bloody and bruised from their fight in the woods . Glenn is patched up by Rosita and Maggie asks him what happened . Glenn tells her that walkers attacked him and Nicholas in the woods and Glenn was accidentally hit by a bullet that ricoched off of a tree and hit him in the shoulder . Glenn later appears at Rick 's meeting where they discuss how to get rid of the walker herd in the quarry . Glenn tells Maggie that she should stay in Alexandria and watch over Deanna who is still devastated over the deaths of Aiden and Reg . Maggie tells Glenn that 's not the only reason he wants her to stay and Glenn acknowledges this . Glenn notices Nicholas and looks at him in disapproval . Nicholas raises his hand and says he wants to help Rick with the plan as they are going to need all help he can get . After Glenn sees this he offers to go too likely to watch Nicholas . Glenn later appears with he and Nicholas helping to build the wall to lure the walkers away . Glenn notices Maggie and Tara hugging which he smiles at . Glenn and Nicholas are later seen at the hardware store they are assigned at to clear out . Glenn tells Nicholas that he will be keeping a close eye on him from now on . Nicholas tells him he just wants to help which Glenn says he can . At a shop between Alexandria and the quarry , Glenn , Heath , and Nicholas are tasked with killing a group of walkers trapped inside , so the noise made by the trapped walkers wo n't distract the approaching herd to veer off course . Glenn initially refuses to let Nicholas help , but Nicholas insists , and he saves Heath from being bitten by a walker . Later in the episode `` Thank You '' Glenn volunteers to start a distraction fire . Going with Nicholas , they run from the herd into a dead end alleyway , where they kill as many walkers as they can , but get trapped on top of a dumpster . Nicholas has a panic attack , says `` Thank you '' to Glenn , and shoots himself in the head . His body falls against Glenn , knocking him off the dumpster and into the herd of walkers . He is last seen lying on the ground underneath Nicholas ' body , as the walkers begin to eat it . In the episode `` Now , '' Maggie reveals that she is pregnant with Glenn 's child . In the episode `` Heads Up , '' Glenn is seen escaping from underneath the dumpster . He is then found by Enid , whom he talks into returning with him to Alexandria . The two start to form an uneasy friendship despite having contrasting philosophies of survival . The two release balloons outside the walker surrounded gates as a sign that they are alive . In the mid-season finale `` Start to Finish , '' Glenn and Enid observe Maggie as she escapes from the herd that has invaded Alexandria , and they begin to formulate a plan to enter the city . In the episode `` Not Tomorrow Yet , '' Glenn makes his first kill along with Heath and Tara and takes an active part in the gun battle with the Saviors . At the end of the episode he is distraught to learn that Maggie and Carol have been kidnapped by another group of Saviors . Maggie and Carol manage to escape and Glenn and Maggie are soon reunited . In `` East , '' Glenn leaves Alexandria with Rosita and Michonne to go after Daryl , who wants to avenge Denise 's death by killing Dwight . All four end up captured by Dwight , who shoots Daryl . In the finale `` Last Day on Earth , '' the four are unloaded from the back of a truck by Dwight , where they discover Rick , Carl , Maggie , Abraham , Sasha , Eugene , and Aaron have already been captured . Negan announces his plan to beat one of them to death using his baseball bat called Lucille as punishment for the group having killed so many of his people . He initially offers to put the pregnant Maggie out of her misery then and there , causing Glenn to beg for her life ; he is thrown back into the line by Dwight . After contemplating who to kill , Negan decides to select at random by saying `` eenie , meanie , minie , mo . '' The season ends with Negan beating an unknown target to death . Season 7 ( edit ) In the seventh season premiere , `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' , Abraham is revealed to be Negan 's chosen victim ; Negan brutally beats him to death with Lucille as the rest of the group watches , horrified . When Daryl strikes Negan in the face , Negan declares that he will need to kill someone else as punishment . He then strikes Glenn with Lucille . After two blows to the head , Glenn sits up , severely brain damaged with a dislocated eye , and mutters `` Maggie , I 'll find you '' , before Negan repeatedly bludgeons Glenn 's skull into a bloody pulp . In `` The Cell '' , Negan 's henchman Dwight leaves a picture of Glenn 's mangled corpse in Daryl 's cell , where he is being held captive , to torment him . In `` Go Getters '' , Glenn and Abraham are shown to be buried together at Hilltop . In `` The Other Side '' , Maggie remarks to Daryl that he has n't spoken a word to her ever since he returned to the Hilltop . Crying , Daryl apologizes to Maggie for unintentionally causing Glenn 's death . Maggie resolutely maintains Daryl was n't to blame , saying that Glenn knew Daryl was `` one of the good things in this world '' and she knew that because Glenn was `` one of the good things too '' . Video Games ( edit ) Glenn 's appearance in the first episode of The Walking Dead video game is his first chronological appearance in the franchise . The character is voiced by Nick Herman . Lee Everett works with Glenn in `` A New Day , '' revealing that they are both from Macon , Georgia . Glenn volunteers to go out and scavenge for the survivors hiding out in Lee 's family 's pharmacy , but is pinned down by walkers at a local motel while trying to rescue a trapped girl , and the player must go out to save him . The girl , who has been infected , ends up killing herself before Glenn helps Lee 's group escape . Glenn decides to leave the group at the end of the episode and return to Atlanta to find his friends , tying into his comic and television appearance . Development ( edit ) Casting and characterization ( edit ) Steven Yeun was announced to be part of the main cast in May 2010 , along with Laurie Holden . Former showrunner and executive producer Glen Mazzara describes Glenn as `` the heart of the show . '' He said that `` everybody loves that character ; everybody 's rooting for that character . He may be tortured and sensitive , but he 's always a hero . '' Robert Kirkman described Glenn as being `` essential in keeping ( the series ) from being the unrelenting depressing thing that it definitely has the potential to be . Anything upbeat or uplifting usually comes from that character . I also think that Glenn 's relationship with Maggie is one of the clearest senses of hope that you get from the story . '' Glen Mazzara has confirmed that Glenn 's last name is Rhee . Glenn 's last name is also listed on his page on AMC 's official The Walking Dead site . It had never been mentioned on - screen in the TV series until Season 7 , Episode 5 , `` Go Getters , '' when Maggie says to Gregory , `` My name is Maggie , Maggie Rhee . '' Critical reception ( edit ) Yeun 's portrayal of Glenn has been praised , particularly for breaking on - screen stereotypes associated with Asian - American men , and the depth of the character 's relationship with Maggie . In May 2011 , he received a Saturn Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor in Television . The episode `` Cherokee Rose '' marks Glenn and Maggie 's first sexual encounter . Critics commended the development of the relationship between Maggie and Glenn . Andrew Conrad of The Baltimore Sun stated that the storyline epitomized a `` steamy romance , '' while The Wall Street Journal 's Aaron Rutkoff called it `` the funniest moment of the series . '' Goldman opined that their sexual encounter felt genuine ; `` He 's a nice guy , she seems like a cool gal , and it felt genuine when she noted she felt plenty lonely too and ready for some companionship . '' Nick Venable of Cinema Blend felt that the interactions between Maggie and Glenn were the highlight of the episode . `` I 'm glad the writers are introducing this comic book plot point , as this show seriously needs a couple without closets full of skeletons . When Glenn accidentally grabs a box of condoms for Maggie to see , I chuckled heartily . The ensuing conversation also made me smile , which makes me wonder why humor is paid the least amount of attention on the show . '' Jackson was surprised with the scene , and called it `` unexpected . '' In the comic book and television mediums , Glenn is murdered by Negan , who uses his infamous barbwire bat `` Lucille '' to repeatedly bash his head in to a pulp as his wife and friends watch horrified , and helplessly after being captured by the Saviors . There is a difference in how his death occurs : In the comic books , after being forced to their knees , Glenn was revealed to be the victim chosen outright to die . However , Abraham Ford received this fate on TV in the episode `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be . '' Glenn was still killed off in the same episode , with his demise being a result of Daryl Dixon disobeying Negan 's rules . The deaths led to significant debate regarding the direction of the show . Some viewers and critics saw the deaths as too violent , with a number of them stating that the show had gone too far or that they would stop watching it ; others felt that Glenn 's death was needed because it reflects the comic book version and that both deaths show how brutal Negan can be . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Moore , Tony ( p ) , Moore , Tony ( i ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . `` Days Gone Bye '' The Walking Dead 2 ( November 2003 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Moore , Tony ( p ) , Moore , Tony ( i ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . `` Days Gone Bye '' The Walking Dead 4 : ( 22 ) ( January 28 , 2004 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Moore , Tony ( cover ) ( col ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . `` Miles Behind Us '' The Walking Dead v2 , 10 ( August 2004 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Moore , Tony ( cover ) ( col ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . `` Miles Behind Us '' The Walking Dead v2 , 12 ( September 2004 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors , back cover ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` The Best Defense '' The Walking Dead v5 , 29 : ( 22 ) ( June 2006 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( penciller , cover ) ( p ) , Gaudiano , Stefano , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Dave Stewart ( cover colors ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Mackiewicz , Sean ( ed ) . The Walking Dead v7 , 37 ( January 8th 2015 ) , 2001 Center St. , 6th Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` Made To Suffer '' The Walking Dead v8 , 45 : ( 22 ) ( December 12 , 2007 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics Jump up ^ The Walking Dead # 56 ( December 2008 ) Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Grace , Sina ( ed ) . `` Life Among Them '' The Walking Dead v12 , 72 : ( 22 ) ( May 19 , 2010 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Grace , Sina ( ed ) . `` Something To Fear '' The Walking Dead v17 , 100 : ( 30 ) ( July 11 , 2012 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment Jump up ^ `` Meet the Survivors : Glenn and Hershel '' . Telltale Games . Telltale , Incorporated. 6 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2013 . Retrieved 30 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Herman Filmography '' . Internet Movie Database . Amazon.com . Retrieved 30 June 2013 . Jump up ^ 05 / 05 / 2010 , Rick Marshall . `` ' The Walking Dead ' TV Series Adds Two More Cast Members '' . mtv.com . Jump up ^ L. Clendenin , Jay . `` ' Walking Dead ' : Steven Yeun 's Glenn is beating heart of AMC series '' . LA Times . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Glenn Rhee '' . AMC . AMC Networks . Retrieved 3 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Fang , Jenn ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Glenn of The Walking Dead is the best response to Anti-Asian stereotyping '' . Nerds of Color . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Glenn on ' The Walking Dead ' is the Most Interesting Asian Male Character on American Television '' . youoffendmeyouoffendmyfamily.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Inception , ' ' Walking Dead ' Top Saturn Awards Nominations '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Jump up ^ Conrad , Andrew ( November 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' recap : Episode 204 , ' Cherokee Rose ' '' . The Baltimore Sun . Tribune Company . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rutkoff , Aaron ( November 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead , ' Season 2 , Episode 4 , ' Cherokee Rose ' : TV Recap '' . Wall Street Journal . Les Hinton . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Walking Dead : `` Cherokee Rose '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Venable , Nick ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Walking Dead Watch : Season 2 , Episode 4 -- Cherokee Rose '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Josh ( November 6 , 2011 ) . `` The Walking Dead Review : Season 2 , Episode 4 ( Cherokee Rose ) '' . Paste . Wolfgang 's Vault . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2016/10/30/was-glenns-violent-death-on-the-walking-dead-too-much/ Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( October 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead : `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , Stuart ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead season seven premiere : The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Glenn Rhee at AMC Glenn on IMDb Glenn comics character profile at TheWalkingDead.com The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 6 7 8 9 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Miscellaneous Video games Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Four : The Final Season Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Overkill Tekken 7 Rides The Walking Dead : The Ride Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Tara Chambler Madison Clark ( Fear the Walking Dead ) Clementine ( video game ) Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett ( video game ) King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Jadis Morgan Jones Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Spencer Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Siddiq Simon Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Comics portal Fictional characters portal Horror fiction portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glenn_Rhee&oldid=855828002 '' Categories : Comics characters introduced in 2003 Characters created by Robert Kirkman Fictional American people of Korean descent Fictional characters from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Fictional characters from Michigan The Walking Dead characters Hidden categories : Articles with short description Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 03 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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who killed glenn in the walking dead comics
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"In both forms of media, Glenn is a young pizza delivery boy from Atlanta (although in the television series it’s stated that he’s originally from Yeun’s home state, Michigan) who is separated from his family after the zombie outbreak and joins a group of survivors led by Rick Grimes. Glenn is known for being quick thinking and resourceful, which makes him the group's primary supply runner. As the group begins to move around the region looking for sanctuary, Glenn meets Maggie Greene and they fall in love. Their relationship is tested in numerous ways throughout the course of the series as their humanity is challenged in the face of numerous threats, including hostile survivors the group comes into contact with. They eventually marry and have a child, although he is killed by Negan before the child is born.\n"
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Chef (South Park)
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Chef ( South Park ) - wikipedia Chef ( South Park ) Jump to : navigation , search Jerome `` Chef '' McElroy South Park character First appearance `` Cartman Gets an Anal Probe '' Last appearance `` The Return of Chef '' ( series ) South Park : The Stick of Truth ( South Park video game ) Created by Trey Parker Matt Stone Voiced by Isaac Hayes Peter Serafinowicz ( Darth Chef ) Information Occupation Former school catering assistant Family Nellie McElroy ( mother ) Thomas McElroy ( father ) Nationality American Residence South Park , Colorado ( 1997 ) Jerome `` Chef '' McElroy is a cartoon character on the Comedy Central series South Park who was voiced by Isaac Hayes . A cafeteria worker ( as his nickname implies ) at the local elementary school in the town of South Park , Colorado , Chef is generally portrayed as more level - headed than the other adult residents of the town , and sympathetic to the kids . His guidance is often sought by the show 's core group of child protagonists -- Eric Cartman , Stan Marsh , Kyle Broflovski , and Kenny McCormick -- as he is usually the only adult whom they consistently trusted . To an inadvertent fault , he frequently gives inappropriate advice , usually in the non sequitur form of a lascivious soul song . Chef was inspired by Hayes and other popular soul singers of the 1970s , as well as an actual dining hall worker encountered by series co-creator Trey Parker while he attended the University of Colorado . Chef played a less prominent role as the series progressed beyond its earlier seasons , and the character was made retired at the beginning of the tenth season in `` The Return of Chef '' following the controversial departure of Hayes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character 2 Relationship with the children 3 Music 4 Departure of Isaac Hayes 5 Retirement 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Character ( edit ) In tradition with the show 's animation style , Chef is composed of simple geometrical shapes , and is animated with use of a computer , though he is given the impression of being a construction paper cutout composition animated through the use of stop motion , which was the technique used to animate the `` Spirit of Christmas '' shorts and the show 's first episode . Chef is an overweight African American with a beard who usually wore blue pants and a red shirt . He frequently dons a traditional chef 's hat and white apron on which the word `` CHEF '' is printed in black , even when he is not at work . Until Token Black and his family were given a more notable role starting in the show 's fourth season , Chef was portrayed as the only black resident in all of South Park . Parker and co-creator Matt Stone initially planned to have one of themselves voice the character , fearing that their ideal candidates of Hayes , Lou Rawls , and Barry White would never agree to voice the character because the duo had admittedly and purposefully created him as a `` stereotype '' to reflect what they felt was the perception most inhabitants of less - diverse mountainous Colorado towns had of black people . However , Hayes agreed to voice the character due in part to the audacity of some of the show 's early scripts . Chef ( usually kindheartedly , though not always ) referred to most people in town with the pejorative `` crackers '' , including the children . Chef , after abandoning his musical aspirations , moved to South Park with plans to open his own restaurant . Before this , he had befriended several famous recording artists in the music industry , including Elton John and Meat Loaf , helping them to launch their successful careers . Despite failing at yet another dream , Chef made his way onto the South Park City Council , representing Public Safety . In addition to dispensing advice to the children and a few of the adult townsfolk , Chef speaks out against what he feels are outrageous ideas . For example , he opposes the rampant prescription of Ritalin in the episode `` Timmy 2000 '' , and he objects to the town 's acceptance of Mr. Garrison committing purposefully flamboyant sadomasochistic acts in front of schoolchildren in `` The Death Camp of Tolerance '' . In `` Chef Goes Nanners '' , he briefly converts to Islam and adopted the name `` Abdul Mohammed Jabar Rauf Kareem Ali '' when he demanded that South Park change its official flag because it depicted the town 's racist past . On several other occasions , Chef helped save South Park ( and in a few other instances , the entire world ) from potential disasters . Chef is also known for frequently engaging in casual sex , a habit he often expresses through song . He drives a 1980s woodie station wagon with a vanity plate that reads `` LUV CHEF '' . He is often seen accompanied by numerous young women when at home or on vacation , and is even revealed to have had a one - night stand with Kathie Lee Gifford . He once resorted to male prostitution in an effort to raise money to pay legal fees , and had sex with nearly every woman in South Park before having to stop due to exhaustion . In `` The Succubus '' , Chef briefly becomes an office worker and took up monogamy after meeting a woman named Veronica . The two were engaged to be married until it was revealed that Veronica was actually a succubus . In the South Park video game , the children can seek Chef 's advice at one of the many buildings labelled `` Chef 's Shack O ' Love '' , which is implied to be a brothel , complete with a naked woman in Chef 's bed . Chef 's parents , Nellie and Thomas McElroy , live in Scotland . The couple have made two major appearances in the episodes `` The Succubus '' and `` The Biggest Douche in the Universe '' , and made a brief cameo in a town Christmas celebration in `` Red Sleigh Down '' . They were not seen at Chef 's funeral in `` The Return of Chef '' . Chef is known to have run a quiz show called Chef 's Luv Shack , as is apparent in the video game of the same name . Relationship with the children ( edit ) Chef endearingly calls the boys `` the children '' or just `` children '' ( even when addressing one individually ) , and , unless he is preoccupied with a female companion , is usually willing to assist them with whatever help they need . He is consistently the only adult in town who the boys held in high regard , and they view him as their friend . They are also visibly saddened his presence in their lives is threatened . In addition to being fans of his food ( especially his trademark Salisbury steak ) , the boys often heartily anticipate encountering Chef when waiting in the school lunch line , so that they can explain whatever dilemma is affecting them , usually after their traditional greeting : Chef : Hello there , children ! The boys ( in unison ) : Hey Chef ! Chef : How 's it goin ' ? The boys ( one or in unison ) : Bad . Chef : Why `` bad '' ? The boys sometimes take it upon themselves to travel to Chef 's house individually to seek his advice on all manners of their problems , specifically relationships . He usually gives advice in the form of a soul song , which usually winds up being about sex , whether or not sex was relevant to the topic at hand . Hearing the songs would often leave the boys even more confused and with no further understanding of what they initially inquire about . In earlier seasons , Chef is often approached by the children when they are unfamiliar with a term that pertains to adult matters , such as `` lesbian '' or `` prostitute '' . This happens so often that it eventually aggravates Chef , who pleads with them to stop asking questions he feels are not appropriate for him to answer . Despite this , the children continue asking these questions , much to his chagrin . An absent - minded Chef sometimes answers anyway , not realizing his lapse until the damage had been done . Chef acknowledges that doing this had repeatedly gotten him in trouble with his boss , Principal Victoria . Music ( edit ) Main articles : Chef Aid , Chef Aid : The South Park Album , and Chocolate Salty Balls Cover of Chef 's 1998 hit single , `` Chocolate Salty Balls '' In addition to singing in an effort to explain something to the children , Chef also sings about things relevant to what has transpired in the plot . These songs were original compositions written by Parker , and performed by Hayes in the same sexually suggestive R&B style he had utilized during his own music career . Within the show , Chef is the original composer of these songs , including `` Stinky Britches '' , which was depicted as having been covered by Alanis Morissette without proper credit to Chef . When Chef is left with legal debt after losing a court case to have himself credited as the song 's original writer , several bands and artists ( guest starring as themselves ) hold a concert dubbed `` Chef Aid '' , a parody of Live Aid , to raise the funds . The episode inspired a real - life album , Chef Aid : The South Park Album , released in 1998 , which featured guest stars from the episode such as Elton John and Ozzy Osbourne . The album includes many of the full - length versions of the songs Chef had performed in the show 's first two seasons ; `` Chocolate Salty Balls '' was released as a single , and reached # 1 in both the record charts of Ireland and the United Kingdom . As the series progressed and Chef 's role became more intermittent , his spontaneous outbursts into song became less of a show standard . Parker and Stone originally planned to have Chef sing a song in every single episode but abandoned the idea after finding it too challenging and fearing writing too many songs would make them less funny , similar to their rationale for dispensing with Kenny 's episodic deaths . Departure of Isaac Hayes ( edit ) See also : South Park controversies Wikinews has related news : Isaac Hayes quits South Park over Scientology episode On January 4 , 2006 , Hayes defended South Park 's style of controversial humor to The A.V. Club and XM 's Opie and Anthony show , going so far as to note that although he was not pleased with the show 's depiction of the Church of Scientology , of which he was a member , he `` understood what Matt and Trey are doing . '' However , on March 13 , 2006 , nearly two months after suffering a stroke , Hayes was reported to have quit South Park over objections to the show 's attitudes toward and depiction of various religions , claiming that the show had crossed the line from satire into intolerance . Despite the content of the official press release , there remains considerable speculation about the motivations behind his departure . Parker and Stone assert that he quit due to the controversial episode `` Trapped in the Closet '' , and its treatment of Scientology . Stone commented in a manner that suggested that Hayes practiced a double standard regarding the treatment of religion on South Park : `` ( We ) never heard a peep out of Isaac in any way until we ( lampooned ) Scientology . He wants a different standard for religions other than his own , and to me , that is where intolerance and bigotry begin . '' Fox News reporter Roger Friedman suggested that , because he was still suffering from the effects of his stroke , Hayes was hospitalized and not in a position to make a rational decision to leave the show . Friedman also reported that Hayes left the show because of the external pressure forced by his fellow Scientologists , the decision was not voluntary , and the original press release announcing his departure was put out by someone who was not authorized to represent him . In a 2016 oral history of South Park in The Hollywood Reporter , Isaac Hayes III confirmed that the decision to leave the show was made by Hayes ' entourage while Hayes was unable to make such decisions on his own . Retirement ( edit ) `` Darth '' Chef Nine days after Hayes 's departure from production , the controversy was satirized in the show 's Season 10 premiere `` The Return of Chef '' . For the episode , voice clips of Chef were taken from previous episodes and linked together to form new dialogue to support the plot , which involves Chef 's leaving South Park to join the `` Super Adventure Club '' , which eventually brainwashes Chef until he had the mindset of a child molester . The organization combines outdoor activities with child molestation , an act they perceive as justified because of their beliefs . After the boys are unable to convince Chef to come back to South Park , a rope bridge Chef is walking across is struck by lightning . He falls to a violent death , culminating with his mutilation at the hands of a grizzly bear and a cougar and finally discharged fecal matter ( a reference to the episode `` Something Wall - Mart This Way Comes '' , in which Cartman claims that the relaxation of the bowel muscles confirms that a person is really dead ) . South Park holds a memorial service for him ( Canadian comedians Terrance and Phillip even attend , despite having never met the man themselves ) , in which Kyle gives a eulogy stating , `` We should n't be mad at Chef for leaving us , we should be mad at that fruity little club for scrambling his brains '' , a deliberate parallel with Hayes ' departure from the show in favor of Scientology . Mimicking a scene from the finale of Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith , Chef 's body is secretly collected by the Super Adventure Club , who managed to revive him as a cyborg -- identified on the show 's official website as `` Darth Chef '' ( a parody of Star Wars ' Darth Vader ) . He is fitted with a suit and mask like those of Vader , except with the helmet taking on the appearance of Chef 's trademark hat , and wields a red , glowing spatula , parodying Vader 's red lightsaber . Darth Chef 's voice was provided by British comedian and filmmaker Peter Serafinowicz , who voiced Darth Maul in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . Darth Chef has not made an appearance in subsequent episodes , but has appeared with other characters in the background of the South Park opening sequence , and is mentioned in the episode `` Stunning and Brave '' , when PC Principal says the kids drove him to kill himself , which is not true . Chef is alluded to after his death in the season 10 episode `` Hell on Earth 2006 '' where , during Satan 's party , there are multiple scenes in which a Caucasian male dressed as Chef can be seen in the background . He is also referenced in the season 14 episode `` Crème Fraiche '' when Randy becomes the new chef at school and greets the kids with Chef 's trademark lines . Isaac Hayes himself died on August 10 , 2008 , two years after his departure from South Park . Chef makes an appearance in the 2014 video game South Park : The Stick of Truth as the reanimated Nazi Zombie penultimate boss later in the game . Once again , voice clips of Isaac Hayes as Chef are recycled from past episodes with the exception of recorded speech clips from Adolf Hitler . During his battle with the player and the other boys , Chef will express remorse by saying things like `` I 'm sorry , boys '' and `` what have I done ? '' While there were vague references to the Super Adventure Club and his death , there were no references to the Darth Chef suit . See also ( edit ) South Park : Chef 's Luv Shack Chocolate Salty Balls South Park songs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` University of Colorado Students Tell It Like It Is '' . collegeprowler.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Method Behind the Madness of South Park '' . everwonder.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trey Parker and Matt Stone interview ( 2000 ) pt 4 / 5 '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2015 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ Archives '' . South Park Studios . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ Archives '' . South Park Studios . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Goin ' down to South Park '' . Viacom . YouTube . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Trey Parker and Matt Stone ( 1998 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Cartman 's Mom Is a Dirty Slut '' . South Park . Season 1 . Episode 113 . Comedy Central . ^ Jump up to : Trey Parker and Matt Stone ( 1998 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Chef Aid '' . South Park . Season 2 . Episode 214 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Trey Parker and Matt Stone ( 2000 - 04 - 19 ) . `` Timmy 2000 '' . South Park . Season 4 . Episode 404 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Trey Parker and Matt Stone ( 2002 - 11 - 20 ) . `` The Death Camp of Tolerance '' . South Park . Season 6 . Episode 614 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Trey Parker and Matt Stone ( 2000 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Chef Goes Nanners '' . South Park . Season 4 . Episode 408 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Trey Parker and Matt Stone ( 1997 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Pinkeye '' . South Park . Season 1 . Episode 107 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Trey Parker and Matt Stone ( 1998 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Mecha - Streisand '' . South Park . Season 1 . Episode 113 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Trey Parker and Matt Stone ( 1997 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Starvin ' Marvin '' . South Park . Season 1 . Episode 107 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Trey Parker and Matt Stone ( 2001 - 06 - 20 ) . `` It Hits the Fan '' . South Park . Season 5 . Episode 502 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Trey Parker and Matt Stone ( 2003 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Cancelled '' . South Park . Season 7 . Episode 704 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Trey Parker and Matt Stone ( 2005 - 03 - 16 ) . `` Die Hippie , Die '' . South Park . Season 9 . Episode 902 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Trey Parker and Matt Stone ( 1997 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Weight Gain 4000 '' . South Park . Season 1 . Episode 102 . Comedy Central . ^ Jump up to : Trey Parker and Matt Stone ( 1999 - 04 - 21 ) . `` The Succubus '' . South Park . Season 3 . Episode 303 . Comedy Central . ^ Jump up to : Trey Parker and Matt Stone ( 2006 - 03 - 22 ) . `` The Return of Chef '' . South Park . Season 10 . Episode 1001 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Trey Parker and Matt Stone ( 2000 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Fat Camp '' . South Park . Season 4 . Episode 415 . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=26989 Jump up ^ Trey Parker , Matt Stone ( 2003 ) . South Park : The Complete First Season : `` Weight Gain 4000 '' ( Audio commentary ) . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Hayes has put stroke , ' South Park ' behind him , MySanAntonio.com , October 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Isaac Hayes Quits ' South Park ' '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( March 20 , 2006 ) . `` Chef 's Quitting Controversy '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Holy Shit , ' South Park ' Is 20 ! Trey Parker , Matt Stone on Censors , Tom Cruise and Scientology 's Role in Isaac Hayes Quitting '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' South Park ' Cooks Up Plan For Chef In Season Premiere '' . MTV . March 21 , 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Trey Parker and Matt Stone ( 2004 - 11 - 03 ) . `` Something Wall - Mart This Way Comes '' . South Park . Season 8 . Episode 809 . Comedy Central . External links ( edit ) Chef at South Park Studios Chef on IMDb South Park Characters Principal Stan Marsh Kyle Broflovski Eric Cartman Kenny McCormick Butters Stotch Recurring Randy and Sharon Marsh Gerald and Sheila Broflovski Mr. Garrison Wendy Testaburger Chef Lists Families Children School staff Production Cast members Guest stars Awards and nominations 6 Days to Air Media releases The Spirit of Christmas South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut South Park Imaginationland : The Movie Home video Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Studio albums Chef Aid : The South Park Album ( 1998 ) Bigger , Longer & Uncut O.S.T. ( 1999 ) Mr. Hankey 's Christmas Classics ( 1999 ) Singles `` Chocolate Salty Balls '' `` Blame Canada '' `` What Would Brian Boitano Do ? '' `` Timmy and the Lords of the Underworld '' Video games South Park Chef 's Luv Shack South Park ( pinball ) Rally South Park 10 : The Game Let 's Go Tower Defense Play ! Tenorman 's Revenge The Stick of Truth The Fractured but Whole Phone Destroyer See also Controversies Subject matter Chewbacca defense South Park and Philosophy : You Know , I Learned Something Today South Park and Philosophy : Bigger , Longer , and More Penetrating South Park Republican Book Portal Isaac Hayes Studio albums Presenting Isaac Hayes ( 1968 ) Hot Buttered Soul ( 1969 ) The Isaac Hayes Movement ( 1970 ) ... To Be Continued ( 1970 ) Black Moses ( 1971 ) Joy ( 1973 ) Chocolate Chip ( 1975 ) Disco Connection ( 1975 ) Groove - A-Thon ( 1976 ) Juicy Fruit ( Disco Freak ) ( 1976 ) New Horizon ( 1977 ) For the Sake of Love ( 1978 ) Do n't Let Go ( 1979 ) And Once Again ( 1980 ) Lifetime Thing ( 1981 ) U-Turn ( 1986 ) Love Attack ( 1988 ) Raw & Refined ( 1995 ) Branded ( 1995 ) Soundtrack albums Shaft Three Tough Guys Truck Turner Chef Aid : The South Park Album Singles ( US / UK Top Thirty singles ) `` Walk On By '' `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' `` Theme from Shaft '' `` Let 's Stay Together '' `` Chocolate Salty Balls '' Related topics Discography Songs Albums David Porter Al Bell Booker T. & the M.G. 's Stax Records List of songs written by Isaac Hayes and David Porter Chef ( South Park ) MusicBrainz : b99d5182 - ff4f - 4e5a - 9f56 - 7d01a3e72b05 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chef_(South_Park)&oldid=815311491 '' Categories : Fictional African - American people Fictional cafeteria workers Fictional characters introduced in 1997 Fictional chefs Fictional amputees Fictional cyborgs Fictional singers South Park characters Fictional characters from Colorado Fictional zombies and revenants Video game bosses Comedy film characters Fictional Nazis Fictional pedophiles Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 02 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who does the voice of chef in south park
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"Jerome \"Chef\" McElroy is a cartoon character on the Comedy Central series South Park who was voiced by Isaac Hayes. A cafeteria worker (as his nickname implies) at the local elementary school in the town of South Park, Colorado, Chef is generally portrayed as more level-headed than the other adult residents of the town, and sympathetic to the kids. His guidance is often sought by the show's core group of child protagonists – Eric Cartman, Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, and Kenny McCormick – as he is usually the only adult whom they consistently trusted. To an inadvertent fault, he frequently gives inappropriate advice, usually in the non sequitur form of a lascivious soul song."
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"Isaac Hayes"
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Industrial Revolution
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Industrial Revolution - wikipedia Industrial Revolution Jump to : navigation , search A Roberts loom in a weaving shed in 1835 . Textiles were the leading industry of the Industrial Revolution and mechanized factories , powered by a central water wheel or steam engine , were the new workplace . The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840 . This transition included going from hand production methods to machines , new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes , the increasing use of steam power , the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system . Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment , value of output and capital invested . The textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods . The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain , and many of the technological innovations were of British origin . By the mid-18th century Britain was the world 's leading commercial nation , controlling a global trading empire with colonies in North America and Africa , and with some political influence on the Indian subcontinent , through the activities of the East India Company . The development of trade and the rise of business were major causes of the Industrial Revolution . The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history ; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way . In particular , average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth . Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history , although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries . GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy , while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per - capita economic growth in capitalist economies . Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants . The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians , as is the pace of economic and social changes . Eric Hobsbawm held that the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s , while T.S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830 . Rapid industrialization first began in Britain , starting with mechanized spinning in the 1780s , with high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurring after 1800 . Mechanized textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the United States in the early 19th century , with important centres of textiles , iron and coal emerging in Belgium and the United States and later textiles in France . An economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the original innovations of the Industrial Revolution , such as mechanized spinning and weaving , slowed and their markets matured . Innovations developed late in the period , such as the increasing adoption of locomotives , steamboats and steamships , hot blast iron smelting and new technologies , such as the electrical telegraph , widely introduced in the 1840s and 1850s , were not powerful enough to drive high rates of growth . Rapid economic growth began to occur after 1870 , springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the Second Industrial Revolution . These new innovations included new steel making processes , the large - scale manufacture of machine tools and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam - powered factories . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Important technological developments 2.1 Textile manufacture 2.1. 1 British textile industry statistics 2.1. 2 Cotton 2.1. 3 Trade and textiles 2.1. 4 Pre-mechanized European textile production 2.1. 5 Invention of textile machinery 2.1. 6 Wool 2.1. 7 Silk 2.2 Iron industry 2.2. 1 UK iron production statistics 2.2. 2 Iron process innovations 2.3 Steam power 2.4 Machine tools 2.5 Chemicals 2.6 Cement 2.7 Gas lighting 2.8 Glass making 2.9 Paper machine 2.10 Agriculture 2.11 Mining 2.12 Transportation 2.12. 1 Canals and improved waterways 2.12. 2 Roads 2.12. 3 Railways 2.13 Other developments 3 Social effects 3.1 Factory system 3.2 Standards of living 3.2. 1 Food and nutrition 3.2. 2 Housing 3.2. 3 Sanitation 3.2. 4 Water supply 3.2. 5 Increase in literacy 3.3 Clothing and consumer goods 3.4 Population increase 3.5 Urbanization 3.6 Impact on women and family life 3.7 Labour conditions 3.7. 1 Social structure and working conditions 3.7. 2 Factories and urbanisation 3.7. 3 Child labour 3.7. 4 Organisation of labour 3.7. 5 Luddites 3.7. 6 Shift in production 's center of gravity 3.7. 7 Effect on cotton production and expansion of slavery 3.8 Impact on environment 4 Industrialisation beyond the United Kingdom 4.1 Continental Europe 4.1. 1 Belgium 4.1. 1.1 Demographic effects 4.1. 2 France 4.1. 3 Germany 4.1. 4 Sweden 4.2 Japan 4.3 United States 5 Second Industrial Revolution 6 Causes 6.1 Causes in Europe 6.2 Causes in Britain 6.3 Transfer of knowledge 6.3. 1 Protestant work ethic 7 Opposition from Romanticism 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Sources 10 External links Etymology The earliest recorded use of the term `` Industrial Revolution '' seems to have been in a letter from 6 July 1799 written by French envoy Louis - Guillaume Otto , announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise . In his 1976 book Keywords : A Vocabulary of Culture and Society , Raymond Williams states in the entry for `` Industry '' : `` The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen , between 1811 and 1818 , and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the ( 19th ) century . '' The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change was becoming more common by the late 1830s , as in Jérôme - Adolphe Blanqui 's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle . Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of `` an industrial revolution , a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society '' . However , although Engels wrote in the 1840s , his book was not translated into English until the late 1800s , and his expression did not enter everyday language until then . Credit for popularising the term may be given to Arnold Toynbee , whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term . Some historians , such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts , have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and the term revolution is a misnomer . This is still a subject of debate among some historians . Important technological developments The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations , beginning in the second half of the 18th century . By the 1830s the following gains had been made in important technologies : Textiles -- mechanised cotton spinning powered by steam or water increased the output of a worker by a factor of around 500 . The power loom increased the output of a worker by a factor of over 40 . The cotton gin increased productivity of removing seed from cotton by a factor of 50 . Large gains in productivity also occurred in spinning and weaving of wool and linen , but they were not as great as in cotton . Steam power -- the efficiency of steam engines increased so that they used between one - fifth and one - tenth as much fuel . The adaptation of stationary steam engines to rotary motion made them suitable for industrial uses . The high pressure engine had a high power to weight ratio , making it suitable for transportation . Steam power underwent a rapid expansion after 1800 . Iron making -- the substitution of coke for charcoal greatly lowered the fuel cost of pig iron and wrought iron production . Using coke also allowed larger blast furnaces , resulting in economies of scale . The steam engine began being used to power blast air in the mid 1750s , enabling a large increase in iron production by overcoming the limitation of water power . The cast iron blowing cylinder was first used in 1760 . It was later improved by making it double acting , which allowed higher blast furnace temperatures . The puddling process produced a structural grade iron at a lower cost than the finery forge . The rolling mill was fifteen times faster than hammering wrought iron . Hot blast ( 1828 ) greatly increased fuel efficiency in iron production in the following decades . Invention of machine tools -- The first machine tools were invented . These included the screw cutting lathe , cylinder boring machine and the milling machine . Machine tools made the economical manufacture of precision metal parts possible , although it took several decades to develop effective techniques . Textile manufacture Main article : Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution British textile industry Statistics In 1750 Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton , most of which was spun and woven by cottage industry in Lancashire . The work was done by hand in workers ' homes or occasionally in shops of master weavers . In 1787 raw cotton consumption was 22 million pounds , most of which was cleaned , carded and spun on machines . The British textile industry used 52 million pounds of cotton in 1800 , but consumed 588 million pounds in 1850 . The share of value added by the cotton textile industry in Britain was 2.6 % in 1760 , 17 % in 1801 and 22.4 % in 1831 . Value added by the British woollen industry was 14.1 % in 1801 . Cotton factories in Britain numbered approximately 900 in 1797 . In 1760 approximately one - third of cotton cloth manufactured in Britain was exported , rising to two - thirds by 1800 . In 1781 cotton spun amounted to 5.1 million pounds , which increased to 56 million pounds by 1800 . In 1800 less than 0.1 % of world cotton cloth was produced on machinery invented in Britain . In 1788 there were 50,000 spindles in Britain , rising to 7 million over the next 30 years . Wages in Lancashire , a core region for cottage industry and later factory spinning and weaving , were about six times those in India in 1770 , when overall productivity in Britain was about three times higher than in India . Cotton Parts of India , China , Central America , South America and the Middle - East have a long history of hand manufacturing cotton textiles , which became a major industry sometime after 1000 AD . In tropical and subtropical regions where it was grown , most was grown by small farmers alongside their food crops and was spun and woven in households , largely for domestic consumption . In the 15th century China began to require households to pay part of their taxes in cotton cloth . By the 17th century almost all Chinese wore cotton clothing . Almost everywhere cotton cloth could be used as a medium of exchange . In India a significant amount of cotton textiles were manufactured for distant markets , often produced by professional weavers . Some merchants also owned small weaving workshops . India produced a variety of cotton cloth , some of exceptionally fine quality . Cotton was a difficult raw material for Europe to obtain before it was grown in the Americas . The early Spanish explorers found Native Americans growing unknown species of good quality cotton : sea island cotton ( Gossypium barbadense ) and upland green seeded cotton Gossypium hirsutum . Sea island cotton grew in tropical areas and on barrier islands of Georgia and South Carolina , but did poorly inland . Sea island cotton began being exported from Barbados in the 1650 's . Upland green seeded cotton grew well on inland areas of the southern U.S. , but was not economical because of the difficulty of removing seed , a problem solved by the cotton gin . A strain of cotton seed brought from Mexico to Natchez , Mississippi , USA in 1806 became the parent genetic material for over 90 % of world cotton production today ; it produced bolls that were three to four times faster to pick . Trade and textiles The Age of Discovery was followed by a period of colonialism beginning around the 16th century . Following the discovery of a trade route to India around southern Africa by the Portuguese , the Dutch established the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie ( abbr . VOC ) or Dutch East India Company and the British founded the East India Company , along with smaller companies of different nationalities which established trading posts and employed agents to engage in trade throughout the Indian Ocean region and between the Indian Ocean region and North Atlantic Europe . One of the largest segments of this trade was in cotton textiles , which were purchased in India and sold in Southeast Asia , including the Indonesian archipelago , where spices were purchased for sale to Southeast Asia and Europe . By the mid-1760s cloth was over three - quarters of the East India Company 's exports . Indian textiles were in demand in North Atlantic region of Europe where previously only wool and linen were available ; however , the amount of cotton goods consumed in Western Europe was minor until the early 19th century . European colonial empires at the start of the Industrial Revolution . Pre-mechanized European textile production By 1600 Flemish refugees began weaving cotton cloth in English towns where cottage spinning and weaving of wool and linen was well established ; however , they were left alone by the guilds who did not consider cotton a threat . Earlier European attempts at cotton spinning and weaving were in 12th century Italy and 15th century southern Germany , but these industries eventually ended when the supply of cotton was cut off . The Moors in Spain grew , spun and wove cotton beginning around the 10th century . British cloth could not compete with Indian cloth because India 's labor cost was approximately one - fifth to one - sixth that of Britain 's . In 1700 and 1721 the British government passed Calico Acts in order to protect the domestic woollen and linen industries from the increasing amounts of cotton fabric imported from India . The demand for heavier fabric was met by a domestic industry based around Lancashire that produced fustian , a cloth with flax warp and cotton weft . Flax was used for the warp because wheel - spun cotton did not have sufficient strength , but the resulting blend was not as soft as 100 % cotton and was more difficult to sew . On the eve of the Industrial Revolution , spinning and weaving were done in households , for domestic consumption and as a cottage industry under the putting - out system . Occasionally the work was done in the workshop of a master weaver . Under the putting - out system , home - based workers produced under contract to merchant sellers , who often supplied the raw materials . In the off season the women , typically farmers ' wives , did the spinning and the men did the weaving . Using the spinning wheel , it took anywhere from four to eight spinners to supply one hand loom weaver . Invention of textile machinery The flying shuttle patented in 1733 by John Kay , with a number of subsequent improvements including an important one in 1747 , doubled the output of a weaver , worsening the imbalance between spinning and weaving . It became widely used around Lancashire after 1760 when John 's son , Robert , invented the drop box , which facilitated changing thread colors . Lewis Paul patented the roller spinning frame and the flyer - and - bobbin system for drawing wool to a more even thickness . The technology was developed with the help of John Wyatt of Birmingham . Paul and Wyatt opened a mill in Birmingham which used their new rolling machine powered by a donkey . In 1743 a factory opened in Northampton with 50 spindles on each of five of Paul and Wyatt 's machines . This operated until about 1764 . A similar mill was built by Daniel Bourn in Leominster , but this burnt down . Both Lewis Paul and Daniel Bourn patented carding machines in 1748 . Based on two sets of rollers that travelled at different speeds , it was later used in the first cotton spinning mill . Lewis 's invention was later developed and improved by Richard Arkwright in his water frame and Samuel Crompton in his spinning mule . Model of the spinning jenny in a museum in Wuppertal . Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764 , the spinning jenny was one of the innovations that started the revolution . In 1764 in the village of Stanhill , Lancashire , James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny , which he patented in 1770 . It was the first practical spinning frame with multiple spindles . The jenny worked in a similar manner to the spinning wheel , by first clamping down on the fibres , then by drawing them out , followed by twisting . It was a simple , wooden framed machine that only cost about £ 6 for a 40 - spindle model in 1792 , and was used mainly by home spinners . The jenny produced a lightly twisted yarn only suitable for weft , not warp . The spinning frame or water frame was developed by Richard Arkwright who , along with two partners , patented it in 1769 . The design was partly based on a spinning machine built for Thomas High by clockmaker John Kay , who was hired by Arkwright . For each spindle , the water frame used a series of four pairs of rollers , each operating at a successively higher rotating speed , to draw out the fibre , which was then twisted by the spindle . The roller spacing was slightly longer than the fibre length . Too close a spacing caused the fibres to break while too distant a spacing caused uneven thread . The top rollers were leather - covered and loading on the rollers was applied by a weight . The weights kept the twist from backing up before the rollers . The bottom rollers were wood and metal , with fluting along the length . The water frame was able to produce a hard , medium count thread suitable for warp , finally allowing 100 % cotton cloth to be made in Britain . A horse powered the first factory to use the spinning frame . Arkwright and his partners used water power at a factory in Cromford , Derbyshire in 1771 , giving the invention its name . The only surviving example of a spinning mule built by the inventor Samuel Crompton . The mule produced high - quality thread with minimal labour . Samuel Crompton 's Spinning Mule was introduced in 1779 . Mule implies a hybrid because it was a combination of the spinning jenny and the water frame , in which the spindles were placed on a carriage , which went through an operational sequence during which the rollers stopped while the carriage moved away from the drawing roller to finish drawing out the fibres as the spindles started rotating . Crompton 's mule was able to produce finer thread than hand spinning and at a lower cost . Mule spun thread was of suitable strength to be used as warp , and finally allowed Britain to produce highly competitive yarn in large quantities . Interior of Marshall 's Temple Works Realising that the expiration of the Arkwright patent would greatly increase the supply of spun cotton and lead to a shortage of weavers , Edmund Cartwright developed a vertical power loom which he patented in 1785 . In 1776 he patented a two - man operated loom which was more conventional . Cartwright built two factories ; the first burned down and the second was sabotaged by his workers . Cartwright 's loom design had several flaws , the most serious being thread breakage . Samuel Horrocks patented a fairly successful loom in 1813 . Horock 's loom was improved by Richard Roberts in 1822 and these were produced in large numbers by Roberts , Hill & Co . The demand for cotton presented an opportunity to planters in the Southern United States , who thought upland cotton would be a profitable crop if a better way could be found to remove the seed . Eli Whitney responded to the challenge by inventing the inexpensive cotton gin . A man using a cotton gin could remove seed from as much upland cotton in one day as would previously , working at the rate of one pound of cotton per day , have taken a woman two months to process . These advances were capitalised on by entrepreneurs , of whom the best known is Richard Arkwright . He is credited with a list of inventions , but these were actually developed by such people as Thomas Highs and John Kay ; Arkwright nurtured the inventors , patented the ideas , financed the initiatives , and protected the machines . He created the cotton mill which brought the production processes together in a factory , and he developed the use of power -- first horse power and then water power -- which made cotton manufacture a mechanised industry . Other inventors increased the efficiency of the individual steps of spinning ( carding , twisting and spinning , and rolling ) so that the supply of yarn increased greatly . Before long steam power was applied to drive textile machinery . Manchester acquired the nickname Cottonopolis during the early 19th century owing to its sprawl of textile factories . Although mechanization dramatically decreased the cost of cotton cloth , by the mid-19th century machine - woven cloth still could not equal the quality of hand - woven Indian cloth , in part due to the fineness of thread made possible by the type of cotton used in India , which allowed high thread counts . However , the high productivity of British textile manufacturing allowed coarser grades of British cloth to undersell hand - spun and woven fabric in low - wage India , eventually destroying the industry . Wool The earliest European attempts at mechanized spinning were with wool ; however , wool spinning proved more difficult to mechanize than cotton . Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was significant , but was far less than that of cotton . Silk Lombe 's Mill site today , rebuilt as Derby Silk Mill Arguably the first highly mechanised factory was John Lombe 's water - powered silk mill at Derby , operational by 1721 . Lombe learned silk thread manufacturing by taking a job in Italy and acting as an industrial spy ; however , because the Italian silk industry guarded its secrets closely , the state of the industry at that time is unknown . Although Lombe 's factory was technically successful , the supply of raw silk from Italy was cut off to eliminate competition . In order to promote manufacturing the Crown paid for models of Lombe 's machinery which were exhibited in the Tower of London . Iron industry The reverberatory furnace could produce cast iron using mined coal . The burning coal remained separate from the iron and so did not contaminate the iron with impurities like sulphur and silica . This opened the way to increased iron production . The Iron Bridge , Shropshire , England , the world 's first bridge constructed of iron . Horizontal ( lower ) and vertical ( upper ) cross-sections of a single puddling furnace . A. Fireplace grate ; B. Firebricks ; C. Cross binders ; D. Fireplace ; E. Work door ; F. Hearth ; G. Cast iron retaining plates ; H. Bridge wall UK iron production Statistics Bar iron was the commodity form of iron used as the raw material for making hardware goods such as nails , wire , hinges , horse shoes , wagon tires , chains , etc. and for structural shapes . A small amount of bar iron was converted into steel . Cast iron was used for pots , stoves and other items where its brittleness was tolerable . Most cast iron was refined and converted to bar iron , with substantial losses . Bar iron was also made by the bloomery process , which was the predominant iron smelting process until the late 18th century . In the UK in 1720 there were 20,500 tons of cast iron produced with charcoal and 400 tons with coke . In 1750 charcoal iron production was 24,500 and coke iron was 2,500 tons . In 1788 the production of charcoal cast iron was 14,000 tons while coke iron production was 54,000 tons . In 1806 charcoal cast iron production was 7,800 tons and coke cast iron was 250,000 tons . In 1750 the UK imported 31,200 tons of bar iron and either refined from cast iron or directly produced 18,800 tons of bar iron using charcoal and 100 tons using coke . In 1796 the UK was making 125,000 tons of bar iron with coke and 6,400 tons with charcoal ; imports were 38,000 tons and exports were 24,600 tons . In 1806 the UK did not import bar iron but exported 31,500 tons . Iron process innovations A major change in the iron industries during the era of the Industrial Revolution was the replacement of wood and other bio-fuels with coal . For a given amount of heat , coal required much less labour to mine than cutting wood and converting it to charcoal , and coal was much more abundant than wood , supplies of which were becoming scarce before the enormous increase in iron production that took place in the late 18th century . By 1750 coke had generally replaced charcoal in smelting of copper and lead and was in widespread use in making glass . In the smelting and refining of iron , coal and coke produced inferior iron to that made with charcoal because of the coal 's sulfur content . Low sulfur coals were known , but they still contained harmful amounts . Conversion of coal to coke only slightly reduces the sulfur content . A minority of coals are coking . Another factor limiting the iron industry before the Industrial Revolution was the scarcity of water power to power blast bellows . This limitation was overcome by the steam engine . Use of coal in iron smelting started somewhat before the Industrial Revolution , based on innovations by Sir Clement Clerke and others from 1678 , using coal reverberatory furnaces known as cupolas . These were operated by the flames playing on the ore and charcoal or coke mixture , reducing the oxide to metal . This has the advantage that impurities ( such as sulphur ash ) in the coal do not migrate into the metal . This technology was applied to lead from 1678 and to copper from 1687 . It was also applied to iron foundry work in the 1690s , but in this case the reverberatory furnace was known as an air furnace . ( The foundry cupola is a different , and later , innovation . ) By 1709 Abraham Darby made progress using coke to fuel his blast furnaces at Coalbrookdale . However , the coke pig iron he made was not suitable for making wrought iron and was used mostly for the production of cast iron goods , such as pots and kettles . He had the advantage over his rivals in that his pots , cast by his patented process , were thinner and cheaper than theirs . Coke pig iron was hardly used to produce wrought iron until 1755 - 56 , when Darby 's son Abraham Darby II built furnaces at Horsehay and Ketley where low sulfur coal was available ( and not far from Coalbrookdale ) . These new furnaces were equipped with water - powered bellows , the water being pumped by Newcomen steam engines . The Newcomen engines were not attached directly to the blowing cylinders because the engines alone could not produce a steady air blast . Abraham Darby III installed similar steam - pumped , water - powered blowing cylinders at the Dale Company when he took control in 1768 . The Dale Company used several Newcomen engines to drain its mines and made parts for engines which it sold throughout the country . Steam engines made the use higher - pressure and volume blast practical ; however , the leather used in bellows was expensive to replace . In 1757 iron master John Wilkinson patented a hydraulic powered blowing engine for blast furnaces . The blowing cylinder for blast furnaces was introduced in 1760 and the first blowing cylinder made of cast iron is believed to be the one used at Carrington in 1768 that was designed by John Smeaton . Cast iron cylinders for use with a piston were difficult to manufacture ; the cylinders had to be free of holes and had to be machined smooth and straight to remove any warping . James Watt had great difficulty trying to have a cylinder made for his first steam engine . In 1774 John Wilkinson , who built a cast iron blowing cylinder for his iron works , invented a precision boring machine for boring cylinders . After Wilkinson bored the first successful cylinder for a Boulton and Watt steam engine in 1776 , he was given an exclusive contract for providing cylinders . After Watt developed a rotary steam engine in 1782 , they were widely applied to blowing , hammering , rolling and slitting . The solutions to the sulfur problem were the addition of sufficient limestone to the furnace to force sulfur into the slag and the use of low sulfur coal . Use of lime or limestone required higher furnace temperatures to form a free - flowing slag . The increased furnace temperature made possible by improved blowing also increased the capacity of blast furnaces and allowed for increased furnace height . In addition to lower cost and greater availability , coke had other important advantages over charcoal in that it was harder and made the column of materials ( iron ore , fuel , slag ) flowing down the blast furnace more porous and did not crush in the much taller furnaces of the late 19th century . As cast iron became cheaper and widely available , it began being a structural material for bridges and buildings . A famous early example was the Iron Bridge built in 1778 with cast iron produced by Abraham Darby III . However , most cast iron was converted to wrought iron . Europe relied on the bloomery for most of its wrought iron until the large scale production of cast iron . Conversion of cast iron was done in a finery forge , as it long had been . An improved refining process known as potting and stamping was developed , but this was superseded by Henry Cort 's puddling process . Cort developed two significant iron manufacturing processes : rolling in 1783 and puddling in 1784 . Puddling produced a structural grade iron at a relatively low cost . Puddling was a means of decarburizing molten pig iron by slow oxidation in a reverberatory furnace by manually stirring it with a long rod . The decarburized iron , having a higher melting point than cast iron , was raked into globs by the puddler . When the glob a large enough the puddler would remove it . Puddling was backbreaking and extremely hot work . Few puddlers lived to be 40 . Because puddling was done in a reverberatory furnace , coal or coke could be used as fuel . The puddling process continued to be used until the late 19th century when iron was being displaced by steel . Because puddling required human skill in sensing the iron globs , it was never successfully mechanised . Rolling was an important part of the puddling process because the grooved rollers expelled most of the molten slag and consolidated the mass of hot wrought iron . Rolling was 15 times faster at this than a trip hammer . A different use of rolling , which was done at lower temperatures than that for expelling slag , was in the production of iron sheets , and later structural shapes such as beams , angles and rails . The puddling process was improved in 1818 by Baldwyn Rogers , who replaced some of the sand lining on the reverberatory furnace bottom with iron oxide . In 1838 John Hall patented the use of roasted tap cinder ( iron silicate ) for the furnace bottom , greatly reducing the loss of iron through increased slag caused by a sand lined bottom . The tap cinder also tied up some phosphorus , but this was not understood at the time . Hall 's process also used iron scale or rust , which reacted with carbon in the molten iron . Hall 's process , called wet puddling , reduced losses of iron with the slag from almost 50 % to around 8 % . Puddling became widely used after 1800 . Up to that time British iron manufacturers had used considerable amounts of iron imported from Sweden and Russia to supplement domestic supplies . Because of the increased British production , imports began to decline in 1785 and by the 1790s Britain eliminated imports and became a net exporter of bar iron . Hot blast , patented by James Beaumont Neilson in 1828 , was the most important development of the 19th century for saving energy in making pig iron . By using waste exhaust heat to preheat combustion air , the amount of fuel to make a unit of pig iron was reduced at first by between one - third using coal or two - thirds using coke ; however , the efficiency gains continued as the technology improved . Hot blast also raised the operating temperature of furnaces , increasing their capacity . Using less coal or coke meant introducing fewer impurities into the pig iron . This meant that lower quality coal or anthracite could be used in areas where coking coal was unavailable or too expensive ; however , by the end of the 19th century transportation costs fell considerably . Shortly before the Industrial Revolution an improvement was made in the production of steel , which was an expensive commodity and used only where iron would not do , such as for cutting edge tools and for springs . Benjamin Huntsman developed his crucible steel technique in the 1740s . The raw material for this was blister steel , made by the cementation process . The supply of cheaper iron and steel aided a number of industries , such as those making nails , hinges , wire and other hardware items . The development of machine tools allowed better working of iron , causing it to be increasingly used in the rapidly growing machinery and engine industries . Steam power Main article : Steam power during the Industrial Revolution A Watt steam engine . James Watt transformed the steam engine from a reciprocating motion that was used for pumping to a rotating motion suited to industrial applications . Watt and others significantly improved the efficiency of the steam engine . The development of the stationary steam engine was an important element of the Industrial Revolution ; however , during the early period of the Industrial Revolution , most industrial power was supplied by water and wind . In Britain by 1800 an estimated 10,000 horsepower was being supplied by steam . By 1815 steam power had grown to 210,000 hp . The first commercially successful industrial use of steam power was due to Thomas Savery in 1698 . He constructed and patented in London a low - lift combined vacuum and pressure water pump , that generated about one horsepower ( hp ) and was used in numerous water works and in a few mines ( hence its `` brand name '' , The Miner 's Friend ) . Savery 's pump was economical in small horsepower ranges , but was prone to boiler explosions in larger sizes . Savery pumps continued to be produced until the late 18th century . The first successful piston steam engine was introduced by Thomas Newcomen before 1712 . A number of Newcomen engines were installed in Britain for draining hitherto unworkable deep mines , with the engine on the surface ; these were large machines , requiring a significant amount of capital to build , and produced upwards of 5 hp ( 3.7 kW ) . They were also used to power municipal water supply pumps . They were extremely inefficient by modern standards , but when located where coal was cheap at pit heads , opened up a great expansion in coal mining by allowing mines to go deeper . Despite their disadvantages , Newcomen engines were reliable and easy to maintain and continued to be used in the coalfields until the early decades of the 19th century . By 1729 , when Newcomen died , his engines had spread ( first ) to Hungary in 1722 , Germany , Austria , and Sweden . A total of 110 are known to have been built by 1733 when the joint patent expired , of which 14 were abroad . In the 1770s the engineer John Smeaton built some very large examples and introduced a number of improvements . A total of 1,454 engines had been built by 1800 . Newcomen 's steam - powered atmospheric engine was the first practical piston steam engine . Subsequent steam engines were to power the Industrial Revolution . A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by Scotsman James Watt . With financial support from his business partner Englishman Matthew Boulton , he had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his steam engine , which incorporated a series of radical improvements , notably the closing off of the upper part of the cylinder , thereby making the low - pressure steam drive the top of the piston instead of the atmosphere , use of a steam jacket and the celebrated separate steam condenser chamber . The separate condenser did away with the cooling water that had been injected directly into the cylinder , which cooled the cylinder and wasted steam . Likewise , the steam jacket kept steam from condensing in the cylinder , also improving efficiency . These improvements increased engine efficiency so that Boulton & Watts engines used only 20 -- 25 % as much coal per horsepower - hour as Newcomen 's . Boulton and Watt opened the Soho Foundry for the manufacture of such engines in 1795 . By 1783 the Watt steam engine had been fully developed into a double - acting rotative type , which meant that it could be used to directly drive the rotary machinery of a factory or mill . Both of Watt 's basic engine types were commercially very successful , and by 1800 , the firm Boulton & Watt had constructed 496 engines , with 164 driving reciprocating pumps , 24 serving blast furnaces , and 308 powering mill machinery ; most of the engines generated from 5 to 10 hp ( 3.7 to 7.5 kW ) . Until about 1800 the most common pattern of steam engine was the beam engine , built as an integral part of a stone or brick engine - house , but soon various patterns of self - contained rotative engines ( readily removable , but not on wheels ) were developed , such as the table engine . Around the start of the 19th century , at which time the Boulton and Watt patent expired , the Cornish engineer Richard Trevithick and the American Oliver Evans began to construct higher - pressure non-condensing steam engines , exhausting against the atmosphere . High pressure yielded an engine and boiler compact enough to be used on mobile road and rail locomotives and steam boats . The development of machine tools , such as the engine lathe , planing , milling and shaping machines powered by these engines , enabled all the metal parts of the engines to be easily and accurately cut and in turn made it possible to build larger and more powerful engines . Small industrial power requirements continued to be provided by animal and human muscle until widespread electrification in the early 20th century . These included crank - powered , treadle - powered and horse - powered workshop and light industrial machinery . Machine tools Main article : Machine tool See also : Interchangeable parts Maudslay 's famous early screw - cutting lathes of circa 1797 and 1800 The Middletown milling machine of circa 1818 , associated with Robert Johnson and Simeon North Pre-industrial machinery was built by various craftsmen -- millwrights built water and windmills , carpenters made wooden framing , and smiths and turners made metal parts . Wooden components had the disadvantage of changing dimensions with temperature and humidity , and the various joints tended to rack ( work loose ) over time . As the Industrial Revolution progressed , machines with metal parts and frames became more common . Other important uses of metal parts were in firearms and threaded fasteners , such as machine screws , bolts and nuts . There was also the need for precision in making parts . Precision would allow better working machinery , interchangeability of parts and standardization of threaded fasteners . The demand for metal parts led to the development of several machine tools . They have their origins in the tools developed in the 18th century by makers of clocks and watches and scientific instrument makers to enable them to batch - produce small mechanisms . Before the advent of machine tools , metal was worked manually using the basic hand tools of hammers , files , scrapers , saws and chisels . Consequently , the use of metal machine parts was kept to a minimum . Hand methods of production were very laborious and costly and precision was difficult to achieve . The first large precision machine tool was the cylinder boring machine invented by John Wilkinson in 1774 . It used for boring the large - diameter cylinders on early steam engines . Wilkinson 's boring machine differed from earlier cantilevered machines used for boring cannon in that the cutting tool was mounted on a beam that ran through the cylinder being bored and was supported outside on both ends . The planing machine , the milling machine and the shaping machine were developed in the early decades of the 19th century . Although the milling machine was invented at this time , it was not developed as a serious workshop tool until somewhat later in the 19th century . Henry Maudslay , who trained a school of machine tool makers early in the 19th century , was a mechanic with superior ability who had been employed at the Royal Arsenal , Woolwich . He worked as an apprentice in the Royal Gun Foundry of Jan Verbruggen . In 1774 Jan Verbruggen had installed a horizontal boring machine in Woolwich which was the first industrial size Lathe in the UK . Maudslay was hired away by Joseph Bramah for the production of high - security metal locks that required precision craftsmanship . Bramah patented a lathe that had similarities to the slide rest lathe . Maudslay perfected the slide rest lathe , which could cut machine screws of different thread pitches by using changeable gears between the spindle and the lead screw . Before its invention screws could not be cut to any precision using various earlier lathe designs , some of which copied from a template . The slide rest lathe was called one of history 's most important inventions . Although it was not entirely Maudslay 's idea , he was the first person to build a functional lathe using a combination of known innovations of the lead screw , slide rest and change gears . Maudslay left Bramah 's employment and set up his own shop . He was engaged to build the machinery for making ships ' pulley blocks for the Royal Navy in the Portsmouth Block Mills . These machines were all - metal and were the first machines for mass production and making components with a degree of interchangeability . The lessons Maudslay learned about the need for stability and precision he adapted to the development of machine tools , and in his workshops he trained a generation of men to build on his work , such as Richard Roberts , Joseph Clement and Joseph Whitworth . James Fox of Derby had a healthy export trade in machine tools for the first third of the century , as did Matthew Murray of Leeds . Roberts was a maker of high - quality machine tools and a pioneer of the use of jigs and gauges for precision workshop measurement . The impact of machine tools during the Industrial Revolution was not that great because other than firearms , threaded fasteners and a few other industries there were few mass - produced metal parts . The techniques to make mass - produced metal parts made with sufficient precision to be interchangeable is largely attributed to a program of the U.S. Department of War which perfected interchangeable parts for firearms in the early 19th century . In the half century following the invention of the fundamental machine tools the machine industry became the largest industrial sector of the U.S. economy , by value added . Chemicals The large - scale production of chemicals was an important development during the Industrial Revolution . The first of these was the production of sulphuric acid by the lead chamber process invented by the Englishman John Roebuck ( James Watt 's first partner ) in 1746 . He was able to greatly increase the scale of the manufacture by replacing the relatively expensive glass vessels formerly used with larger , less expensive chambers made of riveted sheets of lead . Instead of making a small amount each time , he was able to make around 100 pounds ( 50 kg ) in each of the chambers , at least a tenfold increase . The production of an alkali on a large scale became an important goal as well , and Nicolas Leblanc succeeded in 1791 in introducing a method for the production of sodium carbonate . The Leblanc process was a reaction of sulphuric acid with sodium chloride to give sodium sulphate and hydrochloric acid . The sodium sulphate was heated with limestone ( calcium carbonate ) and coal to give a mixture of sodium carbonate and calcium sulphide . Adding water separated the soluble sodium carbonate from the calcium sulphide . The process produced a large amount of pollution ( the hydrochloric acid was initially vented to the air , and calcium sulphide was a useless waste product ) . Nonetheless , this synthetic soda ash proved economical compared to that from burning specific plants ( barilla ) or from kelp , which were the previously dominant sources of soda ash , and also to potash ( potassium carbonate ) produced from hardwood ashes . These two chemicals were very important because they enabled the introduction of a host of other inventions , replacing many small - scale operations with more cost - effective and controllable processes . Sodium carbonate had many uses in the glass , textile , soap , and paper industries . Early uses for sulphuric acid included pickling ( removing rust ) iron and steel , and for bleaching cloth . The development of bleaching powder ( calcium hypochlorite ) by Scottish chemist Charles Tennant in about 1800 , based on the discoveries of French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet , revolutionised the bleaching processes in the textile industry by dramatically reducing the time required ( from months to days ) for the traditional process then in use , which required repeated exposure to the sun in bleach fields after soaking the textiles with alkali or sour milk . Tennant 's factory at St Rollox , North Glasgow , became the largest chemical plant in the world . After 1860 the focus on chemical innovation was in dyestuffs , and Germany took world leadership , building a strong chemical industry . Aspiring chemists flocked to German universities in the 1860 -- 1914 era to learn the latest techniques . British scientists by contrast , lacked research universities and did not train advanced students ; instead , the practice was to hire German - trained chemists . Cement The Thames Tunnel ( opened 1843 ) . Cement was used in the world 's first underwater tunnel . In 1824 Joseph Aspdin , a British bricklayer turned builder , patented a chemical process for making portland cement which was an important advance in the building trades . This process involves sintering a mixture of clay and limestone to about 1,400 ° C ( 2,552 ° F ) , then grinding it into a fine powder which is then mixed with water , sand and gravel to produce concrete . Portland cement was used by the famous English engineer Marc Isambard Brunel several years later when constructing the Thames Tunnel . Cement was used on a large scale in the construction of the London sewerage system a generation later . Gas lighting Main article : Gas lighting Another major industry of the later Industrial Revolution was gas lighting . Though others made a similar innovation elsewhere , the large - scale introduction of this was the work of William Murdoch , an employee of Boulton & Watt , the Birmingham steam engine pioneers . The process consisted of the large - scale gasification of coal in furnaces , the purification of the gas ( removal of sulphur , ammonia , and heavy hydrocarbons ) , and its storage and distribution . The first gas lighting utilities were established in London between 1812 and 1820 . They soon became one of the major consumers of coal in the UK . Gas lighting affected social and industrial organisation because it allowed factories and stores to remain open longer than with tallow candles or oil . Its introduction allowed nightlife to flourish in cities and towns as interiors and streets could be lighted on a larger scale than before . Glass making Main article : Glass production The Crystal Palace held the Great Exhibition of 1851 A new method of producing glass , known as the cylinder process , was developed in Europe during the early 19th century . In 1832 this process was used by the Chance Brothers to create sheet glass . They became the leading producers of window and plate glass . This advancement allowed for larger panes of glass to be created without interruption , thus freeing up the space planning in interiors as well as the fenestration of buildings . The Crystal Palace is the supreme example of the use of sheet glass in a new and innovative structure . Paper machine Main article : Paper machine A machine for making a continuous sheet of paper on a loop of wire fabric was patented in 1798 by Nicholas Louis Robert who worked for Saint - Léger Didot family in France . The paper machine is known as a Fourdrinier after the financiers , brothers Sealy and Henry Fourdrinier , who were stationers in London . Although greatly improved and with many variations , the Fourdriner machine is the predominant means of paper production today . The method of continuous production demonstrated by the paper machine influenced the development of continuous rolling of iron and later steel and other continuous production processes . Agriculture Main article : British Agricultural Revolution The British Agricultural Revolution is considered one of the causes of the Industrial Revolution because improved agricultural productivity freed up workers to work in other sectors of the economy . However , per - capita food supply in Europe was stagnant or declining and did not improve in some parts of Europe until the late 18th century . Industrial technologies that affected farming included the seed drill , the Dutch plough , which contained iron parts , and the threshing machine . Jethro Tull invented an improved seed drill in 1701 . It was a mechanical seeder which distributed seeds evenly across a plot of land and planted them at the correct depth . This was important because the yield of seeds harvested to seeds planted at that time was around four or five . Tull 's seed drill was very expensive and not very reliable and therefore did not have much of an impact . Good quality seed drills were not produced until the mid 18th century . Joseph Foljambe 's Rotherham plough of 1730 was the first commercially successful iron plough . The threshing machine , invented by Andrew Meikle in 1784 , displaced hand threshing with a flail , a laborious job that took about one - quarter of agricultural labour . It took several decades to diffuse and was the final straw for many farm labourers , who faced near starvation , leading to the 1830 agricultural rebellion of the Swing Riots . Machine tools and metalworking techniques developed during the Industrial Revolution eventually resulted in precision manufacturing techniques in the late 19th century for mass - producing agricultural equipment , such as reapers , binders and combine harvesters . Mining Coal mining in Britain , particularly in South Wales , started early . Before the steam engine , pits were often shallow bell pits following a seam of coal along the surface , which were abandoned as the coal was extracted . In other cases , if the geology was favourable , the coal was mined by means of an adit or drift mine driven into the side of a hill . Shaft mining was done in some areas , but the limiting factor was the problem of removing water . It could be done by hauling buckets of water up the shaft or to a sough ( a tunnel driven into a hill to drain a mine ) . In either case , the water had to be discharged into a stream or ditch at a level where it could flow away by gravity . The introduction of the steam pump by Savery in 1698 and the Newcomen steam engine in 1712 greatly facilitated the removal of water and enabled shafts to be made deeper , enabling more coal to be extracted . These were developments that had begun before the Industrial Revolution , but the adoption of John Smeaton 's improvements to the Newcomen engine followed by James Watt 's more efficient steam engines from the 1770s reduced the fuel costs of engines , making mines more profitable . The Cornish engine , developed in the 1810s , was much more efficient than the Watt steam engine . Coal mining was very dangerous owing to the presence of firedamp in many coal seams . Some degree of safety was provided by the safety lamp which was invented in 1816 by Sir Humphry Davy and independently by George Stephenson . However , the lamps proved a false dawn because they became unsafe very quickly and provided a weak light . Firedamp explosions continued , often setting off coal dust explosions , so casualties grew during the entire 19th century . Conditions of work were very poor , with a high casualty rate from rock falls . Transportation Main article : Transport during the British Industrial Revolution See also : Productivity improving technologies ( economic history ) § Infrastructures At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution , inland transport was by navigable rivers and roads , with coastal vessels employed to move heavy goods by sea . Wagonways were used for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment , but canals had not yet been widely constructed . Animals supplied all of the motive power on land , with sails providing the motive power on the sea . The first horse railways were introduced toward the end of the 18th century , with steam locomotives being introduced in the early decades of the 19th century . Improving sailing technologies boosted average sailing speed 50 % between 1750 and 1830 . The Industrial Revolution improved Britain 's transport infrastructure with a turnpike road network , a canal and waterway network , and a railway network . Raw materials and finished products could be moved more quickly and cheaply than before . Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread quickly . Canals and improved waterways Main article : History of the British canal system The Bridgewater Canal , famous because of its commercial success , crossing the Manchester Ship Canal , one of the last canals to be built . Before and during the Industrial Revolution navigation on several British rivers was improved by removing obstructions , straightening curves , widening and deepening and building navigation locks . Britain had over 1000 miles of navigable rivers and streams by 1750 . Canals and waterways allowed bulk materials to be economically transported long distances inland . This was because a horse could pull a barge with a load dozens of times larger than the load that could be drawn in a cart . Building of canals dates to ancient times . The Grand Canal in China , `` the world 's largest artificial waterway and oldest canal still in existence , '' parts of which were started between the 6th and 4th centuries BC , is 1,121 miles ( 1,804 km ) long and links Hangzhou with Beijing . In the UK , canals began to be built in the late 18th century to link the major manufacturing centres across the country . Known for its huge commercial success , the Bridgewater Canal in North West England , which opened in 1761 and was mostly funded by The 3rd Duke of Bridgewater . From Worsley to the rapidly growing town of Manchester its construction cost £ 168,000 ( £ 22,589,130 as of 2013 ) , but its advantages over land and river transport meant that within a year of its opening in 1761 , the price of coal in Manchester fell by about half . This success helped inspire a period of intense canal building , known as Canal Mania . New canals were hastily built in the aim of replicating the commercial success of the Bridgewater Canal , the most notable being the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the Thames and Severn Canal which opened in 1774 and 1789 respectively . By the 1820s a national network was in existence . Canal construction served as a model for the organisation and methods later used to construct the railways . They were eventually largely superseded as profitable commercial enterprises by the spread of the railways from the 1840s on . The last major canal to be built in the United Kingdom was the Manchester Ship Canal , which upon opening in 1894 was the largest ship canal in the world , and opened Manchester as a port . However it never achieved the commercial success its sponsors had hoped for and signalled canals as a dying mode of transport in an age dominated by railways , which were quicker and often cheaper . Britain 's canal network , together with its surviving mill buildings , is one of the most enduring features of the early Industrial Revolution to be seen in Britain . Roads Construction of the first macadam road in the United States ( 1823 ) . In the foreground , workers are breaking stones `` so as not to exceed 6 ounces in weight or to pass a two - inch ring '' . France was known for having an excellent system of roads at the time of the Industrial Revolution ; however , most of the roads on the European Continent and in the U.K. were in bad condition and dangerously rutted . Much of the original British road system was poorly maintained by thousands of local parishes , but from the 1720s ( and occasionally earlier ) turnpike trusts were set up to charge tolls and maintain some roads . Increasing numbers of main roads were turnpiked from the 1750s to the extent that almost every main road in England and Wales was the responsibility of a turnpike trust . New engineered roads were built by John Metcalf , Thomas Telford and most notably John McAdam , with the first ' macadamised ' stretch of road being Marsh Road at Ashton Gate , Bristol in 1816 . The major turnpikes radiated from London and were the means by which the Royal Mail was able to reach the rest of the country . Heavy goods transport on these roads was by means of slow , broad wheeled , carts hauled by teams of horses . Lighter goods were conveyed by smaller carts or by teams of pack horse . Stagecoaches carried the rich , and the less wealthy could pay to ride on carriers carts . Railways Main article : History of rail transport in Great Britain Painting depicting the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830 , the first inter-city railway in the world and which spawned Railway Mania due to its success . Reducing friction was one of the major reasons for the success of railroads compared to wagons . This was demonstrated on an iron plate covered wooden tramway in 1805 at Croydon , England . `` A good horse on an ordinary turnpike road can draw two thousand pounds , or one ton . A party of gentlemen were invited to witness the experiment , that the superiority of the new road might be established by ocular demonstration . Twelve wagons were loaded with stones , till each wagon weighed three tons , and the wagons were fastened together . A horse was then attached , which drew the wagons with ease , six miles in two hours , having stopped four times , in order to show he had the power of starting , as well as drawing his great load . '' Railways were made practical by the widespread introduction of inexpensive puddled iron after 1800 , the rolling mill for making rails , and the development of the high - pressure steam engine also around 1800 . Wagonways for moving coal in the mining areas had started in the 17th century and were often associated with canal or river systems for the further movement of coal . These were all horse drawn or relied on gravity , with a stationary steam engine to haul the wagons back to the top of the incline . The first applications of the steam locomotive were on wagon or plate ways ( as they were then often called from the cast - iron plates used ) . Horse - drawn public railways did not begin until the early years of the 19th century when improvements to pig and wrought iron production were lowering costs . See : Metallurgy Steam locomotives began being built after the introduction of high - pressure steam engines after the expiration of the Boulton and Watt patent in 1800 . High - pressure engines exhausted used steam to the atmosphere , doing away with the condenser and cooling water . They were also much lighter weight and smaller in size for a given horsepower than the stationary condensing engines . A few of these early locomotives were used in mines . Steam - hauled public railways began with the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825 . The rapid introduction of railways followed the 1829 Rainhill Trials , which demonstrated Robert Stephenson 's successful locomotive design and the 1828 development of Hot blast , which dramatically reduced the fuel consumption of making iron and increased the capacity the blast furnace . On 15 September 1830 , the Liverpool and Manchester Railway was opened , the first inter-city railway in the world and was attended by Prime Minister , the Duke of Wellington . The railway was engineered by Joseph Locke and George Stephenson , linked the rapidly expanding industrial town of Manchester with the port town of Liverpool . The opening was marred by problems , due to the primitive nature of the technology being employed , however problems were gradually ironed out and the railway became highly successful , transporting passengers and freight . The success of the inter-city railway , particularly in the transport of freight and commodities , led to Railway Mania . Construction of major railways connecting the larger cities and towns began in the 1830s but only gained momentum at the very end of the first Industrial Revolution . After many of the workers had completed the railways , they did not return to their rural lifestyles but instead remained in the cities , providing additional workers for the factories . Other developments Other developments included more efficient water wheels , based on experiments conducted by the British engineer John Smeaton the beginnings of a machine industry and the rediscovery of concrete ( based on hydraulic lime mortar ) by John Smeaton , which had been lost for 1300 years . Social effects Main article : Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution Factory system Main article : Factory system Prior to the Industrial Revolution , most of the workforce was employed in agriculture , either as self - employed farmers as landowners or tenants , or as landless agricultural labourers . It was common for families in various parts of the world to spin yarn , weave cloth and make their own clothing . Households also spun and wove for market production . At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution India , China and regions of Iraq and elsewhere in Asia and the Middle East produced most of the world 's cotton cloth while Europeans produced wool and linen goods . In Britain by the 16th century the putting - out system , by which farmers and townspeople produced goods for market in their homes , often described as cottage industry , was being practiced . Typical putting out system goods included spinning and weaving . Merchant capitalist typically provided the raw materials , paid workers by the piece , and were responsible for the sale of the goods . Embezzlement of supplies by workers and poor quality were common problems . The logistical effort in procuring and distributing raw materials and picking up finished goods were also limitations of the putting out system . Some early spinning and weaving machinery , such as a 40 spindle jenny for about six pounds in 1792 , was affordable for cottagers . Later machinery such as spinning frames , spinning mules and power looms were expensive ( especially if water powered ) , giving rise to capitalist ownership of factories . The majority of textile factory workers during the Industrial Revolution were unmarried women and children , including many orphans . They typically worked for 12 to 14 hours per day with only Sundays off . It was common for women take factory jobs seasonally during slack periods of farm work . Lack of adequate transportation , long hours and poor pay made it difficult to recruit and maintain workers . Many workers , such as displaced farmers and agricultural workers , who had nothing but their labour to sell , became factory workers out of necessity . ( See : British Agricultural Revolution , Threshing machine ) The change in the social relationship of the factory worker compared to farmers and cottagers was viewed unfavourably by Karl Marx , however , he recognized the increase in productivity made possible by technology . Standards of living Some economists , such as Robert E. Lucas , Jr. , say that the real impact of the Industrial Revolution was that `` for the first time in history , the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth ... Nothing remotely like this economic behaviour is mentioned by the classical economists , even as a theoretical possibility . '' Others , however , argue that while growth of the economy 's overall productive powers was unprecedented during the Industrial Revolution , living standards for the majority of the population did not grow meaningfully until the late 19th and 20th centuries , and that in many ways workers ' living standards declined under early capitalism : for instance , studies have shown that real wages in Britain only increased 15 % between the 1780s and 1850s , and that life expectancy in Britain did not begin to dramatically increase until the 1870s . During the Industrial Revolution , the life expectancy of children increased dramatically . The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5 % in 1730 -- 1749 to 31.8 % in 1810 -- 1829 . The effects on living conditions the industrial revolution have been very controversial , and were hotly debated by economic and social historians from the 1950s to the 1980s . A series of 1950s essays by Henry Phelps Brown and Sheila V. Hopkins later set the academic consensus that the bulk of the population , that was at the bottom of the social ladder , suffered severe reductions in their living standards . During 1813 -- 1913 , there was a significant increase in worker wages . Food and nutrition Main article : British Agricultural Revolution Chronic hunger and malnutrition were the norm for the majority of the population of the world including Britain and France , until the late 19th century . Until about 1750 , in large part due to malnutrition , life expectancy in France was about 35 years and about 40 years in Britain . The United States population of the time was adequately fed , much taller on average and had life expectancy of 45 -- 50 years although U.S. life expectancy declined by a few years by the mid 19th century . Food supply in Great Britain was adversely affected by the Corn Laws ( 1815 - 1846 ) . The Corn Laws , which imposed tariffs on imported grain , were enacted to keep prices high in order to benefit domestic producers . The Corn Laws were repealed in the early years of the Great Irish Famine . The initial technologies of the Industrial Revolution , such as mechanized textiles , iron and coal , did little , if anything , to lower food prices . In Britain and the Netherlands , food supply increased before the Industrial Revolution due to better agricultural practices ; however , population grew too , as noted by Thomas Malthus . This condition is called the Malthusian trap , and it finally started to overcome by transportation improvements , such as canals , improved roads and steamships . Railroads and steamships were introduced near the end of the Industrial Revolution . Housing The very rapid growth in population in the 19th century in the cities included the new industrial and manufacturing cities , as well as service centers such as Edinburgh and London . The critical factor was financing , which was handled by building societies that dealt directly with large contracting firms . Private renting from housing landlords was the dominant tenure . P. Kemp says this was usually of advantage to tenants . People moved in so rapidly that there was not enough capital to build adequate housing for everyone , so low - income newcomers squeezed into increasingly overcrowded slums . Clean water , sanitation , and public health facilities were inadequate ; the death rate was high , especially infant mortality , and tuberculosis among young adults . Cholera from polluted water and typhoid were endemic . Unlike rural areas , there were no famines such as devastated Ireland in the 1840s . A large exposé literature grew up condemning the unhealthy conditions . By far the most famous publication was by one of the founders of the Socialist movement , The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 Friedrich Engels described backstreet sections of Manchester and other mill towns , where people lived in crude shanties and shacks , some not completely enclosed , some with dirt floors . These shanty towns had narrow walkways between irregularly shaped lots and dwellings . There were no sanitary facilities . Population density was extremely high . Not everyone lived in such poor conditions . The Industrial Revolution also created a middle class of businessmen , clerks , foremen and engineers who lived in much better conditions . Conditions improved over the course of the 19th century due to new public health acts regulating things such as sewage , hygiene and home construction . In the introduction of his 1892 edition , Engels notes that most of the conditions he wrote about in 1844 had been greatly improved . For example , the Public Health Act 1875 led to the more sanitary byelaw terraced house . Sanitation In The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 Friedrich Engels described how untreated sewage created awful odors and turned the rivers green in industrial cities . In 1854 John Snow traced a cholera outbreak in Soho to fecal contamination of a public water well by a home cesspit. Snow 's findings that cholera could be spread by contaminated water took some years to be accepted , but his work led to fundamental changes in the design of public water and waste systems . Water supply Pre-industrial water supply relied on gravity systems and pumping of water was done by water wheels . Pipes were typically made of wood . Steam powered pumps and iron pipes allowed the widespread piping of water to horse watering troughs and households . Increase in literacy The invention of the paper machine and the application of steam power to the industrial processes of printing supported a massive expansion of newspaper and popular book publishing , which contributed to rising literacy and demands for mass political participation . Clothing and consumer goods Wedgwood tea and coffee service Consumers benefited from falling prices for clothing and household articles such as cast iron cooking utensils , and in the following decades , stoves for cooking and space heating . Coffee , tea , sugar , tobacco and chocolate became affordable to many in Europe . Watches and household clocks became popular consumer items . Meeting the demands of the consumer revolution and growth in wealth of the middle classes in Britain , potter and entrepreneur Josiah Wedgwood , founder of Wedgwood fine china and porcelain , created goods such as tableware , which was starting to become a common feature on dining tables . Population increase The Industrial Revolution was the first period in history during which there was a simultaneous increase in both population and per capita income . According to Robert Hughes in The Fatal Shore , the population of England and Wales , which had remained steady at six million from 1700 to 1740 , rose dramatically after 1740 . The population of England had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and , by 1901 , had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million . Improved conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 1800s . Europe 's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900 . Urbanization The growth of modern industry since the late 18th century led to massive urbanisation and the rise of new great cities , first in Europe and then in other regions , as new opportunities brought huge numbers of migrants from rural communities into urban areas . In 1800 , only 3 % of the world 's population lived in cities , compared to nearly 50 % today ( the beginning of the 21st century ) . Manchester had a population of 10,000 in 1717 , but by 1911 it had burgeoned to 2.3 million . Impact on women and family life Women 's historians have debated the effect of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism generally on the status of women . Taking a pessimistic side , Alice Clark argued that when capitalism arrived in 17th century England , it lowered the status of women as they lost much of their economic importance . Clark argues that in 16th - century England , women were engaged in many aspects of industry and agriculture . The home was a central unit of production and women played a vital role in running farms , and in some trades and landed estates . Their useful economic roles gave them a sort of equality with their husbands . However , Clark argues , as capitalism expanded in the 17th century , there was more and more division of labour with the husband taking paid labour jobs outside the home , and the wife reduced to unpaid household work . Middle - and upper - class women were confined to an idle domestic existence , supervising servants ; lower - class women were forced to take poorly paid jobs . Capitalism , therefore , had a negative effect on powerful women . In a more positive interpretation , Ivy Pinchbeck argues that capitalism created the conditions for women 's emancipation . Tilly and Scott have emphasised the continuity in the status of women , finding three stages in English history . In the pre-industrial era , production was mostly for home use and women produce much of the needs of the households . The second stage was the `` family wage economy '' of early industrialisation ; the entire family depended on the collective wages of its members , including husband , wife and older children . The third or modern stage is the `` family consumer economy , '' in which the family is the site of consumption , and women are employed in large numbers in retail and clerical jobs to support rising standards of consumption . Ideas of thrift and hard work characterized middle class families as the Industrial Revolution swept Europe . These values were displayed vibrantly in Samuel Smiles ' book Self - Help , in which he states that the misery of the poorer classes was `` voluntary and self - imposed - the results of idleness , thriftlessness , intemperance , and misconduct . '' Labour conditions Social structure and working conditions In terms of social structure , the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry . Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories , but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines . As late as the year 1900 , most industrial workers in the United States still worked a 10 - hour day ( 12 hours in the steel industry ) , yet earned from 20 % to 40 % less than the minimum deemed necessary for a decent life ; however , most workers in textiles , which was by far the leading industry in terms of employment , were women and children . For workers of the laboring classes , industrial life `` was a stony desert , which they had to make habitable by their own efforts . '' Also , harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place . Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruel -- child labour , dirty living conditions , and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution . Factories and urbanisation Main article : Factory system Manchester , England ( `` Cottonopolis '' ) , pictured in 1840 , showing the mass of factory chimneys Industrialisation led to the creation of the factory . The factory system contributed to the growth of urban areas , as large numbers of workers migrated into the cities in search of work in the factories . Nowhere was this better illustrated than the mills and associated industries of Manchester , nicknamed `` Cottonopolis '' , and the world 's first industrial city . Manchester experienced a six - times increase in its population between 1771 and 1831 . Bradford grew by 50 % every ten years between 1811 and 1851 and by 1851 only 50 % of the population of Bradford was actually born there . In addition , between 1815 and 1939 , 20 percent of Europe 's population left home , pushed by poverty , a rapidly growing population , and the displacement of peasant farming and artisan manufacturing . They were pulled abroad by the enormous demand for labor overseas , the ready availability of land , and cheap transportation . Still , many did not find a satisfactory life in their new homes , leading 7 million of them to return to Europe . This mass migration had large demographic impacts : in 1800 , less than one percent of the world population consisted of overseas Europeans and their descendants ; by 1930 , they represented 11 percent . The Americas felt the brunt of this huge emigration , largely concentrated in the United States . For much of the 19th century , production was done in small mills , which were typically water - powered and built to serve local needs . Later , each factory would have its own steam engine and a chimney to give an efficient draft through its boiler . In other industries , the transition to factory production was not so divisive . Some industrialists themselves tried to improve factory and living conditions for their workers . One of the earliest such reformers was Robert Owen , known for his pioneering efforts in improving conditions for workers at the New Lanark mills , and often regarded as one of the key thinkers of the early socialist movement . By 1746 an integrated brass mill was working at Warmley near Bristol . Raw material went in at one end , was smelted into brass and was turned into pans , pins , wire , and other goods . Housing was provided for workers on site . Josiah Wedgwood and Matthew Boulton ( whose Soho Manufactory was completed in 1766 ) were other prominent early industrialists , who employed the factory system . Child labour See also : Child labour § The Industrial Revolution A young `` drawer '' pulling a coal tub along a mine gallery . In Britain laws passed in 1842 and 1844 improved mine working conditions . The Industrial Revolution led to a population increase but the chances of surviving childhood did not improve throughout the Industrial Revolution , although infant mortality rates were reduced markedly . There was still limited opportunity for education and children were expected to work . Employers could pay a child less than an adult even though their productivity was comparable ; there was no need for strength to operate an industrial machine , and since the industrial system was completely new , there were no experienced adult labourers . This made child labour the labour of choice for manufacturing in the early phases of the Industrial Revolution between the 18th and 19th centuries . In England and Scotland in 1788 , two - thirds of the workers in 143 water - powered cotton mills were described as children . Child labour existed before the Industrial Revolution but with the increase in population and education it became more visible . Many children were forced to work in relatively bad conditions for much lower pay than their elders , 10 -- 20 % of an adult male 's wage . Children as young as four were employed . Beatings and long hours were common , with some child coal miners and hurriers working from 4 am until 5 pm . Conditions were dangerous , with some children killed when they dozed off and fell into the path of the carts , while others died from gas explosions . Many children developed lung cancer and other diseases and died before the age of 25 . Workhouses would sell orphans and abandoned children as `` pauper apprentices '' , working without wages for board and lodging . Those who ran away would be whipped and returned to their masters , with some masters shackling them to prevent escape . Children employed as mule scavengers by cotton mills would crawl under machinery to pick up cotton , working 14 hours a day , six days a week . Some lost hands or limbs , others were crushed under the machines , and some were decapitated . Young girls worked at match factories , where phosphorus fumes would cause many to develop phossy jaw . Children employed at glassworks were regularly burned and blinded , and those working at potteries were vulnerable to poisonous clay dust . Reports were written detailing some of the abuses , particularly in the coal mines and textile factories , and these helped to popularise the children 's plight . The public outcry , especially among the upper and middle classes , helped stir change in the young workers ' welfare . Politicians and the government tried to limit child labour by law but factory owners resisted ; some felt that they were aiding the poor by giving their children money to buy food to avoid starvation , and others simply welcomed the cheap labour . In 1833 and 1844 , the first general laws against child labour , the Factory Acts , were passed in Britain : Children younger than nine were not allowed to work , children were not permitted to work at night , and the work day of youth under the age of 18 was limited to twelve hours . Factory inspectors supervised the execution of the law , however , their scarcity made enforcement difficult . About ten years later , the employment of children and women in mining was forbidden . Although laws such as these decreased the number of child labourers , child labour remained significantly present in Europe and the United States until the 20th century . Organisation of labour See also : Trade union § History The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills , factories and mines , thus facilitating the organisation of combinations or trade unions to help advance the interests of working people . The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labour and causing a consequent cessation of production . Employers had to decide between giving in to the union demands at a cost to themselves or suffering the cost of the lost production . Skilled workers were hard to replace , and these were the first groups to successfully advance their conditions through this kind of bargaining . The main method the unions used to effect change was strike action . Many strikes were painful events for both sides , the unions and the management . In Britain , the Combination Act 1799 forbade workers to form any kind of trade union until its repeal in 1824 . Even after this , unions were still severely restricted . One British newspaper in 1834 described unions as `` the most dangerous institutions that were ever permitted to take root , under shelter of law , in any country ... '' In 1832 , the Reform Act extended the vote in Britain but did not grant universal suffrage . That year six men from Tolpuddle in Dorset founded the Friendly Society of Agricultural Labourers to protest against the gradual lowering of wages in the 1830s . They refused to work for less than ten shillings a week , although by this time wages had been reduced to seven shillings a week and were due to be further reduced to six . In 1834 James Frampton , a local landowner , wrote to the Prime Minister , Lord Melbourne , to complain about the union , invoking an obscure law from 1797 prohibiting people from swearing oaths to each other , which the members of the Friendly Society had done . James Brine , James Hammett , George Loveless , George 's brother James Loveless , George 's brother in - law Thomas Standfield , and Thomas 's son John Standfield were arrested , found guilty , and transported to Australia . They became known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs . In the 1830s and 1840s , the Chartist movement was the first large - scale organised working class political movement which campaigned for political equality and social justice . Its Charter of reforms received over three million signatures but was rejected by Parliament without consideration . Working people also formed friendly societies and co-operative societies as mutual support groups against times of economic hardship . Enlightened industrialists , such as Robert Owen also supported these organisations to improve the conditions of the working class . Unions slowly overcame the legal restrictions on the right to strike . In 1842 , a general strike involving cotton workers and colliers was organised through the Chartist movement which stopped production across Great Britain . Eventually , effective political organisation for working people was achieved through the trades unions who , after the extensions of the franchise in 1867 and 1885 , began to support socialist political parties that later merged to become the British Labour Party . Luddites Main article : Luddite Luddites smashing a power loom in 1812 The rapid industrialisation of the English economy cost many craft workers their jobs . The movement started first with lace and hosiery workers near Nottingham and spread to other areas of the textile industry owing to early industrialisation . Many weavers also found themselves suddenly unemployed since they could no longer compete with machines which only required relatively limited ( and unskilled ) labour to produce more cloth than a single weaver . Many such unemployed workers , weavers , and others , turned their animosity towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery . These attackers became known as Luddites , supposedly followers of Ned Ludd , a folklore figure . The first attacks of the Luddite movement began in 1811 . The Luddites rapidly gained popularity , and the British government took drastic measures , using the militia or army to protect industry . Those rioters who were caught were tried and hanged , or transported for life . Unrest continued in other sectors as they industrialised , such as with agricultural labourers in the 1830s when large parts of southern Britain were affected by the Captain Swing disturbances . Threshing machines were a particular target , and hayrick burning was a popular activity . However , the riots led to the first formation of trade unions , and further pressure for reform . Shift in production 's center of gravity The traditional centers of hand textile production such as India , parts of the Middle East and later China could not withstand the competition from machine - made textiles , which over a period of decades destroyed the hand made textile industries and left millions of people without work , many of whom starved . The Industrial Revolution also generated an enormous and unprecedented economic division in the world , as measured by the share of manufacturing output . Share of Total World Manufacturing Output ( Percentage ) 1750 1800 1860 1880 1900 Europe 23.2 28.1 53.2 61.3 62.0 United States 0.1 0.8 7.2 14.7 23.6 Japan 3.8 3.5 2.6 2.4 2.4 The Rest of the World 73.0 67.7 36.6 20.9 11.0 Effect on cotton production and expansion of slavery Cheap cotton textiles increased the demand for raw cotton ; previously , it had primarily been consumed in subtropical regions where it was grown , with little raw cotton available for export . Consequently , prices of raw cotton rose . Some cotton had been grown in the West Indies , particularly in Hispaniola , but Haitian cotton production was halted by the Haitian Revolution in 1791 . The invention of the cotton gin in 1792 allowed Georgia green seeded cotton to be profitable , leading to the widespread growth of cotton plantations in the United States and Brazil . In 1791 world cotton production was estimated to be 490,000,000 pounds with U.S. production accounting to 2,000,000 pounds . By 1800 U.S. production was 35,000,000 pounds , of which 17,790,000 were exported . In 1945 the U.S. produced seven - eights of the 1,169,600,000 pounds of world production . The Americas , particularly the U.S. , had labor shortages and high priced labor , which made slavery attractive . America 's cotton plantations were highly efficient and profitable , and able to keep up with demand . The U.S. Civil war created a `` cotton famine '' that lead to increased production in other areas of the world , including new colonies in Africa . Impact on environment Levels of air pollution rose during the Industrial Revolution , sparking the first modern environmental laws to be passed in the mid-19th century . The origins of the environmental movement lay in the response to increasing levels of smoke pollution in the atmosphere during the Industrial Revolution . The emergence of great factories and the concomitant immense growth in coal consumption gave rise to an unprecedented level of air pollution in industrial centers ; after 1900 the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste . The first large - scale , modern environmental laws came in the form of Britain 's Alkali Acts , passed in 1863 , to regulate the deleterious air pollution ( gaseous hydrochloric acid ) given off by the Leblanc process , used to produce soda ash . An Alkali inspector and four sub-inspectors were appointed to curb this pollution . The responsibilities of the inspectorate were gradually expanded , culminating in the Alkali Order 1958 which placed all major heavy industries that emitted smoke , grit , dust and fumes under supervision . The manufactured gas industry began in British cities in 1812 -- 1820 . The technique used produced highly toxic effluent that was dumped into sewers and rivers . The gas companies were repeatedly sued in nuisance lawsuits . They usually lost and modified the worst practices . The City of London repeatedly indicted gas companies in the 1820s for polluting the Thames and poisoning its fish . Finally , Parliament wrote company charters to regulate toxicity . The industry reached the US around 1850 causing pollution and lawsuits . In industrial cities local experts and reformers , especially after 1890 , took the lead in identifying environmental degradation and pollution , and initiating grass - roots movements to demand and achieve reforms . Typically the highest priority went to water and air pollution . The Coal Smoke Abatement Society was formed in Britain in 1898 making it one of the oldest environmental NGOs . It was founded by artist Sir William Blake Richmond , frustrated with the pall cast by coal smoke . Although there were earlier pieces of legislation , the Public Health Act 1875 required all furnaces and fireplaces to consume their own smoke . It also provided for sanctions against factories that emitted large amounts of black smoke . The provisions of this law were extended in 1926 with the Smoke Abatement Act to include other emissions , such as soot , ash , and gritty particles and to empower local authorities to impose their own regulations . Industrialisation beyond the United Kingdom Continental Europe The Industrial Revolution on Continental Europe came a little later than in Great Britain . In many industries , this involved the application of technology developed in Britain in new places . Often the technology was purchased from Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs moved abroad in search of new opportunities . By 1809 , part of the Ruhr Valley in Westphalia was called ' Miniature England ' because of its similarities to the industrial areas of England . The German , Russian and Belgian governments all provided state funding to the new industries . In some cases ( such as iron ) , the different availability of resources locally meant that only some aspects of the British technology were adopted . Belgium Belgium was the second country , after Britain , in which the Industrial Revolution took place and the first in continental Europe : Wallonia ( French speaking southern Belgium ) was the first region to follow the British model successfully . Starting in the middle of the 1820s , and especially after Belgium became an independent nation in 1830 , numerous works comprising coke blast furnaces as well as puddling and rolling mills were built in the coal mining areas around Liège and Charleroi . The leader was a transplanted Englishman John Cockerill . His factories at Seraing integrated all stages of production , from engineering to the supply of raw materials , as early as 1825 . Wallonia exemplified the radical evolution of industrial expansion . Thanks to coal ( the French word `` houille '' was coined in Wallonia ) , the region geared up to become the 2nd industrial power in the world after Britain . But it is also pointed out by many researchers , with its Sillon industriel , ' Especially in the Haine , Sambre and Meuse valleys , between the Borinage and Liège , ( ... ) there was a huge industrial development based on coal - mining and iron - making ... ' . Philippe Raxhon wrote about the period after 1830 : `` It was not propaganda but a reality the Walloon regions were becoming the second industrial power all over the world after Britain . '' `` The sole industrial centre outside the collieries and blast furnaces of Walloon was the old cloth making town of Ghent . '' Michel De Coster , Professor at the Université de Liège wrote also : `` The historians and the economists say that Belgium was the second industrial power of the world , in proportion to its population and its territory ( ... ) But this rank is the one of Wallonia where the coal - mines , the blast furnaces , the iron and zinc factories , the wool industry , the glass industry , the weapons industry ... were concentrated . '' Demographic effects Wallonia was also the birthplace of a strong Socialist party and strong trade - unions in a particular sociological landscape . At the left , the Sillon industriel , which runs from Mons in the west , to Verviers in the east ( except part of North Flanders , in another period of the industrial revolution , after 1920 ) . Even if Belgium is the second industrial country after Britain , the effect of the industrial revolution there was very different . In ' Breaking stereotypes ' , Muriel Neven and Isabelle Devious say : The industrial revolution changed a mainly rural society into an urban one , but with a strong contrast between northern and southern Belgium . During the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period , Flanders was characterised by the presence of large urban centres ( ... ) at the beginning of the nineteenth century this region ( Flanders ) , with an urbanisation degree of more than 30 per cent , remained one of the most urbanised in the world . By comparison , this proportion reached only 17 per cent in Wallonia , barely 10 per cent in most West European countries , 16 per cent in France and 25 per cent in Britain . Nineteenth century industrialisation did not affect the traditional urban infrastructure , except in Ghent ( ... ) Also , in Wallonia the traditional urban network was largely unaffected by the industrialisation process , even though the proportion of city - dwellers rose from 17 to 45 per cent between 1831 and 1910 . Especially in the Haine , Sambre and Meuse valleys , between the Borinage and Liège , where there was a huge industrial development based on coal - mining and iron - making , urbanisation was fast . During these eighty years the number of municipalities with more than 5,000 inhabitants increased from only 21 to more than one hundred , concentrating nearly half of the Walloon population in this region . Nevertheless , industrialisation remained quite traditional in the sense that it did not lead to the growth of modern and large urban centres , but to a conurbation of industrial villages and towns developed around a coal - mine or a factory . Communication routes between these small centres only became populated later and created a much less dense urban morphology than , for instance , the area around Liège where the old town was there to direct migratory flows . France Main article : Economic history of France The industrial revolution in France followed a particular course as it did not correspond to the main model followed by other countries . Notably , most French historians argue France did not go through a clear take - off . Instead , France 's economic growth and industrialisation process was slow and steady through the 18th and 19th centuries . However , some stages were identified by Maurice Lévy - Leboyer : French Revolution and Napoleonic wars ( 1789 -- 1815 ) , industrialisation , along with Britain ( 1815 -- 1860 ) , economic slowdown ( 1860 -- 1905 ) , renewal of the growth after 1905 . Germany Main article : Economic history of Germany Based on its leadership in chemical research in the universities and industrial laboratories , Germany , which was unified in 1871 , became dominant in the world 's chemical industry in the late 19th century . At first the production of dyes based on aniline was critical . Germany 's political disunity -- with three dozen states -- and a pervasive conservatism made it difficult to build railways in the 1830s . However , by the 1840s , trunk lines linked the major cities ; each German state was responsible for the lines within its own borders . Lacking a technological base at first , the Germans imported their engineering and hardware from Britain , but quickly learned the skills needed to operate and expand the railways . In many cities , the new railway shops were the centres of technological awareness and training , so that by 1850 , Germany was self - sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction , and the railways were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry . Observers found that even as late as 1890 , their engineering was inferior to Britain 's . However , German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation , nationalisation into state - owned companies , and further rapid growth . Unlike the situation in France , the goal was support of industrialisation , and so heavy lines crisscrossed the Ruhr and other industrial districts , and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen . By 1880 , Germany had 9,400 locomotives pulling 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight , and pulled ahead of France Sweden Main article : Economic history of Sweden This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the period 1790 -- 1815 Sweden experienced two parallel economic movements : an agricultural revolution with larger agricultural estates , new crops and farming tools and a commercialisation of farming , and a protoindustrialisation , with small industries being established in the countryside and with workers switching between agricultural work in summer and industrial production in winter . This led to economic growth benefiting large sections of the population and leading up to a consumption revolution starting in the 1820s . During 1815 -- 1850 the protoindustries developed into more specialised and larger industries . This period witnessed increasing regional specialisation with mining in Bergslagen , textile mills in Sjuhäradsbygden and forestry in Norrland . Several important institutional changes took place in this period , such as free and mandatory schooling introduced 1842 ( as first country in the world ) , the abolition of the national monopoly on trade in handicrafts in 1846 , and a stock company law in 1848 . During 1850 -- 1890 , Sweden experienced a veritable explosion in export , dominated by crops , wood and steel . Sweden abolished most tariffs and other barriers to free trade in the 1850s and joined the gold standard in 1873 . During 1890 -- 1930 , Sweden experienced the second industrial revolution . New industries developed with their focus on the domestic market : mechanical engineering , power utilities , papermaking and textile . Japan Main articles : Meiji Restoration and Economic history of Japan The industrial revolution began about 1870 as Meiji period leaders decided to catch up with the West . The government built railroads , improved roads , and inaugurated a land reform programme to prepare the country for further development . It inaugurated a new Western - based education system for all young people , sent thousands of students to the United States and Europe , and hired more than 3,000 Westerners to teach modern science , mathematics , technology , and foreign languages in Japan ( Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan ) . In 1871 , a group of Japanese politicians known as the Iwakura Mission toured Europe and the United States to learn western ways . The result was a deliberate state - led industrialisation policy to enable Japan to quickly catch up . The Bank of Japan , founded in 1882 , used taxes to fund model steel and textile factories . Education was expanded and Japanese students were sent to study in the west . Modern industry first appeared in textiles , including cotton and especially silk , which was based in home workshops in rural areas . United States Main articles : American system of manufacturing , Interchangeable parts , Economic history of the United States , Technological and industrial history of the United States , and Industrial Revolution in the United States See also : History of Lowell , Massachusetts Slater 's Mill in Pawtucket , Rhode Island . During the late 18th an early 19th centuries when the UK and parts of Western Europe began to industrialise , the US was primarily an agricultural and natural resource producing and processing economy . The building of roads and canals , the introduction of steamboats and the building of railroads were important for handling agricultural and natural resource products in the large and sparsely populated country of the period . Important American technological contributions during the period of the Industrial Revolution were the cotton gin and the development of a system for making interchangeable parts , the latter aided by the development of the milling machine in the US . The development of machine tools and the system of interchangeable parts were the basis for the rise of the US as the world 's leading industrial nation in the late 19th century . Oliver Evans invented an automated flour mill in the mid-1780s that used control mechanisms and conveyors so that no labour was needed from the time grain was loaded into the elevator buckets until flour was discharged into a wagon . This is considered to be the first modern materials handling system an important advance in the progress toward mass production . The United States originally used horse - powered machinery for small scale applications such as grain milling , but eventually switched to water power after textile factories began being built in the 1790s . As a result , industrialisation was concentrated in New England and the Northeastern United States , which has fast - moving rivers . The newer water - powered production lines proved more economical than horse - drawn production . In the late 19th century steam - powered manufacturing overtook water - powered manufacturing , allowing the industry to spread to the Midwest . Thomas Somers and the Cabot Brothers founded the Beverly Cotton Manufactory in 1787 , the first cotton mill in America , the largest cotton mill of its era , and a significant milestone in the research and development of cotton mills in the future . This mill was designed to use horse power , but the operators quickly learned that the horse - drawn platform was economically unstable , and had economic losses for years . Despite the losses , the Manufactory served as a playground of innovation , both in turning a large amount of cotton , but also developing the water - powered milling structure used in Slater 's Mill . In 1793 , Samuel Slater ( 1768 -- 1835 ) founded the Slater Mill at Pawtucket , Rhode Island . He had learned of the new textile technologies as a boy apprentice in Derbyshire , England , and defied laws against the emigration of skilled workers by leaving for New York in 1789 , hoping to make money with his knowledge . After founding Slater 's Mill , he went on to own 13 textile mills . Daniel Day established a wool carding mill in the Blackstone Valley at Uxbridge , Massachusetts in 1809 , the third woollen mill established in the US ( The first was in Hartford , Connecticut , and the second at Watertown , Massachusetts . ) The John H. Chafee Blackstone River Valley National Heritage Corridor retraces the history of `` America 's Hardest - Working River ' , the Blackstone . The Blackstone River and its tributaries , which cover more than 45 miles ( 72 km ) from Worcester , Massachusetts to Providence , Rhode Island , was the birthplace of America 's Industrial Revolution . At its peak over 1100 mills operated in this valley , including Slater 's mill , and with it the earliest beginnings of America 's Industrial and Technological Development . Merchant Francis Cabot Lowell from Newburyport , Massachusetts memorised the design of textile machines on his tour of British factories in 1810 . Realising that the War of 1812 had ruined his import business but that a demand for domestic finished cloth was emerging in America , on his return to the United States , he set up the Boston Manufacturing Company . Lowell and his partners built America 's second cotton - to - cloth textile mill at Waltham , Massachusetts , second to the Beverly Cotton Manufactory . After his death in 1817 , his associates built America 's first planned factory town , which they named after him . This enterprise was capitalised in a public stock offering , one of the first uses of it in the United States . Lowell , Massachusetts , using 5.6 miles ( 9.0 km ) of canals and 10,000 horsepower delivered by the Merrimack River , is considered by some as a major contributor to the success of the American Industrial Revolution . The short - lived utopia - like Waltham - Lowell system was formed , as a direct response to the poor working conditions in Britain . However , by 1850 , especially following the Irish Potato Famine , the system had been replaced by poor immigrant labour . A major U.S. contribution to industrialization was the development of techniques to make interchangeable parts from metal . Precision metal machining techniques were developed by the U.S. Department of War to make interchangeable parts for small firearms . The development work took place at the Federal Arsenals at Springfield Armory and Harpers Ferry Armory . Techniques for precision machining using machine tools included using fixtures to hold the parts in proper position , jigs to guide the cutting tools and precision blocks and gauges to measure the accuracy . The milling machine , a fundamental machine tool , is believed to have been invented by Eli Whitney , who was a government contractor who built firearms as part of this program . Another important invention was the Blanchard lathe , invented by Thomas Blanchard . The Blanchard lathe , or pattern tracing lathe , was actually a shaper that could produce copies of wooden gun stocks . The use of machinery and the techniques for producing standardized and interchangeable parts became known as the American system of manufacturing . Precision manufacturing techniques made it possible to build machines that mechanized the shoe industry . and the watch industry . The industrialisation of the watch industry started 1854 also in Waltham , Massachusetts , at the Waltham Watch Company , with the development of machine tools , gauges and assembling methods adapted to the micro precision required for watches . Second Industrial Revolution Main article : Second Industrial Revolution Sächsische Maschinenfabrik in Chemnitz , Germany , 1868 Steel is often cited as the first of several new areas for industrial mass - production , which are said to characterise a `` Second Industrial Revolution '' , beginning around 1850 , although a method for mass manufacture of steel was not invented until the 1860s , when Sir Henry Bessemer invented a new furnace which could convert molten pig iron into steel in large quantities . However , it only became widely available in the 1870s after the process was modified to produce more uniform quality . Bessemer steel was being displaced by the open hearth furnace near the end of the 19th century . This Second Industrial Revolution gradually grew to include chemicals , mainly the chemical industries , petroleum ( refining and distribution ) , and , in the 20th century , the automotive industry , and was marked by a transition of technological leadership from Britain to the United States and Germany . The increasing availability of economical petroleum products also reduced the importance of coal and further widened the potential for industrialisation . A new revolution began with electricity and electrification in the electrical industries . The introduction of hydroelectric power generation in the Alps enabled the rapid industrialisation of coal - deprived northern Italy , beginning in the 1890s . By the 1890s , industrialisation in these areas had created the first giant industrial corporations with burgeoning global interests , as companies like U.S. Steel , General Electric , Standard Oil and Bayer AG joined the railroad and ship companies on the world 's stock markets . Causes Regional GDP per capita changed very little for most of human history before the Industrial Revolution . The causes of the Industrial Revolution were complicated and remain a topic for debate , with some historians believing the Revolution was an outgrowth of social and institutional changes brought by the end of feudalism in Britain after the English Civil War in the 17th century . The Enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution made food production more efficient and less labour - intensive , forcing the farmers who could no longer be self - sufficient in agriculture into cottage industry , for example weaving , and in the longer term into the cities and the newly developed factories . The colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade , creation of financial markets and accumulation of capital are also cited as factors , as is the scientific revolution of the 17th century . A change in marrying patterns to getting married later made people able to accumulate more human capital during their youth , thereby encouraging economic development . Until the 1980s , it was universally believed by academic historians that technological innovation was the heart of the Industrial Revolution and the key enabling technology was the invention and improvement of the steam engine . However , recent research into the Marketing Era has challenged the traditional , supply - oriented interpretation of the Industrial Revolution . Lewis Mumford has proposed that the Industrial Revolution had its origins in the Early Middle Ages , much earlier than most estimates . He explains that the model for standardised mass production was the printing press and that `` the archetypal model for the industrial era was the clock '' . He also cites the monastic emphasis on order and time - keeping , as well as the fact that medieval cities had at their centre a church with bell ringing at regular intervals as being necessary precursors to a greater synchronisation necessary for later , more physical , manifestations such as the steam engine . The presence of a large domestic market should also be considered an important driver of the Industrial Revolution , particularly explaining why it occurred in Britain . In other nations , such as France , markets were split up by local regions , which often imposed tolls and tariffs on goods traded among them . Internal tariffs were abolished by Henry VIII of England , they survived in Russia till 1753 , 1789 in France and 1839 in Spain . Governments ' grant of limited monopolies to inventors under a developing patent system ( the Statute of Monopolies in 1623 ) is considered an influential factor . The effects of patents , both good and ill , on the development of industrialisation are clearly illustrated in the history of the steam engine , the key enabling technology . In return for publicly revealing the workings of an invention the patent system rewarded inventors such as James Watt by allowing them to monopolise the production of the first steam engines , thereby rewarding inventors and increasing the pace of technological development . However , monopolies bring with them their own inefficiencies which may counterbalance , or even overbalance , the beneficial effects of publicising ingenuity and rewarding inventors . Watt 's monopoly prevented other inventors , such as Richard Trevithick , William Murdoch , or Jonathan Hornblower , whom Boulton and Watt sued , from introducing improved steam engines , thereby retarding the spread of steam power . Causes in Europe Main article : Great Divergence Interior of the London Coal Exchange , c. 1808 . European 17th century colonial expansion , international trade , and creation of financial markets produced a new legal and financial environment , one which supported and enabled 18th century industrial growth . One question of active interest to historians is why the Industrial Revolution occurred in Europe and not in other parts of the world in the 18th century , particularly China , India , and the Middle East ( which pioneered in shipbuilding , textile production , water mills , and much more in the period between 750 and 1100 ) , or at other times like in Classical Antiquity or the Middle Ages . A recent account argued that Europeans have been characterized for thousands of years by a freedom - loving culture originating from the aristocratic societies of early Indo - European invaders . Many historians , however , have challenged this explanation as being not only Eurocentric , but also ignoring historical context . In fact , before the Industrial Revolution , `` there existed something of a global economic parity between the most advanced regions in the world economy . '' These historians have suggested a number of other factors , including education , technological changes ( see Scientific Revolution in Europe ) , `` modern '' government , `` modern '' work attitudes , ecology , and culture . China was the world 's most technological advanced country for many centuries ; however , China stagnated economically and technologically and was surpassed by Western Europe before the Age of Exploration , by which time China banned imports and denied entry to foreigners . China was also a totalitarian society . Modern estimates of per capita income on Western Europe in the late 18th century are of roughly 1,500 dollars in purchasing power parity ( and Britain had a per capita income of nearly 2,000 dollars ) whereas China , by comparison , had only 450 dollars . India was essentially feudal , politically fragmented and not as economically advanced as Western Europe . Historians such as David Landes and Max Weber credit the different belief systems in Asia and Europe with dictating where the revolution occurred . The religion and beliefs of Europe were largely products of Judaeo - Christianity and Greek thought . Conversely , Chinese society was founded on men like Confucius , Mencius , Han Feizi ( Legalism ) , Lao Tzu ( Taoism ) , and Buddha ( Buddhism ) , resulting in very different worldviews . Other factors include the considerable distance of China 's coal deposits , though large , from its cities as well as the then unnavigable Yellow River that connects these deposits to the sea . Regarding India , the Marxist historian Rajani Palme Dutt said : `` The capital to finance the Industrial Revolution in India instead went into financing the Industrial Revolution in Britain . '' In contrast to China , India was split up into many competing kingdoms after the decline of the Mughal Empire , with the major ones in its aftermath including the Marathas , Sikhs , Bengal Subah , and Kingdom of Mysore . In addition , the economy was highly dependent on two sectors -- agriculture of subsistence and cotton , and there appears to have been little technical innovation . It is believed that the vast amounts of wealth were largely stored away in palace treasuries by totalitarian monarchs prior to the British take over . Economic historian Joel Mokyr has argued that political fragmentation ( the presence of a large number of European states ) made it possible for heterodox ideas to thrive , as entrepreneurs , innovators , ideologues and heretics could easily flee to a neighboring state in the event that the one state would try to suppress their ideas and activities . This is what set Europe apart from the technologically advanced , large unitary empires such as China and India by providing `` an insurance against economic and technological stagnation '' . China had both a printing press and movable type , and India had similar levels scientific and technological achievement as Europe in 1700 , yet the industrial revolution would occur in Europe , not China or India . In Europe , political fragmentation was coupled with an `` integrated market for ideas '' where Europe 's intellectuals used the lingua franca of Latin , had a shared intellectual basis in Europe 's classical heritage and the pan-European institution of the Republic of Letters . In addition , Europe 's monarchs desperately needed revenue , pushing them into alliances with their merchant classes . Small groups of merchants were granted monopolies and tax - collecting responsibilities in exchange for payments to the state . Located in a region `` at the hub of the largest and most varied network of exchange in history , '' Europe advanced as the leader of the Industrial Revolution . In the Americas , Europeans found a windfall of silver , timber , fish , and maize , leading historian Peter Stearns to conclude that `` Europe 's Industrial Revolution stemmed in great part from Europe 's ability to draw disproportionately on world resources . '' Causes in Britain As the Industrial Revolution developed British manufactured output surged ahead of other economies . Great Britain provided the legal and cultural foundations that enabled entrepreneurs to pioneer the industrial revolution . Key factors fostering this environment were : ( 1 ) The period of peace and stability which followed the unification of England and Scotland ; ( 2 ) no trade barriers between England and Scotland ; ( 3 ) the rule of law ( enforcing property rights and respecting the sanctity of contracts ) ; ( 4 ) a straightforward legal system that allowed the formation of joint - stock companies ( corporations ) ; ( 5 ) absence of tolls , which had largely disappeared from Britain by the 15th century , but were an extreme burden on goods elsewhere in the world , and ( 6 ) a free market ( capitalism ) . `` An unprecedented explosion of new ideas , and new technological inventions , transformed our use of energy , creating an increasingly industrial and urbanised country . Roads , railways and canals were built . Great cities appeared . Scores of factories and mills sprang up . Our landscape would never be the same again . It was a revolution that transformed not only the country , but the world itself . '' -- British historian Jeremy Black on the BBC 's Why the Industrial Revolution Happened Here . Geographical and natural resource advantages of Great Britain were the fact that it had extensive coastlines and many navigable rivers in an age where water was the easiest means of transportation and having the highest quality coal in Europe . There were two main values that really drove the Industrial Revolution in Britain . These values were self - interest and an entrepreneurial spirit . Because of these interests , many industrial advances were made that resulted in a huge increase in personal wealth and a consumer revolution . These advancements also greatly benefitted the British society as a whole . Countries around the world started to recognise the changes and advancements in Britain and use them as an example to begin their own Industrial Revolutions . The debate about the start of the Industrial Revolution also concerns the massive lead that Great Britain had over other countries . Some have stressed the importance of natural or financial resources that Britain received from its many overseas colonies or that profits from the British slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial investment . However , it has been pointed out that slave trade and West Indian plantations provided only 5 % of the British national income during the years of the Industrial Revolution . Even though slavery accounted for so little , Caribbean - based demand accounted for 12 % of Britain 's industrial output . William Bell Scott Iron and Coal , 1855 -- 60 Instead , the greater liberalisation of trade from a large merchant base may have allowed Britain to produce and use emerging scientific and technological developments more effectively than countries with stronger monarchies , particularly China and Russia . Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars as the only European nation not ravaged by financial plunder and economic collapse , and having the only merchant fleet of any useful size ( European merchant fleets were destroyed during the war by the Royal Navy ) . Britain 's extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were already available for many early forms of manufactured goods . The conflict resulted in most British warfare being conducted overseas , reducing the devastating effects of territorial conquest that affected much of Europe . This was further aided by Britain 's geographical position -- an island separated from the rest of mainland Europe . William and Mary Presenting the Cap of Liberty to Europe , 1716 , Sir James Thornhill . Enthroned in heaven with the Virtues behind them are the royals William III and Mary II who had taken the throne after the Glorious Revolution and signed the English Bill of Rights of 1689 . William tramples on arbitrary power and hands the red cap of liberty to Europe where , unlike Britain , absolute monarchy stayed the normal form of power execution . Below William is the French king Louis XIV . Another theory is that Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to the availability of key resources it possessed . It had a dense population for its small geographical size . Enclosure of common land and the related agricultural revolution made a supply of this labour readily available . There was also a local coincidence of natural resources in the North of England , the English Midlands , South Wales and the Scottish Lowlands . Local supplies of coal , iron , lead , copper , tin , limestone and water power , resulted in excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry . Also , the damp , mild weather conditions of the North West of England provided ideal conditions for the spinning of cotton , providing a natural starting point for the birth of the textiles industry . The stable political situation in Britain from around 1688 following the Glorious Revolution , and British society 's greater receptiveness to change ( compared with other European countries ) can also be said to be factors favouring the Industrial Revolution . Peasant resistance to industrialisation was largely eliminated by the Enclosure movement , and the landed upper classes developed commercial interests that made them pioneers in removing obstacles to the growth of capitalism . ( This point is also made in Hilaire Belloc 's The Servile State . ) The French philosopher Voltaire wrote about capitalism and religious tolerance in his book on English society , Letters on the English ( 1733 ) , noting why England at that time was more prosperous in comparison to the country 's less religiously tolerant European neighbours . `` Take a view of the Royal Exchange in London , a place more venerable than many courts of justice , where the representatives of all nations meet for the benefit of mankind . There the Jew , the Mahometan ( Muslim ) , and the Christian transact together , as though they all professed the same religion , and give the name of infidel to none but bankrupts . There the Presbyterian confides in the Anabaptist , and the Churchman depends on the Quaker 's word . If one religion only were allowed in England , the Government would very possibly become arbitrary ; if there were but two , the people would cut one another 's throats ; but as there are such a multitude , they all live happy and in peace . '' Britain 's population grew 280 % 1550 -- 1820 , while the rest of Western Europe grew 50 -- 80 % . Seventy percent of European urbanisation happened in Britain 1750 -- 1800 . By 1800 , only the Netherlands was more urbanised than Britain . This was only possible because coal , coke , imported cotton , brick and slate had replaced wood , charcoal , flax , peat and thatch . The latter compete with land grown to feed people while mined materials do not . Yet more land would be freed when chemical fertilisers replaced manure and horse 's work was mechanised . A workhorse needs 3 to 5 acres ( 1.21 to 2.02 ha ) for fodder while even early steam engines produced four times more mechanical energy . In 1700 , 5 / 6 of coal mined worldwide was in Britain , while the Netherlands had none ; so despite having Europe 's best transport , most urbanised , well paid , literate people and lowest taxes , it failed to industrialise . In the 18th century , it was the only European country whose cities and population shrank . Without coal , Britain would have run out of suitable river sites for mills by the 1830s . Economic historian Robert Allen has argued that high wages , cheap capital and very cheap energy in Britain made it the ideal place for the industrial revolution to occur . These factors made it vastly more profitable to invest in research and development , and to put technology to use in Britain than other societies . Transfer of knowledge A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery ( ca . 1766 ) . Informal philosophical societies spread scientific advances Knowledge of innovation was spread by several means . Workers who were trained in the technique might move to another employer or might be poached . A common method was for someone to make a study tour , gathering information where he could . During the whole of the Industrial Revolution and for the century before , all European countries and America engaged in study - touring ; some nations , like Sweden and France , even trained civil servants or technicians to undertake it as a matter of state policy . In other countries , notably Britain and America , this practice was carried out by individual manufacturers eager to improve their own methods . Study tours were common then , as now , as was the keeping of travel diaries . Records made by industrialists and technicians of the period are an incomparable source of information about their methods . Another means for the spread of innovation was by the network of informal philosophical societies , like the Lunar Society of Birmingham , in which members met to discuss ' natural philosophy ' ( i.e. science ) and often its application to manufacturing . The Lunar Society flourished from 1765 to 1809 , and it has been said of them , `` They were , if you like , the revolutionary committee of that most far reaching of all the eighteenth century revolutions , the Industrial Revolution '' . Other such societies published volumes of proceedings and transactions . For example , the London - based Royal Society of Arts published an illustrated volume of new inventions , as well as papers about them in its annual Transactions . There were publications describing technology . Encyclopaedias such as Harris 's Lexicon Technicum ( 1704 ) and Abraham Rees 's Cyclopaedia ( 1802 -- 1819 ) contain much of value . Cyclopaedia contains an enormous amount of information about the science and technology of the first half of the Industrial Revolution , very well illustrated by fine engravings . Foreign printed sources such as the Descriptions des Arts et Métiers and Diderot 's Encyclopédie explained foreign methods with fine engraved plates . Periodical publications about manufacturing and technology began to appear in the last decade of the 18th century , and many regularly included notice of the latest patents . Foreign periodicals , such as the Annales des Mines , published accounts of travels made by French engineers who observed British methods on study tours . Protestant work ethic Main article : Protestant work ethic Another theory is that the British advance was due to the presence of an entrepreneurial class which believed in progress , technology and hard work . The existence of this class is often linked to the Protestant work ethic ( see Max Weber ) and the particular status of the Baptists and the dissenting Protestant sects , such as the Quakers and Presbyterians that had flourished with the English Civil War . Reinforcement of confidence in the rule of law , which followed establishment of the prototype of constitutional monarchy in Britain in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , and the emergence of a stable financial market there based on the management of the national debt by the Bank of England , contributed to the capacity for , and interest in , private financial investment in industrial ventures . Dissenters found themselves barred or discouraged from almost all public offices , as well as education at England 's only two universities at the time ( although dissenters were still free to study at Scotland 's four universities ) . When the restoration of the monarchy took place and membership in the official Anglican Church became mandatory due to the Test Act , they thereupon became active in banking , manufacturing and education . The Unitarians , in particular , were very involved in education , by running Dissenting Academies , where , in contrast to the universities of Oxford and Cambridge and schools such as Eton and Harrow , much attention was given to mathematics and the sciences -- areas of scholarship vital to the development of manufacturing technologies . Historians sometimes consider this social factor to be extremely important , along with the nature of the national economies involved . While members of these sects were excluded from certain circles of the government , they were considered fellow Protestants , to a limited extent , by many in the middle class , such as traditional financiers or other businessmen . Given this relative tolerance and the supply of capital , the natural outlet for the more enterprising members of these sects would be to seek new opportunities in the technologies created in the wake of the scientific revolution of the 17th century . Opposition from Romanticism Main article : Romanticism During the Industrial Revolution an intellectual and artistic hostility towards the new industrialisation developed , associated with the Romantic movement . Romanticism revered the traditionalism of rural life and recoiled against the upheavals caused by industrialization , urbanization and the wretchedness of the working classes . Its major exponents in English included the artist and poet William Blake and poets William Wordsworth , Samuel Taylor Coleridge , John Keats , Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley . The movement stressed the importance of `` nature '' in art and language , in contrast to `` monstrous '' machines and factories ; the `` Dark satanic mills '' of Blake 's poem `` And did those feet in ancient time '' . Mary Shelley 's novel Frankenstein reflected concerns that scientific progress might be two - edged . French Romanticism likewise was highly critical of industry . See also General Automation Capitalism in the nineteenth century Capitalist mode of production Carboniferous period Coal Deindustrialization Digital Revolution Division of labour Dual revolution Economic history of the United Kingdom Hydraulics Human timeline Industrial Age Industrial society Information revolution Laissez - faire Law of the handicap of a head start -- Dialectics of progress Machine Age Steam The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Other Chinese industrialization Petroleum Revolution Science and invention in Birmingham References ^ Jump up to : David S. Landes ( 1969 ) . 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Six years in the making , the world 's largest navigation canal gives the city direct access to the sea Jump up ^ `` 1823 -- First American Macadam Road '' ( Painting -- Carl Rakeman ) US Department of Transportation -- Federal Highway Administration ( Accessed 10 October 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Louis C. ( 1985 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1730 -- 1930 , Vol. 2 : Steam Power . Charolttesville : University Press of Virginia . p. 18 . `` There exist everywhere roads suitable for hauling ''. Robert Fulton on roads in France Jump up ^ Richard Brown ( 1991 ) . `` Society and Economy in Modern Britain 1700 -- 1850 '' p. 136 . Routledge , 1991 Jump up ^ Fling , Harry M. ( 1868 ) . Railroads of the United States , Their History and Statistics . Philadelphia : John . E. Potter and Co. pp. 12 , 13 . Jump up ^ Herbert L. Sussman ( 2009 ) . `` Victorian Technology : Invention , Innovation , and the Rise of the Machine '' . p. 2 . 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The Lever of Riches : Technological Creativity and Economic Progress . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 40 -- 44 . ISBN 978 - 0195074772 . Jump up ^ Why No Industrial Revolution in Ancient Greece ? J. Bradford DeLong , Professor of Economics , University of California at Berkeley , 20 September 2002 . Retrieved January 2007 . Jump up ^ The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England The History Guide , Steven Kreis , 11 October 2006 -- Accessed January 2007 Jump up ^ Duchesne , Ricardo ( 2011 ) . The Uniqueness of Western Civilization . Leiden : Brill . ISBN 978 - 9004232761 . Jump up ^ Vries , Pier ( 2001 ) . `` Are Coal and Colonies Really Crucial ? '' . Journal of World History . 2 : 411 . Jump up ^ Jackson J. Spielvogel ( 2009 ) . `` Western Civilization : Since 1500 '' . p. 607 . Jump up ^ Eric Bond ; Sheena Gingerich ; Oliver Archer - Antonsen ; Liam Purcell ; Elizabeth Macklem ( 17 February 2003 ) . `` The Industrial Revolution -- Causes '' . Industrialrevolution.sea.ca . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Temple , Robert ( 1986 ) . The Genius of China : 3000 years of science , discovery and invention . New York : Simon and Schuster < Based on the works of Joseph Needham > Jump up ^ Merson , John ( 1990 ) . The Genius That Was China : East and West in the Making of the Modern World . Woodstock , New York : The Overlook Press . ISBN 0 - 87951 - 397 - 7 < A companion to the PBS Series `` The Genius That Was China '' > Jump up ^ `` Cobb - Douglas in pre-modern Europe1 -- Simulating early modern growth '' ( PDF ) . ( 254 KB ) Jan Luiten van Zanden , International Institute of Social History / University of Utrecht . May 2005 . Retrieved January 2007 . Jump up ^ Landes , David ( 1999 ) . The Wealth and Poverty of Nations . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0393318883 . Jump up ^ David S. Landes ( 1969 ) . The Unbound Prometheus . Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . pp. 20 -- 32 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6 . 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With a fleet as large as the Royal Navy , and with these fittings needing to be replaced every 4 to 5 years , this created a great demand which encouraged industrial expansion . The industrial manufacture of rope can also be seen as a similar factor . Jump up ^ Old Naval College Archived 26 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Barrington Moore , Jr. , Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy : Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World , pp. 29 -- 30 , Boston , Beacon Press , 1966 . Jump up ^ Voltaire , François Marie Arouet de . ( 1909 -- 14 ) ( 1734 ) . `` Letter VI -- On the Presbyterians . Letters on the English '' . www.bartleby.com . The Harvard Classics . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ EA Wrigley , Continuity chance and change . ^ Jump up to : Crafts , Nicholas ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Explaining the first Industrial Revolution : two views '' . European Review of Economic History . 15 ( 1 ) : 153 -- 168 . doi : 10.1017 / S1361491610000201 . 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Archived from the original on 12 March 2017 . Berlanstein , Lenard R. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Industrial Revolution and work in nineteenth - century Europe . London and New York : Routledge . Clapham , J.H. ( 1926 ) . `` An Economic History of Modern Britain : The Early Railway Age , 1820 -- 1850 '' . Cambridge University Press . Clapham , J.H. The Economic Development of France and Germany : 1815 - 1914 ( 1921 ) online , a famous classic , filled with details . Clark , Gregory ( 2007 ) . A Farewell to Alms : A Brief Economic History of the World . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12135 - 4 . Daunton , M.J. ( 1995 ) . `` Progress and Poverty : An Economic and Social History of Britain , 1700 -- 1850 '' . Oxford University Press . Dunham , Arthur Louis ( 1955 ) . `` The Industrial Revolution in France , 1815 -- 1848 '' . New York : Exposition Press . Gatrell , Peter ( 2004 ) . `` Farm to factory : a reinterpretation of the Soviet industrial revolution '' . 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The Unbound Prometheus : Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present . Cambridge , New York : Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 09418 - 6 . McNeil , Ian , ed. ( 1990 ) . An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 14792 - 1 . Maddison , Angus ( 2003 ) . `` The World Economy : Historical Statistics '' . Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . Mantoux , Paul ( 1961 ) ( 1928 ) . `` The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century '' ( First English translation 1928 ed . ) . McLaughlin Green , Constance ( 1939 ) . `` Holyoke , Massachusetts : A Case History of the Industrial Revolution in America '' . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . Milward , Alan S. and S.B. Saul . The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe : 1850 -- 1914 ( 1977 ) Milward , Alan S. and S.B. Saul . The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780 -- 1870 ( 1973 ) Mokyr , Joel ( 1999 ) . `` The British Industrial Revolution : An Economic Perspective '' . More , Charles ( 2000 ) . `` Understanding the Industrial Revolution '' . London : Routledge . Olson , James S. Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in America ( 2001 ) Pollard , Sidney ( 1981 ) . `` Peaceful Conquest : The Industrialization of Europe , 1760 -- 1970 '' . Oxford University Press . Rider , Christine , ed . Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution , 1700 -- 1920 ( 2 vol. 2007 ) Roe , Joseph Wickham ( 1916 ) , English and American Tool Builders , New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press , LCCN 16011753 . Reprinted by McGraw - Hill , New York and London , 1926 ( LCCN 27 - 24075 ) ; and by Lindsay Publications , Inc. , Bradley , Illinois , ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 917914 - 73 - 7 ) . Smelser , Neil J. ( 1959 ) . `` Social Change in the Industrial Revolution : An Application of Theory to the British Cotton Industry '' . University of Chicago Press . Staley , David J. ed . Encyclopedia of the History of Invention and Technology ( 3 vol 2011 ) , 2000pp Stearns , Peter N. ( 1998 ) . `` The Industrial Revolution in World History '' . Westview Press . Smil , Vaclav ( 1994 ) . `` Energy in World History '' . Westview Press . Archived from the original on 18 July 2007 . Snooks , G.D. ( 2000 ) . `` Was the Industrial Revolution Necessary ? '' . London : Routledge . Szostak , Rick ( 1991 ) . `` The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution : A Comparison of England and France '' . Montreal : McGill - Queen 's University Press . Timbs , John ( 1860 ) . Stories of Inventors and Discoverers in Science and the Useful Arts : A Book for Old and Young . Harper & Brothers . Toynbee , Arnold ( 1884 ) . Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England . ISBN 1 - 4191 - 2952 - X . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Uglow , Jenny ( 2002 ) . `` The Lunar Men : The Friends who made the Future 1730 -- 1810 '' . London : Faber and Faber . Usher , Abbott Payson ( 1920 ) . `` An Introduction to the Industrial History of England '' . University of Michigan Press . Chambliss , William J. ( editor ) , Problems of Industrial Society , Reading , Massachusetts : Addison - Wesley Publishing Co , December 1973 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 201 - 00958 - 3 Hawke , Gary . `` Reinterpretations of the Industrial Revolution '' in Patrick O'Brien and Roland Quinault , eds . The Industrial Revolution and British Society ( 1993 ) pp 54 -- 78 McCloskey , Deirdre ( 2004 ) . `` Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Britain ( edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson ) '' . Times Higher Education Supplement. 15 ( January ) . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Industrial revolution . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Industrial Revolution Wikiversity quiz on this Industrial Revolution article Industrial Revolution at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Internet Modern History Sourcebook : Industrial Revolution BBC History Home Page : Industrial Revolution National Museum of Science and Industry website : machines and personalities Factory Workers in the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution -- Articles , Video , Pictures , and Facts `` The Day the World Took Off '' Six - part video series from the University of Cambridge tracing the question `` Why did the Industrial Revolution begin when and where it did . '' The Industrial Revolution Themes Coal Coal mining Coke Cotton Industry Invention Iron Machinery , Manufacturing Metallurgy Sociology Steam power Steel Technology Textiles , Water power Workforce People / groups Richard Arkwright Thomas Boulsover Matthew Boulton James Brindley Isambard Kingdom Brunel Edmund Cartwright Henry Cort Thomas and George Cranege Samuel Crompton Abraham Darby I Abraham Darby II Abraham Darby III Francis Egerton , 3rd Duke of Bridgewater William Fairbairn James Hargreaves Hawks family Thomas Highs Eaton Hodgkinson Benjamin Huntsman Joseph Marie Jacquard , John Kay ( flying shuttle ) John Kay ( spinning frame ) Francis Cabot Lowell Lunar Society Thomas Newcomen Robert Owen Lewis Paul William Radcliffe Richard Roberts Thomas Savery Samuel Slater John Smeaton George Stephenson Robert Stephenson Thomas Telford Richard Trevithick James Watt John Wilkinson John Wyatt Places Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet Bridgewater Canal Broseley Coalbrookdale Cromford Derwent Valley Mills Ironbridge New Lanark Portsmouth Block Mills Quarry Bank Mill Soho Foundry Stockton and Darlington Railway Invention / technology Blast furnace Canal Cotton mill Crucible steel Factory Flying shuttle Newcomen steam engine Power loom Railway Reverberatory furnace Sheffield plate Spinning frame Spinning jenny Steam engine Stephenson 's Rocket Water frame Watt steam engine Social impact Bourgeoisie Child labour History of the Co-operative Movement Cottage industry Factory Acts Industrial unrest Luddite Proletariat Rochdale Pioneers Urbanization Industrial warfare Reference History of technology History of the British canal system Industrial archaeology List of United Kingdom - related topics Timeline of clothing and textiles technology Timeline of invention Timeline of materials technology Timeline of steam power Category Commons History of technology History of technology cultures Prehistoric technology Neolithic Ancient Egypt Mayan Ancient Greek Roman Chinese Indian Byzantine Medieval Islam Medieval Europe Renaissance Ottoman Great Divergence Industrial Revolution Modern History of technology domains History of biotechnology History of communication History of computing hardware History of electrical engineering History of materials science History of measurement History of medicine History of nuclear technology History of transport Economy of the United Kingdom Companies Co-operatives Employee - owned companies FTSE 100 Index FTSE 250 Index FTSE Fledgling Index FTSE SmallCap Index Government - owned companies Currency , governance , regulation Bank of England Governor of the Bank of England Budget Company law Competition and Markets Authority Department for Business , Energy and Industrial Strategy Financial Conduct Authority Gilts HM Revenue and Customs HM Treasury Chancellor of the Exchequer Debt Management Office Monetary Policy Committee Office for Budget Responsibility Pound sterling Banknotes Coinage Taxation UK Statistics Authority UK Trade & Investment History Chronological 1659 -- 1849 Navigation Acts Agricultural Revolution Industrial Revolution Financial Revolution Panic of 1796 -- 97 1815 -- 46 Corn Laws New Imperialism 1830s -- 1945 Second Industrial Revolution 1860s -- 1914 1873 -- 79 Long Depression 1926 general strike 1929 -- 39 Great Depression 1948 -- 52 Marshall Plan 1974 Three - Day Week 1979 Winter of Discontent 1986 Big Bang 1992 Black Wednesday Late - 2000s recession 2008 bank rescue package 2009 bank rescue package Recurrent Economic geography Free trade Gold standard Recessions and recoveries National champions policy Economic liberalism Privatisation Nationalisation Nations , regions , cities England Atlantic Gateway Birmingham Big City Plan Bristol Cornwall Croydon Croydon Vision 2020 Devon Expansion plans for Milton Keynes Fishing Leeds List of counties by GVA Liverpool London East London Tech City London Plan M4 corridor M11 Corridor Manchester Reading Sheffield Silicon Fen Thames Gateway Tourism Transport N. 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7 HDS : 13825 NARA : 10675841 NDL : 00570120 Business and economics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrial_Revolution&oldid=843485379 '' Categories : Industrial Revolution Industrial history History of technology 18th century in technology 19th century in technology Early Modern Britain Modern Europe Modern history of the United Kingdom Revolutions by type Theories of history Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from July 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - 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when did the industrial revolution begin in france
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"The earliest recorded use of the term \"Industrial Revolution\" seems to have been in a letter from 6 July 1799 written by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise.[19] In his 1976 book Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, Raymond Williams states in the entry for \"Industry\": \"The idea of a new social order based on major industrial change was clear in Southey and Owen, between 1811 and 1818, and was implicit as early as Blake in the early 1790s and Wordsworth at the turn of the [19th] century.\" The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change was becoming more common by the late 1830s, as in Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui's description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle.[20] Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of \"an industrial revolution, a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society\". However, although Engels wrote in the 1840s, his book was not translated into English until the late 1800s, and his expression did not enter everyday language until then. Credit for popularising the term may be given to Arnold Toynbee, whose 1881 lectures gave a detailed account of the term.[21]"
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SERVQUAL
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SERVQUAL - wikipedia SERVQUAL Jump to : navigation , search Marketing Marketing Marketing Management Key concepts ( show ) Distribution Pricing Retail Service Activation Brand licensing Brand management Co-creation Corporate identity Dominance Effectiveness Ethics Operations Promotion Research Segmentation Strategy Account - based marketing Digital marketing Product marketing Social marketing Promotional content ( show ) Advertising Branding Corporate anniversary Direct marketing Loyalty marketing Mobile marketing On - hold messaging Personal selling Premiums Prizes Product placement Propaganda Publicity Sales promotion Sex in advertising Underwriting spot Promotional media ( show ) Behavioral targeting Brand ambassador Broadcasting Display advertising Drip marketing In - game advertising Mobile advertising Native advertising New media Online advertising Out - of - home advertising Point of sale Printing Product demonstration Promotional merchandise Publication Visual merchandising Web banner Word - of - mouth SERVQUAL is a multi-dimensional research instrument , designed to capture consumer expectations and perceptions of a service along the five dimensions that are believed to represent service quality . SERVQUAL is built on the expectancy - disconfirmation paradigm , which in simple terms means that service quality is understood as the extent to which consumers ' pre-consumption expectations of quality are confirmed or disconfirmed by their actual perceptions of the service experience . When the SERVQUAL questionnaire was first published in 1988 by a team of academic researchers , A. Parasuraman , Valarie Zeithaml and Leonard L. Berry to measure quality in the service sector , it represented a breakthrough in the measurement methods used for service quality research . The diagnostic value of the instrument is supported by the model of service quality which forms the conceptual framework for the development of the scale ( i.e. instrument or questionnaire ) . The instrument has been widely applied in a variety of contexts and cultural settings and found to be relatively robust . It has become the dominant measurement scale in the area of service quality . In spite of the long - standing interest in SERVQUAL and its myriad of context - specific applications , it has attracted some criticism from researchers . Contents ( hide ) 1 The SERVQUAL instrument 2 The model of service quality 3 Development of the model 4 Criticisms of SERVQUAL and the model of service quality 5 See also 6 References 7 External links 8 Further reading The SERVQUAL instrument ( edit ) The five dimensions of service quality ) SERVQUAL is a multidimensional research instrument ( i.e. questionnaire or measurement scale ) designed to measure service quality by capturing respondents ' expectations and perceptions along the five dimensions of service quality . The questionnaire consists of matched pairs of items ; 22 expectation items and 22 perceptions items , organised into five dimensions which are believed to align with the consumer 's mental map of service quality dimensions . Both the expectations component and the perceptions component of the questionnaire consist a total of 22 items , comprising 4 items to capture tangibles , 5 items to capture reliability , 4 items for responsiveness , 4 items for assurance and 5 items to capture empathy . The questionnaire is designed to be administered in a face - to - face interview and requires a moderate to large size sample for statistical reliability . In practice , it is customary to add additional items such as the respondent 's demographics , prior experience with the brand or category and behavioural intentions ( intention to revisit / repurchase , loyalty intentions and propensity to give word - of - mouth referrals ) . Thus , the final questionnaire may consist of 60 + items and typically takes at least one hour , per respondent , to administer . The length of the questionnaire combined with sample size requirements contribute to substantial costs in administration and data analysis . Summary of SERVQUAL items Dimension No. of Items in Questionnaire Definition Reliability 5 The ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately Assurance The knowledge and courtesy of employees and their ability to convey trust and confidence Tangibles The appearance of physical facilities , equipment , personnel and communication materials Empathy 5 The provision of caring , individualized attention to customer Responsiveness The willingness to help customers and to provide prompt service The instrument which was developed over a five year period ; was tested , pre-tested and refined before appearing in its final form . The instrument 's developers , Parasuman , Ziethaml and Berry , claim that it is a highly reliable and valid instrument . Certainly , it has been widely used and adapted in service quality research for numerous industries and various geographic regions . In application , many researchers are forced to make minor modifications to the instrument as necessary for context - specific applications . Some researchers label their revised instruments with innovative titles such as EDUQUAL ( educational context ) , HEALTHQUAL ( hospital context ) and ARTSQUAL ( art museum ) . Examples of matched pairs of items in the SERVQUAL questionnaire Dimension Sample expectations item Sample perceptions item Reliability When excellent telephone companies promise to do something by a certain time , they do so XYZ company provides its services at the promised time Assurance The behaviour of employees in excellent banks will instill confidence in customers The behaviour of employees in the XYZ bank instils confidence in you . Tangibles Excellent telephone companies will have modern looking equipment XYZ company has modern looking equipment Empathy Excellent banks will have operating hours convenient to customers XYZ bank has convenient operating hours Responsiveness Employees of excellent telephone companies will never be too busy to help a customer XYZ employees are never too busy to help you The SERVQUAL questionnaire has been described as `` the most popular standardized questionnaire to measure service quality . '' It is widely used by service firms , most often in conjunction with other measures of service quality and customer satisfaction . The SERVQUAL instrument was developed as part of a broader conceptualisation of how customers understand service quality . This conceptualisation is known as the model of service quality or more popularly as the gaps model . The model of service quality ( edit ) The model of service quality , popularly known as the gaps model was developed by a group of American authors , A. Parasuraman , Valarie A. Zeithaml and Len Berry , in a systematic research program carried out between 1983 and 1988 . The model identifies the principal dimensions ( or components ) of service quality ; proposes a scale for measuring service quality ( SERVQUAL ) and suggests possible causes of service quality problems . The model 's developers originally identified ten dimensions of service quality , but after testing and retesting , some of the dimensions were found to be autocorrelated and the total number of dimensions was reduced to five , namely - reliability , assurance , tangibles , empathy and responsiveness . These five dimensions are thought to represent the dimensions of service quality across a range of industries and settings . Among students of marketing , the mnemonic , RATER , an acronym formed from the first letter of each of the five dimensions is often used as an aid to recall . A simplified model of service quality Businesses use the SERVQUAL instrument ( i.e. questionnaire ) to measure potential service quality problems and the model of service quality to help diagnose possible causes of the problem . The model of service quality is built on the expectancy - confirmation paradigm which suggests that consumers perceive quality in terms of their perceptions of how well a given service delivery meets their expectations of that delivery . Thus , service quality can be conceptualised as a simple equation : SQ = P - E where ; SQ is service quality P is the individual 's perceptions of given service delivery E is the individual 's expectations of a given service delivery When customer expectations are greater than their perceptions of received delivery , service quality is deemed low . When perceptions exceed expectations then service quality is high . The model of service quality identifies five gaps that may cause customers to experience poor service quality . In this model , gap 5 is the service quality gap and is the only gap that can be directly measured . In other words , the SERVQUAL instrument was specifically designed to capture gap 5 . In contrast , Gaps 1 - 4 can not be measured , but have diagnostic value . Summary of Gaps with Diagnostic Indications Gap Brief description Probable Causes Gap 1 The Knowledge Gap Difference between the target market 's expected service and management 's perceptions of the target market 's expected service Insufficient marketing research Inadequate upward communications Too many layers of management Gap 2 The standards Gap Difference between management 's perceptions of customer expectations and the translation into service procedures and specifications Lack of management commitment to service quality Employee perceptions of infeasibility Inadequate goal setting Inadequate task standardisation Gap 3 The Delivery Gap Difference between service quality specifications and the service actually delivered Technical breakdowns or malfunctions Role conflict / ambiguity Lack of perceived control Poor employee - job fit Poor technology - fit Poor supervision or training Gap 4 The Communications Gap Difference between service delivery intentions and what is communicated to the customer Lack of horizontal communications Poor communication with advertising agency Inadequate communications between sales and operations Differences in policies and procedures across branches or divisions of an entity Propensity to overpromise Development of the model ( edit ) The development of the model of service quality involved a systematic research undertaking which began in 1983 , and after various refinements , resulted in the publication of the SERVQUAL instrument in 1988 . The model 's developers began with an exhaustive literature search in order to identify items that were believed to impact on perceived service quality . This initial search identified some 100 items which were used in the first rounds of consumer testing . Preliminary data analysis , using a data reduction technique known as factor analysis ( also known as principal components analysis ) revealed that these items loaded onto ten dimensions ( or components ) of service quality . The initial ten dimensions that were believed to represent service quality were : Competence is the possession of the required skills and knowledge to perform the service . For example , there may be competence in the knowledge and skill of contact personnel , knowledge and skill of operational support personnel and research capabilities of the organization . Courtesy is the consideration for the customer 's property and a clean and neat appearance of contact personnel , manifesting as politeness , respect , and friendliness . Credibility includes factors such as trustworthiness , belief and honesty . It involves having the customer 's best interests at prime position . It may be influenced by company name , company reputation and the personal characteristics of the contact personnel . Security enables the customer to feel free from danger , risk or doubt including physical safety , financial security and confidentiality . Access is approachability and ease of contact . For example , convenient office operation hours and locations . Communication means both informing customers in a language they are able to understand and also listening to customers . A company may need to adjust its language for the varying needs of its customers . Information might include for example , explanation of the service and its cost , the relationship between services and costs and assurances as to the way any problems are effectively managed . Knowing the customer means making an effort to understand the customer 's individual needs , providing individualized attention , recognizing the customer when they arrive and so on . This in turn helps to delight the customers by rising above their expectations . Tangibles are the physical evidence of the service , for instance , the appearance of the physical facilities , tools and equipment used to provide the service ; the appearance of personnel and communication materials and the presence of other customers in the service facility . Reliability is the ability to perform the promised service in a dependable and accurate manner . The service is performed correctly on the first occasion , the accounting is correct , records are up to date and schedules are kept . Responsiveness is the readiness and willingness of employees to help customers by providing prompt timely services , for example , mailing a transaction slip immediately or setting up appointments quickly . Further testing suggested that some of the ten preliminary dimensions of service quality were closely related or autocorrelated . Thus the ten initial dimensions were reduced and the labels amended to accurately reflect the revised dimensions . By the early 1990s , the authors had refined the model to five factors which in testing , appear to be relatively stable and robust . Reliability : the ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately Assurance : the knowledge and courtesy of employees and their ability to convey trust and confidence Tangibles : the appearance of physical facilities , equipment , personnel and communication materials Empathy : the provision of caring , individualized attention to customers Responsiveness : the willingness to help customers and to provide prompt service These are the five dimensions of service quality that form the basis of the individual items in the SERVQUAL research instrument ( questionnaire ) . The acronym RATER , is often used to help students of marketing remember the five dimensions of quality explicitly mentioned in the research instrument . It is these five dimensions that are believed to represent the consumer 's mental checklist of service quality . Nyeck , Morales , Ladhari , and Pons ( 2002 ) stated the SERVQUAL measuring tool `` appears to remain the most complete attempt to conceptualize and measure service quality '' ( p. 101 ) . The SERVQUAL measuring tool has been used by many researchers across a wide range of service industries and contexts , such as healthcare , banking , financial services , and education ( Nyeck , Morales , Ladhari , & Pons , 2002 ) . Criticisms of SERVQUAL and the model of service quality ( edit ) Although the SERVQUAL instrument has been widely applied in a variety of industry and cross-cultural contexts , there are many criticisms of the approach . Francis Buttle published one of the most comprehensive criticisms of the model of service quality and the associated SERVQUAL instrument in 1996 in which both operational and theoretical concerns were identified . Some of the more important criticisms include : Face validity : The model of service quality has its roots in the expectancy - disconfimation paradigm that informs customer satisfaction . A number of researchers have argued that the research instrument actually captures satisfaction rather than service quality . Other researchers have questioned the validity of conceptualising service quality as a gap . Construct validity : The model 's developers tested and retested the SERVQUAL scale for reliability and validity . However , at the same time , the model 's developers recommended that applied use of the instrument should modify or adapt them for specific contexts . Any attempt to adapt or modify the scale will have implications for the validity of items with implications for the validity of the dimensions of reliability , assurance , tangibles , empathy and responsiveness . Ambiguity of expectations construct : SERVQUAL is designed to be administered after respondents have experienced a service . They are therefore asked to recall their pre-experience expectations . However , recall is not always accurate , raising concerns about whether the research design accurately captures true pre-consumption expectations . In addition , studies show that expectations actually change over time . Consumers are continually modifying their expectations as they gain experience with a product category or brand . In light of these insights , concerns have been raised about whether the act of experiencing the service might colour respondents ' expectations . Operational definition of the expectations construct : The way that expectations has been operationalised also represents a concern for theorists investigating the validity of the gaps model . The literature identifies different types of expectations . Of these , there is an argument that only forecast expectations are true expectations . Yet , the SERVQUAL instrument appears to elicit ideal expectations . Note the wording in the questionnaire in the preceding figure which grounds respondents in their expectations of what excellent companies will do . Subtle use of words can elicit different types of expectations . Capturing true expectations is important because it has implications for service quality scores . When researchers elicit ideal expectations , overall service quality scores are likely to be lower , making it much more difficult for marketers to deliver on those expectations . Questionnaire length : The matched pairs design of the questionnaire ( total of 22 expectation items plus 22 perception items = 44 total items ) makes for a very long questionnaire . If researchers add demographic and other behavioural items such as prior experience with product or category and the standard battery of demographics including : age , gender , occupation , educational attainment etc. then the average questionnaire will have around 60 items . In practical terms , this means that the questionnaire would take more than one hour per respondent to administer in a face - to - face interview . Lengthy questionnaires are known to induce respondent fatigue which may have potential implications for data reliability . In addition , lengthy questionnaires add to the time and cost involved in data collection and data analysis . Coding , collation and interpretation of data is very time consuming and in the case of lengthy questionnaires administered across large samples , the findings can not be used to address urgent quality - related problems . In some cases , it may be necessary to carry out ' quick and dirty ' research while waiting for the findings of studies with superior research design . Administration of the questionnaire : Some analysts have pointed out that the SERVPERF instrument , developed by Cronin and Taylor , and which reduced the number of questionnaire items by half ( 22 perceptions items only ) , achieves results that correlate well with SERVQUAL , with no reduction in diagnostic power , improved data accuracy through reductions in respondent boredom and fatigue and savings in the form of reduced administration costs . Dimensional instability : A number of studies have reported that the five dimensions of service quality implicit in the model ( reliability , assurance , tangibles , empathy and responsiveness ) do not hold up when the research is replicated in different countries , different industries , in different market segments or even at different time periods . Some studies report that the SERVQUAL items do not always load onto the same factors . In some empirical research , the items load onto fewer dimensions , while other studies report that the items load onto more than five dimensions of quality . In statistical terms , the robustness of the factor loadings is known as a model 's dimensional stability . Across a wide range of empirical studies , the factors implicit in the SERVQUAL instrument have been shown to be unstable . Problems associated with the stability of the factor loadings may be attributed , at least in part , to the requirement that each new SERVQUAL investigation needed to make context - sensitive modifications to the instrument in order to accommodate the unique aspects of the focal service setting or problem . However , it has also been hypothesised that the dimensions of service quality represented by the SERVQUAL research instrument fail to capture the true dimensionality of the service quality construct and that there may not be a universal set of service quality dimensions that are relevant across all service industries . In spite of these criticisms , the SERVQUAL instrument , or any one of its variants ( i.e. modified forms ) , dominates current research into service quality . In a review of more than 40 articles that made use of SERVQUAL , a team of researchers found that `` few researchers concern themselves with the validation of the measuring tool '' . SERVQUAL is not only the subject of academic papers , but it is also widely used by industry practitioners . See also ( edit ) Customer satisfaction Customer satisfaction research Disconfirmed expectancy Quality management Service quality Services marketing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Parasuraman , A , Ziethaml , V. and Berry , L.L. , `` SERVQUAL : A Multiple - Item Scale for Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality ' Journal of Retailing , Vo. 62 , no . 1 , 1988 , pp 12 - 40 < online : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225083802_SERVQUAL_A_multiple-_Item_Scale_for_measuring_consumer_perceptions_of_service_quality > Jump up ^ Parasuraman , A. , Berry , L.L. and Zeithaml , V.A. , `` Refinement and Reassessment of the SERVQUAL scale , '' Journal of Retailing , Vol. 67 , no . 4 , 1991 , pp 57 - 67 Jump up ^ Parasuraman , A , Ziethaml , V. and Berry , L.L. , `` SERVQUAL : A Multiple - Item Scale for Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality ' Journal of Retailing , Vol. 62 , no . 1 , 1988 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Based on Parasuraman , A , Ziethaml , V. and Berry , L.L. , `` SERVQUAL : A Multiple - Item Scale for Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality ' Journal of Retailing , Vol. 62 , no . 1 , 1988 , p. 22 , 25 and 29 Jump up ^ Zeithaml , V. , Parasuraman , A. and Berry , L.L. , Delivering Service Quality : Balancing Customer Perceptions and Expectations , N.Y. , The Free Press , 1990 Jump up ^ Mahapatra , S.S. and Khan , M.S. , `` A Methodology for Evalution of Service Quality Using Neural Networks , '' in Proceedings of the International Conference on Global Manufacturing and Innovation , ' July 27 -- 29 , 2006 Jump up ^ Lee , D. , `` HEALTHQUAL : a multi-item scale for assessing healthcare service quality , '' Service Business , 2016 ; pp 1 - 26 , doi : 10.1007 / s11628 - 016 - 0317 - 2 Jump up ^ Higgs , B. , Polonsky M.J. and Hollick , M. , `` Measuring Expectations : Pre and Post Consumption : Does It Matter ? '' Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services , vol. 12 , no . 1 , 2005 Jump up ^ Based on Parasuraman , A , Ziethaml , V. and Berry , L.L. , `` SERVQUAL : A Multiple - Item Scale for Measuring Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality ' Journal of Retailing , Vol. 62 , no . 1 , 1988 , ( Appendix : SERVQUAL questionnaire , pp 37 - 40 Jump up ^ Caruanaa , A. , Ewing , M.T and Ramaseshanc , B. , `` Assessment of the Three - Column Format SERVQUAL : An Experimental Approach , '' Journal of Business Research , Vol. 49 , no . 1 , July 2000 , pp 57 -- 65 Jump up ^ Zeithaml , V.A. , Berry , L.L. and Parasuraman , A. , `` Communication and Control Processes in the Delivery of Service Quality , '' Journal of Marketing , Vol. 52 , No. 2 , 1988 , pp. 35 - 48 Jump up ^ Oliver , R.L. , Balakrishnan , P.V.S. and Barry , B. , `` Outcome Satisfaction in Negotiation : A Test of Expectancy Disconfirmation , '' Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , Vol. 60 , no . 2 , 1994 , Pages 252 - 275 Jump up ^ Based on Zeithaml , V.A. , Berry , L.L. and Parasuraman , A. , `` Communication and Control Processes in the Delivery of Service Quality , '' Journal of Marketing , Vol. 52 , No. 2 , 1988 , pp. 35 - 48 Jump up ^ Parasuraman , A. , Berry , L.L. , Zeithaml , V.A. , `` Understanding Customer Expectations of Service , '' Sloan Management Review , Vol. 32 , no . 3 , 1991 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Buttle , F. , `` SERVQUAL : Review , Critique , Research Agenda , '' European Journal of Marketing , Vol. 30 , no . 1 , pp. 8 - 32 1996 Jump up ^ Oliver , R.L. , Satisfaction : A Behavioural Perspective on the Consumer , Boston , MA , Irwin McGraw - Hill , 1996 Jump up ^ Souca , Ma . L. , `` SERVQUAL - Thirty years of research on service quality with implications for customer satisfaction , '' in Marketing - from Information to Decision , ( Proceedings of the International Conference ) , Cluj - Napoca : Babes Bolyai University , 2011 , pp 420 - 429 Jump up ^ van Dyke , T.P. , Kappelman , L.A. and Prybutok , V.R. , `` Measuring Information Systems Service Quality : Concerns on the Use of the SERVQUAL Questionnaire , '' MIS Quarterly , Vol. 21 , No. 2 , 1997 , pp. 195 - 208 , < Online : https://www.jstor.org/stable/249419 > Jump up ^ Smith , A.M. , `` Measuring Service Quality : Is SERVQUAL now redundant ? Journal of Marketing Management , ( Special Issue : Marketing in the Services Sector ) , Vol 11 , no . 1 , 1995 , pp 257 - 276 Jump up ^ Parasuraman , A. ; Berry , Leonard L. ; Zeithaml , Valarie A. , `` Understanding Customer Expectations of Service , '' Sloan Management Review , Vol. 32 , no . 3 , 1991 , pp 39 - 48 Jump up ^ Parasuraman , A. , Zeithaml , V.A. , Berry , L.L. , `` Reassessment of Expectations as a Comparison Standard in Measuring Service Quality : Implications for Further Research , '' Journal of Marketing , Vol. 58 January 1994 , pp 111 -- 124 Jump up ^ Johnson , C. and Mathews , B.P. , `` The influence of experience on service expectations '' , International Journal of Service Industry Management , Vol. 8 no . 4 , pp 290 - 305 Jump up ^ Boulding , W. , Kalra , A. , Staelin , R. and Zeithaml , V.A. , `` Dynamic Process Model of Service Quality : From Expectations to Behavioral Intentions , '' Journal of Marketing Research , Vol. 30 , no 1 , 1993 , pp 7 - 27 Jump up ^ Cronin , J.J. and Taylor , S.A. , `` Measuring Service Quality : A Re-examination and Extension , '' Journal of Marketing , Vol. 56 , no . 3 , 1992 , pp 55 - 68 . Jump up ^ Cronin J.J. , Steven , J. and Taylor , A. , `` SERVPERF versus SERVQUAL : Reconciling performance based and perceptions - minus - expectations measurement of service quality , '' Journal of Marketing , Vol. 58 , January , 1994 , pp. 125 - 131 Jump up ^ Carman , J.M. , `` Consumer Perceptions of Service Quality : An assessment of the SERVQUAL dimensions , '' Journal of Retailing , Vol. 66 , no 1 , 1990 Jump up ^ Lam , S. K and Woo , K.S. , `` Measuring Service Quality : A test - retest reliability investigation of SERVQUAL , '' Journal of the Market Research Society , Vol. 39 , no . 2 , 1997 , pp 381 - 396 Jump up ^ Niedricha , R.W. , Kiryanovab , E. and Black , W.C. , `` The Dimensional Stability of the Standards used in the Disconfirmation Paradigm , '' Journal of Retailing , Vol. 81 , no . 1 , 2005 , pp 49 -- 57 Jump up ^ Miller , R.E. , Hardgrave , B.C. and Jones , R.W. , `` SERVQUAL Dimensionality : An investigation of presentation order effect , '' International Journal of Services and Standards , Vol. 7 , no . 1 DOI : 10.1504 / IJSS. 2011.040639 Jump up ^ Ladhari , R. , `` A review of twenty years of SERVQUAL research '' , International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences , Vol. 1 no . 2 , pp. 172 - 198 Jump up ^ Nyeck , S. , Morales , M. , Ladhari , R. , & Pons , F. , `` 10 Years of Service Quality Measurement : Reviewing the use of the SERVQUAL Instrument , '' Cuadernos de Difusion , Vol. 7 , no 13 , pp 101 - 107 . Jump up ^ Asubonteng , P. , McCleary , K.J. and Swan , J.E. , `` SERVQUAL revisited : a critical review of service quality '' , Journal of Services Marketing , Vol. 10 , no 6 , 1996 , pp 62 - 81 External links ( edit ) SERVQUAL questionnaire - Annotated copy of SERVQUAL questionnaire SERVQUAL Instructions - Detailed instructions for administering the SERVQUAL questionnaire Further reading ( edit ) Luis Filipe Lages & Joana Cosme Fernandes , 2005 , `` The SERPVAL scale : A multi-item instrument for measuring service personal values '' , Journal of Business Research , Vol. 58 , Issue 11 , pp 1562 -- 1572 . Deborah McCabe , Mark S. Rosenbaum , and Jennifer Yurchisin ( 2007 ) , `` Perceived Service Quality and Shopping Motivations : A Dynamic Relationship , '' Services Marketing Quarterly , 29 ( 1 ) , pp 1 -- 21 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SERVQUAL&oldid=837023766 '' Categories : Marketing Knowledge representation Quality management Service industries Services marketing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia עברית Nederlands Português Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 07 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the two parts of the servqual survey are
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"SERVQUAL is a multidimensional research instrument (i.e. questionnaire or measurement scale) designed to measure service quality by capturing respondents’ expectations and perceptions along the five dimensions of service quality.[2] The questionnaire consists of matched pairs of items; 22 expectation items and 22 perceptions items, organised into five dimensions which are believed to align with the consumer’s mental map of service quality dimensions. Both the expectations component and the perceptions component of the questionnaire consist a total of 22 items, comprising 4 items to capture tangibles, 5 items to capture reliability, 4 items for responsiveness, 4 items for assurance and 5 items to capture empathy.[3] The questionnaire is designed to be administered in a face-to-face interview and requires a moderate to large size sample for statistical reliability. In practice, it is customary to add additional items such as the respondent's demographics, prior experience with the brand or category and behavioural intentions (intention to revisit/ repurchase, loyalty intentions and propensity to give word-of-mouth referrals). Thus, the final questionnaire may consist of 60+ items and typically takes at least one hour, per respondent, to administer. The length of the questionnaire combined with sample size requirements contribute to substantial costs in administration and data analysis."
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"22 expectation items and 22 perceptions items"
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Seven deadly sins
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Seven deadly sins - wikipedia Seven deadly sins Not to be confused with Mortal sin . For other uses , see Seven deadly sins ( disambiguation ) . `` Deadly sins '' redirects here . For other uses , see Deadly Sins . Hieronymus Bosch 's The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things The Holy Spirit and the Seven Deadly Sins . Folio from Walters manuscript W. 171 ( 15th century ) Part of a series on Catholic philosophy Aquinas , Scotus , and Ockham Schools Augustinianism Molinism Occamism Salamanca Scholasticism Neo-scholasticism Scotism Thomism Ethics Natural law Personalism Social teaching Virtue ethics Ancient philosophers Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Jerome Paul the Apostle Medieval philosophers Peter Abelard Alexander of Hales Thomas Aquinas Benedict of Nursia Francis of Mayrone Giles of Rome Pope Gregory I Henry of Ghent Peter Lombard Albertus Magnus Duns Scotus William of Ockham Renaissance philosophers Erasmus Luis de Molina Thomas More Francisco de Vitoria Modern philosophers G.E.M. Anscombe Pope John Paul II Bernard Lonergan Alasdair MacIntyre Jacques Maritain Blaise Pascal Edith Stein Charles Taylor Catholicism portal Philosophy portal The seven deadly sins , also known as the capital vices or cardinal sins , is a grouping and classification of vices within Christian teachings . Behaviours or habits are classified under this category if they directly give birth to other immoralities . According to the standard list , they are pride , greed , lust , envy , gluttony , wrath and sloth , which are also contrary to the seven virtues . These sins are often thought to be abuses or excessive versions of one 's natural faculties or passions ( for example , gluttony abuses one 's desire to eat ) . This classification originated with the desert fathers , especially Evagrius Ponticus , who identified seven or eight evil thoughts or spirits that one needed to overcome . Evagrius ' pupil John Cassian , with his book The Institutes , brought the classification to Europe , where it became fundamental to Catholic confessional practices as evident in penitential manuals , sermons like `` The Parson 's Tale '' from Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales , and artworks like Dante 's Purgatory ( where the penitents of Mount Purgatory are depicted as being grouped and penanced according to the worst capital sin they committed ) . The Catholic Church used the concept of the deadly sins in order to help people curb their inclination towards evil before dire consequences and misdeeds could occur ; the leader - teachers especially focused on pride ( which is thought to be the sin that severs the soul from Grace , and the one that is representative and the very essence of all evil ) and greed , both of which are seen as inherently sinful and as underlying all other sins to be prevented . To inspire people to focus on the seven deadly sins , the vices are discussed in treatises and depicted in paintings and sculpture decorations on Catholic churches as well as older textbooks . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Greco - Roman antecedents 1.2 Origin of the currently recognized Seven Deadly Sins 2 Historical and modern definitions , views and associations 2.1 Lust 2.2 Gluttony 2.3 Greed 2.4 Sloth 2.5 Wrath 2.6 Envy 2.7 Pride 3 Historical sins 3.1 Acedia 3.2 Vainglory 4 Christian seven virtues 5 Confession Patterns 6 In art 6.1 Dante 's Purgatorio 6.2 Geoffrey Chaucer 's `` The Parson 's Tale '' 6.3 Pieter Bruegel the Elder 's Prints of the Seven Deadly Sins 6.4 Edmund Spenser 's The Faerie Queene 6.5 Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht 's The Seven Deadly Sins 6.6 Paul Cadmus ' The Seven Deadly Sins 7 Revalorization 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Greco - roman antecedents ( edit ) While the seven deadly sins as we know them did not originate with the Greeks or Romans , there were ancient precedents for them . Aristotle 's Nicomachean Ethics lists several positive , healthy human qualities , excellences , or virtues . Aristotle argues that for each positive quality there are two negative vices that are found on each extreme of the virtue . Courage , for example , is the human excellence or virtue in facing fear and risk . Excessive courage makes one rash , while a deficiency of courage makes one cowardly . This principle of virtue found in the middle or `` mean '' between excess and deficiency is Aristotle 's notion of the golden mean . Aristotle lists virtues like courage , temperance or self - control , generosity , `` greatness of soul , '' proper response to anger , friendliness , and wit or charm . Roman writers like Horace extolled the value of virtue while listing and warning against vices . His first epistles says that `` to flee vice is the beginning of virtue , and to have got rid of folly is the beginning of wisdom . '' An allegorical image depicting the human heart subject to the seven deadly sins , each represented by an animal ( clockwise : toad = avarice ; snake = envy ; lion = wrath ; snail = sloth ; pig = gluttony ; goat = lust ; peacock = pride ) . Origin of the currently recognized seven deadly sins ( edit ) The modern concept of the seven deadly sins is linked to the works of the fourth - century monk Evagrius Ponticus , who listed eight evil thoughts in Greek as follows : Γαστριμαργία ( gastrimargia ) gluttony Πορνεία ( porneia ) prostitution , fornication Φιλαργυρία ( philargyria ) avarice Ὑπερηφανία ( hyperēphania ) pride -- sometimes rendered as self - overestimation Λύπη ( lypē ) sadness -- in the Philokalia , this term is rendered as envy , sadness at another 's good fortune Ὀργή ( orgē ) wrath Κενοδοξία ( kenodoxia ) boasting Ἀκηδία ( akēdia ) acedia -- in the Philokalia , this term is rendered as dejection They were translated into the Latin of Western Christianity ( largely due to the writings of John Cassian ) , thus becoming part of the Western tradition 's spiritual pietas ( or Catholic devotions ) , as follows : Gula ( gluttony ) Luxuria / Fornicatio ( lust , fornication ) Avaritia ( avarice / greed ) Superbia ( pride , hubris ) Tristitia ( sorrow / despair / despondency ) Ira ( wrath ) Vanagloria ( vainglory ) Acedia ( sloth ) These `` evil thoughts '' can be categorized into three types : lustful appetite ( gluttony , fornication , and avarice ) irascibility ( wrath ) mind corruption ( vainglory , sorrow , pride , and discouragement ) In AD 590 Pope Gregory I revised this list to form the more common list . Gregory combined tristitia with acedia , and vanagloria with superbia , and added envy , in Latin , invidia . Gregory 's list became the standard list of sins . Thomas Aquinas uses and defends Gregory 's list in his Summa Theologica . The Anglican Communion , Lutheran Church , and Methodist Church , among other Christian denominations , continue to retain this list . Moreover , modern day evangelists , such as Billy Graham have explicated the seven deadly sins . Historical and modern definitions , views and associations ( edit ) Most of the capital sins , with the sole exception of sloth , are defined by Dante Alighieri as perverse or corrupt versions of love for something or another : lust , gluttony , and greed are all excessive or disordered love of good things ; sloth is a deficiency of love ; wrath , envy , and pride are perverted love directed toward other 's harm . In the seven capital sins are seven ways of eternal death . The capital sins from lust to envy are generally associated with pride , which has been labeled as the father of all sins , etc . Lust ( edit ) Main article : Lust Paolo and Francesca , whom Dante 's Inferno describes as damned for fornication . ( Jean - Auguste - Dominique Ingres , 1819 ) Lust , or lechery ( Latin , `` luxuria '' ( carnal ) ) , is intense longing . It is usually thought of as intense or unbridled sexual desire , which leads to fornication , adultery , rape , bestiality , and other immoral sexual acts . However , lust could also mean simply desire in general ; thus , lust for money , power , and other things are sinful . In accordance with the words of Henry Edward Manning , the impurity of lust transforms one into `` a slave of the devil '' . Lust , if not managed properly , can subvert propriety . German philosopher Schopenhauer wrote as follows : `` Lust is the ultimate goal of almost all human endeavour , exerts an adverse influence on the most important affairs , interrupts the most serious business , sometimes for a while confuses even the greatest minds , does not hesitate with its trumpery to disrupt the negotiations of statesmen and the research of scholars , has the knack of slipping its love - letters and ringlets even into ministerial portfolios and philosophical manuscripts '' . Dante defined lust as the disordered love for individuals , thus possessing at least the redeeming feature of mutuality , unlike the graver sins , which constitute an increasingly agonised focussing upon the solitary self ( a process begun with the more serious sin of gluttony ) . It is generally thought to be the least serious capital sin as it is an abuse of a faculty that humans share with animals , and sins of the flesh are less grievous than spiritual sins ( love excessive , not love turning ever further awry toward hatred of man and God ) . In Dante 's Purgatorio , the penitents walk deliberately through the purifying flames of the uppermost of the terraces of Mount Purgatory so as to purge themselves of lustful thoughts and feelings and finally win the right to reach the Earthly Paradise at the summit . In Dante 's Inferno , unforgiven souls guilty of the sin of lust are whirled around for all eternity in a perpetual tempest , symbolic of the passions by which , through lack of self - control , they were buffeted helplessly about in their earthly lives . Gluttony ( edit ) Main article : Gluttony Gluttony Excess ( Albert Anker , 1896 ) Gluttony ( Latin , gula ) is the overindulgence and overconsumption of anything to the point of waste . The word derives from the Latin gluttire , meaning to gulp down or swallow . In Christianity , it is considered a sin if the excessive desire for food causes it to be withheld from the needy . Because of these scripts , gluttony can be interpreted as selfishness ; essentially placing concern with one 's own impulses or interests above the well - being or interests of others . During times of famine , war , and similar periods when food is scarce , it is possible for one to indirectly kill other people through starvation just by eating too much or even too soon . Medieval church leaders ( e.g. , Thomas Aquinas ) took a more expansive view of gluttony , arguing that it could also include an obsessive anticipation of meals , and the constant eating of delicacies and excessively costly foods . Aquinas went so far as to prepare a list of five ways to commit gluttony , comprising : Laute -- eating too expensively Studiose -- eating too daintily Nimis -- eating too much Praepropere -- eating too soon Ardenter -- eating too eagerly Of these , ardenter is often considered the most serious , since it is extreme attachment to the pleasure of mere eating , which can make the committer eat impulsively ; absolutely and without qualification live merely to eat and drink ; lose attachment to health - related , social , intellectual , and spiritual pleasures ; and lose proper judgement : an example is Esau selling his birthright for ordinary food of bread and pottage of lentils . His punishment was that of the `` profane person ... who , for a morsel of meat sold his birthright . '' We learn that `` he found no place for repentance , though he sought it carefully , with tears . '' Greed ( edit ) Main article : Greed Greed 1909 painting The Worship of Mammon by Evelyn De Morgan . Greed ( Latin , avaritia ) , also known as avarice , cupidity , or covetousness , is , like lust and gluttony , a sin of desire . However , greed ( as seen by the Church ) is applied to an artificial , rapacious desire and pursuit of material possessions . Thomas Aquinas wrote , `` Greed is a sin against God , just as all mortal sins , in as much as man condemns things eternal for the sake of temporal things . '' In Dante 's Purgatory , the penitents were bound and laid face down on the ground for having concentrated excessively on earthly thoughts . Hoarding of materials or objects , theft and robbery , especially by means of violence , trickery , or manipulation of authority are all actions that may be inspired by Greed . Such misdeeds can include simony , where one attempts to purchase or sell sacraments , including Holy Orders and , therefore , positions of authority in the Church hierarchy . In the words of Henry Edward , avarice `` plunges a man deep into the mire of this world , so that he makes it to be his god . '' As defined outside Christian writings , greed is an inordinate desire to acquire or possess more than one needs , especially with respect to material wealth . Like pride , it can lead to not just some , but all evil . Sloth ( edit ) Main article : Sloth ( deadly sin ) Sloth Parable of the Wheat and the Tares by Abraham Bloemaert , Walters Art Museum Sloth ( Latin , tristitia or acedia ( `` without care '' ) ) refers to a peculiar jumble of notions , dating from antiquity and including mental , spiritual , pathological , and physical states . It may be defined as absence of interest or habitual disinclination to exertion . In his Summa Theologica , Saint Thomas Aquinas defined sloth as `` sorrow about spiritual good '' . The scope of sloth is wide . Spiritually , acedia first referred to an affliction attending religious persons , especially monks , wherein they became indifferent to their duties and obligations to God . Mentally , acedia has a number of distinctive components of which the most important is affectlessness , a lack of any feeling about self or other , a mind - state that gives rise to boredom , rancor , apathy , and a passive inert or sluggish mentation , Physically , acedia is fundamentally associated with a cessation of motion and an indifference to work ; it finds expression in laziness , idleness , and indolence . Sloth includes ceasing to utilize the seven gifts of grace given by the Holy Spirit ( Wisdom , Understanding , Counsel , Knowledge , Piety , Fortitude , and Fear of the Lord ) ; such disregard may lead to the slowing of one 's spiritual progress towards eternal life , to the neglect of manifold duties of charity towards the neighbor , and to animosity towards those who love God . Sloth has also been defined as a failure to do things that one should do . By this definition , evil exists when `` good '' people fail to act . Edmund Burke ( 1729 -- 1797 ) wrote in Present Discontents ( II . 78 ) `` No man , who is not inflamed by vain - glory into enthusiasm , can flatter himself that his single , unsupported , desultory , unsystematic endeavours are of power to defeat the subtle designs and united Cabals of ambitious citizens . When bad men combine , the good must associate ; else they will fall , one by one , an unpitied sacrifice in a contemptible struggle . '' Unlike the other capital sins , which are sins of committing immorality , sloth is a sin of omitting responsibilities . It may arise from any of the other capital vices ; for example , a son may omit his duty to his father through anger . While the state and habit of sloth is a mortal sin , the habit of the soul tending towards the last mortal state of sloth is not mortal in and of itself except under certain circumstances . Emotionally and cognitively , the evil of acedia finds expression in a lack of any feeling for the world , for the people in it , or for the self . Acedia takes form as an alienation of the sentient self first from the world and then from itself . Although the most profound versions of this condition are found in a withdrawal from all forms of participation in or care for others or oneself , a lesser but more noisome element was also noted by theologians . From tristitia , asserted Gregory the Great , `` there arise malice , rancour , cowardice , ( and ) despair ... '' Chaucer , too , dealt with this attribute of acedia , counting the characteristics of the sin to include despair , somnolence , idleness , tardiness , negligence , indolence , and wrawnesse , the last variously translated as `` anger '' or better as `` peevishness '' . For Chaucer , human 's sin consists of languishing and holding back , refusing to undertake works of goodness because , he / she tells him / her self , the circumstances surrounding the establishment of good are too grievous and too difficult to suffer . Acedia in Chaucer 's view is thus the enemy of every source and motive for work . Sloth not only subverts the livelihood of the body , taking no care for its day - to - day provisions , but also slows down the mind , halting its attention to matters of great importance . Sloth hinders the man in his righteous undertakings and thus becomes a terrible source of human 's undoing . In his Purgatorio Dante portrayed the penance for acedia as running continuously at top speed . Dante describes acedia as the failure to love God with all one 's heart , all one 's mind and all one 's soul ; to him it was the middle sin , the only one characterised by an absence or insufficiency of love . Some scholars have said that the ultimate form of acedia was despair which leads to suicide . Wrath ( edit ) Main article : Wrath Wrath , by Jacques de l'Ange Wrath ( Latin , ira ) can be defined as uncontrolled feelings of anger , rage , and even hatred . Wrath often reveals itself in the wish to seek vengeance . In its purest form , wrath presents with injury , violence , and hate that may provoke feuds that can go on for centuries . Wrath may persist long after the person who did another a grievous wrong is dead . Feelings of wrath can manifest in different ways , including impatience , hateful misanthropy , revenge , and self - destructive behavior , such as drug abuse or suicide . `` People who fly into a rage always make a bad landing . '' -- Will Rogers According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church , the neutral act of anger becomes the sin of wrath when it 's directed against an innocent person , when it 's unduly strong or long - lasting , or when it desires excessive punishment . `` If anger reaches the point of a deliberate desire to kill or seriously wound a neighbor , it is gravely against charity ; it is a mortal sin . '' ( CCC 2302 ) Hatred is the sin of desiring that someone else may suffer misfortune or evil , and is a mortal sin when one desires grave harm . ( CCC 2302 - 03 ) People feel angry when they sense that they or someone they care about has been offended , when they are certain about the nature and cause of the angering event , when they are certain someone else is responsible , and when they feel they can still influence the situation or cope with it . Dante described vengeance as `` love of justice perverted to revenge and spite '' . In accordance with Henry Edward , angry people are `` slaves to themselves '' . Envy ( edit ) Main article : Envy Envy Cain killing Abel , painting by Bartolomeo Manfredi , c. 1600 Envy ( Latin , invidia ) , like greed and lust , is characterized by an insatiable desire . It can be described as a sad or resentful covetousness towards the traits or possessions of someone else . It arises from vainglory , and severs a man from his neighbor . Malicious envy is similar to jealousy in that they both feel discontent towards someone 's traits , status , abilities , or rewards . A difference is that the envious also desire the entity and covet it . Envy can be directly related to the Ten Commandments , specifically , `` Neither shall you covet ... anything that belongs to your neighbour '' - a statement that may also be related to greed . Dante defined envy as `` a desire to deprive other men of theirs '' . In Dante 's Purgatory , the punishment for the envious is to have their eyes sewn shut with wire because they gained sinful pleasure from seeing others brought low . According to St. Thomas Aquinas , the struggle aroused by envy has three stages : during the first stage , the envious person attempts to lower another 's reputation ; in the middle stage , the envious person receives either `` joy at another 's misfortune '' ( if he succeeds in defaming the other person ) or `` grief at another 's prosperity '' ( if he fails ) ; the third stage is hatred because `` sorrow causes hatred '' . Envy is said to be the motivation behind Cain murdering his brother , Abel , as Cain envied Abel because God favored Abel 's sacrifice over Cain 's . Bertrand Russell said that envy was one of the most potent causes of unhappiness , bringing sorrow to committers of envy whilst giving them the urge to inflict pain upon others . In accordance with the most widely accepted views , only pride weighs down the soul more than envy among the capital sins . Just like pride , envy has been associated directly with the devil , for Wisdom 2 : 24 states : '' the envy of the devil brought death to the world , `` . Pride ( edit ) Main article : Pride This section contains too many or too - lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry . Please help improve the article by presenting facts as a neutrally - worded summary with appropriate citations . Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote . ( May 2016 ) Building the Tower of Babel was , for Dante , an example of pride . Painting by Pieter Brueghel the Elder Pride ( Latin , superbia ) is considered , on almost every list , the original and most serious of the seven deadly sins : the perversion of the faculties that make humans more like God -- dignity and holiness . It is also thought to be the source of the other capital sins . Also known as hubris ( from ancient Greek ὕβρις ) , or futility , it is identified as dangerously corrupt selfishness , the putting of one 's own desires , urges , wants , and whims before the welfare of people . In even more destructive cases , it is irrationally believing that one is essentially and necessarily better , superior , or more important than others , failing to acknowledge the accomplishments of others , and excessive admiration of the personal image or self ( especially forgetting one 's own lack of divinity , and refusing to acknowledge one 's own limits , faults , or wrongs as a human being ) . What the weak head with strongest bias rules , Is pride , the never - failing vice of fools . -- Alexander Pope , An Essay on Criticism , line 203 . As pride has been labelled the father of all sins , it has been deemed the devil 's most prominent trait . C.S. Lewis writes , in Mere Christianity , that pride is the `` anti-God '' state , the position in which the ego and the self are directly opposed to God : `` Unchastity , anger , greed , drunkenness , and all that , are mere fleabites in comparison : it was through Pride that the devil became the devil : Pride leads to every other vice : it is the complete anti-God state of mind . '' Pride is understood to sever the spirit from God , as well as His life - and - grace - giving Presence . One can be prideful for different reasons . Author Ichabod Spencer states that `` ( s ) piritual pride is the worst kind of pride , if not worst snare of the devil . The heart is particularly deceitful on this one thing . '' Jonathan Edwards said `` ( r ) emember that pride is the worst viper that is in the heart , the greatest disturber of the soul 's peace and sweet communion with Christ ; it was the first sin that ever was , and lies lowest in the foundation of Satan 's whole building , and is the most difficultly rooted out , and is the most hidden , secret and deceitful of all lusts , and often creeps in , insensibly , into the midst of religion and sometimes under the disguise of humility . '' In Ancient Athens , hubris was considered one of the greatest crimes and was used to refer to insolent contempt that can cause one to use violence to shame the victim . This sense of hubris could also characterize rape . Aristotle defined hubris as shaming the victim , not because of anything that happened to the committer or might happen to the committer , but merely for the committer 's own gratification . The word 's connotation changed somewhat over time , with some additional emphasis towards a gross over-estimation of one 's abilities . The term has been used to analyse and make sense of the actions of contemporary heads of government by Ian Kershaw ( 1998 ) , Peter Beinart ( 2010 ) and in a much more physiological manner by David Owen ( 2012 ) . In this context the term has been used to describe how certain leaders , when put to positions of immense power , seem to become irrationally self - confident in their own abilities , increasingly reluctant to listen to the advice of others and progressively more impulsive in their actions . Dante 's definition of pride was `` love of self perverted to hatred and contempt for one 's neighbour '' . Pride is associated with more intra-individual negative outcomes and is commonly related to expressions of aggression and hostility ( Tangney , 1999 ) . As one might expect , pride is not always associated with high self - esteem but with highly fluctuating or variable self - esteem . Excessive feelings of pride have a tendency to create conflict and sometimes terminating close relationships , which has led it to be understood as one of the few emotions with no clear positive or adaptive functions ( Rhodwalt , et al . ) . Pride is generally associated with an absence of humility . It may also be associated with a lack of knowledge . John Gay states that `` By ignorance is pride increased ; They most assume who know the least . '' In accordance with the Sirach 's author 's wording , the heart of a proud man is `` like a partridge in its cage acting as a decoy ; like a spy he watches for your weaknesses . He changes good things into evil , he lays his traps . Just as a spark sets coals on fire , the wicked man prepares his snares in order to draw blood . Beware of the wicked man for he is planning evil . He might dishonor you forever . '' In another chapter , he says that `` the acquisitive man is not content with what he has , wicked injustice shrivels the heart . '' Benjamin Franklin said `` In reality there is , perhaps no one of our natural passions so hard to subdue as pride . Disguise it , struggle with it , stifle it , mortify it as much as one pleases , it is still alive and will every now and then peep out and show itself ; you will see it , perhaps , often in this history . For even if I could conceive that I had completely overcome it , I should probably be proud of my humility . '' Joseph Addison states that `` There is no passion that steals into the heart more imperceptibly and covers itself under more disguises than pride . '' The proverb `` pride goeth ( goes ) before destruction , a haughty spirit before a fall '' ( from the biblical Book of Proverbs , 16 : 18 ) ( or pride goeth before the fall ) is thought to sum up the modern use of pride . Pride is also referred to as `` pride that blinds , '' as it often causes a committer of pride to act in foolish ways that belie common sense . In other words , the modern definition may be thought of as , `` that pride that goes just before the fall . '' In his two - volume biography of Adolf Hitler , historian Ian Kershaw uses both ' hubris ' and ' nemesis ' as titles . The first volume , Hubris , describes Hitler 's early life and rise to political power . The second , Nemesis , gives details of Hitler 's role in the Second World War , and concludes with his fall and suicide in 1945 . Much of the 10th and part of 11th chapter of the Book of Sirach discusses and advises about pride , hubris , and who is rationally worthy of honor . It goes : `` Do not store up resentment against your neighbor , no matter what his offence ; do nothing in a fit of anger . Pride is odious to both God and man ; injustice is abhorrent to both of them . Sovereignty is forced from one nation to another because of injustice , violence , and wealth . How can there be such pride in someone who is nothing but dust and ashes ? Even while he is living , man 's bowels are full of rottenness . Look : the illness lasts while the doctor makes light of it ; and one who is king today will die tomorrow . Once a man is dead , grubs , insects , and worms are his lot. The beginning of man 's pride is to separate himself from the Lord and to rebel against his Creator . The beginning of pride is sin . Whoever perseveres in sinning opens the floodgates to everything that is evil . For this the Lord has inflicted dire punishment on sinners ; he has reduced them to nothing . The Lord has overturned the thrones of princes and set up the meek in their place . The Lord has torn up the proud by their roots and has planted the humble in their place . The Lord has overturned the land of pagans and totally destroyed them . He has devastated several of them , destroyed them and removed all remembrance of them from the face of the earth . Pride was not created for man , nor violent anger for those born of woman . Which race is worthy of honor ? The human race . Which race is worthy of honor ? Those who are good . Which race is despicable ? The human race . Which race is despicable ? Those who break the commandments . The leader is worthy of respect in the midst of his brethren , but he has respect for those who are good . Whether , they be rich , honored or poor , their pride should be in being good . It is not right to despise the poor man who keeps the law ; it is not fitting to honor the sinful man . The leader , the judge , and the powerful man are worthy of honor , but no one is greater than the man who is good . A prudent slave will have free men as servants , and the sensible man will not complain . Do not feel proud when you accomplished your work ; do not put on airs when times are difficult for you . Of greater worth is the man who works and lives in abundance than the one who shows off and yet has nothing to live on . My son , have a modest appreciation of yourself , estimate yourself at your true value . Who will defend the man who takes his own life ? Who will respect the man who despises himself ? The poor man will be honored for his wisdom and the rich man , for his riches . Honored when poor - how much more honored when rich ! Dishonored when rich - how much more dishonored when poor ! The poor man who is intelligent carries his head high and sits among the great . Do not praise a man because he is handsome and do not hold a man in contempt because of his appearance . The bee is one of the smallest winged insects but she excels in the exquisite sweetness of her honey . Do not be irrationally proud just because of the clothes you wear ; do not be proud when people honor you . Do you know what the Lord is planning in a mysterious way ? Many tyrants have been overthrown and someone unknown has received the crown . Many powerful men have been disgraced and famous men handed over to the power of others . Do not reprehend anyone unless you have been first fully informed , consider the case first and thereafter make your reproach . Do not reply before you have listened ; do not meddle in the disputes of sinners . My child , do not undertake too many activities . If you keep adding to them , you will not be without reproach ; if you run after them , you will not succeed nor will you ever be free , although you try to escape . '' -- Sirach , 10 : 6 -- 31 and 11 : 1 -- 10 Jacob Bidermann 's medieval miracle play , Cenodoxus , pride is the deadliest of all the sins and leads directly to the damnation of the titulary famed Parisian doctor . In Dante 's Divine Comedy , the penitents are burdened with stone slabs on their necks to keep their heads bowed . Historical sins ( edit ) Acedia ( edit ) Main article : Acedia Acedia mosaic , Basilica of Notre - Dame de Fourvière Acedia ( Latin , acedia `` without care '' ) ( from Greek ἀκηδία ) is the neglect to take care of something that one should do . It is translated to apathetic listlessness ; depression without joy . It is related to melancholy : acedia describes the behaviour and melancholy suggests the emotion producing it . In early Christian thought , the lack of joy was regarded as a willful refusal to enjoy the goodness of God ; by contrast , apathy was considered a refusal to help others in time of need . Acēdia is negative form of the Greek term κηδεία , which has a more restricted usage . ' Kēdeia ' refers specifically to spousal love and respect for the dead . The positive term ' kēdeia ' thus indicates love for one 's family , even through death . It also indicates love for those outside one 's immediate family , specifically forming a new family with one 's `` beloved . '' Seen in this way , ' acēdia ' indicates a rejection of familial love . Nonetheless , the meaning of ' acēdia ' is far more broad , signifying indifference to everything one experiences . Pope Gregory combined this with tristitia into sloth for his list . When Thomas Aquinas described acedia in his interpretation of the list , he described it as an uneasiness of the mind , being a progenitor for lesser sins such as restlessness and instability . Dante refined this definition further , describing acedia as the failure to love God with all one 's heart , all one 's mind and all one 's soul ; to him it was the middle sin , the only one characterised by an absence or insufficiency of love . Some scholars have said that the ultimate form of acedia was despair which leads to suicide . Acedia is currently defined in the Catechism of the Catholic Church as spiritual sloth , which would be believing spiritual tasks to be too difficult . In the fourth century , Christian monks believed acedia was not primarily caused by laziness , but by a state of depression that caused spiritual detachment . Detail of Pride from The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things by Hieronymous Bosch , c. 1500 Vainglory ( edit ) Main article : Vanity Vainglory ( Latin , vanagloria ) is unjustified boasting . Pope Gregory viewed it as a form of pride , so he folded vainglory into pride for his listing of sins . According to Thomas Aquinas , it is the progenitor of envy . The Latin term gloria roughly means boasting , although its English cognate -- glory -- has come to have an exclusively positive meaning ; historically , the term vain roughly meant futile , but by the 14th century had come to have the strong narcissistic undertones , that it still retains today . As a result of these semantic changes , vainglory has become a rarely used word in itself , and is now commonly interpreted as referring to vanity ( in its modern narcissistic sense ) . Christian seven virtues ( edit ) With Christianity , historic Christian denominations such as the Catholic Church and Protestant Churches , including the Lutheran Church , recognize seven virtues , which correspond inversely to each of the seven deadly sins . Vice Latin Italian Virtue Latin Italian Lust Luxuria `` Lussuria '' Chastity Castitas `` Castità '' Gluttony Gula `` Gola '' Temperance Moderatio `` Temperanza '' Greed Avaritia `` Avarizia '' Charity ( or , sometimes , Generosity ) Caritas ( Liberalitas ) `` Generosità '' Sloth Acedia `` Accidia '' Diligence Industria `` Diligenza '' Wrath Ira `` Ira '' Patience Patientia `` Pazienza '' Envy Invidia `` Invidia '' Gratitude Gratia `` Gratitudine '' Pride Superbia `` Superbia '' Humility Humilitas `` Umiltà '' Confession patterns ( edit ) Confession is the act of admitting the commission of a sin to a priest , who in turn will forgive the person in the name ( in the person ) of Christ , give a penance to ( partially ) make up for the offense , and advise the person on what he or she should do afterwards . According to a 2009 study by Fr Roberto Busa , a Jesuit scholar , the most common deadly sin confessed by men is supposedly lust , and by women , pride . It was unclear whether these differences were due to the actual number of transgressions committed by each sex , or whether differing views on what `` counts '' or should be confessed caused the observed pattern . In Art ( edit ) Dante 's Purgatorio ( edit ) The second book of Dante 's epic poem The Divine Comedy is structured around the seven deadly sins . The most serious sins , found at the lowest level , are the abuses of the most divine faculty . For Dante and other thinkers , a human 's rational faculty makes humans more like God . Abusing that faculty with pride or envy weighs down the soul the most . Abusing one 's passions with wrath or a lack of passion as with sloth also weighs down the soul but not as much as the abuse of one 's rational faculty . Finally , abusing one 's desires to have one 's physical needs met via greed , gluttony , or lust abuses a faculty that humans share with animals . This is still an abuse that weighs down the soul , but it does not weigh it down like other abuses . Thus , the top levels of the Mountain of Purgatory have the top listed sins , while the lowest levels have the more serious sins of wrath , envy , and pride . luxuria / Lust gula / Gluttony avaritia / Greed acedia / Sloth ira / Wrath invidia / Envy superbia / Pride Geoffrey Chaucer 's `` the Parson 's tale '' ( edit ) The last tale of the Canterbury Tales , the `` Parson 's Tale '' is not a tale but a sermon that the parson gives against the seven deadly sins . This sermon brings together many common ideas and images about the seven deadly sins . This tale and Dante 's work both show how the seven deadly sins were used for confessional purposes or as a way to identify , repent of , and find forgiveness for one 's sins . Pieter Bruegel the Elder 's prints of the seven deadly sins ( edit ) The Dutch artist created a series of prints showing each of the seven deadly sins . Each print features a central , labeled image that represents the sin . Around the figure are images that show the distortions , degenerations , and destructions caused by the sin . Many of these images come from contemporary Dutch aphorisms . Edmund spenser 's the faerie queene ( edit ) Spenser 's work , which was meant to educate young people to embrace virtue and avoid vice , includes a colourful depiction of the House of Pride . Lucifera , the lady of the house , is accompanied by advisers who represent the other seven deadly sins . Kurt weill and bertolt brecht 's the seven deadly sins ( edit ) This work satirized capitalism and its painful abuses as its central character , the victim of a split personality , travels to seven different cities in search of money for her family . In each city she encounters one of the seven deadly sins , but those sins ironically reverse one 's expectations . When the character goes to Los Angeles , for example , she is outraged by injustice , but is told that wrath against capitalism is a sin that she must avoid . Paul Cadmus ' the seven deadly sins ( edit ) Between 1945 and 1949 , the American painter Paul Cadmus created a series of vivid , powerful , and gruesome paintings of each of the seven deadly sins . Revalorization ( edit ) Ferdinand Mount maintains that liquid currentness , especially through tabloids , has surprisingly given valor to vices , causing society to regress into that of primitive pagans : `` covetousness has been rebranded as retail therapy , sloth is downtime , lust is exploring your sexuality , anger is opening up your feelings , vanity is looking good because you 're worth it and gluttony is the religion of foodies '' . See also ( edit ) Arishadvargas in Hinduism Cardinal virtues Christian ethics Enneagram of Personality Five poisons in Buddhism Five Thieves in Sikhism Knightly Virtues Nafs and Tazkiah in Islam Private Vices , Publick Benefits Seven Social Sins written by Mohandas Gandhi Sufism in Islam The Seven Sins of Memory The Seven Deadly Sins of Modern Times Theological virtues Tree of virtues References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Shawn ( 2015 ) . The Virtues and Vices in the Arts : A Sourcebook . Cascade . ISBN 1625647182 . ^ Jump up to : Aquinas , Thomas ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) . Summa Theologica ( All Complete & Unabridged 3 Parts + Supplement & Appendix + interactive links and annotations ) . e-artnow . ISBN 9788074842924 . Jump up ^ Evagrius ( 2006 ) . Evagrius of Pontus : The Greek Ascetic Corpus translated by Robert E. Sinkewicz . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0199297088 . Jump up ^ Cassian , John ( 2000 ) . The Institutes . Newman Press of the Paulist Press . ISBN 0809105225 . ^ Jump up to : Manning , Henry Edward . Sin and Its consequences . Jump up ^ Tilby , Angela ( 2013 - 04 - 23 ) . The Seven Deadly Sins : Their origin in the spiritual teaching of Evagrius the Hermit . SPCK . ISBN 9780281062997 . Jump up ^ Evagrio Pontico , Gli Otto Spiriti Malvagi , trans. , Felice Comello , Pratiche Editrice , Parma , 1990 , p. 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Evagrius of Pontus : The Greek Ascetic Corpus . Oxford : Oxford University Press . 2006 - 06 - 22 . ISBN 9780199297085 . Jump up ^ In the translation of the Philokalia by Palmer , Ware , and Sherrard . Jump up ^ `` NPNF - 211 . Sulpitius Severus , Vincent of Lerins , John Cassian - Christian Classics Ethereal Library '' . www.ccel.org . Jump up ^ Cassian , St John ( 2000 - 01 - 03 ) . The Institutes ( First ed . ) . New York : Newman Press of the Paulist Press . ISBN 9780809105229 . ^ Jump up to : Refoule , F. ( 1967 ) `` Evagrius Ponticus , '' In New Catholic Encyclopaedia , Vol. 5 , pp. 644f , Staff of Catholic University of America , Eds. , New York , NY , USA : McGraw - Hill . ^ Jump up to : DelCogliano , Mark ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) . Gregory the Great : Moral Reflections on the Book of Job , Volume 1 . Cistercian Publications . ISBN 9780879071493 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Shawn R. ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) . The Virtues and Vices in the Arts : A Sourcebook . Cascade Books , an Imprint of Wipf and Stock Publishers . Jump up ^ `` SUMMA THEOLOGICA : The cause of sin , in respect of one sin being the cause of another Prima Secundae Partis , Q. 84 ) '' . www.newadvent.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Armentrout , Don S. ( 1 January 2000 ) . An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church : A User - Friendly Reference for Episcopalians . Church Publishing , Inc. p. 479 . ISBN 9780898697018 . Jump up ^ Lessing , Reed ( 25 August 2002 ) . `` Mighty Menacin ' Midianites '' . The Lutheran Hour . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Speidel , Royal . `` What Would a United Methodist Jesus Do ? '' . UCM . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Thirdly , the United Methodist Jesus reminds us to confess our sins . How long has it been since you have heard reference to the seven deadly sins : pride , gluttony , sloth , lust , greed , envy and anger ? Jump up ^ `` Life Of A Disciple In The World 7 - Seven Deadly Sins : Lust '' . United Methodist YouthWorker Movement . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Jump up ^ The American Lutheran , Volumes 39 - 40 . American Lutheran Publicity Bureau . 1956 . p. 332 . The world - renowned Evangelist , Billy Graham , presents in this volume an excellent analysis of the seven deadly sins which he enumerates as pride , anger , envy , impurity , gluttony , avarice , and slothfulness . ^ Jump up to : Dorothy L. Sayers , Purgatory , Introduction , pp. 65 -- 67 ( Penguin , 1955 ) . Jump up ^ `` Definition of LUST '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Blackburn , Simon . Lust : The Seven Deadly SIns . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516200 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dante , Hell ' ( 1975 ) p. 101 ; Dante , Purgatory ( 1971 ) p. 67 and p. 202 Jump up ^ Pyle , Eric ( 2014 - 12 - 31 ) . William Blake 's Illustrations for Dante 's Divine Comedy : A Study of the Engravings , Pencil Sketches and Watercolors . McFarland . ISBN 9781476617022 . Jump up ^ Aquinas , St Thomas ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . Summa Theologica , Volume 4 ( Part III , First Section ) . Cosimo , Inc . ISBN 9781602065604 . ^ Jump up to : Okholm , Dennis . `` Rx for Gluttony '' . Christianity Today , Vol. 44 , No. 10 , September 11 , 2000 , p. 62 Jump up ^ `` Gluttony '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` The Free Dictionary '' . The Free Dictionary . April 1 , 1987 . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lyman , Stanford . The Seven Deadly Sins : Society and Evil . p. 5 . ISBN 0 - 930390 - 81 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` the definition of sloth '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Lyman , Stanford . The Seven Deadly Sins : Society and Evil . pp. 6 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Landau , Ronnie . The Seven deadly Sins : A companion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4457 - 3227 - 5 . Jump up ^ International Handbook of Anger . p. 290 ^ Jump up to : Aquinas , St Thomas ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . Summa Theologica , Volume 3 ( Part II , Second Section ) . Cosimo , Inc . ISBN 9781602065581 . Jump up ^ `` Summa Theologica : Treatise on The Theological Virtues ( QQ ( 1 ) -- 46 ) : Question. 36 -- Of Envy ( four articles ) '' . Sacred-texts.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Russell , Bertrand ( 1930 ) . The Conquest of Happiness . New York : H. Liverwright . Jump up ^ Mere Christianity , C.S. Lewis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 065292 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Dictionary of Burning Words of Brilliant Writers . 1895 . p. 485 . Jump up ^ Claghorn , George . To Deborah Hatheway , Letters and Personal Writings ( Works of Jonathan Edwards Online Vol. 16 ) . Jump up ^ `` hubris - Definition & Examples '' . Jump up ^ Aristotle . Rhetoric . p. 1378b . Jump up ^ Cohen , David ( 1995 ) . Law , Violence , and Community in Classical Athens . Cambridge University Press . p. 145 . ISBN 0521388376 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ludwig , Paul W. ( 2002 ) . Eros and Polis : Desire and Community in Greek Political Theory . Cambridge University Press . p. 178 . ISBN 1139434179 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 1920 Farrow 's Bank Failure : A Case of Managerial Hubris '' . Durham University . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Humility vs Pride And Why The Difference Should Matter To You Jeremie Kubicek '' . jeremiekubicek.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ Acquaviva , Gary J. ( 2000 ) . Values , Violence , and Our Future . Rodopi . ISBN 9042005599 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Benjamin . The Autobiography . Jump up ^ Dictionary of Burning Words of Brilliant Writers . 1895 . p. 484 . Jump up ^ Kershaw , Ian ( 1998 ) . Hitler 1889 -- 1936 : Hubris . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04671 - 7 . OCLC 50149322 . Jump up ^ Kershaw , Ian ( 2000 ) . Hitler 1936 -- 1945 : Nemesis . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04994 - 7 . OCLC 45234118 . Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott . A Greek - English Lexicon . Revised by Sir Henry Stuart Jones and Roderick McKenzie . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1940 . Jump up ^ `` Before Sloth Meant Laziness , It Was the Spiritual Sin of Acedia '' . Atlas Obscura. 2017 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ Oxford English dictionary Jump up ^ Young , David ( 1893 ) . The Origin and History of Methodism in Wales and the Borders . C.H. Kelly . p. 14 . For nearly a hundred years after the Reformation , excepting in cathedrals , churches , and chapels , there were no Bibles in Wales . The first book printed in the Welsh language was published in 1546 , by Sir John Price of The Priory , Becon , and contained a translation of the Psalms , the Gospels as appointed to be read in the churches , the Lord 's Prayer , the Ten Commandments , a Calendar , and the Seven Virtues of the Church . Sir John was a layman , a sturdy Protestant , and a man of considerable influence and ability . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Spicer , Andrew ( 5 December 2016 ) . Lutheran Churches in Early Modern Europe . Taylor & Francis . p. 478 . ISBN 9781351921169 . The Lutheran emblem of a rose was painted in a sequence on the ceiling , while a decoratively carved pulpit included the Christo - centric symbol of a vulnerating pelican . The interior changed to a degree in the 1690s when Philip Tideman produced a series of grisaille paintings depicted the Seven Virtues ( which hang from the gallery behind the pulpit ) , as well as decorating the wing doors of the organ . Jump up ^ `` Two sexes ' sin in different ways ' '' . BBC News . February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Morning Edition ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` True Confessions : Men And Women Sin Differently '' . Npr.org . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Godsall - Myers , Jean E. ( 2003 ) . Speaking in the medieval world . Brill . p. 27 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 12955 - 3 . Jump up ^ Katherine Ludwig , Jansen ( 2001 ) . The making of the Magdalen : preaching and popular devotion in the later Middle Ages . Princeton University Press . p. 168 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 08987 - 6 . Jump up ^ Vossler , Karl ; Spingarn , Joel Elias ( 1929 ) . Mediæval Culture : The religious , philosophic , and ethico - political background of the `` Divine Comedy '' . University of Michigan : Constable & company . p. 246 . Jump up ^ `` The Canterbury Tales '' . CliffsNotes . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dante 's Inferno and Saint Augustine 's Confessions '' . h2g2 . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Orenstein , Nadine M. , ed. ( 2001 - 09 - 01 ) . Pieter Bruegel the Elder : Prints and Drawings . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 9780300090147 . Jump up ^ Klein , H. Arthur ( 1963 - 01 - 01 ) . Graphic Work of Peter Bruegel , the Elder : Reproducing 64 Engravings and a Woodcut After Designs By Peter Bruegel the Elder ( 1st Edition / 1st Printing ed . ) . Dover Publications . Jump up ^ `` Paul Cadmus The Seven Deadly Sins : Pride The Metropolitan Museum of Art '' . www.metmuseum.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ F. Mount , Full Circle ( 2010 ) p. 302 Further reading ( edit ) Tucker , Shawn . The Virtues and Vices in the Arts : A Sourcebook , ( Eugene , OR : Cascade Press , 2015 ) Schumacher , Meinolf ( 2005 ) : `` Catalogues of Demons as Catalogues of Vices in Medieval German Literature : ' Des Teufels Netz ' and the Alexander Romance by Ulrich von Etzenbach . '' In In the Garden of Evil : The Vices and Culture in the Middle Ages . Edited by Richard Newhauser , pp. 277 -- 290 . Toronto : Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies . The Divine Comedy ( `` Inferno '' , `` Purgatorio '' , and `` Paradiso '' ) , by Dante Alighieri Summa Theologica , by Thomas Aquinas The Concept of Sin , by Josef Pieper The Traveller 's Guide to Hell , by Michael Pauls & Dana Facaros Sacred Origins of Profound Things , by Charles Panati The Faerie Queene , by Edmund Spenser The Seven Deadly Sins Series , Oxford University Press ( 7 vols . ) Rebecca Konyndyk DeYoung , Glittering Vices : A New Look at the Seven Deadly Sins and Their Remedies , ( Grand Rapids : BrazosPress , 2009 ) Solomon Schimmel , The Seven Deadly Sins : Jewish , Christian , and Classical Reflections on Human Psychology , ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1997 ) `` Doctor Faustus '' by Christopher Marlowe External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Seven Deadly Sins . Catholic Catechism on Sin Medieval mural depictions -- in parish churches of England ( online catalog , Anne Marshall , Open University ) Stranger , An Allegorical Tale of the Seven Deadly Sins , ISBN 9781311073846 hide Seven deadly sins Lust Gluttony Greed Sloth Wrath Envy Pride Persons who categorized and described the sins Evagrius Ponticus John Cassian Pope Gregory I Dante Alighieri Peter Binsfeld Tarrare In art and culture Divine Comedy Inferno Purgatorio The Seven Deadly Sins ( 1585 play ) The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things ( painting ) The Seven Deadly Sins ( 1933 ballet ) The Seven Deadly Sins ( 1952 film ) The Seven Deadly Sins ( 1962 film ) The Muppet Show : Sex and Violence ( 1975 ) Seven ( 1995 film ) Fullmetal Alchemist ( manga series ) Fullmetal Alchemist ( 2003 anime ) Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood ( 2009 anime ) The Seven Deadly Sins ( manga series ) The Seven Deadly Sins of Modern Times ( painting ) House of Anubis : The Re-Awakening ( 2013 ) Jack ( webcomic ) Evillious Chronicles ( song and book series ) Related Seven Heavenly Virtues Seven Social Sins Sin Christian views on sin Christian views on the Old Covenant Hamartiology Catholicism portal hide Seven virtues in Christian ethics Four cardinal virtues Prudence ( Prudentia ) Justice ( Iustitia ) Fortitude ( Fortitudo ) Temperance ( Temperantia ) Sources : Plato Republic , Book IV Cicero Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Thomas Aquinas Three theological virtues Faith ( Fides ) Hope ( Spes ) Love ( Caritas ) Sources : Paul the Apostle 1 Corinthians 13 Seven deadly sins Lust ( Luxuria ) Gluttony ( Gula ) Greed ( Avaritia ) Sloth ( Acedia ) Wrath ( Ira ) Envy ( Invidia ) Pride ( Superbia ) Source : Prudentius , Psychomachia People : Evagrius Ponticus John Cassian Pope Gregory I Dante Alighieri Peter Binsfeld Related concepts Ten Commandments Great Commandment Eschatology Sin Original sin Old Covenant Hamartiology Christian ethics Christian philosophy Christianity portal Philosophy portal GND : 4185605 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_deadly_sins&oldid=846394865 '' Categories : Catholic doctrines Christian terminology Cultural lists Seven deadly sins Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Latin - language text All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2011 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2017 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 13 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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when did the 7 deadly sins come about
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"The modern concept of the seven deadly sins is linked to the works of the fourth-century monk Evagrius Ponticus, who listed eight evil thoughts in Greek as follows:[7][8]"
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Battle of San Jacinto
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Battle of San Jacinto - wikipedia Battle of San Jacinto Jump to : navigation , search For other battles of the same name , see San Jacinto . Battle of San Jacinto Part of the Texas Revolution The Battle of San Jacinto -- 1895 painting by Henry Arthur McArdle ( 1836 -- 1908 ) Date April 21 , 1836 Location Near modern La Porte , Texas 29 ° 44 ′ 56 '' N 95 ° 4 ′ 49 '' W / 29.74889 ° N 95.08028 ° W / 29.74889 ; - 95.08028 Coordinates : 29 ° 44 ′ 56 '' N 95 ° 4 ′ 49 '' W / 29.74889 ° N 95.08028 ° W / 29.74889 ; - 95.08028 Result Decisive Texian victory ; Mexican surrender and retreat to the south of the Rio Grande Belligerents Mexico Texian Rebels Commanders and leaders Antonio López de Santa Anna ( POW ) Manuel Fernández Castrillón † Juan Almonte ( POW ) Martín Perfecto de Cos ( POW ) Sam Houston ( WIA ) Thomas J. Rusk James C. Neill ( WIA ) Mirabeau B. Lamar Sidney Sherman Strength 1,360 1 cannon 910 2 cannons Casualties and losses 650 killed 208 wounded 300 captured 11 killed or fatally wounded 30 wounded approximate location of the battle Location within Texas Texas Revolution Gonzales Goliad Lipantitlán Concepción Grass Fight Béxar San Patricio Agua Dulce The Alamo Refugio Coleto San Jacinto The Battle of San Jacinto , fought on April 21 , 1836 , in present - day Harris County , Texas , was the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution . Led by General Sam Houston , the Texian Army engaged and defeated General Antonio López de Santa Anna 's Mexican army in a fight that lasted just 18 minutes . Santa Anna , the President of Mexico , was captured the following day and held as a prisoner of war . Three weeks later , he signed the peace treaty that dictated that the Mexican army leave the region , paving the way for the Republic of Texas to become an independent country . These treaties did not specifically recognize Texas as a sovereign nation , but stipulated that Santa Anna was to lobby for such recognition in Mexico City . Sam Houston became a national celebrity , and the Texans ' rallying cries from events of the war , `` Remember the Alamo ! '' and `` Remember Goliad ! , '' became etched into Texan history and legend . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background : December 1832 -- March 1836 1.1 The Mexican constitution is overturned 1.2 Cos is appointed military governor of Texas 1.3 Santa Anna takes the Alamo 2 Retreat : March -- May 1836 2.1 Texian retreat : The Runaway Scrape 2.2 San Jacinto 2.3 Mexican retreat 3 Aftermath 3.1 Military 3.2 Republic of Texas 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 Notes 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Citations 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Background : December 1832 -- March 1836 Main article : Texas Revolution The Mexican constitution is overturned General Antonio López de Santa Anna was a proponent of governmental federalism when he helped oust Mexican president Anastasio Bustamante in December 1832 . Upon his election as president in April 1833 , Santa Anna switched his political ideology and began implementing centralist policies that increased the authoritarian powers of his office . His abrogation of the Constitution of 1824 , correlating with his abolishing local - level authority over Mexico 's state of Coahuila y Tejas ( Coahuila and Texas ) , became a flashpoint in the growing tensions between the central government and its Tejano and Anglo citizens in Texas . While in Mexico City awaiting a meeting with Santa Anna , Texian empresario Stephen F. Austin wrote to the Béxar ayuntamiento ( city council ) urging a break - away state . In response , the Mexican government kept him imprisoned for most of 1834 . Colonel Juan Almonte was appointed Director of Colonization in Texas , ostensibly to ease relations with the colonists and mitigate their anxieties about Austin 's imprisonment . He delivered promises of self - governance , and conveyed regrets that the Mexican congress deemed it constitutionally impossible for Texas to be a separate state . Behind the rhetoric , his covert mission was to identify the local power brokers , obstruct any plans for rebellion , and supply the Mexican government with data that would be of use in a military conflict . For nine months in 1834 , under the guise of serving as a government liaison , Almonte traveled through Texas and compiled an all - encompassing intelligence report on the population and its environs , including an assessment of their resources and defense capabilities . Cos is appointed military governor of Texas In consolidating his power base , Santa Anna installed General Martín Perfecto de Cos as the governing military authority over Texas in 1835 . Cos established headquarters in San Antonio on October 9 , triggering what became known as the Siege of Béxar . After two months of trying to repel the Texian forces , Cos raised a white flag on December 9 , and signed surrender terms two days later . The surrender of Cos effectively removed the occupying Mexican army from Texas . Many believed the war was over , and volunteers began returning home . In compliance with orders from Santa Anna , Mexico 's Minister of War José María Tornel issued his December 30 `` Circular No. 5 '' , often referred to as the Tornel Decree , aimed at dealing with United States intervention in the uprising in Texas . It declared that foreigners who entered Mexico for the purpose of joining the rebellion were to be treated as `` pirates '' , to be put to death if captured . In adding `` since they are not subjects of any nation at war with the republic nor do they militate under any recognized flag , '' Tornel avoided declaring war on the United States . Santa Anna takes the Alamo The Mexican Army of Operations numbered 6,019 soldiers and was spread out over 300 miles ( 480 km ) on its march to Béxar . General Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma was put in command of the Vanguard of the Advance that crossed into Texas . Santa Anna and his aide - de-camp Almonte forded the Rio Grande at Guerrero , Coahuila on February 16 , 1836 , with General José de Urrea and 500 more troops following the next day at Matamoros . Béxar was captured on February 23 and when the assault commenced , attempts at negotiation for surrender were initiated from inside the fortress . Travis sent Albert Martin to request a meeting with Almonte , who replied that he did not have the authority to speak for Santa Anna . Bowie dispatched Green B. Jameson with a letter , translated into Spanish by Juan Seguín , requesting a meeting with Santa Anna , who immediately refused . Santa Anna did , however , extend an offer of amnesty to Tejanos inside the fortress . Alamo non-combatant survivor Enrique Esparza said that most Tejanos left when Bowie advised them to take the offer . Cos , in violation of his surrender terms , forded into Texas at Guerrero on February 26 to join with the main army at Béxar . Urrea proceeded to secure the Gulf Coast , and was victorious in two skirmishes with Texian detachments serving under Fannin at Goliad . On February 27 a foraging detachment under Frank W. Johnson at San Patricio was attacked by Urrea . Sixteen were killed , and 21 taken prisoner , but Johnson and 4 others escaped . Urrea sent a company to Agua Dulce searching for James Grant and Plácido Benavides who were leading a company of Anglos and Tejanos towards an invasion of Matamoros . The Mexicans set a trap , killing Grant and most of the company . Benavides and 4 others escaped , and 6 were taken prisoner . The Convention of 1836 met at Washington - on - the - Brazos on March 1 . The following day , Sam Houston 's 42nd birthday , the 59 delegates signed the Texas Declaration of Independence , and chose an ad interim government . When news of the declaration reached Goliad , Benavides informed Fannin that in spite of his opposition to Santa Anna , he was still loyal to Mexico and did not wish to help Texas break away . Fannin discharged him from his duties and sent him home . On March 4 Houston 's military authority was expanded to include `` the land forces of the Texian army both Regular , Volunteer , and Militia . '' At 5 a.m. on March 6 , the Mexican troops launched their final assault on the Alamo . The guns fell silent 90 minutes later ; the Alamo had fallen . Survivors Susannah Dickinson , her daughter Angelina , Travis ' slave Joe , and Almonte 's cook Ben were spared by Santa Anna and sent to Gonzales , where Texian volunteers had been assembling . Retreat : March -- May 1836 Texian retreat : the runaway scrape Further information : Runaway Scrape Sam Houston The same day that Mexican troops departed Béxar , Houston arrived in Gonzales and informed the 374 volunteers ( some without weapons ) gathered there that Texas was now an independent republic . Just after 11 p.m. on March 13 , Susanna Dickinson and Joe brought news that the Alamo garrison had been defeated and the Mexican army was marching towards Texian settlements . A hastily convened council of war voted to evacuate the area and retreat . The evacuation commenced at midnight and happened so quickly that many Texian scouts were unaware the army had moved on . Everything that could not be carried was burned , and the army 's only two cannons were thrown into the Guadalupe River . When Ramírez y Sesma reached Gonzales the morning of March 14 , he found the buildings still smoldering . Most citizens fled on foot , many carrying their small children . A cavalry company led by Seguín and Salvador Flores were assigned as rear guard to evacuate the more isolated ranches and protect the civilians from attacks by Mexican troops or Indians . The further the army retreated , the more civilians joined the flight . For both armies and the civilians , the pace was slow ; torrential rains had flooded the rivers and turned the roads into mud pits . As news of the Alamo 's fall spread , volunteer ranks swelled , reaching about 1,400 men on March 19 . Houston learned of Fannin 's defeat on March 20 and realized his army was the last hope for an independent Texas . Concerned that his ill - trained and ill - disciplined force would only be good for one battle and aware that his men could easily be outflanked by Urrea 's forces , Houston continued to avoid engagement , to the immense displeasure of his troops . By March 28 , the Texian army had retreated 120 miles ( 190 km ) across the Navidad and Colorado Rivers . Many troops deserted ; those who remained grumbled that their commander was a coward . On March 31 , Houston paused his men at Groce 's Landing , roughly 15 miles ( 24 km ) north of San Felipe . Two companies that refused to retreat further than San Felipe were assigned to guard the crossings on the Brazos River . For the next two weeks , the Texians rested , recovered from illness , and , for the first time , began practicing military drills . While there , two cannons , known as the Twin Sisters , arrived from Cincinnati , Ohio . Interim Secretary of War Thomas Rusk joined the camp , with orders from President David G. Burnet to replace Houston if he refused to fight . Houston quickly persuaded Rusk that his plans were sound . Secretary of State Samuel P. Carson advised Houston to continue retreating all the way to the Sabine River , where more volunteers would likely flock from the United States and allow the army to counterattack . Unhappy with everyone involved , Burnet wrote to Houston : `` The enemy are laughing you to scorn . You must fight them . You must retreat no further . The country expects you to fight . The salvation of the country depends on your doing so . '' Complaints within the camp became so strong that Houston posted notices that anyone attempting to usurp his position would be court - martialed and shot . Santa Anna and a smaller force had remained in Béxar . After receiving word that the acting president , Miguel Barragán , had died , Santa Anna seriously considered returning to Mexico City to solidify his position . Fear that Urrea 's victories would position him as a political rival convinced Santa Anna to remain in Texas to personally oversee the final phase of the campaign . He left on March 29 to join Ramírez y Sesma , leaving only a small force to hold Béxar . At dawn on April 7 , their combined force marched into San Felipe and captured a Texian soldier , who informed Santa Anna that the Texians planned to retreat further if the Mexican army crossed the Brazos River . Unable to cross the Brazos due to the small company of Texians barricaded at the river crossing , on April 14 a frustrated Santa Anna led a force of about 700 troops to capture the interim Texas government . Government officials fled mere hours before Mexican troops arrived in Harrisburgh ( now Harrisburg , Houston ) and Santa Anna sent Colonel Juan Almonte with 50 cavalry to intercept them in New Washington . Almonte arrived just as Burnet shoved off in a rowboat , bound for Galveston Island . Although the boat was still within range of their weapons , Almonte ordered his men to hold their fire so as not to endanger Burnet 's family . At this point , Santa Anna believed the rebellion was in its final death throes . The Texian government had been forced off the mainland , with no way to communicate with its army , which had shown no interest in fighting . He determined to block the Texian army 's retreat and put a decisive end to the war . Almonte 's scouts incorrectly reported that Houston 's army was going to Lynchburg Crossing , on Buffalo Bayou , in preparation for joining the government in Galveston , so Santa Anna ordered Harrisburg burned and pressed on towards Lynchburg . The Texian army had resumed their march eastward . On April 16 , they came to a crossroads ; one road led north towards Nacogdoches , the other went to Harrisburg . Without orders from Houston and with no discussion amongst themselves , the troops in the lead took the road to Harrisburg . They arrived on April 18 , not long after the Mexican army 's departure . That same day , Deaf Smith and Henry Karnes captured a Mexican courier carrying intelligence on the locations and future plans of all of the Mexican troops in Texas . Realizing that Santa Anna had only a small force and was not far away , Houston gave a rousing speech to his men , exhorting them to `` Remember the Alamo '' and `` Remember Goliad '' . His army then raced towards Lynchburg . Out of concern that his men might not differentiate between Mexican soldiers and the Tejanos in Seguín 's company , Houston originally ordered Seguín and his men to remain in Harrisburg to guard those who were too ill to travel quickly . After loud protests from Seguín and Antonio Menchaca , the order was rescinded , provided the Tejanos wear a piece of cardboard in their hats to identify them as Texian soldiers . San Jacinto San Jacinto battlefield with troop movements The area along Buffalo Bayou had many thick oak groves , separated by marshes . This type of terrain was familiar to the Texians and quite alien to the Mexican soldiers . Houston 's army , comprising 900 men , reached Lynch 's Ferry mid-morning on April 20 ; Santa Anna 's 700 - man force arrived a few hours later . The Texians made camp in a wooded area along the bank of Buffalo Bayou ; while the location provided good cover and helped hide their full strength , it also left the Texians no room for retreat . Over the protests of several of his officers , Santa Anna chose to make camp in a vulnerable location , a plain near the San Jacinto River , bordered by woods on one side , marsh and lake on another . The two camps were approximately 500 yards ( 460 m ) apart , separated by a grassy area with a slight rise in the middle . Colonel Pedro Delgado later wrote that `` the camping ground of His Excellency 's selection was in all respects , against military rules . Any youngster would have done better . '' Over the next several hours , two brief skirmishes occurred . Texians won the first , forcing a small group of dragoons and the Mexican artillery to withdraw . Mexican dragoons then forced the Texian cavalry to withdraw . In the melee , Rusk , on foot to reload his rifle , was almost captured by Mexican soldiers , but was rescued by newly arrived Texian volunteer Mirabeau B. Lamar . Over Houston 's objections , many infantrymen rushed onto the field . As the Texian cavalry fell back , Lamar remained behind to rescue another Texian who had been thrown from his horse ; Mexican officers `` reportedly applauded '' his bravery . Houston was irate that the infantry had disobeyed his orders and given Santa Anna a better estimate of their strength ; the men were equally upset that Houston had not allowed a full battle . Throughout the night , Mexican troops worked to fortify their camp , creating breastworks out of everything they could find , including saddles and brush . At 9 a.m. on April 21 , Cos arrived with 540 reinforcements , bringing the Mexican force to 1,200 men , which outnumbered the Texians . Cos ' men were raw recruits rather than experienced soldiers , and they had marched steadily for more than 24 hours , with no rest and no food . As the morning wore on with no Texian attack , Mexican officers lowered their guard . By afternoon , Santa Anna had given permission for Cos ' men to sleep ; his own tired troops also took advantage of the time to rest , eat , and bathe . Not long after the Mexican reinforcements arrived , Houston ordered Smith to destroy Vince 's Bridge , 5 mi ( 8 km ) away , to slow down any further Mexican reinforcements . At 4 p.m. the Texians began creeping quietly through the tall grass , pulling the cannon behind them . The Texian cannon fired at 4 : 30 , beginning the battle of San Jacinto . After a single volley , Texians broke ranks and swarmed over the Mexican breastworks to engage in hand - to - hand combat . Mexican soldiers were taken by surprise . Santa Anna , Castrillón , and Almonte yelled often conflicting orders , attempting to organize their men into some form of defense . Within 18 minutes , Mexican soldiers abandoned their campsite and fled for their lives . The killing lasted for hours . Many Mexican soldiers retreated through the marsh to Peggy Lake . Texian riflemen stationed themselves on the banks and shot at anything that moved . Many Texian officers , including Houston and Rusk , attempted to stop the slaughter , but they were unable to gain control of the men . Texians continued to chant `` Remember the Alamo ! Remember Goliad ! '' while frightened Mexican infantry yelled `` Me no Alamo ! '' and begged for mercy to no avail . In what historian Davis called `` one of the most one - sided victories in history '' , 650 Mexican soldiers were killed and 300 captured . Eleven Texians died , with 30 others , including Houston , wounded . Although Santa Anna 's troops had been thoroughly vanquished , they did not represent the bulk of the Mexican army in Texas . An additional 4,000 troops remained under the commands of Urrea and General Vicente Filisola . Texians had won the battle due to mistakes made by Santa Anna , and Houston was well aware that his troops would have little hope of repeating their victory against Urrea or Filisola . As darkness fell , a large group of prisoners was led into camp . Houston initially mistook the group for Mexican reinforcements and shouted out that all was lost . Mexican retreat `` Surrender of Santa Anna '' by William Henry Huddle shows the Mexican president and general surrendering to a wounded Sam Houston , battle of San Jacinto Santa Anna had escaped towards Vince 's Bridge . Finding the bridge destroyed , he hid in the marsh and was captured the following day . He was brought before Houston , who had been shot in the ankle and badly wounded . Texian soldiers gathered around , calling for the Mexican general 's immediate execution . Bargaining for his life , Santa Anna suggested that he order the remaining Mexican troops to stay away . In a letter to Filisola , who was now the senior Mexican official in Texas , Santa Anna wrote that `` yesterday evening ( we ) had an unfortunate encounter '' and ordered his troops to retreat to Béxar and await further instructions . Urrea urged Filisola to continue the campaign . He was confident that he could challenge the Texian troops . According to Hardin , `` Santa Anna had presented Mexico with one military disaster ; Filisola did not wish to risk another . '' Spring rains had ruined the ammunition and rendered the roads nearly impassable , with troops sinking to their knees in mud . The Mexican troops were soon out of food and began to fall ill from dysentery and other diseases . Their supply lines had broken down , leaving no hope of further reinforcements . Filisola later wrote that `` Had the enemy met us under these cruel circumstances , on the only road that was left , no alternative remained but to die or surrender at discretion '' . For several weeks after San Jacinto , Santa Anna continued to negotiate with Houston , Rusk , and then Burnet . Santa Anna suggested two treaties , a public version of promises made between the two countries , and a private version that included Santa Anna 's personal agreements . The Treaties of Velasco required that all Mexican troops withdraw south of the Rio Grande and that all private property be respected and restored . Prisoners of war would be released unharmed and Santa Anna would be given immediate passage to Veracruz . He secretly promised to persuade the Mexican Congress to acknowledge the Republic of Texas and to recognize the Rio Grande as the border between the two countries . When Urrea began marching south in mid-May , many families from San Patricio who had supported the Mexican army went with him . When Texian troops arrived in early June , they found only 20 families remaining . The area around San Patricio and Refugio suffered a `` noticeable depopulation '' in the Republic of Texas years . Although the treaty had specified that Urrea and Filisola would return any slaves their armies had sheltered , Urrea refused to comply . Many former slaves followed the army to Mexico , where they could be free . By late May , the Mexican troops had crossed the Nueces . Filisola fully expected that the defeat was temporary and that a second campaign would be launched to retake Texas . Aftermath Military April 21 , 1906 Army of the Republic of Texas veteran reunion . L -- R are William P. Zuber , John W. Darlington , Aca C. Hill , Stephen F. Sparks , L.T. Lawlor and Alfonso Steele . All participated in the Battle of San Jacinto , as well as other skirmishes . When Mexican authorities received word of Santa Anna 's defeat at San Jacinto , flags across the country were lowered to half staff and draped in mourning . Denouncing any agreements signed by a prisoner , Mexican authorities refused to recognize the Republic of Texas . Filisola was derided for leading the retreat and quickly replaced by Urrea . Within months , Urrea gathered 6,000 troops in Matamoros , poised to reconquer Texas . His army was redirected to address continued federalist rebellions in other regions . Most in Texas assumed the Mexican army would return quickly . So many American volunteers flocked to the Texian army in the months after the victory at San Jacinto that the Texian government was unable to maintain an accurate list of enlistments . Out of caution , Béxar remained under martial law throughout 1836 . Rusk ordered that all Tejanos in the area between the Guadalupe and Nueces Rivers migrate either to east Texas or to Mexico . Some residents who refused to comply were forcibly removed . New Anglo settlers moved in and used threats and legal maneuvering to take over the land once owned by Tejanos . Over the next several years , hundreds of Tejano families resettled in Mexico . For years , Mexican authorities used the reconquering of Texas as an excuse for implementing new taxes and making the army the budgetary priority of the impoverished nation . Only sporadic skirmishes resulted . Larger expeditions were postponed as military funding was consistently diverted to other rebellions , out of fear that those regions would ally with Texas and further fragment the country . The northern Mexican states , the focus of the Matamoros Expedition , briefly launched an independent Republic of the Rio Grande in 1839 . The same year , the Mexican Congress considered a law to declare it treasonous to speak positively of Texas . In June 1843 , leaders of the two nations declared an armistice . Republic of Texas The Republic of Texas , including the disputed territory On June 1 , Santa Anna boarded a ship to travel back to Mexico . For the next two days , crowds of soldiers , many of whom had arrived that week from the United States , gathered to demand his execution . Lamar , by now promoted to Secretary of War , gave a speech insisting that `` Mobs must not intimidate the government . We want no French Revolution in Texas ! '' , but on June 4 soldiers seized Santa Anna and put him under military arrest . Burnet called for elections to ratify the constitution and elect a Congress , the sixth set of leaders for Texas in a twelve - month period . Voters overwhelmingly chose Houston the first president , ratified the constitution drawn up by the Convention of 1836 , and approved a resolution to request annexation to the United States . Houston issued an executive order sending Santa Anna to Washington , D.C. , and from there he was soon sent home . During his absence , Santa Anna had been deposed . Upon his arrival , the Mexican press wasted no time in attacking him for his cruelty towards those executed at Goliad . In May 1837 , Santa Anna requested an inquiry into the event . The judge determined the inquiry was only for fact - finding and took no action ; press attacks in both Mexico and the United States continued . Santa Anna was disgraced until the following year , when he became a hero of the Pastry War . Although the Texian interim governments had vowed to eventually compensate citizens for goods that were impressed during the war efforts , for the most part livestock and horses were not returned . Veterans were guaranteed land bounties ; in 1879 , surviving Texian veterans who served more than three months from October 1 , 1835 , through January 1 , 1837 , were guaranteed an additional 1,280 acres ( 520 ha ) in public lands . Over 1.3 million acres ( 559 thousand ha ) of land were granted ; some of this was in Greer County , which was later determined to be part of Oklahoma . When Republic President Burnet unknowingly escaped death at New Washington , Almonte had found him by following courier Mike McCormick , whose widowed mother Peggy was the owner of the land on which the battle was subsequently fought . Although she sought financial restitution from the Republic of Texas for loss of livestock and other goods during the battle , McCormick died without recompense . Decades after her death , the state of Texas purchased part of her acreage for a commemoration site . Legacy The San Jacinto Monument San Jacinto Battle Flag in the Texas House of Representatives The San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 . The site includes the 570 ft ( 170 m ) San Jacinto Monument , which was erected by the Public Works Administration . Authorized April 21 , 1936 , and dedicated April 21 , 1939 , the monument cost $1.5 million ( equivalent to $26.39 million in 2015 ) . The site hosts a San Jacinto Day festival and battle re-enactment each year in April . Both the Texas Navy and the United States Navy have commissioned ships named after the Battle of San Jacinto : the Texan schooner San Jacinto and three ships named USS San Jacinto . There has been one civilian passenger ship named SS San Jacinto . Texas Navy schooner San Jacinto was commissioned in 1839 and decommissioned in 1840 after she was wrecked at Cayos Arcas . The first USS San Jacinto was a screw frigate launched by the United States Navy in 1850 . She was in service with the Africa Squadron in 1860 when she captured the slave ship Storm King . The frigate was in service for most of the American Civil War until she wrecked in the Bahamas in 1865 . SS San Jacinto was a United States civilian passenger ship built in 1903 by the Delaware River Iron Shipbuilding and Engine Works for the New York and Texas Steamship Company . The US Navy considered acquiring the civilian passenger - cargo ship , for use during World War I as USS San Jacinto ( ID - 1531 ) , but never acquired or commissioned her . On April 21 , 1942 , the ship was sunk by a German U-boat . The second USS San Jacinto was a United States Navy Independence - class World War II light aircraft carrier commissioned in December 1943 , and was decommissioned in 1947 . The third USS San Jacinto is a currently active guided missile cruiser commissioned by the US Navy in 1988 . When the veteran battleship USS Texas was decommissioned in 1948 and made into a museum ship , it was decided to give her a permanent new anchorage near the San Jacinto Monument , at San Jacinto State Park . Her arrival from Baltimore , where she was decommissioned , was timed for April 21 , 1948 -- the anniversary of the Battle of San Jacinto . See also Houston portal Texas portal Timeline of the Texas Revolution Notes Footnotes Jump up ^ Groce 's Landing is located roughly 9 miles ( 14 km ) northeast of modern - day Bellville . Moore ( 2004 ) , p. 149 . Jump up ^ After getting inaccurate reports that several thousand Indians had joined the Mexican army to attack Nacogdoches , American General Edmund P. Gaines and 600 troops crossed into Texas . This would have provoked a war if they had encountered the Mexican army , which might have followed Houston if he continued his retreat . Reid ( 2007 ) , pp. 152 -- 153 . Jump up ^ Peggy Lake , also called Peggy 's Lake , no longer exists . It was located southeast of the Mexican breastworks , which is now the site of the monument . Hardin ( 2004 ) pp. 71 , 93 Jump up ^ Lamar thought Houston was deliberately shot by one of his own men . Moore ( 2004 ) , p. 339 . Jump up ^ New Mexico , Sonora , and California revolted unsuccessfully ; their stated goals were a change in government , not independence . Henderson ( 2008 ) , p. 100 . Vazquez ( 1985 ) , p. 318 . Citations Jump up ^ `` Picture and Key for `` The Battle of San Jacinto '' -- Texas State Library and Archives Commission `` . Tsl.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ The official report of the battle claims 783 . The more detailed roster published after the battle lists 845 officers and men but failed to include Captain Wyly 's Company , giving a total of around 910 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Wheat ( 2005 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Poyo ( 1996 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 , `` Under the Mexican Flag '' ( Andrés Tijerina ) Jump up ^ Henderson ( 2008 ) , pp. 86 -- 87 Jump up ^ Jackson , Wheat ( 2005 ) , pp. 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Jackson , Wheat ( 2005 ) , pp. 49 , 57 Jump up ^ Jackson , Wheat ( 2005 ) , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Jackson , Wheat ( 2005 ) , pp. 42 -- 44 , 208 -- 283 Jump up ^ Davis ( 2004 ) , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Todish et al. ( 1998 ) , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Menchaca , Poche , Matovina , de la Teja ( 2013 ) , p. 63 Jump up ^ `` Surrender terms signed by General Cos and General Burleson at San Antonio , December 11 , 1835 '' . Texas State Library and Archives Commission . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Poyo ( 1996 ) , p. 54 , `` Efficient in the Cause '' ( Stephen L. Harden ) Jump up ^ Calore ( 2014 ) , p. 56 Jump up ^ Todish et al. ( 1998 ) , pp. 137 -- 138 Jump up ^ Hardin ( 2004 ) , p. 15 Jump up ^ Todish et al. ( 1998 ) , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Wheat ( 2005 ) , pp. 351 -- 352 Jump up ^ Hardin ( 2004 ) , p. 25 Jump up ^ Hardin ( 2004 ) , p. 21 Jump up ^ Groneman , Gill . `` Green B. Jameson '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . ; Edmondson ( 2000 ) , pp. 306 -- 307 ; Jackson , Wheat ( 2005 ) , pp. 367 -- 368 Jump up ^ Poyo ( 1996 ) , p. 53 , 58 `` Efficient in the Cause '' ( Stephen L. Harden ) ; Lindley ( 2003 ) , p. 94 , 134 Jump up ^ Jackson , Wheat ( 2005 ) , pp. 366 -- 367 , 208 -- 283 Jump up ^ Hardin ( 2004 ) , p. 53 Jump up ^ Jackson , Wheat ( 2005 ) , p. 372 Jump up ^ Bishop , Curtis . `` Battle of Agua Dulce Creek '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hartmann , Clinton P. `` James Walker Fannin Jr '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hardin ( 1994 ) , 161 Jump up ^ Lack ( 1992 ) , p. 83 Jump up ^ Hardin - Teja ( 2010 ) pp. 64 -- 66 Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , p. 14 Jump up ^ Jackson , Wheat ( 2005 ) , pp. 373 -- 374 Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , pp. 37 -- 38 Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , pp. 43 , 48 , 52 , 57 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , pp. 55 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 243 . ^ Jump up to : Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Hardin ( 1994 ) , pp. 183 -- 184 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , pp. 71 , 74 , 87 , 134 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , pp. 134 -- 137 . ^ Jump up to : Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , pp. 190 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , pp. 200 -- 201 . ^ Jump up to : Moore ( 2004 ) , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , p. 287 . ^ Jump up to : Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , pp. 312 -- 318 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , pp. 211 -- 215 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 274 . ^ Jump up to : Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , p. 364 . ^ Jump up to : Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 272 . ^ Jump up to : Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , p. 353 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 245 . ^ Jump up to : Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 277 . ^ Jump up to : Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Lack ( 1992 ) , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Lack ( 1992 ) , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) p. 242 Jump up ^ Henderson ( 2008 ) , p. 103 . ^ Jump up to : Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 288 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 289 . ^ Jump up to : Lack ( 1992 ) , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Lack ( 1992 ) , p. 206 . ^ Jump up to : Vazquez ( 1985 ) , p. 315 . Jump up ^ Henderson ( 2008 ) , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Reid ( 2007 ) , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Henderson ( 2008 ) , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Henderson ( 2008 ) , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Lack ( 1992 ) , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Lack ( 1992 ) , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Lack ( 1992 ) , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 295 . Jump up ^ Davis ( 2006 ) , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Vazquez ( 1985 ) , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Vazquez ( 1985 ) , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Henderson ( 2008 ) , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Lack ( 1992 ) , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1961 ) , p. 343 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1961 ) , pp. 344 , 346 . Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , pp. 230 -- 231 Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , p. 425 Jump up ^ `` San Jacinto Battlefield '' . National Historic Landmarks . National Park Service . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Tall is it ? '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buisseret , Francaviglia , Graves , Saxon ( 2009 ) , p. 75 Jump up ^ Moore ( 2004 ) , p. 426 . Jump up ^ `` San Jacinto Monument '' . Texas Parks & Wildlife Department . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Jacinto '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silverstone ( 2006 ) , p. 15 Jump up ^ `` Mallory Line Twin - Screw Passenger and Freight Steamship San Jacinto '' . Marine Engineering . Marine Engineering Incorporated . VIII : 547 -- 554 . November 1903 . Jump up ^ Hampton Roads Naval Historical Foundation ( 2014 ) , p. 71 Jump up ^ Green ( 2015 ) , pp. 56 , 107 Jump up ^ `` USS San Jacinto '' . United States Navy . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . References Buisseret , David ; Francaviglia , Richard ; Graves , Jack W. Jr. ; Saxon , Gerald ( 2009 ) . Historic Texas from the Air . Austin , TX : University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 71927 - 9 . Calore , Paul ( 2014 ) . The Texas Revolution and the U.S. -- Mexican War A Concise History . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 7940 - 5 . Davis , William C ( 2004 ) . Lone Star Rising : The Revolutionary Birth of the Texas Republic . New York , NY : Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 68486 - 510 - 2 . de la Teja , Jesus ( 1991 ) . A Revolution Remembered : The Memoirs and Selected Correspondence of Juan N. Seguin . Austin , TX : State House Press . ISBN 0 - 938349 - 68 - 6 . Edmondson , J.R. ( 2000 ) . The Alamo Story - From History to Current Conflicts . Plano , TX : Republic of Texas Press . ISBN 1 - 55622 - 678 - 0 . Green , Michael ( 2015 ) . Aircraft Carriers of the United States Navy : Rare Photographs from Wartime Archives . South Yorkshire , UK : Pen & Sword Maritime . ISBN 978 - 1 - 47385 - 468 - 0 . Hampton Roads Naval Historical Foundation ( 2014 ) . Naval Station Norfolk . Charleston , SC : Arcadia Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4671 - 2027 - 2 . Hardin , Stephen L ; de la Teja , Jesús F. ( 2010 ) . Tejano Leadership in Mexican and Revolutionary Texas . College Station , TX : Texas A & M University Press . ISBN 1 - 60344 - 166 - 2 . Hardin , Stephen L. ( 1994 ) . Texian Iliad -- A Military History of the Texas Revolution . Austin , TX : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 73086 - 1 . OCLC 29704011 . Hardin , Stephen ( 2004 ) . The Alamo 1836 : Santa Anna 's Texas campaign . Westport , CT : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 090 - 2 . Hardin , Stephen ; McBride , Angus ( 2001 ) . The Alamo 1836 : Santa Anna 's Texas Campaign . Oxford , UK : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 090 - 2 . Henderson , Timothy J. ( 2008 ) . A Glorious Defeat : Mexico and Its War with the United States . New York , NY : Hill and Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 4967 - 7 . Jackson , Jack ; Wheat , John ( 2005 ) . Almonte 's Texas : Juan N. Almonte 's 1834 Inspection , Secret Report & Role in the 1836 Campaign . Denton , TX : Texas State Historical Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87611 - 207 - 6 . Lindley , Thomas Ricks ( 2003 ) . Alamo Traces : New Evidence and New Conclusions . Plano , TX : Republic of Texas Press . ISBN 1 - 55622 - 983 - 6 . Menchaca , Antonio ; Poche , Justin ; Matovina , Timothy ; de la Teja , Jesus ( 2013 ) . Recollections of a Tejano Life : Antonio Menchaca in Texas History . Austin , TX : University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 29274 - 865 - 1 . Moore , Stephen L. ( 2004 ) . Eighteen Minutes : The Battle of San Jacinto and the Texas Independence Campaign . Plano , TX : Republic of Texas Press . ISBN 1 - 58907 - 009 - 7 . Poyo , Gerald Eugene ( 1996 ) . Tejano Journey , 1770 -- 1850 . Austin , TX : University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 29276 - 570 - 2 . Reid , Stuart ( 2007 ) . The Secret War for Texas . Elma Dill Russell Spencer Series in the West and Southwest . College Station , TX : Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58544 - 565 - 3 . Silverstone , Paul ( 2006 ) . Civil War Navies , 1855 -- 1883 ( The U.S. Navy Warship Series ) . New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 41597 - 870 - 5 . Todish , Timothy J. ; Todish , Terry ; Spring , Ted ( 1998 ) . Alamo Sourcebook , 1836 : A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution . Austin , TX : Eakin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57168 - 152 - 2 . Vazquez , Josefina Zoraida ( July 1985 ) . translated by Jésus F. de la Teja . `` The Texas Question in Mexican Politics , 1836 -- 1845 '' . The Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 89 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Zamora , Emilio ; Orozco , Cynthia ; Rocha , Rodolfo ( 2000 ) . Mexican Americans in Texas History : Selected Essays . Denton , TX : Texas State Historical Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87611 - 174 - 1 . Further reading Winders , Richard Bruce ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` '' This Is A Cruel Truth , But I Cannot Omit It `` : The Origin and Effect of Mexico 's No Quarter Policy in the Texas Revolution '' . Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 120 ( 4 ) : 412 -- 439 . doi : 10.1353 / swh. 2017.0000 . ISSN 1558 - 9560 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 -- via Project MUSE . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of San Jacinto . Wikisource has the text of a 1905 New International Encyclopedia article about Battle of San Jacinto . Battle of San Jacinto -- Handbook of Texas Online Flags of Guerrero and Matamoros Battalions -- Texas State Library and Archives Commission San Jacinto Monument & Museum `` San Jacinto , Battle of '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . 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Cannon Robert Culp Richard Dix Sam Elliott William Farnum Lorne Greene Stacy Keach Joel McCrea Moroni Olsen Bill Paxton Edward Peil , Sr . Denver Pyle Dennis Quaid Hugh Sanders John Schneider Zachary Scott Tom Skerritt Robert Stack Don Taylor Tom Wilson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_San_Jacinto&oldid=814655857 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1836 1836 in Mexico Battles of the Texas Revolution Independent Mexico Battles involving the Republic of Texas 1836 in the Republic of Texas Sam Houston April 1836 events Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Coordinates on Wikidata Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gàidhlig 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 03 : 19 . 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who was captured at the battle of san jacinto
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"Santa Anna, the President of Mexico, was captured the following day and held as a prisoner of war. Three weeks later, he signed the peace treaty that dictated that the Mexican army leave the region, paving the way for the Republic of Texas to become an independent country. These treaties did not specifically recognize Texas as a sovereign nation, but stipulated that Santa Anna was to lobby for such recognition in Mexico City. Sam Houston became a national celebrity, and the Texans' rallying cries from events of the war, \"Remember the Alamo!\" and \"Remember Goliad!,\" became etched into Texan history and legend."
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[
"Santa Anna, the President of Mexico"
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9115507917275013674
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AT&T Park
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AT&T Park - wikipedia AT&T Park Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with AT&T Stadium in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex ; AT&T Center in San Antonio ; AT&T Field in Chattanooga , TN ; AT&T Station serving Philadelphia 's Sports Complex ; or Jones AT&T Stadium in Lubbock , TX . AT&T Park Former names Pacific Bell Park ( 2000 -- 2003 ) SBC Park ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Address 24 Willie Mays Plaza Location San Francisco , California Coordinates 37 ° 46 ′ 43 '' N 122 ° 23 ′ 21 '' W / 37.77861 ° N 122.38917 ° W / 37.77861 ; - 122.38917 Coordinates : 37 ° 46 ′ 43 '' N 122 ° 23 ′ 21 '' W / 37.77861 ° N 122.38917 ° W / 37.77861 ; - 122.38917 Public transit 2nd and King Station 4th and King Station Golden Gate Larkspur Giants Ferry MUNI Bus : N - Owl , T - Owl , 10 , 30 , 45 , 47 , 91 - Owl San Francisco Bay Ferry : Alameda / Oakland Giants Ferry , Vallejo Giants Ferry Operator San Francisco Baseball Associates LP Capacity Baseball : 41,915 ( 2007 -- present ) 41,606 ( 2006 ) 41,584 ( 2005 ) 41,503 ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 41,059 ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 40,930 ( 2000 ) 1,500 standing - room capacity NCAA Football : 45,000 ( 2011 season only ) Soccer : TBD ( per event ) Record attendance 44,046 ( 2010 NLDS , Game 2 , Braves ) Field size Left field line -- 339 feet ( 103 m ) Left field -- 364 feet ( 111 m ) Left - center field -- 404 feet ( 123 m ) Center field -- 399 feet ( 122 m ) Right - center field -- 421 feet ( 128 m ) Right field -- 365 feet ( 111 m ) Right field line -- 309 feet ( 94 m ) Surface Tifway 419 Bermuda Grass Construction Broke ground December 11 , 1997 Opened April 11 , 2000 Construction cost $ 357 million ( $496 million in 2016 dollars ) Architect Populous ( then HOK Sport ) Project manager Alliance Building Partners Structural engineer Thornton Tomasetti Services engineer M-E Engineers , Inc . General contractor Hunt / Kajima Tenants San Francisco Giants ( MLB ) ( 2000 -- present ) Fight Hunger Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 2002 -- 2013 ) San Francisco Demons ( XFL ) ( 2001 ) California Redwoods ( UFL ) ( 2009 ) California Golden Bears football ( NCAA ) ( 2011 ) AT&T Park is a baseball park located in the South Beach neighborhood of San Francisco , California . Since 2000 , it has served as the home of the San Francisco Giants , the city 's Major League Baseball ( MLB ) franchise . Originally named Pacific Bell Park , then SBC Park in 2003 after SBC Communications acquired Pacific Bell , the stadium was ultimately christened AT&T Park in 2006 , following SBC 's buyout of AT&T . The park stands along the San Francisco Bay , a segment of which is named McCovey Cove in honor of former Giants player Willie McCovey . AT&T Park has also played host to both professional and collegiate American football games . The stadium was the home of the Foster Farms Bowl , an annual college postseason bowl game , from its inaugural playing in 2002 until 2013 and also served as the temporary home for the University of California 's football team in 2011 . Professionally , AT&T Park was the home of the San Francisco Demons of the XFL and the California Redwoods of the United Football League . The stadium will host the Rugby World Cup Sevens 2018 The stadium can be reached via San Francisco 's Muni Metro ; the 2nd and King Station is directly outside the ballpark . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Design and construction 1.2 Naming rights 2 Features 2.1 Right field and McCovey Cove 2.2 Rusty , the Coke bottle , and the glove 2.3 @ Café 2.4 Scoreboards 2.5 Wireless internet 2.6 San Francisco Giants Wall of Fame 2.7 Statues 3 Notable events 3.1 2000s 3.2 2010s 4 Non-baseball events 4.1 Football 4.2 Soccer 4.3 Concerts 4.4 In video games 4.5 In TV 4.6 Other events 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Design and construction ( edit ) Originally designed to be a 42,000 - seat stadium , there were slight modifications before the final design was complete . When the ballpark was brought to the ballot box in the fall of 1996 for voter approval , the stadium was 15 ° clockwise from its current position . Also the center - field scoreboard was atop the right - field wall and the Giants Pavilion Building were two separate buildings . Groundbreaking on the ballpark began on December 11 , 1997 , in the industrial waterfront area of San Francisco known as China Basin in the up - and - coming neighborhoods of South Beach and Mission Bay . The stadium cost $357 million to build and supplanted the Giants ' former home , Candlestick Park , a multi-use stadium in southeastern San Francisco that was also home to the National Football League 's San Francisco 49ers until 2014 , when they too relocated to Levi 's Stadium in nearby Santa Clara . A team of engineers from UC Davis was consulted in the design process of the park , resulting in wind levels that are approximately half those at Candlestick . Fans had shivered through 40 seasons at `` The ' Stick '' and looked forward to warmer temperatures at the new ballpark . But because AT&T Park , like its predecessor , is built right on San Francisco Bay , cold summer fog and winter jackets in July are still not unusual at Giants games , despite the higher average temperature . When it opened on March 31 , 2000 , the ballpark was the first Major League ballpark built without public funds since the completion of Dodger Stadium in 1962 . However , the Giants did receive a $10 million tax abatement from the city and $80 million for upgrades to the local infrastructure ( including a connection to the Muni Metro ) . The Giants have a 66 - year lease on the 12.5 - acre ( 51,000 m ) ballpark site , paying $1.2 million in rent annually to the San Francisco Port Commission . The park opened with a seating capacity of 40,800 , but this has increased over time as seats have been added . In April 2010 , the stadium became the first MLB ballpark to receive LEED Silver Certification for Existing Buildings , Operations and Maintenance . Naming rights ( edit ) Barry Bonds passes Harmon Killebrew for seventh on the all - time home run list on May 13 , 2002 . Note the sign on the scoreboard saying `` Pacific Bell Park '' . The Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Company , a local telephone company in the San Francisco Bay Area , purchased the naming rights for the park for $50 million over 24 years in the Winter of 1996 . Pacific Bell had been recently purchased by SBC Communications when the naming rights deal was agreed upon . SBC eventually dropped the Pacific Bell name and reached an agreement with the Giants to change the stadium 's name to `` SBC Park '' on January 1 , 2004 . After SBC bought AT&T Corporation on November 18 , 2005 , the name of the merged company became AT&T Inc . As a result , the stadium was given its third name in six years : `` AT&T Park '' . A few fans still refer to the stadium as `` Pac Bell Park '' , as it was the first name given to the stadium . Others have named the stadium `` The Phone Booth '' or `` Telephone Park '' , for the constant name changes , while some referred to the stadium as `` Some Big Corporation Park '' due to the SBC years . Some referred to it as the ballpark to be named later . Others yet refer to it as `` Mays Field '' in honor of Giants great Willie Mays or simply `` The Bell '' . Many also refer to the stadium as `` China Basin '' or `` McCovey Cove '' after its location , which would be immune to changes in sponsorship naming . Features ( edit ) The 24 - foot ( 7.3 m ) high wall in right field The stadium contains 68 luxury suites , 5,200 club seats on the club level , and an additional 1,500 club seats at the field level behind home plate . On the facing of the upper deck along the left - field line are the retired numbers of Bill Terry , Mel Ott , Carl Hubbell , Monte Irvin , Willie Mays , Juan Marichal , Orlando Cepeda , Jackie Robinson , Willie McCovey , and Gaylord Perry , as well as the retired uniforms , denoted `` NY '' , of Christy Mathewson and John McGraw who played or managed in the pre-number era . These two pre-number -- era retired uniforms are among only six such retired uniforms in all of the Major Leagues . AT&T Park has a reputation of being a pitcher 's park and the most pitcher - friendly ballpark in the National League , because the depth of the outfield limits home runs , according to ESPN . In 2014 , PETA declared the park to be the Most Vegetarian - Friendly MLB ballpark in the country . It held the top spot on the same list in 2011 , 2006 and 2005 . Right field and McCovey Cove ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The most prominent feature of the ballpark is the right - field wall , which is 24 feet ( 7.3 m ) high in honor of former Giant Willie Mays , who wore number 24 . Because of the proximity to the San Francisco Bay , the right - field foul pole is only 309 feet ( 94 m ) from home plate . The wall is made of brick , with fenced - off archways opening to the Cove beyond , above which are several rows of arcade seating . The fence angles quickly away from home plate ; right - center field extends out to 421 feet ( 128 m ) from home plate . Atop the fence are four pillars with fountains atop . Jets of water burst from the four pillars at the end of the National Anthem and also when the Giants hit a home run or win a game . The 50 `` Splash Hit '' counter In the past , rubber chickens put up by fans whenever a Giants player ( especially Barry Bonds ) was intentionally walked , would line the foul portion of the wall . The fans would do this to show that the opposing team is `` chicken '' for not pitching right to the Giants players . In recent seasons , as the team 's strength has shifted from hitting to pitching , fans will line up `` K '' signs with each strikeout by a Giants pitcher . To some seniors , the right field area vaguely suggests the layout at the Polo Grounds . This deep corner of the ballpark has been dubbed `` Death Valley '' and `` Triples ' Alley . '' Like its Polo Grounds counterpart , it is very difficult to hit a home run to this area , and a batted ball that finds its way into this corner often results in a triple . Triples ' Alley is also infamous for bad bounces , most notably when Ichiro Suzuki hit the first - ever inside - the - park home run in an All - Star Game by lining the ball off one of the archways and sideways past the outfielders . Nate Schierholtz performed the same feat in the 2009 season as a pinch hitter . Aubrey Huff did it again in the 2010 season , as did Conor Gillaspie in 2011 . Ángel Pagán ended a game in May 2013 with a two - run walk - off inside - the - park home run , the first of its kind at AT&T Park . Beyond right field is China Basin , a section of San Francisco Bay , which is dubbed McCovey Cove after famed Giants first baseman and left - handed slugger Willie McCovey , and into which a number of home runs have been hit on the fly . As of August 21 2017 , 75 `` splash hits '' have been knocked into the Cove by Giants players since the park opened ; 35 of those were by Barry Bonds , and the most recent being Denard Span hitting one off Carlos Carrasco of the Cleveland Indians on July 19 , 2017 . These hits are tallied on an electronic counter on the right field wall . Opponents have hit the water on the fly 42 times ; Todd Hundley of the Los Angeles Dodgers was the first visitor to do so on June 30 , 2000 . Curtis Granderson of the New York Mets , Luis Gonzalez of the Arizona Diamondbacks and Cliff Floyd of the Chicago Cubs are the only visiting players to do so twice , while Carlos Delgado of the New York Mets has performed the feat three times . Adam LaRoche has also hit three splash hits , twice with the Arizona Diamondbacks and once with the Pittsburgh Pirates . Curtis Granderson of the New York Mets most recently hit one into the water as a visiting player on August 19 , 2016 On June 27 , 2010 , David Ortiz of the Boston Red Sox became the first American League player to hit a splash hit . The only other AL players who have done it are Mitch Moreland of the Texas Rangers on June 9 , 2012 and Adam Dunn of the Chicago White Sox on August 13 , 2014 . Barry Bonds is the Giant who has hit the most home runs into `` The Cove '' as Giants fans call it and is the only one to have had hit 2 splash hits in one game ( a feat he accomplished twice ) . Behind the scoreboard in center field there is a pier where ferries can tie up and let off fans right at the park . On game days , fans take to the water of McCovey Cove in boats and even in kayaks , often with fishing nets in the hope of collecting a home run ball . ( This echoes what used to happen during McCovey 's playing days . Before Candlestick Park 's upper deck was extended , the area behind right field was occupied by three small bleacher sections and a lot of open space . Kids in those bleachers would gather behind the right field fence when `` Stretch '' would come to the plate . ) Just beyond the wall is a public waterfront promenade , where fans can watch three innings of a game through the wall 's archways , free of charge , albeit with a somewhat obstructed view . Across the cove from the ballpark is McCovey Point and China Basin Park , featuring monuments to past Giants legends . ( show ) List of Home Team Splash Hits # Player Date Opponent Pitcher Barry Bonds May 1 , 2000 New York Mets Rich Rodriguez Barry Bonds May 10 , 2000 St. Louis Cardinals Andy Benes Barry Bonds May 10 , 2000 St. Louis Cardinals Heathcliff Slocumb Barry Bonds May 24 , 2000 Montreal Expos Mike Thurman 5 Barry Bonds July 19 , 2000 San Diego Padres Brian Meadows 6 Barry Bonds September 20 , 2000 Cincinnati Reds Steve Parris 7 Barry Bonds April 17 , 2001 Los Angeles Dodgers Terry Adams 8 Barry Bonds April 18 , 2001 Los Angeles Dodgers Chan Ho Park 9 Barry Bonds May 24 , 2001 Colorado Rockies John Thomson 10 Felipe Crespo May 28 , 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks Bret Prinz 11 Barry Bonds May 30 , 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks Robert Ellis 12 Barry Bonds June 12 , 2001 Anaheim Angels Pat Rapp 13 Felipe Crespo July 8 , 2001 Milwaukee Brewers Curtis Leskanic 14 Barry Bonds August 4 , 2001 Philadelphia Phillies Nelson Figueroa 15 Barry Bonds August 14 , 2001 Florida Marlins Ricky Bones 16 Barry Bonds August 31 , 2001 Colorado Rockies John Thomson 17 Barry Bonds September 29 , 2001 San Diego Padres Chuck McElroy 18 Barry Bonds May 13 , 2002 Atlanta Braves Kevin Millwood 19 Barry Bonds May 18 , 2002 Florida Marlins Brad Penny 20 Barry Bonds May 18 , 2002 Florida Marlins Vic Darensbourg 21 Barry Bonds September 8 , 2002 Arizona Diamondbacks Brian Anderson 22 Barry Bonds September 28 , 2002 Houston Astros Jeriome Robertson 23 Barry Bonds October 12 , 2002 St. Louis Cardinals Chuck Finley 24 Barry Bonds April 14 , 2003 Houston Astros Wade Miller 25 Barry Bonds April 30 , 2003 Chicago Cubs Matt Clement 26 J.T. Snow June 5 , 2003 Minnesota Twins Kyle Lohse 27 Barry Bonds June 27 , 2003 Oakland Athletics Ted Lilly 28 Jose Cruz Jr . July 8 , 2003 St. Louis Cardinals Dan Haren 29 Barry Bonds August 8 , 2003 Philadelphia Phillies Jose Mesa 30 Barry Bonds August 19 , 2003 Atlanta Braves Ray King 31 Barry Bonds September 13 , 2003 Milwaukee Brewers Doug Davis 32 Barry Bonds April 12 , 2004 Milwaukee Brewers Matt Kinney 33 Barry Bonds April 13 , 2004 Milwaukee Brewers Ben Ford 34 Michael Tucker May 30 , 2004 Colorado Rockies Joe Kennedy 35 A.J. Pierzynski July 6 , 2004 Colorado Rockies Denny Stark 36 Barry Bonds July 30 , 2004 St. Louis Cardinals Chris Carpenter 37 Barry Bonds August 3 , 2004 Cincinnati Reds Cory Lidle 38 Michael Tucker April 9 , 2005 Colorado Rockies Scott Dohmann 39 Randy Winn September 14 , 2005 San Diego Padres Woody Williams 40 Barry Bonds September 18 , 2005 Los Angeles Dodgers Hong - Chih Kuo 41 Barry Bonds August 21 , 2006 Arizona Diamondbacks Livan Hernandez 42 Barry Bonds April 18 , 2007 St. Louis Cardinals Ryan Franklin 43 Ryan Klesko May 21 , 2007 Houston Astros Trever Miller 44 Ryan Klesko June 29 , 2007 Arizona Diamondbacks Livan Hernandez 45 Barry Bonds August 8 , 2007 Washington Nationals Tim Redding 46 Fred Lewis April 26 , 2008 Cincinnati Reds Matt Belisle 47 John Bowker July 2 , 2008 Chicago Cubs Ryan Dempster 48 Andres Torres June 15 , 2009 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim John Lackey 49 Pablo Sandoval July 30 , 2009 Philadelphia Phillies Rodrigo Lopez 50 Pablo Sandoval August 29 , 2009 Colorado Rockies Jason Marquis 51 Aubrey Huff May 1 , 2010 Colorado Rockies Rafael Betancourt 52 Aubrey Huff June 16 , 2010 Baltimore Orioles Jeremy Guthrie 53 Andres Torres July 28 , 2010 Florida Marlins Jorge Sosa 54 Pablo Sandoval August 12 , 2010 Chicago Cubs Randy Wells 55 Pablo Sandoval September 30 , 2010 Arizona Diamondbacks Barry Enright 56 Pablo Sandoval July 4 , 2011 San Diego Padres Emesto Frieri 57 Nate Schierholtz July 8 , 2011 New York Mets R.A. Dickey 58 Pablo Sandoval August 31 , 2011 Chicago Cubs Rodrigo Lopez 59 Carlos Beltran September 14 , 2011 San Diego Padres Mat Latos 60 Brandon Belt September 27 , 2011 Colorado Rockies Alex White 61 Brandon Belt June 14 , 2012 Houston Astros Wandy Rodriguez 62 Brandon Belt September 4 , 2012 Arizona Diamondbacks Ian Kennedy 63 Pablo Sandoval May 12 , 2013 Atlanta Braves Kris Medlen 64 Brandon Crawford April 13 , 2014 Colorado Rockies Rex Brothers 65 Tyler Colvin May 12 , 2014 Atlanta Braves Gavin Floyd 66 Brandon Crawford May 14 , 2014 Atlanta Braves David Carpenter 67 Travis Ishikawa September 12 , 2014 Los Angeles Dodgers Kevin Correia 68 Brandon Belt September 25 , 2014 San Diego Padres Andrew Cashner 69 Brandon Belt June 8 , 2016 Boston Red Sox David Price 70 Denard Span June 13 , 2016 Milwaukee Brewers Chase Anderson 71 Denard Span August 20 , 2016 New York Mets Bartolo Colón 72 Brandon Belt May 13 , 2017 Cincinnati Reds Lisalverto Bonilla 73 Brandon Belt June 10 , 2017 Minnesota Twins Jose Berrios 74 Denard Span July 7 , 2017 Miami Marlins Dan Straily 75 Denard Span July 19 , 2017 Cleveland Indians Carlos Carrasco 76 Denard Span September 11 , 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers Kenta Maeda Rusty , the coke bottle , and the glove ( edit ) When the park opened in 2000 , taking residence on the right field wall was Rusty , the Mechanical Man based on a theme of Old Navy since the wall was sponsored by the company . Rusty was a two - dimensional robotic ballplayer that stood 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) tall and weighed 51⁄2 tons . The Valencia , California firm , Technifex , engineered , fabricated and programmed Rusty to appear after major plays , during games , as a fully animated giant 1920 's era tin `` toy '' . After technical problems arose with Rusty , it was removed from the Old Navy Splash Landing , though the enclosure that housed him remained for years . In 2006 the Old Navy sponsorship of the wall was terminated and renamed `` Levi 's Landing '' . In 2008 , the enclosure was removed as that area near the right field foul pole was renovated for a new luxury party suite called the `` McCovey Cove Loft '' . The Coca - Cola bottle and old - fashioned glove Behind the left field bleachers is `` The Coca - Cola Fan Lot '' . The ballpark features an 80 - foot ( 24 m ) long Coca - Cola bottle with playground slides that lights up with every Giants home run , and a miniature version of the stadium . `` The Coca - Cola Superslide '' is popular with children as is with adults , and the terraced levels of the slides are a fun way to catch the game . Bubbles originally accompanied the bottle , but never worked as intended and were removed . If one were viewing the outfield promenade from home plate , directly to the bottle 's right is another oversized representation of a ballpark stalwart , the `` Giant 1927 Old - Time Four - Fingered Baseball Glove '' -- this particular one is made of steel and fiberglass . Behind and farther to the left is `` The Little Giants Park '' -- a miniature baseball diamond -- sort of a minor league tryout for Pee - Wee Ball . To the right of the glove sculpture is the elevator and large plaza area for functions and parties to be held during games . It 's also the site of `` Orlando 's '' , the concessions stand of Giants great Orlando Cepeda . The signature fare at the stand is the `` Caribbean Cha Cha Bowl '' . Right - center field features a real San Francisco cable car ( retired cable car # 4 , formerly # 504 ) , with a label that states `` No Dodgers Fans Allowed '' . The fog horn -- a feature introduced at Candlestick Park by the current Giants ownership group -- was transferred to AT&T and hung underneath the scoreboard . It blows when a Giants player hits a home run or at the conclusion of a Giants win . Continuing right takes one to the promenade above the Cove , so that one can make a completely uninterrupted circuit of the park at that concourse level . Both levels of the concourse , inside the stadium , feature not only concession stands of all sorts , but other attractions as well . @ Cafe ( edit ) Lou Seal has served as mascot of the San Francisco Giants since 1996 . Located behind the centerfield bleachers , the ballpark features the @ Café , a social media café , which opened in the 2013 season . The cafe serves Peet 's Coffee and features large screens that show off fans ' social media posts from Facebook , Twitter , and Instagram , which are curated by the Giants organization . The cafe replaced a team - themed Build - A-Bear Workshop store , where fans could build their own stuffed Giants ' mascot , Lou Seal , or create other Giants - themed stuffed animals . Scoreboards ( edit ) In addition to the automated scoreboards , which now include a new high - definition video board by Mitsubishi , the park has enormous , manually operated boards on the right field wall , which display the scores of Major League games played elsewhere . These manual scoreboards are operated by three employees , whose work on game days starts at least two hours before the first pitch . Wireless internet ( edit ) Starting in 2004 , the Giants installed 122 wireless internet access points , covering all concourses and seating areas , creating one of the largest public hotspots in the world at the time . San Francisco Giants wall of Fame ( edit ) For the inductees ' names , see : San Francisco Giants § San Francisco Giants Wall of Famers On September 23 , 2008 , the Giants Wall of Fame was unveiled on the King Street side of the ballpark , as part of the 50th - anniversary celebration of the Giants ' move to San Francisco . Forty - three retired players were inducted , based on longevity and achievement . Eligibility requirements for players to be on the Wall are either five years as a San Francisco Giant with an All - Star Game appearance or nine years as a Giant . Rich Aurilia and Shawn Estes were added in 2010 . Jason Schmidt and Marvin Benard were added in 2011 . Giants Home Attendance at AT&T Park Season Attendance Avg. / Game Rank 2000 3,318,800 40,973 2nd 2001 3,311,958 40,888 1st 2002 3,253,203 40,163 1st 2003 3,264,898 40,307 1st 3,256,854 39,718 3rd 2005 3,181,023 39,272 3rd 2006 3,130,313 38,646 4th 2007 3,223,215 39,793 5th 2008 2,863,837 35,356 7th 2009 2,862,110 35,335 7th 3,037,443 37,499 5th 2011 3,387,303 41,819 2nd 2012 3,377,371 41,696 2nd 2013 3,369,106 41,593 3rd 2014 3,368,697 41,589 3rd 2015 3,375,882 41,678 3rd 2016 3,365,256 41,546 3rd 2017 3,303,652 40,785 3rd Source : Statues ( edit ) Main entrance with Willie Mays statue and 24 palm trees . Outside the ballpark are six statues , five of which are dedicated to San Francisco Giants all - time greats . The Willie Mays Statue is located in front of the ballpark entrance at 24 Willie Mays Plaza and is surrounded with 24 palm trees , in honor of his number 24 uniform , retired by the Giants . It was dedicated at noon on March 31 , 2000 , prior to the opening of the ballpark and was commissioned by Giants Managing Partner Peter Magowan and his wife Debby . Another statue is located at McCovey Point across McCovey Cove , and is dedicated to Willie McCovey . Around the Willie McCovey Statue are a number of plaques that celebrate the winners of the Willie Mac Award . The statue is located at China Basin Park next to The Barry Bonds Junior Giants Field , a T - ball park . Also located on the sea wall promenade are plaques showing the Opening Day roster of every Giants team from 1958 through 1999 . Giants fans who contributed funds to China Basin Park , had their own tiles with their own inscriptions set into the wall . A third statue , dedicated in 2005 , honors former Giants pitcher Juan Marichal , and is located outside the ballpark at the Lefty O'Doul Gate entrance . The fourth statue is located at the park 's ferry plaza behind center field , also known as Seals Plaza ; a statue of a seal bobbing a baseball on its nose honors the memory of the San Francisco Seals , the minor league baseball club that played before the arrival of the Giants in 1958 . On September 6 , 2008 , during a series against the Pittsburgh Pirates , a fifth statue depicting former Giants great Orlando Cepeda was dedicated at the corner of 2nd and King Streets next to the ballpark . A sixth statue , dedicated on August 13 , 2016 , honors former Giants pitcher Gaylord Perry and is also located at the corner of 2nd and King Streets next to the ballpark . All five statues of the Giants Hall of Fame players were created by sculptor William Behrends of North Carolina . AT&T Park , with the Bay Bridge in the background and McCovey Cove on the right Notable events ( edit ) 2000s ( edit ) The opening series took place April 11 -- 13 , 2000 against the Los Angeles Dodgers ( the team the Giants faced in their final series at Candlestick Park ) , and the Giants were swept in three games . In the first game of that series , the Giants lost 6 -- 5 , highlighted by three home runs from the Dodgers ' Kevin Elster . On May 1 , 2000 , Barry Bonds became the first player to hit a `` splash hit '' home run into McCovey Cove . In just its first few years of existence , the ballpark saw its share of historic events primarily due to veteran Giants outfielder Barry Bonds . On April 17 , 2001 , Bonds hit his 500th career home run at then - Pacific Bell Park . Later that year , he set the single season home run record when he hit home runs number 71 , 72 , and 73 over the weekend of October 5 to close the season . On August 9 , 2002 , Bonds hit his 600th career home run at the park . On April 12 , 2004 , Bonds hit career home run 660 at SBC Park to tie Willie Mays for third on the all - time list and on the next night , he hit number 661 to move into sole possession of third place . On September 17 , 2004 , Bonds hit his 700th career home run at the park to become just the third member of baseball 's 700 club . On May 28 , 2006 , Bonds hit his 715th home run at the park to pass Babe Ruth for second place on the all - time list . On August 7 , 2007 , Bonds hit his 756th home run , breaking Hank Aaron 's record . The park hosted games three through five of the 2002 World Series against the Anaheim Angels , which the Giants lost four games to three . It also hosted the 2007 MLB All - Star Game , which the American League won 5 -- 4 over the National League . On July 10 , 2009 , the Giants ' Jonathan Sánchez pitched the first no - hitter at AT&T Park . 2010s ( edit ) On October 27 & 28 , 2010 , the Giants hosted the first two games of the World Series , beating the Texas Rangers in both games . They ultimately went on to win the series , their first championship since the team moved to San Francisco in 1958 , though the clinching game was played at Rangers Ballpark in Arlington rather than at AT&T Park . On June 13 , 2012 , Matt Cain threw the 22nd perfect game in MLB history -- and first in Giants history -- against the Houston Astros . AT&T Park hosted Games 1 and 2 of the 2012 World Series on October 24 and 25 . The Giants beat the Detroit Tigers twice , 8 -- 3 and 2 -- 0 respectively . The Giants would go on to win the 2012 World Series in a four - game sweep at Comerica Park . The stadium hosted of the semifinal and final rounds of the 2013 World Baseball Classic on March 17 -- 19 . On July 23 , 2013 , due to a previous rain - out in Cincinnati , AT&T Park served as the `` home '' venue of the Cincinnati Reds for the second game of a doubleheader against the Giants . Giants manager Bruce Bochy won his 1,500 th career game . On June 25 , 2014 Tim Lincecum pitched the 3rd no hitter at AT&T Park against the San Diego Padres in a 4 - 0 win . It was his 2nd no hitter of his career , with both of them coming against the Padres . His first one was in San Diego on July 13 , 2013 . AT&T Park hosted Games 3 , 4 , and 5 of the 2014 World Series on October 24 , 25 , and 26 . The Giants beat the Kansas City Royals 2 out of the 3 games played at AT&T Park , losing Game 3 , 3 -- 2 , before winning Games 4 and 5 , 11 -- 4 and 5 -- 0 respectively . They ultimately went on to win the series in seven games , with the clinching game played at Kauffman Stadium rather than at AT&T Park . As of 2017 , the Giants have not hosted a World Series clincher at AT&T Park , but they did host one at Candlestick Park in 1962 , which was won by the New York Yankees . On June 15 , 2015 , the Giants set a record for most consecutive home losses at AT&T Park at nine straight games with a 5 - 1 loss to the Seattle Mariners . This losing streak was the Giants ' longest since an 11 - game home loss streak at the Polo Grounds in New York in 1940 . From October 1 , 2010 to July 18 , 2017 , AT&T Park recorded 530 consecutive sellouts , the second longest in Major League history behind Fenway Park 's 794 consecutive sellouts from 2003 -- 13 . Non-baseball events ( edit ) Giants Enterprises , a wholly owned subsidiary of the San Francisco Giants created and headed by longtime team executive Pat Gallagher , brings non-baseball events to AT&T Park on days when the Giants do not play . Prominent among these has been the usage of the stadium for football . It has also hosted a range of other sporting and musical events . Football ( edit ) The park was home to the XFL 's San Francisco Demons in 2001 , was the home of the East - West Shrine Game ( until 2006 ) , and was the former home stadium of the California Redwoods of the UFL in 2009 . From 2002 to 2013 , it has also been home to college football 's Fight Hunger Bowl , previously the San Francisco Bowl and most recently the Emerald Bowl . In 2011 , AT&T Park became the temporary home football stadium for the California Golden Bears while Cal 's on - campus stadium , California Memorial Stadium , underwent renovation . AT&T Park also hosted its first high school football game in 2011 , the Central Coast Section Division III football championship game between long - time San Francisco rivals St. Ignatius College Preparatory and Sacred Heart Cathedral Preparatory . Soccer ( edit ) On February 10 , 2006 , the U.S. men 's soccer team defeated Japan 3 -- 2 at AT&T in a friendly . A match of the 2011 World Football Challenge between Manchester City and Club America was held at AT&T , drawing a crowd of 11,250 . Date Winning Team Result Losing Team Tournament Spectators February 10 , 2006 United States 3 -- 2 Japan International Friendly 37,365 July 16 , 2011 Manchester City 2 -- 0 Club América 2011 World Football Challenge 11,250 Concerts ( edit ) Date Artist Opening act ( s ) Tour / Concert name Attendance Revenue Notes May 18 , 2001 Dave Matthews Band Macy Gray Angelique Kidjo -- -- -- Carlos Santana and Karl Perazzo were special guests . May 19 , 2001 Trey Anastasio was the special guest . November 8 , 2002 The Rolling Stones Sheryl Crow Licks Tour -- -- November 9 , 2002 August 16 , 2003 Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band -- The Rising Tour 40,702 / 40,702 $3,134,054 September 24 , 2005 Green Day My Chemical Romance Simple Plan Jimmy Eat World Against Me ! American Idiot World Tour -- -- November 13 , 2005 The Rolling Stones Metallica Everclear A Bigger Bang 87,054 / 88,264 $11,210,733 November 15 , 2005 November 29 , 2007 Fall Out Boy Gym Class Heroes Plain White T 's Cute Is What We Aim For Doug Young Wild Things Tour -- -- July 18 , 2009 Kenny Chesney Lady Antebellum Miranda Lambert Sun City Carnival Tour 36,258 / 37,411 $2,516,347 July 10 , 2010 Paul McCartney -- Up and Coming Tour 40,512 / 40,512 $4,752,027 This show marked his first performance in the city since The Beatles performed at Candlestick Park in 1966 . August 5 , 2014 Beyoncé & Jay Z -- On the Run Tour 73,020 / 73,020 $8,887,539 August 6 , 2014 September 5 , 2015 Billy Joel -- Billy Joel in Concert 37,064 / 37,064 $3,924,448 September 25 , 2015 AC / DC Vintage Trouble Rock or Bust World Tour 46,167 / 46,167 $4,446,189 February 6 , 2016 Metallica Cage the Elephant WorldWired Tour 41,119 / 43,681 $4,341,114 August 9 , 2016 Guns N ' Roses The Struts Not in This Lifetime ... Tour 38,173 / 38,173 $5,597,843 September 4 , 2016 Journey The Doobie Brothers Eclipse Tour -- -- August 13 , 2017 Lady Gaga DJ White Shadow Joanne World Tour 39,225 / 39,225 $4,674,972 November 9 , 2017 Metallica TBA WorldWired Tour TBA TBA Northern California Wildfire Relief Benefit Concert In video games ( edit ) A virtual recreation of the park was created as a gig venue for Guitar Hero World Tour . In the game Watch Dogs 2 , a stadium , called Nudle Park , based on AT&T Park is recreated . Its location is also in San Francisco , and is in the same region . In tv ( edit ) In summer 2010 , the park hosted an audition stop for the 2011 ( 10th ) season of American Idol . Other events ( edit ) The stadium hosted an AMA Supercross Championship round from 2003 to 2010 . The Mavericks big - wave surfing contest is broadcast live on the giant video display at AT&T Park when the event is held . In 2006 , the park hosted ICER AIR the first stadium big - air ski and snowboard competition to be held in the United States . San Francisco Opera partnered with Giants Enterprises to do three broadcasts , most recently Tosca , in June and September 2009 . In October 2013 , rapper Kanye West rented out the stadium and the scoreboard for a private event , which turned out to be an elaborate marriage proposal to his girlfriend , reality personality Kim Kardashian . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal San Francisco Bay Area portal 49 - Mile Scenic Drive Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area Chase Center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The San Francisco Giants ' AT&T Park '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Crumpacker , John ( May 11 , 2010 ) . `` Cal Football to Temp at AT&T Park '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Park '' . Populous . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Team '' . Alliance Building Partners . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Park '' . Thornton Tomasetti . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ King , John ( April 11 , 2000 ) . `` Neighbor - Friendly Lighting At Stadium Earns a Halo '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Park '' . Ballparks.com . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.rwcsevens.com/video/246319 Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Epstein , Edward ( February 25 , 1997 ) . `` The Giants ' Grand Designs / Statue of Willie Mays to Grace New Ballpark '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Engineering : Taking the Wind Out of Baseball '' . UC Davis Magazine . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Privately Built Pacific Bell Park a Curse to Other Teams '' . Lawrence Journal - World . Associated Press . October 22 , 2002 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Jon ( May 14 , 2004 ) . `` In San Francisco , the Giants Went Private for Their Stadium '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved September 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Park Becomes the First Major League Ballpark to Receive LEED Silver Certification for Existing Buildings , Operations and Maintenance '' ( Press release ) . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . April 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Raine , George ( February 4 , 2006 ) . `` It 's Official : SBC Park Becomes AT&T March 1 / S.F. Giants Will Be Playing Ball on Field 's Second Name Change Since Opening in 2000 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Swartz , Jon ( 10 April 2000 ) . `` Baseball Gets Wired In San Francisco '' . Forbes . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 MLB Park Factors '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Park Ranked Most Vegetarian - Friendly Ballpark by PETA , '' KCRA , 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Splash Hits '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ AT&T Park 's new McCovey Cove Loft `` Suite Of Dreams Debuts At AT&T Park '' Archived April 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . March 7 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` AT&T Ballpark Attractions '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Elder , Jeff ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` Welcome to AT&T Park 's New Social Media Cafe -- Home of the Giant Tweetdeck '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Giants Wi - Fi Network '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Haft , Chris ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` Giants Honor Greats with Wall of Fame '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wall of Fame '' . San Francisco Giants official website . MLB Advanced Media , L.P . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Haft , Chris ( September 22 , 2008 ) . `` Giants to Unveil ' Wall of Fame ' '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Haft , Chris ( July 24 , 2010 ) . `` Aurilia , Estes to Join Giants Wall of Fame '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants Attendance '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Edward ( August 7 , 1998 ) . `` ' All Choked Up / Giants Legend Willie Mays Is Moved By Statue of Him for New Ballpark ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants McCovey Point And China Basin Park '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sheldon , Mark ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Cincinnati Reds Set to Call San Francisco Home for Game 1 of Doubleheader '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giants ' home skid nearly a franchise record . Sports Xchange June 16 , 2015 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Cal Football to Play 2011 Home Season at San Francisco 's AT&T Park '' ( Press release ) . University of California , Berkeley Athletics . May 10 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Mitch ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` CCS Division III Title Game Set for AT&T Park '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . This will be the first high school football game played at AT&T ( the two schools have played baseball games there as part of the Bruce - Mahoney series ) . Jump up ^ http://dmbalmanac.com/TourShowSet.aspx?id=15&tid=2&where=2001 Jump up ^ http://dmbalmanac.com/TourShowSet.aspx?id=16&tid=2&where=2001 Jump up ^ `` Northern California Wildfire Relief Benefit Concert '' . Metallica . October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 2015 AMA Supercross media guide American Motorcyclist Association Jump up ^ Garchik , Leah ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Kanye 's S.F. Proposal to Kim Kardashian '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to AT&T Park . 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Humphrey Metrodome ( Minneapolis ) Kingdome ( Seattle ) Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( New Orleans ) Levi 's Stadium ( Santa Clara ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( Los Angeles ) Mile High Stadium ( Denver ) NRG Stadium ( Houston ) Pontiac Silverdome ( Pontiac ) Qualcomm Stadium ( San Diego ) Raymond James Stadium ( Tampa ) RCA Dome ( Indianapolis ) Route 66 Raceway ( Joliet ) Sun Devil Stadium ( Tempe ) Texas Stadium ( Irving ) Current ballparks in Major League Baseball American League East Fenway Park Oriole Park at Camden Yards Rogers Centre Tropicana Field Yankee Stadium Central Comerica Park Guaranteed Rate Field Kauffman Stadium Progressive Field Target Field West Angel Stadium Globe Life Park in Arlington Minute Maid Park Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Safeco Field National League East Citi Field Citizens Bank Park Marlins Park Nationals Park SunTrust Park Central Busch Stadium Great American Ball Park Miller Park PNC Park Wrigley Field West AT&T Park Chase Field Coors Field Dodger Stadium Petco Park Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AT%26T_Park&oldid=814887553 '' Categories : 2000 establishments in California American football venues in California AT&T buildings Baseball venues in California California Golden Bears football venues Defunct NCAA bowl game venues Defunct United Football League ( 2009 -- 12 ) venues Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design basic silver certified buildings Major League Baseball venues Multi-purpose stadiums in the United States Parks in San Francisco Rugby union stadiums in the United States Sacramento Mountain Lions stadiums San Francisco Giants stadiums Soccer venues in California South of Market , San Francisco Sports venues completed in 2000 Sports venues in San Francisco XFL venues Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles that may contain original research from October 2012 All articles that may contain original research Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Català Cebuano Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 14 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when was at&t stadium built in san francisco
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[
"\nAT&T Park\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFormer names\nPacific Bell Park (2000–2003)\nSBC Park (2004–2005)\n\n\nAddress\n24 Willie Mays Plaza\n\n\nLocation\nSan Francisco, California\n\n\nCoordinates\n37°46′43″N 122°23′21″W / 37.77861°N 122.38917°W / 37.77861; -122.38917Coordinates: 37°46′43″N 122°23′21″W / 37.77861°N 122.38917°W / 37.77861; -122.38917\n\n\nPublic transit\n 2nd and King Station\n 4th and King Station\n Golden Gate Larkspur Giants Ferry\n MUNI Bus: N-Owl, T-Owl, 10, 30, 45, 47, 91-Owl\n San Francisco Bay Ferry: Alameda/Oakland Giants Ferry, Vallejo Giants Ferry\n\n\nOperator\nSan Francisco Baseball Associates LP\n\n\nCapacity\n\nBaseball:\n\n\n41,915 (2007–present)\n41,606 (2006)\n41,584 (2005)\n41,503 (2003–2004)[1]\n41,059 (2001–2003)\n40,930 (2000)\n\n1,500 standing-room capacity\n\nNCAA Football:\n\n\n45,000 (2011 season only)[2]\n\n\nSoccer:\n\n\nTBD (per event)\n\n\n\n\n\nRecord attendance\n44,046 (2010 NLDS, Game 2, Braves)\n\n\nField size\nLeft field line – 339 feet (103 m)\nLeft field – 364 feet (111 m)\nLeft-center field – 404 feet (123 m)\nCenter field – 399 feet (122 m)\nRight-center field – 421 feet (128 m)\nRight field – 365 feet (111 m)\nRight field line – 309 feet (94 m)\n\n\nSurface\nTifway 419 Bermuda Grass\n\n\nConstruction\n\n\nBroke ground\nDecember 11, 1997\n\n\nOpened\nApril 11, 2000\n\n\nConstruction cost\n$357 million\n($496 million in 2016 dollars[3])\n\n\nArchitect\nPopulous (then HOK Sport)[4]\n\n\nProject manager\nAlliance Building Partners[5]\n\n\nStructural engineer\nThornton Tomasetti[6]\n\n\nServices engineer\nM-E Engineers, Inc.[7]\n\n\nGeneral contractor\nHunt/Kajima[8]\n\n\nTenants\n\n\nSan Francisco Giants (MLB) (2000–present)\nFight Hunger Bowl (NCAA) (2002–2013)\nSan Francisco Demons (XFL) (2001)\nCalifornia Redwoods (UFL) (2009)\nCalifornia Golden Bears football (NCAA) (2011)\n\n"
] |
[
"December 11, 1997"
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-7330811176711289091
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Catfish (film)
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Catfish ( film ) - wikipedia Catfish ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Catfish Theatrical release poster Directed by Henry Joost Ariel Schulman Produced by Andrew Jarecki Marc Smerling Henry Joost Ariel Schulman Starring Nev Schulman Henry Joost Ariel Schulman Cinematography Henry Joost Ariel Schulman Nev Schulman Edited by Zachary Stuart - Pontier Production company Relativity Media Rogue Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date January 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 22 ) ( Sundance ) September 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 87 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30,000 Box office $3.5 million Catfish is a 2010 American documentary film directed by Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman , involving a young man , Nev , being filmed by his brother and friend , co-directors Ariel and Henry , as he builds a romantic relationship with a young woman on the social networking website Facebook . The film was a critical and commercial success . It led to an MTV reality TV series , Catfish : The TV Show . The film is credited with coining the term catfishing : a type of deceptive activity involving a person creating a fake social networking presence for nefarious purposes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title 2 Plot 3 Production 4 Authenticity 5 Release 6 MTV series 7 Reception 8 Lawsuits 9 References 10 External links Title ( edit ) In the film , the husband of the `` catfish '' , Vince , relays a story of how when live cod were shipped to Asia from North America , the fish 's inactivity in their tanks resulted in only mushy flesh reaching the destination . However , fishermen found that putting catfish in the tanks with the cod kept them active , and thus ensured the quality of the fish . Vince made an analogy of how there are people in everyone 's lives who keep each other active , always on their toes and always thinking , suggesting that people should always be alert while socializing through the internet . Plot ( edit ) Young photographer Yaniv `` Nev '' Schulman lives with his brother Ariel in New York City . Abby Pierce , an 8 - year - old child prodigy artist in rural Ishpeming , Michigan , sends Nev a painting of one of his photos . They become Facebook friends , which broadens to include Abby 's family : including her mother , Angela ( Wesselman ) ; Angela 's husband Vince , and Abby 's attractive older half - sister Megan , who lives in Gladstone , Michigan . For a documentary , Ariel and Henry Joost film Nev as he begins an online relationship with Megan . She sends him MP3s of song covers she performs for him , but Nev discovers that they are all taken from performances on YouTube . He later finds evidence that Angela and Abby have lied about other details of Abby 's art career . Ariel urges Nev to continue the relationship for the documentary , although Nev seems reluctant to continue . The siblings decide to travel to Michigan in order to make an impromptu appearance at the Pierces ' house and confront Megan directly . As they arrive at the house , Angela takes some time to answer the door , but is welcoming and seems happy to finally meet Nev in person . She also tells him that she has recently begun chemotherapy for uterine cancer . After leaving multiple messages while trying to call Megan , she drives Nev and Ariel to see Abby herself . While talking with Abby and her friend alone , Nev learns that Abby never sees her sister and rarely paints . The next morning , Nev wakes up to a text message from Megan saying that she has had a long - standing alcohol problem , and has decided to check into rehab and can not meet him , which is confirmed by one of Megan 's Facebook friends , but Nev realizes that this is likely another lie from Angela . After meeting with the family back at their house , Angela admits that the pictures of Megan were of a family friend , that her daughter Megan really is in rehab downstate and that Angela had really painted each of the paintings that she had sent to Nev . Nev thus realizes that while believing he was talking to Megan , it was really Angela posing as her with an alternate Facebook account and mobile phone . As he sits for a drawing , Angela confesses that the various Facebook profiles were all maintained by her , but that through her friendship with Nev she had reconnected with the world of painting , which had been her passion before she sacrificed her career to marry Vince -- who has two severely mentally disabled children who require constant care . Through a conversation with Vince himself , the siblings learn that Angela had told him ( falsely ) that Nev was paying for her paintings , and that he had encouraged her to seize the opportunity to have him as a patron . Vince , talking with Nev , tells the story about how live cod were shipped along with catfish in the same tanks to keep the cod active , and thus ensure the quality of the fish . He further explains this as a metaphor on how there are people in everyone 's lives who keep them alert , active , and always thinking . It is implied that he believes Angela to be such a person . Some time after , Nev receives a package labeled as being from Angela herself ; it is the completed drawing that she labored over during their meeting , although Nev seems ambivalent in his feelings about it . On - screen text then informs the viewer that Angela did not have cancer , there was no Megan at Dawn Farms , and she does n't know the girl in the pictures . Over the course of their nine - month correspondence , Angela and Nev exchanged more than 1,500 messages . It was revealed later on that the girl in the pictures was Aimee Gonzales , a professional model and photographer , who lives in Vancouver , Washington with her husband and two children . In October 2008 , two years subsequent to the events , Ronald , one of Vince 's twin sons , has died . Angela deactivated her 15 other profiles and changed her Facebook profile to a picture of herself , and now has a website to promote herself as an artist . Nev is still on Facebook and has more than 732 friends , including Angela . Production ( edit ) To portray Megan and her family , Angela used pictures that Gonzales had posted on Facebook . The documentary 's filmmakers compensated Gonzales for her involuntary appearance in Catfish , and she participated in publicity for the film . A photograph Angela described as a son , Alex , is that of rapper Joshua Paul Liimatta , also known as `` The Sisu Kid '' . Authenticity ( edit ) Following the film 's premiere at the Sundance Film Festival , a Q&A session was abruptly ended , when an audience member suggested that Catfish may actually be a `` faux - documentary '' . Ariel Schulman dismissed this opinion with the reply , `` Oh , so you 're saying that my brother is the best actor in the world ? Let 's hear it for my brother ! The next Marlon Brando , ladies and gentlemen ! Thank you very much ! Oh , and we 're the best writers in Hollywood ? Thank you everyone ! '' After the screening , documentary - filmmaker Morgan Spurlock approached the film 's producers and called Catfish `` the best fake documentary '' he had ever seen . The veracity of Angela Wesselman - Pierce 's life , as presented in the film , is not in question and has been confirmed by multiple independent news sources . A month after the film 's theatrical release , Wesselman - Pierce was interviewed on ABC 's 20 / 20 , and the Los Angeles Times ran a profile on her . A year later , The Mining Journal revisited her story in a two - part profile , highlighting Wesselman - Pierce 's involvement with the North of the 45th Parallel 2011 exhibition at the DeVos Art Museum on the campus of Northern Michigan University . Some journalists and film critics have cast doubt on the filmmakers motivations . Kyle Buchanan of MovieLine questions why the filmmakers would begin obsessively documenting Nev 's online relationship so early on , and argues that it is highly improbable that media - savvy professionals like the Schulmans and Joost would not use the Internet to research Megan and her family before meeting them . Buchanan and others have suggested that the filmmakers likely discovered the fabrications in Wesselman - Pierce 's story earlier than is presented in the film and pretended to be fooled only so that they could exploit her story for the documentary . Release ( edit ) The film had a limited release on September 17 , 2010 . The Rogue Pictures unit of Relativity Media acquired Catfish in a bidding war with Paramount Pictures , after Brett Ratner endorsed the film . Catfish was released on Blu - ray and DVD on January 4 , 2011 . MTV series ( edit ) Main article : Catfish : The TV Show The Schulmans teamed up with MTV to produce a reality television series similar to the idea of the documentary but which focuses on the lives of others who have been entangled in an online relationship with another person . It premiered on November 12 , 2012 . Reception ( edit ) The film was well received by critics ; it holds an 80 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , the site 's consensus being `` Catfish may tread the line between real - life drama and crass exploitation a little too unsteadily for some viewers ' tastes , but its timely premise and tightly wound mystery make for a gripping documentary '' . Time magazine did a full - page article , written by Mary Pols in a September 2010 issue , saying `` as you watch Catfish , squirming in anticipation of the trouble that must lie ahead ― why else would this be a movie ? ― you 're likely to think this is the real face of social networking . '' At the 2010 Sundance Film Festival , Alison Willmore of IFC described it as a `` sad , unusual love story . '' John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter called Catfish `` jaw - dropping '' and `` crowd - pleasing '' but said that it `` will require clever marketing in order to preserve the surprises at its core . '' Kyle Buchanan of Movieline asked if `` easily the most buzzed - about documentary '' at Sundance had `` a truth problem '' , and reported that an audience member questioned whether it was a documentary at all . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times referred to these questions as a `` severe cross-examination '' and states that `` everyone in the film is exactly as the film portrays them . '' Total Film described the film as : `` Funny , unsettling and thoroughly engrossing ... the end result is a compulsive , propulsive study of relationships virtual and real '' . Ariel Schulman and Henry Joost became co-directors for the horror film Paranormal Activity 3 after Catfish received attention from film festivals . The two also co-directed the fourth installment . Lawsuits ( edit ) The film itself has been the subject of two lawsuits . Relativity Media has concluded that due to these lawsuits , the film will never be profitable . Both of these lawsuits have to do with songs used within the film not being attributed to their creators . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CATFISH ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2010 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.movieinsider.com/m7370/catfish/production Jump up ^ Catfish at Box Office Mojo Retrieved June 23 , 2013 Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( January 23 , 2010 ) . `` Catfish Review '' . Variety . Retrieved October 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carlin , Peter Ames ( 2010 - 10 - 06 ) . `` Aimee Gonzales stars in ' Catfish ' -- without being in the movie '' . Oregonian . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Liimatta , Joshua Paul . `` It 's now confirmed that my picture is indeed used for Angela 's fictional son `` Alex '' in the movie # Catfish `` . Twitter . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Buchanan , Kyle . `` Does Sundance Sensation Catfish Have a Truth Problem ? '' Movieline , 2010 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Karina Longworth ( September 15 , 2010 ) . `` Doc or Not , Catfish is Stranger Than Fiction '' . Village Voice . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steve Pond ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' Catfish ' Star Grilled on Truth , Fiction & Facebook '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anne Brodie ( September 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Catfish ' Creators Tell Us if It 's Real or Not '' . Moviefone . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Berman , Thomas . `` Exclusive : ' Catfish 's ' Angela Wesselman Speaks Out '' . ABC 20 / 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Henry Joost , Jay Schadler , Yaniv Schulman , Ariel Schulman , Angela Wesselman - Pierce ( October 8 , 2010 ) . Exclusive : Angela 's World in ' Catfish ' ( video ) . ABC News . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy . `` The woman behind ' Catfish 's ' mystery '' . L.A. Times . Retrieved October 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Prusi , Renee . `` ' The Catfish Lady ' : Film changes local woman 's life '' . The Mining Journal . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Prusi , Renee . `` Thrilled to be Chosen : Pierce happy to be part of local exhibition '' . The Mining Journal . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Will Leitch ( June 22 , 2013 ) . `` The Will Leitch Experience - Catfish '' . Deadspin . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Gilbey ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Trust me , I 'm a film - maker : the men behind Catfish come clean '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew O'Hehir ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Untangling the `` Catfish '' hoax rumors `` . Salon . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel . `` Affleck 's ' Town ' Is the Talk of the Box Office with $8.4 M Friday '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandy ( 2010 - 09 - 03 ) . `` ' Catfish ' clips : A movie you 'll be talking about '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( 2010 - 02 - 04 ) . `` Brett Ratner : The ultimate cheerleader for Sundance doc ' Catfish ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Warner , Kara ( 2012 - 07 - 05 ) . `` ' Catfish ' MTV Show Brings Online Love Stories To Life - Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` ' Catfish : The TV Show ' to Premiere Monday , November 12 on MTV - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2012 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Catfish '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Pols , Mary . `` Fish Tale '' , Time , New York , 2010 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved on 2010 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Willmore , Allison . `` '' Catfish , '' a virtual romance . '' IFC , 23 January 2010 . Jump up ^ DeFore , John . `` Catfish -- Film Review '' The Hollywood Reporter , 28 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger. `` Catfish '' Chicago Sun - Times , 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Catfish Review '' . Total Film . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Relativity Hit With Second ' Catfish ' Lawsuit as Legal Fight Becomes More Bizarre ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2011 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Catfish on IMDb Catfish at Box Office Mojo Catfish at Rotten Tomatoes Catfish at Metacritic United States portal Film portal 2010s portal Internet portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catfish_(film)&oldid=806267560 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010s documentary films American documentary films American films Films shot in Michigan Films shot in New York City American independent films Relativity Media films Rogue ( company ) films Works about Facebook Documentary films about the Internet Documentary films about the arts Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français עברית Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 21 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the name of the catfish movie
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[
"Catfish is a 2010 American documentary film directed by Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman, involving a young man, Nev, being filmed by his brother and friend, co-directors Ariel and Henry, as he builds a romantic relationship with a young woman on the social networking website Facebook.[4] The film was a critical and commercial success. It led to an MTV reality TV series, Catfish: The TV Show. The film is credited with coining the term catfishing: a type of deceptive activity involving a person creating a fake social networking presence for nefarious purposes."
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[
"Catfish"
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2017 NHL Entry Draft
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2017 NHL Entry Draft - wikipedia 2017 NHL Entry Draft Jump to : navigation , search `` 2017 NHL Draft '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with 2017 NHL Expansion Draft . 2017 NHL Draft General information Date ( s ) June 23 -- 24 , 2017 Location Chicago , Illinois First selection Nico Hischier Selected by : New Jersey Devils NHL Entry Draft ← 2016 2018 → The 2017 NHL Entry Draft was the 55th NHL Entry Draft . The draft was held from June 23 -- 24 , 2017 , at the United Center in Chicago , Illinois . The first three selections were Nico Hischier , Nolan Patrick and Miro Heiskanen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Eligibility 2 Draft lottery 3 Top prospects 4 Selections by round 4.1 Round one 4.2 Round two 4.3 Round three 4.4 Round four 4.5 Round five 4.6 Round six 4.7 Round seven 5 Draftees based on nationality 5.1 North American Draftees by State / Province 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Eligibility ( edit ) Ice hockey players born between January 1 , 1997 , and September 15 , 1999 , were eligible for selection in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft . Additionally , un-drafted , non-North American players born in 1996 were eligible for the draft ; and those players who were drafted in the 2015 NHL Entry Draft , but not signed by an NHL team and who were born after June 30 , 1997 , were also eligible to re-enter the draft . Draft lottery ( edit ) Since the 2012 -- 13 NHL season all teams not qualifying for the Stanley Cup playoffs have a `` weighted '' chance at winning the first overall selection . Beginning with the 2014 -- 15 NHL season the NHL changed the weighting system that was used in previous years . Under the new system the odds of winning the draft lottery for the four lowest finishing teams in the league decreased , while the odds for the other non-playoff teams increased . The first three picks overall in this draft were awarded by lottery . The odds of winning the second and third draws increased on a proportional basis depending on which team won the previous draw . In the 2017 draft lottery , the expansion Vegas Golden Knights had the same odds of winning the lottery as the team that finished with the third fewest points in the 2016 -- 17 NHL season ( this ended up being the Arizona Coyotes ) . Vegas earned the lowest possible pick that they could receive , and selected sixth overall in the first - round and third in each subsequent round of this draft . The New Jersey Devils , Philadelphia Flyers , and Dallas Stars won the draft lotteries that took place on April 29 , 2017 , giving them the first , second and third picks overall . New Jersey moved up four spots to earn the first selection , while Philadelphia and Dallas moved up from the thirteenth and eighth spots , respectively . In the process , the Colorado Avalanche , Vancouver Canucks , Vegas Golden Knights , and Arizona Coyotes were each knocked down three places from first , second , third and fourth overall , respectively , while the Buffalo Sabres and Detroit Red Wings dropped two spots and the Florida Panthers , Los Angeles Kings , Carolina Hurricanes , and Winnipeg Jets each dropped one place . Indicates team won first overall Indicates team won second overall Indicates team won third overall Indicates teams that did not win a lottery Complete draft position odds Team 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th Colorado 18.0 % 16.0 % 14.1 % 52.0 % Vancouver 12.1 % 11.8 % 11.3 % 34.0 % 30.7 % Vegas 10.3 % 10.3 % 10.1 % 11.8 % 39.3 % 18.1 % Arizona 10.3 % 10.3 % 10.1 % 2.1 % 22.8 % 34.6 % 9.7 % New Jersey 8.5 % 8.7 % 8.8 % 7.2 % 33.0 % 28.7 % 5.2 % Buffalo 7.6 % 7.8 % 8.0 % 14.3 % 38.2 % 21.4 % 2.6 % Detroit 6.7 % 7.0 % 7.2 % 23.4 % 39.7 % 14.8 % 1.2 % Dallas 5.8 % 6.1 % 6.4 % 33.7 % 37.9 % 9.5 % 0.5 % Florida 5.4 % 5.7 % 6.0 % 44.7 % 32.7 % 5.4 % 0.2 % Los Angeles 4.5 % 4.8 % 5.1 % 56.5 % 26.4 % 2.7 % 0.1 % Carolina 3.2 % 3.4 % 3.7 % 67.8 % 20.7 % 1.3 % < 0.1 % Winnipeg 2.7 % 2.9 % 3.2 % 76.4 % 14.3 % 0.5 % < 0.1 % Philadelphia 2.2 % 2.4 % 2.7 % 84.3 % 8.3 % 0.1 % Tampa Bay 1.8 % 2.0 % 2.2 % 91.2 % 2.9 % NY Islanders 0.9 % 1.0 % 1.1 % 97.0 % Top prospects ( edit ) Nico Hischier was selected first overall by the New Jersey Devils Source : NHL Central Scouting final ( April 11 , 2017 ) ranking . Ranking North American skaters European skaters Nolan Patrick ( C ) Klim Kostin ( C / LW ) Nico Hischier ( C ) Elias Pettersson ( C ) Casey Mittelstadt ( C ) Lias Andersson ( C ) Gabriel Vilardi ( C ) Miro Heiskanen ( D ) 5 Michael Rasmussen ( C ) Martin Necas ( C ) 6 Cody Glass ( C ) Timothy Liljegren ( D ) 7 Owen Tippett ( RW ) Kristian Vesalainen ( LW / RW ) 8 Eeli Tolvanen ( RW ) Urho Vaakanainen ( D ) 9 Cale Makar ( D ) Erik Brannstrom ( D ) 10 Nick Suzuki ( C ) Jesper Boqvist ( C ) Ranking North American goalies European goalies Jake Oettinger Ukko - Pekka Luukkonen Keith Petruzzelli Olle Eriksson Ek Ian Scott Adam Ahman Selections by round ( edit ) The order of the 2017 Entry Draft is listed below . Round one ( edit ) # Player Nationality NHL team College / junior / club team Nico Hischier ( C ) Switzerland New Jersey Devils Halifax Mooseheads ( QMJHL ) Nolan Patrick ( C ) Canada Philadelphia Flyers Brandon Wheat Kings ( WHL ) Miro Heiskanen ( D ) Finland Dallas Stars HIFK ( Liiga ) Cale Makar ( D ) Canada Colorado Avalanche Brooks Bandits ( AJHL ) 5 Elias Pettersson ( C ) Sweden Vancouver Canucks Timra IK ( HockeyAllsvenskan ) 6 Cody Glass ( C ) Canada Vegas Golden Knights Portland Winterhawks ( WHL ) 7 Lias Andersson ( C ) Sweden New York Rangers ( from Arizona ) HV71 ( SHL ) 8 Casey Mittelstadt ( C ) United States Buffalo Sabres Green Bay Gamblers ( USHL ) 9 Michael Rasmussen ( C ) Canada Detroit Red Wings Tri-City Americans ( WHL ) 10 Owen Tippett ( RW ) Canada Florida Panthers Mississauga Steelheads ( OHL ) 11 Gabriel Vilardi ( C ) Canada Los Angeles Kings Windsor Spitfires ( OHL ) 12 Martin Necas ( RW ) Czech Republic Carolina Hurricanes HC Kometa Brno ( Czech Extraliga ) 13 Nick Suzuki ( C ) Canada Vegas Golden Knights ( from Winnipeg ) Owen Sound Attack ( OHL ) 14 Callan Foote ( D ) Canada Tampa Bay Lightning Kelowna Rockets ( WHL ) 15 Erik Brannstrom ( D ) Sweden Vegas Golden Knights ( from NY Islanders ) HV71 ( SHL ) 16 Juuso Valimaki ( D ) Finland Calgary Flames Tri-City Americans ( WHL ) 17 Timothy Liljegren ( D ) Sweden Toronto Maple Leafs Rogle BK ( SHL ) 18 Urho Vaakanainen ( D ) Finland Boston Bruins JYP ( Liiga ) 19 Josh Norris ( C ) United States San Jose Sharks U.S. NTDP ( USHL ) 20 Robert Thomas ( C ) Canada St. Louis Blues London Knights ( OHL ) 21 Filip Chytil ( C ) Czech Republic New York Rangers PSG Zlin ( Czech Extraliga ) 22 Kailer Yamamoto ( RW ) United States Edmonton Oilers Spokane Chiefs ( WHL ) 23 Pierre - Olivier Joseph ( D ) Canada Arizona Coyotes ( from Minnesota ) Charlottetown Islanders ( QMJHL ) 24 Kristian Vesalainen ( RW ) Finland Winnipeg Jets ( from Columbus via Vegas ) Frolunda HC ( SHL ) 25 Ryan Poehling ( C ) United States Montreal Canadiens St. Cloud State ( NCHC ) 26 Jake Oettinger ( G ) United States Dallas Stars ( from Chicago ) Boston University ( HE ) 27 Morgan Frost ( C ) Canada Philadelphia Flyers ( from Washington via St. Louis ) Sault Ste . Marie Greyhounds ( OHL ) 28 Shane Bowers ( C ) Canada Ottawa Senators Waterloo Black Hawks ( USHL ) 29 Henri Jokiharju ( D ) Finland Chicago Blackhawks ( from Anaheim via Dallas ) Portland Winterhawks ( WHL ) 30 Eeli Tolvanen ( RW ) Finland Nashville Predators Sioux City Musketeers ( USHL ) 31 Klim Kostin ( C / LW ) Russia St. Louis Blues ( from Pittsburgh ) Dynamo Moscow ( KHL ) Notes The Arizona Coyotes ' first - round pick went to the New York Rangers as the result of a trade on June 23 , 2017 , that sent Derek Stepan and Antti Raanta to Arizona in exchange for Anthony DeAngelo and this pick . The Winnipeg Jets ' first - round pick went to the Vegas Golden Knights as the result of a trade on June 21 , 2017 , that sent Columbus ' first - round pick in 2017 to Winnipeg in exchange for Vegas selecting Chris Thorburn in the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft from Winnipeg , a third - round pick in 2019 and this pick . The New York Islanders ' first - round pick went to the Vegas Golden Knights as the result of a trade on June 21 , 2017 , that ensured that Vegas selected Jean - Francois Berube in the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft from the Islanders in exchange for Mikhail Grabovski , Jake Bischoff , a second - round pick in 2019 and this pick . The Minnesota Wild 's first - round pick went to the Arizona Coyotes as the result of a trade on February 26 , 2017 , that sent Martin Hanzal , Ryan White and a fourth - round pick in 2017 to Minnesota in exchange for Grayson Downing , a second - round pick in 2018 , a conditional fourth - round pick in 2019 and this pick . The Columbus Blue Jackets ' first - round pick went to the Winnipeg Jets as the result of a trade on June 21 , 2017 , that sent a first - round pick in 2017 , a third - round pick in 2019 to Vegas and ensured that Vegas selected Chris Thorburn in the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft from Winnipeg in exchange for this pick . Vegas previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on June 21 , 2017 , that ensured that Vegas selected William Karlsson in the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft from Columbus in exchange for David Clarkson , a second - round pick in 2019 and this pick . The Chicago Blackhawks ' first - round pick went to the Dallas Stars as the result of a trade on June 23 , 2017 , that sent Anaheim 's first - round pick in 2017 ( 29th overall ) and a third - round pick in 2017 ( 70th overall ) to Chicago in exchange for this pick . The Washington Capitals ' first - round pick went to the Philadelphia Flyers as the result of a trade on June 23 , 2017 , that sent Brayden Schenn to St. Louis in exchange for Jori Lehtera , a conditional first - round pick in 2018 and this pick . St. Louis previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on February 27 , 2017 , that sent Kevin Shattenkirk and Pheonix Copley to Washington in exchange for Zach Sanford , Brad Malone , a conditional seventh - round pick in 2017 or 2018 , a conditional second - round pick in 2019 and this pick . The Anaheim Ducks ' first - round pick went to the Chicago Blackhawks as the result of a trade on June 23 , 2017 , that sent a first - round pick in 2017 ( 26th overall ) to Dallas in exchange for a third - round pick in 2017 ( 70th overall ) and this pick . Dallas previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on February 24 , 2017 , that sent Patrick Eaves to Anaheim in exchange for this pick ( being conditional at the time of the trade ) . The condition -- Dallas will receive a first - round pick in 2017 if Anaheim advances to the 2017 Western Conference Final and Eaves plays in at least 50 % of their games -- was converted on May 10 , 2017 . The Pittsburgh Penguins ' first - round pick went to the St. Louis Blues as the result of a trade on June 23 , 2017 , that sent Ryan Reaves and a second - round pick in 2017 ( 51st overall ) to Pittsburgh in exchange for Oskar Sundqvist and this pick . Round two ( edit ) # Player Nationality NHL team College / junior / club team 32 Conor Timmins ( D ) Canada Colorado Avalanche Sault Ste . Marie Greyhounds ( OHL ) 33 Kole Lind ( RW ) Canada Vancouver Canucks Kelowna Rockets ( WHL ) 34 Nicolas Hague ( D ) Canada Vegas Golden Knights Mississauga Steelheads ( OHL ) 35 Isaac Ratcliffe ( C ) Canada Philadelphia Flyers ( from Arizona ) Guelph Storm ( OHL ) 36 Jesper Boqvist ( RW ) Sweden New Jersey Devils Brynas IF ( SHL ) 37 Marcus Davidsson ( RW ) Sweden Buffalo Sabres Djurgardens IF Hockey ( SHL ) 38 Gustav Lindstrom ( D ) Sweden Detroit Red Wings Almtuna IS ( HockeyAllsvenskan ) 39 Jason Robertson ( RW ) United States Dallas Stars Kingston Frontenacs ( OHL ) 40 Aleksi Heponiemi ( C ) Finland Florida Panthers Swift Current Broncos ( WHL ) 41 Jaret Anderson - Dolan ( C ) Canada Los Angeles Kings Spokane Chiefs ( WHL ) 42 Eetu Luostarinen ( C ) Finland Carolina Hurricanes KalPa ( Liiga ) 43 Dylan Samberg ( D ) United States Winnipeg Jets Hermantown High ( USHS ) 44 Filip Westerlund ( D ) Sweden Arizona Coyotes ( from Philadelphia ) Frolunda HC ( SHL ) 45 Alexandre Texier ( C ) France Columbus Blue Jackets ( from Tampa Bay via Vegas ) Brûleurs de Loups ( Ligue Magnus ) 46 Robin Salo ( D ) Finland New York Islanders Vaasan Sport ( Liiga ) 47 Alex Formenton ( LW ) Canada Ottawa Senators ( from Calgary ) London Knights ( OHL ) 48 Alexander Volkov ( RW ) Russia Tampa Bay Lightning ( from Toronto ) SKA - 1946 St. Petersburg ( MHL ) 49 Mario Ferraro ( D ) Canada San Jose Sharks ( from Boston via New Jersey ) Des Moines Buccaneers ( USHL ) 50 Maxime Comtois ( LW ) Canada Anaheim Ducks ( from San Jose via Toronto ) Victoriaville Tigres ( QMJHL ) 51 Zachary Lauzon ( D ) Canada Pittsburgh Penguins ( from St. Louis ) Rouyn - Noranda Huskies ( QMJHL ) 52 Luke Martin ( D ) United States Carolina Hurricanes ( from NY Rangers ) University of Michigan ( B1G ) 53 Jack Studnicka ( C ) Canada Boston Bruins ( from Edmonton ) Oshawa Generals ( OHL ) 54 Ukko - Pekka Luukkonen ( G ) Finland Buffalo Sabres ( from Minnesota ) HPK U20 ( Jr . A SM - liiga ) 55 Jonah Gadjovich ( LW ) Canada Vancouver Canucks ( from Columbus ) Owen Sound Attack ( OHL ) 56 Josh Brook ( D ) Canada Montreal Canadiens Moose Jaw Warriors ( WHL ) 57 Ian Mitchell ( D ) Canada Chicago Blackhawks Spruce Grove Saints ( AJHL ) 58 Joni Ikonen ( C ) Finland Montreal Canadiens ( from Washington ) Frolunda HC ( SHL ) 59 Eemeli Rasanen ( D ) Finland Toronto Maple Leafs ( from Ottawa ) Kingston Frontenacs ( OHL ) 60 Antoine Morand ( C ) Canada Anaheim Ducks Acadie -- Bathurst Titan ( QMJHL ) 61 Grant Mismash ( C ) United States Nashville Predators U.S. NTDP ( USHL ) 62 Jake Leschyshyn ( C ) Canada Vegas Golden Knights ( from Pittsburgh via Carolina ) Regina Pats ( WHL ) Notes The Arizona Coyotes ' second - round pick went to the Philadelphia Flyers as the result of a trade on June 24 , 2017 , that sent a second and third - round pick both in 2017 ( 44th and 75th overall ) and the Islanders ' fourth - round pick in 2017 ( 108th overall ) to Arizona in exchange for this pick . The Philadelphia Flyers ' second - round pick went to the Arizona Coyotes as the result of a trade on June 24 , 2017 , that sent a second - round pick in 2017 ( 35th overall ) to Philadelphia in exchange for a third - round pick in 2017 ( 75th overall ) , the Islanders ' fourth - round pick in 2017 ( 108th overall ) and this pick . The Tampa Bay Lightning 's second - round pick went to the Columbus Blue Jackets as the result of a trade on June 24 , 2017 , that sent Keegan Kolesar to Vegas in exchange for this pick . Vegas previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on June 21 , 2017 , that ensured that Vegas selected Jason Garrison in the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft from Tampa Bay in exchange for Nikita Gusev , Pittsburgh 's fourth - round pick in 2018 and this pick . The Calgary Flames ' second - round pick went to the Ottawa Senators as the result of a trade on March 1 , 2017 , that sent Curtis Lazar and Mike Kostka to Calgary in exchange for Jyrki Jokipakka and this pick . The Toronto Maple Leafs ' second - round pick went to the Tampa Bay Lightning as the result of a trade on February 27 , 2017 , that sent Brian Boyle to Toronto in exchange for Byron Froese and this pick ( being conditional at the time of the trade ) . The condition -- Tampa Bay will receive the highest pick of Ottawa , San Jose or Toronto 's second - round picks in 2017 -- was converted on April 23 , 2017 , when Toronto was eliminated from the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs , ensuring that Toronto 's second - round pick would be higher than San Jose or Ottawa 's second - round picks . The Boston Bruins ' second - round pick went to the San Jose Sharks as the result of a trade on June 17 , 2017 , that sent Mirco Mueller and a fifth - round pick in 2017 to New Jersey in exchange for Nashville 's fourth - round pick in 2017 and this pick . New Jersey previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on February 29 , 2016 , that sent Lee Stempniak to Boston in exchange for a fourth - round pick in 2016 and this pick . The San Jose Sharks ' second - round pick went to the Anaheim Ducks as the result of a trade on June 20 , 2016 , that sent Frederik Andersen to Toronto in exchange for Pittsburgh 's first - round pick in 2016 and this pick ( being conditional at the time of the trade ) . The condition -- Anaheim will receive the middle pick of Ottawa , San Jose or Toronto 's second - round picks in 2017 . -- was converted on May 9 , 2017 , when Ottawa advanced to the 2017 Eastern Conference Final , ensuring that the Sharks second - round pick would be higher than the Senators ' and lower than the Maple Leafs ' . Toronto previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on February 22 , 2016 , that sent Roman Polak and Nick Spaling to San Jose in exchange for Raffi Torres , a second - round pick in 2018 and this pick . The St. Louis Blues ' second - round pick went to the Pittsburgh Penguins as the result of a trade on June 23 , 2017 , that sent Oskar Sundqvist and a first - round pick in 2017 ( 31st overall ) to St. Louis in exchange for Ryan Reaves and this pick . The New York Rangers ' second - round pick went to the Carolina Hurricanes as the result of a trade on February 28 , 2016 , that sent Eric Staal to New York in exchange for Aleksi Saarela , a second - round pick in 2016 and this pick . The Edmonton Oilers ' second - round pick went to the Boston Bruins as compensation for Edmonton hiring Peter Chiarelli as their president and general manager on April 25 , 2015 . The Minnesota Wild 's second - round pick went the Buffalo Sabres as the result of a trade on March 2 , 2015 , that sent Chris Stewart to Minnesota in exchange for this pick . The Columbus Blue Jackets ' second - round pick went to the Vancouver Canucks as compensation for Columbus hiring John Tortorella as their head coach on October 21 , 2015 . The Washington Capitals ' second - round pick went to the Montreal Canadiens as the result of a trade on June 24 , 2016 , that sent Lars Eller to Washington in exchange for a second - round pick in 2018 and this pick . The Ottawa Senators ' second - round pick went the Toronto Maple Leafs as the result of a trade on February 9 , 2016 , that sent Dion Phaneuf , Matt Frattin , Casey Bailey , Ryan Rupert and Cody Donaghey to Ottawa in exchange for Milan Michalek , Jared Cowen , Colin Greening , Tobias Lindberg and this pick . The Pittsburgh Penguins ' second - round pick went to the Vegas Golden Knights as the result of a trade on June 22 , 2017 , that sent Trevor van Riemsdyk and a seventh - round pick in 2018 to Carolina in exchange for this pick . Carolina previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on February 23 , 2017 , that sent Ron Hainsey to Pittsburgh in exchange for Danny Kristo and this pick . Round three ( edit ) # Player Nationality NHL team College / junior / club team 63 Fabian Zetterlund ( LW ) Sweden New Jersey Devils ( from Colorado ) Farjestad BK J20 ( SuperElit ) 64 Michael DiPietro ( G ) Canada Vancouver Canucks Windsor Spitfires ( OHL ) 65 Jonas Rondbjerg ( RW ) Denmark Vegas Golden Knights Vaxjo Lakers J20 ( SuperElit ) 66 Max Gildon ( D ) United States Florida Panthers ( from Arizona ) U.S. NTDP ( USHL ) 67 Morgan Geekie ( C ) Canada Carolina Hurricanes ( from New Jersey ) Tri-City Americans ( WHL ) 68 Scott Walford ( D ) Canada Montreal Canadiens ( from Buffalo ) Victoria Royals ( WHL ) 69 MacKenzie Entwistle ( RW ) Canada Arizona Coyotes ( from Detroit via San Jose ) Hamilton Bulldogs ( OHL ) 70 Andrei Altybarmakyan ( RW ) Russia Chicago Blackhawks ( from Dallas ) Lvy - St. Petersburg ( MHL ) 71 Kasper Kotkansalo ( D ) Finland Detroit Red Wings ( from Florida ) Sioux Falls Stampede ( USHL ) 72 Matt Villalta ( G ) Canada Los Angeles Kings Sault Ste . Marie Greyhounds ( OHL ) 73 Stelio Mattheos ( RW ) Canada Carolina Hurricanes Brandon Wheat Kings ( WHL ) 74 Johnathan Kovacevic ( D ) Canada Winnipeg Jets Merrimack College ( HE ) 75 Nate Schnarr ( C ) Canada Arizona Coyotes ( from Philadelphia ) Guelph Storm ( OHL ) 76 Alexei Lipanov ( C ) Russia Tampa Bay Lightning Dynamo Balashikha ( VHL ) 77 Benjamin Mirageas ( D ) United States New York Islanders Chicago Steel ( USHL ) 78 Stuart Skinner ( G ) Canada Edmonton Oilers ( from Calgary via Arizona ) Lethbridge Hurricanes ( WHL ) 79 Lane Zablocki ( RW ) Canada Detroit Red Wings ( from Toronto ) Red Deer Rebels ( WHL ) 80 Kirill Ustimenko ( G ) Russia Philadelphia Flyers ( from Boston ) HC Dinamo Saint Petersburg ( MHL ) 81 Reilly Walsh ( D ) United States New Jersey Devils ( from San Jose ) Chicago Steel ( USHL ) 82 Cameron Crotty ( D ) Canada Arizona Coyotes ( from St. Louis via Edmonton ) Brockville Braves ( CCHL ) 83 Zachary Gallant ( C ) Canada Detroit Red Wings ( from NY Rangers ) Peterborough Petes ( OHL ) 84 Dmitri Samorukov ( D ) Russia Edmonton Oilers Guelph Storm ( OHL ) 85 Ivan Lodnia ( RW ) United States Minnesota Wild Erie Otters ( OHL ) 86 Daniil Tarasov ( G ) Russia Columbus Blue Jackets Tolpar Ufa ( MHL ) 87 Cale Fleury ( D ) Canada Montreal Canadiens Kootenay Ice ( WHL ) 88 Keith Petruzzelli ( G ) United States Detroit Red Wings ( from Chicago via Carolina and Chicago ) Muskegon Lumberjacks ( USHL ) 89 Oskari Laaksonen ( D ) Finland Buffalo Sabres ( from Washington ) Ilves U20 ( Jr . A SM - liiga ) 90 Evan Barratt ( C ) United States Chicago Blackhawks ( from Ottawa via Carolina ) U.S. NTDP ( USHL ) 91 Jack Badini ( LW ) United States Anaheim Ducks Chicago Steel ( USHL ) 92 David Farrance ( D ) United States Nashville Predators U.S. NTDP ( USHL ) 93 Clayton Phillips ( D ) United States Pittsburgh Penguins Fargo Force ( USHL ) Notes The Colorado Avalanche 's third - round pick went the New Jersey Devils as the result of a trade on February 29 , 2016 , that sent Eric Gelinas to Colorado in exchange for this pick . The Arizona Coyotes ' third - round pick went to the Florida Panthers as the result of a trade on August 25 , 2016 , that sent Dave Bolland and Lawson Crouse to Arizona in exchange for a conditional second - round pick in 2018 and this pick ( being conditional at the time of the trade ) . The condition -- Florida will receive the better of Arizona or Detroit 's third - round picks in 2017 -- was converted on March 29 , 2017 , when Detroit clinched a better regular season record than Arizona for the 2016 -- 17 NHL season . The New Jersey Devils ' third - round pick went to the Carolina Hurricanes as the result of a trade on March 5 , 2014 , that sent Tuomo Ruutu to New Jersey in exchange for Andrei Loktionov and this pick ( being conditional at the time of the trade ) . The condition and date of conversion are unknown . The Buffalo Sabres ' third - round pick went to the Montreal Canadiens as the result of a trade on June 17 , 2017 , that sent Nathan Beaulieu to Buffalo in exchange for this pick . The Detroit Red Wings ' third - round pick went to the Arizona Coyotes as the result of a trade on June 20 , 2016 , that sent Maxim Letunov and a sixth - round pick in 2017 to San Jose in exchange for a fourth - round pick in 2016 and this pick . San Jose previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on May 26 , 2016 , that sent Dylan Sadowy to Detroit in exchange for this pick . The Dallas Stars ' third - round pick went to the Chicago Blackhawks as the result of a trade on June 23 , 2017 , that sent a first - round pick in 2017 ( 26th overall ) to Dallas in exchange for Anaheim 's first - round pick in 2017 ( 29th overall ) and this pick . The Florida Panthers ' third - round pick went to the Detroit Red Wings as the result of a trade on March 1 , 2017 , that sent Thomas Vanek to Florida in exchange for Dylan McIlrath and this pick ( being conditional at the time of the trade ) . The condition -- Detroit will receive a third - round pick in 2017 if Florida fails to qualify for the 2017 Stanley Cup playoffs -- was converted on March 30 , 2017 . The Philadelphia Flyers ' third - round pick went to the Arizona Coyotes as the result of a trade on June 24 , 2017 , that sent a second - round pick in 2017 ( 35th overall ) to Philadelphia in exchange for a second - round pick in 2017 ( 44th overall ) , the Islanders ' fourth - round pick in 2017 ( 108th overall ) and this pick . The Calgary Flames ' third - round pick went to the Edmonton Oilers as the result of a trade on June 24 , 2017 , that sent St. Louis ' third - round pick and Vancouver 's fifth - round pick both in 2017 ( 82nd and 126th overall ) to Arizona in exchange for this pick . Arizona previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on February 20 , 2017 , that sent Michael Stone to Calgary in exchange for a conditional fifth - round pick in 2018 and this pick . The Toronto Maple Leafs ' third - round pick went to the Detroit Red Wings as compensation for Toronto hiring Mike Babcock as their head coach on May 20 , 2015 . The Boston Bruins ' third - round pick went the Philadelphia Flyers as the result of a trade on June 29 , 2015 , that sent Zac Rinaldo to Boston in exchange for this pick . The San Jose Sharks ' third - round pick went to the New Jersey Devils as compensation for San Jose signing Peter DeBoer as their head coach on May 28 , 2015 . The St. Louis Blues ' third - round pick went to the Arizona Coyotes as the result of a trade on June 24 , 2017 , that sent Calgary 's third - round pick in 2017 ( 78th overall ) to Edmonton in exchange for Vancouver 's fifth - round pick in 2017 ( 126th overall ) and this pick . Edmonton previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on October 7 , 2016 , that sent Nail Yakupov to St. Louis in exchange for Zach Pochiro and this pick ( being conditional at the time of the trade ) . The condition -- Edmonton will receive a third - round pick in 2017 if Yakupov scores 14 or fewer goals in the 2016 -- 17 season -- was converted on April 9 , 2017 , when Yakupov finished the season with 3 goals . The New York Rangers ' third - round pick went to the Detroit Red Wings as the result of a trade on February 28 , 2017 , that sent Brendan Smith to New York in exchange for Ottawa 's second - round pick in 2018 and this pick . The Chicago Blackhawks ' third - round pick went to the Detroit Red Wings as the result of a trade on February 24 , 2017 , that sent Tomas Jurco to Chicago in exchange for this pick . Chicago previously re-acquired this pick as the result of a trade on June 15 , 2016 , that sent Teuvo Teravainen and Bryan Bickell to Carolina in exchange for the Rangers ' second - round pick in 2016 and this pick . Carolina previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on September 11 , 2015 , that sent Dennis Robertson , Jake Massie and a fifth - round pick in 2017 to Chicago in exchange for Kris Versteeg , Joakim Nordstrom and this pick . The Washington Capitals ' third - round pick went to the Buffalo Sabres as the result of a trade on February 23 , 2016 , that sent Mike Weber to Washington in exchange for this pick . The Ottawa Senators ' third - round pick went to the Chicago Blackhawks as the result of a trade on April 28 , 2017 , that sent Scott Darling to Carolina in exchange for this pick . Carolina previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on February 28 , 2017 , that sent Viktor Stalberg to Ottawa in exchange for this pick . Round four ( edit ) # Player Nationality NHL team College / junior / club team 94 Nick Henry ( RW ) Canada Colorado Avalanche Regina Pats ( WHL ) 95 Jack Rathbone ( D ) United States Vancouver Canucks Dexter School ( USHS ) 96 Maksim Zhukov ( G ) Russia Vegas Golden Knights Green Bay Gamblers ( USHL ) 97 Mason Shaw ( C ) Canada Minnesota Wild ( from Arizona ) Medicine Hat Tigers ( WHL ) 98 Nikita Popugaev ( RW ) Russia New Jersey Devils Prince George Cougars ( WHL ) 99 Jacob Bryson ( D ) Canada Buffalo Sabres Providence College ( Hockey East ) 100 Malte Setkov ( D ) Denmark Detroit Red Wings Malmo Redhawks J20 ( SuperElit ) 101 Liam Hawel ( C ) Canada Dallas Stars Guelph Storm ( OHL ) 102 Scott Reedy ( C ) United States San Jose Sharks ( from Florida via NY Rangers ) U.S. NTDP ( USHL ) 103 Mikey Anderson ( D ) United States Los Angeles Kings Waterloo Black Hawks ( USHL ) 104 Eetu Makiniemi ( G ) Finland Carolina Hurricanes Jokerit U20 ( Jr . A SM - liiga ) 105 Santeri Virtanen ( F ) Finland Winnipeg Jets TPS U20 ( Jr . A SM - liiga ) 106 Matthew Strome ( LW ) Canada Philadelphia Flyers Hamilton Bulldogs ( OHL ) 107 Maxim Sushko ( RW ) Belarus Philadelphia Flyers ( from Tampa Bay ) Owen Sound Attack ( OHL ) 108 Noel Hoefenmayer ( D ) Canada Arizona Coyotes ( from NY Islanders via Philadelphia ) Ottawa 67 's ( OHL ) 109 Adam Ruzicka ( C ) Slovakia Calgary Flames Sarnia Sting ( OHL ) 110 Ian Scott ( G ) Canada Toronto Maple Leafs Prince Albert Raiders ( WHL ) 111 Jeremy Swayman ( G ) United States Boston Bruins Sioux Falls Stampede ( USHL ) 112 Tim Soderlund ( C / LW ) Sweden Chicago Blackhawks ( from San Jose via Vancouver ) Skelleftea AIK ( SHL ) 113 Alexei Toropchenko ( F ) Russia St. Louis Blues HK MVD Balashikha ( MHL ) 114 Petr Kvaca ( G ) Czech Republic Colorado Avalanche ( from NY Rangers ) Motor Ceske Budejovice ( Cze - 2 ) 115 Ostap Safin ( RW ) Czech Republic Edmonton Oilers HC Sparta Praha ( Czech Extraliga ) 116 Bryce Misley ( C ) Canada Minnesota Wild Oakville Blades ( OJHL ) 117 Emil Bemstrom ( C ) Sweden Columbus Blue Jackets Leksands IF J20 ( SuperElit ) 118 Markus Phillips ( D ) Canada Los Angeles Kings ( from Montreal via Dallas ) Owen Sound Attack ( OHL ) 119 Roope Laavainen ( D ) Finland Chicago Blackhawks Jokerit U20 ( Jr . A SM - liiga ) 120 Tobias Geisser ( D ) Switzerland Washington Capitals EV Zug ( NLA ) 121 Drake Batherson ( C ) Canada Ottawa Senators Cape Breton Screaming Eagles ( QMJHL ) 122 Kyle Olson ( C ) Canada Anaheim Ducks Tri-City Americans ( WHL ) 123 Brandon Crawley ( D ) United States New York Rangers ( from Nashville via New Jersey and San Jose ) London Knights ( OHL ) 124 Vladislav Kara ( C ) Russia Toronto Maple Leafs ( from Pittsburgh ) Irbis Kazan ( MHL ) Notes The Arizona Coyotes ' fourth - round pick went to the Minnesota Wild as the result of a trade on February 26 , 2017 , that sent Grayson Downing , a first - round pick in 2017 , a second - round pick in 2018 and a conditional fourth - round pick in 2019 to Arizona in exchange for Martin Hanzal , Ryan White and this pick . The Florida Panthers ' fourth - round pick went to the San Jose Sharks as the result of a trade on June 24 , 2017 , that sent Nashville 's fourth - round pick and a sixth - round pick both in 2017 ( 123rd and 174th overall ) to the New York Rangers in exchange for this pick . The Rangers previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on June 20 , 2016 , that sent Keith Yandle to Florida in exchange for a sixth - round pick in 2016 and this pick ( being conditional at the time of the trade ) . The condition -- New York will receive a fourth - round pick in 2017 if Florida re-signs Yandle for the 2016 -- 17 NHL season -- was converted on June 23 , 2016 . The Tampa Bay Lightning 's fourth - round pick went to the Philadelphia Flyers as the result of a trade on March 1 , 2017 , that sent Mark Streit to Tampa Bay in exchange for Valtteri Filppula , a conditional seventh - round pick in 2017 and this pick . The New York Islanders ' fourth - round pick went to the Arizona Coyotes as the result of a trade on June 24 , 2017 , that sent a second - round pick in 2017 ( 35th overall ) to Philadelphia in exchange for a second and third - round picks both in 2017 ( 44th and 75th overall ) and this pick . Philadelphia previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on June 25 , 2016 , that sent San Jose 's fourth - round pick in 2016 to New York in exchange for this pick . The San Jose Sharks ' fourth - round pick went to the Chicago Blackhawks as the result of a trade on June 24 , 2017 , that sent Carolina 's fifth - round pick and a sixth - round pick both in 2017 ( 135th and 181st overall ) to Vancouver in exchange for this pick . Vancouver previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on February 28 , 2017 , that sent Jannik Hansen to San Jose in exchange for Nikolay Goldobin and this pick ( being conditional at the time of the trade ) . The condition -- Vancouver will receive a fourth - round pick in 2017 if San Jose does not win the Stanley Cup during the 2016 -- 17 NHL season -- was converted on April 22 , 2017 . The New York Rangers ' fourth - round pick went to the Colorado Avalanche as the result of a trade on June 25 , 2016 , that sent Nick Holden to New York in exchange for this pick . The Montreal Canadiens ' fourth - round pick went to the Los Angeles Kings as the result of a trade on May 9 , 2017 , that sent Ben Bishop to Dallas in exchange for this pick . Dallas previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on February 27 , 2017 , that sent Jordie Benn to Montreal in exchange for Greg Pateryn and this pick . The Nashville Predators ' fourth - round pick went to the New York Rangers as the result of a trade on June 24 , 2017 , that sent Florida 's fourth - round pick in 2017 ( 102nd overall ) to San Jose in exchange for a sixth - round pick in 2017 ( 174th overall ) and this pick . San Jose previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on June 17 , 2017 , that sent Mirco Muller and a fifth - round pick in 2017 to New Jersey in exchange for Boston 's second - round pick in 2017 and this pick . New Jersey previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on February 4 , 2017 , that sent Vernon Fiddler to Nashville in exchange for this pick . The Pittsburgh Penguins ' fourth - round pick went to the Toronto Maple Leafs as the result of a trade on March 1 , 2017 , that sent Frank Corrado to Pittsburgh in exchange for Eric Fehr , Steve Oleksy and this pick . Round five ( edit ) # Player Nationality NHL team College / junior / club team 125 Igor Shvyrov ( C ) Russia Colorado Avalanche Stalnye Lisy ( MHL ) 126 Michael Karow ( D ) United States Arizona Coyotes ( from Vancouver via Edmonton ) Youngstown Phantoms ( USHL ) 127 Lucas Elvenes ( RW ) Sweden Vegas Golden Knights Rogle BK J20 ( SuperElit ) 128 Tyler Steenbergen ( C ) Canada Arizona Coyotes Swift Current Broncos ( WHL ) 129 Gilles Senn ( G ) Switzerland New Jersey Devils HC Davos ( NLA ) 130 David Noel ( D ) Canada St. Louis Blues ( from Buffalo ) Val - d'Or Foreurs ( QMJHL ) 131 Cole Fraser ( D ) Canada Detroit Red Wings Peterborough Petes ( OHL ) 132 Jacob Peterson ( C ) Sweden Dallas Stars Frolunda HC J20 ( SuperElit ) 133 Tyler Inamoto ( D ) United States Florida Panthers U.S. NTDP ( USHL ) 134 Cole Hults ( D ) United States Los Angeles Kings Madison Capitals ( USHL ) 135 Kristoffer Gunnarsson ( D ) Sweden Vancouver Canucks ( from Carolina via Chicago ) IK Oskarshamn ( HockeyAllsvenskan ) 136 Leon Gawanke ( D ) Germany Winnipeg Jets Cape Breton Screaming Eagles ( QMJHL ) 137 Noah Cates ( LW ) United States Philadelphia Flyers Stillwater High ( USHS ) 138 Drake Rymsha ( C ) United States Los Angeles Kings ( from Tampa Bay ) Sarnia Sting ( OHL ) 139 Sebastian Aho ( D ) Sweden New York Islanders Skelleftea AIK ( SHL ) 140 Zach Fischer ( RW ) Canada Calgary Flames Medicine Hat Tigers ( WHL ) 141 Fedor Gordeev ( D ) Canada Toronto Maple Leafs Flint Firebirds ( OHL ) 142 Jonathan Dugan ( C ) United States Vegas Golden Knights ( from Boston via Carolina ) Northwood School ( USHS ) 143 Marian Studenic ( RW ) Slovakia New Jersey Devils ( from San Jose ) Hamilton Bulldogs ( OHL ) 144 Parker Foo ( F ) Canada Chicago Blackhawks ( from St. Louis ) Brooks Bandits ( AJHL ) 145 Calle Sjalin ( D ) Sweden New York Rangers Ostersunds IK ( Hockeyettan ) 146 Kirill Maksimov ( RW ) Russia Edmonton Oilers Niagara ( OHL ) 147 Jacob Golden ( D ) Canada Minnesota Wild London Knights ( OHL ) 148 Kale Howarth ( LW ) Canada Columbus Blue Jackets Trail Smoke Eaters ( BCHL ) 149 Jarret Tyszka ( D ) Canada Montreal Canadiens Seattle Thunderbirds ( WHL ) 150 Jakub Galvas ( D ) Czech Republic Chicago Blackhawks HC Olomouc ( Czech Extraliga ) 151 Sebastian Walfridsson ( D ) Sweden Washington Capitals MODO J20 ( SuperElit ) 152 Jan Drozg ( LW ) Slovenia Pittsburgh Penguins ( from Ottawa ) Leksand U18 ( J18 Elit ) 153 Olle Eriksson Ek ( G ) Sweden Anaheim Ducks Farjestad BK J20 ( SuperElit ) 154 Tomas Vomacka ( G ) Czech Republic Nashville Predators Corpus Christi IceRays ( NAHL ) 155 Linus Olund ( C ) Sweden Pittsburgh Penguins Brynas IF ( SHL ) Notes The Vancouver Canucks ' fifth - round pick went to the Arizona Coyotes as the result of a trade on June 24 , 2017 , that sent Calgary 's third - round pick in 2017 ( 78th overall ) to Edmonton in exchange for St. Louis ' third - round pick in 2017 ( 82nd overall ) and this pick . Edmonton previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on February 24 , 2016 , that sent Philip Larsen to Vancouver in exchange for this pick ( being conditional at the time of the trade ) . The condition -- Edmonton will receive a fifth - round pick in 2017 if Larsen fails to maintain a scoring rate of 0.3 points per game over the 2016 -- 17 NHL season with a minimum of 42 games played -- was converted on March 4 , 2017 , when it became mathematically impossible for Larsen to appear in 42 games during the 2016 -- 17 season . The Buffalo Sabres ' fifth - round pick went to the St. Louis Blues as the result of a trade on July 2 , 2016 , that sent Anders Nilsson to Buffalo in exchange for this pick . The Carolina Hurricanes ' fifth - round pick went to the Vancouver Canucks as the result of a trade on June 24 , 2017 , that sent San Jose 's fourth - round pick in 2017 ( 112th overall ) to Chicago in exchange for a sixth - round pick in 2017 ( 181st overall ) and this pick . Chicago previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on September 11 , 2015 , that sent Kris Versteeg , Joakim Nordstrom and a third - round pick in 2017 to Carolina in exchange for Dennis Robertson , Jake Massie and this pick . The Tampa Bay Lightning 's fifth - round pick went to the Los Angeles Kings as the result of a trade on February 26 , 2017 , that sent Peter Budaj , Erik Cernak , a conditional pick in 2017 and a seventh - round pick in 2017 in exchange for Ben Bishop and this pick . The Boston Bruins ' fifth - round pick went to the Vegas Golden Knights as the result of a trade on June 21 , 2017 , that ensured that Vegas selected Connor Brickley in the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft from Carolina in exchange for this pick . Carolina previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on February 29 , 2016 , that sent John - Michael Liles to Boston in exchange for Anthony Camara , a third - round pick in 2016 and this pick . The San Jose Sharks ' fifth - round pick went to the New Jersey Devils as the result of a trade on June 17 , 2017 , that sent Boston 's second - round pick and Nashville 's fourth - round pick both in 2017 to San Jose in exchange for Mirco Muller and this pick . The St. Louis Blues ' fifth - round pick went to the Chicago Blackhawks as the result of a trade on June 25 , 2016 , that sent a Florida 's fifth - round pick in 2016 to St. Louis in exchange for this pick . The Ottawa Senators ' fifth - round pick went to the Pittsburgh Penguins as the result of a trade on November 2 , 2016 , that Mike Condon to Ottawa exchange for this pick . Round six ( edit ) # Player Nationality NHL team College / junior / club team 156 Denis Smirnov ( RW ) Russia Colorado Avalanche ( from Colorado via San Jose ) Penn State University ( B1G ) 157 Dominik Lakatos ( C ) Czech Republic New York Rangers ( from Vancouver ) Bili Tygri Liberec ( Czech Extraliga ) 158 Nick Campoli ( C ) Canada Vegas Golden Knights North York Rangers ( OJHL ) 159 Jacob McGrew ( RW ) United States San Jose Sharks ( from Arizona ) Spokane Chiefs ( WHL ) 160 Aarne Talvitie ( C ) Finland New Jersey Devils Blues U20 ( Jr . A SM - liiga ) 161 Jiri Patera ( G ) Czech Republic Vegas Golden Knights ( from Buffalo ) HC Ceske Budejovice U20 ( Czech U20 ) 162 John Adams ( RW ) United States Detroit Red Wings Fargo Force ( USHL ) 163 Brett Davis ( RW ) Canada Dallas Stars Kootenay Ice ( WHL ) 164 Reilly Webb ( D ) Canada Detroit Red Wings ( from Florida ) Hamilton Bulldogs ( OHL ) 165 Arnaud Durandeau ( LW ) Canada New York Islanders ( from Los Angeles ) Halifax Mooseheads ( QMJHL ) 166 Brendan De Jong ( D ) Canada Carolina Hurricanes Portland Winterhawks ( WHL ) 167 Arvid Holm ( G ) Sweden Winnipeg Jets Karlskrona HK J20 ( SuperElit ) 168 Olle Lycksell ( RW ) Sweden Philadelphia Flyers Linkoping HC J20 ( SuperElit ) 169 Nicklaus Perbix ( D ) United States Tampa Bay Lightning Elk River High ( USHS ) 170 Jonathan Davidsson ( RW ) Sweden Columbus Blue Jackets ( from NY Islanders via Chicago ) Djurgardens IF ( SHL ) 171 D'Artagnan Joly ( RW ) Canada Calgary Flames Baie - Comeau Drakkar ( QMJHL ) 172 Ryan McGregor ( C ) Canada Toronto Maple Leafs Sarnia Sting ( OHL ) 173 Cedric Pare ( C ) Canada Boston Bruins Saint John Sea Dogs ( QMJHL ) 174 Morgan Barron ( C ) Canada New York Rangers ( from San Jose ) St. Andrew 's College ( CISAA ) 175 Trenton Bourque ( D ) Canada St. Louis Blues Owen Sound ( OHL ) 176 Pavel Koltygin ( C ) Russia Nashville Predators ( from NY Rangers ) Drummondville Voltigeurs ( QMJHL ) 177 Skyler Brind'Amour ( C ) United States Edmonton Oilers Selects Academy U18 ( USPHL 18U ) 178 Andrei Svetlakov ( C ) Russia Minnesota Wild CSKA Moscow ( KHL ) 179 Carson Meyer ( RW ) United States Columbus Blue Jackets Miami University ( NCHC ) 180 Cole Guttman ( C ) United States Tampa Bay Lightning ( from Montreal ) Dubuque Fighting Saints ( USHL ) 181 Petrus Palmu ( RW ) Finland Vancouver Canucks ( from Chicago ) Owen Sound Attack ( OHL ) 182 Benton Maass ( D ) United States Washington Capitals Elk River High ( USHS ) 183 Jordan Hollett ( G ) Canada Ottawa Senators Regina Pats ( WHL ) 184 Sebastian Repo ( RW ) Finland Florida Panthers ( from Anaheim ) Tappara ( Liiga ) 185 Alexander Chmelevski ( C ) United States San Jose Sharks ( from Nashville via New Jersey ) Ottawa 67 's ( OHL ) 186 Antti Palojarvi ( D ) Finland Pittsburgh Penguins Lukko U20 ( Jr . A SM - liiga ) Notes The Colorado Avalanche 's sixth - round pick was re-acquired as the result of a trade on June 27 , 2015 , that sent Buffalo 's second - round pick in 2015 to San Jose in exchange for a second - round pick in 2015 , Colorado 's second - round pick in 2016 and this pick . San Jose previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on July 1 , 2014 , that sent Brad Stuart to Colorado in exchange for a second - round pick in 2016 and this pick . The Vancouver Canucks ' sixth - round pick went to the New York Rangers as the result of a trade on January 8 , 2016 , that sent Emerson Etem to Vancouver in exchange for Nicklas Jensen and this pick . The Arizona Coyotes ' sixth - round pick went to the San Jose Sharks as the result of a trade on June 20 , 2016 , that sent a fourth - round pick in 2016 and Detroit 's third - round pick in 2017 to Arizona in exchange for Maxim Letunov and this pick . The Buffalo Sabres ' sixth - round pick went to the Vegas Golden Knights as the result of a trade on June 21 , 2017 , that ensured that Vegas selected William Carrier in the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft from Buffalo in exchange for this pick . The Florida Panthers ' sixth - round pick went to the Detroit Red Wings as the result of a trade on February 27 , 2016 , that sent Jakub Kindl to Florida in exchange for this pick . The Los Angeles Kings ' sixth - round pick went to the New York Islanders as the result of a trade on June 24 , 2017 , that sent a sixth - round pick in 2018 to Los Angeles in exchange for this pick . The New York Islanders ' sixth - round pick went to the Columbus Blue Jackets as the result of a trade on June 23 , 2017 , that sent Brandon Saad , Anton Forsberg and a fifth - round pick in 2018 to Chicago in exchange for Artemi Panarin , Tyler Motte and this pick . Chicago previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on June 25 , 2016 , that sent Columbus ' fourth - round pick in 2016 to New York in exchange for a fourth - round pick in 2016 and this pick . The San Jose Sharks ' sixth - round pick went to the New York Rangers as the result of a trade on June 24 , 2017 , that sent Florida 's fourth - round pick in 2017 ( 102nd overall ) to San Jose in exchange for Nashville 's fourth - round pick in 2017 ( 123rd overall ) and this pick . The New York Rangers ' sixth - round pick went to the Nashville Predators as the result of a trade on July 1 , 2015 , that sent Magnus Hellberg to New York in exchange for this pick . The Montreal Canadiens ' sixth - round pick went to the Tampa Bay Lightning as the result of a trade on January 26 , 2017 , that sent Nikita Nesterov to Montreal in exchange for Jonathan Racine and this pick . The Chicago Blackhawks ' sixth - round pick went to the Vancouver Canucks as the result of a trade on June 24 , 2017 , that sent San Jose 's fourth - round pick in 2017 ( 112th overall ) to Chicago in exchange for Carolina 's fifth - round pick in 2017 ( 135th overall ) and this pick . The Anaheim Ducks ' sixth - round pick went to the Florida Panthers as the result of a trade on December 4 , 2014 , that sent Colby Robak to Anaheim in exchange for Jesse Blacker and this pick ( being conditional at the time of the trade ) . The condition -- Florida will receive a sixth - round pick in 2017 dependent on how many games Robak played for Anaheim during the 2014 -- 15 NHL season -- the date of conversion is unknown . The Nashville Predators ' sixth - round pick went to the San Jose Sharks as the result of a trade on June 24 , 2017 , that sent San Jose and Ottawa 's seventh - round picks in 2017 ( 205th and 214th overall ) to New Jersey in exchange for this pick . New Jersey previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on March 1 , 2017 , that sent P.A. Parenteau to Nashville in exchange for this pick . Round seven ( edit ) # Player Nationality NHL team College / junior / club team 187 Nick Leivermann ( D ) United States Colorado Avalanche Eden Prairie High ( USHS ) 188 Matt Brassard ( D ) Canada Vancouver Canucks Oshawa Generals ( OHL ) 189 Ben Jones ( C ) Canada Vegas Golden Knights Niagara IceDogs ( OHL ) 190 Erik Walli Walterholm ( RW ) Sweden Arizona Coyotes Djurgardens IF J18 ( J18 - Allsv . ) 191 Jocktan Chainey ( D ) Canada New Jersey Devils Halifax Mooseheads ( QMJHL ) 192 Linus Weissbach ( LW ) Sweden Buffalo Sabres Tri-City Storm ( USHL ) 193 Brady Gilmour ( C ) Canada Detroit Red Wings Saginaw Spirit ( OHL ) 194 Dylan Ferguson ( G ) Canada Dallas Stars Kamploops Blazers ( WHL ) 195 Victor Berglund ( D ) Sweden Boston Bruins ( from Florida ) MODO J20 ( SuperElit . ) 196 Wyatt Kalynuk ( D ) Canada Philadelphia Flyers ( from Los Angeles via Tampa Bay ) Bloomington Thunder ( USHL ) 197 Ville Rasanen ( D ) Finland Carolina Hurricanes Jokipojat ( Mestis ) 198 Skyler McKenzie ( LW ) Canada Winnipeg Jets Portland Winterhawks ( WHL ) 199 Cayden Primeau ( G ) United States Montreal Canadiens ( from Philadelphia ) Lincoln Stars ( USHL ) 200 Samuel Walker ( C ) United States Tampa Bay Lightning Edina High ( USHS ) 201 Logan Cockerill ( LW ) United States New York Islanders U.S. NTDP ( USHL ) 202 Filip Sveningsson ( LW ) Sweden Calgary Flames HV71 J20 ( SuperElit ) 203 Ryan O'Connell ( D ) Canada Toronto Maple Leafs St. Andrew 's College ( CISAA ) 204 Daniel Bukac ( D ) Czech Republic Boston Bruins Brandon Wheat Kings ( WHL ) 205 Yegor Zaitsev ( D ) Russia New Jersey Devils ( from San Jose ) Dynamo Moscow ( KHL ) 206 Anton Andersson ( D ) Sweden St. Louis Blues Lulea HF J20 ( SuperElit ) 207 Patrik Virta ( C ) Finland New York Rangers TPS ( Liiga ) 208 Philip Kemp ( D ) United States Edmonton Oilers U.S. NTDP ( USHL ) 209 Nick Swaney ( RW ) United States Minnesota Wild Waterloo Black Hawks ( USHL ) 210 Robbie Stucker ( D ) United States Columbus Blue Jackets St. Thomas Academy ( USHS ) 211 Croix Evingson ( D ) United States Winnipeg Jets ( from Montreal ) Shreveport Mudbugs ( NAHL ) 212 Ivan Chekhovich ( LW ) Russia San Jose Sharks ( from Chicago ) Baie - Comeau Drakkar ( QMJHL ) 213 Kristian Roykas Marthinsen ( LW ) Norway Washington Capitals Almtuna IS J20 ( J20 Elit ) 214 Matthew Hellickson ( D ) United States New Jersey Devils ( from Ottawa via San Jose ) Sioux City Musketeers ( USHL ) 215 Joshua Ess ( D ) United States Chicago Blackhawks ( from Anaheim ) Lakeville South ( USHS ) 216 Jacob Paquette ( D ) Canada Nashville Predators Kingston Frontenacs ( OHL ) 217 William Reilly ( D ) Canada Pittsburgh Penguins RPI ( ECAC ) Notes The Florida Panthers ' seventh - round pick went to the Boston Bruins as the result of a trade on June 25 , 2016 , that sent a seventh - round pick in 2016 to Florida in exchange for this pick . The Los Angeles Kings ' seventh - round pick went to the Philadelphia Flyers as the result of a trade on March 1 , 2017 , that sent Mark Streit to Tampa Bay in exchange for Valtteri Filppula , a fourth - round pick in 2017 and this pick ( being conditional at the time of the trade ) . The condition -- Philadelphia will receive Los Angeles ' seventh - round pick in 2017 if Tampa Bay trades Streit -- was converted on March 1 , 2017 , when Streit was traded to Pittsburgh . Tampa Bay previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on February 26 , 2017 , that sent Ben Bishop and a fifth - round pick in 2017 to Los Angeles in exchange for Peter Budaj , Erik Cernak , a conditional pick in 2017 and this pick . The Montreal Canadiens ' seventh - round pick went to the Winnipeg Jets as the result of a trade on June 25 , 2016 , that sent a seventh - round pick in 2016 to Montreal in exchange for this pick . The Philadelphia Flyers ' seventh - round pick went to the Montreal Canadiens as the result of a trade on June 24 , 2017 , that sent a seventh - round pick in 2018 to Philadelphia in exchange for this pick . The San Jose Sharks ' seventh - round pick went to the New Jersey Devils as the result of a trade on June 24 , 2017 , that sent Nashville 's sixth - round pick in 2017 ( 185th overall ) to San Jose in exchange for Ottawa 's seventh - round pick in 2017 ( 214th overall ) and this pick . The Chicago Blackhawks ' seventh - round pick went to the San Jose Sharks as the result of a trade on March 2 , 2015 , that sent Andrew Desjardins to Chicago in exchange for Ben Smith and this pick ( being conditional at the time of the trade ) . The condition -- San Jose will receive a seventh - round pick in 2017 if Chicago wins the Stanley Cup in 2015 -- was converted on June 15 , 2015 . The Ottawa Senators ' seventh - round pick went to the New Jersey Devils as the result of a trade on June 24 , 2017 , that sent Nashville 's sixth - round pick in 2017 ( 185th overall ) to San Jose in exchange for a seventh - round pick in 2017 ( 205th overall ) and this pick . San Jose previously acquired this pick as the result of a trade on January 24 , 2017 , that sent Tommy Wingels to Ottawa in exchange for Buddy Robinson , Zack Stortini and this pick . The Anaheim Ducks ' seventh - round pick went to the Chicago Blackhawks as the result of a trade on February 29 , 2016 , that sent Corey Tropp to Anaheim in exchange for Tim Jackman and this pick . Draftees based on nationality ( edit ) Rank Country Selections Percent Top selection North America 128 59.0 % Canada 81 37.3 % Nolan Patrick , 2nd United States 47 21.7 % Casey Mittelstadt , 8th Europe 89 41.0 % Sweden 27 12.4 % Elias Pettersson , 5th Finland 23 10.6 % Miro Heiskanen , 3rd 5 Russia 18 8.3 % Klim Kostin , 31st 6 Czech Republic 9 4.1 % Martin Necas , 12th 7 Switzerland 1.4 % Nico Hischier , 1st 8 Denmark 0.9 % Jonas Rondbjerg , 65th Slovakia 0.9 % Adam Ruzicka , 109th 10 Germany 0.5 % Leon Gawanke , 136th France 0.5 % Alexandre Texier , 45th Slovenia 0.5 % Jan Drozg , 152nd Norway 0.5 % Kristian Roykas Marthinsen , 213th Belarus 0.5 % Maxim Sushko , 107th North American Draftees by State / Province ( edit ) Rank State / Province Selections Percent Top Selection Ontario 37 17.1 % Owen Tippett , 10th Minnesota 17 7.8 % Casey Mittelstadt , 8th Alberta 14 6.5 % Cale Makar , 4th Quebec 9 4.1 % Pierre - Olivier Joseph , 23rd 5 Manitoba 8 3.7 % Nolan Patrick , 2nd 6 British Columbia 6 2.8 % Michael Rasmussen , 9th 7 Michigan 1.8 % Josh Norris , 19th Massachusetts 1.8 % Ben Mirageas , 77th California 1.8 % Ivan Lodnia , 85th 10 Nova Scotia 1.4 % Shane Bowers , 28th Saskatchewan 1.4 % Kole Lind , 33rd 12 Pennsylvania 0.9 % Evan Barratt , 90th Connecticut 0.9 % Jack Badini , 91st Alaska 0.9 % Jeremy Swayman , 111th New Jersey 0.9 % Brandon Crawley , 123rd Wisconsin 0.9 % Michael Karow , 126th 17 Colorado 0.5 % Callan Foote , 14th Washington 0.5 % Kailer Yamamoto , 22nd Missouri 0.5 % Luke Martin , 52nd Texas 0.5 % Max Gildon , 66th New Hampshire 0.5 % Reilly Walsh , 81st New York 0.5 % David Farrance , 92nd Illinois 0.5 % Tyler Inamoto , 133rd North Carolina 0.5 % Skyler Brind'Amour , 177th Ohio 0.5 % Carson Meyer , 179th See also ( edit ) 2013 -- 14 NHL transactions 2014 -- 15 NHL transactions 2015 -- 16 NHL transactions 2016 -- 17 NHL transactions 2017 -- 18 NHL transactions 2016 -- 17 NHL season 2017 NHL Expansion Draft List of first overall NHL draft picks List of NHL players References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks to host 2017 NHL Draft '' . NHL.com . February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hockey Operations Guidelines -- NHL.com -- NHL Headquarters '' . NHL.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NHL Draft Lottery and NHL Draft information '' . NHL.com . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NHL announces changes to Draft Lottery format '' . NHL.com . August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rules for 2017 Expansion Draft '' . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Draft : Lottery to be held April 29 '' . April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Draft : Nolan Patrick of Brandon ranked No. 1 '' . NHL.com ( in en_US ) . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Coyotes Acquire Stepan , Raanta from Rangers for No. 7 Pick , DeAngelo '' . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jets swap first - round picks with Golden Knights '' . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas acquires Grabovski , first - round pick from Islanders '' . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Hanzal traded to Wild by Coyotes '' . February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus sends Clarkson , first rounder to Vegas '' . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Verdict : Generations of Blackhawks draft picks converge on Day 1 '' . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brayden Schenn traded to Blues by Flyers for Jori Lehtera , picks '' . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Capitals acquire Shattenkirk from Blues '' . February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stars trade Patrick Eaves to Ducks for conditional pick '' . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ducks win Game 7 , eliminate Oilers to reach Western Final '' . May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ryan Reaves traded to Penguins by Blues '' . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coyotes Add Eight Players to Mix on Draft 's Second Day '' . June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Jackets select seven players on day two of 2017 NHL Draft '' . June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas selection of Jason Garrison frees up cap space for Lightning '' . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Senators trade Lazar to Flames for Jokipakka '' . March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brian Boyle traded to Maple Leafs by Lightning '' . February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Devils acquire D Mirco Mueller and pick No. 143 from San Jose '' . June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Devils acquire second - and fourth - round picks from Boston '' . February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maple Leafs acquire Andersen from Ducks '' . June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking down the conditional pick in Leafs ' Bernier trade '' . July 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sharks acquire Polak , Spaling from Maple Leafs '' . February 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers acquire Eric Staal from Hurricanes '' . February 28 , 2016 . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Scott ( May 30 , 2015 ) . `` Changes to compensation for coaches coming '' . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wild acquire Stewart from Sabres for 2017 pick '' . March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Merz , Crag ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Blue Jackets hire Tortorella to replace Richards '' . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canucks get CBJ 's No. 55 pick for Tortorella '' . May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadiens trade for Shaw , deal Eller '' . June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senators acquire Phaneuf in nine - player trade '' . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trevor van Riemsdyk acquired by Hurricanes from Golden Knights '' . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Penguins acquire defenceman Ron Hainsey from Hurricanes '' . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey Devils trade Eric Gelinas to Avalanche '' . February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Bolland , Lawson Crouse traded to Coyotes '' . August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers trade Bolland , Crouse to Coyotes for two draft picks '' . August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Devils acquire Tuomo Ruutu from Carolina '' . March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Beaulieu acquired by Sabres from Canadiens '' . June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coyotes Acquire Sharks ' 2016 4th Round Draft Choice & 2017 3rd Round Draft Choice in Exchange for Letunov & 2017 6th Round Draft Choice '' . June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Wings trade pick for prospect '' . May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Panthers acquire Vanek from Red Wings '' . March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers eliminated from playoff contention with loss to Canadiens '' . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coyotes trade Stone to Flames , kick off rental market '' . February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Babcock hired by Maple Leafs as coach '' . May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers trade Rinaldo to Bruins for 2017 draft pick '' . June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sharks introduce new coach Peter DeBoer '' . May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Draft order finalized '' . June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Korac , Louie ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Nail Yakupov traded to Blues by Oilers '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brendan Smith traded to Rangers by Red Wings '' . February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Red Wings trade Tomas Jurco to Blackhawks for third - round pick '' . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks acquire draft picks from Carolina '' . June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statistically Speaking : ' Canes use cap space to land Teravainen '' . June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blackhawks trade Versteeg , then agree with Kruger '' . September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sabres trade Weber to Caps for third rounder '' . February 23 , 2016 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Darling traded to Hurricanes from Blackhawks '' . April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sens get Stalberg from Canes for pick '' . February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers Make Seven Selections in 2017 NHL Entry Draft '' . June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Panthers acquire Yandle 's rights from Rangers '' . June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers sign free agent defenseman Keith Yandle '' . Yahoo ! Sports . June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers trade D Streit to Lightning for Filppula '' . March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forwards Abound as Flyers Conclude 2016 NHL Draft '' . June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canucks Select 8 Players in the 2017 NHL Draft '' . June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canucks trade veteran F Hansen to Sharks '' . February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers get D Holden from Avs for pick '' . June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Bishop traded to Stars by Kings for draft pick '' . National Hockey League . May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jordie Benn traded to Canadiens by Stars '' . National Hockey League . February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vernon Fiddler traded to Predators by Devils '' . National Hockey League . February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Fehr traded to Maple Leafs by Penguins '' . March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canucks acquire rights to Larsen from Oilers '' . February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oilers trade Larsen 's rights to Canucks '' . February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nikolay Goldobin will make his debut as Vancouver Canucks face L.A. Kings '' . March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sabres acquire G Nilsson from Blues for pick '' . July 2 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kings acquire Ben Bishop from Lightning '' . February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Selects Brickley in Expansion Draft '' . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canes Acquire Picks , Prospect for Liles '' . February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blackhawks select nine players at 2016 NHL Draft '' . June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senators acquire Mike Condon from Pittsburgh '' . NHL.com . November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trades completed during 2015 NHL Draft weekend '' . June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Avalanche Acquires Brad Stuart '' . July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canucks acquire Etem from Rangers for Jensen '' . January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights select Carrier in NHL Expansion Draft '' . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers land defenceman Jakub Kindl from Red Wings '' . February 27 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LA Kings 2017 NHL Draft Recap '' . June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blackhawks send Artemi Panarin to Blue Jackets for Brandon Saad '' . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nashville Acquires a Sixth - Round Pick from the New York Rangers '' . July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadiens acquire D Nesterov from Lightning '' . TSN . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers send Robak to Ducks in exchange for Blacker '' . December 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers send Robak to Ducks in exchange for Blacker '' . February 12 , 2016 . 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who had first pick in 2017 nhl draft
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"Since the 2012–13 NHL season all teams not qualifying for the Stanley Cup playoffs have a \"weighted\" chance at winning the first overall selection.[3] Beginning with the 2014–15 NHL season the NHL changed the weighting system that was used in previous years. Under the new system the odds of winning the draft lottery for the four lowest finishing teams in the league decreased, while the odds for the other non-playoff teams increased.[4] The first three picks overall in this draft were awarded by lottery. The odds of winning the second and third draws increased on a proportional basis depending on which team won the previous draw.[4] In the 2017 draft lottery, the expansion Vegas Golden Knights had the same odds of winning the lottery as the team that finished with the third fewest points in the 2016–17 NHL season (this ended up being the Arizona Coyotes). Vegas earned the lowest possible pick that they could receive, and selected sixth overall in the first-round and third in each subsequent round of this draft.[5] The New Jersey Devils, Philadelphia Flyers, and Dallas Stars won the draft lotteries that took place on April 29, 2017,[6] giving them the first, second and third picks overall. New Jersey moved up four spots to earn the first selection, while Philadelphia and Dallas moved up from the thirteenth and eighth spots, respectively. In the process, the Colorado Avalanche, Vancouver Canucks, Vegas Golden Knights, and Arizona Coyotes were each knocked down three places from first, second, third and fourth overall, respectively, while the Buffalo Sabres and Detroit Red Wings dropped two spots and the Florida Panthers, Los Angeles Kings, Carolina Hurricanes, and Winnipeg Jets each dropped one place."
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Halley's Comet
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Halley 's comet - wikipedia Halley 's comet Jump to : navigation , search For the video game , see Halley 's Comet ( video game ) . 1P / Halley ( Halley 's Comet ) Halley 's Comet on 8 March 1986 Discovery Discovered by Prehistoric observation ; Edmond Halley ( recognition of periodicity ) Orbital characteristics Epoch 17 February 1994 ( 2449400.5 ) Aphelion 35.082 AU Perihelion 0.586 AU last perihelion : 9 February 1986 next perihelion : 28 July 2061 Semi-major axis 17.834 AU Eccentricity 0.96714 Orbital period 75.32 yr Mean anomaly 38.38 ° Inclination 162.26 ° Longitude of ascending node 58.42 ° Argument of perihelion 111.33 ° Earth MOID 0.0638 AU ( 9.54 million km ) Physical characteristics 15 × 8 km , 11 km ( mean diameter ) Mass 2.2 × 10 kg Mean density 0.6 ( estimates range from 0.2 to 1.5 g / cm ) Escape velocity ~ 0.002 km / s Sidereal rotation period 2.2 d ( 52.8 h ) ( ? ) Albedo 0.04 Apparent magnitude 28.2 ( in 2003 ) Halley 's Comet or Comet Halley , officially designated 1P / Halley , is a short - period comet visible from Earth every 74 -- 79 years . Halley is the only known short - period comet that is regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth , and the only naked - eye comet that might appear twice in a human lifetime . Halley last appeared in the inner parts of the Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061 . Halley 's returns to the inner Solar System have been observed and recorded by astronomers since at least 240 BC . Clear records of the comet 's appearances were made by Chinese , Babylonian , and medieval European chroniclers , but were not recognized as reappearances of the same object at the time . The comet 's periodicity was first determined in 1705 by English astronomer Edmond Halley , after whom it is now named . During its 1986 apparition , Halley 's Comet became the first comet to be observed in detail by spacecraft , providing the first observational data on the structure of a comet nucleus and the mechanism of coma and tail formation . These observations supported a number of longstanding hypotheses about comet construction , particularly Fred Whipple 's `` dirty snowball '' model , which correctly predicted that Halley would be composed of a mixture of volatile ices -- such as water , carbon dioxide , and ammonia -- and dust . The missions also provided data that substantially reformed and reconfigured these ideas ; for instance , it is now understood that the surface of Halley is largely composed of dusty , non-volatile materials , and that only a small portion of it is icy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pronunciation 2 Computation of orbit 3 Orbit and origin 4 Structure and composition 5 History 5.1 Prior to 1066 5.2 1066 5.3 1145 -- 1378 5.4 1456 5.5 1531 -- 1835 5.6 1910 5.7 1986 5.8 After 1986 5.9 2061 5.10 Apparitions 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Pronunciation ( edit ) Comet Halley is commonly pronounced / ˈhæli / , rhyming with valley , or / ˈheɪli / , rhyming with daily . Colin Ronan , one of Edmund Halley 's biographers , preferred / ˈhɔːli / ( HAW - lee , similar to holly ) . Spellings of Halley 's name during his lifetime included Hailey , Haley , Hayley , Halley , Hawley , and Hawly , so its contemporary pronunciation is uncertain . Computation of orbit ( edit ) Halley was the first comet to be recognized as periodic . Until the Renaissance , the philosophical consensus on the nature of comets , promoted by Aristotle , was that they were disturbances in Earth 's atmosphere . This idea was disproved in 1577 by Tycho Brahe , who used parallax measurements to show that comets must lie beyond the Moon . Many were still unconvinced that comets orbited the Sun , and assumed instead that they must follow straight paths through the Solar System . In 1687 , Sir Isaac Newton published his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica , in which he outlined his laws of gravity and motion . His work on comets was decidedly incomplete . Although he had suspected that two comets that had appeared in succession in 1680 and 1681 were the same comet before and after passing behind the Sun ( he was later found to be correct ; see Newton 's Comet ) , he was unable to completely reconcile comets into his model . Ultimately , it was Newton 's friend , editor and publisher , Edmond Halley , who , in his 1705 Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets , used Newton 's new laws to calculate the gravitational effects of Jupiter and Saturn on cometary orbits . Having compiled a list of 24 comet observations , he calculated that the orbital elements of a second comet that had appeared in 1682 were nearly the same as those of two comets that had appeared in 1531 ( observed by Petrus Apianus ) and 1607 ( observed by Johannes Kepler ) . Halley thus concluded that all three comets were , in fact , the same object returning about every 76 years , a period that has since been found to vary between 74 -- 79 years . After a rough estimate of the perturbations the comet would sustain from the gravitational attraction of the planets , he predicted its return for 1758. . While he had personally observed the comet around perihelion in September 1682 , Halley died in 1742 before he could observe its predicted return . Halley 's prediction of the comet 's return proved to be correct , although it was not seen until 25 December 1758 , by Johann Georg Palitzsch , a German farmer and amateur astronomer . It did not pass through its perihelion until 13 March 1759 , the attraction of Jupiter and Saturn having caused a retardation of 618 days . This effect was computed prior to its return ( with a one - month error to 13 April ) by a team of three French mathematicians , Alexis Clairaut , Joseph Lalande , and Nicole - Reine Lepaute . The confirmation of the comet 's return was the first time anything other than planets had been shown to orbit the Sun . It was also one of the earliest successful tests of Newtonian physics , and a clear demonstration of its explanatory power . The comet was first named in Halley 's honour by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1759 . Some scholars have proposed that first - century Mesopotamian astronomers already had recognized Halley 's Comet as periodic . This theory notes a passage in the Bavli Talmud that refers to `` a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err . '' Researchers in 1981 attempting to calculate the past orbits of Halley by numerical integration starting from accurate observations in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries could not produce accurate results further back than 837 due to a close approach to Earth in that year . It was necessary to use ancient Chinese comet observations to constrain their calculations . Orbit and origin ( edit ) The orbital path of Halley , against the orbits of Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus and Neptune . Halley 's orbital period has varied between 74 -- 79 years since 240 BC . Its orbit around the Sun is highly elliptical , with an orbital eccentricity of 0.967 ( with 0 being a circle and 1 being a parabolic trajectory ) . The perihelion , the point in the comet 's orbit when it is nearest the Sun , is just 0.6 AU . This is between the orbits of Mercury and Venus . Its aphelion , or farthest distance from the Sun , is 35 AU ( roughly the distance of Pluto ) . Unusual for an object in the Solar System , Halley 's orbit is retrograde ; it orbits the Sun in the opposite direction to the planets , or , clockwise from above the Sun 's north pole . The orbit is inclined by 18 ° to the ecliptic , with much of it lying south of the ecliptic . ( Because it is retrograde , the true inclination is 162 ° ) . Due to the retrograde orbit , it has one of the highest velocities relative to the Earth of any object in the Solar System . The 1910 passage was at a relative velocity of 70.56 km / s ( 157,838 mph or 254,016 km / h ) . Because its orbit comes close to Earth 's in two places , Halley is associated with two meteor showers : the Eta Aquariids in early May , and the Orionids in late October . Halley is the parent body to the Orionids . Observations conducted around the time of Halley 's appearance in 1986 suggested that the comet could additionally perturb the Eta Aquarid meteor shower , although it might not be the parent of that shower . Orionid meteor originating from Halley 's Comet striking the sky below the Milky Way and to the right of Venus . Halley is classified as a periodic or short - period comet ; one with an orbit lasting 200 years or less . This contrasts it with long - period comets , whose orbits last for thousands of years . Periodic comets have an average inclination to the ecliptic of only ten degrees , and an orbital period of just 6.5 years , so Halley 's orbit is atypical . Most short - period comets ( those with orbital periods shorter than 20 years and inclinations of 20 -- 30 degrees or less ) are called Jupiter - family comets . Those resembling Halley , with orbital periods of between 20 and 200 years and inclinations extending from zero to more than 90 degrees , are called Halley - type comets . As of 2015 , only 75 Halley - type comets have been observed , compared with 511 identified Jupiter family comets . The orbits of the Halley - type comets suggest that they were originally long - period comets whose orbits were perturbed by the gravity of the giant planets and directed into the inner Solar System . If Halley was once a long - period comet , it is likely to have originated in the Oort Cloud , a sphere of cometary bodies that has an inner edge of 20,000 -- 50,000 AU . Conversely the Jupiter - family comets are generally believed to originate in the Kuiper belt , a flat disc of icy debris between 30 AU ( Neptune 's orbit ) and 50 AU from the Sun ( in the scattered disc ) . Another point of origin for the Halley - type comets was proposed in 2008 , when a trans - Neptunian object with a retrograde orbit similar to Halley 's was discovered , 2008 KV 42 , whose orbit takes it from just outside that of Uranus to twice the distance of Pluto . It may be a member of a new population of small Solar System bodies that serves as the source of Halley - type comets . Halley has probably been in its current orbit for 16,000 -- 200,000 years , although it is not possible to numerically integrate its orbit for more than a few tens of apparitions , and close approaches before 837 AD can only be verified from recorded observations . The non-gravitational effects can be crucial ; as Halley approaches the Sun , it expels jets of sublimating gas from its surface , which knock it very slightly off its orbital path . These orbital changes cause delays in its perihelion of four days , average . In 1989 , Boris Chirikov and Vitaly Vecheslavov performed an analysis of 46 apparitions of Halley 's Comet taken from historical records and computer simulations . These studies showed that its dynamics were chaotic and unpredictable on long timescales . Halley 's projected lifetime could be as long as 10 million years . These studies also showed that many physical properties of Halley 's Comet dynamics can be approximately described by a simple symplectic map , known as the Kepler map . More recent work suggests that Halley will evaporate , or split in two , within the next few tens of thousands of years , or will be ejected from the Solar System within a few hundred thousand years . Observations by D.W. Hughes suggest that Halley 's nucleus has been reduced in mass by 80 -- 90 % over the last 2000 -- 3000 revolutions . Structure and composition ( edit ) The nucleus of Halley 's Comet , imaged by the Giotto probe in 1986 . The dark coloration of the nucleus can be observed , as well as the jets of dust and gas erupting from its surface . The Giotto and Vega missions gave planetary scientists their first view of Halley 's surface and structure . Like all comets , as Halley nears the Sun , its volatile compounds ( those with low boiling points , such as water , carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide and other ices ) begin to sublime from the surface of its nucleus . This causes the comet to develop a coma , or atmosphere , up to 100,000 km across . Evaporation of this dirty ice releases dust particles , which travel with the gas away from the nucleus . Gas molecules in the coma absorb solar light and then re-radiate it at different wavelengths , a phenomenon known as fluorescence , whereas dust particles scatter the solar light . Both processes are responsible for making the coma visible . As a fraction of the gas molecules in the coma are ionized by the solar ultraviolet radiation , pressure from the solar wind , a stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun , pulls the coma 's ions out into a long tail , which may extend more than 100 million kilometers into space . Changes in the flow of the solar wind can cause disconnection events , in which the tail completely breaks off from the nucleus . Despite the vast size of its coma , Halley 's nucleus is relatively small : barely 15 kilometers long , 8 kilometers wide and perhaps 8 kilometers thick . Its shape vaguely resembles that of a peanut . Its mass is relatively low ( roughly 2.2 × 10 kg ) and its average density is about 0.6 g / cm , indicating that it is made of a large number of small pieces , held together very loosely , forming a structure known as a rubble pile . Ground - based observations of coma brightness suggested that Halley 's rotation period was about 7.4 days . Images taken by the various spacecraft , along with observations of the jets and shell , suggested a period of 52 hours . Given the irregular shape of the nucleus , Halley 's rotation is likely to be complex . Although only 25 % of Halley 's surface was imaged in detail during the flyby missions , the images revealed an extremely varied topography , with hills , mountains , ridges , depressions , and at least one crater . Halley is the most active of all the periodic comets , with others , such as Comet Encke and Comet Holmes , being one or two orders of magnitude less active . Its day side ( the side facing the Sun ) is far more active than the night side . Spacecraft observations showed that the gases ejected from the nucleus were 80 % water vapour , 17 % carbon monoxide and 3 -- 4 % carbon dioxide , with traces of hydrocarbons although more - recent sources give a value of 10 % for carbon monoxide and also include traces of methane and ammonia . The dust particles were found to be primarily a mixture of carbon -- hydrogen -- oxygen -- nitrogen ( CHON ) compounds common in the outer Solar System , and silicates , such as are found in terrestrial rocks . The dust particles decreased in size down to the limits of detection ( ~ 0.001 μm ) . The ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in the water released by Halley was initially thought to be similar to that found in Earth 's ocean water , suggesting that Halley - type comets may have delivered water to Earth in the distant past . Subsequent observations showed Halley 's deuterium ratio to be far higher than that found in Earth 's oceans , making such comets unlikely sources for Earth 's water . Giotto provided the first evidence in support of Fred Whipple 's `` dirty snowball '' hypothesis for comet construction ; Whipple postulated that comets are icy objects warmed by the Sun as they approach the inner Solar System , causing ices on their surfaces to sublimate ( change directly from a solid to a gas ) , and jets of volatile material to burst outward , creating the coma . Giotto showed that this model was broadly correct , though with modifications . Halley 's albedo , for instance , is about 4 % , meaning that it reflects only 4 % of the sunlight hitting it ; about what one would expect for coal . Thus , despite appearing brilliant white to observers on Earth , Halley 's Comet is in fact pitch black . The surface temperature of evaporating `` dirty ice '' ranges from 170 K ( − 103 ° C ) at higher albedo to 220 K ( − 53 ° C ) at low albedo ; Vega 1 found Halley 's surface temperature to be in the range 300 -- 400 K ( 30 -- 130 ° C ) . This suggested that only 10 % of Halley 's surface was active , and that large portions of it were coated in a layer of dark dust that retained heat . Together , these observations suggested that Halley was in fact predominantly composed of non-volatile materials , and thus more closely resembled a `` snowy dirtball '' than a `` dirty snowball '' . History ( edit ) Prior to 1066 ( edit ) Observation of Halley 's Comet , recorded in cuneiform on a clay tablet between 22 and 28 September 164 BC , Babylon , Iraq . British Museum ( BM 41462 ) Halley may have been recorded as early as 467 BC , but this is uncertain . A comet was recorded in ancient Greece between 468 and 466 BC ; its timing , location , duration , and associated meteor shower all suggest it was Halley . According to Pliny the Elder , that same year a meteorite fell in the town of Aegospotami , in Thrace . He described it as brown in colour and the size of a wagon load . Chinese chroniclers also mention a comet in that year . Report of Halley 's Comet by Chinese astronomers in 240 BC ( Shiji ) The first certain appearance of Halley 's Comet in the historical record is a description from 240 BC , in the Chinese chronicle Records of the Grand Historian or Shiji , which describes a comet that appeared in the east and moved north . The only surviving record of the 164 BC apparition is found on two fragmentary Babylonian tablets , now owned by the British Museum . The apparition of 87 BC was recorded in Babylonian tablets which state that the comet was seen `` day beyond day '' for a month . This appearance may be recalled in the representation of Tigranes the Great , an Armenian king who is depicted on coins with a crown that features , according to Vahe Gurzadyan and R. Vardanyan , `` a star with a curved tail ( that ) may represent the passage of Halley 's Comet in 87 BC . '' Gurzadyan and Vardanyan argue that `` Tigranes could have seen Halley 's Comet when it passed closest to the Sun on August 6 in 87 BC '' as the comet would have been a `` most recordable event '' ; for ancient Armenians it could have heralded the New Era of the brilliant King of Kings . The apparition of 12 BC was recorded in the Book of Han by Chinese astronomers of the Han Dynasty who tracked it from August through October . It passed within 0.16 AU of Earth . Halley 's appearance in 12 BC , only a few years distant from the conventionally assigned date of the birth of Jesus Christ , has led some theologians and astronomers to suggest that it might explain the biblical story of the Star of Bethlehem . There are other explanations for the phenomenon , such as planetary conjunctions , and there are also records of other comets that appeared closer to the date of Jesus ' birth . If , as has been suggested , the reference in the Talmud to `` a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err '' ( see above ) refers to Halley 's Comet , it may be a reference to the 66 AD appearance , because this passage is attributed to the Rabbi Yehoshua ben Hananiah . This apparition was the only one to occur during ben Hananiah 's lifetime . The 141 AD apparition was recorded in Chinese chronicles . It was also recorded in the Tamil work Purananuru , in connection with the death of the south Indian Chera king Yanaikatchai Mantaran Cheral Irumporai . The 374 AD and 607 approaches each came within 0.09 AU of Earth . The 684 AD apparition was recorded in Europe in one of the sources used by the compiler of the 1493 Nuremberg Chronicles ; it is the oldest known picture of a comet . Chinese records also report it as the `` broom star '' . In 837 , Halley 's Comet may have passed as close as 0.03 AU ( 3.2 million miles ; 5.1 million kilometers ) from Earth , by far its closest approach . Its tail may have stretched 60 degrees across the sky . It was recorded by astronomers in China , Japan , Germany , the Byzantine Empire , and the Middle East . In 912 , Halley is recorded in the Annals of Ulster , which state `` A dark and rainy year . A comet appeared . '' 1066 ( edit ) The comet 's appearance in 1066 was recorded on the Bayeux Tapestry . In 1066 , the comet was seen in England and thought to be an omen : later that year Harold II of England died at the Battle of Hastings ; it was a bad omen for Harold , but a good omen for the man who defeated him , William the Conqueror . The comet is represented on the Bayeux Tapestry and described in the tituli as a star . Surviving accounts from the period describe it as appearing to be four times the size of Venus and shining with a light equal to a quarter of that of the Moon . Halley came within 0.10 AU of Earth at that time . This appearance of the comet is also noted in the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle . Eilmer of Malmesbury may have seen Halley previously in 989 , as he wrote of it in 1066 : `` You 've come , have you ? ... You 've come , you source of tears to many mothers , you evil . I hate you ! It is long since I saw you ; but as I see you now you are much more terrible , for I see you brandishing the downfall of my country . I hate you ! '' The Irish Annals of the Four Masters recorded the comet as `` A star ( that ) appeared on the seventh of the Calends of May , on Tuesday after Little Easter , than whose light the brilliance or light of The Moon was not greater ; and it was visible to all in this manner till the end of four nights afterwards . '' Chaco Native Americans in New Mexico may have recorded the 1066 apparition in their petroglyphs . 1145 -- 1378 ( edit ) The Adoration of the Magi ( circa 1305 ) by Giotto , who purportedly modeled the star of Bethlehem on Halley , which had been sighted 4 years prior to this painting . The 1145 apparition was recorded by the monk Eadwine . The 1986 apparition exhibited a fan tail similar to Eadwine 's drawing . Some claim that Genghis Khan was inspired to turn his conquests toward Europe by the 1222 apparition . The 1301 apparition may have been seen by the artist Giotto di Bondone , who represented the Star of Bethlehem as a fire - colored comet in the Nativity section of his Arena Chapel cycle , completed in 1305 . Its 1378 appearance is recorded in the Annales Mediolanenses as well as in East Asian sources . 1456 ( edit ) 1456 comet in Zodiac In 1456 , the year of Halley 's next apparition , the Ottoman Empire invaded the Kingdom of Hungary , culminating in the Siege of Belgrade in July of that year . In a papal bull , Pope Calixtus III ordered special prayers be said for the city 's protection . In 1470 , the humanist scholar Bartolomeo Platina wrote in his Lives of the Popes that , A hairy and fiery star having then made its appearance for several days , the mathematicians declared that there would follow grievous pestilence , dearth and some great calamity . Calixtus , to avert the wrath of God , ordered supplications that if evils were impending for the human race He would turn all upon the Turks , the enemies of the Christian name . He likewise ordered , to move God by continual entreaty , that notice should be given by the bells to call the faithful at midday to aid by their prayers those engaged in battle with the Turk . Platina 's account is not mentioned in official records . In the 18th century , a Frenchman further embellished the story , in anger at the Church , by claiming that the Pope had `` excommunicated '' the comet , though this story was most likely his own invention . Halley 's apparition of 1456 was also witnessed in Kashmir and depicted in great detail by Śrīvara , a Sanskrit poet and biographer to the Sultans of Kashmir . He read the apparition as a cometary portent of doom foreshadowing the imminent fall of Sultan Zayn al - Abidin ( AD 1418 / 1420 -- 1470 ) . After witnessing a bright light in the sky which most historians have identified as Halley 's Comet , Zara Yaqob , Emperor of Ethiopia from 1434 to 1468 , founded the city of Debre Berhan ( tr . City of Light ) and made it his capital for the remainder of his reign . 1531 -- 1835 ( edit ) Halley 's periodic returns have been subject to scientific investigation since the 16th century . The three apparitions from 1531 to 1682 were noted by Edmond Halley , enabling him to predict its 1759 return . Streams of vapour observed during the comet 's 1835 apparition prompted astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel to propose that the jet forces of evaporating material could be great enough to significantly alter a comet 's orbit . 1531 1682 1759 1835 1910 ( edit ) A photograph of Halley 's Comet taken during its 1910 approach The 1910 approach , which came into naked - eye view around 10 April and came to perihelion on 20 April , was notable for several reasons : it was the first approach of which photographs exist , and the first for which spectroscopic data were obtained . Furthermore , the comet made a relatively close approach of 0.15 AU , making it a spectacular sight . Indeed , on 19 May , Earth actually passed through the tail of the comet . One of the substances discovered in the tail by spectroscopic analysis was the toxic gas cyanogen , which led astronomer Camille Flammarion to claim that , when Earth passed through the tail , the gas `` would impregnate the atmosphere and possibly snuff out all life on the planet . '' His pronouncement led to panicked buying of gas masks and quack `` anti-comet pills '' and `` anti-comet umbrellas '' by the public . In reality , as other astronomers were quick to point out , the gas is so diffuse that the world suffered no ill effects from the passage through the tail . The comet added to the unrest in China on the eve of Xinhai Revolution that would end the last dynasty in 1911 . As James Hutson , a missionary in Sichuan Province at the time , recorded , The people believe that it indicates calamity such as war , fire , pestilence , and a change of dynasty . In some places on certain days the doors were unopened for half a day , no water was carried and many did not even drink water as it was rumoured that pestilential vapour was being poured down upon the earth from the comet . '' The 1910 visitation is also recorded as being the travelling companion of the first known English Muslim to make the Haj pilgrimage to Mecca . However , his explanation of its scientific predictability did not meet with favour in the Holy City . The comet was also fertile ground for hoaxes . One that reached major newspapers claimed that the Sacred Followers , a supposed Oklahoma religious group , attempted to sacrifice a virgin to ward off the impending disaster , but were stopped by the police . American satirist and writer Mark Twain was born on 30 November 1835 , exactly two weeks after the comet 's perihelion . In his autobiography , published in 1909 , he said , I came in with Halley 's comet in 1835 . It is coming again next year , and I expect to go out with it . It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I do n't go out with Halley 's comet . The Almighty has said , no doubt : ' Now here are these two unaccountable freaks ; they came in together , they must go out together . ' Twain died on 21 April 1910 , the day following the comet 's subsequent perihelion . The 1985 fantasy film The Adventures of Mark Twain was inspired by the quotation . Halley 's 1910 apparition is distinct from the Great Daylight Comet of 1910 , which surpassed Halley in brilliance and was actually visible in broad daylight for a short period , approximately four months before Halley made its appearance . 1986 ( edit ) Daily motion across sky during 1986 passage Halley 's Comet in 1986 1986 USSR miniature sheet , featuring Edmond Halley , Comet Halley , Vega 1 , Vega 2 , Giotto , Suisei ( Planet - A ) Halley 's 1986 apparition was the least favourable on record . The comet and Earth were on opposite sides of the Sun in February 1986 , creating the worst viewing circumstances for Earth observers for the last 2,000 years . Halley 's closest approach was 0.42 AU . Additionally , with increased light pollution from urbanization , many people failed to even see the comet . It was possible to observe it in areas outside of cities with the help of binoculars . Further , the comet appeared brightest when it was almost invisible from the northern hemisphere in March and April . Halley 's approach was first detected by astronomers David Jewitt and G. Edward Danielson on 16 October 1982 using the 5.1 m Hale telescope at Mount Palomar and a CCD camera . The first person to visually observe the comet on its 1986 return was amateur astronomer Stephen James O'Meara on 24 January 1985 . O'Meara used a home - built 24 - inch telescope on top of Mauna Kea to detect the magnitude 19.6 comet . On 8 November 1985 , Stephen Edberg ( then serving as the Coordinator for Amateur Observations at NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory ) and Charles Morris were the first to observe Halley 's Comet with the naked eye in its 1986 apparition . Although Halley 's Comet 's retrograde orbit and high inclination make it difficult to send a space probe to it , the 1986 apparition gave scientists the opportunity to closely study the comet , and several probes were launched to do so . The Soviet Vega 1 started returning images of Halley on 4 March 1986 , and the first ever of its nucleus , and made its flyby on 6 March , followed by Vega 2 making its flyby on 9 March . On 14 March , the Giotto space probe , launched by the European Space Agency , made the closest pass of the comet 's nucleus . There were also two Japanese probes , Suisei and Sakigake . The probes were unofficially known as the Halley Armada . Based on data retrieved by Astron , the largest ultraviolet space telescope of the time , during its Halley 's Comet observations in December 1985 , a group of Soviet scientists developed a model of the comet 's coma . The comet was also observed from space by the International Cometary Explorer . Originally International Sun - Earth Explorer 3 , the probe was renamed and freed from its L Lagrangian point location in Earth 's orbit to intercept comets 21P / Giacobini - Zinner and Halley . Two Space Shuttle missions -- the ill - fated STS - 51 - L ( ended by the Challenger disaster ) and STS - 61 - E -- were scheduled to observe Halley 's Comet from low Earth orbit . STS - 51 - L carried the Shuttle - Pointed Tool for Astronomy ( SPARTAN - 203 ) satellite , also called the Halley 's Comet Experiment Deployable ( HCED ) . STS - 61 - E was a Columbia mission scheduled for March 1986 , carrying the ASTRO - 1 platform to study the comet . Due to the suspension of America 's manned space program after the Challenger explosion , the mission was canceled , and ASTRO - 1 would not fly until late 1990 on STS - 35 . After 1986 ( edit ) Halley 's Comet observed in 2003 at 28 AU from the Sun On 12 February 1991 , at a distance of 14.4 AU ( 2.15 × 10 km ) from the Sun , Halley displayed an outburst that lasted for several months , releasing a cloud of dust 300,000 km across . The outburst likely started in December 1990 , and then the comet brightened from magnitude 24.3 to magnitude 18.9 . Halley was most recently observed in 2003 by three of the Very Large Telescopes at Paranal , Chile , when Halley 's magnitude was 28.2 . The telescopes observed Halley , at the faintest and farthest any comet has ever been imaged , in order to verify a method for finding very faint trans - Neptunian objects . Astronomers are now able to observe the comet at any point in its orbit . 2061 ( edit ) The next predicted perihelion of Halley 's Comet is 28 July 2061 , when it is expected to be better positioned for observation than during the 1985 -- 1986 apparition , as it will be on the same side of the Sun as Earth . It is expected to have an apparent magnitude of − 0.3 , compared with only + 2.1 for the 1986 apparition . It has been calculated that on 9 September 2060 , Halley will pass within 0.98 AU ( 147,000,000 km ) of Jupiter , and then on 20 August 2061 will pass within 0.0543 AU ( 8,120,000 km ) of Venus . In 2134 , Halley is expected to pass within 0.09 AU ( 13,000,000 km ) of Earth . Its apparent magnitude is expected to be − 2.0 . Apparitions ( edit ) Halley 's calculations enabled the comet 's earlier appearances to be found in the historical record . The following table sets out the astronomical designations for every apparition of Halley 's Comet from 240 BC , the earliest documented widespread sighting . For example , `` 1P / 1982 U1 , 1986 III , 1982i '' indicates that for the perihelion in 1986 , Halley was the first period comet known ( designated 1P ) and this apparition was the first seen in half - month U ( the second half of October ) in 1982 ( giving 1P / 1982 U1 ) ; it was the third comet past perihelion in 1986 ( 1986 III ) ; and it was the ninth comet spotted in 1982 ( provisional designation 1982i ) . The perihelion dates of each apparition are shown . The perihelion dates farther from the present are approximate , mainly because of uncertainties in the modelling of non-gravitational effects . Perihelion dates of 1531 and earlier are in the Julian calendar , while perihelion dates 1607 and after are in the Gregorian calendar . Halley 's Comet is visible from Earth every 74 -- 79 years . Designation Year BC / AD Gap ( years ) Date of perihelion Visible duration Closest approach Description 1P / − 239 K1 , − 239 240 BC - 15 May 25 May -- 15 May First confirmed sighting . 1P / − 163 U1 , − 163 164 BC 76 20 May 12 November , 164 -- 28 September 164 Seen by Babylonians . 1P / − 86 Q1 , − 86 87 BC 77 15 August 6 August -- 19 August Seen by the Babylonians and Chinese . 1P / − 11 Q1 , − 11 12 BC 75 8 October August -- 10 October 0.16 AU Watched by Chinese for two months . 1P / 66 B1 , 66 66 78 26 January 25 January -- 26 January ' A comet of the kind called Xiphias , because their tails appear to represent the blade of a sword ' 1P / 141 F1 , 141 141 75 25 March 22 March -- 25 March Described by the Chinese as bluish - white in colour 1P / 218 H1 , 218 218 77 6 April 6 April -- 17 May Described by the Roman historian Dion Cassius as ' a very fearful star ' . 1P / 295 J1 , 295 295 77 7 April 7 April -- 20 April Seen in China , but not spectacular . 1P / 374 E1 , 374 374 79 13 February 13 February -- 16 February 0.09 AU Comet passed 13.5 million kilometres from Earth . 1P / 451 L1 , 451 451 77 3 July 28 June -- 3 July Appeared before the defeat of Attila the Hun at the Battle of Chalons . 1P / 530 Q1 , 530 530 79 15 November 27 September -- 15 November Noted in China and Europe , but not spectacular . 1P / 607 H1 , 607 607 77 26 March 15 March -- 26 March 0.09 AU Comet passed 13.5 million kilometres from Earth . 1P / 684 R1 , 684 684 77 26 November 2 October -- 26 November First known Japanese records of the comet . Seen in Europe and depicted 800 years later in the Nuremberg Chronicle . Attempts have been made to connect an ancient Maya depiction of God L to the event . 1P / 760 K1 , 760 760 76 10 June 20 May -- 10 June Seen in China , at the same time as another comet . 1P / 837 F1 , 837 837 77 25 February 25 February -- 28 February 0.03 AU Closest - ever approach to the Earth ( 5 million km ) . Tail stretched halfway across the sky . Appeared as bright as Venus . 1P / 912 J1 , 912 912 75 27 July 18 July -- 27 July Seen briefly in China and Japan . 1P / 989 N1 , 989 989 77 2 September 2 September -- 5 September Seen in China , Japan , and ( possibly ) Korea . 1P / 1066 G1 , 1066 1066 77 25 March January -- 25 March 0.10 AU Seen for over two months in China . Recorded in England and depicted on the later Bayeux tapestry which portrayed the events of that year . 1P / 1145 G1 , 1145 1145 79 19 April 15 April -- 19 April Depicted on the Eadwine Psalter , with the remark that such ' hairy stars ' appeared rarely , ' and then as a portent ' . 1P / 1222 R1 , 1222 1222 77 10 September 10 September -- 28 September Described by Japanese astronomers as being ' as large as the half Moon ... Its colour was white but its rays were red ' . 1P / 1301 R1 , 1301 1301 79 22 October 22 October -- 31 October Seen by Giotto di Bondone and included in his painting The Adoration of the Magi . Chinese astronomers compared its brilliance to that of the first - magnitude star Procyon . 1P / 1378 S1 , 1378 1378 77 9 November 9 November -- 14 November Passed within 10 degrees of the north celestial pole , more northerly than at any time during the past 2000 years . This is the last appearance of the comet for which Oriental records are better than Western ones . 1P / 1456 K1 , 1456 1456 78 8 January 8 January -- 9 June Observed in Italy by Paolo Toscanelli , who said its head was ' as large as the eye of an ox ' , with a tail ' fan - shaped like that of a peacock ' . Arabs said the tail resembled a Turkish scimitar . Turkish forces attacked Belgrade . 1P / 1531 P1 , 1531 1531 75 26 August 26 August Seen by Peter Apian , who noted that its tail always pointed away from the Sun . This sighting was included in Halley 's table . 1P / 1607 S1 , 1607 1607 76 27 October 27 October Seen by Johannes Kepler . This sighting was included in Halley 's table . 1P / 1682 Q1 , 1682 1682 75 15 September 15 September Seen by Edmond Halley at Islington . 1P / 1758 Y1 , 1759 I 1758 76 13 March 13 March -- 25 December Return predicted by Halley . First seen by Johann Palitzsch on 1758 December 25 . 1P / 1835 P1 , 1835 III 1835 77 16 November August -- 16 November First seen at the Vatican Observatory in August . Studied by John Herschel at the Cape of Good Hope . 1P / 1909 R1 , 1910 II , 1909c 1910 75 20 April 20 April -- 20 May Photographed for the first time . Earth passed through the comet 's tail on May 20 . 1P / 1982 U1 , 1986 III , 1982i 1986 76 9 February 9 February 0.586 AU Reached perihelion on February 9 , closest to Earth ( 63 million km ) on April 11 . Nucleus photographed by the European space probe Giotto and the Russian probes Vega 1 and 2 . 2061 75 28 July 28 July 2061 Next return of Halley 's comet . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal List of Halley - type comets Halley 's Comet in fiction References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Donald K. Yeomans . `` Horizon Online Ephemeris System '' . California Institute of Technology , Jet Propulsion Laboratory . 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Broughton ( 1979 ) . `` The visibility of Halley 's comet '' . Journal , Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 73 : 24 -- 36 . Bibcode : 1979JRASC ... 73 ... 24B . Jump up ^ `` Comet Halley Summary '' . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . 1985 . Retrieved 11 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Astronomy : Comets '' ( PDF ) . Australian Astronomical Association . 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 June 2005 . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Last Chance For Good Comet - Viewing '' . Ocala Star - Banner. 1 April 1986 . p. 14 . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Comet Halley Recovered '' . European Space Agency . 2006 . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . Jump up ^ M.W. Browne ( 20 August 1985 ) . `` Telescope Builders See Halley 's Comet From Vermont Hilltop '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 January 2008 . ( Horizons shows the nucleus @ APmag + 20.5 ; the coma up to APmag + 14.3 ) Jump up ^ `` First Naked - Eye Sighting of Halley 's Comet Reported '' . Los Angeles Times . 12 November 1985 . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` First Naked - Eye Sighting of Halley 's Comet Reported '' . New York Times . 12 November 1985 . Retrieved 21 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Ley , Willy ( September 1968 ) . `` Mission to a Comet '' . For Your Information . Galaxy Science Fiction . pp. 101 -- 110 . Jump up ^ `` Suisei '' . Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency . 2008 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ A.A. Boyarchuk ; V.P. Grinin ; A.M. Zvereva ; P.P. Petrov ; A.I. Sheikhet ( 1986 ) . `` A model for the coma of Comet Halley , based on the Astron ultraviolet spectrophotometry '' . Soviet Astronomy Letters ( in Russian ) . 12 : 291 -- 296 . Bibcode : 1986PAZh ... 12 ... 696B . Jump up ^ P. Murdin ( 2000 ) . `` International Cometary Explorer ( ICE ) '' . Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics . Institute of Physics Publishing . Bibcode : 2000eaa ... bookE4650 ... doi : 10.1888 / 0333750888 / 4650 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 75088 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 51L '' . NASA Kennedy Space Center . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Spartan 203 ( Spartan Halley , HCED ) '' . space.skyrocket.de . Retrieved 6 September 2011 . Jump up ^ D.J. Shayler ; C. Burgess ( 2007 ) . `` Ending of Eras '' . NASA 's Scientist - Astronauts . Praxis . pp. 431 -- 476 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 21897 - 1 . Retrieved 7 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 35 ( 38 ) '' . NASA . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ D. Prialnik ; A. Bar - Nun ( 1992 ) . `` Crystallization of amorphous ice as the cause of Comet P / Halley 's outburst at 14 AU '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 258 ( 2 ) : L9 -- L12 . Bibcode : 1992A&A ... 258L ... 9P . ^ Jump up to : S. Odenwald . `` When will Halley 's Comet return ? '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` JPL Close - Approach Data : 1P / Halley '' ( 11 January 1994 last obs ) . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Comet names and designations '' . International Comet Quarterly . Retrieved 20 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard M. Schmude ( 2010 ) . Comets and How to Observe Them . Springer . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 5790 - 0 . Jump up ^ B.G. Marsden ; G.V. Williams ( 1996 ) . `` Catalogue of Cometary Orbits 1996 . 11th edition '' . Catalogue of Cometary Orbits . International Astronomical Union . Bibcode : 1996cco ... book ... M . Jump up ^ J.L. Brady ( 1982 ) . `` Halley 's Comet AD 1986 to 2647 BC '' . Journal of the British Astronomical Association . Lawrence Livermore Laboratory , University of California . 92 : 209 . Bibcode : 1982JBAA ... 92 ... 209B . Jump up ^ Star Gods of the Maya : Astronomy in Art , Folklore , and Calendars Bibliography ( edit ) Gore , Rick ( December 1986 ) . `` Halley 's Comet ' 86 '' . National Geographic . Vol. 170 no . 6 . pp. 758 -- 785 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . P. Lancaster - Brown ( 1985 ) . Halley & His Comet . Blandford Press . ISBN 0 - 7137 - 1447 - 6 . C. Sagan ; A. Druyan ( 1985 ) . Comet . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 54908 - 2 . Joseph Needham ( 1959 ) . `` Comets , meteors , and meteorites '' . Science and Civilisation in China : Volume 3 , Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth . Cambridge University Press . pp. 430 -- 433 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 05801 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Comet Halley . Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets ( 1706 reprint of Halley 's 1705 paper ) Halley 's nucleus by Giotto spacecraft ( ESA link ) Image of Halley in 1986 by Giotto spacecraft ( NASA link ) cometography.com 1P / Halley at CometBase database seds.org Orbital simulation from JPL ( Java ) / Ephemeris Donald Yeomans , `` Great Comets in History '' A brief history of Halley 's Comet ( Ian Ridpath ) Photographs of 1910 approach taken from the Lick Observatory from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive , UC Santa Cruz Library 's Digital Collections Comets Features Nucleus Coma Tails Antitail Comet dust Meteor shower Types Periodic Numbered Lost Halley - type Jupiter - family Encke - type Main - belt Non-periodic Hyperbolic Unknown - orbit Great Comet Sungrazing ( Kreutz ) Extinct Rock Exocomet Interstellar Related Naming of comets Centaur Comet discoverers LINEAR Extraterrestrial atmosphere Oort cloud Small Solar System body Asteroid Space missions Planned and proposed DESTINY CAESAR Comet Hopper CONDOR CORSAIR CRAF Hayabusa Mk2 Marco Polo Vesta Past and current CONTOUR Deep Impact / EPOXI Deep Space 1 Giotto ICE Rosetta Philae Timeline Sakigake Stardust / NeXT Suisei Ulysses Vega program Vega 1 Vega 2 Latest C / 2016 U1 ( NEOWISE ) C / 2015 G2 ( MASTER ) C / 2015 F5 ( SWAN - XingMing ) C / 2015 F3 C / 2014 Q2 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2014 E2 ( Jacques ) C / 2013 US10 ( Catalina ) C / 2013 A1 ( Siding Spring ) C / 2012 S4 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2012 K1 ( PANSTARRS ) Culture and speculation Antimatter comet Comets in fiction Fictional comets Comet vintages Lists of comets ( more ) Periodic comets Until 1985 ( all ) 1P / Halley 2P / Encke 3D / Biela 4P / Faye 5D / Brorsen 6P / d'Arrest 7P / Pons -- Winnecke 8P / Tuttle 9P / Tempel 10P / Tempel 11P / Tempel -- Swift -- LINEAR 12P / Pons -- Brooks 13P / Olbers 14P / Wolf 15P / Finlay 16P / Brooks 17P / Holmes 18D / Perrine -- Mrkos 19P / Borrelly 20D / Westphal 21P / Giacobini -- Zinner 22P / Kopff 23P / Brorsen -- Metcalf 24P / Schaumasse 25D / Neujmin 26P / Grigg -- Skjellerup 27P / Crommelin 28P / Neujmin 29P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann 30P / Reinmuth 31P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann 32P / Comas Solà 33P / Daniel 34D / Gale 35P / Herschel -- Rigollet 36P / Whipple 37P / Forbes 38P / Stephan -- Oterma 39P / Oterma 40P / Väisälä 41P / Tuttle -- Giacobini -- Kresák 42P / Neujmin 43P / Wolf -- Harrington 44P / Reinmuth 45P / Honda -- Mrkos -- Pajdušáková 46P / Wirtanen 47P / Ashbrook -- Jackson 48P / Johnson 49P / Arend -- Rigaux 50P / Arend 51P / Harrington 52P / Harrington -- Abell 53P / Van Biesbroeck 54P / de Vico -- Swift -- NEAT 55P / Tempel -- Tuttle 56P / Slaughter -- Burnham 57P / du Toit -- Neujmin -- Delporte 58P / Jackson -- Neujmin 59P / Kearns -- Kwee 60P / Tsuchinshan 61P / Shajn -- Schaldach 62P / Tsuchinshan 63P / Wild 64P / Swift -- Gehrels 65P / Gunn 66P / du Toit 67P / Churyumov -- Gerasimenko 68P / Klemola 69P / Taylor 70P / Kojima 71P / Clark 72P / Denning -- Fujikawa 73P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann 74P / Smirnova -- Chernykh 75D / Kohoutek 76P / West -- Kohoutek -- Ikemura 77P / Longmore 78P / Gehrels 79P / du Toit -- Hartley 80P / Peters -- Hartley 81P / Wild 82P / Gehrels 83D / Russell 84P / Giclas 85P / Boethin 86P / Wild 87P / Bus 88P / Howell 89P / Russell 90P / Gehrels 91P / Russell 92P / Sanguin 93P / Lovas 94P / Russell 95P / Chiron 96P / Machholz 97P / Metcalf -- Brewington 98P / Takamizawa 99P / Kowal 100P / Hartley 101P / Chernykh 102P / Shoemaker After 1985 ( notable ) 103P / Hartley 105P / Singer Brewster 107P / Wilson -- Harrington 109P / Swift -- Tuttle 111P / Helin -- Roman -- Crockett 114P / Wiseman -- Skiff 128P / Shoemaker -- Holt 139P / Väisälä -- Oterma 144P / Kushida 147P / Kushida -- Muramatsu 153P / Ikeya -- Zhang 163P / NEAT 168P / Hergenrother 169P / NEAT 177P / Barnard 178P / Hug -- Bell 205P / Giacobini 209P / LINEAR 238P / Read 246P / NEAT 252P / LINEAR 255P / Levy 273P / Pons -- Gambart 276P / Vorobjov 289P / Blanpain 311P / PANSTARRS 322P / SOHO 332P / Ikeya - Murakami 354P / LINEAR P / 1997 B1 ( Kobayashi ) P / 2010 B2 ( WISE ) P / 2011 NO1 ( Elenin ) Comet - like asteroids 596 Scheila 2060 Chiron ( 95P ) 4015 Wilson -- Harrington ( 107P ) 7968 Elst -- Pizarro ( 133P ) 165P / LINEAR 166P / NEAT 167P / CINEOS 60558 Echeclus ( 174P ) 118401 LINEAR ( 176P ) 238P / Read 259P / Garradd 311P / PANSTARRS 324P / La Sagra P / 2010 A2 ( LINEAR ) P / 2012 F5 ( Gibbs ) P / 2012 T1 ( PANSTARRS ) P / 2013 R3 ( Catalina - PANSTARRS ) ( 300163 ) 2006 VW139 Lost Recovered 11P / Tempel -- Swift -- LINEAR 15P / Finlay 17P / Holmes 27P / Crommelin 54P / de Vico -- Swift -- NEAT 55P / Tempel -- Tuttle 57P / du Toit -- Neujmin -- Delporte 69P / Taylor 72P / Denning -- Fujikawa 80P / Peters -- Hartley 97P / Metcalf -- Brewington 107P / Wilson -- Harrington 109P / Swift -- Tuttle 113P / Spitaler 122P / de Vico 157P / Tritton 177P / Barnard 205P / Giacobini 206P / Barnard -- Boattini 271P / van Houten -- Lemmon 273P / Pons -- Gambart 289P / Blanpain Destroyed 3D / Biela 73P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann D / 1993 F2 ( Shoemaker -- Levy 9 ) Not found D / 1770 L1 ( Lexell ) 5D / Brorsen 18D / Perrine -- Mrkos 20D / Westphal 25D / Neujmin 34D / Gale 75D / Kohoutek 83D / Russell Visited by spacecraft 21P / Giacobini -- Zinner ( 1985 ) 1P / Halley ( 1986 ) 26P / Grigg -- Skjellerup ( 1992 ) 19P / Borrelly ( 2001 ) 81P / Wild ( 2004 ) 9P / Tempel ( 2005 , 2011 ) C / 2006 P1 ( 2007 ) 103P / Hartley ( 2010 ) 67P / Churyumov -- Gerasimenko ( 2014 ) Non-Periodic comets ( notable ) Until 1910 C / - 43 K1 ( Caesar 's Comet ) X / 1106 C1 ( Great Comet of 1106 ) C / 1577 V1 ( Great Comet of 1577 ) C / 1652 Y1 C / 1680 V1 ( Great Comet of 1680 , Kirsch 's Comet , Newton 's Comet ) ) C / 1702 H1 ( Comet of 1702 ) C / 1729 P1 ( Comet of 1729 , Comet Sarabat ) C / 1743 X1 ( Great Comet of 1744 , Comet Klinkenberg - Chéseaux ) C / 1760 A1 ( Great Comet of 1760 ) C / 1769 P1 ( Great Comet of 1769 ) C / 1807 R1 ( Great Comet of 1807 ) C / 1811 F1 ( Great Comet of 1811 ) C / 1819 N1 ( Great Comet of 1819 ) C / 1823 Y1 ( Great Comet of 1823 ) C / 1843 D1 ( Great March Comet of 1843 ) C / 1847 T1 ( Miss Mitchell 's Comet ) C / 1858 L1 ( Comet Donati ) C / 1861 G1 ( Comet Thatcher ) C / 1861 J1 ( Great Comet of 1861 ) C / 1865 B1 ( Great Southern Comet of 1865 ) X / 1872 X1 ( Pogson 's Comet ) C / 1874 H1 ( Comet Coggia ) C / 1881 K1 ( Comet Tebbutt ) C / 1882 R1 ( Great Comet of 1882 ) C / 1887 B1 ( Great Southern Comet of 1887 ) C / 1890 V1 ( Comet Zona ) C / 1901 G1 ( Great Comet of 1901 ) C / 1910 A1 ( Great January Comet of 1910 ) After 1910 C / 1911 O1 ( Brooks ) C / 1911 S3 ( Beljawsky ) C / 1927 X1 ( Skjellerup -- Maristany ) C / 1931 P1 ( Ryves ) C / 1941 B2 ( de Kock - Paraskevopoulos ) ( de ) C / 1947 X1 ( Southern Comet ) ( de ) C / 1948 V1 ( Eclipse ) C / 1956 R1 ( Arend -- Roland ) C / 1957 P1 ( Mrkos ) ( de ) C / 1961 O1 ( Wilson - Hubbard ) ( de ) C / 1961 R1 ( Humason ) C / 1962 C1 ( Seki - Lines ) ( de ) C / 1963 R1 ( Pereyra ) C / 1965 S1 ( Ikeya - Seki ) C / 1969 Y1 ( Bennett ) C / 1970 K1 ( White -- Ortiz -- Bolelli ) C / 1973 E1 ( Kohoutek ) C / 1975 V1 ( West ) C / 1980 E1 ( Bowell ) C / 1983 H1 ( IRAS -- Araki -- Alcock ) C / 1989 X1 ( Austin ) C / 1989 Y1 ( Skorichenko -- George ) C / 1992 J1 ( Spacewatch -- Rabinowitz ) C / 1993 Y1 ( McNaught -- Russell ) C / 1995 O1 ( Hale -- Bopp ) C / 1996 B2 ( Hyakutake ) C / 1997 L1 ( Zhu -- Balam ) C / 1998 H1 ( Stonehouse ) C / 1998 J1 ( SOHO ) C / 1999 F1 ( Catalina ) C / 1999 S4 ( LINEAR ) C / 2000 U5 ( LINEAR ) C / 2000 W1 ( Utsunomiya - Jones ) C / 2001 OG108 ( LONEOS ) C / 2001 Q4 ( NEAT ) C / 2002 T7 ( LINEAR ) C / 2004 F4 ( Bradfield ) ( de ) C / 2004 Q2 ( Machholz ) C / 2006 A1 ( Pojmański ) C / 2006 M4 ( SWAN ) C / 2006 P1 ( McNaught ) C / 2007 E2 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2007 F1 ( LONEOS ) C / 2007 K5 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2007 N3 ( Lulin ) C / 2007 Q3 ( Siding Spring ) C / 2007 W1 ( Boattini ) C / 2008 Q1 ( Matičič ) C / 2009 F6 ( Yi -- SWAN ) C / 2009 R1 ( McNaught ) C / 2010 X1 ( Elenin ) C / 2011 L4 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2011 W3 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2012 E2 ( SWAN ) C / 2012 F6 ( Lemmon ) C / 2012 K1 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2012 S1 ( ISON ) C / 2012 S4 ( PANSTARRS ) C / 2013 A1 ( Siding Spring ) C / 2013 R1 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2013 US10 ( Catalina ) C / 2013 V5 ( Oukaimeden ) C / 2014 E2 ( Jacques ) C / 2014 Q2 ( Lovejoy ) C / 2015 V2 ( Johnson ) After 1910 ( by name ) Arend -- Roland Austin Beljawsky Bennett Boattini Bowell Bradfield ( de ) Brooks Catalina C / 1999 F1 C / 2013 US10 de Kock -- Paraskevopoulos ( de ) Eclipse Elenin Hale - Bopp Humason Hyakutake Ikeya - Seki IRAS -- Araki -- Alcock ISON Jacques Johnson Kohoutek Lemmon LINEAR C / 1999 S4 C / 2000 U5 C / 2002 T7 LONEOS C / 2001 OG108 C / 2007 F1 Lovejoy C / 2007 E2 C / 2007 K5 C / 2011 W3 C / 2013 R1 C / 2014 Q2 Lulin Machholz Matičič McNaught C / 2006 P1 C / 2009 R1 McNaught -- Russell Mrkos ( de ) NEAT Oukaimeden Pan-STARRS C / 2011 L4 C / 2012 K1 C / 2012 S4 311P Pereyra Pojmański Ryves Seki -- Lines ( de ) Siding Spring C / 2007 Q3 C / 2013 A1 Skjellerup -- Maristany Skorichenko -- George SOHO Southern ( de ) Spacewatch -- Rabinowitz Stonehouse SWAN C / 2006 M4 C / 2012 E2 Utsunomiya -- Jones West White -- Ortiz -- Bolelli Wilson -- Hubbard ( de ) Yi -- SWAN Zhu -- Balam Commons Wikinews Numbered comets Previous ( periodic comet navigator ) 1P / Halley Next 2P / Encke Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halley%27s_Comet&oldid=836093095 '' Categories : Halley 's Comet Astronomical objects known since antiquity Comets Periodic comets Halley - type comets Meteor shower progenitors Comets visited by spacecraft Star of Bethlehem Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use dmy dates from October 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Interlanguage link template link number Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 80 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 17 : 03 . 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when was the last time halley's comet appeared
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"Halley's Comet or Comet Halley, officially designated 1P/Halley,[2] is a short-period comet visible from Earth every 74–79 years.[2][10][11][12] Halley is the only known short-period comet that is regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth, and the only naked-eye comet that might appear twice in a human lifetime.[13] Halley last appeared in the inner parts of the Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061.[14]"
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History of Anglo-Saxon England
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History of Anglo - Saxon England - wikipedia History of Anglo - Saxon England Jump to : navigation , search This article is about historical events in Anglo - Saxon England . For Anglo - Saxon culture and society , see Anglo - Saxons . For the academic journal , see Anglo - Saxon England ( journal ) . Part of a series on the History of England Timeline ( show ) Prehistoric Britain Roman Britain Sub-Roman Britain Medieval period Economy in the Middle Ages Anglo - Saxon period English unification High Middle Ages Norman conquest Norman period Late Middle Ages Black Death in England Tudor period Tudor dynasty Elizabethan period English Renaissance Stuart period English Civil War Commonwealth Protectorate Restoration Glorious Revolution Georgian period Regency period Victorian period Edwardian period First World War Interwar period Second World War Social history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Political history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Topics ( show ) Social history of England History of education in England History of the economy of England History of the politics of England English overseas possessions History of the English language Polities ( show ) Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain United Kingdom By county ( show ) Bedfordshire Berkshire City of Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Greater London Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire City of London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland North Yorkshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire By city or town ( show ) Birmingham Bournemouth Brighton Bristol Chester Christchurch Colchester Coventry Dover Folkestone Leeds Liverpool London Maidstone Manchester Milton Keynes Newcastle Nottingham Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Rochester Sheffield Shrewsbury Southampton St Albans Torquay Wetherby York England portal Periods in English history ( hide ) Prehistoric Britain until c. 43 Roman Britain c. 43 -- 410 Anglo - Saxon c. 500 -- 1066 Norman 1066 -- 1154 Plantagenet 1154 -- 1485 Tudor 1485 -- 1603 Elizabethan 1558 -- 1603 Stuart 1603 -- 1714 Jacobean 1603 -- 1625 Caroline 1625 -- 1649 ( Interregnum ) 1649 -- 1660 Restoration 1660 -- 1714 Georgian 1714 -- 1837 Regency 1811 -- 1837 Victorian 1837 -- 1901 Edwardian 1901 -- 1914 First World War 1914 -- 1918 Interwar Britain 1918 -- 1939 Second World War 1939 -- 1945 See also Political history ( 1945 -- present ) Social history ( 1945 -- present ) Timeline Anglo - Saxon England was early medieval England , existing from the 5th to the 11th century from the end of Roman Britain until the Norman conquest in 1066 . It consisted of various Anglo - Saxon kingdoms until 927 when it was united as the Kingdom of England by King Æthelstan ( r . 927 -- 939 ) . It became part of the North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great , a personal union between England , Denmark and Norway in the 11th century . The Anglo - Saxons were the members of Germanic - speaking groups who migrated to the southern half of the island from continental Europe , and their cultural descendants . Anglo - Saxon history thus begins during the period of Sub-Roman Britain following the end of Roman control , and traces the establishment of Anglo - Saxon kingdoms in the 5th and 6th centuries ( conventionally identified as seven main kingdoms : Northumbria , Mercia , East Anglia , Essex , Kent , Sussex , and Wessex ) , their Christianisation during the 7th century , the threat of Viking invasions and Danish settlers , the gradual unification of England under Wessex hegemony during the 9th and 10th centuries , and ending with the Norman conquest of England by William the Conqueror in 1066 . Anglo - Saxon identity survived beyond the Norman conquest , came to be known as Englishry under Norman rule and ultimately developed into the modern English people . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Historical context 3 Migration and the formation of kingdoms ( 400 -- 600 ) 4 Heptarchy and Christianisation ( 7th and 8th centuries ) 4.1 Anglo - Saxon England heptarchy 4.2 Other minor kingdoms and territories 5 Viking challenge and the rise of Wessex ( 9th century ) 6 English unification ( 10th century ) 7 England under the Danes and the Norman conquest ( 978 -- 1066 ) 7.1 Payment of Danegeld 7.2 Rise of Cnut 7.3 Edward becomes king 7.4 Death of Edward the Confessor 7.5 Battle of Fulford and aftermath 7.6 William of Normandy sails for England 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Citations 11 References 12 External links Terminology ( edit ) Bede completed his book Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum ( Ecclesiastical History of the English People ) in around 731 . Thus the term for English people ( Latin : gens Anglorum ; Anglo - Saxon : Anglecynn ) was in use by then to distinguish Germanic groups in Britain from those on the continent ( Old Saxony in Northern Germany ) . The term ' Anglo - Saxon ' came in practice in the 8th century ( probably by Paul the Deacon ) to distinguish English Saxons from continental Saxons ( Ealdseaxe , ' old ' Saxons ) . The historian James Campbell suggested that it was not until the late Anglo - Saxon period that England could be described as a nation state . It is certain that the concept of `` Englishness '' only developed very slowly . Historical context ( edit ) Main articles : Sub-Roman Britain and End of Roman rule in Britain As the Roman occupation of Britain was coming to an end , Constantine III withdrew the remains of the army , in reaction to the barbarian invasion of Europe . The Romano - British leaders were faced with an increasing security problem from seaborne raids , particularly by Picts on the East coast of England . The expedient adopted by the Romano - British leaders was to enlist the help of Anglo - Saxon mercenaries ( known as foederati ) , to whom they ceded territory . In about 442 the Anglo - Saxons mutinied , apparently because they had not been paid . The Romano - British responded by appealing to the Roman commander of the Western empire , Aëtius for help ( a document known as the Groans of the Britons ) , even though Honorius , the Western Roman Emperor , had written to the British civitas in or about 410 telling them to look to their own defence . There then followed several years of fighting between the British and the Anglo - Saxons . The fighting continued until around 500 , when , at the Battle of Mount Badon , the Britons inflicted a severe defeat on the Anglo - Saxons . Migration and the formation of kingdoms ( 400 -- 600 ) ( edit ) Main article : Anglo - Saxon settlement of Britain See also : Migration period 2nd to 5th century simplified migration patterns . There are records of Germanic infiltration into Britain that date before the collapse of the Roman Empire . It is believed that the earliest Germanic visitors were eight cohorts of Batavians attached to the 14th Legion in the original invasion force under Aulus Plautius in AD 43 . There is a recent hypothesis that some of the native tribes , identified as Britons by the Romans , may have been Germanic - language speakers , but most scholars disagree with this due to a lack of evidence in Roman - period evidence for local languages . It was quite common for Rome to swell its legions with foederati recruited from the German homelands . This practice also extended to the army serving in Britain , and graves of these mercenaries , along with their families , can be identified in the Roman cemeteries of the period . The migration continued with the departure of the Roman army , when Anglo - Saxons were recruited to defend Britain ; and also during the period of the Anglo - Saxon first rebellion of 442 . If the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle is to be believed , the various Anglo - Saxon kingdoms which eventually merged to become England were founded when small fleets of three or five ships of invaders arrived at various points around the coast of England to fight the Sub-Roman British , and conquered their lands . The language of the migrants , Old English , came over the next few centuries to predominate throughout what is now England , at the expense of British Celtic and British Latin . Map of Briton settlements in the 6th - century . The arrival of the Anglo - Saxons into Britain can be seen in the context of a general movement of Germanic peoples around Europe between the years 300 and 700 , known as the Migration period ( also called the Barbarian Invasions or Völkerwanderung ) . In the same period there were migrations of Britons to the Armorican peninsula ( Brittany and Normandy in modern - day France ) : initially around 383 during Roman rule , but also c. 460 and in the 540s and 550s ; the 460s migration is thought to be a reaction to the fighting during the Anglo - Saxon mutiny between about 450 to 500 , as was the migration to Britonia ( modern day Galicia , in northwest Spain ) at about the same time . The historian Peter Hunter - Blair expounded what is now regarded as the traditional view of the Anglo - Saxon arrival in Britain . He suggested a mass immigration , fighting and driving the Sub-Roman Britons off their land and into the western extremities of the islands , and into the Breton and Iberian peninsulas . This view was probably influenced by sources such as Bede , where he talks about the Britons being slaughtered or going into `` perpetual servitude '' . According to Härke the more modern view is of co-existence between the British and the Anglo - Saxons . He suggests that several modern archaeologists have now re-assessed the invasion model , they have developed a co-existence model largely based on the Laws of Ine . The laws include several clauses that provide six different wergild levels for the Britons , of which four are below that of freeman . Although it was possible for the Britons to be rich freemen , in Anglo - Saxon society , generally it seems that they had a lower status than that of the Anglo - Saxons . Discussions and analysis still continue on the size of the migration , and whether it was a small elite band of Anglo - Saxons who came in and took over the running of the country , or a mass migration of peoples who overwhelmed the Britons . According to Gildas , initial vigorous British resistance was led by a man called Ambrosius Aurelianus , from which time victory fluctuated between the two nations . Gildas records a `` final '' victory of the Britons at the Battle of Mount Badon in c. 500 , and this might mark a point at which Anglo - Saxon migration was temporarily stemmed . Gildas said that this battle was `` forty - four years and one month '' after the arrival of the Saxons , and was also the year of his birth . He said that a time of great prosperity followed . But , despite the lull , the Anglo - Saxons took control of Sussex , Kent , East Anglia and part of Yorkshire ; while the West Saxons founded a kingdom in Hampshire under the leadership of Cerdic , around 520 . However , it was to be 50 years before the Anglo - Saxons began further major advances . In the intervening years the Britons exhausted themselves with civil war , internal disputes , and general unrest : which was the inspiration behind Gildas 's book De Excidio Britanniae ( The Ruin of Britain ) . The next major campaign against the Britons was in 577 , led by Cealin , king of Wessex , whose campaigns succeeded in taking Cirencester , Gloucester and Bath ( known as the Battle of Dyrham ) . This expansion of Wessex ended abruptly when the Anglo - Saxons started fighting among themselves , and resulted in Cealin eventually having to retreat to his original territory . He was then replaced by Ceol ( who was possibly his nephew ) : Cealin was killed the following year , but the annals do not specify by whom . Cirencester subsequently became an Anglo - Saxon kingdom under the overlordship of the Mercians , rather than Wessex . Heptarchy and Christianisation ( 7th and 8th centuries ) ( edit ) Main articles : Northumbria , Mercia , Offa of Mercia , Heptarchy , and Christianisation of the Anglo - Saxon Kingdoms By 600 , a new order was developing , of kingdoms and sub-Kingdoms . Henry of Huntingdon ( a medieval historian ) conceived the idea of the Heptarchy , which consisted of the seven principal Anglo - Saxon kingdoms ( Heptarchy literal translation from the Greek : hept -- seven ; archy -- rule ) . Anglo - Saxon England Heptarchy ( edit ) Anglo - Saxon and British kingdoms c. 800 The four main kingdoms in Anglo - Saxon England were : East Anglia Mercia Northumbria , including sub-kingdoms Bernicia and Deira Wessex Minor kingdoms : Essex Kent Sussex Other minor kingdoms and territories ( edit ) Haestingas Hwicce Kingdom of the Iclingas , a precursor state to Mercia Isle of Wight , ( Wihtwara ) Lindsey Magonsæte The Meonwara The Meon Valley area of Hampshire Middle Angles Pecsæte Surrey Tomsæte Wreocensæte At the end of the 6th century the most powerful ruler in England was Æthelberht of Kent , whose lands extended north to the Humber River . In the early years of the 7th century , Kent and East Anglia were the leading English kingdoms . After the death of Æthelberht in 616 , Rædwald of East Anglia became the most powerful leader south of the Humber . Silver coin of Aldfrith of Northumbria ( 686 -- 705 ) . OBVERSE : + AldFRIdUS , pellet - in - annulet ; REVERSE : Lion with forked tail standing left . Following the death of Æthelfrith of Northumbria , Rædwald provided military assistance to the Deiran Edwin in his struggle to take over the two dynasties of Deira and Bernicia in the unified kingdom of Northumbria . Upon the death of Rædwald , Edwin was able to pursue a grand plan to expand Northumbrian power . The growing strength of Edwin of Northumbria forced the Anglo - Saxon Mercians under Penda into an alliance with the Welsh King Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd , and together they invaded Edwin 's lands and defeated and killed him at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633 . Their success was short - lived , as Oswald ( one of the sons of the late King of Northumbria , Æthelfrith ) defeated and killed Cadwallon at Heavenfield near Hexham . In less than a decade Penda again waged war against Northumbria , and killed Oswald in the Battle of Maserfield in 642 . His brother Oswiu was chased to the northern extremes of his kingdom . However , Oswiu killed Penda shortly after , and Mercia spent the rest of the 7th and all of the 8th century fighting the kingdom of Powys . The war reached its climax during the reign of Offa of Mercia , who is remembered for the construction of a 150 - mile - long dyke which formed the Wales / England border . It is not clear whether this was a boundary line or a defensive position . The ascendency of the Mercians came to an end in 825 , when they were soundly beaten under Beornwulf at the Battle of Ellendun by Egbert of Wessex . Christianity had been introduced into the British Isles during the Roman occupation . The early Christian Berber author , Tertullian , writing in the third century , said that `` Christianity could even be found in Britain . '' The Roman Emperor Constantine ( 306 -- 337 ) , granted official tolerance to Christianity with the Edict of Milan in 313 . Then , in the reign of Emperor Theodosius `` the Great '' ( 378 -- 395 ) , Christianity was made the official religion of the Roman Empire . Escomb Church , a restored 7th century Anglo - Saxon church . Church architecture and artefacts provide a useful source of historical information . It is not entirely clear how many Britons would have been Christian when the pagan Anglo - Saxons arrived . There had been attempts to evangelise the Irish by Pope Celestine I in 431 . However , it was Saint Patrick who is credited with converting the Irish en - masse . A Christian Ireland then set about evangelising the rest of the British Isles , and Columba was sent to found a religious community in Iona , off the west coast of Scotland . Then Aidan was sent from Iona to set up his see in Northumbria , at Lindisfarne , between 635 -- 651 . Hence Northumbria was converted by the Celtic ( Irish ) church . Bede is very uncomplimentary about the indigenous British clergy : in his Historia ecclesiastica he complains of their unspeakable crimes , and that they did not preach the faith to the Angles or Saxons . Pope Gregory I sent Augustine in 597 to convert the Anglo - Saxons , but Bede says the British clergy refused to help Augustine in his mission . Despite Bede 's complaints , it is now believed that the Britons played an important role in the conversion of the Anglo - Saxons . On arrival in the south east of England in 597 , Augustine was given land by King Æthelberht of Kent to build a church ; so in 597 Augustine built the church and founded the See at Canterbury . He baptised Æthelberht in 601 , then continued with his mission to convert the English . Most of the north and east of England had already been evangelised by the Irish Church . However , Sussex and the Isle of Wight remained mainly pagan until the arrival of Saint Wilfrid , the exiled Archbishop of York , who converted Sussex around 681 and the Isle of Wight in 683 . Whitby Abbey It remains unclear what `` conversion '' actually meant . The ecclesiastical writers tended to declare a territory as `` converted '' merely because the local king had agreed to be baptised , regardless of whether , in reality , he actually adopted Christian practices ; and regardless , too , of whether the general population of his kingdom did . When churches were built , they tended to include pagan as well as Christian symbols , evidencing an attempt to reach out to the pagan Anglo - Saxons , rather than demonstrating that they were already converted . Even after Christianity had been set up in all of the Anglo - Saxon kingdoms , there was friction between the followers of the Roman rites and the Irish rites , particularly over the date on which Easter fell and the way monks cut their hair . In 664 a conference was held at Whitby Abbey ( known as the Whitby Synod ) to decide the matter ; Saint Wilfrid was an advocate for the Roman rites and Bishop Colmán for the Irish rites . Wilfrid 's argument won the day and Colmán and his party returned to Ireland in their bitter disappointment . The Roman rites were adopted by the English church , although they were not universally accepted by the Irish Church . Viking challenge and the rise of Wessex ( 9th century ) ( edit ) Main articles : Danelaw , Viking Age , and Alfred the Great Map of England in 878 showing the extent of the Danelaw Between the 8th and 11th centuries , raiders and colonists from Scandinavia , mainly Danish and Norwegian , plundered western Europe , including the British Isles . These raiders came to be known as the Vikings ; the name is believed to derive from Scandinavia , where the Vikings originated . The first raids in the British Isles were in the late 8th century , mainly on churches and monasteries ( which were seen as centres of wealth ) . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle reports that the holy island of Lindisfarne was sacked in 793 . The raiding then virtually stopped for around forty years ; but in about 835 it started becoming more regular . The walled defence round a burgh . Alfred 's capital , Winchester . Saxon and medieval work on Roman foundations . In the 860s , instead of raids , the Danes mounted a full - scale invasion . In 865 an enlarged army arrived that the Anglo - Saxons described as the Great Heathen Army . This was reinforced in 871 by the Great Summer Army . Within ten years nearly all of the Anglo - Saxon kingdoms fell to the invaders : Northumbria in 867 , East Anglia in 869 , and nearly all of Mercia in 874 -- 77 . Kingdoms , centres of learning , archives , and churches all fell before the onslaught from the invading Danes . Only the Kingdom of Wessex was able to survive . In March 878 , the Anglo - Saxon King of Wessex , Alfred , with a few men , built a fortress at Athelney , hidden deep in the marshes of Somerset . He used this as a base from which to harry the Vikings . In May 878 he put together an army formed from the populations of Somerset , Wiltshire , and Hampshire , which defeated the Viking army in the Battle of Edington . The Vikings retreated to their stronghold , and Alfred laid siege to it . Ultimately the Danes capitulated , and their leader Guthrum agreed to withdraw from Wessex and to be baptised . The formal ceremony was completed a few days later at Wedmore . There followed a peace treaty between Alfred and Guthrum , which had a variety of provisions , including defining the boundaries of the area to be ruled by the Danes ( which became known as the Danelaw ) and those of Wessex . The Kingdom of Wessex controlled part of the Midlands and the whole of the South ( apart from Cornwall , which was still held by the Britons ) , while the Danes held East Anglia and the North . After the victory at Edington and resultant peace treaty , Alfred set about transforming his Kingdom of Wessex into a society on a full - time war footing . He built a navy , reorganised the army , and set up a system of fortified towns known as burhs . He mainly used old Roman cities for his burhs , as he was able to rebuild and reinforce their existing fortifications . To maintain the burhs , and the standing army , he set up a taxation system known as the Burghal Hidage . These burhs ( or burghs ) operated as defensive structures . The Vikings were thereafter unable to cross large sections of Wessex : the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle reports that a Danish raiding party was defeated when it tried to attack the burh of Chichester . The burhs , although primarily designed as defensive structures , were also commercial centres , attracting traders and markets to a safe haven , and they provided a safe place for the king 's moneyers and mints . A new wave of Danish invasions commenced in the year 891 , beginning a war that lasted over three years . Alfred 's new system of defence worked , however , and ultimately it wore the Danes down : they gave up and dispersed in the summer of 896 . Alfred is also remembered as a literate king . He or his court commissioned the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle , which was written in Old English ( rather than in Latin , which was the language of the European annals ) . Alfred 's own literary output was mainly of translations , though he wrote introductions and amended manuscripts as well . English unification ( 10th century ) ( edit ) Edgar 's coinage Main articles : Æthelstan and Edgar of England On Alfred 's death in 899 , his son Edward the Elder succeeded him . Alfred 's son Edward , and his grandsons Æthelstan , Edmund I , and Eadred , continued the policy of resistance against the Vikings . In Mercia , from 874 -- 879 the western half was ruled by Ceowulf II , who was succeeded by Æthelred . In 886 / 887 Æthelred married Alfred 's daughter Æthelflæd . When Æthelred died in 911 , his widow administered the Mercian province with the title `` Lady of the Mercians '' . As commander of the Mercian army she worked with her brother , Edward the Elder , to win back the Mercian lands that were under Danish control . Edward and his successors expanded Alfred 's network of fortified burhs , a key element of their strategy , enabling them to go on the offensive . Edward recaptured Essex in 913 . Edward 's son , Æthelstan , annexed Northumbria and forced the kings of Wales to submit ; at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937 , he defeated an alliance of the Scots , Danes , and Vikings to become King of all England . Along with the Britons and the settled Danes , some of the other Anglo - Saxon kingdoms disliked being ruled by Wessex . Consequently , the death of a Wessex king would be followed by rebellion , particularly in Northumbria . In 973 , Alfred 's great - grandson , Edgar , was crowned King of England and Emperor of Britain at Bath . On his coinage he had inscribed EADGAR REX ANGLORUM ( `` Edgar , King of the English '' ) . Edgar 's coronation was a magnificent affair , and many of its rituals and words could still be seen in the coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953 , though in English rather than Latin . The presence of Danish and Norse settlers in the Danelaw had a lasting impact ; the people there saw themselves as `` armies '' a hundred years after settlement : King Edgar issued a law code in 962 that was to include the people of Northumbria , so he addressed it to Earl Olac `` and all the army that live in that earldom '' . There are over 3,000 words in modern English that have Scandinavian roots , Additionally , more than 1,500 place - names in England are Scandinavian in origin ; for example , topographic names such as Howe , Norfolk and Howe , North Yorkshire are derived from the Old Norse word haugr meaning hill , knoll , or mound . In archeology and other academic contexts the term `` Anglo - Scandinavian '' is often used for Scandinavian culture in England . England under the Danes and the Norman conquest ( 978 -- 1066 ) ( edit ) Viking longboat replica in Ramsgate , Kent Two years after his coronation at Bath , Edgar died while still only in his early thirties . He left two surviving sons , Edward ( the eldest ) and his half - brother Æthelred . Edward was crowned king , at Kingston , but three years later he was assassinated by one of his half - brother 's retainers , with the assistance of Æthelred 's stepmother . Hence Æthelred II was crowned in 978 , and although he reigned for thirty - eight years , one of the longest reigns in English history , he earned the name `` Æthelred the Unready '' , as he proved to be one of England 's most disastrous kings . William of Malmesbury , writing in his Chronicle of the kings of England about one hundred years later , was scathing in his criticism of Æthelred , saying that he occupied the kingdom , rather than governed it . Just as Æthelred was being crowned , the Danish King Gormsson was trying to force Christianity onto his domain . Many of his subjects did not like this idea , and shortly before 988 , Swein , his son , drove his father from the kingdom . The rebels , dispossessed at home , probably formed the first waves of raids on the English coast . The rebels did so well in their raiding that the Danish kings decided to take over the campaign themselves . In 991 the Vikings sacked Ipswich , and their fleet made landfall near Maldon in Essex . The Danes demanded that the English pay a ransom , but the English commander Byrhtnoth refused ; he was killed in the ensuing Battle of Maldon , and the English were easily defeated . From then on the Vikings seem to have raided anywhere at will ; they were contemptuous of the lack of resistance from the English . Even the Alfredian systems of burhs failed . Æthelred seems to have just hidden , out of range of the raiders . Payment of Danegeld ( edit ) By the 980s the kings of Wessex had a powerful grip on the coinage of the realm . It is reckoned there were about 300 moneyers , and 60 mints , around the country . Every five or six years the coinage in circulation would cease to be legal tender and new coins were issued . The system controlling the currency around the country was extremely sophisticated ; this enabled the king to raise large sums of money if needed . The ability to raise large sums of money was needed after the battle of Maldon , as Æthelred decided that , rather than fight , he would pay ransom to the Danes in a system known as Danegeld . As part of the ransom , a peace treaty was drawn up that was intended to stop the raids . However , rather than buying the Vikings off , payment of Danegeld only encouraged them to come back for more . The Dukes of Normandy were quite happy to allow these Danish adventurers to use their ports for raids on the English coast . The result was that the courts of England and Normandy became increasingly hostile to each other . Eventually , Æthelred sought a treaty with the Normans , and ended up marrying Emma , daughter of Richard I , Duke of Normandy in the Spring of 1002 , which was seen as an attempt to break the link between the raiders and Normandy . Then , on St. Brice 's day in November 1002 , Danes living in England were slaughtered on the orders of Æthelred . Rise of Cnut ( edit ) In the summer of 1013 , Sven Forkbeard , King of Denmark , brought the Danish fleet to Sandwich , Kent . From there he went north to the Danelaw , where the locals immediately agreed to support him . He then struck south , forcing Æthelred into exile in Normandy ( 1013 -- 1014 ) . However , on 3 February 1014 Sven died suddenly . Capitalising on his death , Æthelred returned to England and drove Sven 's son , Cnut , back to Denmark , forcing him to abandon his allies in the process . In 1015 , Cnut launched a new campaign against England . Edmund fell out with his father , Æthelred , and struck out on his own . Some English leaders decided to support Cnut , so Æthelred ultimately retreated to London . Before engagement with the Danish army , Æthelred died and was replaced by Edmund . The Danish army encircled and besieged London , but Edmund was able to escape and raised an army of loyalists . Edmund 's army routed the Danes , but the success was short - lived : at the battle of Ashingdon the Danes were victorious and many of the English leaders were killed . Cnut and Edmund agreed to split the kingdom in two , with Edmund ruling Wessex and Cnut the rest . Cnut 's dominions In 1017 , Edmund died in mysterious circumstances , probably murdered by Cnut or his supporters , and the English council ( the witan ) confirmed Cnut as king of all England . Cnut divided England into earldoms : most of these were allocated to nobles of Danish descent , but he made an Englishman earl of Wessex . The man he appointed was Godwin , who eventually became part of the extended royal family when he married the king 's sister - in - law . In the summer of 1017 , Cnut sent for Æthelred 's widow , Emma , with the intention of marrying her . It seems that Emma agreed to marry the king on condition that he would limit the English succession to the children born of their union . Cnut already had a wife known as Ælfgifu of Northampton who bore him two sons , Svein and Harold Harefoot . However it seems that the church regarded Ælfgifu as Cnut 's concubine rather than his wife . In addition to the two sons he had with Ælfgifu , he had a further son with Emma , who was named Harthacnut . When Cnut 's brother , Harald II , King of Denmark , died in 1018 Cnut went to Denmark to secure that realm . Two years later , Cnut brought Norway under his control , and he gave Ælfgifu and their son Svein the job of governing it . Edward becomes king ( edit ) One result of Cnut 's marriage to Emma was to precipitate a succession crisis after his death in 1035 , as the throne was disputed between Ælfgifu 's son , Harald Harefoot , and Emma 's son , Harthacnut . Emma supported her son by Cnut , Harthacnut , rather than a son by Æthelred . Her son by Æthelred , Edward , made an unsuccessful raid on Southampton , and his brother Alfred was murdered on an expedition to England in 1036 . Emma fled to Bruges when Harald Harefoot became king of England , but when he died in 1040 Harthacnut was able to take over as king . Harthacnut quickly developed a reputation for imposing high taxes on England . He became so unpopular that Edward was invited to return from exile in Normandy to be recognised as Harthacnut 's heir , and when Harthacnut died suddenly in 1042 ( probably murdered ) , Edward ( known to posterity as Edward the Confessor ) became king . Edward was supported by Earl Godwin of Wessex and married the earl 's daughter . This arrangement was seen as expedient , however , as Godwin had been implicated in the murder of Alfred , the king 's brother . In 1051 one of Edward 's in - laws , Eustace , arrived to take up residence in Dover ; the men of Dover objected and killed some of Eustace 's men . When Godwin refused to punish them , the king , who had been unhappy with the Godwins for some time , summoned them to trial . Stigand , the Archbishop of Canterbury , was chosen to deliver the news to Godwin and his family . The Godwins fled rather than face trial . Norman accounts suggest that at this time Edward offered the succession to his cousin , William ( duke ) of Normandy ( also known as William the Conqueror , William the Bastard , or William I ) , though this is unlikely given that accession to the Anglo - Saxon kingship was by election , not heredity -- a fact which Edward would surely have known , having been elected himself by the Witenagemot . The Godwins , having previously fled , threatened to invade England . Edward is said to have wanted to fight , but at a Great Council meeting in Westminster , Earl Godwin laid down all his weapons and asked the king to allow him to purge himself of all crimes . The king and Godwin were reconciled , and the Godwins thus became the most powerful family in England after the king . On Godwin 's death in 1053 , his son Harold succeeded to the earldom of Wessex ; Harold 's brothers Gyrth , Leofwine , and Tostig were given East Anglia , Mercia , and Northumbria . The Northumbrians disliked Tostig for his harsh behaviour , and he was expelled to an exile in Flanders , in the process falling out with his brother Harold , who supported the king 's line in backing the Northumbrians . Death of Edward the Confessor ( edit ) St Bene't's Church of Cambridge , the oldest extant building in Cambridgeshire ; its tower was built in the late Anglo - Saxon period . On 26 December 1065 , Edward was taken ill He took to his bed and fell into a coma ; at one point he woke and turned to Harold Godwinson and asked him to protect the Queen and the kingdom . On 5 January 1066 Edward the Confessor died , and Harold was declared king . The following day , 6 January 1066 , Edward was buried and Harold crowned . Although Harold Godwinson had grabbed the crown of England , others laid claim to it , primarily William , Duke of Normandy , who was cousin to Edward the Confessor through his aunt , Emma of Normandy . It is believed that Edward had promised the crown to William . Harold Godwinson had agreed to support William 's claim after being imprisoned in Normandy , by Guy of Ponthieu . William had demanded and received Harold 's release , then during his stay under William 's protection it is claimed , by the Normans , that Harold swore a solemn oath of loyalty to William . Harald Hardrada ( `` The Ruthless '' ) of Norway also had a claim on England , through Cnut and his successors . He had , too , a further claim based on a pact between Harthacnut , King of Denmark ( Cnut 's son ) and Magnus , King of Norway . Tostig , Harold 's estranged brother , was the first to move ; according to the medieval historian Orderic Vitalis , he travelled to Normandy to enlist the help of William , Duke of Normandy , later to be known as William the Conqueror . William was not ready to get involved so Tostig sailed from the Cotentin Peninsula , but because of storms ended up in Norway , where he successfully enlisted the help of Harold Hardrada . The Anglo Saxon Chronicle has a different version of the story , having Tostig land in the Isle of Wight in May 1066 , then ravaging the English coast , before arriving at Sandwich , Kent . At Sandwich Tostig is said to have enlisted and press ganged sailors before sailing north where , after battling some of the northern earls and also visiting Scotland , he eventually joined Hardrada ( possibly in Scotland or at the mouth of the river Tyne ) . Battle of Fulford and aftermath ( edit ) According to the Anglo Saxon Chronicle ( Manuscripts D and E ) Tostig became Hadrada 's vassal , and then with 300 or so longships sailed up the Humber estuary bottling the English fleet in the river Swale and then landed at Riccall on the Ouse on 24 September . They marched towards York , where they were confronted , at Fulford Gate , by the English forces that were under the command of the northern earls , Edwin and Morcar ; the battle of Fulford Gate followed , on 20 September , which was one of the bloodiest battles of mediaeval times . The English forces were routed , though Edwin and Morcar escaped . The victors entered the city of York , exchanged hostages and were provisioned . Hearing the news whilst in London , Harold Godwinson force - marched a second English army to Tadcaster by the night of the 24th , and after catching Harald Hardrada by surprise , on the morning of the 25 September , Harold achieved a total victory over the Scandinavian horde after a two - day - long engagement at the Battle of Stamford Bridge . Harold gave quarter to the survivors allowing them to leave in 20 ships . William of Normandy sails for England ( edit ) Section of the Bayeux Tapestry showing Harold being killed at Hastings Harold would have been celebrating his victory at Stamford Bridge on the night of 26 / 27 September 1066 , while William of Normandy 's invasion fleet set sail for England on the morning of 27 September 1066 . Harold marched his army back down to the south coast , where he met William 's army , at a place now called Battle just outside Hastings . Harold was killed when he fought and lost the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066 . The Battle of Hastings virtually destroyed the Godwin dynasty . Harold and his brothers Gyrth and Leofwine were dead on the battlefield , as was their uncle Ælfwig , Abbot of Newminster . Tostig had been killed at Stamford Bridge . Wulfnoth was a hostage of William the Conqueror . The Godwin women who remained were either dead or childless . William marched on London . The city leaders surrendered the kingdom to him , and he was crowned at Westminster Abbey , Edward the Confessor 's new church , on Christmas Day 1066 . It took William a further ten years to consolidate his kingdom , during which any opposition was suppressed ruthlessly ; in a particularly brutal process known as the Harrying of the North , William issued orders to lay waste the north and burn all the cattle , crops and farming equipment and to poison the earth . According to Orderic Vitalis , the Anglo - Norman chronicler , over one hundred thousand people died of starvation . Figures based on the returns for the Domesday Book estimate that the overall population of England in 1086 was about 2.25 million , so the figure of one hundred thousand deaths , due to starvation , would have been a huge proportion ( about one in 20 ) of the population . By the time of William 's death in 1087 , those who had been England 's Anglo - Saxon rulers were dead , exiled , or had joined the ranks of the peasantry . It was estimated that only about 8 percent of the land was under Anglo - Saxon control . Nearly all the Anglo - Saxon cathedrals and abbeys of any note had been demolished and replaced with Norman - style architecture by 1200 . See also ( edit ) Anglo - Saxon England portal Medieval Britain portal Part of a series on the History of the British Isles Overview ( hide ) United Kingdom England Isle of Wight Isles of Scilly Scotland Shetland Orkney Inner Hebrides Outer Hebrides Wales Anglesey Northern Ireland Ireland Isle of Man ( Mann ) Channel Islands Jersey Guernsey Prehistoric period ( show ) Prehistoric Britain Prehistoric England Prehistoric Scotland Prehistoric Shetland Prehistoric Orkney Prehistoric Wales Prehistoric Ireland Prehistoric Mann Classical period ( show ) Roman Britain Roman Scotland Roman Wales Protohistoric Ireland , Roman Ireland Sub-Roman Britain Medieval period ( show ) Medieval England Early medieval England High medieval England Late medieval England Medieval Scotland Early medieval Scotland High medieval Scotland Late medieval Scotland Medieval Wales Early medieval Wales High medieval Wales Late medieval Wales Medieval Ireland Early medieval Ireland High medieval Ireland Late medieval Ireland Medieval Mann Early modern period ( show ) Early modern Britain Early modern England Early modern Scotland Early modern Wales Early modern Ireland Early modern Mann Late modern period ( show ) United Kingdom ( since 1707 ) Victorian period Edwardian period First World War Interwar period Second World War Post-war period ( political history ) Post-war period ( social history ) Late modern Ireland Late modern Mann Anglo - Saxon architecture Anglo - Saxon monarchs Anglo - Saxon warfare Coinage in Anglo - Saxon England Kingdom of Cornwall Prosopography of Anglo - Saxon England Staffordshire Hoard Timeline of Anglo - Saxon England Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Throughout this article Anglo - Saxon is used for Saxon , Angle , Jute or Frisian unless it is specific to a point being made ; `` Anglo - Saxon '' is used when specifically the culture is meant rather than any ethnicity . Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Higham , Nicholas J. , and Martin J. Ryan . The Anglo - Saxon World . Yale University Press , 2013 . pp. 7 -- 19 Jump up ^ Campbell . The Anglo - Saxon State . p. 10 Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins , Bryan ( 2000 ) . `` Why did the Anglo - Saxons not become more British ? '' . The English Historical Review . 115 ( 462 ) : 513 -- 33 . doi : 10.1093 / ehr / 115.462. 513 . Jump up ^ Hills , C. ( 2003 ) Origins of the English Duckworth , London . ISBN 0 - 7156 - 3191 - 8 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Jones . The end of Roman Britain : Military Security . pp. 164 -- 68 . The author discusses the failings of the Roman army in Britain and the reasons why they eventually left . Jump up ^ Jones . The end of Roman Britain . p. 246 . Roman Britain 's death throes began on the last day of December 406 when Alans , Vandals , and Sueves crossed the Rhine and began the invasion of Gaul ^ Jump up to : Morris . The Age of Arthur . pp. 56 -- 62 . Picts and Saxons . Jump up ^ Myres . The English Settlements . p. 14 . Talking about Gildas references to the arrival of three keels ( ships ) , ... this was the number of ship loads that led to the foedus or treaty settlement . Gildas also uses in their correct sense technical terms , annona , epimenia , hospites , which most likely derive from official documents relating to the billeting and supply of barbarian foederati . Jump up ^ Morris . Age of Arthur . p. 75 . -- Gildas : ... The federate complained that their monthly deliveries were inadequately paid ... -- All the greater towns fell to their enemy ... Jump up ^ Gildas. The Ruin of Britain II. 20 . What Gildas had to say about the letter to Aëtius . Jump up ^ Dark . Britain and the End of the Roman Empire . p. 29 . Referring to Gildas text about a letter : The Britons ... still felt it possible to appeal to Aetius , a Roman military official in Gaul in the mid-440s Jump up ^ Dark . Britain and the End of the Roman Empire . p. 29. Both Zosimus and Gildas refer to the `` Rescript of Honorius '' , a letter in which the Western Roman emperor told the British civitas to see to their own defence . Jump up ^ Esmonde Cleary . The Ending of Roman Britain . pp. 137 -- 38 . The author suggests that the `` Rescript of Honorius '' may have been for a place in southern Italy rather than Britain and that the chronology is wrong Jump up ^ Morris . The Age of Arthur . Chapter 6 . The War ^ Jump up to : Gildas . The Ruin of Britain . II. 26 -- Mount Badon is referred to as Bath - Hill in this translation of Gildas text . ^ Jump up to : Myers , The English Settlements , Chapter 4 : The Romano British Background and the Saxon Shore . Myers identifies incidence of German people in Britain during the Roman occupation . Jump up ^ Cassius Dio , Roman History , Book LX , p417. While these events were happening in the city , Aulus Plautius , a senator of great renown , made a campaign against Britain ; for a certain Bericus , who had been driven out of the island as a result of an uprising , had persuaded Claudius to send a force thither . Jump up ^ Cassius Dio , Roman History , Book LX p. 419. Thence the Britons retired to the river Thames at a point near where it empties into the ocean and at flood - tide forms a lake . This they easily crossed because they knew where the firm ground and the easy passages in this region were to be found ; but the Romans in attempting to follow them were not so successful . However , the Germans swam across again and some others got over by a bridge a little way up - stream , after which they assailed the barbarians from several sides at once and cut down many of them . Jump up ^ Forster et al. MtDNA Markers for Celtic and Germanic Language Areas in the British Isles in Jones . Traces of ancestry : studies in honour of Colin Renfrew . pp. 99 -- 111 Retrieved . 26 November 2011 Jump up ^ Sally Thomason . Language log Nutty Journalists ' ( and Others ' ) Language Theories . Retrieved . 26 November 2011 Jump up ^ Alaric Hall , ' A gente Anglorum appellatur : The Evidence of Bede 's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum for the Replacement of Roman Names by English Ones During the Early Anglo - Saxon Period ' , in Words in Dictionaries and History : Essays in Honour of R.W. McConchie , ed . Olga Timofeeva and Tanja Säily , Terminology and Lexicography Research and Practice , 14 ( Amsterdam : Benjamins , 2011 ) , pp. 219 -- 31 ( pp. 220 -- 21 ) . Jump up ^ Ward - Perkins . The fall of Rome : and the end of civilisation Particularly pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Welch , Anglo - Saxon England , Chapter 8 : From Roman Britain to Anglo - Saxon England Jump up ^ Myers . The English Settlements , Chapter 5 : Saxons , Angles and Jutes on the Saxon Shore Jump up ^ Jones . The End of Roman Britain . p. 71 . -- ... the repetitious entries for invading ships in the Chronicle ( three ships of Hengest and Horsa ; three ships of Aella ; five ships of Cerdic and Cynric ; two ships of Port ; three ships of Stuf and Wihtgar ) , drawn from preliterate traditions including bogus eponyms and duplications , might be considered a poetic convention . ^ Jump up to : Morris , The Age of Arthur , Ch. 14 : Brittanny Jump up ^ Bell - Fialkoff / Bell : The role of migration in the history of the Eurasian steppe , p. 303 . That is why many scholars still subscribe to the traditional view that combined archaeological , documentary and linguistic evidence suggests that considerable numbers of Anglo - Saxons settled in southern and eastern England . Jump up ^ Hunter - Blair , Roman Britain and early England Particularly Chapter 8 : The Age of Invasion Jump up ^ Bede . Ecclesiastical History of the English People I. 15 . Jump up ^ Welch , Anglo - Saxon England . A complete analysis of Anglo - Saxon Archaeology . A discussion of where the settlers came from , based on a comparison of pottery with those found in the area of origin in Germany . Burial customs and types of building . Jump up ^ Myers , The English Settlements , p. 24 ; Talking about Anglo - Saxon archaeology : `` ... the distribution maps indicate in many areas the Anglo - Saxon shows a marked tendency to follow the Romano - British pattern , in a fashion which suggests a considerable degree of temporal as well as spatial overlap . '' ^ Jump up to : Heinrich Härke . Ethnicity and Structures in Hines . The Anglo - Saxons pp. 148 -- 49 ^ Jump up to : Attenborough . The laws of the earliest English kings . pp. 33 -- 61 Jump up ^ Jones , The End of Roman Britain , Ch. 1 : Population and the Invasions ; particularly pp. 11 -- 12 : `` In contrast , some scholars shrink the numbers of the Anglo - Saxon invaders to a small , potent elite of only a few thousand invaders . '' Jump up ^ Welch , Anglo - Saxon England , p. 11 : `` Some archaeologists seem to believe that very few immigrants ... were involved in the creation of Anglo - Saxon England ... Gildas describes the settlement of Saxon mercenaries in the eastern part of the country , their reinforcement and subsequent successful rebellion ... suggests more than just a handful of military adventurers . Bede felt secure in his belief that he was not of British descent ... Further his list of three principle peoples who migrated here ... is echoed in the archaeological record . '' Jump up ^ Bell , The role of migration in the history of the Eurasian steppe , p. 303 : `` As for migrants , three kinds of hypotheses have been advanced . Either they were a warrior elite , few in numbers but dominant by force of arms ; or they were farmers mostly interested in finding good agricultural land ; or they were refugees fleeing unsettled conditions in their homelands . Or they might have been any combination of these . '' Jump up ^ Pattison , ' Is it Necessary to Assume an Apartheid - like Social Structure in Early Anglo - Saxon England ? ' in Proceedings of the Royal Society B 2008 275 , pp. 2423 -- 29 ; and ' Integration vs Apartheid in Post-Roman Britain ' in Human Biology 2011 83 , pp. 715 -- 33 : `` Opinions vary as to whether there was a substantial Germanic invasion or only a relatively small number arrived in Britain during this period . Contrary to the assumption of limited intermarriage made in the apartheid simulation , there is evidence that significant mixing of the British and Germanic peoples occurred , and that the early law codes , such as that of King Ine of Wessex , could have deliberately encouraged such mixing . '' Jump up ^ Gildas . The Ruin of Britain . II. 25 - With their unnumbered vows they burden heaven , that they might not be brought to utter destruction , took arms under the conduct of Ambrosius Aurelianus , a modest man , who of all the Roman nation was then alone in the confusion of this troubled period by chance left alive . ^ Jump up to : Morris , The Age of Arthur , Chapter 16 : English Conquest Jump up ^ Gildas. The Ruin of Britain I. 1 . Jump up ^ Snyder. The Britons . p. 85 Jump up ^ Stenton . Anglo - Saxon England . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Stenton . Anglo - Saxon England . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Morris . The Age of Arthur . p. 299 Jump up ^ Wood. The Domesday Quest . pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Greenway , Historia Anglorum , pp. lx -- lxi . `` The HA ( Historia Anglorum ) is the story of the unification of the English monarchy . To project such an interpretation required Henry ( of Huntingdon ) to exercise firm control over his material . One of the products of this control was his creation of the Heptarchy , which survived as a concept in historical writing into our own time '' . Jump up ^ Bede Ecclesiastical History of the English People , Tr . Shirley - Price , I. 25 ^ Jump up to : Charles - Edwards After - Rome : Nations and Kingdoms , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Snyder , The Britons , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Bede , History of the English , II. 20 Jump up ^ Snyder , The Britons , p. 177 ^ Jump up to : Snyder. The Britons . p. 178 Jump up ^ Snyder. The Britons . p. 212 ^ Jump up to : Snyder. The Britons. pp. 178 -- 79 Jump up ^ Stenton . Anglo - Saxon England . p. 231 Jump up ^ Charles Thomas Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500 . pp. 48 -- 50 : Saint Alban is discussed in detail , as when he lived and was martyred gives an indication of the state of Christianity in Roman Britain . Dates suggested for his martyrdom are 209 or 251 -- 259 or c. 303 . Jump up ^ Snyder. The Britons . pp. 106 -- 07 Jump up ^ Charles Thomas Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500 . p. 47 Jump up ^ R. M. Errington Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius . Chapter VIII . Theodosius Jump up ^ Jones , The End of Roman Britain , pp. 174 -- 85 : Religious Belief and Political loyalty . The author suggests the British were supporters of the Pelagian heresy , and that the numbers of Christians were higher than Gildas reports . Jump up ^ Snyder , The Britons , p. 105.In fifth and sixth centuries Britons in large numbers adopted Christianity ... ^ Jump up to : Snyder , The Britons , pp. 116 -- 25 Jump up ^ Charles - Edwards . After Rome : Society , Community and Identity . p. 97 ^ Jump up to : Charles - Edwards . After Rome : Conversion to Christianity . p. 132 Jump up ^ Bede , History of the English People , I. 22 Jump up ^ Bede , History of the English People , II. 2 Jump up ^ Charles - Edwards , After Rome : Conversion to Christianity , pp. 128 -- 29 Jump up ^ Snyder , The Britons , pp. 135 -- 36 Jump up ^ Charles - Edwards , After Rome : Conversion to Christianity , p. 127 Jump up ^ Charles - Edwards , After Rome : Conversion to Christianity , pp. 124 -- 39 Jump up ^ Charles - Edwards , After Rome : Conversion to Christianity , p. 104 Jump up ^ Bede , History of the English People , IV. 13 and IV. 16 Jump up ^ Kirby , The Church in Saxon Sussex in Brandon . The South Saxons. , pp. 160 -- 73 . Kirby suggests that there would have been Christian communities already in Sussex . King Æthelwealh and his wife were already Christian , he having been baptised in Mercia . The pre-existing converts , in Sussex , would have been evangelised by the Irish church , and Bede and Eddius ( Wilfred 's biographer ) were indifferent to the Irish Church . It was also politic to play up Wilfrid 's role . Jump up ^ Charles - Edwards , After Rome : Conversion to Christianity , p. 126 Jump up ^ Blair . The Church in Anglo - Saxon Society . Ch. 1 . particularly pp. 51 -- 52 Jump up ^ Mayr - Harting . The coming of Christianity . p. 146 . Talking of Pope Gregory 's policy he said that : ... the Anglo - Saxons should be led to Christianity step by step . The old temples were now to be kept for Christian worship ; Christian worship was to be accompanied with the old feasts of cattle . Jump up ^ Jennifer O'Reilly , After Rome : The Art of Authority , pp. 144 -- 48 ^ Jump up to : Bede . History of the English People , III. 25 and III. 26 Jump up ^ Sawyer , The Oxford illustrated history of Vikings , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Sawyer , The Oxford illustrated history of Vikings , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Standard English words which have a Scandinavian Etymology . Viking : `` Northern pirate . Literally means creek dweller . '' Jump up ^ Starkey , Monarchy , Chapter 6 : Vikings Jump up ^ Anglo - Saxon Chronicle , 793. This year came dreadful fore - warnings over the land of the Northumbrians , terrifying the people most woefully : these were immense sheets of light rushing through the air , and whirlwinds , and fiery dragons flying across the firmament . These tremendous tokens were soon followed by a great famine : and not long after , on the sixth day before the ides of January in the same year , the harrowing inroads of heathen men made lamentable havoc in the church of God in Holy - island ( Lindisfarne ) , by rapine and slaughter . ^ Jump up to : Starkey , Monarchy , p. 51 Jump up ^ Starkey , Monarchy p. 65 ^ Jump up to : Asser , Alfred the Great , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Asser , Alfred the Great , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Medieval Sourcebook : Alfred and Guthrum 's Peace Jump up ^ Wood , The Domesday Quest , Chapter 9 : Domesday Roots . The Viking Impact ^ Jump up to : Starkey , Monarchy , p. 63 Jump up ^ Horspool , Alfred , p. 102 . A hide was somewhat like a tax -- it was the number of men required to maintain and defend an area for the King . The Burghal Hideage defined the measurement as one hide being equivalent to one man . The hidage explains that for the maintenance and defence of an acre 's breadth of wall , sixteen hides are required . Jump up ^ Anglo - Saxon Chronicle 894 . Jump up ^ Starkey , Monarchy , pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Starkey , Monarchy , p. 64 Jump up ^ Anglo - Saxon Chronicle 891 Jump up ^ Anglo - Saxon Chronicle , 891 -- 896 ^ Jump up to : Horspool , `` Why Alfred Burnt the Cakes '' , The Last War , pp. 104 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Horspool , `` Why Alfred Burnt the Cakes '' , pp. 10 -- 12 Jump up ^ Asser , Alfred the Great , III pp. 121 -- 60 . Examples of King Alfred 's writings Jump up ^ Anglo - Saxon Chronicle , 899 ^ Jump up to : Starkey , Monarchy , p. 71 ^ Jump up to : Yorke. Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo - Saxon England , p. 123 Jump up ^ Welch , Late Anglo - Saxon England pp. 128 -- 29 Jump up ^ Anglo - Saxon Chronicle , 937 . The ASC gives a description of the build up to the battle and the battle itself . However , there is disagreement by historians on the accuracy of the date . Jump up ^ Starkey , Monarchy , p. 74 Jump up ^ Starkey , Monarchy , p. 76 ^ Jump up to : Woods , The Domesday Quest , pp. 107 -- 08 Jump up ^ The Viking Network : Standard English words which have a Scandinavian Etymology . ^ Jump up to : Crystal , The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Ordnance Survey : Guide to Scandinavian origins of place names in Britain ^ Jump up to : Starkey , Monarchy , p. 76 Jump up ^ Starkey , Monarchy , p. 76 . The modern ascription ' Unready ' derives from the Anglo - Saxon word unraed , meaning `` badly advised or counseled '' . Jump up ^ Malmesbury , Chronicle of the kings of England , pp. 165 -- 66 . In the year of our Lord 's incarnation 979 , Ethelred ... obtaining the kingdom , occupied rather than governed it , for thirty seven years . The career of his life is said to have been cruel in the beginning , wretched in the middle and disgraceful in the end . ^ Jump up to : Stenton . Anglo Saxon England . p. 375 ^ Jump up to : Starkey , Monarchy , p. 79 ^ Jump up to : Starkey , Monarchy , p. 80 ^ Jump up to : Wood , Domesday Quest , p. 124 Jump up ^ Campbell , The Anglo Saxon State , p. 160 . `` ... it has to be accepted that early eleventh century kings could raise larger sums in taxation than could most of their medieval successors . The numismatic evidence for the scale of the economy is extremely powerful , partly because it demonstrates how very many coins were struck , and also because it provides strong indications for extensive foreign trade . '' Jump up ^ Wood , Domesday Quest , p. 125 Jump up ^ Stenton . Anglo - Saxon England . p. 376 Jump up ^ Stenton . Anglo - Saxon England . p. 377 . The treaty was arranged ... by Archbishop Sigeric of Canterbury and Ælfric and Æthelweard , the ealdermen of the two West Saxon provinces . Jump up ^ Williams , Aethelred the Unready , p. 54 Jump up ^ Williams , Æthelred the Unready , pp. 52 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Sawyer . Illustrated History of Vikings . p. 76 ^ Jump up to : Wood , In Search of the Dark Ages , pp. 216 -- 22 Jump up ^ Anglo Saxon Chronicle , 1016 Jump up ^ Starkey , Monarchy , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Anglo Saxon Chronicle , 1017 : ... before the calends of August the king gave an order to fetch him the widow of the other king , Ethelred , the daughter of Richard , to wife . ^ Jump up to : Brown . Chibnal . Proceedings of the Battle Conference on Anglo - Norman studies . pp. 160 -- 61 ^ Jump up to : Lapidge , Anglo - Saxon England , pp. 108 -- 09 ^ Jump up to : Lapidge . Anglo - Saxon England . pp. 229 -- 30 ^ Jump up to : Lapidge , Anglo - Saxon England , pp. 161 -- 62 Jump up ^ Lapidge , Anglo - Saxon England , p. 230 ^ Jump up to : Barlow , The Godwins , pp. 57 -- 58 ^ Jump up to : Barlow , The Godwins , pp. 64 -- 65 ^ Jump up to : Woods , Dark Ages , pp. 229 -- 30 Jump up ^ Barlow , The Godwins , pp. 83 -- 85 . The value of the Godwins holdings can be discerned from the Domesday Book . Jump up ^ Barlow , The Godwins , pp. 116 -- 23 ^ Jump up to : Anglo Saxon Chronicle , 1065 AD Jump up ^ Starkey , Monarchy p. 119 ^ Jump up to : Starkey , Monarchy , p. 120 ^ Jump up to : Anglo Saxon Chronicle . MS C. 1066 . ^ Jump up to : Woods , Dark Ages , pp. 233 -- 38 ^ Jump up to : Barlow , The Godwins , `` Chapter 5 : The Lull Before the Storm '' . ^ Jump up to : Vitalis . The Ecclesiastical history of England and Normandy . Volume i . Bk . III Ch. 11 . pp. 461 -- 64 65 ^ Jump up to : Barlow , The Godwins , pp. 134 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Anglo Saxon Chronicle . MS D. 1066 . Jump up ^ Barlow , The Godwins , p. 138 Jump up ^ Barlow , The Godwins , pp. 136 -- 137 ^ Jump up to : Barlow , The Godwins , pp. 137 -- 38 Jump up ^ Woods , Dark Ages , pp. 238 -- 40 Jump up ^ Barlow , The Godwins , `` Chapter 7 : The Collapse of the Dynasty '' . Jump up ^ Woods , Dark Ages , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Barlow , The Godwins , p. 156 . ^ Jump up to : Woods , Dark Ages , pp. 248 -- 49 Jump up ^ Starkey . Monarchy . pp. 138 -- 39 Jump up ^ Vitalis . The ecclesiastical history . p. 28 His camps were scattered over a surface of one hundred miles numbers of the insurgents fell beneath his vengeful sword he levelled their places of shelter to the ground wasted their lands and burnt their dwellings with all they contained . Never did William commit so much cruelty , to his lasting disgrace , he yielded to his worst impulse and set no bounds to his fury condemning the innocent and the guilty to a common fate . In the fulness of his wrath he ordered the corn and cattle with the implements of husbandry and every sort of provisions to be collected in heaps and set on fire till the whole was consumed and thus destroyed at once all that could serve for the support of life in the whole country lying beyond the Humber There followed consequently so great a scarcity in England in the ensuing years and severe famine involved the innocent and unarmed population in so much misery that in a Christian nation more than a hundred thousand souls of both sexes and all ages perished ... Jump up ^ Bartlett . England under the Normans . pp. 290 -- 92 Jump up ^ Bartlett . England under the Normans . p. 1 Jump up ^ Wood . The Doomsday Quest . p. 141 References ( edit ) `` Alfred and Guthrum 's Peace '' . Internet Medieval Source Book . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Allen , Brown , R. ; Chibnall , Majorie , eds. ( 1979 ) . Anglo - Norman Studies I : Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1978 . London : Boydell Press . ISBN 0 - 85115 - 107 - 8 . s : Anglo - Saxon Chronicle . Commissioned in the reign of Alfred the Great . `` The Anglo Saxon Dooms , 560 -- 975AD '' . Internet Medieval Source Book . Archived from the original on 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Asser ( 2004 ) . Alfred the Great . Translated by Lapidge , Keyne . Penguin Classic . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 044409 - 4 . Attenborough , F.L. Tr. , ed. ( 1922 ) . The laws of the earliest English kings . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Barlow , Frank ( 2002 ) . The Godwins . London : Pearson Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 78440 - 9 . Bede ( 1903 ) . Ecclesiastical History of the English People . Translated by Jane , L.C. ( Temple Classics ed . ) . London : J.M. Dent & Company . ; the translation of the Continuation. , based on a translation by A.M. Sellar ( 1907 ) . Bartlett , Robert ( 2000 ) . J.M. Roberts , ed . England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075 -- 1225 . London : OUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 925101 - 8 . Bell , Andrew ( 2000 ) . Andrew Bell - Fialkoff , ed . The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe : Sedentary Civilization vs. ' Barbarian ' and Nomad . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 21207 - 0 . Blair , John ( 2006 ) . The Church in Anglo - Saxon Society . Oxford : OUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 921117 - 3 . Brandon , Peter , ed. ( 1978 ) . The South Saxons . Chichester : Phillimore . ISBN 0 - 85033 - 240 - 0 . Campbell , James ( 2000 ) . The Anglo - Saxon State . Hambledon : Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 1 - 85285 - 176 - 7 . Dio , Cassius Cocceianus ( 1924 ) . E. Cary , ed . Roman History : Bk. 56 -- 60 , v. 7 ( latest edition . 2000 ) . Harvard : LOEB . ISBN 0 - 674 - 99193 - 1 . Charles - Edwards , Thomas ( 1981 ) . Christianity in Roman Britain to AD 500 . Berkeley : UC Berkeley . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04392 - 8 . Charles - Edwards , Thomas ( 2003 ) . Thomas Charles - Edwards , ed . Short Oxford History of the British Isles : After Rome : Conversion to Christianity . Oxford : OUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 924982 - 4 . Charles - Edwards , Thomas ( 2003 ) . Thomas Charles - Edwards , ed . Short Oxford History of the British Isles : After Rome : Nations and Kingdoms . Oxford : OUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 924982 - 4 . Clark , David , and Nicholas Perkins , eds . Anglo - Saxon Culture and the Modern Imagination ( 2010 ) Crystal , David ( 2001 ) . The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language . CUP . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59655 - 6 . Dark , Ken ( 2000 ) . Britain and the End of the Roman Empire . Stroud : NPI Media Group . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 1451 - 8 . Esmonde Cleary , A. S. ( 1991 ) . The ending of Roman Britain . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23898 - 6 . Gelling , Margaret ; Anne , Coles , ( 2000 ) . The Landscape of Place - Names . Stamford : Tyas . ISBN 1 - 900289 - 26 - 1 . Gildas ( 1848 ) . The Ruin of Britain . Translated by Habington ; Giles , J.A. Henry of Huntingdon ( 1996 ) . Diana E. Greenway , ed . Historia Anglorum : the history of the English . Oxford : OUP . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822224 - 6 . Higham , N. J. ( 1994 ) . English Conquest : Gildas and Britain in the fifth century . Manchester : Manchester United Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 4080 - 9 . Hines J. , ed. ( 2003 ) . The Ango - Saxons from the Migration Period to the Eighth Century : An Ethnographic Perspective . London : Woodbridge : Boydell Press . ISBN 1 - 84383 - 034 - 5 . Horspool , David ( 2006 ) . Why Alfred Burned the Cakes . London : Profile Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86197 - 786 - 1 . Hunter Blair , Peter ( 1963 ) . Roman Britain and Early England 55 BC -- AD 871 . London : WW Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 00361 - 2 . Ernest Rhys , ed. ( 1912 ) . Anglo Saxon Chronicle . Translated by Ingram , Rev. James . London : J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd . Jones , Martin , ed. ( 2004 ) . Traces of ancestry : studies in honour of Colin Renfrew . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 902937 - 25 - 0 . Jones , Michael E. ( 1998 ) . The End of Roman Britain . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8530 - 5 . Kelly S.E. ; et al. , eds. ( 1973 -- 2007 ) . Anglo - Saxon Charters Volumes : I -- XIII . Oxford : OUP for the British Academy . Koch , John T. ( 2005 ) . Celtic culture : a historical encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 440 - 7 . Lapidge , Michael Ed. ; Blair , John ; Keynes , Simon ; Scragg , Donald ( 2001 ) . The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo - Saxon England . London : Blackwell . ISBN 0 - 631 - 22492 - 0 . Mayr - Harting , Henry ( 1992 ) . The Coming of Christianity to Anglo - Saxon England . Pennsylvania : University Press Pennsylvania . ISBN 0 - 271 - 00769 - 9 . Malcolm Errington , R. ( 2006 ) . Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius . Durham , NC : University of North Carolina . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 3038 - 0 . Morris , John ( 1973 ) . The Age of Arthur . London : Phoenix . ISBN 1 - 84212 - 477 - 3 . Myers , J.N.L. ( 1989 ) . The English Settlements . ISBN 0 - 19 - 282235 - 7 . Nennius ( 1848 ) . History of the Britons . Translated by Gunn , Rev. W. ; Giles , J.A. O'Reilly , Jennifer ( 2003 ) . Thomas Charles - Edwards , ed . Short Oxford History of the British Isles : After Rome : The Art of Authority . Oxford : OUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 924982 - 4 . Pattison , John E. ( 2008 ) . `` Is it necessary to assume an apartheid - like social structure in Early Anglo - Saxon England ? '' ( pdf ) . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . Royal Society . 275 ( 1650 ) : 2423 -- 2429 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2008.0352 . PMC 2603190 . PMID 18430641 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . `` Guide to Scandinavian origins of place names in Britain '' ( PDF ) . Ordnance Survey . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 4 December 2008 . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . Sawyer , Peter ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford : OUP . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285434 - 8 . Sherley - Price , Leo ; Farmer , D.H. , eds. ( 1990 ) . Bede : Ecclesiastical History of the English People . London : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044565 - X . Snyder , Christopher A. ( 2003 ) . The Britons . Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22260 - 6 . Starkey , David ( 2004 ) . The Monarchy of England Volume I. London : Chatto & Windus . ISBN 0 - 7011 - 7678 - 4 . Stenton , F. M. ( 1971 ) . Anglo - Saxon England 3rd edition . Oxford : OUP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280139 - 5 . `` Standard English words which have a Scandinavian Etymology '' . The Viking Network . Archived from the original on 11 February 2010 . Retrieved 15 January 2010 . Vitalis , Ordericus ( 1853 ) . Thomas Forester Tr. , ed . The Ecclesiastical history of England and Normandy . Volume i . London : Henry G. Bohn . Vitalis , Ordericus ( 1854 ) . Thomas Forester Tr. , ed . The Ecclesiastical history of England and Normandy . Volume ii . London : Henry G. Bohn . Ward - Perkins , Bryan ( 2005 ) . The fall of Rome : and the end of civilization . Oxford : OUP . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280564 - 9 . Webb J.F. ; Farmer D.H. , eds. ( 1983 ) . The Age of Bede . London : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044437 - 8 . Welch , Martin ( 1992 ) . Anglo - Saxon England . London : English Heritage . ISBN 0 - 7134 - 6566 - 2 . William of Malmesbury ( 1847 ) . Chronicle of the kings of England : From the earliest period to the reign of King Stephen . Translated by Giles , J.A. London : Henry Bohn . Williams , Ann ( 2003 ) . Aethelred the Unready : The Ill - Counselled King . Hambledon : Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 1 - 85285 - 382 - 4 . Wood , Michael ( 1985 ) . The Domesday Quest . London : BBC . ISBN 0 - 15 - 352274 - 7 . Wood , Michael ( 2005 ) . In Search of the Dark Ages . London : BBC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 52276 - 8 . Yorke , Barbara ( 1990 ) . Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo - Saxon England . London : Taylor & Francis Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16639 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Internet Medieval Source book C. P. 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when did the anglo-saxon kingdoms establish in britain
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"The Anglo-Saxons were the members of Germanic-speaking groups who migrated to the southern half of the island from continental Europe, and their cultural descendants. Anglo-Saxon history thus begins during the period of Sub-Roman Britain following the end of Roman control, and traces the establishment of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 5th and 6th centuries (conventionally identified as seven main kingdoms: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex, and Wessex), their Christianisation during the 7th century, the threat of Viking invasions and Danish settlers, the gradual unification of England under Wessex hegemony during the 9th and 10th centuries, and ending with the Norman conquest of England by William the Conqueror in 1066."
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"in the 5th and 6th centuries"
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-62784445282568474
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We'll Sing in the Sunshine
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We 'll Sing in the Sunshine - wikipedia We 'll Sing in the Sunshine `` We 'll Sing in the Sunshine '' Single by Gale Garnett from the album My Kind of Folk Songs B - side `` Prism Song '' Released July 1964 Recorded 1964 Genre Folk Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Gale Garnett Producer ( s ) Andy Wiswell `` We 'll Sing in the Sunshine '' is a 1964 hit song written and recorded by Gale Garnett which reached number two in Canada , and number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week ending 17 October 1964 . The song also enjoyed success on easy listening and country music radio stations , spending seven weeks at number one on the Billboard Easy Listening chart and number 42 on the country chart . The Cash Box Top 100 ranked `` We 'll Sing in the Sunshine '' at number one for the week of 31 October 1964 , and it also reached number one in Garnett 's native New Zealand that November . : in Australia , `` We 'll Sing in the Sunshine '' afforded Garnett a Top Ten hit with a # 10 peak in October 1964 . Garnett 's sole Top 40 hit , `` We 'll Sing in the Sunshine '' won the Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording in 1965 . Contents 1 Cover versions 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Cover versions ( edit ) In the UK , `` We 'll Sing in the Sunshine '' was covered by The Lancastrians in a version produced by Shel Talmy and featuring guitar work from both Jimmy Page and Big Jim Sullivan . It charted at number 44 in the UK in December 1964 . Mark Wynter had a non-charting UK single release of `` We 'll Sing in the Sunshine '' in 1966 . `` We 'll Sing in the Sunshine '' was a minor C&W hit in 1970 for Lawanda Lindsey , reaching number 63 , serving as the title cut for an album as it did in 1978 for Helen Reddy . Reddy 's version , produced by Kim Fowley , was issued as a single and reached # 12 on the Easy Listening chart . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1964 ( U.S. ) The Marketts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://musiccanada.wordpress.com/2011/03/12/1964s-biggest-canadian-hits/ Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1985 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits . Billboard . p. 135 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 99 . Jump up ^ `` overzeal.co.uk '' . overzeal.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Song lyrics Helen Reddy Studio albums I Do n't Know How to Love Him Helen Reddy I Am Woman Long Hard Climb Love Song for Jeffrey Free and Easy No Way to Treat a Lady Music , Music Ear Candy We 'll Sing in the Sunshine Reddy Take What You Find Play Me Out Imagination Feel So Young Center Stage The Best Christmas Ever Live albums Live in London Compilations Helen Reddy 's Greatest Hits All - Time Greatest Hits The Best of Helen Reddy I Am Woman : The Essential Helen Reddy Collection Absolutely the Best of Helen Reddy The Woman I Am : The Definitive Collection Rarities from the Capitol Vaults Singles `` One Way Ticket '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Crazy Love '' `` I Am Woman '' `` Peaceful '' `` Delta Dawn '' `` Leave Me Alone ( Ruby Red Dress ) '' `` Keep On Singing '' `` You and Me Against the World '' `` Angie Baby '' `` Emotion '' `` Ai n't No Way to Treat a Lady '' `` Somewhere in the Night '' `` I Ca n't Hear You No More '' `` You 're My World '' `` Candle on the Water '' `` We 'll Sing in the Sunshine '' Related articles Discography Toni Lamond Tony Sheldon `` Voices That Care '' Book : Helen Reddy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We%27ll_Sing_in_the_Sunshine&oldid=852887105 '' Categories : 1964 songs 1964 singles Gale Garnett songs Dick and Dee Dee songs Helen Reddy songs LaWanda Lindsey songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 01 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who did the song we'll sing in the sunshine
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"\"We'll Sing in the Sunshine\" is a 1964 hit song written and recorded by Gale Garnett which reached number two in Canada,[1] and number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week ending 17 October 1964.[2] The song also enjoyed success on easy listening and country music radio stations, spending seven weeks at number one on the Billboard Easy Listening chart[3] and number 42 on the country chart. The Cash Box Top 100 ranked \"We'll Sing in the Sunshine\" at number one for the week of 31 October 1964, and it also reached number one in Garnett's native New Zealand that November.[citation needed]: in Australia, \"We'll Sing in the Sunshine\" afforded Garnett a Top Ten hit with a #10 peak in October 1964. Garnett's sole Top 40 hit, \"We'll Sing in the Sunshine\" won the Grammy Award for Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording in 1965.\n"
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"Gale Garnett"
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Antral lavage
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Antral lavage - wikipedia Antral lavage Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( December 2015 ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Issues with the manual of style , currently has far too many lists . Should be expanded and written into prose . Please help improve this article if you can . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Antral lavage ( edit on Wikidata ) Antral lavage is a surgical procedure in which a cannula is inserted into the opening of the maxillary sinus via the inferior meatus to allow irrigation and drainage of the sinus . It is also called proof puncture as the presence of an infection can be proven during the procedure . Upon presence of infection , it can be considered as therapeutic puncture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 2 Contraindications 3 Instruments 4 Diagnosis of antral pathology 5 Difficulties 6 Complications 7 Repetition 8 Post operative 9 Newer techniques 10 References Medical uses ( edit ) It can be used as therapeutic procedure for : Acute and chronic maxillary sinusitis not responding to medical treatment . Chronic infections not responding to treatments . Irrigating and washing out collected purulent secretions . Dental maxillary sinusitis . Oro - antral fistula if associated with sinusitis . Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis . Though it is indicated only in severe cases not as a regular treatment . It can be also used as diagnostic procedure for : Carrying out culture and sensitivity test if the returning fluid is mucopurulent or purulent in Chronic Sinusitis . Exfoliative cytology of the returning fluid to rule out any malignancy . Contraindications ( edit ) Age : Below the age of 3 years , as the size of the sinus is small due to underdeveloped Maxillary Sinus . Bleeding disorders : May lead to epistaxis . Fracture of maxilla : Antral Lavage may result in escape of the fluid through fracture lines . Febrile stage of acute maxillary sinusitis : May cause osteomyelitis of Maxilla . Procedure is contraindicated in diabetic and hypertensive patients . Acute maxillary sinusitis not resolving on medical treatment . Instruments ( edit ) The following instruments are used in the procedure : Tilley 's Forceps Lichtwitz Antral Trocar Cannula Higginson 's Rubber Syringe Nasal Speculum Diagnosis of antral pathology ( edit ) Watery , amber color fluid flowing from cannula , immediately on puncture and containing cholesterol crystals , indicates presence of cyst . Blobs of mucopus in washings indicates hyperplastic sinusitis . Presence of frank , foul - smelling pus , which easily mixes with irrigating fluid indicates suppuration and in such cases , antral wash may be repeated once or twice a week . Plain Radiological X-rays ( Water 's view ) of sinuses is most specific non - invasive method of diagnosing Antral pathology . Difficulties ( edit ) The following difficulties may arise during antral lavage : Hard Bone : The wall of the maxillary sinus may be hard , rendering the procedure difficult . Touching the posterior wall of the sinus by the tip of the cannula may block the cannula and the fluid may not return on pumping the higginson syringe . The cannula is slightly withdrawn and it becomes patent . Blocked ostium : If the ostium of the sinus is blocked , the fluid does n't return through it . To bypass the ostium , one more trocar and cannula are inserted at the site of the first one , a fluid returns through the other cannula . Complications ( edit ) Vasovagal shock : Due to over stimulation of the vagus nerve , the patient may become pale , may faint and fall down and the pulse rate may decrease . Bleeding may occur at the site of the puncture which stops in a short time with cotton wool plug . False passages into cheek or orbit leading to emphysema or extravasation of fluid into the cheek or lower eyelid or orbit . Also may lead to cerebrospinal fluid leak and haematoma . Infection in the maxillary sinus is common . Anaesthetic complications may occur . Air embolism . Repetition ( edit ) If the returning fluid is purulent , one repeats the puncture after a week . If more than three successive puncture shows returning fluid to be persistently purulent , the patient may require functional endoscopic sinus surgery ( FESS ) and occasionally may need Caldwell - Luc operation . As antral Washout is a much simpler procedure compared to FESS , it may be done on an outpatient basis for Subacute Maxillary Sinusitis . However , FESS remains gold standard in treatment of Chronic Maxillary Sinusitis . Post operative ( edit ) Patient lies down for 10 -- 15 minutes after operation and pack is removed after an hour . Antibiotic should be given for 5 -- 6 days in cases of suppuration depending upon culture and sensitivity . Oral and local decongestant are given to improve the patency of ostium . Analgesics may be required for post-operative headache . Newer techniques ( edit ) Luma Wire Transillumination : This technique has a number of advantages over antral Lavage , such as : 1 ) Discovery of the location of the Maxillary Sinus with greater accuracy . 2 ) A general improvement in safety of the procedure . 3 ) The ability to obtain cultures at the time of lavage , when clinically warranted or indicated by CT - scan evidence . 4 ) Avoiding the need for exposure to radiation , as fluorescence is used in its stead. 5 ) Lack of interference in anatomy . Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery ( FESS ) is one of the newer modalities in treatment of Chronic Sinusitis. However , it is not first line of treatment as it may lead to massive bleeding . It allows ventilation and drainage of inflamed or infected sinuses and restoration of mucociliary clearances . It has proven to be very effective in treatment of acute and chronic sinusitis . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lt Col BS Tuli ( 2005 ) . Text book of Ear , Nose & Throat ( First ed . ) . Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers . pp. 495 , 496 , 497 . ISBN 81 - 8061 - 446 - 8 . Jump up ^ Maheshwari , Dr. Sharad ; Kumar , Dr. Subirendra ( 2003 ) . TEXTBOOK of E.N.T ( First ed . ) . ARYA PUBLICATIONS . p. 333 . ISBN 81 - 7855 - 128 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ramadan , HH ; Owens , RM ; Tiu , C ; Wax , MK ( 1998 ) . `` Role of Antral Puncture in treatment of sinusitis in the intensive care unit '' . Otolaryngol Head Neck Surgery . 119 : 381 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / s0194 - 5998 ( 98 ) 70083 - x . PMID 9781995 . ^ Jump up to : Bhargava , S.K ; Bhargava , K.B ; Shah , T.M ( 2002 ) . A Short Textbook of ENT Diseases ( 6 ed . ) . Usha Publications . pp. 183 -- 5 . ISBN 8190098438 . Jump up ^ Jibiinkoka , Nihon ; Gakkai , Kaiho ( Sep 2002 ) . `` Bacterial examination of sinusitis using antral puncture and irrigation '' . Nihon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho. 105 ( 9 ) : 925 , 930 . doi : 10.3950 / jibiinkoka. 105.925 . PMID 12400169 . Jump up ^ Christensen , O ; Gilhuus Moe , O ( 1979 ) . `` Surgical treatment of chronic hyperplastic sinusitis and maxillary sinus empyema of oral / dental origin '' . International Journal of Oral Surgery . 8 : 276 -- 282 . doi : 10.1016 / s0300 - 9785 ( 79 ) 80049 - 6 . PMID 120331 . Jump up ^ Elwany , Samy . `` Procedures and operations of nasal and Paranasal sinuses '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Toran , KC ( 2010 ) . `` Is Antral Washout really indicated in Acute Bacterial Rhinosinisitis '' ( PDF ) . Nepalese Journal of ENT Head and Neck Surgery . 1 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 13 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 12 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Greval , RS ; Khurana , S ; Goyal , SC ( 1990 ) . `` Incidence of fungal infections in chronic maxillary sinusitis '' . Indian Journal of Pathology & Microbiology. 33 ( 4 ) : 339 -- 343 . PMID 2132501 . ^ Jump up to : Bansal , Mohan ( 2013 ) . Diseases of ear , nose and throat : head and neck surgery ( 1 ed . ) . New Delhi : Jaypee . p. 561 . ISBN 9789350259436 . Jump up ^ De , S.K. Surgery ENT Head and Neck . ISBN 8187447168 . Jump up ^ Adachi , M ; Furuta , S ; Suzuki , S ; Maeda , T ( Sep 2002 ) . `` Bacterial examination of sinusitis using antral puncture and irrigation '' . Nihon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho. 105 ( 9 ) : 925 -- 930 . doi : 10.3950 / jibiinkoka. 105.925 . PMID 12400169 . Jump up ^ Ezeanolue , BC ; Nwagbo , DF ; Aneke , EC ( 2000 ) . `` Correlation of plain radiological diagnostic features with antral lavage results in chronic maxillary sinusitis '' . West Africa Journal of Medicine . 19 : 16 -- 18 . PMID 10821080 . Jump up ^ Jackson , J.P. , ed. ( 1991 ) . A Practical Guide to Medicine and the Law ( 1 ed . ) . London : Springer London . p. 296 . ISBN 9781447118633 . Jump up ^ Thomson , K.F.M ( 29 June 2007 ) . `` Air embolism following antral lavage '' . The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 69 ( 12 ) : 829 -- 832 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022215100051483 . Jump up ^ Muthubabu , K ; Srinivasan , MK ; Sakthivel , M ; Kumar , Kiran ; Kumar , Arvindh ( 2014 ) . `` COMPARISON OF ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY AND ANTRAL WASH OUT IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SUBACUTE AND CHRONIC MAXILLARY SINUSITIS '' . International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences . 4 ( 2 ) : 302 -- 4 . doi : 10.5958 / 2319 - 5886.2015. 00056.9 . Jump up ^ Axelsson , A ; Chidekel , N ; Grebelius , N ( 1970 ) . `` Treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis . A comparison of four different methods '' . Acta Oto - Laryngolica. 70 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 6 . doi : 10.3109 / 00016487009181861 . PMID 4989705 . Jump up ^ Malm , L ( 1994 ) . `` Pharmacological background to decongesting and anti-inflammatory treatment of rhinitis and sinusitis '' . Acta Oto - Laryngolica Supplementum. 515 : 515 : 53 -- 5 . PMID 7520660 . Jump up ^ Zeiders , JW ; Dahya , ZJ ( 2011 ) . `` Antral lavage using the Luma transilluminaton wire and vortex irrigator -- a safe and effective advance in treating pediatric sinusitis '' . International Journal of Paediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 75 : 461 -- 3 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijporl. 2010.11. 021 . PMID 21295864 . Jump up ^ Stammberger , H ( 1986 ) . `` Endoscopic endonasal surgery -- concepts in treatment of recurring rhinosinusitis . Part I. Anatomic and pathophysiologic considerations '' . Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery . 94 : 143 -- 7 . doi : 10.1177 / 019459988609400202 . PMID 3083326 . Jump up ^ Stammberger , H ( 1986 ) . `` Endoscopic endonasal surgery -- concepts in treatment of recurring rhinosinusitis . Part II . Surgical technique '' . Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery . 94 : 147 -- 56 . doi : 10.1177 / 019459988609400203 . PMID 3083327 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antral_lavage&oldid=813360400 '' Categories : Otorhinolaryngology Surgical procedures and techniques Hidden categories : Orphaned articles from December 2015 All orphaned articles Articles needing cleanup from October 2015 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from October 2015 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from October 2015 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 07 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the washing or irrigating of the sinuses of patients who are failing to respond to treatment
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"Antral lavage is a surgical procedure in which a cannula is inserted into the opening of the maxillary sinus via the inferior meatus to allow irrigation and drainage of the sinus.[1] It is also called proof puncture as the presence of an infection can be proven during the procedure. Upon presence of infection, it can be considered as therapeutic puncture.[2]"
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"Antral lavage"
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Home computer
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Home computer - wikipedia Home computer Jump to : navigation , search This article is primarily about a certain class of personal computers from the late 1970s to mid-1980s . See home server and home automation or desktop computer for other uses of a computer in a home . Children playing Paperboy on an Amstrad CPC 464 in 1988 Most home computers , such as this Tandy Color Computer 3 , featured a version of the BASIC programming language . The sometimes - sprawling nature of the well - outfitted home computer system is very much in evidence . A TI 99 / 4 with expansion modules attached . No more than a few expansion options were practical with this type of arrangement . Home computers were a class of microcomputers entering the market in 1977 , and becoming common during the 1980s . They were marketed to consumers as affordable and accessible computers that , for the first time , were intended for the use of a single nontechnical user . These computers were a distinct market segment that typically cost much less than business , scientific or engineering - oriented computers of the time such as the IBM PC , and were generally less powerful in terms of memory and expandability . However , a home computer often had better graphics and sound than contemporary business computers . Their most common uses were playing video games , but they were also regularly used for word processing , doing homework , and programming . Home computers were usually not electronic kits ; home computers were sold already manufactured in stylish metal or plastic enclosures . There were , however , commercial kits like the Sinclair ZX80 which were both home and home - built computers since the purchaser could assemble the unit from a kit . Advertisements in the popular press for early home computers were rife with possibilities for their practical use in the home , from cataloging recipes to personal finance to home automation , but these were seldom realized in practice . For example , using a typical 1980s home computer as a home automation appliance would require the computer to be kept powered on at all times and dedicated to this task . Personal finance and database use required tedious data entry . By contrast , advertisements in the specialty computer press often simply listed specifications . If no packaged software was available for a particular application , the home computer user could program one -- provided they had invested the requisite hours to learn computer programming , as well as the idiosyncrasies of their system . Since most systems shipped with the BASIC programming language included on the system ROM , it was easy for users to get started creating their own simple applications . Many users found programming to be a fun and rewarding experience , and an excellent introduction to the world of digital technology . The line between ' business ' and ' home ' computer market segments blurred or vanished completely once IBM PC compatibles became commonly used in the home , since now both categories of computers typically use the same processor architectures , peripherals , operating systems , and applications . Often the only difference may be the sales outlet through which they are purchased . Another change from the home computer era is that the once - common endeavour of writing one 's own software programs has almost vanished from home computer use . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Background 3 Technology 3.1 High performance 4 Radio frequency interference 5 Reception and sociological impact 6 Use in the 21st century 7 Notable home computers 7.1 1970s 7.2 1980s 8 See also 9 References 10 Notes 11 External links History ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Five waves of home computer : Low - price single - user computers aimed at the home market arrived in five waves between 1976 and 1986 : Source Trinity of 1977 , plus one ( 1976 to December 1977 ) The invention of the Intel 8080 microprocessor chip in April 1974 made practical the development of the ( relatively ) affordable mass - market microcomputer . In the USA this first appeared in early 1975 in the form of an unassembled kit , the Altair 8800 ; shortly afterward pre-assembled Altairs were offered . The sudden popularity of desktop computers happened because the 8080 CPU could represent and manipulate 256 discrete values in its 8 - bit registers . Thus the 7 - bit ASCII standard for the representation of alphanumeric data became feasible for the first time in a machine much smaller and less expensive than the furniture - size minicomputers , with their processors that occupied entire circuit boards . This new class of computer was practical for serious work because it could input , process , and output alphanumeric information . It also enabled sophisticated programs such as database managers and BASIC interpreters to become available to a larger market consisting of people possessing lesser technical skills . Soon after , other companies entered the market with similar , ready - to - run microcomputers like the IMSAI 8080 . These sold in the tens of thousands , surprising everyone in the industry . Beyond businesses and hobbyists , however , these computers were not widely used because ( in the early days ) they lacked conveniences like video displays and keyboards , required programming skills at the machine code level , and systems large enough for serious work cost many thousands . The very first home computer was the Compucolor by Compucolor Corporation in 1976 , soon followed by the Compucolor II which was made by Intelligent Systems Corp . They used the 8080 but otherwise sported very advanced features , including RAM starting at 8 KB , expandable up to 32 KB , 64 column by 32 line color CRT display , a professional keyboard , an enhanced BASIC interpreter , and a built - in floppy disk drive . It only sold a few thousand units , however , and the company went bust not long after . In 1975 two new microprocessors were developed that were easier and less expensive to implement than the 8080 : the MOS Technology 6502 and Zilog Z80 . In 1977 three companies decided to use this new technology to develop and market affordable , fully assembled , easy - to - use , programmable computers for individual users in their businesses and homes . These were the Commodore PET , Apple II , and TRS - 80 , which Byte magazine christened the `` 1977 Trinity '' . These comprise the First Wave of home computers . All three were instant successes and created a huge , surprise demand . It would not be until 1979 , however , when these pioneering manufacturers produced successor machines ( 1980 in the case of Tandy / Radio Shack ) . Aside from the efforts of product development and ramping up production to meet the unexpected demand , each had unique difficulties expanding their new businesses . In the cases of Commodore and Apple , they had to build up networks of dealers , not only for sales but for reliable customer service . Tandy / Radio Shack had a great head start in this area because of its some 3500 retail stores in the USA , but still had to work up its repair and training capability for after - sales support . They focused their efforts on the in - house development of hardware peripherals ( especially the first 5.25 inch floppy disk drives ) and software . Apple and Commodore encouraged third - party companies to do this work for them ( except for floppy drives ) . Tandy also took up the task of establishing a presence in the growing market for small business computers , with its follow - on TRS - 80 Model II which they introduced in October 1979 . The TRS - 80 took a large , early lead in the new market , and Apple lagged Commodore . Tandy / Radio Shack would hold its number one position until 1982 . Rise of rival 8 - bit lines ( October 1979 to April 1982 ) The Second Wave arrived in October 1979 when the first competitor in the new home computer market , Texas Instruments , fielded their TI - 99 / 4 ( featuring a CPU that handled 16 - bit data , but had an instruction set entirely its own ) . Established game console maker Atari followed closely in November with their 400 and 800 , which were the first home computers ever to have circuitry dedicated to processing of graphical video and audio data ( inherited from Atari game console products ) . In 1980 Sinclair in the UK launched their super-cheap ZX80 , heralded as the least expensive computer ever offered . Also in early 1980 the Radio Shack Color Computer made its debut . This was the first commercial computer to use the powerful Motorola 6809 CPU . In early 1981 Commodore introduced its VIC - 20 which rivaled the Ataris for gameplay with a custom video chip that made hi - res color affordable but not so capable as the Atari 's graphics coprocessors . The VIC - 20 would become the first computer to sell one million units . Sinclair followed up the ZX80 with its ZX81 in March 1981 . Sinclair would team up with Timex to market its home computers in the USA . In June Texas Instruments followed up its 99 / 4 with the improved 99 / 4A . In December Acorn Computer in the UK produced the BBC Micro . Finally in April 1982 Sinclair again topped itself with its new Spectrum . This last can be seen as a transition between the second wave and the third ; successor models of the Spectrum would evolve in that direction . Essentially , this second wave of home computers were video game consoles equipped with a few computerlike enhancements like keyboards , BASIC interpreters ( which served as the operating system ) , and provision for cassette tape mass storage . They introduced features that would typify the low - end home computer : slots for plug - in cartridges , borrowed from the video game consoles , joystick ports , and the use of the family television set as a video display ( the Apple II was the only Trinity computer to allow use of a TV ) , though provisions were often made for low - cost composite video output . These lower cost new machines lacked features of more costly machines . One such was the full - travel keyboard . Membrane or `` chiclet '' keyboards were used in the least expensive models like the Sinclairs , Color Computer , and Atari 400 ( as did the Trinity 's Commodore PET ) . A lack of lowercase alpha characters was still typical in the cheaper models , like the Sinclair ZX80 / 81s . Serial ports and interfaces for printers were offered only on the pricier models . Less expensive memory chips afforded the later computers of this wave of home computer a full complement of RAM : usually 48 KB which with 16 KB of system / BASIC ROM filled out the memory map of the 8 - bit CPU . Also in the later period the VIC - 20 and Ataris got their first floppy disk drives ( The Commodore 1540 and Atari 810 respectively ) . The dedicated video chips used in the Ataris and the software sprites supported by the VIC - 20 would spur software publishers to produce a new breed of games with fast - moving high resolution color graphics . The emphasis in the home market on graphics would also compel the writers of the BASIC interpreters to support the new graphics capabilities with advanced commands for drawing lines and geometric shapes and filling areas , rather than the primitive commands for merely setting and resetting pixels as provided in earlier computers . Golden Age of the 8 - bit lines ( August 1982 to early 1984 ) The first of the mature 8 - bit machines that constituted the Third Wave of home computers was the famous Commodore 64 ( August 1982 ) . It sported many features that would typify this generation . Most important was the use of bank - switching technology to address more than the 64 kilobytes of memory that 8 - bit processors were limited to . The C - 64 was the first home computer with 64 KB of RAM , using bank - switching to page in ROM routines as needed , thus filling out the 6502 's memory map completely with RAM . This made larger , more sophisticated programs possible . The C - 64 eventually drove Texas Instruments from the home computer market with aggressive cost - cutting , and wounded the Atari 8 - bit line 's market position as well . The C - 64 cost less than the Atari 800 and at last had a custom graphics and sound chips of comparable capability . A few years after coming to market the C - 64 would sell some 2 million units per year ( despite early on acquiring a reputation for poor construction quality and reliability ) and went on to become the all - time bestselling computer ( in units sold ) until the PCs overtook it in the early 1990s . In late 1983 Atari countered Commodore in the low - end `` price wars '' with its 800XL , which was cheaper to produce and slightly improved , though still limited to 48 KB RAM . Ending this third wave of home computer , 1984 saw new entrant Amstrad in the UK introduce the Amstrad CPC . This new Z80 machine would spawn many variants in following years and sell some 3 million units . As costs for DRAM chips continued to decline , other 8 - bit computers would use bank - switching to offer even more RAM than the 64 KB limit of the 8 - bit CPUs. 128 KB was the amount most convenient , as two banks of 64 KB DRAM chips occupied little area on the circuit board and provided a low - cost option by leaving the upper bank empty for later expansion . Three home computers that fit this description were the ZX Spectrum 128 , Apple IIe ( January 1983 ) and Radio Shack TRS - 80 Model 4 ( April 1983 ) . Later the Commodore 128 and Atari 130XE would follow suit with 128 KB of bank - swtiched RAM . The two higher - end home computers by Apple and Tandy / Radio Shack ( around $2000 with dual disk drives ) brought many features of pricier business computers within reach of the home computerist , such as 80 column text displays , RS - 232 serial ports , RAM disks , task switching software , and sophisticated operating systems and applications rivaling the emerging MS - DOS standard of the professional world . The first of the small computer Productivity suites , Appleworks and Deskmate , would appear on these two computers . Robotic manufacturing in low - wage Asian countries and advanced , denser circuit design permitted engineers to build in more and better features while reducing production costs , so greater capabilities became available to the consumer at lesser prices . Greater quantities of units shipped drove down costs further as economies of scale kicked in . As sales of home computers sold grew , software publishers increasingly turned their attention to the gaming , educational , and home productivity market . They began to support the more advanced features of the newer computers , especially the greater memory capacities available . Prices of hardware and software continued to fall and spurred further growth and programming sophistication . Another effect of the mass marketing of home computers was a shift in the distribution channels used by the manufacturers . Particularly for Commodore , Atari , and Sinclair / Timex in the USA , it became feasible to sell through department stores like Sears and J.C. Penney , and toy / hobby stores like Toys `` R '' Us . This trend resulted in further price reductions to the consumer , and allowed manufacturers to economically move greater volumes of product into new markets away from the big coastal cities of the USA . MSX was a standard for a home computing architecture that was intended and hoped to become a universal platform for home computing . It was conceived and engineered by Microsoft and marketed by Microsoft Japan . Computers conforming to the MSX standard were produced by most all major Japanese electronics manufacturers , as well as two Korean ones and several others in Europe and South America . Some 5 million units are known to have been sold in Japan alone . They sold in smaller numbers throughout the world . Due to the `` price wars '' being waged in the USA home computer market during the 1983 - 85 period , MSX computers were never marketed to any great extent in the USA . Eventually more advanced mainstream home computers and game consoles obsoleted the MSX machines . By the end of this period in early 1984 ( with the launch of Amstrad 's CPC ) , all the major lines of 8 - bit home computer had been introduced . All subsequent computers designed for home use would use more powerful 16 - bit processors , which could more efficiently use the ever-less - expensive memory chips . It was actually the years following 1984 that would be the Golden Age of the 8 - bit home computers . They would continue to sell ( on price ) , spawn improved and repackaged versions , and gain an ever - wider selection of software applications and hardware peripherals ( many using the same new technologies the 16 - bit computers would , such as 3.5 inch floppy disk drives ) . Indeed , all these 8 - bit home computers would persist into the early 1990s ( the TRS - 80 Model 4D ceased production sometime in the late 1980s but was kept in the Radio Shack catalog until 1991 ) . January 1984 may be seen as the very beginning of a transition to the new generation of 16 - bit computers that would blossom in 1985 - 86 , for this was when Sinclair produced their Sinclair QL , which was the first home computer to use Motorola 's new 68000 - series CPU with an internal 32 - bit architecture and multitasking operating system . The Sinclair implementation used the 68008 version with an external 8 - bit bus . The QL was rushed to market and not much of a success as a product , however . PCs Invade the Home ( March 1984 to November 1984 ) From the introduction of the IBM Personal Computer ( ubiquitously known as the PC ) in 1981 , the market for computers meant for the corporate , business , and government sectors came to be dominated by the new machine and its MS - DOS operating system . Even basic PCs cost thousands of dollars and were far out of reach for typical home computerists . However , in the following years technological advances and improved manufacturing capabilities ( mainly greater use of robotics and relocation of production plants to lower - wage locations in Asia ) permitted several computer companies to offer lower - cost PC style machines that would become competitive with many 8 - bit home - market pioneers . PCs could never become as affordable as these because the same price - reducing measures were available to all computer makers . Furthermore , software and peripherals for PC style computers tended to cost more than those for 8 - bit computers because of the anchoring effect caused by the pricey IBM PC . Though the PC 's first graphics adapter , CGA , could be used with a television set in 40 character mode , this was not a practical option because very little software was written for this display mode ; therefore the PCs could not practically use the family TV set as a video display like the cheaper home computers and thus the effective price of a PC was that much greater . Nonetheless , the overall reduction in manufacturing costs narrowed the price difference between old 8 - bit technology and new PCs . In other words , the simpler machines could not benefit so much from more efficient manufacturing as did the complex PCs . Despite their higher absolute prices PCs were perceived by many to be better values for their utility as superior productivity tools and their access to industry - standard software . Another advantage was the 8088 / 8086 's wider 20 - bit address bus : the PC could access more than 64 kilobytes of memory relatively inexpensively ( 8 - bit CPUs required complicated , tricky memory management techniques like bank - switching ) . Similarly , the PC floppy was double - sided with about twice the storage capacity of floppy disks used by 8 - bit home computers . PC drives tended to cost less because they were most often built - in , requiring no external case , controller , and power supply . The faster clock rates and wider buses available to later Intel CPUs compensated somewhat for the custom graphics and sound chips of the Commodores and Ataris . In time the growing popularity of home PCs spurred many software publishers to offer gaming and children 's software titles . Many decision makers in the computer industry believed there could be a viable market for office workers who used PC / DOS computers at their jobs and would appreciate an ability to bring diskettes of data home on weeknights and weekends to continue work after - hours on their `` home '' computers . So the ability to run industry - standard MS - DOS software on affordable , user - friendly PCs was anticipated as a source of new sales . Furthermore , many in the industry felt that MS - DOS would eventually ( inevitably , it seemed ) come to dominate the computer business entirely , and some manufacturers felt the need to offer individual customers PC - style products suitable for the home market . In early 1984 market colossus IBM produced the PCjr as a PC / DOS - compatible machine aimed squarely at the home user . It proved a spectacular failure because IBM deliberately limited its capabilities and expansion possibilities in order to avoid cannibalizing sales of the profitable PC . IBM management believed that if they made the PCjr too powerful too many buyers would prefer it over the bigger , more expensive PC . Poor reviews in the computer press and poor sales doomed the PCjr . Tandy Corporation capitalized on IBM 's blunder with its PCjr - compatible Tandy 1000 in November . Like the PCjr it was pitched as a home , education , and small - business computer featuring joystick ports , better sound and graphics ( same as the PCjr but with enhancements ) , combined with near - PC / DOS compatibility ( unlike Tandy 's earlier Tandy 2000 ) . The improved Tandy 1000 video hardware became a standard of its own , known as Tandy Graphics Adapter or TGA . Later , Tandy produced Tandy 1000 variants in form factors and price - points even more suited to the home computer market , consisting particularly of the Tandy 1000 EX and HX models ( later supplanted by the 1000 RL ) , which came in cases resembling the original Apple IIs ( CPU , keyboard , expansion slots , and power supply in a slimline cabinet ) but also included floppy disk drives . The proprietary Deskmate productivity suite came bundled with the Tandy 1000s . Deskmate was suited to use by computer novices with its point - and - click ( though not graphical ) user interface . From the launch of the Tandy 1000 series , their manufacture were price - competitive because of Tandy 's use of high - density ASIC chip technology , which allowed their engineers to integrate many hardware features into the motherboard ( obviating the need for circuit cards in expansion slots as with other brands of PC ) . Tandy never transferred its manufacturing operation to Asia ; all Tandy desktop computers were built in the USA ( this was not true of the laptop and pocket computers , nor peripherals ) . In 1985 the Epson corporation , a popular and respected producer of inexpensive dot - matrix printers and business computers ( the QX - 10 and QX - 16 ) , introduced its low - cost Epson Equity PC . Its designers took minor shortcuts such as few expansion slots and a lack of a socket for an 8087 math chip , but Epson did bundle some utility programs that offered decent turnkey functionality for novice users . While not a high performer , the Equity was a reliable and compatible design for half the price of a similarly - configured IBM PC . Epson often promoted sales by bundling one of their printers with it at cost . The Equity I sold well enough to warrant the furtherance of the Equity line with the follow - on Equity II , Equity III , and others based on the i386SX . In 1986 UK home computer maker Amstrad began producing their PC1512 PC - compatible for sale in the UK . Later they would market the machine in the USA as the PC6400 . In June 1987 an improved model was produced as the PC1640 . These machines had fast 8086 CPUs , enhanced CGA graphics , and were feature - laden for their modest prices . They had joystick adapters built into their keyboards and shipped with a licensed version of the Digital Research Graphical Environment Manager ( or GEM ) , a GUI for the MS - DOS operating system . They became marginal successes in the home market . For a short time Amstrad also marketed a home - computer style PC with an RF modulator for use with a television set display . This was the PC20 , also as the Sinclair PC200 . In 1987 longtime small computer maker Zenith introduced a low - cost PC they called the eaZy PC . This was positioned as an `` appliance '' computer much like the original Apple Macintosh : turnkey startup , built - in monochrome monitor , and lacking expansion slots requiring proprietary add - ons available only from Zenith , but instead with the traditional MS - DOS Command - line interface . The eaZy PC used a turbo NEC V40 CPU ( uprated 8088 ) which was rather slow for its time , but the display did feature 400 pixel vertical resolution ( double - scanned CGA in text mode only ) . It failed for the same reasons as did IBM 's PCjr : poor performance and expandability , and an uncompetetive price for the home market . Another company that offered low - cost PCs for home use was Leading Edge with their Model M and Model D computers . These were configured like full - featured business PCs yet still could compete in the home market on price because Leading Edge had access to low - cost hardware from their Asian manufacturing partners Mitsubishi with the Model M and Daewoo with the Model D . The Leading Edge Word Processor was bundled with the Model D. It was favorably reviewed by the computer press and sold very well . Still another budget offering from Korea was the Hyundai Blue Chip PC - XT clone , which was sold through Target , Sears , and Wal - Mart department stores . By the mid-80s the market for inexpensive PCs for use in the home market was expanding at a rate such that the two leaders in the USA , Commodore and Atari , themselves felt compelled to enter the market with their own lines . They were only marginally successful compared to other companies that made only PCs . Still later prices of white box PC clone computers by various manufacturers became competitive with the higher - end home computers ( see below ) . Throughout the 1980s costs and prices continued to be driven down by : advanced circuit design and manufacturing , multifunction expansion cards , shareware applications such as PC - Talk , PC - Write , and PC - File , greater hardware reliability , and more user - friendly software that demanded less customer support services . The increasing availability of faster processor and memory chips , inexpensive EGA and VGA video cards , sound cards , and joystick adapters also bolstered the viability of PC / DOS computers as alternatives to specially - made computers and game consoles for the home . 68000s Come Home ( June 1985 to early 1986 ) The Fifth , last wave of computers specially meant for use as home computers arrived in June 1985 with the Atari ST . Soon after , but unavailable until 1986 , came Commodore 's Amiga . These new machines were an entirely new breed built around Motorola 's 16 / 32 - bit 68000 processor , the same as used in Apple 's expensive Macintosh and premature Sinclair QL . This chip promised superior performance due to its advanced architecture and fast clock rate , made possible by fast yet inexpensive memory chips . Also , the 68000 could access megabytes of memory linearly , without any need for Intel 's segmented memory model . This made huge , sophisticated programs possible . Both machines used the new 3.5 inch floppy drives offering four times the storage of the 5.25 inch drives . The user interface used was graphical , like the Macintosh . The ST used a licensed version of Digital Research 's GEM and the Amiga 's original GUI featured true multitasking and windowing capability . The video hardware in these two computers could render graphics in hundreds or thousands of colors in high resolution . The Amiga had dedicated graphics and sound coprocessors for high performance video and audio . It found use as a workstation for motion video , a first for a standalone computer costing far less than dedicated motion - video processing equipment . Stereo sound became standard for the first time ; the Atari ST gained popularity as an affordable alternative for MIDI equipment for the production of music . After a slow start the ST and Amiga gained traction in the market as software developers increased support for them . In following years both lines would be advanced using the faster , fully 32 - bit successors of the Motorola 68000 CPU . In June 1987 a computer appeared in the UK which can be considered a member of this wave ; this was the Acorn Archimedes . Because it used Acorn 's own ARM architecture processor rather than the Motorola 68000 , it offered superior performance to the ST and Amiga ( about double ) and likewise was ahead of its time . The Archimedes gained share in the UK educational market but , like the Atari ST and Commodore Amiga , was crowded out in the 1990s by inexpensive PCs with similar multimedia capability running Microsoft Windows . The 8 - bit Swan Song During this period , three venerable 8 - bit computers made something of a comeback , if short - lived . These were the Commodore 128 in January 1985 ( and its variant C - 128D a bit later ) , the Radio Shack Color Computer 3 in July 1986 , and the Apple IIGS ( whose CPU is a full 16 - bit processor ) in September 1986 . They incorporated features typical of business - class computers like expanded memory beyond 64 kilobytes , 80 column text screens , higher resolution graphics with more colors , and in the case of the IIGS a Macintosh - like graphical interface . The C - 128 had a Z80 chip for CP / M compatibility and the C - 128D a PC - style case with an internal disk drive that could read and write data to PC disks . The new Coco could run a windowing , multitasking operating system called OS - 9 . Yet these updated veterans offered full compatibility with the software of their ancestors . Eventually these three , like all the other home computers , were eclipsed by the PCs due to constantly falling prices for the newer technologies . The three companies that opened the 8 - bit home computer era in 1977 , Tandy / Radio Shack , Apple , and Commodore , at last closed it . Also noteworthy during this time ( September 1985 ) was the Amstrad PCW . This was Z80 - based and ran CP / M - 80 , tailored and marketed specifically as a word processing machine ( with bundled printer ) available at a remarkably low price . While not introducing new technology apart from its 3.0 inch floppy drives and 90 column by 32 line video display , with time it grew to be a popular ( especially in the UK and Europe ) general - purpose CP / M system running many kinds of applications besides its bundled word processor , Locoscript . It sold some 8 million units during its market lifespan of more than a decade . Background ( edit ) Computer at home , USA 1965 As early as 1965 , some experimental projects such as Jim Sutherland 's ECHO IV ( hr ) explored the possible utility of a computer in the home . In 1969 , the Honeywell Kitchen Computer was marketed as a luxury gift item , and would have inaugurated the era of home computing , but none were sold . Computers became affordable for the general public in the 1970s due to the mass production of the microprocessor starting in 1971 . Early microcomputers such as the Altair 8800 had front - mounted switches and diagnostic lights ( nicknamed `` blinkenlights '' ) to control and indicate internal system status , and were often sold in kit form to hobbyists . These kits would contain an empty printed circuit board which the buyer would fill with the integrated circuits , other individual electronic components , wires and connectors , and then hand - solder all the connections . While two early home computers ( Sinclair ZX80 and Acorn Atom ) could be bought either in kit form or assembled , most home computers were only sold pre-assembled . They were enclosed in plastic or metal cases similar in appearance to typewriter or hi - fi equipment enclosures , which were more familiar and attractive to consumers than the industrial metal card - cage enclosures used by the Altair and similar computers . The keyboard - a feature lacking on the Altair - was usually built into the same case as the motherboard . Ports for plug - in peripheral devices such as a video display , cassette tape recorders , joysticks , and ( later ) disk drives were either built - in or available on expansion cards . Although the Apple II series had internal expansion slots , most other home computer models ' expansion arrangements were through externally accessible ' expansion ports ' that also served as a place to plug in cartridge - based games . Usually the manufacturer would sell peripheral devices designed to be compatible with their computers as extra cost accessories . Peripherals and software were not often interchangeable between different brands of home computer , or even between successive models of the same brand . To save the cost of a dedicated monitor , the home computer would often connect through an RF modulator to the family TV set , which served as both video display and sound system . By 1982 , an estimated 621,000 home computers were in American households , at an average sales price of US $530 . After the success of the Radio Shack TRS - 80 , the Commodore PET and the Apple II in 1977 , almost every manufacturer of consumer electronics rushed to introduce a home computer . Large numbers of new machines of all types began to appear during the late 1970s and early 1980s . Mattel , Coleco , Texas Instruments and Timex , none of which had any previous connection to the computer industry , all had short - lived home computer lines in the early 1980s . Some home computers were more successful -- the BBC Micro , Sinclair ZX Spectrum , Atari 800XL and Commodore 64 , sold many units over several years and attracted third - party software development . Almost universally , home computers had a BASIC interpreter combined with a line editor in permanent read - only memory which one could use to type in BASIC programs and execute them immediately or save them to tape or disk . In direct mode , the BASIC interpreter was also used as the user interface , and given tasks such as loading , saving , managing , and running files . One exception was the Jupiter Ace , which had a Forth interpreter instead of BASIC . A built - in programming language was seen as a requirement for any computer of the era , and was the main feature setting home computers apart from video game consoles . Still , home computers competed in the same market as the consoles . A home computer was often seen as simply as a higher end purchase than a console , adding abilities and productivity potential to what would still be mainly a gaming device . A common marketing tactic was to show a computer system and console playing games side by side , then emphasizing the computer 's greater ability by showing it running user - created programs , education software , word processing , spreadsheet and other applications while the game console showed a blank screen or continued playing the same repetitive game . Another capability home computers had that game consoles of the time lacked was the ability to access remote services over telephone lines by adding a serial port interface , a modem , and communication software . Though it could be costly , it permitted the computer user to access services like Compuserve and private or corporate bulletin board systems to post or read messages , or to download or upload software . Some enthusiasts with computers equipped with large storage capacity and a dedicated phone line operated bulletin boards of their own . This capability anticipated the internet by nearly twenty years . Some game consoles offered `` programming packs '' consisting of a version of BASIC in a ROM cartridge . Atari 's BASIC Programming for the Atari 2600 was one of these . For the ColecoVision console , Coleco even announced an expansion module which would convert it into a full - fledged computer system . This never materialised , but a standalone computer , the Coleco Adam was eventually released . The Magnavox Odyssey2 game console had a built - in keyboard to support its C7420 Home Computer Module . Books of type - in program listings like BASIC Computer Games were available dedicated for the BASICs of most models of computer with titles along the lines of 64 Amazing BASIC Games for the Commodore 64 . While most of the programs in these books were short and simple games or demos , some titles such as Compute ! 's SpeedScript series , contained productivity software that rivaled commercial packages . To avoid the tedious process of typing in a program listing from a book , these books would sometimes include a mail - in offer from the author to obtain the programs on disk or cassette for a few dollars . Before the Internet , and before most computer owners had a modem , books were a popular and low - cost means of software distribution -- one that had the advantage of incorporating its own documentation . These books also served a role in familiarizing new computer owners with the concepts of programming ; some titles added suggested modifications to the program listings for the user to carry out . Modifying software to be compatible with one 's system or writing a utility program to fit one 's needs was a skill every advanced computer owner was expected to have . During the peak years of the home computer market , scores of models were produced , usually as individual design projects with little or no thought given to compatibility between different manufacturers or even within product lines of the same manufacturer . Except for the Japanese MSX standard , the concept of a computer platform was still forming , with most companies considering rudimentary BASIC language and disk format compatibility sufficient to claim a model as `` compatible '' . Things were different in the business world , where cost - conscious small business owners had been using CP / M running on Z80 based computers from Osborne , Kaypro , Morrow Designs and a host of other manufacturers . For many of these businesses , the development of the microcomputer made computing and business software affordable where they had not been before . Introduced in August 1981 , the IBM Personal Computer would eventually supplant CP / M as the standard platform used in business . This was largely due to the IBM name and the system 's 16 bit open architecture , which expanded maximum memory tenfold , and also encouraged production of third - party clones . In the late 1970s , the 6502 - based Apple II series had carved out a niche for itself in business , thanks to the industry 's first killer app , VisiCalc , released in 1979 . However the Apple II would quickly be displaced for office use by IBM PC compatibles running Lotus 1 - 2 - 3 . Apple Computer 's 1980 Apple III was underwhelming , and although the 1984 release of the Apple Macintosh introduced the modern GUI to the market , it was n't common until IBM - compatible computers adopted it . Throughout the 1980s , businesses large and small adopted the PC platform , leading , by the end of the decade , to sub-US $1000 IBM PC XT - class white box machines , usually built in Asia and sold by US companies like PCs Limited . In 1980 Wayne Green , the publisher of Kilobaud Microcomputing , recommended that companies avoid the term `` home computer '' in their advertising as `` I feel is self - limiting for sales ... I prefer the term `` microcomputers '' since it does n't limit the uses of the equipment in the imagination of the prospective customers `` . With the exception of Tandy , most computer companies -- even those with a majority of sales to home users -- agreed , avoiding the term `` home computer '' because of its association with the image of , as Compute ! wrote , `` a low - powered , low - end machine primarily suited for playing games '' . Apple consistently avoided stating that it was a home - computer company , and described the IIc as `` a serious computer for the serious home user '' despite competing against IBM 's PCjr home computer . John Sculley denied that his company sold home computers ; rather , he said , Apple sold `` computers for use in the home '' . In 1990 the company reportedly refused to support joysticks on its low - cost Macintosh LC and IIsi computers to prevent customers from considering them as `` game machines '' . Although the Apple II and Atari computers are functionally similar , Atari 's home - oriented marketing resulted in a game - heavy library with much less business software . By the late 1980s , many mass merchants sold video game consoles like the Nintendo Entertainment System , but no longer sold home computers . Toward the end of the 1980s , clones also became popular with non-corporate customers . Inexpensive , highly compatible clones succeeded where the PCjr had failed . Replacing the hobbyists who had made up the majority of the home computer market were , as Compute ! described them , `` people who want to take work home from the office now and then , play a game now and then , learn more about computers , and help educate their children '' . By 1986 industry experts predicted an `` MS - DOS Christmas '' , and the magazine stated that clones threatened Commodore , Atari , and Apple 's domination of the home - computer market . The declining cost of IBM compatibles on the one hand , and the greatly increased graphics , sound , and storage abilities of fourth generation video game consoles such as the Sega Genesis and Super Nintendo Entertainment System on the other , combined to cause the market segment for home computers to vanish by the early 1990s in the US . In Europe , the home computer remained a distinct presence for a few years more , with the low - end models of the 16 - bit Amiga and Atari ST families being the dominant players , but by the mid-1990s even the European market had dwindled . The Dutch government even ran a program that allowed businesses to sell computers tax - free to its employees , often accompanied by home training programs . Naturally , these businesses chose to equip their employees with the same systems they themselves were using . Today a computer bought for home use anywhere will be very similar to those used in offices -- made by the same manufacturers , with compatible peripherals , operating systems , and application software . Technology ( edit ) A Commodore 64 system , showing the basic layout of a typical home computer system of the era . Pictured are the CPU / keyboard unit , floppy disk drive , and dedicated color monitor . Many systems also had a dot matrix printer for producing paper output . Eastern Bloc computers were often significantly different in appearance from western computers . Pictured is a KC 85 / 3 with its keyboard placed on top , by VEB Mikroelektronik Mühlhausen released in 1986 and based on an East German Zilog Z80 clone . The Soviet Electronika BK0010. 01 home computer was based on the К1801ВМ1 ( Soviet LSI - 11 - compatible CPU ) and was , basically , a very stripped - down PDP - 11 . Many home computers were superficially similar . Most had a keyboard integrated into the same case as the motherboard , or , more frequently , a mainboard -- while the expandable home computers appeared from the very start ( the Apple II offered as much as seven expansion slots ) , as the whole segment was generally aimed downmarket , few offers were priced and / or positioned high enough to allow for such expandability . Some systems have only one expansion port , often realized in the form of cumbersome `` sidecar '' system , such as on the TI - 99 / 4 , or required finicky and unwieldy ribbon cables to connect the expansion modules . Sometimes they were equipped with a cheap membrane or chiclet keyboard in the early days , although full - travel keyboards quickly became universal due to overwhelming consumer preference . Most systems could use an RF modulator to display 20 -- 40 column text output on a home television . Indeed , the use of a television set as a display almost defines the pre-PC home computer . Although dedicated composite or `` green screen '' computer displays were available for this market segment and offered a sharper display , a monitor was often a later purchase made only after users had bought a floppy disk drive , printer , modem , and the other pieces of a full system . The reason for this was that while those TV - monitors had difficulty displaying the clear and readable 80 - column text that became the industry standard at the time , the only consumers who really needed that were the power users utilizing the machine for business purposes , while the average casual consumer would use the system for games only and was content with the lower resolution for which a TV worked fine . An important exception was the Radio Shack TRS - 80 , the first mass - marketed computer for home use , which included its own 64 - column display monitor and full - travel keyboard as standard features . This `` peripherals sold separately '' approach is another defining characteristic of the home computer era . A first time computer buyer who brought a base C - 64 system home and hooked it up to their TV would find they needed to buy a disk drive ( the Commodore 1541 was the only fully compatible model ) or Datasette before they could make use of it as anything but a game machine or TV Typewriter . In the early part of the 1980s , the dominant microprocessors used in home computers were the 8 - bit MOS Technology 6502 ( Apple , Commodore , Atari , BBC Micro ) and Zilog Z80 ( TRS - 80 , ZX81 , ZX Spectrum , Commodore 128 , Amstrad CPC ) . One exception was the TI - 99 series , announced in 1979 with a 16 - bit TMS9900 CPU . The TI was originally to use the 8 - bit 9985 processor designed especially for it , but this project was cancelled . However , the glue logic needed to retrofit the 16 - bit CPU to an 8 - bit 9985 system negated the advantages of the more powerful CPU . Another exception was the Soviet Elektronika BK series of 1984 , which used the fully 16 - bit and powerful for the time 1801 series CPU , offering a full PDP - 11 compatibility and a fully functional Q - Bus slot , though at the cost of very anemic RAM and graphics . The Motorola 6809 was used by the Radio Shack TRS - 80 Color Computer , the Fujitsu FM - 7 , and Dragon 32 / 64 . Processor clock rates were typically 1 -- 2 MHz for 6502 and 6809 based CPU 's and 2 -- 4 MHz for Z80 based systems ( yielding roughly equal performance ) , but this aspect was not emphasized by users or manufacturers , as the systems ' limited RAM capacity , graphics abilities and storage options had a more perceivable effect on performance than CPU speed . For low - price computers the cost of RAM memory chips contributed greatly to the final product price to the consumer , and fast CPUs demanded expensive , fast memory . So designers kept clock rates only adequate ; in some cases like the Atari and Commodore 8 - bit machines , coprocessors were added to speed processing of graphics and audio data . For these computers clock rate was considered a technical detail of interest only to users needing accurate timing for their own programs . To economize on component cost , often the same crystal used to produce color television compatible signals was also divided down and used for the processor clock . This meant processors rarely operated at their full rated speed , and had the side - effect that European and North American versions of the same home computer operated at slightly different speeds and different video resolution due to different television standards . Initially , many home computers used the then - ubiquitous compact audio cassette as a storage mechanism . A rough analogy to how this worked would be to place a recorder on the phone line as a file was uploaded by modem to `` save '' it , and playing the recording back through the modem to `` load '' . Most cassette implementations were notoriously slow and unreliable , but 8 '' drives were too bulky for home use , and early 5.25 '' form factor drives were priced for business use , out of reach of most home buyers . An innovative alternative was the Exatron Stringy Floppy , a continuous loop tape drive which was much faster than a datacassette drive and could perform much like a floppy disk drive . It was available for the TRS - 80 and some others . A closely related technology was the ZX Microdrive developed by Sinclair Research in the UK for their ZX Spectrum and QL home computers . Eventually mass production of 5.25 '' drives resulted in lower prices , and after about 1984 they pushed cassette drives out of the US home computer market . 5.25 '' floppy disk drives would remain standard until the end of the 8 - bit era . Though external 3.5 '' drives were made available for home computer systems toward the latter part of the 1980s , almost all software sold for 8 - bit home computers remained on 5.25 '' disks ; 3.5 '' drives were used for data storage . Standardization of disk formats was not common ; sometimes even different models from the same manufacturer used different disk formats . Almost universally the floppy disk drives available for 8 - bit home computers were housed in external cases with their own controller boards and power supplies contained within . Only the later , advanced 8 - bit home computers housed their drives within the main unit ; these included the TRS - 80 Model III , TRS - 80 Model 4 , Apple IIc , and Commodore 128D . The later 16 - bit machines such as the Atari 1040ST ( not the 520ST ) , the Commodore Amigas , and the Tandy 1000s did house floppy drive ( s ) internally . At any rate , to expand any computer with additional floppy drives external units would have to be plugged in . Toward the end of the home computer era , drives for a number of home computer models appeared offering disk - format compatibility with the IBM PC . The disk drives sold with the Commodore 128 , Amiga and Atari ST were all able to read and write PC disks , which themselves were undergoing the transition from 5.25 '' to 3.5 '' format at the time ( though 5.25 '' drives remained common on PCs until the late 1990s , due to existence of the large software and data archives on five - inch floppies ) . 5.25 '' drives were made available for the ST , Amiga and Macintosh , otherwise 3.5 '' based systems with no other use for a 5.25 '' format . Hard drives were never popular on home computers , remaining an expensive , niche product mainly for BBS sysops and the few business users . Various copy protection schemes were developed for floppy disks ; most were broken in short order . Many users would only tolerate copy protection for games , as wear and tear on disks was a significant issue in an entirely floppy - based system . The ability to make a `` working backup '' disk of vital application software was seen as important . Copy programs that advertised their ability to copy or even remove common protection schemes were a common category of utility software in this pre-DMCA era . In another defining characteristic of the home computer , instead of a command line , the BASIC interpreter served double duty as a user interface . Coupled to a character - based screen or line editor , BASIC 's file management commands could be entered in direct mode . In contrast to modern computers , home computers most often had their operating system ( OS ) stored in ROM chips . This made startup times very fast -- no more than a few seconds -- but made OS upgrades difficult or impossible without buying a new unit . Usually only the most severe bugs were fixed by issuing new ROMs to replace the old ones at the user 's cost . Also , the small size and limited scope of home computer `` operating systems '' ( really little more than what today would be called a kernel ) left little room for bugs to hide . Although modern operating systems include extensive programming libraries to ease development and promote standardization , home computer operating systems provided little support to application programs beyond a character generator and input / output routines for the keyboard and peripheral ports . Professionally written software often switched out the ROM based OS anyway to free the address space it occupied and maximize RAM capacity . This gave the program full control of the hardware and allowed the programmer to optimize performance for a specific task . Games would often turn off unused I / O ports , as well as the interrupts that served them . As multitasking was never common on home computers , this practice went largely unnoticed by users . Most software even lacked an exit command , requiring a reboot to use the system for something else . In an enduring reflection of their early cassette - oriented nature , most home computers loaded their disk operating system ( DOS ) separately from the main OS . The DOS was only used for disk and file related commands and was not required to perform other computing functions . One exception was Commodore DOS , which was not loaded into the computer 's main memory at all -- Commodore disk drives contained a 6502 processor and ran DOS from internal ROM . While this gave Commodore systems some advanced capabilities -- a utility program could sideload a disk copy routine onto the drive and return control to the user while the drive copied the disk on its own -- it also made Commodore drives more expensive and difficult to clone . Many home computers had a cartridge interface which accepted ROM - based software . This was also used for expansion or upgrades such as fast loaders . Application software on cartridge did exist , which loaded instantly and eliminated the need for disk swapping on single drive setups , but the vast majority of cartridges were games . High performance ( edit ) Clock rates on the 68000 - based systems , the Atari ST and Commodore Amiga , were approximately 8 MHz with RAM capacities of 256 KB ( for the base Amiga 1000 ) up to 1024 KB ( 1 megabyte , a milestone , first seen on the Atari 1040ST ) . These systems used 3.5 '' floppy disks from the beginning but 5.25 '' drives were made available to facilitate data exchange with IBM PC compatibles . The Amiga and ST both had GUIs with windowing technology . These were inspired by the Apple Macintosh , but at a list price of US $2495 ( over $5000 in 2007 dollars ) , the Macintosh itself was too expensive for most households . The Commodore Amiga in particular had true multitasking capability and unlike all other low - cost computers of the era could run multiple applications in their own windows . Radio frequency interference ( edit ) After the first wave of game consoles and computers landed in American homes , the United States Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) began receiving complaints of electromagnetic interference to television reception . By 1979 the FCC demanded that home computer makers submit samples for radio frequency interference testing . It was found that `` first generation '' home computers emitted too much radio frequency noise for household use . The Atari 400 and 800 were designed with heavy RF shielding to meet the new requirements . Between 1980 and 1982 regulations governing RF emittance from home computers were phased in . Some companies appealed to the FCC to waive the requirements for home computers , while others ( with compliant designs ) objected to the waiver . Eventually techniques to suppress interference became standardized . Reception and sociological impact ( edit ) See also : Microcomputer revolution In 1977 , referring to computers used in home automation at the dawn of the home computer era , Digital Equipment Corporation CEO Ken Olsen is quoted as saying `` There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in his home . '' Despite Olsen 's warning , in the late 1970s and early 1980s , from about 1977 to 1983 , it was widely predicted that computers would soon revolutionize many aspects of home and family life as they had business practices in the previous decades . Mothers would keep their recipe catalog in `` kitchen computer '' databases and turn to a medical database for help with child care , fathers would use the family 's computer to manage family finances and track automobile maintenance . Children would use online encyclopedias for school work and would be avid video gamers . The computer would even be tasked with babysitting younger children . Home automation would bring about the intelligent home of the 1980s . Using Videotex , NAPLPS or some sort of vaguely conceptualized computer technology , television would gain interactivity . It would be possible to do the week 's grocery shopping through the television . The `` personalized newspaper '' ( to be displayed on the television screen ) was another commonly predicted application . Morning coffee would be brewed automatically under computer control . The same household computer would control the home 's lighting and temperature . Robots would take the garbage out , and be programmed to perform new tasks via the home computer . Electronics were expensive , so it was generally assumed that each home would have only one computer for the entire family to use . Home control would be performed in a multitasking time - sharing arrangement , with interfaces to the various devices it was expected to control . `` As an industry we have n't found any compelling reason to buy a computer for the home . '' -- Tandy executive Steve Leininger , July 1984 `` When the computer revolution was unofficially announced in the early 1980s , all indications were that it would change the world . Experts predicted that within five years , every household would have a computer . Dad would run his business on it . Mom would store her recipes on it . The kids would do their homework on it . Today only 15 % of American homes have a computer -- and the other 85 % do n't seem the least bit interested . There is a general feeling that the home computer was a fad and that there is really no practical purpose for a computer in the home . '' -- Commodore Magazine , September 1987 All this was predicted to be commonplace by the end of the 1980s , but by 1987 Dan Gutman wrote that the predicted revolution was `` in shambles '' , with only 15 % of American homes owning a computer . Virtually every aspect that was foreseen would be delayed to later years or would be entirely surpassed by later technological developments . The home computers of the early 1980s could not multitask , which meant that using one as a home automation or entertainment appliance would require it be kept powered on at all times and dedicated exclusively for this use . Even if the computers could be used for multiple purposes simultaneously as today , other technical limitations predominated ; memory capacities were too small to hold entire encyclopedias or databases of financial records ; floppy disk - based storage was inadequate in both capacity and speed for multimedia work ; and the home computers ' graphics chips could only display blocky , unrealistic images and blurry , jagged text that would be difficult to read a newspaper from . Although CD - ROM technology was introduced in 1985 with much promise for its future use , the drives were prohibitively expensive and only interfaced with IBM PCs and compatibles . The Boston Phoenix stated in 1983 that `` people are catching on to the fact that ' applications ' like balancing your checkbook and filing kitchen recipes are actually faster and easier to do with a pocket calculator and a box of index cards '' . inCider observed that `` companies can not live by dilettantes alone '' . Gutman wrote that when the first computer boom ended in 1984 , `` Suddenly , everybody was saying that the home computer was a fad , just another hula hoop '' . Robert Lydon , publisher of Personal Computing , stated in 1985 that the home market `` never really existed . It was a fad . Just about everyone who was going to buy a computer for their home has done it '' , and predicted that Apple would cease to exist within two years . Home computers of the 1980s have been called `` a technology in search of a use '' . A 1982 survey of Los Angeles home - computer users found that although they purchased their computers primarily for hobbies and education , word processing and games were the two main uses . In 1984 Tandy executive Steve Leininger , designer of the TRS - 80 Model I , admitted that `` As an industry we have n't found any compelling reason to buy a computer for the home '' other than for word processing . `` For more than three years now , it has been the secret of the home computer industry , seldom whispered aloud : No one has figured out how a computer can be truly useful at home '' , The New York Times stated in 1985 . It quoted Sculley of Apple denying that a home computer market existed at all : `` People use computers in the home , of course , but for education and running a small business . There are not uses in the home itself '' . A study that year found that , during a typical week , 40 % of adult computer owners did not use their computers at all . Usage rates among children were higher , with households reporting that only 16 - 20 % of children aged 6 -- -- 17 did not use the computer during a typical week . It would take another 10 years for technology to mature , for the graphical user interface to make the computer approachable for non-technical users , and for the World Wide Web to provide a compelling reason for most people to want a computer in their homes . Separate 1998 studies found that 75 % of Americans with Internet access accessed primarily from home and that not having Internet access at home inhibited Internet use . Predicted aspects of the revolution were left by the wayside or modified in the face of an emerging reality . The cost of electronics dropped precipitously and today many families have a computer for each family member , or a laptop for mom 's active lifestyle , a desktop for dad with the kids sharing a computer . Encyclopedias , recipe catalogs and medical databases are kept online and accessed over the World Wide Web -- not stored locally on floppy disks or CD - ROM . TV has yet to gain substantial interactivity ; instead , the web has evolved alongside television , giving rise to the second screen concept . The HTPC and services like Netflix , Google TV or Apple TV , along with internet video sites such as YouTube and Hulu , may one day replace traditional broadcast and cable television . Our coffee may be brewed automatically every morning , but the computer is a simple one embedded in the coffee maker , not under external control . As of 2008 , robots are just beginning to make an impact in the home , with Roomba and Aibo leading the charge . This delay was n't out of keeping with other technologies newly introduced to an unprepared public . Early motorists were widely derided with the cry of `` Get a horse ! '' until the automobile was accepted . Television languished in research labs for decades before regular public broadcasts began . In an example of changing applications for technology , before the invention of radio , the telephone was used to distribute opera and news reports , whose subscribers were denounced as `` illiterate , blind , bedridden and incurably lazy people '' . Likewise , the acceptance of computers into daily life today is a product of continuing refinement of both technology and perception . Use in the 21st century ( edit ) Retrocomputing is the use of vintage hardware , possibly performing modern tasks such as surfing the web and email . As programming techniques evolved and these systems were well understood after decades of use , it became possible to write software giving home computers capabilities undreamed of by their designers . The Contiki OS implements a GUI and TCP / IP stack on the Apple II , Commodore 8 - bit and Atari ST ( 16 - bit ) platforms , allowing these home computers to function as both internet clients and servers . The Commodore 64 has been repackaged as the C - One and C64 Direct - to - TV , both designed by Jeri Ellsworth with modern enhancements . Throughout the 1990s and 1st decade of the 21st century , many home computer systems were available inexpensively at garage sales and on eBay . Many enthusiasts started to collect home computers , with older and rarer systems being much sought after . Sometimes the collections turned into a virtual museum presented on web sites . As their often - inexpensively manufactured hardware ages and the supply of replacement parts dwindles , it has become popular among enthusiasts to emulate these machines , recreating their software environments on modern computers . One of the more well - known emulators is the Multi Emulator Super System ( MESS ) which can emulate most of the better - known home computers . A more or less complete list of home computer emulators can be found in the List of computer system emulators article . Games for many 8 and 16 bit home computers are becoming available for the Wii Virtual Console . Notable home computers ( edit ) For more details on home computer models , see List of home computers . The 1977 Apple II with 2 Disk II disk drives and an Apple monitor The time line below describes many of the most popular or significant home computers of the late 1970s and of the 1980s . The most popular home computers in the USA up to 1985 were : the TRS - 80 ( 1977 ) , various models of the Apple II family ( first introduced in 1977 ) , the Atari 400 / 800 ( 1979 ) along with its follow up models the 800XL and 130XE , and the Commodore VIC - 20 ( 1980 ) and the Commodore 64 ( 1982 ) . The VIC was the first computer of any type to sell over one million units , and the 64 is still the highest - selling single model of personal computer ever , with over 17 million produced before production stopped in 1994 -- a 12 - year run with only minor changes . At one point in 1983 Commodore was selling as many 64s as the rest of the industry 's computers combined . The British market was different , as relatively high prices and lower disposable incomes reduced the appeal of most American products . New Scientist stated in 1977 that `` the price of an American kit in dollars rapidly translates into the same figure in pounds sterling by the time it has reached the shores of Britain '' . The Commodore 64 was also popular , but a BYTE columnist stated in 1985 : It 's not easy for a U.K. citizen to write about home computers for an American magazine . We use the term to refer to an altogether different object on our side of the Atlantic . In the U.S.A. , an Apple II is a home computer ; the IBM PC in its smaller configurations is a home computer ; the Macintosh is a home computer . Home computers use floppy disks for mass storage and perform useful functions like word processing and income tax preparation as well as playing games . In the U.K. , those computers would be considered rather expensive as business computers , let alone for home use . Home computers typically cost less than £ 200 ( about $250 ) and use cassette tape recorders for mass storage . We have various manufacturers of our own , some unheard of in the U.S.A. ... Even when we do have machines in common ( the Commodore 64 ) , I suspect that the vast majority of U.S. users buy the disk drive , while the majority of U.K. users have only the cassette deck . Many of the British - made systems like Sinclair 's ZX81 and Spectrum , and later the Amstrad / Schneider CPC were much more widely used in Europe than US systems . A few low - cost British Sinclair models were sold in the US by Timex Corporation as the Timex Sinclair 1000 and the ill - fated Timex Sinclair 2068 , but neither established a strong following . The only transatlantic success was the Commodore 64 , which competed favorably price-wise with the British systems , and was the most popular system in Europe as in the USA . Until the introduction of the IBM PC in 1981 , computers such as the Apple II and TRS 80 also found considerable use in office work . In 1983 IBM introduced the PCjr in an attempt to continue their business computer success in the home computer market , but incompatibilities between it and the standard PC kept users away . Assisted by a large public domain software library and promotional offers from Commodore , the PET had a sizable presence in the North American education market until that segment was largely ceded to the Apple II as Commodore focused on the C - 64 's success in the mass retail market . 1970s ( edit ) Three microcomputers were the prototypes for what would later become the home computer market segment ; but when introduced they sold as much to hobbyists and small businesses as to the home . June 1977 : Apple II ( North America ) , color graphics , eight expansion slots ; one of the first computers to use a typewriter - like plastic case design . August 1977 : Tandy Radio Shack TRS - 80 ( N. Am . ) , first home computer for less than US $600 , used a dedicated monitor for US Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) rules compliance . October 1977 : Commodore PET ( N. Am . ) , first all - in - one computer : keyboard / screen / tape storage built into stamped sheet metal enclosure . The following computers also introduced significant advancements to the home computer segment : 1979 : TI - 99 / 4 , first home computer with a 16 - bit processor and first to add sprite graphics 1979 : Atari 400 / 800 ( N. Am . ) , first computer with custom chip set and programmable video chip and built - in audio output 1980s ( edit ) No computer has sold more units than the Commodore 64 . The East German Robotron KC 85 / 1 was virtually not available for sale due to huge demand by industrial , educational , and military institutions . 1980 : Commodore VIC - 20 ( N. Am . ) , under US $300 ; first computer of any kind to pass one million sold . 1980 : TRS - 80 Color Computer ( N. Am . ) , Motorola 6809 , optional OS - 9 multi-user multi-tasking . July 1980 : TRS - 80 Model III ( N. Am . ) , essentially a TRS - 80 Model I repackaged in an all - in - one cabinet , to comply with FCC regulations for radiofrequency interference , to eliminate cable clutter , and use only one electrical outlet . Some enhancements like extended character set , repeating keys , and real time clock . June 1981 : Texas Instruments TI - 99 / 4A , based on the less successful TI - 99 / 4 . 1981 : Sinclair ZX81 ( Europe ) , £ 49.95 in kit form ; £ 69.95 pre-built , released as Timex Sinclair 1000 in US in 1982 . 1981 : BBC Micro ( Europe ) , premier educational computer in the UK for a decade ; advanced BBC BASIC with integrated 6502 machine code assembler , featured a myriad of I / O ports , ~ 1.5 million sold . April 1982 : Sinclair ZX Spectrum ( Europe ) , best - selling British home computer ; catalysed the UK software industry , widely cloned by the Soviet Union . August 1982 : Commodore 64 ( N. Am . ) , custom graphic & synthesizer chipset , best - selling computer model of all time : ~ 17 million sold . January 1983 : Apple IIe , Apple II enhanced . Reduced component count and production costs enabled high - volume production , until 1993 . 1983 : Coleco Adam , one of the few home computers to be sold only as a complete system with storage device and printer ; cousin to the ColecoVision game console . 1983 : MSX ( Japan , Korea , the Arab League , Europe , N + S. Am. , USSR ) , a computer ' reference design ' by ASCII and Microsoft , produced by several companies : ~ 5 million sold . 1983 : VTech Laser 200 , entry level computer aimed at being the cheapest on market , also sold as Salora Fellow , Texet TX8000 & Dick Smith VZ 200 . January 1984 : The Apple Macintosh is introduced , providing many consumers their first look at a graphical user interface , which would eventually replace the home computer as it was known . April 1984 : Apple IIc , Apple II compact . No expansion slots , and built - in ports for pseudo-plug and play ease of use . The Apple II most geared to home use , to complement the Apple IIe 's dominant education market share . 1985 : Elektronika BK - 0010 , one of the first 16 - bit home computers ; made in USSR . 1985 : Atari ST ( N. Am . ) , first with a graphical user interface ( GEM ) for less than US $1000 ; first with built - in MIDI interface ; also 1 MB RAM and 16 - bit Motorola 68000 processor for under US $1000 . June 1985 : Commodore 128 ( N. Am . ) Final , most advanced 8 - bit Commodore , retained full C64 compatibility while adding CP / M in a complex multi-mode architecture July 1985 : Commodore Amiga ( N. Am . ) , custom chip set for graphics and digital audio ; multitasking OS with both GUI and CLI interfaces ; 16 - bit Motorola 68000 processor . Initially designed as a game console but repositioned as a home computer . 1986 : Apple IIGS , Fifth and final model in the Apple II series , with greatly enhanced graphics and sound abilities . Used a 16 - bit 65C816 CPU , the same as used in the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . June 1987 : Acorn Archimedes ( Europe ) , launched with an 8 MHz 32 - bit ARM 2 microprocessor , with between 512 KB and 4 MB of RAM , and an optional 20 or 40 MB hard drive . October 1987 : Commodore Amiga 500 ( N. Am . ) , Amiga repackaged into a C64 - like housing with keyboard and motherboard in the same enclosure , along with a 3.5 '' floppy disk drive . Introduced at the same time as the more expandable Amiga 2000 . See also ( edit ) Educational toy Computer magazines History of computing hardware ( 1960s -- present ) Homebuilt computer Honeywell 316 a `` home computer '' from 1969 Raspberry Pi List of home computers List of home computers by category List of home computers by video hardware List of video game consoles Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market Microprocessor development board and List of early microcomputers , first microprocessor based systems used by hobbyists Personal computer Pirates of Silicon Valley -- docu - fiction focused on Apple and Microsoft evolution Triumph of the Nerds Video Display Controller , chips that were used to create the video graphics of many early home computers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` IBM PC turns 25 '' . CNN . Several popular home computers existed before the 1981 IBM PC launch . But the regimented business world considered Apple , Commodore , and Radio Shack 's Tandy products `` toys . '' Jump up ^ Video of old TV Ad for Atari Home computers from YouTube Archived January 30 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Home computer ads '' . Wotsit.thingy.com. 2001 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ More home computer TV ads Jump up ^ `` May 1982 VIC - 20 ad '' . Jump up ^ `` Franklin ACE2000 ad '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Age of Basic '' . Let 's not kid ourselves in a haze of nostalgia -- there are very good reasons why things like Scratch and Processing were created , the same reasons why many , if not most , of those 8 - bit machines wound up being used solely to play games . Tapping out Basic programs often meant a lot of effort with nothing to show for it other than that Great Sphinx of computer messages : `` SYNTAX ERROR . '' Jump up ^ `` Fifty Years of BASIC , the Programming Language That Made Computers Personal '' . Jump up ^ `` CNN.com readers recall the life - changing Commodore 64 '' . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Reimer ( December 2005 ) . `` Personal Computer Market Share : 1975 -- 2004 '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ David Brin . `` Why Johnny ca n't code '' . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC - 21 , page 34 '' . Radio Shack Catalogs dot com . Tandy / Radio Shack . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halfhill , Tom . `` Compute ! Magazine , December 1986 , The MS - DOS Invasion , IBM Compatibles Are Coming Home , page 32 '' . atarimagazines.com . ABC Publishing . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , David . `` IBM home computer clones stream in '' . csmonitor dot com . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC - 17 , page 9 '' . radioshackcatalogs dot com . Tandy / Radio Shack . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC - 19 , page 9 '' . radioshackcatalogs dot com . Tandy / Radio Shack . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC - 22 , page 14 '' . radioshackcatalogs dot com . Tandy / Radio Shack . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Shack Computer Catalog RSC - 22 , page 15 '' . radioshackcatalogs dot com . Tandy / Radio Shack . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Epson Equity 1e '' . ancientelectronics . justinwt . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PC1512 and the Fall of Amstrad '' . I Programmer . Mike James ( website Editor ) . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Amstrad PC - 1512 : The Affordable IBM PC Compatible for Europe '' . Nerdly Pleasures . Great Hierophant . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Infoworld , September 28 , 1987 , page 76 '' . books.google.com/books . International Data Group . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zenith EaZy PC '' . oldcomputers.net . Steven Stengel . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosch , Winn . `` Cost - Conscious Computing '' . books.google.com/books . PC Magazine . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kellner , Mark . `` Plain Vanilla Korean PC Offers Users Basic Value , Infoworld Review , January 26 , 1987 , page 54 '' . books.google.com/books . International Data Group . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai Offers An I.B.M. ' Clone ' , October 23 , 1986 '' . newyorktimes dot com . New York Times Co . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Chip , Hyundai introduce new PC , October 22 , 1986 '' . upi dot com / Archives / 1986 . United Press International . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commodore PC compatible systems '' . old - computers dot com . Thierry Schembri and Olivier Boisseau . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atari PCs '' . old - computers dot com . Thierry Schembri and Olivier Boisseau . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spicer , Dag ( 2000 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Dag Spier , ' ' If You Ca n't Stand the Coding , Stay Out of the Kitchen ' ' , `` Dr. Dobb 's Journal ' ' , August 12 , 2000 '' . Drdobbs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` James Tomayko `` Anecdotes : Electronic Computer for Home Operation , The First Home Computer '' '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://jdh.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/2/163.full.pdf Paul Atkinson , The Curious Case of the Kitchen Computer : Products and Non-Products in Design History , from Journal of Design History , Vol. 23 No. 2 doi : 10.1093. jdh / epq010 Jump up ^ `` Ed Roberts Interview '' . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Texas Instruments TI - 99 / 4 computer : At the start , the TI99 / 4 could not offer an RF - modulator certified by United States Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) , and had to use an expensive modified TV instead Jump up ^ Blundell , Gregory S. ( January 1983 ) . `` Personal Computers in the Eighties '' . BYTE . p. 166 . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Specialty Expressions : Microsoft Basic '' . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beuscher , Dave ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) . `` About the Expansion Module # 3 for the Colecovision '' . AllGame . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` C64 Type - In Books '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 10 PRINT CHR $ ( 205.5 + RND ( 1 ) ) ; : GOTO 10 '' . Jump up ^ `` SYSTEMS RELEASED IN ~ 1982 ~ '' . Jump up ^ `` about the history of the MSX standard '' . Msx.gnu-linux.net . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` VisiCalc and the Rise of the Apple II '' . lowendmac.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` PBS Triumph of the Nerds Television Program Transcripts : Part III '' . PBS ( Public Broadcasting System ) . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Green , Wayne ( July 1980 ) . `` Publisher 's Remarks '' . Kilobaud . p. 6 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Keith ( July 1988 ) . `` Windows on John Roach '' . Compute ! . pp. 88 -- 89 . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IBM PCjr leads the way for industry '' . The Pantagraph . The Washington Post . 1983 - 11 - 06 . pp. E6 . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Sanger , David E. ( 1984 - 05 - 17 ) . `` I.B.M. 'S PROBLEMS WITH JUNIOR '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Halfhill , Tom R. ( December 1986 ) . `` The MS - DOS Invasion / IBM Compatibles Are Coming Home '' . Compute ! . p. 32 . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fusion , Transfusion or Confusion / Future Directions In Computer Entertainment '' . Computer Gaming World . December 1990 . p. 26 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanton , Jeffrey ; Wells , Robert P. ; Rochowansky , Sandra ; Mellid , Michael , eds. ( 1984 ) . The Addison - Wesley Book of Atari Software . Addison - Wesley . p. 210 . ISBN 0 - 201 - 16454 - X . Jump up ^ Harris , Neil ( 1987 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Re : Is Atari killing the 8 bit ? '' . Newsgroup : comp. sys. atari. 8bit . Usenet : [email protected] . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hacking Europe : From Computer Cultures to Demoscenes '' . Jump up ^ The TI99 / 4 was unique in using a 16 bit processor from Retrogaming Times , Issue 42 , February 20 , 2001 Jump up ^ `` Early Home Computers '' . Jump up ^ `` TI vs Tomy Tutor '' . Jump up ^ `` Telecomputing Today , Compute September 1983 '' . This process may sound familiar . That 's because it 's very similar to the way the computer saves programs and other data on the cassette recorder . Jump up ^ Hall , Douglas V. ( 1983 ) . Microprocessors and Digital Systems ( 2nd ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . pp. 153 -- 154 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 025552 - 0 . Jump up ^ List of TI99 / 4 cartridges , mostly games from OldComputers.net Jump up ^ `` Games vs. Hardware . The History of PC video games : The 80 's '' . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to EMC '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ TRS - 80 the `` Trash - 80 '' from PC-History.org Jump up ^ David Mikkelson ( 27 September 2007 ) . `` Ken Olsen Computer Quote '' . snopes . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The Computer Revolution from eNotes.com Jump up ^ The computer revolution from The Eighties Club Jump up ^ `` Commodore.ca - History - 1983 Telecomputing , Vic Modem '' . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Commodore 64 Programmers Reference Guide '' ( PDF ) . The Commodore 64 Home Babysitter cartridge can keep your youngest child occupied for hours and teach alphabet / keyboard recognition at the same time . It also teaches special learning concepts and relationships . Jump up ^ `` Online Shopping in the 1980s '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Annals of the History of Computing . October -- December 2011 . pp. 57 -- 61 . ISSN 1058 - 6180 . Jump up ^ `` How Newspapers Tried to Invent the Web '' . Jump up ^ A Small World : Smart Houses and the Dream of the Perfect Day . Jump up ^ `` Livable New York Resource Manual : SMART HOMES ( Home Automation ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` A 1980s Home Computer Family Celebration '' . ^ Jump up to : Needle , David ( 1984 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Q&A : Steve Leininger '' . InfoWorld . p. 66 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gutman , Dan ( September 1987 ) . `` What happened to the computer revolution ? '' . Commodore Magazine . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` What is UNIX '' . Jump up ^ `` How Much Information ? '' . Jump up ^ `` NAVIGATION THROUGH CD - ROM MULTIMEDIA RESOURCES : THE APPLICATION OF MULTIMEDIA CD - ROMS IN SCHOOLS '' . Jump up ^ `` Reading from paper versus screens : a critical review of the empirical literature '' . Jump up ^ InfoWorld Jan 20 , 1986 . Jump up ^ `` IBM Personal Computing : The CD - ROMs Are Coming , Compute ! magazine February 1987 '' . Jump up ^ `` New Technologies : The Converging Digital Universe , Compute ! magazine , April 1986 '' . Although the initial purchase price of $1495 may keep initial sales out of the home market in volume , the price for CD - ROM technology is expected to drop quickly over the next couple of years . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Peter W. ( 1983 - 09 - 06 ) . `` A summer - CES report '' . Boston Phoenix . p. 4 . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitmore , Sam ( November 1983 ) . `` Fermentations '' . inCider . p. 10 . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Gutman , Dan ( December 1987 ) . `` The Fall And Rise Of Computer Games '' . Compute ! 's Apple Applications . p. 64 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Robbeloth , DeWitt ( October -- November 1985 ) . `` Whither Apple ? '' . II Computing . p. 8 . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1980s Home Coding the art of amateur programming '' . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Ronald ( 1983 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Computers ; The Abounding Uncertainties ; Consumers and Companies Spar in New Arena without Guidelines '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Sanger , David E. ( 1985 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Home Computer is Out in the Cold '' . The New York Times . p . C1 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Science Foundation , Division of Science Resources Studies The Application and Implications of Information Technologies in the Home : Where are the Data and What Do They Say ? Arlington , VA ( NSF 01 - 313 ) ( March 2001 ) '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Why TV Lost '' . About twenty years ago people noticed computers and TV were on a collision course and started to speculate about what they 'd produce when they converged . We now know the answer : computers . Jump up ^ Horseless Classrooms from the Hawaii Education & Research Network Archived June 24 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Clement Ader from Beb 's Old Phones Jump up ^ `` Surf the Web on your Commodore 64 '' . Jump up ^ `` Retro - Computing with FPGAs - Slashdot '' . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HCM : Links '' . Jump up ^ Reviving Old Computer Games from xtrazone.com Archived October 25 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` gametap.com Site Overview '' . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` number of C64s sold '' . Gamasutra.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Valéry , Nicholas ( 1977 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Spare a byte for the family '' . New Scientist . pp. 405 -- 406 . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Pountain , Dick ( January 1985 ) . `` The Amstrad CPC 464 '' . BYTE . p. 401 . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ 25th Anniversary of the Sinclair ZX Spectrum from Slashdot Jump up ^ Format Wars : The Tech that should have Won from ArmchairArcade.com Jump up ^ Tandy TRS - 80 catalog listing many business uses ( PDF ) Archived May 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` '' VisiCalc was first released for the Apple II , which quickly became an invaluable tool for businesspeople - at least until IBM moved into the `` personal computing '' market in 1981. `` '' . Lowendmac.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` IBM PCjr '' . Jump up ^ `` IBM PCjr '' . Jump up ^ [email protected] . `` Commodore Educational brochure '' . Commodore.ca . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Long , Tony ( June 5 , 2007 ) . `` June 5 , 1977 : From a Little Apple a Mighty Industry Grows '' . Wired . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2009 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Shack Retails Z80 - Based System '' . Computerworld . IDG Enterprise . 11 ( 34 ) : 37 . August 22 , 1977 . ISSN 0010 - 4841 . Jump up ^ What 's New ( February 1978 ) , `` Commodore Ships First PET Computers '' , BYTE , Byte Publications , vol. 3 no . 2 , p. 190 Commodore press release . `` The PET computer made its debut recently as the first 100 units were shipped to waiting customers in mid-October 1977 . '' Jump up ^ Grandiose Price for a Modest PC from Wired Jump up ^ `` Amiga : The Computer That Would n't Die '' . In response to its designers ' ambitions and a changing marketplace , it evolved from a video game console into a home computer before it even reached the prototype stage . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 1978 a Z80 based home computer called the Exidy Sorcerer was introduced , starting at $895 . It was similar to the TRS - 80 but ran the industry standard CP / M operating system . Also in 1978 , in Japan , Sharp introduced its Sharp MZ computer aimed at consumers . It was the first of a series of Z80 machines which sold well in Europe . Later in 1982 Sharp launched its similar but more advanced X1 . Another early and ( relatively ) inexpensive Z80 computer was the Heathkit H89 first available in 1979 . It cost $2295 preassembled or $1595 as a kit . It used its own OS called HDOS but later CP / M became standard . Jump up ^ In late 1979 Apple upgraded its Apple II with the II Plus . Tandy / Radio Shack replaced its Model I with the shielded , all - in - one Model III , which added a few new features . This period is unique because for the first time used computers became available , as owners upgraded to newer models . Users satisfied with older technology but interested in saving money could find bargains not only for the computers but also for peripherals . Technically savvy individuals often found that newer technology could be retrofitted to obsolete computers . In the Netherlands in 1982 , a small firm called MCP ( Music Computer Products ) made a hybrid Model III - CP / M computer they called the Aster CT - 80 , which was notably advanced . Jump up ^ In October 1983 the Coleco Adam was developed from the Colecovision game console . It caused a commotion in the market with advanced features ( Z80 chip with 64KB memory and CP / M capability , color graphics , decent keyboard and letter - quality printer ) , an existing large library of game programs , and an affordable price , but suffered from major technical deficiencies . The Commodore 16 was a low - end machine meant to compete against the TI , Mattel Aquarius , and Timex / Sinclair computers . It lost importance when these competitors were withdrawn . Further , it was technically related to the failed business - oriented Commodore Plus / 4 and was incompatible with the VIC - 20 and C - 64 , which doomed it to obscurity . Atari also produced the 600XL , a smaller companion to the 800XL . It had 16 KB RAM but was otherwise similar . Tandy / Radio Shack also produced the ultra-cheap lesser - known MC - 10 . In the UK , Acorn produced its Electron , which was a budget version of the BBC Micro , and Dragon Data in Wales produced a Color Computer workalike based on the 6809 , the Dragon 32 . In Japan , Fujitsu marketed the Coco - like FM - 7 . Jump up ^ See text below for descriptions of other popular PCs for the home market : Epson Equity , Leading Edge Models M and D , Hyundai Blue Chip , Amstrad PC - 1512 , Zenith eaZy PC , and Commodore and Atari PC - compatibles . Also during this period Apple introduced its Apple IIc and Tandy / Radio Shack the last of its Z80 powered line , the TRS - 80 Model 4D . Jump up ^ In late 1990 Apple produced its Macintosh LC ( Low Cost ) , which was meant to compete with cheap PCs for the home and small business markets . It was priced around $3000 with a color monitor . The Commodore 64 was repackaged as the C - 64C , the Atari 800XL was repackaged as the Atari 65XE , and an enhanced version with 128 KB of banked RAM was produced as the Atari 130XE . The Atari STs evolved into the 32 - bit TT030 and Falcon , and Amigas likewise grew into various models ( A600 , A1200 , A2000 , A3000 , A4000 ) with 32 - bit 680x0 CPUs with faster clock rates and megabytes of RAM . In Japan , in 1987 Sharp produced its advanced X68000 strictly for the Japanese market . All these updated computer lines , 8 - , 16 - , and 32 - bit , continued to sell into the early 1990s . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Home computers . Rune 's PC Museum Home of the home computer Collection of old analog and digital computers at Old Computer Museum Computer History Museum -- An online museum of home computing and gaming HCM - Home Computer Museum `` Total share : 30 years of personal computer market share figures '' -- From Ars Technica article on computing in the 1980s Google Books link to A history of the personal computer : the people and the technology by Roy A. Allan Computer sizes Classes of computers Microcomputer , personal computer Stationary Workstation Desktop Home Personal supercomputer SFF Nettop Plug Portable Tabletop Game arcade cabinet System board Home console Microconsole Interactive kiosk Smart TV Smart speaker Mobile Laptop Desktop replacement Notebook 2 - in - 1 Subnotebook Netbook Smartbook Ultrabook Ultra-mobile PC Tablet Ultra-mobile PC 2 - in - 1 Mobile Internet device Tabletop Phablet Information appliance Handheld PC Palm - size PC Pocket PC Pocket computer Palmtop PC PDA Electronic organizer EDA Mobile phone Feature phone Smartphone Phablet PMP DAP E-reader Handheld game console Portable / Mobile data terminal Calculator Scientific Programmable Graphing Wearable Digital wristwatch Calculator watch Smartwatch Smartglasses Smart ring Midrange Server Minicomputer Supermini Large Super Mainframe Minisuper Others Microcontroller Nanocomputer Pizza box form factor Single - board computer Smartdust Wireless sensor network Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_computer&oldid=815641455 '' Categories : Home computers Computer - related introductions in 1977 1980s fads and trends Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles that may contain original research from October 2017 All articles that may contain original research Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Hrvatski Interlingua Íslenska Italiano Lietuvių Lumbaart Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 03 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when was the first computer made available to the public
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"Home computers were a class of microcomputers entering the market in 1977, and becoming common during the 1980s. They were marketed to consumers as affordable and accessible computers that, for the first time, were intended for the use of a single nontechnical user. These computers were a distinct market segment that typically cost much less than business, scientific or engineering-oriented computers of the time such as the IBM PC,[1] and were generally less powerful in terms of memory and expandability. However, a home computer often had better graphics and sound than contemporary business computers. Their most common uses were playing video games, but they were also regularly used for word processing, doing homework, and programming."
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G Hannelius
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G Hannelius - wikipedia G Hannelius Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) G Hannelius Hannelius in 2014 Genevieve Knight Hannelius ( 1998 - 12 - 22 ) December 22 , 1998 ( age 19 ) Boston , Massachusetts , U.S. Occupation Actress , singer Years active 2009 -- present Website www.ghannelius.com Genevieve Knight `` G '' Hannelius ( born December 22 , 1998 ) is an American actress and singer . She starred as Avery Jennings in the Disney Channel sitcom Dog with a Blog . Prior to this , she had recurring roles in the Disney Channel series Sonny with a Chance and Good Luck Charlie . She has also starred in Leo Little 's Big Show and has done voice work as Rosebud in the Air Buddies films . She also guest starred in Disney Channel 's series Jessie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Business ventures 4 Personal life 5 Filmography 6 Discography 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Hannelius was born in Boston , Massachusetts . Her father is Swedish . She moved to Falmouth , Maine at age three . Career ( edit ) Hannelius ' theater roles include playing Madeline in the Children 's Theater of Maine 's production of Madeline 's Rescue in summer 2002 . and Jenny in Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing with Children 's Theatre of Maine and Maine State Music Theater . She moved to California for three months to try out for auditions , and was so successful that her family relocated permanently to Los Angeles in 2008 . Hannelius is an alumna of the Los Angeles - based Young Actor 's Studio . Hannelius played Courtney Patterson on the sitcom Surviving Suburbia , playing the daughter of Bob Saget 's character . She had a recurring role on Sonny with a Chance , a Disney Channel original series as Dakota Condor , a guest role on Hannah Montana as a fan named Tiffany and a recurring role on Good Luck Charlie as Jo Keener . She also played Emily Pearson in the Disney Channel original film Den Brother in 2010 , and was the voice talent of Rosebud in Spooky Buddies and the following films Treasure Buddies and Super Buddies . In February 2011 , she was cast for a lead role in the pilot of the High School Musical spin - off series Madison High , however the pilot was not picked up to series . In 2015 , she played Avery Jennings on the Disney Channel series Dog with a Blog , it premiered on October 12 , 2012 . In 2014 , she guest starred as Mad Mack on the Disney Channel series Jessie and voiced Lady Joy on the Disney Junior series Sofia the First . Hannelius has several singles available on the iTunes Store and Google Play . Staying Up All Night was her first release in 2011 . Since then seven more have been released . Hannelius has written six of her songs . She performed the song `` Friends Do '' on the Disney sitcom Dog With a Blog , which was played on Radio Disney in May 2014 , and released on iTunes the following September . Business ventures ( edit ) She does nail art tutorials on her YouTube channel , GbyGNailArt . In November 2014 , it was announced that Hannelius was launching a customized nail - wrap app titled ' Make Me Nails ' with Lauren Jones , digital marketer , in partnership with Watson Creative and MINX nails . In March 2015 , it was confirmed via Instagram that Make Me Nails would be released on April 2 . The day before the scheduled release , the date was pushed back to April 4 due to glitches in the app . Personal Life ( edit ) Hannelius is an avid supporter of the domestic violence charity organization , a Window Between Worlds , and has been hosting their annual fundraising event , ' Art in the Afternoon ' , since 2013 . Hannelius graduated from Sierra Canyon High School in May 2017 . Filmography ( edit ) Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2009 Black & Blue Zoe The Search for Santa Paws Janie 2011 Spooky Buddies Rosebud Voice role 2012 Treasure Buddies Rosebud Voice role 2012 Santa Paws 2 : The Santa Pups Charity Voice role 2013 Super Buddies Rosebud Voice role Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2009 Surviving Suburbia Courtney Patterson Main role - ABC - 13 Episodes 2009 Hannah Montana Tiffany Episode : `` Jake ... Another Little Piece of My Heart '' 2009 Rita Rocks Brianna Boone Episode : `` Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? '' 2009 -- 2010 Sonny with a Chance Dakota Condor Recurring role ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , 6 episodes Den Brother Emily Pearson Disney Channel Original Movie 2010 -- 2011 Good Luck Charlie Jo Keener Recurring role ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , 4 episodes 2011 I 'm in the Band Ms. Dempsey Episode : `` Iron Weasel : The Video Game '' 2011 Love Bites Maddy Tinnelli Episode : `` TMI '' 2011 Madison High Wednesday Malone Unsold television pilot ( Disney ) - Never aired 2012 -- 2015 Dog with a Blog Avery Jennings Lead role 2013 Fish Hooks Amanda Voice role ; episode : `` A Charity Fair to Remember '' 2014 Jessie Mackenzie Episode : `` Creepy Connie 3 : The Creepening '' 2014 Sofia the First Lady Joy Voice role ; episode : `` Sofia the Second '' 2014 -- 2015 Wander Over Yonder Little Bits Voice role ; episodes `` The Stray '' & `` The Catastrophe '' 2016 Roots Missy Waller Television miniseries ; episode : `` Part 2 '' 2017 American Vandal Christa Carlyle 6 episodes Discography ( edit ) 2011 -- `` Staying Up All Night '' 2011 -- `` Two In a Billion '' 2011 -- `` Just Watch Me '' 2012 -- `` Sun In My Hand '' 2012 -- `` Paper Cut '' 2014 -- `` Moonlight '' 2014 -- `` Stay Away '' 2014 -- `` Friends Do '' ( From Dog With A Blog ) 2014 -- `` 4 : 45 '' 2016 -- `` Lighthouse '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Know Your Castmates : Dog With A Blog . Disney Channel . Event occurs at 33 seconds . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ G Hannelius ( @ g_hannelius ) ( January 9 , 2010 ) . `` @ HappyBDayNoie asked : How old are u ? A : I just turned 11 on Dec. 22 '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2016 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` G Hannelius : Bio '' GHannelius.com ( Official site ) . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Here Come the Girls ! '' . Disney . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Medianet ( 2010 ) . `` Cast Biographies : G Hannelius '' . Disney ABC Television Group . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jeff Alan - Lee , et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Our Actors ... '' . The Young Actor 's Studio . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Alessandra Stanley ( April 6 , 2009 ) . `` At Home on the Outskirts , With Goofy , Grumpy Dad '' . The New York Times , p . C1 . Jump up ^ Astral ( August 3 , 2010 ) . `` Den Brother headlines Family Channel '' . ( Press release ) . CNW Group . Jump up ^ Mcnamara , Patricia ( July 27 , 2010 ) . `` Meet G Hannelius '' . Girls ' Life . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Channel 's Music - Driven ' HSM ' Offshoot ' Madison High ' Gets Pilot Order '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GByGNailArt - YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Make Me Nails on the App Store '' . iTunes. 2015 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Why I Care : Disney Channel Star G Hannelius on Making a Difference with Art '' . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ART IN THE AFTERNOON @ A Window Between Worlds '' . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AWBW G Hannelius '' . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Congrats Class of 2017 : G. Hannelius Graduates High School '' . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Graduation photograph '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / G_Hannelius : Did anyone watch the new Fish '' . Pic.twitter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fish Hooks Cast and Details '' . Tvguide.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Ryan . `` November 2014 Programming Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Disney XD Medianet . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Genevieve Hannelius . Official website G. Hannelius on IMDb VIAF : 228087829 LCCN : no2012012484 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G_Hannelius&oldid=823512768 '' Categories : 1998 births Living people 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Boston American child actresses American child singers American female singers American people of Swedish descent American stage actresses American television actresses American voice actresses Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from February 2012 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 18 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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actor of avery in dog with a blog
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"Genevieve Knight \"G\" Hannelius[1] (born December 22, 1998[1][2]) is an American actress and singer. She starred as Avery Jennings in the Disney Channel sitcom Dog with a Blog. Prior to this, she had recurring roles in the Disney Channel series Sonny with a Chance and Good Luck Charlie. She has also starred in Leo Little's Big Show and has done voice work as Rosebud in the Air Buddies films. She also guest starred in Disney Channel's series Jessie."
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"Genevieve Knight \"G\" Hannelius"
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Costa Rica
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Costa Rica - Wikipedia Costa Rica For cities in other countries , see Costa Rica , Sinaloa and Costa Rica , Mato Grosso do Sul . Coordinates : 10 ° N 84 ° W / 10 ° N 84 ° W / 10 ; - 84 Republic of Costa Rica República de Costa Rica ( Spanish ) Flag Coat of arms Anthem : `` Noble patria , tu hermosa bandera '' ( Spanish ) `` Noble motherland , your beautiful flag '' Capital and largest city San José 9 ° 56 ′ N 84 ° 5 ′ W / 9.933 ° N 84.083 ° W / 9.933 ; - 84.083 Official languages Spanish Recognized regional languages Mekatelyu Bribri Patois Ethnic groups ( 2011 ) 83.6 % White / Castizo or Mestizo 6.7 % Mulatto 2.4 % Amerindian 1.1 % Black ( of African descent ) 6.2 % Others Demonym Costa Rican Tico ( a ) Government Unitary presidential constitutional republic President Carlos Alvarado 1st Vice-President Epsy Campbell Barr 2nd Vice-President Marvin Rodríguez Legislature Legislative Assembly Independence declared from Spain September 15 , 1821 from First Mexican Empire July 1 , 1823 from the Federal Republic of Central America 1838 Recognized by Spain May 10 , 1850 Constitution November 7 , 1949 Area Total 51,100 km ( 19,700 sq mi ) ( 126th ) Water ( % ) 0.7 Population 2016 estimate 4,857,274 ( 123rd ) Density 220 / sq mi ( 84.9 / km ) ( 107th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $90.157 billion Per capita $17,930 GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $61.064 billion Per capita $12,144 Gini ( 2015 ) 48.2 high HDI ( 2015 ) 0.776 high 66th Currency Costa Rican colón ( CRC ) Time zone CST ( UTC − 6 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 506 ISO 3166 code CR Internet TLD . cr . co.cr Costa Rica ( / ˌkɒstə ˈriːkə / ( listen ) ; Spanish : ( ˈkosta ˈrika ) ; `` Rich Coast '' ) , officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish : República de Costa Rica ) , is a country in Central America , bordered by Nicaragua to the north , Panama to the southeast , the Pacific Ocean to the west , the Caribbean Sea to the east , and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island . It has a population of around 4.9 million , in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers ( 19,714 square miles ) ; over 300,000 live in the capital and largest city , San José , which had a population of an estimated 333,980 in 2015 . Costa Rica has been known for its stable democracy , in a region that has had some instability , and for its highly educated workforce , most of whom speak English . The country spends roughly 6.9 % of its budget ( 2016 ) on education , compared to a global average of 4.4 % . Its economy , once heavily dependent on agriculture , has diversified to include sectors such as finance , corporate services for foreign companies , pharmaceuticals , and ecotourism . Many foreign companies ( manufacturing and services ) operate in Costa Rica 's Free Trade Zones ( FTZ ) where they benefit from investment and tax incentives . In spite of impressive growth in the gross domestic product ( GDP ) , low inflation , moderate interest rates and an acceptable unemployment level , Costa Rica in 2017 was facing a liquidity crisis due to a growing debt and budget deficit . By August 2017 , the Treasury was having difficulty paying its obligations . Other challenges facing the country in its attempts to improve the economy by increasing foreign investment include a poor infrastructure and a need to improve public sector efficiency . Costa Rica was sparsely inhabited by indigenous peoples before coming under Spanish rule in the 16th century . It remained a peripheral colony of the empire until independence as part of the short - lived First Mexican Empire , followed by membership in the United Provinces of Central America , from which it formally declared independence in 1847 . Since then , Costa Rica has remained among the most stable , prosperous , and progressive nations in Latin America . Following the brief Costa Rican Civil War , it permanently abolished its army in 1949 , becoming one of only a few sovereign nations without a standing army . The country has consistently performed favorably in the Human Development Index ( HDI ) , placing 69th in the world as of 2015 , among the highest of any Latin American nation . It has also been cited by the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) as having attained much higher human development than other countries at the same income levels , with a better record on human development and inequality than the median of the region . Costa Rica also has progressive environmental policies . It is the only country to meet all five UNDP criteria established to measure environmental sustainability . It was ranked 42nd in the world , and third in the Americas , in the 2016 Environmental Performance Index , and was twice ranked the best performing country in the New Economics Foundation 's ( NEF ) Happy Planet Index , which measures environmental sustainability , and was identified by the NEF as the greenest country in the world in 2009 . Costa Rica plans to become a carbon - neutral country by 2021 . By 2016 , 98.1 % of its electricity was generated from green sources particularly hydro , solar , geothermal and biomass . Contents 1 History 1.1 Pre-Columbian period 1.2 Spanish colonization 1.3 Independence 1.4 Economic growth in the 19th Century 1.4. 1 20th century 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Flora and fauna 2.3 Rivers 3 Economy 3.1 Debt and deficit issues 3.1. 1 Liquidity crisis 3.2 Trade and foreign investment 3.3 Tourism 4 Governance 4.1 Administrative divisions 4.2 Foreign relations 5 Demographics 5.1 Largest cities 5.2 Religion 5.3 Languages 6 Culture 6.1 Cuisine 6.2 Sports 7 Education 8 Health 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History Main article : History of Costa Rica A stone sphere created by the Diquis culture at the National Museum of Costa Rica . The sphere is the icon of the country 's cultural identity . Pre-Columbian period Historians have classified the indigenous people of Costa Rica as belonging to the Intermediate Area , where the peripheries of the Mesoamerican and Andean native cultures overlapped . More recently , pre-Columbian Costa Rica has also been described as part of the Isthmo - Colombian Area . Stone tools , the oldest evidence of human occupation in Costa Rica , are associated with the arrival of various groups of hunter - gatherers about 10,000 to 7,000 years BCE in the Turrialba Valley . The presence of Clovis culture type spearheads and arrows from South America opens the possibility that , in this area , two different cultures coexisted . Agriculture became evident in the populations that lived in Costa Rica about 5,000 years ago . They mainly grew tubers and roots . For the first and second millennia BCE there were already settled farming communities . These were small and scattered , although the timing of the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture as the main livelihood in the territory is still unknown . The earliest use of pottery appears around 2,000 to 3,000 BCE . Shards of pots , cylindrical vases , platters , gourds and other forms of vases decorated with grooves , prints , and some modelled after animals have been found . The impact of indigenous peoples on modern Costa Rican culture has been relatively small compared to other nations , since the country lacked a strong native civilization to begin with . Most of the native population was absorbed into the Spanish - speaking colonial society through inter-marriage , except for some small remnants , the most significant of which are the Bribri and Boruca tribes who still inhabit the mountains of the Cordillera de Talamanca , in the southeastern part of Costa Rica , near the frontier with Panama . Spanish colonization The name la costa rica , meaning `` rich coast '' in the Spanish language , was in some accounts first applied by Christopher Columbus , who sailed to the eastern shores of Costa Rica during his final voyage in 1502 , and reported vast quantities of gold jewelry worn by natives . The name may also have come from conquistador Gil González Dávila , who landed on the west coast in 1522 , encountered natives , and appropriated some of their gold . The Ujarrás historical site in the Orosí Valley , Cartago province . The church was built between 1686 and 1693 . During most of the colonial period , Costa Rica was the southernmost province of the Captaincy General of Guatemala , nominally part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . In practice , the captaincy general was a largely autonomous entity within the Spanish Empire . Costa Rica 's distance from the capital of the captaincy in Guatemala , its legal prohibition under Spanish law from trade with its southern neighbor Panama , then part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada ( i.e. Colombia ) , and lack of resources such as gold and silver , made Costa Rica into a poor , isolated , and sparsely - inhabited region within the Spanish Empire . Costa Rica was described as `` the poorest and most miserable Spanish colony in all America '' by a Spanish governor in 1719 . Another important factor behind Costa Rica 's poverty was the lack of a significant indigenous population available for encomienda ( forced labor ) , which meant most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work on their own land , preventing the establishment of large haciendas ( plantations ) . For all these reasons , Costa Rica was , by and large , unappreciated and overlooked by the Spanish Crown and left to develop on its own . The circumstances during this period are believed to have led to many of the idiosyncrasies for which Costa Rica has become known , while concomitantly setting the stage for Costa Rica 's development as a more egalitarian society than the rest of its neighbors . Costa Rica became a `` rural democracy '' with no oppressed mestizo or indigenous class . It was not long before Spanish settlers turned to the hills , where they found rich volcanic soil and a milder climate than that of the lowlands . Independence Like the rest of Central America , Costa Rica never fought for independence from Spain . On September 15 , 1821 , after the final Spanish defeat in the Mexican War of Independence ( 1810 -- 21 ) , the authorities in Guatemala declared the independence of all of Central America . That date is still celebrated as Independence Day in Costa Rica even though , technically , under the Spanish Constitution of 1812 that had been readopted in 1820 , Nicaragua and Costa Rica had become an autonomous province with its capital in León . Upon independence , Costa Rican authorities faced the issue of officially deciding the future of the country . Two bands formed , the Imperialists , defended by Cartago and Heredia cities which were in favor of joining the Mexican Empire , and the Republicans , represented by the cities of San José and Alajuela who defended full independence . Because of the lack of agreement on these two possible outcomes , the first civil war of Costa Rica occurred . The battle of Ochomogo ( es ) took place on the Hill of Ochomogo , located in the Central Valley in 1823 . The conflict was won by the Republicans and , as a consequence , the city of Cartago lost its status as the capital , which moved to San José . The 1849 national coat of arms was featured in the first postal stamp issued in 1862 . In 1838 , long after the Federal Republic of Central America ceased to function in practice , Costa Rica formally withdrew and proclaimed itself sovereign . The considerable distance and poor communication routes between Guatemala City and the Central Plateau , where most of the Costa Rican population lived then and still lives now , meant the local population had little allegiance to the federal government in Guatemala . From colonial times to now , Costa Rica 's reluctance to become economically tied with the rest of Central America has been a major obstacle to efforts for greater regional integration . Economic growth in the 19th century Coffee was first planted in Costa Rica in 1808 , and by the 1820s , it surpassed tobacco , sugar , and cacao as a primary export . Coffee production remained Costa Rica 's principal source of wealth well into the 20th century , creating a wealthy class of growers , the so - called Coffee Barons . The revenue helped to modernize the country . Most of the coffee exported was grown around the main centers of population in the Central Plateau and then transported by oxcart to the Pacific port of Puntarenas after the main road was built in 1846 . By the mid-1850s the main market for coffee was Britain . It soon became a high priority to develop an effective transportation route from the Central Plateau to the Atlantic Ocean . For this purpose , in the 1870s , the Costa Rican government contracted with U.S. businessman Minor C. Keith to build a railroad from San José to the Caribbean port of Limón . Despite enormous difficulties with construction , disease , and financing , the railroad was completed in 1890 . Most Afro - Costa Ricans descend from Jamaican immigrants who worked in the construction of that railway and now make up about 3 % of Costa Rica 's population . U.S. convicts , Italians and Chinese immigrants also participated in the construction project . In exchange for completing the railroad , the Costa Rican government granted Keith large tracts of land and a lease on the train route , which he used to produce bananas and export them to the United States . As a result , bananas came to rival coffee as the principal Costa Rican export , while foreign - owned corporations ( including the United Fruit Company later ) began to hold a major role in the national economy and eventually became a symbol of the exploitative export economy . The major labor dispute between the peasants and the United Fruit Company ( The Great Banana Strike ) was a major event in the country 's history and was an important step that would eventually lead to the formation of effective trade unions in Costa Rica , as the company was required to sign a collective agreement with its workers in 1938 . 20th century Historically , Costa Rica has generally enjoyed greater peace and more consistent political stability than many of its fellow Latin American nations . Since the late 19th century , however , Costa Rica has experienced two significant periods of violence . In 1917 -- 19 , General Federico Tinoco Granados ruled as a military dictator until he was overthrown and forced into exile . The unpopularity of Tinoco 's regime led , after he was overthrown , to a considerable decline in the size , wealth , and political influence of the Costa Rican military . In 1948 , José Figueres Ferrer led an armed uprising in the wake of a disputed presidential election between Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia ( who had been president between 1940 and 1944 ) and Otilio Ulate Blanco . With more than 2,000 dead , the resulting 44 - day Costa Rican Civil War was the bloodiest event in Costa Rica during the 20th century . The victorious rebels formed a government junta that abolished the military altogether , and oversaw the drafting of a new constitution by a democratically elected assembly . Having enacted these reforms , the junta transferred power to Ulate on November 8 , 1949 . After the coup d'état , Figueres became a national hero , winning the country 's first democratic election under the new constitution in 1953 . Since then , Costa Rica has held 14 presidential elections , the latest in 2018 . With uninterrupted democracy dating back to at least 1948 , the country is the region 's most stable . Geography Main articles : Geography of Costa Rica and List of earthquakes in Costa Rica Costa Rica map of Köppen climate classification Arenal Volcano Costa Rica is located on the Central American isthmus , lying between latitudes 8 ° and 12 ° N , and longitudes 82 ° and 86 ° W. It borders the Caribbean Sea ( to the east ) and the Pacific Ocean ( to the west ) , with a total of 1,290 kilometres ( 800 mi ) of coastline , 212 km ( 132 mi ) on the Caribbean coast and 1,016 km ( 631 mi ) on the Pacific . Costa Rica also borders Nicaragua to the north ( 309 km or 192 mi of border ) and Panama to the south - southeast ( 330 km or 210 mi of border ) . In total , Costa Rica comprises 51,100 square kilometres ( 19,700 sq mi ) plus 589 square kilometres ( 227 sq mi ) of territorial waters . The highest point in the country is Cerro Chirripó , at 3,819 metres ( 12,530 ft ) ; it is the fifth highest peak in Central America . The highest volcano in the country is the Irazú Volcano ( 3,431 m or 11,257 ft ) and the largest lake is Lake Arenal . There are 14 known volcanoes in Costa Rica , and six of them have been active in the last 75 years . The country has also experienced at least ten earthquakes of magnitude 5.7 or higher ( 3 of magnitude 7.0 or higher ) in the last century . Costa Rica also comprises several islands . Cocos Island ( 24 square kilometres or 9.3 square miles ) stands out because of its distance from the continental landmass , 480 kilometres ( 300 mi ) from Puntarenas , but Isla Calero is the largest island of the country ( 151.6 square kilometres or 58.5 square miles ) . Over 25 % of Costa Rica 's national territory is protected by SINAC ( the National System of Conservation Areas ) , which oversees all of the country 's protected areas . Costa Rica also possesses the greatest density of species in the world . Climate Because Costa Rica is located between 8 and 12 degrees north of the Equator , the climate is tropical year round . However , the country has many microclimates depending on elevation , rainfall , topography , and by the geography of each particular region . Costa Rica 's seasons are defined by how much rain falls during a particular period . The year can be split into two periods , the dry season known to the residents as summer ( verano ) , and the rainy season , known locally as winter ( invierno ) . The `` summer '' or dry season goes from December to April , and `` winter '' or rainy season goes from May to November , which almost coincides with the Atlantic hurricane season , and during this time , it rains constantly in some regions . The location receiving the most rain is the Caribbean slopes of the Cordillera Central mountains , with an annual rainfall of over 5,000 mm ( 196.9 in ) . Humidity is also higher on the Caribbean side than on the Pacific side . The mean annual temperature on the coastal lowlands is around 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) , 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) in the main populated areas of the Cordillera Central , and below 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) on the summits of the highest mountains . hide Climate data for Costa Rica Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 27 ( 81 ) 27 ( 81 ) 28 ( 82 ) 28 ( 82 ) 27 ( 81 ) 27 ( 81 ) 27 ( 81 ) 27 ( 81 ) 26 ( 79 ) 26 ( 79 ) 26 ( 79 ) 26 ( 79 ) 27 ( 81 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 17 ( 63 ) 18 ( 64 ) 18 ( 64 ) 18 ( 64 ) 18 ( 64 ) 18 ( 64 ) 18 ( 64 ) 18 ( 64 ) 17 ( 63 ) 18 ( 64 ) 18 ( 64 ) 18 ( 64 ) 18 ( 64 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 6.3 ( 0.248 ) 10.2 ( 0.402 ) 13.8 ( 0.543 ) 79.9 ( 3.146 ) 267.6 ( 10.535 ) 280.1 ( 11.028 ) 181.5 ( 7.146 ) 276.9 ( 10.902 ) 355.1 ( 13.98 ) 330.6 ( 13.016 ) 135.5 ( 5.335 ) 33.5 ( 1.319 ) 1,971 ( 77.6 ) Percent possible sunshine 40 37 39 33 25 20 21 22 20 22 25 34 28 Source : Flora and fauna Further information : Wildlife of Costa Rica Red - eyed Tree Frog ( Agalychnis callidryas ) Heliconius doris Linnaeus butterfly of Costa Rica Costa Rica is home to a rich variety of plants and animals . While the country has only about 0.03 % of the world 's landmass , it contains 5 % of the world 's biodiversity . Around 25 % of the country 's land area is in protected national parks and protected areas , the largest percentage of protected areas in the world ( developing world average 13 % , developed world average 8 % ) . Costa Rica has successfully managed to diminish deforestation from some of the worst rates in the world from 1973 to 1989 , to almost zero by 2005 . One national park , the Corcovado National Park , is internationally renowned among ecologists for its biodiversity ( including big cats and tapirs ) and is where visitors can expect to see an abundance of wildlife . Corcovado is the one park in Costa Rica where all four Costa Rican monkey species can be found . These include the white - headed capuchin , the mantled howler , the endangered Geoffroy 's spider monkey , and the Central American squirrel monkey , found only on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and a small part of Panama , and considered endangered until 2008 , when its status was upgraded to vulnerable . Deforestation , illegal pet - trading , and hunting are the main reasons for its threatened status . Tortuguero National Park -- the name Tortuguero can be translated as `` Full of Turtles '' -- is home to spider , howler , and white - throated capuchin monkeys ; the three - toed sloth and two - toed sloth ; 320 species of birds ; and a variety of reptiles . The park is recognized for the annual nesting of the endangered green turtle , and is the most important nesting site for the species . Giant leatherback , hawksbill , and loggerhead turtles also nest there . The Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve is home to about 2,000 plant species , including numerous orchids . Over 400 types of birds and more than 100 species of mammals can be found there . Over 840 species of birds have been identified in Costa Rica . As is the case in much of Central America , the avian species in Costa Rica are a mix of North and South American species . The country 's abundant fruit trees , many of which bear fruit year round , are hugely important to the birds , some of whom survive on diets that consist only of one or two types of fruit . Some of the country 's most notable avian species include the resplendent quetzal , scarlet macaw , three - wattled bellbird , bare - necked umbrellabird , and the keel - billed toucan . The Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad is allowed to collect royalties on any biological discoveries of medical importance . Costa Rica is a center of biological diversity for reptiles and amphibians , including the world 's fastest running lizard , the spiny - tailed iguana ( Ctenosaura similis ) . Rivers Further information : List of rivers of Costa Rica Economy An Intel microprocessor facility in Costa Rica that was , at one time , responsible for 20 % of Costa Rican exports and 5 % of the country 's GDP . Main article : Economy of Costa Rica The country has been considered economically stable with moderate inflation , estimated at 2.6 % in 2017 , and moderately high growth in GDP , which increased from US $41.3 billion in 2011 to US $52.6 billion in 2015 . The estimated GDP for 2017 is US $61.5 billion and the estimated GDP per capita ( purchasing power parity ) is US $12,382 . The growing debt and budget deficit are the country 's primary concerns . That is a primary reason why the major credit rating agencies -- Standard & Poor 's , Moody 's and Fitch -- have downgraded Costa Rica 's risk ratings . For example , Moody 's Investors Service in early 2017 reduced the rating to Ba2 from Ba1 , with a negative outlook due to the `` rising government debt burden and persistently high fiscal deficit , which was 5.2 % of GDP in 2016 '' and the `` lack of political consensus to implement measures to reduce the fiscal deficit ( which ) will result in further pressure on the government 's debt ratios '' . The country is currently debating major fiscal reform legislation to cut the budget deficits and stop the growth in debt , one of the highest in Latin America . Many foreign companies ( manufacturing and services ) operate in Costa Rica 's Free Trade Zones ( FTZ ) where they benefit from investment and tax incentives . Well over half of that type of investment has come from the U.S. According to the government , the zones supported over 82 thousand direct jobs and 43 thousand indirect jobs in 2015 . Companies with facilities in the America Free Zone in Heredia , for example , include Intel , Dell , HP , Bayer , Bosch , DHL , IBM and Okay Industries . Of the GDP , 5.5 % is generated by agriculture , 18.6 % by industry and 75.9 % by services. ( 2016 ) Agriculture employs 12.9 % of the labor force , industry 18.57 % , services 69.02 % ( 2016 ) For the region , its unemployment level is moderately high ( 8.2 % in 2016 , according to the IMF ) . Although 20.5 % of the population lives below the poverty line ( 2017 ) , Costa Rica has one of the highest standards of living in Central America . High quality health care is provided by the government at low cost to the users . Housing is also very affordable . Costa Rica is recognized in Latin America for the quality of its educational system . Because of its educational system , Costa Rica has one of the highest literacy rates in Latin America , 97 % . General Basic Education is mandatory and provided without cost to the user . A US government report confirms that the country has `` historically placed a high priority on education and the creation of a skilled work force '' but notes that the high school drop - out rate is increasing . As well , Costa Rica would benefit from more courses in languages such as English , Portuguese , Mandarin and French and also in Science , Technology , Engineering and Math ( STEM ) . Debt and deficit issues The International Monetary Fund stated in June 2017 that annual growth in the economy was just over 4 % and that the financial system was sound . The IMF expressed concern however , about increasing deficits and public debt as well as the heavy dollarization of bank assets and liabilities . Costa Rica 's public debt is problematic , especially as a percentage of the GDP , increasing from 29.8 % in 2011 to 40.8 % in 2015 . Of the proposed 2017 budget ( US $15.9 billion ) , debt payments account for one - third of the total and a full 46 % of the budget will require financing . That will increase the deficit and the debt owed to foreign entities . The value of the Costa Rican colone per US $1 was 526.46 ₡ on March 27 , 2015 . At the end of July 2017 , the value was 563 ₡ . A 2017 study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development warned that reducing the foreign debt must be a very high priority for the government . Other fiscal reforms were also recommended to moderate the budget deficit . The IMF also recommended debt reduction , with specific suggestions . Liquidity crisis In early August 2017 , President Luis Guillermo Solís admitted that the country was facing a `` liquidity crisis '' and promised that a higher VAT tax and higher income tax rates were being considered by his government . Such steps are essential , Luis Guillermo Solís told the nation , because it was facing difficulties in paying its obligations and guaranteeing the provision of services . Solís explained that the Treasury will prioritize payments on the public debt first , then salaries , and then pensions . The subsequent priorities include transfers to institutions `` according to their social urgency '' . All other payments will be made only if funds are available . Trade and foreign investment Costa Rica has free trade agreements with many countries , including the US . There are no significant trade barriers that would affect imports and the country has been lowering its tariffs in accordance with other Central American countries . The country 's Free Trade Zones provide incentives for manufacturing and service industries to operate in Costa Rica . In 2015 , the zones supported over 82 thousand direct jobs and 43 thousand indirect jobs in 2015 and average wages in the FTZ were 1.8 times greater than the average for private enterprise work in the rest of the country . In 2016 , Amazon.com for example , had some 3,500 employees in Costa Rica and planned to increase that by 1,500 in 2017 , making it an important employer . The central location provides access to American markets and direct ocean access to Europe and Asia . The most important exports in 2015 ( in order of dollar value ) were medical instruments , bananas , tropical fruits , integrated circuits and orthopedic appliances . Total imports in that year were US $15 billion . The most significant products imported in 2015 ( in order of dollar value ) were refined petroleum , automobiles , packaged medications , broadcasting equipment and computers . The total exports were US $12.6 billion for a trade deficit of US $2.39 billion in 2015 . A coffee plantation in the Orosí Valley Pharmaceuticals , financial outsourcing , software development , and ecotourism have become the prime industries in Costa Rica 's economy . High levels of education among its residents make the country an attractive investing location . Since 1999 , tourism earns more foreign exchange than the combined exports of the country 's three main cash crops : bananas and pineapples especially , but also other crops , including coffee . Coffee production played a key role in Costa Rica 's history and in 2006 , was the third cash crop export . As a small country , Costa Rica now provides under 1 % of the world 's coffee production . In 2015 , the value of coffee exports was US $305.9 million , a small part of the total agricultural exports of US $2.7 billion . Coffee production increased by 13.7 % percent in 2015 - 16 , declined by 17.5 % in 2016 -- 17 , but was expected to increase by about 15 % in the subsequent year . Costa Rica has developed a system of payments for environmental services . Similarly , Costa Rica has a tax on water pollution to penalize businesses and homeowners that dump sewage , agricultural chemicals , and other pollutants into waterways . In May 2007 , the Costa Rican government announced its intentions to become 100 % carbon neutral by 2021 . By 2015 , 93 percent of the country 's electricity came from renewable sources . In 2016 , the country produced 98 % of its electricity from renewable sources and ran completely on renewable sources for 110 continuous days . In 1996 , the Forest Law was enacted to provide direct financial incentives to landowners for the provision of environmental services . This helped reorient the forestry sector away from commercial timber production and the resulting deforestation , and helped create awareness of the services it provides for the economy and society ( i.e. , carbon fixation , hydrological services such as producing fresh drinking water , biodiversity protection , and provision of scenic beauty ) . A 2016 report by the U.S. government report identifies other challenges facing Costa Rica as it works to expand its economy by working with companies from the US ( and probably from other countries ) . The major concerns identified were as follows : The ports , roads , railways and water delivery systems would benefit from major upgrading , a concern voiced by other reports too . Attempts by China to invest in upgrading such aspects were `` stalled by bureaucratic and legal concerns '' . The bureaucracy is `` often slow and cumbersome '' . Tourism Main article : Tourism in Costa Rica Poás Volcano Crater is one of the country 's main tourist attractions . Costa Rica is the most visited nation in the Central American region , with 2.9 million foreign visitors in 2016 , up 10 % from 2015 . In 2015 , the tourism sector was responsible for 5.8 % of the country 's GDP , or $3.4 billion . In 2016 , the highest number of tourists came from the United States , with 1,000,000 visitors , followed by Europe with 434,884 arrivals . According to Costa Rica Vacations , once tourists arrive in the country , 22 % go to Tamarindo , 18 % go to Arenal , 17 % pass through Liberia ( where the Daniel Oduber Quirós International Airport is located ) , 16 % go to San José , the country 's capital ( passing through Juan Santamaría International Airport ) , while 18 % choose Manuel Antonio and 7 % Monteverde . By 2004 , tourism was generating more revenue and foreign exchange than bananas and coffee combined . In 2016 , the World Travel & Tourism Council 's estimates indicated a direct contribution to the GDP of 5.1 % and 110,000 direct jobs in Costa Rica ; the total number of jobs indirectly supported by tourism was 271,000 . A pioneer of ecotourism , Costa Rica draws many tourists to its extensive series of national parks and other protected areas . In the 2011 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index , Costa Rica ranked 44th in the world and second among Latin American countries after Mexico in 2011 . By the time of the 2017 report , the country had reached 38th place , slightly behind Panama . The Ethical Traveler group 's ten countries on their 2017 list of The World 's Ten Best Ethical Destinations includes Costa Rica . The country scored highest in environmental protection among the winners . Governance Main article : Politics of Costa Rica Administrative divisions Provinces of Costa Rica Main article : Administrative divisions of Costa Rica Costa Rica is composed of seven provinces , which in turn are divided into 81 cantons ( Spanish : cantón , plural cantones ) , each of which is directed by a mayor . Mayors are chosen democratically every four years by each canton . There are no provincial legislatures . The cantons are further divided into 473 districts ( distritos ) . The provinces are : Alajuela Cartago Guanacaste Heredia Limón Puntarenas San José Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of Costa Rica The extent of Costa Rica 's western EEZ in the Pacific Barack Obama and Laura Chinchilla with Costa Rican children in San José Costa Rica is an active member of the United Nations and the Organization of American States . The Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the United Nations University of Peace are based in Costa Rica . It is also a member of many other international organizations related to human rights and democracy , such as the Community of Democracies . A main foreign policy objective of Costa Rica is to foster human rights and sustainable development as a way to secure stability and growth . Costa Rica is a member of the International Criminal Court , without a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the United States military ( as covered under Article 98 ) . Costa Rica is an observer of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie . On September 10 , 1961 , some months after Fidel Castro declared Cuba a socialist state , Costa Rican President Mario Echandi ended diplomatic relations with Cuba through Executive Decree Number 2 . This freeze lasted 47 years until President Óscar Arias Sánchez re-established normal relations on 18 March 2009 , saying , `` If we have been able to turn the page with regimes as profoundly different to our reality as occurred with the USSR or , more recently , with the Republic of China , how would we not do it with a country that is geographically and culturally much nearer to Costa Rica ? '' Arias announced that both countries would exchange ambassadors . Costa Rica has a long - term disagreement with Nicaragua over the San Juan River , which defines the border between the two countries , and Costa Rica 's rights of navigation on the river . In 2010 , there was also a dispute around Isla Calero , and the impact of Nicaraguan dredging of the river in that area . On July 14 , 2009 , the International Court of Justice in the Hague upheld Costa Rica 's navigation rights for commercial purposes to subsistence fishing on their side of the river . An 1858 treaty extended navigation rights to Costa Rica , but Nicaragua denied passenger travel and fishing were part of the deal ; the court ruled Costa Ricans on the river were not required to have Nicaraguan tourist cards or visas as Nicaragua argued , but , in a nod to the Nicaraguans , ruled that Costa Rican boats and passengers must stop at the first and last Nicaraguan port along their route . They must also have an identity document or passport . Nicaragua can also impose timetables on Costa Rican traffic . Nicaragua may require Costa Rican boats to display the flag of Nicaragua , but may not charge them for departure clearance from its ports . These were all specific items of contention brought to the court in the 2005 filing . On June 1 , 2007 , Costa Rica broke diplomatic ties with Taiwan , switching recognition to the People 's Republic of China . Costa Rica was the first of the Central American nations to do so . President Óscar Arias Sánchez admitted the action was a response to economic exigency . In response , the PRC built a new , $100 million , state - of - the - art football stadium in Parque la Sabana , in the province of San José . Approximately 600 Chinese engineers and laborers took part in this project , and it was inaugurated in March 2011 , with a match between the national teams of Costa Rica and China . Costa Rica finished a term on the United Nations Security Council , having been elected for a nonrenewable , two - year term in the 2007 election . Its term expired on December 31 , 2009 ; this was Costa Rica 's third time on the Security Council . Elayne Whyte Gómez is the Permanent Representative of Costa Rica to the UN Office at Geneva ( 2017 ) and President of the United Nations Conference to Negotiate a Legally Binding Instrument to Prohibit Nuclear Weapons . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Costa Rica show Costa Rican Censuses Year Population % ± 1864 120,499 -- 1883 182,073 51.1 1892 243,205 33.6 1927 471,524 93.9 1950 800,875 69.8 1963 1,336,274 66.9 1973 1,871,780 40.1 1984 2,416,809 29.1 2000 3,810,179 57.7 2011 4,301,712 12.9 The 2011 census counted a population of 4.3 million people distributed among the following groups : 83.6 % whites or mestizos , 6.7 % mulattoes , 2.4 % Native American , 1.1 % black or Afro - Caribbean ; the census showed 1.1 % as Other , 2.9 % ( 141,304 people ) as None , and 2.2 % ( 107,196 people ) as unspecified . By 2016 , the UN estimation for the population was around 4.9 million . In 2011 , there were over 104,000 Native American or indigenous inhabitants , representing 2.4 % of the population . Most of them live in secluded reservations , distributed among eight ethnic groups : Quitirrisí ( es ) ( in the Central Valley ) , Matambú or Chorotega ( Guanacaste ) , Maleku ( northern Alajuela ) , Bribri ( southern Atlantic ) , Cabécar ( Cordillera de Talamanca ) , ( ( ) ) ( southern Costa Rica , along the Panamá border ) , Boruca ( southern Costa Rica ) and Térraba ( es ) ( southern Costa Rica ) . The population includes European Costa Ricans ( of European ancestry ) , primarily of Spanish descent , with significant numbers of Italian , German , English , Dutch , French , Irish , Portuguese , and Polish families , as well a sizable Jewish community . The majority of the Afro - Costa Ricans are Creole English - speaking descendants of 19th century black Jamaican immigrant workers . Costa Rican school children The 2011 census classified 83.6 % of the population as white or Mestizo ; the latter are persons of combined European and Amerindian descent . The Mulatto segment ( mix of white and black ) represented 6.7 % and indigenous people made up 2.4 % of the population . Native and European mixed blood populations are far less than in other Latin American countries . Exceptions are Guanacaste , where almost half the population is visibly mestizo , a legacy of the more pervasive unions between Spanish colonists and Chorotega Amerindians through several generations , and Limón , where the vast majority of the Afro - Costa Rican community lives . Costa Rica hosts many refugees , mainly from Colombia and Nicaragua . As a result of that and illegal immigration , an estimated 10 -- 15 % ( 400,000 -- 600,000 ) of the Costa Rican population is made up of Nicaraguans . Some Nicaraguans migrate for seasonal work opportunities and then return to their country . Costa Rica took in many refugees from a range of other Latin American countries fleeing civil wars and dictatorships during the 1970s and 1980s , notably from Chile and Argentina , as well as people from El Salvador who fled from guerrillas and government death squads . According to the World Bank , in 2010 about 489,200 immigrants lived in the country , many from Nicaragua , Panama , El Salvador , Honduras , Guatemala , and Belize , while 125,306 Costa Ricans live abroad in the United States , Panama , Nicaragua , Spain , Mexico , Canada , Germany , Venezuela , Dominican Republic , and Ecuador . The number of migrants declined in later years but in 2015 , there were some 420,000 immigrants in Costa Rica and the number of asylum seekers ( mostly from Honduras , El Salvador , Guatemala and Nicaragua ) rose to more than 110,000 , a fivefold increase from 2012 . In 2016 , the country was called a `` magnet '' for migrants from South and Central America and other countries who were hoping to reach the U.S. Largest cities Further information : List of cities in Costa Rica Largest cities or towns in Costa Rica Census 2000 Rank Name Province Pop . San José Puerto Limón San José San José 333 980 ( 2015 ) Alajuela Heredia Puerto Limón Limón 55 667 Alajuela Alajuela 42 889 Heredia Heredia 40 840 5 Cinco Esquinas San José 36 627 6 Desamparados San José 36 437 7 Liberia Guanacaste 34 469 8 Puntarenas Puntarenas 32 460 9 San Vicente San José 31 693 10 Barranca Puntarenas 31 386 Religion Religion in Costa Rica Catholicism ( 70.5 % ) Protestantism ( 13.8 % ) Irreligion ( 11.3 % ) Buddhism ( 2.1 % ) Other religions ( 2.2 % ) Main article : Religion in Costa Rica Basílica de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles ( Basilica of Our Lady of the Angels ) , during 2007 pilgrimage Christianity is Costa Rica 's predominant religion , with Roman Catholicism being the official state religion according to the 1949 Constitution , which at the same time guarantees freedom of religion . It is the only state in the Americas which established Roman Catholicism as its state religion ; other such countries are microstates in Europe : Liechtenstein , Monaco , the Vatican City and Malta . According to the most recent nationwide survey of religion , conducted in 2007 by the University of Costa Rica , 70.5 % of Costa Ricans are Roman Catholics ( 44.9 % practicing Catholics ) , 13.8 % are Evangelical Protestants ( almost all are practicing ) , 11.3 % report that they do not have a religion , and 4.3 % belong to another religion . The rate of secularism is high by Latin American standards . Due to small , but continuous , immigration from Asia and the Middle East , other religions have grown , the most popular being Buddhism , with about 100,000 practitioners ( over 2 % of the population ) . Most Buddhists are members of the Han Chinese community of about 40,000 with some new local converts . There is also a small Muslim community of about 500 families , or 0.001 % of the population . The Sinagoga Shaarei Zion synagogue is near La Sabana Metropolitan Park in San José . Several homes in the neighborhood east of the park display the Star of David and other Jewish symbols . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints claims more than 35,000 members , and has a temple in San José that served as a regional worship center for Costa Rica . However , they represent less than 1 % of the population . Languages Main article : Languages of Costa Rica The primary language spoken in Costa Rica is Spanish , which features characteristics distinct to the country , a form of Central American Spanish . Costa Rica is a linguistically diverse country and home to at least five living local indigenous languages spoken by the descendants of pre-Columbian peoples : Maléku , Cabécar , Bribri , Guaymí , and Buglere . Of native languages still spoken , primarily in indigenous reservations , the most numerically important are the Bribri , Maléku , Cabécar and Ngäbere languages ; some of these have several thousand speakers in Costa Rica while others have a few hundred . Some languages , such as Teribe and Boruca , have fewer than a thousand speakers . The Buglere language and the closely related Guaymí are spoken by some in southeast Puntarenas . A Creole - English language , Jamaican patois ( also known as Mekatelyu ) , is an English - based Creole language spoken by the Afro - Carib immigrants who have settled primarily in Limón Province along the Caribbean coast . About 10.7 % of Costa Rica 's adult population ( 18 or older ) also speaks English , 0.7 % French , and 0.3 % speaks Portuguese or German as a second language . Culture Costa Rican breakfast with gallo pinto Las Carretas ( oxcarts ) are a national symbol . Main article : Culture of Costa Rica Costa Rica was the point where the Mesoamerican and South American native cultures met . The northwest of the country , the Nicoya peninsula , was the southernmost point of Nahuatl cultural influence when the Spanish conquerors ( conquistadores ) came in the 16th century . The central and southern portions of the country had Chibcha influences . The Atlantic coast , meanwhile , was populated with African workers during the 17th and 18th centuries . As a result of the immigration of Spaniards , their 16th - century Spanish culture and its evolution marked everyday life and culture until today , with Spanish language and the Catholic religion as primary influences . The Department of Culture , Youth , and Sports is in charge of the promotion and coordination of cultural life . The work of the department is divided into Direction of Culture , Visual Arts , Scenic Arts , Music , Patrimony and the System of Libraries . Permanent programs , such as the National Symphony Orchestra of Costa Rica and the Youth Symphony Orchestra , are conjunctions of two areas of work : Culture and Youth . Dance - oriented genres , such as soca , salsa , bachata , merengue , cumbia and Costa Rican swing are enjoyed increasingly by older rather than younger people . The guitar is popular , especially as an accompaniment to folk dances ; however , the marimba was made the national instrument . In November 2017 , National Geographic magazine named Costa Rica as the happiest country in the world . The article included this summary : `` Costa Ricans enjoy the pleasure of living daily life to the fullest in a place that mitigates stress and maximizes joy '' . It is not surprising then that one of the most recognizable phrases among `` Ticos '' is `` Pura Vida '' , pure life in a literal translation . It reflects the inhabitant 's philosophy of life , denoting a simple life , free of stress , a positive , relaxed feeling . The expression is used in various contexts in conversation . Often , people walking down the streets , or buying food at shops say hello by saying Pura Vida . It can be phrased as a question or as an acknowledgement of one 's presence . A recommended response to `` How are you ? '' would be `` Pura Vida . '' In that usage , it might be translated as `` awesome '' , indicating that all is very well . When used as a question , the connotation would be `` everything is going well ? '' or `` how are you ? '' . Costa Rica rates 12th on the 2017 Happy Planet Index in the World Happiness Report by the UN but the country is said to be the happiest in Latin America . Reasons include the high level of social services , the caring nature of its inhabitants , long life expectancy and relatively low corruption . Cuisine Further information : Costa Rican cuisine Costa Rican cuisine is a blend of Native American , Spanish , African and many other cuisine origins . Dishes such as the very traditional tamale and many others made of corn are the most representative of its indigenous inhabitants , and similar to other neighboring Mesoamerican countries . Spaniards brought many new ingredients to the country from other lands , especially spices and domestic animals . And later in the 19th century , the African flavor lent its presence with influence from other Caribbean mixed flavors . This is how Costa Rican cuisine today is very varied , with every new ethnic group who had recently become part of the country 's population influencing the country 's cuisine . Sports Main articles : Costa Rica at the Olympics and Association football in Costa Rica Costa Rica supporters at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil Claudia Poll won Costa Rica 's first Olympic gold medal in 1996 . Costa Rica entered the Summer Olympics for the first time in 1936 with the fencer Bernardo de la Guardia and the Winter Olympics for the first time in 1980 with the skier Arturo Kinch . All four of Costa Rica 's Olympic medals were won by the sisters Silvia and Claudia Poll in swimming , with Claudia winning the only gold medal in 1996 . Football is the most popular sport in Costa Rica . The national team has played in four FIFA World Cup tournaments and reached the quarter - finals for the first time in 2014 . Its best performance in the regional CONCACAF Gold Cup was runner - up in 2002 . Paulo Wanchope , a forward who played for three clubs in England 's Premier League in the late 1990s and early 2000s , is credited with enhancing foreign recognition of Costa Rican football . Education Main article : Education in Costa Rica The literacy rate in Costa Rica is approximately 97 percent and English is widely spoken primarily due to Costa Rica 's tourism industry . When the army was abolished in 1949 , it was said that the `` army would be replaced with an army of teachers '' . Universal public education is guaranteed in the constitution ; primary education is obligatory , and both preschool and high school are free . Students who finish 11th grade receive a Costa Rican Bachillerato Diploma accredited by the Costa Rican Ministry of Education . There are both state and private universities . The University of Costa Rica has been awarded the title `` Meritorious Institution of Costa Rican Education and Culture '' . A 2016 report by the U.S. government report identifies the current challenges facing the education system , including the high dropout rate among high school students . The country needs even more workers who are fluent in English and languages such as Portuguese , Mandarin and French . It would also benefit from more graduates in Science , Technology , Engineering and Math ( STEM ) programs , according to the report . Health Main article : Health care in Costa Rica According to the UNDP , in 2010 the life expectancy at birth for Costa Ricans was 79.3 years . The Nicoya Peninsula is considered one of the Blue Zones in the world , where people commonly live active lives past the age of 100 years . The New Economics Foundation ( NEF ) ranked Costa Rica first in its 2009 Happy Planet Index , and once again in 2012 . The index measures the health and happiness they produce per unit of environmental input . According to NEF , Costa Rica 's lead is due to its very high life expectancy which is second highest in the Americas , and higher than the United States . The country also experienced well - being higher than many richer nations and a per capita ecological footprint one - third the size of the United States . In 2002 , there were 0.58 new general practitioner ( medical ) consultations and 0.33 new specialist consultations per capita , and a hospital admission rate of 8.1 % . Preventive health care is also successful . In 2002 , 96 % of Costa Rican women used some form of contraception , and antenatal care services were provided to 87 % of all pregnant women . All children under one have access to well - baby clinics , and the immunization coverage rate in 2002 was above 91 % for all antigens . Costa Rica has a very low malaria incidence of 48 per 100,000 in 2000 and no reported cases of measles in 2002 . The perinatal mortality rate dropped from 12.0 per 1000 in 1972 to 5.4 per 1000 in 2001 . Costa Rica has been cited in various journals as Central America 's great health success story . Its healthcare system is ranked higher than that of the United States , despite having a fraction of its GDP . Prior to 1940 , government hospitals and charities provided most health care . But since the 1941 creation of the Social Insurance Administration ( Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social -- CCSS ) , Costa Rica has provided universal health care to its wage - earning residents , with coverage extended to dependants over time . In 1973 , the CCSS took over administration of all 29 of the country 's public hospitals and all health care , also launching a Rural Health Program ( Programa de Salud Rural ) for primary care to rural areas , later extended to primary care services nationwide . In 1993 , laws were passed to enable elected health boards that represented health consumers , social insurance representatives , employers , and social organizations . By the year 2000 , social health insurance coverage was available to 82 % of the Costa Rican population . Each health committee manages an area equivalent to one of the 83 administrative cantons of Costa Rica . There is limited use of private , for - profit services ( around 14.4 % of the national total health expenditure ) . About 7 % of GDP is allocated to the health sector , and over 70 % is government funded . Primary health care facilities in Costa Rica include health clinics , with a general practitioner , nurse , clerk , pharmacist and a primary health technician . In 2008 , there were five specialty national hospitals , three general national hospitals , seven regional hospitals , 13 peripheral hospitals , and 10 major clinics serving as referral centers for primary care clinics , which also deliver biopsychosocial services , family and community medical services and promotion and prevention programs . Patients can choose private health care to avoid waiting lists . Costa Rica is among the Latin America countries that have become popular destinations for medical tourism . In 2006 , Costa Rica received 150,000 foreigners that came for medical treatment . Costa Rica is particularly attractive to Americans due to geographic proximity , high quality of medical services , and lower medical costs . Since 2012 , smoking in Costa Rica is subject to some of the most restrictive regulations in the world . See also New Spain portal North America portal Central America portal Latin America portal Costa Rica portal Index of Costa Rica - related articles Outline of Costa Rica References ^ Jump up to : `` Live Costa Rica Population Clock 2017 - Polulation of Costa Rica Today '' . www.livepopulation.com . ^ Jump up to : Central Intelligence Agency ( 2011 ) . `` Costa Rica '' . The World Factbook . Langley , Virginia : Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Costa Rica '' . International Monetary Fund . 1 October 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Gini Index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2015 . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capital Facts for San José , Costa Rica '' . 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon invests in Costa Rica as tiny nation carves out profitable niche in world economy '' . 11 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Investment Promotion Agency of Costa Rica '' . www.cinde.org . ^ Jump up to : `` IMF Mission Concludes Visit to Costa Rica '' . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica will have trouble paying bills , president says '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Costa Rica Government Faces `` Liquidity '' Problems `` . 2 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Costa Rica `` Playing With Fire '' By Delaying Fiscal Reform Says Intl Expert - Costa Rica Star News `` . 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica Economy : Population , GDP , Inflation , Business , Trade , FDI , Corruption '' . www.heritage.org . Jump up ^ El Espíritu del 48 . `` Abolición del Ejército '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica '' . World Desk Reference . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica '' . Uppsala University . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ UNDP Human Development Report 2015 . `` Costa Rica -- Country Profile : Human Development Indicators '' . UNDP . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ UNDP Human Development Report 2010 . Table 1 : Human development index 2010 and its components ( PDF ) . pp. 5 , 49 , 144 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ UNDP Human Development Report 2015 . `` Table 1 : Human Development Index and its components '' . UNDP . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . pp. 4 , 42 ( see Table 2.4 and Box 2.10 ) and 128 . Jump up ^ Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy / Center for International Earth Science Information Network at Columbia University . `` 2016 EPI Country Rankings '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Irene Rodríguez ( 2012 - 06 - 14 ) . `` Costa Rica es nuevamente el país más feliz del mundo , según índice ' Happy Planet ' '' ( Costa Rica once again the happiest nation of the world , according to the Happy Planet Index ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Fiona Harvey ( 2012 - 06 - 14 ) . `` UK citizens better off than EU counterparts , says happiness index '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ashley Seager ( 2008 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Costa Rica is the world 's happiest and greenest country in the world '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ John Burnett ( 2008 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Costa Rica Aims to Be a Carbon - Neutral Nation '' . National Public Radio ( NPR.org ) . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Alana Herro ( 2007 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Costa Rica Aims to Become First `` Carbon Neutral '' Country `` . Worldwatch Institute . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Alejandro Vargas ( 2007 - 02 - 21 ) . `` País quiere ser primera nación con balance neutro de carbono '' ( in Spanish ) . La Nación . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica 's electricity was produced almost entirely from renewable sources in 2016 '' . 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ TED ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) , A small country with big ideas to get rid of fossil fuels Monica Araya , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 Jump up ^ Botey Sobrado 2002 , pp. 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Botey Sobrado 2002 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Botey Sobrado 2002 , pp. 32 -- 33 Jump up ^ `` About Costa Rica '' . Embassy of Costa Rica in Washington DC . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` History of Costa Rica '' . Lonely Planet . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ DK Eyewitness Travel Guide : Costa Rica . 2010 . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Claudia Quirós . La Era de la Encomienda . Historia de Costa Rica . Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica . 1990 . Jump up ^ Shafer , D. Michael ( 1994 ) . Winners and losers : how sectors shape the developmental prospects of states . Ithaca , N.Y. : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8188 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica -- Cartago '' . Costarica.com. 2009 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Cartilla Histórica de Costa Rica . EUNED. 2005 . ISBN 9789968313759 . Jump up ^ Alarmvogel ( 1966 ) . Apuntes para la historia de la ciudad de Alajuela . San José , Costa Rica : Impr . Nacional . OCLC 14462048 . Jump up ^ Obregón Loría , Rafael . `` Hechos Militares y Políticos de Nuestra Historia Patria '' . Museo Histórico Cultural Juan Santamaría , Costa Rica , 1981 . Jump up ^ `` Central America '' . www.cotf.edu . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica 's Coffee Tradition - Costa Rica Star News '' . 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coffee of Costa Rica - el café '' . www.travelcostarica.nu . Jump up ^ `` History of Coffee in Costa Rica '' . Embajada de Costa Rica en Singapur . ^ Jump up to : Imports , Cafe . `` Cafe Imports - Costa Rica '' . www.cafeimports.com . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica Coffee - Past & Present Coffee Cultivations '' . www.anywhere.com . Jump up ^ `` Coffee Production and Processing on a Large Costa Rican Finca '' . Bib . Orton IICA / CATIE -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Blacks of Costa Rica '' . World Culture Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Rankin , Monica A. ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` The History of Costa Rica '' . ABC - CLIO -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Bucheli , Marcelo ( 1 February 2005 ) . `` Bananas and Business : The United Fruit Company in Colombia , 1899 - 2000 '' . NYU Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Shafer , D. Michael ( 29 December 1994 ) . `` Winners and Losers : How Sectors Shape the Developmental Prospects of States '' . Cornell University Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ See Ian Holzhauer , `` The Presidency of Calderón Guardia '' ( University of Florida History Thesis , 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` The Happiest People '' . The New York Times . January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ List of volcanoes in Costa Rica Jump up ^ `` estudiofi '' . Inbio.ac.cr . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Eggar , Marc . `` Climate / Weather '' . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica Weather '' . Costa Rica Guides Jump up ^ Leo Hickman ( 2007 - 05 - 26 ) . `` Shades of green '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Honey , Martha ( 1999 ) . `` Ecotourism and Sustainable Development : Who Owns Paradise ? '' . Island Press ; 1 edition , Washington , D.C. : 128 -- 181 . ISBN 1 - 55963 - 582 - 7 . Chapter 5 . Costa Rica : On the Beaten Path Jump up ^ `` United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . `` Issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries and recommendations on any further process '' '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Earth Trends ( 2003 ) . `` Biodiversity and Protected Areas -- Costa Rica '' ( PDF ) . World Resources Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Jessica Brown and Neil Bird 2010 . Costa Rica sustainable resource management : Successfully tackling tropical deforestation Archived 2011 - 05 - 14 at the Wayback Machine ... London : Overseas Development Institute Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica National Parks and Reserves '' . World Headquarters. 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Leonardo Coutinho ; Otávio Cabral ( 2008 - 05 - 21 ) . `` O desafio da economia verde '' ( in Portuguese ) . Revista Veja . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 08 . Published on website `` Planeta Sustentável '' Jump up ^ `` Corcovado National Park Costa Rica '' . costa-rica-guide.com . Jump up ^ `` Diversity of Corcovado National Park '' . Govisitcostarica.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , L. ; Andrew , D. ( 2002 ) . Watching Wildlife Central America . Lonely Planet . p. 97 . ISBN 1 - 86450 - 034 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cuarón , A.D. ; Morales , A. ; Shedden , A. ; Rodriguez - Luna , E. & de Grammont , P.C. ( 2008 ) . `` Ateles geoffroyi '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2008 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 20 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Wong , G. ; Cuarón , A.D. ; Rodriguez - Luna , E. & de Grammont , P.C. ( 2008 ) . `` Saimiri oerstedii '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2008 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 20 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve '' . Govisitcostarica.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Stater , Adam . `` Birds of Costa Rica '' . Jump up ^ Garland , T. , Jr. ( 1984 ) . `` Physiological correlates of locomotory performance in a lizard : an allometric approach '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Physiology. 247 ( 5 Pt 2 ) : R806 -- R815 . PMID 6238543 . ^ Jump up to : `` Global Finance Magazine - Costa Rica GDP and Economic Data '' . ^ Jump up to : FocusEconomics . `` Costa Rica Economy - GDP , Inflation , CPI and Interest Rate '' . FocusEconomics - Economic Forecasts from the World 's Leading Economists . Jump up ^ `` Moody 's downgrades Costa Rica 's government bond rating to Ba2 , continued negative outlook '' . 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CINDE - Why Invest in Costa Rica '' . www.cinde.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Major Business Success for Costa Rica Free Trade Zones - Costa Rica Star News '' . 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America Free Zone '' . www.americafreezone.com . Jump up ^ `` Okay Industries Expands Operation in Costa Rica and Reinvests US $ 2 Million '' . 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica - employment by economic sector - Statistic '' . Statista . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica records lowest poverty figures in seven years '' . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica country profile '' . 4 July 2017 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ Maldonado , Gabriel ( 16 February 2017 ) . `` Costa Rica 's Healthcare : One of the Best at a Low Cost - The Costa Rica News '' . ^ Jump up to : ITA . `` Export.gov - CCG '' . 2016.export.gov . Jump up ^ `` The Structure of the Educational System in Costa Rica - CostaRicaLaw.com '' . 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IMF Executive Board Concludes 2017 Article IV Consultation with Costa Rica '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Costa Rica : Staff Concluding Statement of the 2017 Article IV Mission '' . Jump up ^ `` Government presents 2017 budget proposal with 12 percent hike '' . Jump up ^ `` Banco Central de Costa Rica '' . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US Dollar ( USD ) to Costa Rica Colon ( CRC ) exchange rate history '' . www.exchangerates.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` '' Good '' & `` Bad '' Exchange Rates `` . costa-rica-guide.com . Jump up ^ `` Hoysd.com : News Hoy San Diego -- San Diego Union Tribune '' . www.sandiegouniontribune.com . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica - Import Tariffs - export.gov '' . www.export.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` OEC - Costa Rica ( CRI ) Exports , Imports , and Trade Partners '' . atlas.media.mit.edu . ^ Jump up to : `` Costa Rica 's Fruits Exports Beyond Pineapples And Bananas '' . 16 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Departamento de Estadísticas ICT ( 2006 ) . `` Anuário Estadísticas de Demanda 2006 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Intituto Costarricense de Turismo . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Table 44 and 45 Jump up ^ `` Annual report '' ( PDF ) . gain.fas.usda.gov. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica taxing firms that dump wastewater into rivers '' , Latin American Herald Tribune , 7 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Sawin , Janet L. ( 2007 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Bright Green : Costa Rica and New Zealand on Path to Carbon Neutrality '' . Worldchanging . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica uses 100 pct . clean energy to generate power for over 90 days '' . EFE . Fox News Latino . August 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica ran almost entirely on renewables in 2016 '' . Jump up ^ Pisu , Mauro ; Villalobos , Federico ( 3 August 2016 ) . `` A bird - eye view of Costa Rica 's transport infrastructure '' . OECD Economics Department Working Papers . doi : 10.1787 / 5jlswbwvwqjf - en . Jump up ^ `` Latin American countries with the largest number of international tourist arrivals in 2015 ( in millions ) '' . Statista . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica : Flow of Visitors Up 10 % in 2016 '' . Central America Data . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tourism Represents 5.8 % of GDP in Costa Rica - Costa Rica Star News '' . Costa Rica Star News . 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez Valverde , Andrea ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Costa Rica alcanza cifra récord en llegadas internacionales : 2 , 9 millones de visitantes '' . El Financiero . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica Vacations '' . Costa Rica Vacations . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ José Enrique Rojas ( 2004 - 12 - 29 ) . `` Turismo , principal motor de la economía durante el 2004 '' ( in Spanish ) . La Nación . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Research '' ( PDF ) . www.wttc.org. 2017 . Jump up ^ Honey , Martha ( 1999 ) . `` Ecotourism and Sustainable Development : Who Owns Paradise ? '' . Island Press ; 1 edition , Washington , D.C. : 5 . ISBN 1 - 55963 - 582 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Blanke ; Thea Chiesa , eds. ( 2011 ) . `` Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2011 '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum , Geneva , Switzerland . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica Ranks 38th in Tourism and Travel Competitiveness Report 2017 - Costa Rica Star News '' . 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Ethical Travel Destinations for 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rican Ministry of International Relations Declaration of Objectives '' . Costa Rican Ministry of International relations . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica re-establishes ties with Cuba '' Archived 2012 - 01 - 21 at the Wayback Machine. , CNN World , 2009 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` IJC Court Ruling '' . nacion.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` International Court of Justice recent provisional Costa Rica - Nicaragua decision '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` World Court Settles San Juan River Dispute ; Nicaragua and Costa Rica Both Claim Victory '' . Allbusiness.com. 2009 - 07 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica Boots Taiwan , Welcomes China In Diplomatic Switch '' . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 20 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . allbusiness.com ( 2007 - 06 - 14 ) . Retrieved : 2010 - 05 - 20 Jump up ^ Section , United Nations News Service ( 6 July 2017 ) . `` UN News - UN Member States set to adopt ' historic ' treaty prohibiting nuclear weapons '' . UN News Service Section . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica Population Statistics - CostaRicaLaw.com '' . 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ www.state.gov `` Background Note : Costa Rica -- People '' , United States Department of State . Jump up ^ Dickerson , Marla ; Kimitch , Rebecca ( 2006 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Costa Rica Seeks to Shut Its Doors to Illegal Migrants From Nicaragua '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Biesanz , Karen Zubris ; Biesanz , Mavis Hiltunen ; Biesanz , Richard ( 1998 ) . The Ticos : Culture and Social Change in Costa Rica . Boulder , CO : Lynne Rienner Publishers . p. 118 . ISBN 1 - 55587 - 737 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica country profile ( from the Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011 ) '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` International Migrants by Country '' . 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Holpuch , Amanda ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` US partners with Costa Rica to protect Central American refugees '' -- via www.theguardian.com . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica Becomes A Magnet For Migrants '' . Jump up ^ `` Nicaragua , Trump , Deportations and the Affect on Family Remittances '' . Jump up ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2008 : Costa Rica . United States Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights and Labor ( September 14 , 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : `` World - Buddhism in Costa Rica '' . www.buddhistchannel.tv . Jump up ^ Quirós , Adriana ( 24 December 2010 ) . `` Navidad se vive diferente en hogares ticos no cristianos '' ( Christmas is lived differently in non-Christian Costa Rican homes ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Centro Israelita de Costa Rica , Comunidad Judía de Costa Rica , Costa Rican Jewish Community Jump up ^ `` Jewish Community in Costa Rica '' . Jcpa.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 13 ... LDS Newsroom . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` San José Costa Rica LDS ( Mormon ) Temple '' . Ldschurchtemples.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` List of LDS ( Mormon ) temples in Central America and the Caribbean '' . Lds.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` What Languages Are Spoken In Costa Rica ? '' . Jump up ^ Jairo Villegas ( 2008 - 03 - 13 ) . `` Solo 1 de cada 10 adultos habla un segundo idioma '' . La Nación ( Costa Rica ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` These Are the World 's Happiest Places '' . 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica is the Happiest Places in the World According to National Geographic . '' 9 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` What does Pura Vida mean ... '' . Jump up ^ Rankin , Monica A. ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` The History of Costa Rica '' . ABC - CLIO -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` PURA VIDA : The Most Important Costa Rica Spanish Expression '' . Jump up ^ Trester , Anna Marie ( 2003 ) . `` Bienvenidos a Costa Rica , la tierra de la pura vida : A Study of the Expression `` pura vida '' in the Spanish of Costa Rica '' ( PDF ) . In Sayahi , Lotfi . Selected Proceedings of the First Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics . Somerville , MA : Cascadilla Proceedings Project . pp. 61 -- 69 . ISBN 1 - 57473 - 400 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` PURA VIDA : The Most Important Costa Rica Spanish Expression '' . Jump up ^ `` World Happiness Report 2017 -- World Happiness Report '' . worldhappiness. report . Jump up ^ `` The 21 happiest countries in the world '' . Jump up ^ `` Revealed : The world 's 20 happiest countries '' . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rican Typical Food '' . Southerncostarica.biz . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , F. ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` World Cup : Costa Rica defies the odds in winning Group D '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Martel , B. ( June 29 , 2014 ) . `` Navas Carries Costa Rica to World Cup Quarters '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Abolición del Ejército en Costa Rica . Ministerio de Cultura , Juventud y Deportes , San José , Costa Rica . 2004 . ISBN 9968 - 856 - 21 - 5 Jump up ^ Human Development Report . `` International Human Development Indicators '' . UNDP . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Anne Casselman ( 2008 - 04 - 14 ) . `` Long - Lived Costa Ricans Offer Secrets to Reaching 100 '' . National Geographic News . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Dan Buettner ( 2007 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Report from the ' Blue Zone ' : Why Do People Live Long in Costa Rica ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nic Marks ( 2012 - 06 - 14 ) . `` Measuring what matters : the Happy Planet Index 2012 '' . New Economics Foundation . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Unger , Jean - Pierre ; Buitrón , René ; Soors , Werner ; Soors , W. ( 2008 ) . `` Costa Rica : Achievements of a Heterodox Health Policy '' . American Journal of Public Health . 98 ( 4 ) : 636 -- 643 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2006.099598 . PMC 2376989 . PMID 17901439 . Jump up ^ Jacob , Brian ( 2009 ) . `` CLOSING THE GAPS : The Challenge to Protect Costa Rica 's Health Care System '' . The Georgetown Public Policy Review ( 77 ) . ^ Jump up to : Herrick , Devon M. ( 2007 ) . Medical Tourism : Global Competition in Health Care ( PDF ) . National Center for Policy Analysis , Dallas , Texas . pp. 4 -- 6 , 9 . ISBN 1 - 56808 - 178 - 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Bookman , Milica Z. ; Bookman , Karla R. ( 2007 ) . Medical Tourism in Developing Countries . Palgrave Macmillan , New York . pp. 3 -- 4 , 58 , 95 , and 134 -- 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 60006 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Tourism Statistics and Facts '' . Health-Tourism.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 02 . Further reading Blake , Beatrice . `` The New Key to Costa Rica '' Berkeley , California : Ulysses Press , 2009 . Edelman , Marc . Peasants Against Globalization : Rural Social Movements in Costa Rica Stanford : Stanford University Press , 1999 . Eisenberg , Daniel . `` In Costa Rica '' . Journal of Hispanic Philology , vol. 10 ( 1985 ( 1986 ) ) , 1 -- 6 . https://www.academia.edu/31761991/6._In_Costa_Rica Huhn , Sebastian : Contested Cornerstones of Nonviolent National Self - Perception in Costa Rica : A Historical Approach , 2009 . Keller , Marius ; Niestroy , Ingeborg ; García Schmidt , Armando ; Esche , Andreas . `` Costa Rica : Pioneering Sustainability '' . Excerpt ( pp. 81 -- 102 ) from Bertelsmann Stiftung ( ed . ) . Winning Strategies for a Sustainable Future . Gütersloh , Germany : Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung , 2013 . Lara , Sylvia Lara , Tom Barry , and Peter Simonson . Inside Costa Rica : The Essential Guide to Its Politics , Economy , Society and Environment London : Latin America Bureau , 1995 . Lehoucq , Fabrice E. and Ivan Molina . Stuffing the Ballot Box : Fraud , Electoral Reform , and Democratization in Costa Rica Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2002 . Lehoucq , Fabrice E. Policymaking , Parties , and Institutions in Democratic Costa Rica , 2006 . Palmer , Steven and Iván Molina . The Costa Rica Reader : History , Culture , Politics Durham and London : Duke University Press , 2004 . Sandoval , Carlos . Threatening Others : Nicaraguans and the Formation of National Identities in Costa Rica Athens : Ohio University Press , 2004 . Wilson , Bruce M. Costa Rica : Politics , Economics , and Democracy : Politics , Economics and Democracy . Boulder , London : Lynne Rienner Publishers , 1998 . External links Find more aboutCosta Ricaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity `` Costa Rica '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 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4 HDS : 3382 ISNI : 0000 0001 2248 346X LCCN : n79070075 NARA : 10044685 NDL : 00566755 VIAF : 126073638 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Costa_Rica&oldid=857141628 '' Categories : Costa Rica Countries in the Caribbean Countries in Central America Former Spanish colonies Republics Spanish - speaking countries and territories States and territories established in 1821 Member states of the United Nations 1821 establishments in North America Countries in North America Christian states Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Coordinates on Wikidata Use American English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with Curlie links Articles with Spanish - 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what part of the world is costa rica in
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"Costa Rica (/ˌkɒstə ˈriːkə/ ( listen); Spanish: [ˈkosta ˈrika]; \"Rich Coast\"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: República de Costa Rica), is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around 4.9 million,[3] in a land area of 51,060 square kilometers (19,714 square miles); over 300,000 live in the capital and largest city, San José,[7] which had a population of an estimated 333,980 in 2015.[7]\n"
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Edmund Hillary
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Edmund Hillary - Wikipedia Edmund Hillary Jump to : navigation , search Sir Edmund Hillary KG ONZ KBE OSN c. 1953 Edmund Percival Hillary ( 1919 - 07 - 20 ) 20 July 1919 Auckland , New Zealand 11 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 11 ) ( aged 88 ) Auckland City Hospital , Auckland , New Zealand Known for With Tenzing Norgay , first to reach summit of Mount Everest Spouse ( s ) Louise Mary Rose ( m . 1953 ; her death 1975 ) June Mulgrew ( m . 1989 ; his death 2008 ) Children 3 , including Peter Signature Sir Edmund Percival Hillary KG ONZ KBE OSN ( 20 July 1919 -- 11 January 2008 ) was a New Zealand mountaineer , explorer , and philanthropist . On 29 May 1953 , Hillary and Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay became the first climbers confirmed to have reached the summit of Mount Everest . They were part of the ninth British expedition to Everest , led by John Hunt . Hillary became interested in mountaineering while in secondary school . He made his first major climb in 1939 , reaching the summit of Mount Ollivier . He served in the Royal New Zealand Air Force as a navigator during World War II . Prior to the Everest expedition , Hillary had been part of the British reconnaissance expedition to the mountain in 1951 as well as an unsuccessful attempt to climb Cho Oyu in 1952 . As part of the Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition he reached the South Pole overland in 1958 . He subsequently reached the North Pole , making him the first person to reach both poles and summit Everest . Following his ascent of Everest , Hillary devoted himself to assisting the Sherpa people of Nepal through the Himalayan Trust , which he established . His efforts are credited with the construction of many schools and hospitals in Nepal . From 1985 to 1988 he served as New Zealand 's High Commissioner to India and Bangladesh and concurrently as Ambassador to Nepal . Hillary had numerous honours conferred upon him , including the Order of the Garter in 1995 . Upon his death in 2008 , he was given a state funeral in New Zealand . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 World War II 3 Expeditions 3.1 1953 Everest expedition 3.2 After Everest 4 Public recognition 5 Personal life 5.1 Philanthropy 5.2 Political involvement 6 Death 6.1 Posthumous tributes 7 Arms 8 Publications 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Citations 10.2 Sources 11 External links Early Life Hillary 's mother Gertrude Clark , 1909 Hillary was born to Percival Augustus and Gertrude ( née Clark ) Hillary in Auckland , New Zealand , on 20 July 1919 . His family moved to Tuakau , south of Auckland , in 1920 , after his father , who served at Gallipoli with the 15th ( North Auckland ) Regiment , was allocated land there . His grandparents had emigrated from Yorkshire to northern Wairoa in the mid-19th century . Hillary was educated at Tuakau Primary School and then Auckland Grammar School . He finished primary school two years early and at high school achieved average marks . He was initially smaller than his peers and shy , but gained confidence after taking up boxing . He became interested in climbing when he was 16 following a school trip to Mount Ruapehu , after which he showed more interest in tramping than in studying and said he `` wanted to see the world '' . He studied mathematics and science at Auckland University College and in 1939 completed his first major climb , reaching the summit of Mount Ollivier , near Aoraki / Mount Cook in the Southern Alps . He took up beekeeping with his brother , which occupied him in the summer while he concentrated on climbing in winter . His father was a beekeeper , and although Hillary 's inclination was for climbing , he became a professional beekeeper . He joined the Radiant Living Tramping Club , where a health philosophy developed by Herbert Sutcliffe was taught ; tours with the club through the Waitakere Ranges further developed his love of the outdoors . World War II Hillary in Royal New Zealand Air Force uniform at Delta Camp , near Blenheim , New Zealand , during World War II At the outbreak of World War II , Hillary applied to join the Royal New Zealand Air Force ( RNZAF ) but quickly withdrew the application , later writing that he was `` harassed by my religious conscience '' . In 1943 , with the Japanese threat in the Pacific and the arrival of conscription , he joined the RNZAF as a navigator in No. 6 Squadron RNZAF and later No. 5 Squadron RNZAF on Catalina flying boats . In 1945 , he was sent to Fiji and to the Solomon Islands , where he was badly burnt in an accident . Expeditions In January 1948 , Hillary and others ascended the south ridge of Aoraki / Mount Cook , New Zealand 's highest peak . In 1951 he was part of a British reconnaissance expedition to Everest led by Eric Shipton , before joining the successful British attempt of 1953 . In 1952 , Hillary and George Lowe were part of the British team led by Shipton , that attempted Cho Oyu . After that attempt failed due to the lack of route from the Nepal side , Hillary and Lowe crossed the Nup La pass into Tibet and reached the old Camp II , on the northern side , where all the previous expeditions had camped . 1953 Everest expedition Main article : 1953 British Mount Everest expedition External audio Sir Edmund Hillary Scales the Heights of Literary Society , 1954 , Hillary speaks 5 : 00 -- 18 : 57 , WNYC In 1949 , the long - standing climbing route to the summit of Everest was closed by Chinese - controlled Tibet . For the next several years , Nepal allowed only one or two expeditions per year . A Swiss expedition ( in which Tenzing took part ) attempted to reach the summit in 1952 , but was forced back by bad weather around 800 feet ( 240 m ) below the summit . In 1952 Hillary learned that he and Lowe had been invited by the Joint Himalayan Committee for the 1953 British attempt and immediately accepted . Shipton was named as leader but was replaced by Hunt . Hillary was immediately impressed by Hunt 's energy and determination . Hillary had intended to climb with Lowe , but Hunt named two teams for the assault : Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans ; and Hillary and Tenzing . Hillary , therefore , made a concerted effort to forge a working friendship with Tenzing . Tenzing and Hillary The Hunt expedition totalled over 400 people , including 362 porters , 20 Sherpa guides , and 10,000 pounds ( 4,500 kg ) of baggage . Lowe supervised the preparation of the Lhotse Face , a huge and steep ice face , for climbing . Hillary forged a route through the treacherous Khumbu Icefall . The expedition set up base camp in March 1953 and , working slowly , set up its final camp at the South Col at 25,900 feet ( 7,890 m ) . On 26 May , Bourdillon and Evans attempted the climb but turned back when Evans ' oxygen system failed . The pair had reached the South Summit , coming within 300 vertical feet ( 91 m ) of the summit . Hunt then directed Hillary and Tenzing to attempt the summit . Snow and wind delayed them at the South Col for two days . They set out on 28 May with the support of Lowe , Alfred Gregory , and Ang Nyima . The two pitched a tent at 27,900 feet ( 8,500 m ) on 28 May , while their support group returned down the mountain . On the following morning Hillary discovered that his boots had frozen solid outside the tent . He spent two hours warming them over a stove before he and Tenzing , wearing 30 - pound ( 14 kg ) packs , attempted the final ascent . The final obstacle was the 40 - foot ( 12 m ) rock face now called `` Hillary Step '' ; Hillary later wrote : I noticed a crack between the rock and the snow sticking to the East Face . I crawled inside and wriggled and jammed my way to the top ... Tenzing slowly joined me and we moved on . I chopped steps over bump after bump , wondering a little desperately where the top could be . Then I saw the ridge ahead dropped away to the north and above me on the right was a rounded snow dome . A few more whacks with my ice - axe and Tenzing and I stood on top of Everest . Hillary and Tenzing on return from the Everest 's summit Tenzing later wrote that Hillary took the first step onto the summit and he followed . They reached Everest 's 29,028 ft ( 8,848 m ) summit -- the highest point on earth -- at 11 : 30 am . They spent about 15 minutes at the summit . Hillary took a photo of Tenzing posing with his ice - axe , but there is no photo of Hillary . BBC News attributed this to Tenzing 's having never used a camera ; Tenzing 's autobiography says that Hillary simply declined to have his picture taken . They also took photos looking down the mountain . Hillary ( left ) and George Lowe ( right ) with Governor - General Sir Willoughby Norrie at Government House , Wellington , 20 August 1953 Tenzing left chocolates at the summit as an offering , and Hillary left a cross given him by John Hunt . Their descent was complicated by drifting snow which had covered their tracks . The first person they met was Lowe ; Hillary said , `` Well , George , we knocked the bastard off . '' They returned to Kathmandu a few days later and learned that Hillary had already been appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire and Hunt a Knight Bachelor . News reached Britain on the day of Queen Elizabeth II 's coronation , and the press called it a coronation gift . The 37 members of the party later received the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal with mount everest expedition engraved along the rim . In addition to the knighting of Hillary and Hunt , Tenzing -- ineligible for knighthood as a Nepalese citizen -- received the George Medal . Tenzing also received the Star of Nepal from King Tribhuvan . After Everest In the cockpit of the Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition 's DHC - 2 , 1956 Hillary climbed ten other peaks in the Himalayas on further visits in 1956 , 1960 -- 1961 , and 1963 -- 1965 . He also reached the South Pole as part of the Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition , for which he led the New Zealand section , on 4 January 1958 . His party was the first to reach the Pole overland since Amundsen in 1911 and Scott in 1912 , and the first ever to do so using motor vehicles . In 1960 Hillary organized an expedition to search for the fabled abominable snowman . Hillary was with the expedition for five months , although it lasted for ten . No evidence of Yetis was found , instead footprints and tracks were proven to be from other causes . During the expedition , Hillary travelled to remote temples which contained `` Yeti scalps '' ; however after bringing back three relics , two were shown to be from bears and one from a goat antelope . Hillary said after the expedition : `` The yeti is not a strange , superhuman creature as has been imagined . We have found rational explanations for most yeti phenomena '' . Hillary in 1957 after accompanying the first plane to land at the Marble Point ground air strip , Antarctica In 1962 he was a guest on the television game show What 's My Line ? ; he stumped the panel , comprising Dorothy Kilgallen , Arlene Francis , Bennett Cerf , and Merv Griffin . In 1977 , he led a jetboat expedition , titled `` Ocean to Sky '' , from the mouth of the Ganges River to its source . From 1977 to 1979 he commentated aboard Antarctic sightseeing flights operated by Air New Zealand . In 1985 , he accompanied Neil Armstrong in a small twin - engined ski plane over the Arctic Ocean and landed at the North Pole . Hillary thus became the first man to stand at both poles and on the summit of Everest . This accomplishment inspired generations of explorers to compete over what later was defined as Three Poles Challenge . In January 2007 , Hillary travelled to Antarctica as part of a delegation commemorating the 50th anniversary of the founding of Scott Base . Public recognition Hillary on the New Zealand five - dollar note On 6 June 1953 Hillary was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire and received the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal the same year . On 6 February 1987 , he was the fourth appointee to the Order of New Zealand . He was also awarded the Polar Medal in 1958 for his part in the Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition , the Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu , 1st Class of the Kingdom of Nepal in 1953 , and the Coronation Medal in 1975 . On 22 April 1995 Hillary was appointed Knight Companion of The Most Noble Order of the Garter . On 17 June 2004 Hillary was awarded Commander 's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland . The Government of India conferred on him its second highest civilian award , the Padma Vibhushan , posthumously , in 2008 . To mark the 50th anniversary of the first successful ascent of Everest , the Nepalese government conferred honorary citizenship upon Hillary at a special Golden Jubilee celebration in Kathmandu , Nepal . He was the first foreign national to receive that honour . Since 1992 , New Zealand 's $5 note has featured Hillary 's portrait , making him the only living person not a current head of state ever to appear on a New Zealand banknote . In giving his permission , Hillary insisted that Aoraki / Mount Cook rather than Mount Everest be used as the backdrop . Statue of Hillary gazing towards Aoraki / Mount Cook , one of his favourite peaks Annual Reader 's Digest polls from 2005 to 2007 named Hillary as `` New Zealand 's most trusted individual '' . Hillary 's favoured New Zealand charity was the Sir Edmund Hillary Outdoor Pursuits Centre , of which he was patron for 35 years . He was particularly keen on how this organisation introduced young New Zealanders to the outdoors in a very similar way to his first experience of a school trip to Mt Ruapehu at the age of 16 . A 2.3 - metre ( 7.5 ft ) bronze statue of Hillary was erected outside The Hermitage Hotel at Mount Cook Village ; it was unveiled by Hillary himself in 2003 . Various streets , institutions and organisations around New Zealand and abroad are named after him -- for example , the Sir Edmund Hillary Collegiate in Otara , which was established by Hillary in 2001 . Two Antarctic features are named after Hillary . The Hillary Coast is a section of coastline south of Ross Island and north of the Shackleton Coast . The Hillary Canyon , an undersea feature in the Ross Sea , appears on the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans , published by the International Hydrographic Organization . Personal Life Hillary , with first wife , Louise , and son , Peter , 1955 Hillary married Louise Mary Rose on 3 September 1953 , soon after the ascent of Everest ; he admitted he was terrified of proposing to her and relied on her mother to propose on his behalf . They had three children : Peter ( born 1954 ) , Sarah ( born 1955 ) and Belinda ( 1959 -- 1975 ) . In 1975 while en route to join Hillary in the village of Phaphlu , where he was helping to build a hospital , Louise and Belinda were killed in a plane crash near Kathmandu airport shortly after take - off . In 1989 he married June Mulgrew , the widow of his close friend Peter Mulgrew , who died on Air New Zealand Flight 901 in 1979 . His son Peter Hillary also became a climber , summiting Everest in 1990 . In May 2002 Peter climbed Everest as part of a 50th anniversary celebration ; Jamling Tenzing Norgay ( son of Tenzing who had died in 1986 ) was also part of the expedition . Hillary 's home for most of his life was a property on Remuera Road in Auckland City , where he enjoyed reading adventure and science fiction novels in his retirement . He also built a bach at Whites Beach , one of Auckland 's west coast beaches in the former Waitakere City , between Anawhata and North Piha ; a friend called it Hillary 's place of solace , where he could escape media attention . The Hillary family has had a connection with the west coast of Auckland since 1925 , when Louise 's father built a bach at Anawhata . The family donated land at Whites Beach that is now crossed by trampers on the Hillary Trail , named for Edmund . Hillary said of the area : `` That is the thing that international travel brings home to me -- it 's always good to be going home . This is the only place I want to live in ; this is the place I want to see out my days . '' Philanthropy Hillary in Warsaw in 2004 , wearing his Commander 's Cross of the Order of Merit Following his ascent of Everest he devoted himself to assisting the Sherpa people of Nepal through the Himalayan Trust , which he established in 1960 and led until his death in 2008 . His efforts are credited with the construction of many schools and hospitals in this remote region of the Himalayas . He was the Honorary President of the American Himalayan Foundation , a United States non-profit body that helps improve the ecology and living conditions in the Himalayas . He was also the Honorary President of Mountain Wilderness , an international NGO dedicated to the worldwide protection of mountains . Political involvement Hillary took part in the 1975 New Zealand general election , as a member of the `` Citizens for Rowling '' campaign . His involvement in this campaign was seen as precluding his nomination as Governor - General ; the position was offered to Keith Holyoake in 1977 . In 1985 , Hillary was appointed New Zealand High Commissioner to India ( concurrently High Commissioner to Bangladesh and Ambassador to Nepal ) and spent four and a half years based in New Delhi . In 1975 , Hillary served as a vice president for the Abortion Law Reform Association of New Zealand , a national pro-choice advocacy group . He was also a patron of REPEAL , an organization seeking repeal of the restrictive Contraception , Sterilisation , and Abortion Act 1977 . Death People draped in the Flag of New Zealand as Hillary 's hearse passes On 22 April 2007 , while on a trip to Kathmandu , Hillary suffered a fall , and was hospitalised after returning to New Zealand . On 11 January 2008 he died of heart failure at Auckland City Hospital . Flags were lowered to half - mast on New Zealand public buildings and at Scott Base in Antarctica , and Prime Minister Helen Clark called Hillary 's death a `` profound loss to New Zealand '' . On 21 January , Hillary 's casket was taken into Holy Trinity Cathedral , Auckland , to lie in state . A state funeral was held on 22 January 2008 , after which his body was cremated . On 29 February 2008 most of his ashes were scattered in Auckland 's Hauraki Gulf per his desire . The remainder went to a Nepalese monastery near Everest ; a plan to scatter them on the summit was cancelled in 2010 . Posthumous tributes In January 2008 , Lukla Airport , in Lukla , Nepal , was renamed to Tenzing -- Hillary Airport in recognition of their promotion of its construction . On 2 April 2008 , a service of thanksgiving in Hillary 's honour at St George 's Chapel at Windsor Castle was attended by Queen Elizabeth , New Zealand dignitaries including Prime Minister Helen Clark , and members of Hillary 's and Norgay 's families ; Gurkha soldiers from Nepal stood guard outside the ceremony . In October 2008 , it was announced that future rugby test matches between England and New Zealand would be played for the Hillary Shield . In 2009 the Duke of Edinburgh 's Award in New Zealand -- formerly the Young New Zealanders ' Challenge -- was renamed `` The Duke of Edinburgh 's Hillary Award '' . On 5 November 2008 , a commemorative set of five stamps was issued by New Zealand Post . There have been many calls for lasting tributes to Hillary . The first major public tribute has been by way of the `` Summits for Ed '' tribute tour organised by the Sir Edmund Hillary Foundation . This tribute tour went from Bluff at the bottom of the South Island to Cape Reinga at the tip of the North Island , visiting 39 towns and cities along the way . In each venue , school children and members of the public were invited to join together to climb a significant hill or site in their area to show their respect for Hillary . The public were also invited to bring small rocks or pebbles that had special significance to them , that would be included in a memorial to Hillary at the base of Mt Ruapehu , in the grounds of the Sir Edmund Hillary Outdoor Pursuits Centre . Funds donated during the tour are used by the foundation to sponsor young New Zealanders on outdoor courses . Over 8,000 persons attended these `` Summit '' climbs between March and May 2008 . View from the Hillary Trail The tribute song `` Hillary 88 '' , by the New Zealand duo The Kiwis , is the official world memorial song for Hillary , with the endorsement of Lady Hillary . A four - day track in the Waitakere Ranges , along Auckland 's west coast , is named the Hillary Trail , in honour of Hillary . Hillary 's father - in - law , Jim Rose , who had built a bach at Anawhata in 1925 , wrote in his 1982 history of Anawhata Beach , `` My family look forward to the time when we will be able to walk from Huia to Muriwai on public walking tracks like the old - time Maori could do '' . Hillary loved the area , and had his own bach near Anawhata . The track was opened on 11 January 2010 , the second anniversary of Hillary 's death . Rose Track , descending from Anawhata Road to Whites Beach , is named after the Rose family . The South Ridge of Aoraki / Mount Cook , New Zealand 's highest mountain , was renamed Hillary Ridge on 18 August 2011 . Hillary and three other climbers were the first party to successfully climb the ridge in 1948 . In September 2013 the Government of Nepal proposed naming a 7,681 metres ( 25,200 ft ) mountain in Nepal Hillary Peak in his honour . After the New Horizons mission discovered a mountain range on Pluto on 14 July 2015 , it was informally named Hillary Montes ( Hillary Mountains ) by NASA . The Sir Edmund Hillary Mountain Legacy Medal , awarded by the Nepalese NGO Mountain Legacy `` for remarkable service in the conservation of culture and nature in mountainous regions '' was inaugurated in 2003 , with the approval of Sir Edmund Hillary . A bronze bust of Hillary ( circa 1953 ) by Ophelia Gordon Bell is in the Te Papa museum in Wellington , New Zealand . The Sir Edmund Hillary Archive was added to the UNESCO Memory of the world archive in 2013 , it is currently held by Auckland War Memorial Museum . Arms Coat of arms of Edmund Hillary Crest An azure kiwi grasping an ice axe . Escutcheon A stylised mountain range surrounded by three prayer wheels . Supporters A Fiordland crested penguin wearing a plain collar on either side . Compartment An iceflow proper . Motto Nothing venture , nothing win Orders The Order of the Garter ribbon . Honi soit qui mal y pense ( Shame be to him who thinks evil of it ) Publications Books written by Edmund Hillary Title Year Publisher ISBN / ASIN Co-author Ref High Adventure 1955 Hodder & Stoughton ISBN 1 - 932302 - 02 - 6 n / a East of Everest -- An Account of the New Zealand Alpine Club Himalayan Expedition to the Barun Valley in 1954 1956 E.P. Dutton ASIN B000EW84UM George Lowe No Latitude for Error 1961 Hodder & Stoughton . ASIN B000H6UVP6 n / a The New Zealand Antarctic Expedition 1959 R.W. Stiles , printers . ASIN B0007K6D72 n / a The Crossing of Antarctica : The Commonwealth Transantarctic Expedition , 1955 -- 1958 1958 Cassell ASIN B000HJGZ08 Vivian Fuchs High in the thin cold air 1962 Doubleday ASIN B00005W121 Desmond Doig Schoolhouse in the Clouds 1965 Hodder & Stoughton ASIN B00005WRBB n / a Nothing Venture , Nothing Win Hodder & Stoughton ISBN 0 - 340 - 21296 - 9 n / a From the Ocean to the Sky : Jet Boating Up the Ganges 1979 Viking ISBN 0 - 7089 - 0587 - 0 n / a Two Generations 1984 Hodder & Stoughton ISBN 0 - 340 - 35420 - 8 Peter Hillary View from the Summit : The Remarkable Memoir by the First Person to Conquer Everest 2000 Pocket ISBN 0 - 7434 - 0067 - 4 n / a Notes Jump up ^ Also High Adventure : The True Story of the First Ascent of Everest Jump up ^ ( reprinted Oxford University Press ( paperback ) Jump up ^ and ISBN 0 - 19 - 516734 - 1 Jump up ^ the story of the Himalayan Expedition , led by Sir Edmund Hillary , sponsored by World Book Encyclopedia Jump up ^ reissued as Ascent : Two Lives Explored : The Autobiographies of Sir Edmund and Peter Hillary Jump up ^ ( 1992 ) Paragon House Publishers ISBN 1 - 55778 - 408 - 6 . References Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Famous New Zealanders '' . Christchurch City Libraries . Retrieved 23 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Edmund Hillary '' . New Zealand History . Wellington , New Zealand : Research and Publishing Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Heather ( 8 October 2005 ) . `` Authorised Hillary biography reveals private touches '' . The New Zealand Herald . NZPA . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Simon ( 10 January 2008 ) . `` Sir Edmund Hillary : Top of the World '' . TIME Magazine . Retrieved 14 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Hillary 1955 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hillary mourned , both in Nepal and New Zealand '' . Times Online . 11 January 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Sullivan , Time Magazine , Sir Edmund Hillary -- A visit with the world 's greatest living adventurer , 12 September 2003 . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Archived 25 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : National Geographic , Everest : 50 Years and Counting . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Hillary , Sir Edmund ( Percival ) . ( 2017 ) . In Encyclopaedia Britannica , Britannica concise encyclopedia . Chicago , IL : Britannica Digital Learning . Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ebconcise/hillary_sir_edmund_percival/0?institutionId=292 ^ Jump up to : `` Sir Edmund Hillary . '' Britannica Academic , Encyclopædia Britannica , 5 September 2012 . academic - eb - com / levels / collegiate / article / Sir - Edmund - Hillary / 40469 . Accessed 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Shaun ( 30 October 2012 ) . `` Hillary , Edmund Percival -- Early mountaineering '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Calder , Peter ( 11 January 2008 ) . `` Sir Edmund Hillary 's life '' . The New Zealand Herald . APN Holdings NZ Limited . Retrieved 11 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Edmund Percival Hillary '' . Auckland War Memorial Museum . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Langton , Graham ( 22 June 2007 ) . `` Ayres , Horace Henry 1912 -- 1987 '' . Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Isserman , Maurice ; Weaver , Stewart ( 2008 ) . Fallen Giants : A History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 278 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Shaun ( 7 December 2010 ) . `` Cho Oyu expedition team , 1952 '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Jump up ^ Gordon , Harry ( 12 January 2008 ) . `` Hillary , deity of the high country '' , The Australian . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Edmund Hillary scales the heights of literary society '' . WNYC . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Isserman , Maurice ; Weaver , Stewart ( 2008 ) . Fallen Giants : A History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 437 . Jump up ^ Hillary 1955 , pp. 48,235 . Jump up ^ Hillary 1955 , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Hillary 1955 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Isserman , Maurice ; Weaver , Stewart ( 2008 ) . Fallen Giants : A History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes . New Haven : Yale University Press . pp. 284 -- 286 . Jump up ^ Hillary of New Zealand and Tenzing reach the top , Reuter ( in The Guardian , 2 June 1953 ) ^ Jump up to : Reaching The Top Archived 16 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Royal Geographical Society . Retrieved 13 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Hillary 1955 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Elish 2007 , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : The New Zealand Edge , Sir Edmund Hillary -- King Of The World . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Hillary 1955 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Isserman , Maurice ; Weaver , Stewart ( 2008 ) . 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New York , NY : Columbia University Press . Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/columency/hillary_sir_edmund_percival/0?institutionId=292 Jump up ^ `` Sir Edmund Hillary , a Life in Pictures '' . news.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Yeti : Asia 's Abominable Snowman '' . Live Science . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Objects of Intrigue : Yeti Scalp '' . Atlas Obscura. 30 May 2013 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Yeti scalp ' fails to convince Hillary '' . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What 's My Line ? -- Sir Edmund Hillary ; Diahann Carroll ; Merv Griffin ( panel ) ( May 20 , 1962 ) '' . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Ministry for Culture and Heritage ( 13 January 2016 ) . `` The end of the ' big mountain days ' -- Ed Hillary '' `` . New Zealand History online -- Nga korero aipurangi o Aotearoa . Wellington , New Zealand . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . 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The London Gazette. 12 June 1953 . p. 3273 . Jump up ^ `` The Order of New Zealand '' ( 12 February 1987 ) 20 New Zealand Gazette 705 at 709 . Jump up ^ `` No. 41384 '' . The London Gazette. 13 May 1958 . p. 2997 . Jump up ^ `` medal , award '' . Auckland War Memorial Museum . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Shea , Phillip . `` The orders , decorations and medals of Sir Edmund Hillary , KG , ON Z , KBE ( 1919 -- 2008 ) '' ( PDF ) . Reserve Bank Museum . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 November 2010 . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Editorial Staff ( 25 April 1995 ) . `` State Intelligence '' . the London Gazette . p. 6023 . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Noble Order of the Garter - K.G. '' ( 4 May 1995 ) 42 1071 at 1088 . Jump up ^ `` Zmarł Edmund Hillary , pierwszy zdobywca Mt Everest '' . Gazeta.pl Wiadomości ( in Polish ) . Agora S.A. 10 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2014 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . 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The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McKenzie - Minifie , Martha ( 11 January 2008 ) . `` State funeral for Sir Edmund Hillary '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Flag flies at half - mast over a sad Scott Base '' . Stuff.co.nz . Archived from the original on 26 May 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Clark statement on Hillary death , cnn.com ; retrieved 11 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Edmund Hillary lies in state '' . Fairfax Media . 21 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2012 . Retrieved 21 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` State funeral for Sir Ed '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Edmund Hillary takes final voyage , ashes scattered at sea '' . The New Zealand Herald . 29 February 2008 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sherpas cancel plan to spread Hillary ashes on Everest '' . BBC News . 9 April 2010 . Retrieved 10 April 2010 . 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Bakewell , Chambers Biographical Dictionary ( 9th ed . ) . London , UK : Chambers Harrap . Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/chambbd/hillary_sir_edmund_percival/1?institutionId=292 Sources Elish , Dan ( 2007 ) . Edmund Hillary : First to the Top . Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 978 - 0 - 761 - 42224 - 2 . Hillary , Edmund ( 1955 ) . High Adventure. 649 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 195 - 16734 - 4 . Johnston , Alexa ; Larsen , David ( 2005 ) . Reaching the Summit : Sir Edmund Hillary 's Life of Adventure . DK Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 756 - 61527 - 7 . Johnston , Alexa ( 2013 ) . Sir Edmund Hillary : An Extraordinary Life . Penguin Random House New Zealand Limited . p. 504 . ISBN 978 - 0143006466 . Little , Paul ( 2012 ) . After Everest : Inside the private world of Edmund Hillary . Sydney , Australia : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877505 - 20 - 1 . Tuckey , Harriet ( 2013 ) . Everest : The First Ascent -- How a Champion of Science Helped to Conquer the Mountain . Lyons Press . p. 424 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 762 - 79192 - 7 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Edmund Hillary Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edmund Hillary . Edmund Hillary biography from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography On top of the world : Ed Hillary at nzhistory.net.nz Videos ( 10 ) at the New Zealand National Film Unit Obituary of Edmund Hillary at tributes.com Interview with Sir Edmund Hillary : Mountain Climbing at Smithsonian Folkways Edmund Hillary on BBC Radio 4 's Desert Island Discs , 17 April 1979 Edmund Hillary 's collection at Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira Edmund Hillary addressing The New York Herald Tribune Book and Author Luncheon , February 10 , 1954 broadcast by WNYC Polar exploration Arctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest North North Pole Barentsz Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North Magnetic Pole J. Ross J.C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris Polaris C.F. Hall British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard 1st Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo F. Cook Peary Sedov Byrd Airship Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser - Larsen Ellsworth Airship Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT - 25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov `` North Pole '' manned drifting ice stations NP - 1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP - 36 NP - 37 Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov Iceland Greenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Svavarsson Arnarson Norse colonization of the Americas Ulfsson Galti Erik the Red Christian IV 's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest Passage Northern Canada Cabot G. Corte - Real M. Corte - Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov Gvozdev HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J.C. Ross Coppermine Expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin 's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae -- Richardson Expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure Expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell Expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East Passage Russian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh . Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenschtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro - Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A.E. Nordenskiöld Palander USS Jeannette De Long Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov Expedition Sv . Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear - powered icebreakers NS Lenin Arktika class Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus ( J.C. Ross Abernethy ) HMS Terror ( Crozier ) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C.A. Larsen `` Heroic Age '' Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C.A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi - Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E.R. Evans Crean Lashly Filchner Australasian Antarctic Expedition SY Aurora Mawson Far Eastern Party Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition Endurance Ernest Shackleton Wild James Caird Ross Sea party Mackintosh Shackleton -- Rowett Expedition Quest IPY IGY Modern research Christensen Byrd BANZARE BGLE Rymill New Swabia Ritscher Operation Tabarin Marr Operation Highjump Captain Arturo Prat Base British Antarctic Survey Operation Windmill Ketchum Ronne Expedition F. Ronne E. Ronne Schlossbach Operation Deep Freeze McMurdo Station Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition Hillary V. Fuchs Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 1st Somov Klenova Mirny 2nd Tryoshnikov 3rd Tolstikov Antarctic Treaty System Transglobe Expedition Fiennes Burton Lake Vostok Kapitsa Farthest South South Pole HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Weddell HMS Erebus J.C. Ross HMS Terror Crozier Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Barne Nimrod Shackleton Wild Marshall Adams South Magnetic Pole Mawson David Mackay Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Bjaaland Helmer Hassel Wisting Polheim Terra Nova Scott E. Evans Oates Wilson Bowers Byrd Balchen McKinley Dufek Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station Hillary V. Fuchs Pole of Cold Vostok Station Pole of inaccessibility Pole of Inaccessibility Station Tolstikov Crary A. Fuchs Messner Members of the Order of New Zealand Current Ordinary members Miriam Dell Kiri Te Kanawa Miles Warren Jim Bolger Ken Douglas Mike Moore Thomas Williams Jonathan Hunt Lloyd Geering Kenneth Keith Don McKinnon Murray Halberg Helen Clark Bob Charles Albert Wendt Ron Carter Peter Gluckman Richie McCaw Joy Cowley Additional members Michael Duffy Catherine Tizard Brian Lochore C.K. Stead Prince Philip Margaret Bazley Peter Jackson Malvina Major Honorary members Shridath Ramphal Deceased Ordinary members Arnold Nordmeyer C.E. Beeby Te Atairangikaahu Edmund Hillary Sonja Davies Jim Knox Frederick Turnovsky Richard Matthews Douglas Lilburn June Blundell Manuhuia Bennett Henry Lang Whina Cooper Jack Somerville Whetu Tirikatene - Sullivan Margaret Mahy Thaddeus McCarthy Roy McKenzie James Fletcher Ivan Lichter Cliff Whiting Alan MacDiarmid David Lange Doreen Blumhardt Ralph Hotere Additional members Guy Powles Allen Curnow Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Janet Frame Arthur Lydiard Ann Ballin Robin Cooke , Baron Cooke of Thorndon Hugh Kawharu Paul Reeves Owen Woodhouse Honorary members Bill Pickering Padma Vibhushan award recipients Arts Ebrahim Alkazi Kishori Amonkar Amitabh Bachchan M. Balamuralikrishna T. Balasaraswati Asha Bhosle Nandalal Bose Hariprasad Chaurasia Girija Devi Kumar Gandharva Adoor Gopalakrishnan Satish Gujral Gangubai Hangal Bhupen Hazarika M.F. Husain Ilaiyaraaja Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer Bhimsen Joshi Ali Akbar Khan Amjad Ali Khan Allauddin Khan Bismillah Khan Ghulam Mustafa Khan Yamini Krishnamurthy Dilip Kumar R.K. Laxman Birju Maharaj Kishan Maharaj Lata Mangeshkar Sonal Mansingh Mallikarjun Mansur Zubin Mehta Mario Miranda Kelucharan Mohapatra Raghunath Mohapatra Jasraj Motiram Benode Behari Mukherjee Hrishikesh Mukherjee Rajinikanth Ram Narayan D.K. Pattammal K. Shankar Pillai Akkineni Nageswara Rao Kaloji Narayana Rao Satyajit Ray S.H. Raza Zohra Sehgal Uday Shankar Ravi Shankar V. Shantaram Shivkumar Sharma Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman M.S. Subbulakshmi K.G. Subramanyan Kapila Vatsyayan Homai Vyarawalla K.J. Yesudas Civil Service Bimala Prasad Chaliha Naresh Chandra T.N. Chaturvedi Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri Suranjan Das Rajeshwar Dayal Basanti Devi P.N. Dhar Jyotindra Nath Dixit M.S. Gill Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim H.V.R. Iyengar Bhola Nath Jha Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi Ajudhia Nath Khosla Rai Krishnadasa V. Krishnamurthy P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam Pratap Chandra Lal K.B. Lall Sam Manekshaw Om Prakash Mehra Mohan Sinha Mehta M.G.K. Menon Brajesh Mishra Sumati Morarjee A. Ramasamy Mudaliar Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan Braj Kumar Nehru Bhairab Dutt Pande Ghananand Pande Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit T.V. Rajeswar C.R. Krishnaswamy Rao Pattadakal Venkanna R Rao V.K.R.V. Rao Khusro Faramurz Rustamji Harish Chandra Sarin Binay Ranjan Sen Homi Sethna Arjan Singh Harbaksh Singh Kirpal Singh Manmohan Singh Tarlok Singh Lallan Prasad Singh Balaram Sivaraman Chandrika Prasad Srivastava T. Swaminathan Arun Shridhar Vaidya Dharma Vira Narinder Nath Vohra Literature and Education V.S.R. Arunachalam Jagdish Bhagwati Satyendra Nath Bose Tara Chand Suniti Kumar Chatterji D.P. Chattopadhyaya Bhabatosh Datta Avinash Dixit Mahasweta Devi John Kenneth Galbraith Sarvepalli Gopal Lakshman Shastri Joshi Kaka Kalelkar Dhondo Keshav Karve Gopinath Kaviraj Kuvempu O.N.V. Kurup Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Sitakant Mahapatra John Mathai Kotha Satchidanda Murthy Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri Bal Ram Nanda R.K. Narayan P. Parameswaran Amrita Pritam K.N. Raj C. Rangarajan Raja Rao Ramoji Rao Hormasji Maneckji Seervai Rajaram Shastri Kalu Lal Shrimali Govindbhai Shroff Khushwant Singh Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey Mahadevi Varma Bashir Hussain Zaidi Medicine Jasbir Singh Bajaj B.K. Goyal Purshotam Lal A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar S.I. Padmavati Autar Singh Paintal Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti Balu Sankaran V. Shanta Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar Prakash Narain Tandon Brihaspati Dev Triguna M.S. Valiathan Other Sunderlal Bahuguna B.K.S. Iyengar Rambhadracharya Ravi Shankar Jaggi Vasudev Public Affairs L.K. Advani Montek Singh Ahluwalia Aruna Asaf Ali Fazal Ali Adarsh Sein Anand Madhav Shrihari Aney Parkash Singh Badal Sikander Bakht Milon K. Banerji Mirza Hameedullah Beg P.N. Bhagwati Raja Chelliah Chandra Kisan Daphtary Niren De C.D. Deshmukh Anthony Lancelot Dias Uma Shankar Dikshit Kazi Lhendup Dorjee P.B. Gajendragadkar Benjamin A. Gilman Zakir Husain V.R. Krishna Iyer Jagmohan Lakshmi Chand Jain Aditya Nath Jha Murli Manohar Joshi Mehdi Nawaz Jung Ali Yavar Jung Vijay Kelkar Hans Raj Khanna V.N. Khare Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai Jivraj Narayan Mehta V.K. Krishna Menon Hirendranath Mukherjee Ajoy Mukherjee Pranab Mukherjee Padmaja Naidu Gulzarilal Nanda Govind Narain Fali Sam Nariman Hosei Norota Nanabhoy Palkhivala K. Parasaran Hari Vinayak Pataskar Sunder Lal Patwa Sharad Pawar Naryana Raghvan Pillai Sri Prakasa N.G. Ranga Ravi Narayana Reddy Y . Venugopal Reddy Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq Lakshmi Sahgal P.A. Sangma M.C. Setalvad Karan Singh Nagendra Singh Swaran Singh Walter Sisulu Soli Sorabjee Kalyan Sundaram Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi Atal Bihari Vajpayee M.N. 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Dhebar Valerian Gracias Veerendra Heggade Mary Clubwala Jadhav Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta Usha Mehta Sister Nirmala Nellie Sengupta Sports Viswanathan Anand Edmund Hillary Sachin Tendulkar Trade and Industry Dhirubhai Ambani Ghanshyam Das Birla Ashok Sekhar Ganguly Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan Lakshmi Mittal N.R. Narayana Murthy M. Narasimham Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi Azim Premji Prathap C. Reddy J.R.D. Tata Ratan Tata Portal WikiProject VIAF : 9847762 LCCN : n50035179 ISNI : 0000 0001 0868 4310 GND : 118551086 SELIBR : 304783 SUDOC : 02916432X BNF : cb11907527z ( data ) BIBSYS : 90555237 NLA : 35966812 NDL : 00443345 NKC : jn20000602942 BNE : XX1032613 SNAC : w6184rh7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Hillary&oldid=834367745 '' Categories : 1919 births 2008 deaths Ambassadors of New Zealand to Nepal New Zealand autobiographers Explorers of Antarctica High Commissioners of New Zealand to Bangladesh High Commissioners of New Zealand to India Sports players and officials awarded knighthoods Members of the Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu , First Class New Zealand and the Antarctic New Zealand explorers New Zealand humanitarians New Zealand military personnel of World War II New Zealand mountain climbers New Zealand memoirists New Zealand male writers New Zealand people of English descent New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame inductees Non-fiction outdoors writers People educated at Auckland Grammar School People from Auckland Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in sports Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland Royal New Zealand Air Force personnel Summiters of Mount Everest University of Auckland alumni New Zealand beekeepers Recipients of the Polar Medal New Zealand Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Members of the Order of New Zealand New Zealand Knights of the Garter Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Good articles Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use New Zealand English from December 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English Use dmy dates from March 2018 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली 99 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 10 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who was the 1st man to climb mount everest
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[
"Sir Edmund Percival Hillary KG ONZ KBE OSN (20 July 1919 – 11 January 2008) was a New Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist. On 29 May 1953, Hillary and Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay became the first climbers confirmed to have reached the summit of Mount Everest. They were part of the ninth British expedition to Everest, led by John Hunt.",
"Sir Edmund Percival Hillary KG ONZ KBE OSN (20 July 1919 – 11 January 2008) was a New Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist. On 29 May 1953, Hillary and Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay became the first climbers confirmed to have reached the summit of Mount Everest. They were part of the ninth British expedition to Everest, led by John Hunt."
] |
[
"Sir Edmund Percival Hillary",
"Tenzing Norgay"
] |
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FIFA World Cup top goalscorers
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FIFA World Cup top goalscorers - wikipedia FIFA World Cup top goalscorers Miroslav Klose celebrating his record - breaking 16th World Cup goal More than 2,500 goals have been scored at the 21 editions of the FIFA World Cup final tournaments , not counting penalties scored during shoot - outs . Since the first goal scored by French player Lucien Laurent at the 1930 FIFA World Cup , more than 1,250 footballers have scored goals at the World Cup , of which just 97 have scored at least five . Number of goalscorers Goals ≥ 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Total No players 7 6 9 7 8 26 34 > 50 > 90 > 200 > 750 > 1,250 Ronaldo is the player with the second most goals , scoring 15 . The top goalscorer of the inaugural competition was Argentina 's Guillermo Stábile with eight goals . Since then , only 22 players have scored more at all the games played at the World Cup than Stábile did throughout the 1930 tournament . The first was Hungary 's Sándor Kocsis with eleven in 1954 . At the next tournament , France 's Just Fontaine improved on this record with 13 goals in only six games . Gerd Müller scored 10 for West Germany in 1970 and broke the overall record when he scored his 14th goal at the World Cup during West Germany 's win at the 1974 final . His record stood for more than three decades until Ronaldo 's 15 goals between 1998 and 2006 for Brazil . Germany 's Miroslav Klose went on to score a record 16 goals across four consecutive tournaments between 2002 and 2014 . Only two other players have surpassed 10 goals at the World Cup : Pelé with 12 between 1958 and 1970 for Brazil , and Jürgen Klinsmann with 11 between 1990 and 1998 for Germany . Of all the players who have played at the World Cup , only six have scored , on average , at least two goals per game played : Kocsis , Fontaine , Stábile , Russia 's Oleg Salenko , Switzerland 's Josef Hügi , and Poland 's Ernst Wilimowski -- the latter scored four in his single World Cup game in 1938 . The top 97 goalscorers have represented 28 nations , with 14 players scoring for Brazil , and another 14 for Germany or West Germany . In total , 64 footballers came from UEFA ( Europe ) , 29 from CONMEBOL ( South America ) , and only four from elsewhere : Cameroon , Ghana , Australia , and the United States . Fontaine holds the record for the most goals scored at a single tournament , with 13 goals in 1958 . The players that came closest to this record were Kocsis in 1954 , Müller in 1970 and Portugal 's Eusébio in 1966 , with 11 , 10 and 9 , respectively . The lowest scoring tournament 's top scorer was in 1962 , when six players tied at only four goals each . Across the 21 editions of the World Cup , 30 footballers have been credited with the most tournament goals , and no one has achieved this feat twice . Nine of them scored at least seven goals in a tournament , while Brazil 's Jairzinho became the only footballer to score at least seven goals without being the top goalscorer of that tournament in 1970 . These 30 top goalscorers played for 19 nations , the most ( five ) for Brazil . Another five came from other South American countries , with the remaining 20 coming from Europe . Excluding the 2010 edition , all the top tournament scorers won the Golden Boot . Contents 1 Overall top goalscorers 1.1 Timeline 2 Top goalscorers for each tournament 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Overall top goalscorers ( edit ) Table key Denotes national top scorers at the World Cup # Denotes players who played for their national teams at the most recent tournament in 2018 ( ) Denotes tournaments where the player was part of the squad , but did not play in a match ( ) Denotes tournaments where the player played in a match , but did not score a goal Gerd Müller ( right ) scored 14 goals for West Germany . Pelé ( right ) scored 12 goals for Brazil . Thomas Müller has scored 10 goals for Germany . Grzegorz Lato ( left ) scored 10 goals for Poland . David Villa ( left ) is the top World Cup goalscorer for Spain , with nine goals . Jairzinho ( upper right ) and Roberto Rivellino ( center ) have scored nine and six goals , respectively , for Brazil . Landon Donovan is the first player from the United States to score five goals . Players with at least 5 goals at the FIFA World Cup tournaments Rank Player Team Goals scored Matches played Goals per game Tournaments Notes Miroslav Klose Germany 16 24 0.67 2002 , 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Ronaldo Brazil 15 19 0.79 ( 1994 ) , 1998 , 2002 , 2006 list Gerd Müller West Germany 14 13 1.08 1970 , 1974 list Just Fontaine France 13 6 2.17 1958 list 5 Pelé Brazil 12 14 0.86 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 list 6 Sándor Kocsis Hungary 11 5 2.20 1954 list Jürgen Klinsmann West Germany Germany 17 0.65 1990 , 1994 , 1998 list 8 Helmut Rahn West Germany 10 10 1.00 1954 , 1958 list Gary Lineker England 12 0.83 1986 , 1990 list Gabriel Batistuta Argentina 12 0.83 1994 , 1998 , 2002 list Teófilo Cubillas Peru 13 0.77 1970 , 1978 , ( 1982 ) list Thomas Müller Germany 16 0.63 2010 , 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Grzegorz Lato Poland 20 0.50 1974 , 1978 , 1982 list 14 Eusébio Portugal 9 6 1.50 1966 list Christian Vieri Italy 9 1.00 1998 , 2002 list Vavá Brazil 10 0.90 1958 , 1962 David Villa Spain 12 0.75 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Paolo Rossi Italy 14 0.64 1978 , 1982 , ( 1986 ) list Jairzinho Brazil 16 0.56 ( 1966 ) , 1970 , 1974 list Roberto Baggio Italy 16 0.56 1990 , 1994 , 1998 list Karl - Heinz Rummenigge West Germany 19 0.47 1978 , 1982 , 1986 list Uwe Seeler West Germany 21 0.43 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 23 Guillermo Stábile Argentina 8 2.00 1930 list Leônidas Brazil 5 1.60 1934 , 1938 list Ademir Brazil 6 1.33 1950 list Óscar Míguez Uruguay 7 1.14 1950 , 1954 Rivaldo Brazil 14 0.57 1998 , 2002 list Rudi Völler West Germany Germany 15 0.53 1986 , 1990 , 1994 list Diego Maradona Argentina 21 0.38 1982 , 1986 , ( 1990 ) , 1994 list 30 Oldřich Nejedlý Czechoslovakia 7 6 1.17 1934 , 1938 Lajos Tichy Hungary 8 0.88 1958 , 1962 , ( 1966 ) list Careca Brazil 9 0.78 1986 , 1990 Johnny Rep Netherlands 13 0.54 1974 , 1978 Andrzej Szarmach Poland 13 0.54 1974 , 1978 , 1982 Luis Suárez Uruguay 13 0.54 2010 , 2014 , 2018 list Hans Schäfer West Germany 15 0.47 1954 , 1958 , ( 1962 ) Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal 17 0.41 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , 2018 list 38 Josef Hügi Switzerland 6 2.00 1954 Oleg Salenko Russia 2.00 1994 list György Sárosi Hungary 5 1.20 1934 , 1938 Max Morlock West Germany 5 1.20 1954 Erich Probst Austria 5 1.20 1954 Harry Kane England 6 1.00 2018 list Salvatore Schillaci Italy 7 0.86 1990 list Davor Šuker Yugoslavia Croatia 8 0.75 ( 1990 ) , 1998 , ( 2002 ) list James Rodríguez Colombia 8 0.75 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Helmut Haller West Germany 9 0.67 ( 1962 ) , 1966 , ( 1970 ) Hristo Stoichkov Bulgaria 10 0.60 1994 , ( 1998 ) list Diego Forlán Uruguay 10 0.60 2002 , 2010 , ( 2014 ) list Neymar Brazil 10 0.60 2014 , 2018 list Asamoah Gyan Ghana 11 0.55 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Dennis Bergkamp Netherlands 12 0.50 1994 , 1998 list Rob Rensenbrink Netherlands 13 0.46 1974 , 1978 Rivellino Brazil 15 0.40 1970 , 1974 , ( 1978 ) Bebeto Brazil 15 0.40 ( 1990 ) , 1994 , 1998 list Arjen Robben Netherlands 15 0.40 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Zbigniew Boniek Poland 16 0.38 1978 , 1982 , ( 1986 ) list Thierry Henry France 17 0.35 1998 , ( 2002 ) , 2006 , ( 2010 ) list Wesley Sneijder Netherlands 17 0.35 ( 2006 ) , 2010 , 2014 list Robin van Persie Netherlands 17 0.35 2006 , 2010 , 2014 list Mario Kempes Argentina 18 0.33 ( 1974 ) , 1978 , ( 1982 ) list Lionel Messi Argentina 19 0.32 2006 , ( 2010 ) , 2014 , 2018 list Lothar Matthäus West Germany Germany 25 0.24 ( 1982 ) , 1986 , 1990 , 1994 , ( 1998 ) 64 Pedro Cea Uruguay 5 1.25 1930 list Silvio Piola Italy 1.25 1938 Gyula Zsengellér Hungary 1.25 1938 Peter McParland Northern Ireland 5 1.00 1958 list Tomáš Skuhravý Czechoslovakia 5 1.00 1990 Juan Alberto Schiaffino Uruguay 6 0.83 1950 , 1954 Geoff Hurst England 6 0.83 1966 , 1970 list Jon Dahl Tomasson Denmark 6 0.83 2002 , 2010 list Alessandro Altobelli Italy 7 0.71 1982 , 1986 Kennet Andersson Sweden 7 0.71 1994 list Fernando Morientes Spain 7 0.71 1998 , 2002 list Romário Brazil 8 0.63 ( 1990 ) , 1994 list Marc Wilmots Belgium 8 0.63 ( 1990 ) , ( 1994 ) , 1998 , 2002 list Mario Mandžukić Croatia 8 0.63 2014 , 2018 list Valentin Ivanov Soviet Union 9 0.56 1958 , 1962 list Emilio Butragueño Spain 9 0.56 1986 , ( 1990 ) list Roger Milla Cameroon 9 0.56 ( 1982 ) , 1990 , 1994 Tim Cahill Australia 9 0.56 2006 , 2010 , 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Hans Krankl Austria 10 0.50 1978 , 1982 list Romelu Lukaku Belgium 10 0.50 2014 , 2018 list Ivan Perišić Croatia 10 0.50 2014 , 2018 list Raúl Spain 11 0.45 1998 , 2002 , 2006 list Garrincha Brazil 12 0.42 ( 1958 ) , 1962 , 1966 Johan Neeskens Netherlands 12 0.42 1974 , ( 1978 ) Fernando Hierro Spain 12 0.42 ( 1990 ) , 1994 , 1998 , 2002 list Zinedine Zidane France 12 0.42 1998 , ( 2002 ) , 2006 Landon Donovan United States 12 0.42 2002 , ( 2006 ) , 2010 list Henrik Larsson Sweden 13 0.38 1994 , 2002 , 2006 list Michel Platini France 14 0.36 1978 , 1982 , 1986 Zico Brazil 14 0.36 1978 , 1982 , ( 1986 ) Gonzalo Higuaín Argentina 14 0.36 2010 , 2014 , ( 2018 ) list Edinson Cavani Uruguay 14 0.36 2010 , 2014 , 2018 list Lukas Podolski Germany 15 0.33 2006 , 2010 , ( 2014 ) list Franz Beckenbauer West Germany 18 0.28 1966 , 1970 , ( 1974 ) list Timeline ( edit ) Progressive list of footballers that have held the record for most goals scored at the FIFA World Cup final tournaments Goals Date Player Team Match Opponent Previous goals Ref July 13 , 1930 Lucien Laurent France 1930 -- Group stage Mexico N / A Bart McGhee United States 1930 -- Group stage Belgium Marcel Langiller France 1930 -- Group stage Mexico André Maschinot France Mexico Tom Florie United States 1930 -- Group stage Belgium Bert Patenaude United States Belgium Juan Carreño Mexico 1930 -- Group stage France André Maschinot France Mexico 1930 vs Mexico July 16 , 1930 Carlos Vidal Chile 1930 -- Group stage Mexico 1930 vs Mexico July 17 , 1930 Ivan Bek Yugoslavia 1930 -- Group stage Bolivia 1930 vs Brazil Bert Patenaude United States 1930 -- Group stage Paraguay 1930 vs Belgium , Paraguay July 22 , 1930 Guillermo Stábile Argentina 1930 -- Group stage Chile 1930 vs Mexico ( 3 ) 5 6 July 26 , 1930 1930 -- Semi-final United States 7 8 July 30 , 1930 1930 -- Final Uruguay June 19 , 1938 Leônidas Brazil 1938 -- 3rd place Sweden 1934 vs Spain 1938 vs Poland ( 3 ) , Czechoslovakia , Czechoslovakia , Sweden ( 2 ) July 13 , 1950 Ademir Brazil 1950 -- Final round Spain 1950 vs Mexico ( 2 ) , Yugoslavia , Sweden ( 3 ) , Spain June 27 , 1954 Sándor Kocsis Hungary 1954 -- Quarter - final Brazil 1954 vs South Korea ( 3 ) , West Germany ( 4 ) 9 10 June 30 , 1954 1954 -- Semi-final Uruguay 11 June 28 , 1958 Just Fontaine France 1958 -- 3rd place West Germany 1958 vs Paraguay ( 3 ) , Yugoslavia ( 2 ) , Scotland , Northern Ireland ( 2 ) , Brazil , West Germany 12 13 July 3 , 1974 Gerd Müller West Germany 1974 -- Second round Poland 1970 vs Morocco , Bulgaria ( 3 ) , Peru ( 3 ) , England , Italy ( 2 ) 1974 vs Australia , Yugoslavia 14 July 7 , 1974 1974 -- Final Netherlands June 22 , 2006 Ronaldo Brazil 2006 -- Group stage Japan 1998 vs Morocco , Chile ( 2 ) , Netherlands 2002 vs Turkey , China , Costa Rica ( 2 ) , Belgium , Turkey , Germany ( 2 ) 2006 vs Japan 15 June 27 , 2006 2006 -- Round of 16 Ghana June 21 , 2014 Miroslav Klose Germany 2014 -- Group stage Ghana 2002 vs Saudi Arabia ( 3 ) , Ireland , Cameroon 2006 vs Costa Rica ( 2 ) , Ecuador ( 2 ) , Argentina 2010 vs Australia , England , Argentina ( 2 ) 16 July 8 , 2014 2014 -- Semi-final Brazil Top goalscorers for each tournament ( edit ) Just Fontaine scored a record 13 goals at the 1958 FIFA World Cup . Eusébio scored nine goals for Portugal at the 1966 World Cup . James Rodríguez scored six goals for Colombia at the 2014 World Cup . Top goalscorers at each FIFA World Cup final tournament World Cup Player Team Goals scored Matches played Golden Boot Other FIFA Awards Uruguay 1930 Guillermo Stábile Argentina 8 Silver Ball Italy 1934 Oldřich Nejedlý Czechoslovakia 5 Bronze Ball France 1938 Leônidas Brazil 7 5 Golden Ball Brazil 1950 Ademir Brazil 8 6 Bronze Ball Switzerland 1954 Sándor Kocsis Hungary 11 5 Silver Ball Sweden 1958 Just Fontaine France 13 6 Bronze Ball Chile 1962 Garrincha Brazil 6 Golden Ball Vavá Brazil 6 Leonel Sánchez Chile 6 Bronze Ball Flórián Albert Hungary Best Young Player Valentin Ivanov Soviet Union Dražan Jerković Yugoslavia 6 England 1966 Eusébio Portugal 9 6 Bronze Ball Mexico 1970 Gerd Müller West Germany 10 6 Best Young Player , Bronze Ball West Germany 1974 Grzegorz Lato Poland 7 7 Argentina 1978 Mario Kempes Argentina 6 7 Golden Ball Spain 1982 Paolo Rossi Italy 6 7 Golden Ball Mexico 1986 Gary Lineker England 6 5 Italy 1990 Salvatore Schillaci Italy 6 7 Golden Ball USA 1994 Hristo Stoichkov Bulgaria 6 7 Bronze Ball Oleg Salenko Russia France 1998 Davor Šuker Croatia 6 7 Silver Ball South Korea and Japan 2002 Ronaldo Brazil 8 7 Silver Ball Germany 2006 Miroslav Klose Germany 5 7 South Africa 2010 Thomas Müller Germany 5 6 Best Young Player David Villa Spain 7 Silver Boot , Bronze Ball Wesley Sneijder Netherlands 7 Bronze Boot , Silver Ball Diego Forlán Uruguay 7 Golden Ball Brazil 2014 James Rodríguez Colombia 6 5 Russia 2018 Harry Kane England 6 6 See also ( edit ) List of FIFA World Cup goalscorers List of FIFA World Cup hat - tricks List of FIFA World Cup own goals All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Outside this list is Ernst Wilimowski of Poland , the player with the highest goals - to - games ratio in the World Cup . His ratio is 4.00 as he scored four goals in his only World Cup appearance , in 1938 . Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Leônidas with eight goals in the 1938 tournament , but in November 2006 , FIFA revised it to seven ( he scored one additional goal in the 1934 tournament ) . Jump up ^ There was a controversy regarding the number of goals scored by Ademir in 1950 because of incomplete data from the final group round game against Spain , that ended in a 6 -- 1 victory for Brazil . The fifth Brazilian goal was credited to Jair , but is now credited to Ademir . Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited Nejedlý with only four goals in 1934 . However , FIFA changed it to five goals in November 2006 , meaning he scored a total of seven goals overall ( he scored two goals in 1938 ) . Jump up ^ Davor Šuker was part of Yugoslavia 's squad in the 1990 FIFA World Cup but did not play any games . After the breakup of Yugoslavia , he joined the Croatian national team . Jump up ^ The two initial games of the 1930 FIFA World Cup ( France -- Mexico and United States -- Belgium ) were played at the same time , as seven players scored , with André Maschinot scoring two goals . The order in which these players are listed reflects the actual elapsed time in the games when their goals were scored . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Second - half surge sees Tunisia bow out in style '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ FIFA World Cup -- Milestone Goals ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FIFA . October 2007 . p. 1 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup -- All - time Topscorers '' . WorldFootball.net . HEIM : SPIEL Medien GmbH & Co . KG . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Players Statistics -- Players with the Most Goals Scored '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Owsianski , Jaroslaw ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) . `` World Cup 1930 -- 2014 -- Final Tournaments -- Top - 100 Goal Scorers '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Players Statistics '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup All Time Statistics -- All editions '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` More goals than caps '' . FIFA. 2009 - 06 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 18 . The Golden Shoe may have eluded Ernest Wilimowski , but he does boast the best goals - to - games ratio in World Cup history at 400 per cent . Indeed , in his solitary appearance -- an unforgettable match at France 1938 -- he scored four of Poland 's goals in a 6 - 5 defeat by Brazil in the first round . Jump up ^ `` Miroslav Klose '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gerd Mueller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Just Fontaine '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pelé ( Edson Arantes do Nascimento ) '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sandor Kocsis '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Juergen Klinsmann '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Helmut Rahn '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Lineker '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gabriel Batistuta '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Teofilo Cubillas '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Mueller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM -- Players -- Thomas Mueller '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Grzegorz Lato '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Eusebio ( Eusebio da Silva Ferreira ) '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Vieri '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Vava '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` David Villa '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Paolo Rossi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Jairzinho '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Baggio '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Karl - Heinz Rummenigge '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Uwe Seeler '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo Stabile '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Bert Patenaude credited with first hat trick in FIFA World Cup history '' . FIFA. 2006 - 11 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Leonidas '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2005 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Obituary -- Jair da Rosa Pinto '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil -- Brazil 6 : 1 Spain '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ademir '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Miguez '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rivaldo '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rudi Voeller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Diego Maradona '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Oldrich Nejedly '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lajos Tichy '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Careca '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Rep '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Andrzej Szarmach '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suarez '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goals Scored '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Hans Schaeffer '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . FIFA. 2018 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Huegi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Oleg Salenko '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gyorgy Sarosi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Max Morlock '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Erich Probst '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Kane '' . ESPN . 2018 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Salvatore Schillaci '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Davor Suker '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` James Rodriguez '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM -- Players -- James Rodriguez '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Helmut Haller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Hristo Stoichkov '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Diego Forlan '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Asamoah Gyan '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Bergkamp '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Rensenbrink '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Rivelino '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bebeto '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Arjen Robben '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Zbigniew Boniek '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Thierry Henry '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Wesley Sneijder '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Robin van Persie '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Kempes '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lothar Matthaeus '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pedro Cea '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Silvio Piola '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gyula Zsengeller '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Peter McParland '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tomas Skuhravy '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Juan Schiaffino '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Geoff Hurst '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Dahl Tomasson '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Alessandro Altobelli '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Kennet Andersson '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Morientes '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Romário ( Romário de Souza Faria ) '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Marc Wilmots '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Mandžukić '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Valentin Ivanov '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Emilio Butragueno '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Milla '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Cahill '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM -- Players -- Tim Cahill '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hans Krankl '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Romelu Lukaku '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Perišić '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Raul '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Garrincha '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Johan Neeskens '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fernando Hierro '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Zinedine Zidane '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Landon Donovan '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Henrik Larsson '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Michel Platini '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Zico '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzalo Higuain '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM -- Players -- Gonzalo Higuain '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Edinson Cavani '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lukas Podolski '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Franz Beckenbauer '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay -- France 4 : 1 Mexico '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay -- USA 3 : 0 Belgium '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay -- Chile 3 : 0 Mexico '' . FIFA. 2014 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ivan Bek '' . Sky Sports . 2010 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Straus , Brian . `` The 10 Most Significant Goals In U.S. Soccer History : Bert Patenaude '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN . Archived from the original on 2014 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The World Cup 's most iconic players : 1930 top scorer Guillermo Stabile '' . talkSPORT.com. 2018 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Classic Player : Leonidas : Brazil 's first superstar '' . FIFA. 2011 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The World Cup 's forgotten men '' . VAVEL. 2014 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Smyth , Rob ( 2012 - 01 - 12 ) . `` The forgotten story of ... Just Fontaine 's 13 - goal World Cup '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Kevin . `` World Cup Rewind : Ronaldo sets all - time goals world record '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Grohmann , Karolos ( 2014 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Miroslav Klose 's World Cup goals '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ FIFA World Cup : Statistics ( PDF ) ( Report ) . FIFA . October 2007 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kolur , Nihal ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Golden Ball Winners in World Cup History '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Wittenberg , Danny ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Every winner of the World Cup 's Best Young Player award and what they went on to achieve '' . Mirror.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 24 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup statistics at FIFA.com Statistics at RSSSF Planet World Cup FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_top_goalscorers&oldid=856410387 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup statistics Hidden categories : Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Português Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 00 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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most goals scored by a player at a single world cup
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"Fontaine holds the record for the most goals scored at a single tournament, with 13 goals in 1958. The players that came closest to this record were Kocsis in 1954, Müller in 1970 and Portugal's Eusébio in 1966, with 11, 10 and 9, respectively. The lowest scoring tournament's top scorer was in 1962, when six players tied at only four goals each. Across the 21 editions of the World Cup, 30 footballers have been credited with the most tournament goals, and no one has achieved this feat twice. Nine of them scored at least seven goals in a tournament, while Brazil's Jairzinho became the only footballer to score at least seven goals without being the top goalscorer of that tournament in 1970. These 30 top goalscorers played for 19 nations, the most (five) for Brazil. Another five came from other South American countries, with the remaining 20 coming from Europe. Excluding the 2010 edition, all the top tournament scorers won the Golden Boot.\n"
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Vegetarianism by country
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Vegetarianism by country - wikipedia Vegetarianism by country Jump to : navigation , search Vegetarian restaurant buffet , Taipei , Taiwan This article deals with vegetarianism and veganism by country , comparing the prevalence of vegetarianism and veganism in each country when sources are available by the number of vegetarians and vegans , and listing food standards , laws and general cultural attitudes . Some countries have strong cultural or religious traditions that promote vegetarianism , such as in India , while in other countries secular ethical concerns dominate , including animal rights and environmental protection , along with health concerns . In many countries , food labeling laws make it easier for vegetarians to identify foods compatible with their diets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Demographics 2 Africa 3 Asia 3.1 China 3.2 India 3.3 Israel 3.4 Japan 3.5 Malaysia 3.6 Singapore 3.7 Taiwan 3.8 Thailand 4 Europe 4.1 Austria 4.2 Belgium 4.3 Denmark 4.4 Finland 4.5 France 4.6 Germany 4.7 Italy 4.8 Netherlands 4.9 Poland 4.10 Portugal 4.11 Russia 4.12 Spain 4.13 Sweden 4.14 Switzerland 4.15 United Kingdom 5 North America 5.1 Canada 5.2 United States 6 Oceania 6.1 Australia 6.2 New Zealand 7 South America 7.1 Brazil 8 See also 9 References Demographics ( edit ) See also : Veganism § Demographics Color coded map indicating vegetarianism as a percentage of the population Reliable data is lacking due to a lack of polling and the varying definitions of vegetarianism and veganism used in the polls . For example , the latest US poll defines `` vegan '' according to diets that exclude meat , eggs and dairy , rather than following the accepted definition of veganism as avoiding all animal products as far as possible including honey and clothing . Other polls , like the latest Australian poll , place strict vegetarians and those who follow `` almost '' vegetarian diets in the same category , while this poll and many others measure only vegetarianism and neglect to include veganism in the poll . Many poll results are contradicted by other poll results from the same country despite similar publication dates , implying a wide margin of error . A study from 2010 estimated that there are 1,450 million vegetarians of necessity and another 75 million of choice . They make approximately 21.8 % of the world 's population . Country Vegetarian diet ( % ) ( includes vegan diet ) Approx . no. of individuals Data set year Vegan diet ( % ) Approx . no. of individuals Data set year Note Australia 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 % 2,100,000 2016 2010 As of March 2016 , 11.2 % of people living in Australia agreed that `` The food I eat is all , or almost all , vegetarian . '' Austria 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 % 765,000 2013 Brazil 7000760000000000000 ♠ 7.6 % 15,200,000 2012 Adult population Canada 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 % 2,820,000 2015 Based on a survey and the population is a estimation Czech Republic 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % 235,000 2003 China 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 % - 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 % 54,428,000 - 68,035,000 2013 Denmark 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 % 220,000 2011 Finland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 % 108,000 - 329,000 2011 2015 0.5 % 27,000 2013 % of vegans only an estimation France 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % 1,988,000 - 3,300,000 2011 Germany 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 % - 7000870000000099999 ♠ 8.7 % 4,786,000 - 7,000,000 2015 2011 1.0 % 800,000 2011 India 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 % - 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % 360,576,000 2009 2014 27 % Israel 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 % 1,046,000 2015 5 % 421,000 2015 Italy 7000710000000000000 ♠ 7.1 % - 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 % 4,246,000 2009 2015 0.6 % - 2.8 % 400,000 - 1,680,000 2015 Japan 7000470000000000000 ♠ 4.7 % 5,964,300 2014 2.7 % 3,432,000 2014 Latvia 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 % - 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 % 60,000 - 100,000 2013 estimation Netherlands 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5.0 % 800,000 2016 2017 New Zealand 7001103000000000000 ♠ 10.3 % 463,500 2016 Norway 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 % 100,000 2012 estimation Poland 7000320000000000000 ♠ 3.2 % 1,228,800 2013 1.6 % 608,000 2013 Portugal 7000120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 % 120,000 2017 0.6 % 60,000 2017 survey conducted by marketing research firm Nielsen Corporation Russia 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 % - 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 % 4,380,000 - 5,840,000 2014 Spain 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % 697,000 2017 0.2 % 93,000 2017 adult population Sweden 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 % 970,000 2014 4 % 390,000 2014 Switzerland 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 % 1,176,156 2017 3 % 252,033 2017 United Kingdom 7000260000000000000 ♠ 2.6 % - 7000330000000000000 ♠ 3.3 % 1,292,000 - 1,680,000 2009 2014 2016 1.05 % 542,000 2016 % of vegans over age of 15 United States 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 % 7,300,000 2017 0.4 % 1,000,000 2015 Belgium 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5.0 % 565,177 2016 Taiwan 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14.0 % 3,297,011 2015 2016 2017 South Korea 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1.0 % 500,000 2011 Africa ( edit ) African diets are relatively plant - based for economic reasons , but the prevalence of strict ethical vegetarianism in Africa is reported to be low , while scientific polls are lacking . Countries in North Africa have a tradition of cooking in a vegetarian style , with Morocco , Algeria , Libya and Tunisia being particularly connected with this type of cooking which includes couscous and spiced vegetables . Indian immigrants to Africa , particularly in South Africa , brought vegetarianism with them which has been documented as far back as 1895 in Natal Province . Also , some African countries , for example Egypt and Ethiopia , have regular weekly and special periods of religious fasting requiring observance of a vegetarian diet . Asia ( edit ) China ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion and Buddhist vegetarianism Eating meat is seen as a sign of prosperity in China . Consumption of meat is rapidly increasing while a small but growing number of young people in large cities are vegan . An estimated 4 to 5 percent of Chinese are vegetarian . However , in a survey conducted by SJTU researchers , only 0.77 percent of respondants labeled themselves vegetarian . Native Chinese , generally falling under the label of Taoism ( though this tends to confuse the native religion with the Daoist school of philosophy , represented by Laotzu , Chuangtzu , and others ) , is a form of animism . Similar to Shintoism in Japan , though the killing and eating of animals is not forbidden , it is considered impure . Classical Chinese texts pointed to a period of abstinence from meat before undertaking matters of great importance or of religious significance . With the influx of Buddhist influences , vegetarianism became more popular , but there is a distinction -- Daoist vegetarianism is based on a perception of purity , while Buddhist vegetarianism is based on the dual bases of refraining from killing and subduing one 's own subservience to the senses . Because of this , two types of `` vegetarianism '' came to be -- one where one refrained from eating meat , the other being refraining from eating meat as well as garlic , onions , and other such strongly flavored foods . This Buddhism - influenced vegetarianism has been known and practiced by some since at least the 7th century . The early 20th century saw some intellectuals espousing vegetarianism as part of their program for reforming China culturally , not just politically . The anarchist thinker Li Shizeng , for instance , argued that tofu and soy products were healthier and could be a profitable export . Liang Shuming , a philosopher and reform activist , adopted a basically vegetarian diet , but did not promote one for others . In recent years , it has seen a resurgence in the cities among the emerging middle class . India ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion , Diet in Hinduism , and Buddhist vegetarianism Further information : Vegetarian mark Vegetarian mark : Mandatory labeling in India to distinguish vegetarian products ( left ) from non-vegetarian ones ( right ) In 2007 , UN FAO statistics indicated that Indians had the lowest rate of meat consumption in the world . India has more vegetarians than the rest of the world put together . In India , vegetarianism is usually synonymous with lacto vegetarianism . Most restaurants in India clearly distinguish and market themselves as being either `` non-vegetarian '' , `` vegetarian '' , or `` pure vegetarian '' . Vegetarian restaurants abound , and many vegetarian options are usually available . Animal - based ingredients ( other than milk and honey ) such as lard , gelatin , and meat stock are not used in the traditional cuisine . India has devised a system of marking edible products made from only vegetarian ingredients , with a green dot in a green square . A mark of a brown dot in a brown square conveys that some animal - based ingredients were used . Products like honey , milk , or its direct derivatives are often categorized under the green mark . According to the 2006 Hindu - CNN - IBN State of the Nation Survey , 31 % of Indians are vegetarian , while another 9 % also consume eggs ( ovo - vegetarian ) . Among the various communities , vegetarianism was most common among the Lingayat , Vaishnav Community , Jain community and then Brahmins at 55 % , and less frequent among Muslims ( 3 % ) and residents of coastal states . Other surveys cited by FAO and USDA estimate 40 % of the Indian population as being vegetarian . These surveys indicate that even Indians who do eat meat , do so infrequently , with less than 30 % consuming it regularly , although the reasons are mainly cultural . In states where vegetarianism is more common , milk consumption is higher and is associated with lactase persistence . This allows people to continue consuming milk into adulthood and obtain proteins that are substituted for meat , fish and eggs in other areas . An official survey conducted by the Government of India , with a sample size of 8858 and the census frame as 2011 , indicated India 's vegetarian population to be 28 - 29 % of the total population . Compared to a similar survey done almost a decade earlier , India 's vegetarian population has increased . The recent growth in India 's organized retail sector has also been hit by some controversy , because some vegetarians are demanding meat - free supermarkets . In 2016 , the Government of India announced the decision to provide students , at a few of the Institutes of Hotel Management , Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition ( IHMCTANs ) , the option to choose only vegetarian cooking . Earlier , it was compulsory for all IHMCTAN students to learn non-vegetarian cooking . These IHMCTANs are located at Ahmedabad , Bhopal and Jaipur . Israel ( edit ) A study by the Israeli Ministry of Health in 2001 found that 7.2 % of men and 9.8 % of women were vegetarian . Although vegetarianism is quite common , the actual percentage of vegetarians in Israel may be lower -- the Israeli food industry estimated it at 5 % . In 2010 , 2.6 % of Israelis were vegetarians or vegans . In 2015 , according to a poll by Globes newspaper and Channel Two , 13 % of the Israeli population are vegetarian or vegan ( 8 % were vegetarians and 5 % were vegans ) . Tel Aviv beat out Berlin , New York and Chennai , India as U.S. food website The Daily Meal 's top destination for vegan travelers . Japan ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion and Buddhist vegetarianism According to a 2014 / 12 survey 4.7 % of the Japanese population are vegetarian or vegan ( 2.7 % vegan ) . NOTE : The referenced web survey included 1,188 valid responses and is not representative of the population of Japan . Malaysia ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion , Diet in Hinduism , and Buddhist vegetarianism Vegetarian diets are categorized as lacto vegetarianism , ovo - lacto vegetarianism , and veganism in general . The reasons for being vegetarian include influence from friends and family members , concern about global warming , health issues and weight management , religion and mercy for animals , in descending order of significance . Singapore ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion , Diet in Hinduism , and Buddhist vegetarianism Rice , mushrooms , vegetables are some of the dietary staples , mixed with a rich variety of spices , coconut , lime and tamarind . Buddhist Chinese monastics are vegetarians or vegans . Singapore is also the headquarters of the world 's first international , vegetarian , fast food chain , VeganBurg . The bigger communities of vegetarians and vegans in Singapore are Vegetarian Society ( VSS ) and SgVeganCommunity . Vegetarian and vegan places have a active role in the gastronomy of Singapore . Taiwan ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion and Buddhist vegetarianism In Taiwan , 1.7 million people , or 13 % of the population of Taiwan , follow a vegetarian diet at least some of the time . There are more than 6,000 vegetarian eating establishments in Taiwan . The country 's food labelling laws for vegetarian food are the world 's strictest , because around 2 million Taiwanese people eat vegetarian food . A popular movement of `` one day vegetarian every week '' has been advocated on a national level , and on a local level , even government bodies are involved , such as the Taipei City Board of Education . Thailand ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion , Buddhist vegetarianism , and Thai cuisine § Vegetarianism in Thailand Europe ( edit ) The definition of vegetarianism throughout Europe is not uniform , creating the potential for products to be labelled inaccurately . Austria ( edit ) According to a study of ISEF from 2013 ( n = 500 ) , 9 % of Austrians are vegetarian or vegan . Belgium ( edit ) Since May 2009 , Belgium has had the first city in the world ( Ghent ) with a weekly `` veggie day '' . Denmark ( edit ) According to a survey by Coop Analyse published in June 2011 , just under 4 % of Danes considered themselves either vegetarians or vegans . Finland ( edit ) There is no recent data about amount of vegetarians or vegans in Finland . In 2015 , according to a survey by meat producers ' association Lihatiedotusyhdistys , 6 % of the population , or 329,000 people , did not eat meat . In 2014 , the percentage was 5 % ; it was 10 % among 25 -- 34 year old people . The survey did not ask about eating fish . Otherwise , it is estimated that 2 -- 3 % of Finns are vegetarians and 0.5 % vegans . By combining the data of three surveys ( a sample of 24,000 people ) published in 2008 , 3.3 % of Finns identified themselves vegetarians but only 0.66 % actually followed a vegetarian diet . 1.4 % ate fish but not meat. 0.18 % were vegans or lacto - vegetarians . In most of the cities 's schools the students are offered two options , a vegetarian and a non-vegetarian meal , on four school days a week , and one day a week they have a choice between two vegetarian meals , for grades 1 to 12 . In secondary schools and universities , from 10 to 40 percents of the students preferred vegetarian food in 2013 . Vegetarianism is most popular in secondary art schools where in some schools over half of the students were vegetarians in 2013 . France ( edit ) Studies in the 1990s showed that one million French ( 1.5 % of the total population ) called themselves vegetarians , although more recently this number has reportedly increased to 2 % . Germany ( edit ) According to Agriculture and Agri - Food Canada , Germany has over six million vegetarians . A survey conducted by Institut Produkt und Markt found that 9 % of the population ( 7,380,000 people ) are vegetarian . However , the statistically representative German National Nutrition Monitoring ( NEMONIT ) only found there to be slightly less than 2 % vegetarians in the German population in 2012 . Italy ( edit ) The Italian research institute Eurispes estimates that 10 % of Italians are vegetarian and 1.1 % are vegan . Netherlands ( edit ) It is estimated that 4.5 % of the Dutch population does not eat meat . A study has shown that the number of vegetarians out of a population of nearly 16.5 million people increased from 560,000 in 2004 to 720,000 in 2006 . The number of `` part - time vegetarians '' grew rapidly as well ; around 3.5 million Dutch citizens abstain from eating meat a few days a week . The sales of meat substitutes have an annual growth of around 25 % , making it one of the fastest - growing markets in the Netherlands . In supermarkets and stores , it is sometimes necessary to read the fine print on products in order to make sure that there are no animal - originated ingredients . Increasingly , however , vegetarian products are labeled with the international `` V - label , '' overseen by the Dutch vegetarian association Vegetarisch Keurmerk . Veganism is uncommon in the Netherlands : the Dutch Association for Veganism estimates that there are approximately 70,000 vegans in the Netherlands , or around 0.4 % of the population . Poland ( edit ) According to a survey carried out in Poland by Mintel in 2017 , 8 % of respondents are vegetarian , while 7 % identify themselves as vegans . The capital of Poland , Warsaw , was listed 3rd on the list of Top Vegan Cities In The World published by HappyCow in 2017 . Portugal ( edit ) In 2007 , the number of vegetarians in Portugal was estimated at 30,000 , which equates to less than 0.3 % of the population . In 2014 , the number was estimated to be 200,000 people . Vegan and vegetarian products like soy milk , soy yogurts , rice milk and tofu are widely available in major retailers , and across the country . Russia ( edit ) 2013 - 2014 polls revealed that 3 to 4 % of the Russian population considered themselves vegetarian . Spain ( edit ) A 2012 article in El Pais stated that 0.5 % of the population are vegetarian , but that interest in vegetarianism is growing . In Spain , different sources estimate that there are between 1.5 and 2 million vegetarians . In a 2002 article El Mundo stated that there are 1.5 million vegetarians . More recent sources ( Asociación Vegana ) estimate the number to be two million and observe that in recent years the number of people adopting a vegetarian diet has been growing . Sweden ( edit ) A 2014 survey of 1,000 people found that the number of vegetarians had increased to 10 % ( 4 % vegans and 6 % vegetarians ) . Switzerland ( edit ) 1997 government figures suggested that 2.3 % of the population never ate meat , and the observed trend seemed to point towards less meat consumption . A 2007 study suggested that the percentage of vegetarians had risen to 5 % . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , increasing numbers of people have adopted a vegetarian diet since the end of World War II . The Food Standards Agency Public Attitudes to Food Survey 2009 reported that 3 % of respondents were found to be `` completely vegetarian '' , with an additional 5 % `` partly vegetarian ( do not eat some types of fish or meat ) '' . The UK 's National Diet and Nutrition Survey ( NDNS ) reported in 2014 that its four - year study found 2.6 % of adults and 1.9 % of children were vegetarian . The `` How many vegans ? '' survey conducted in May 2016 by the Vegan Society found that 3.25 % of UK residents were vegetarian or vegan , while 1.05 % were vegan . Some less formal market studies suggest that vegetarians constitute 7 % to 11 % of the UK adult population ( 4 million people ) . There are twice as many vegetarian women as men . According to Agriculture and Agri - Food Canada , the UK has the third highest rate of vegetarianism in the European Union . Flexitarianism is also becoming more popular in the UK . Despite the clear classification by the Vegetarian Society , some people in the UK misidentify as vegetarians while still eating fish , either for perceived `` health reasons '' , or because of differing ethical perspectives on vegetarianism , while others use the terms `` flexitarian '' or `` part - vegetarian '' . As of 2009 , people in the UK are now also identified with the labels `` meat - avoiders '' and `` meat - reducers '' by marketers , denoting people who do not self - identify as vegetarians , but are reducing or avoiding meat for reasons of health or climate change impacts , with one survey identifying 23 % of the population as `` meat - reducers '' , and 10 % as `` meat - avoiders '' , although the same survey indicated the `` vast majority '' in the UK still eat meat , with one in five liking to eat meat every day . Even among professed vegetarians , a newspaper article claimed that 39 % admitted to having eaten a kebab while under the influence of alcohol . Foods labelled as suitable for vegetarians or vegans are subject to provisions within the Trades Descriptions Act 1968 . The Food Standards Agency issues guidance on the labelling of foods as suitable for vegetarians : The term ' vegetarian ' should not be applied to foods that are , or are made from or with the aid of , products derived from animals that have died , have been slaughtered , or animals that die as a result of being eaten . Animals means farmed , wild or domestic animals , including for example , livestock poultry , game , fish , shellfish , crustaceans , amphibians , tunicates , echinoderms , molluscs , and insects . -- Food Standards Agency The FSA 's definition has now passed into European law , with legislation due in 2015 . In addition to voluntary labelling , the Vegetarian Society operates a scheme whereby foods that meet its criteria can be labelled `` Vegetarian Society approved '' . Under this scheme , a product is vegetarian if it is free of meat , fowl , fish , shellfish , meat or bone stock , animal or carcass fats , gelatin , aspic , or any other ingredient resulting from slaughter , such as rennet . Cheese is often labelled as well , making it possible to identify cheeses that have been made with rennet derived from non-animal sources . North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) In Canada , vegetarianism is usually synonymous with ovo - lacto vegetarianism . However , vegetarians are sometimes wrongly assumed to be pescetarians or pollotarians . Approximately 4.0 % of adults were vegetarians as of 2003 . United states ( edit ) In 1971 , 1 percent of U.S. citizens described themselves as vegetarians . In 2008 Harris Interactive found that 3.2 % are vegetarian and 0.5 % vegan , while a 2013 Public Policy Polling survey of 500 respondents found that 13 % of Americans are either vegetarian or vegan -- 6 % vegetarian and 7 % vegan . U.S. vegetarian food sales ( dairy replacements such as soy milk and meat replacements such as textured vegetable protein ) doubled between 1998 and 2003 , reaching $1.6 billion in 2003 . According to a report in 2017 , the number of consumers claiming to be vegan has risen to 6 % in the US In 2015 , a Harris Poll National Survey of 2,017 adults aged 18 and over found that eight million Americans , or 3.4 % , ate a solely vegetarian diet , and that one million , or 0.4 % , ate a strictly vegan diet . Many American children whose parents follow vegetarian diets follow them because of religious , environmental or other reasons . In the government 's first estimate of how many children avoid meat , the number is about 1 in 200 . The CDC survey included children ages 0 to 17 years . By U.S. law , food packaging is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration , and generally must be labeled with a list of all its ingredients . However , there are exceptions . For example , certain trace ingredients that are `` ingredients of ingredients '' do not need to be listed . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) In Australia , some manufacturers who target the vegetarian market label their foods with the statement `` suitable for vegetarians '' ; however , for foods intended for export to the UK , this labelling can be inconsistent because flavourings in ingredients lists do not need to specify if they come from animal origin . As such , `` natural flavour '' could be derived from either plant or animal sources . Animal rights organisations such as Animal Liberation promote vegan and vegetarian diets . `` Vegetarian Week '' runs from 1 -- 7 October every year , and food companies are taking advantage of the growing number of vegetarians by producing meat - free alternatives of popular dishes , including sausages and mash and spaghetti Bolognese . A 2000 Newspoll survey ( commissioned by Sanitarium ) shows 44 % of Australians report eating at least one meat - free evening meal a week , while 18 % said they prefer plant - based meals . According to a 2010 Newspoll survey , 5 % of Australians identify themselves as vegetarians , with 2 % actually eating a diet defined by the survey as vegetarian . Roy Morgan Research in August 2016 reported , `` Between 2012 and 2016 , the number of Australian adults whose diet is all or almost all vegetarian has risen from 1.7 million people ( or 9.7 % of the population ) to almost 2.1 million ( 11.2 % ) , the latest findings from Roy Morgan Research reveal . '' New Zealand ( edit ) Similar to Australia , in New Zealand the term `` vegetarian '' refers to individuals who eat no animal meat such as pork , chicken , and fish ; they may consume animal products such as milk and eggs . In contrast , the term `` vegan '' is used to describe those who do not eat or use any by - products of animals . In 2002 New Zealand 's vegetarians made up a minority of 1 - 2 % of the country 's 4.5 million people . By 2011 Roy Morgan Research claimed the number of New Zealanders eating an `` all or almost all '' vegetarian diet to be 8.1 % , growing to 10.3 % in 2015 ( with men providing the most growth , up 63 % from 5.7 % to 9.3 % ) . In New Zealand there is a strong enough movement for vegetarianism that it has created significant enough demand for a number of vegetarian and vegan retailers to set up . As New Zealand and Australia work together to form common food standards ( as seen in the Food Standards Australia New Zealand ( FSANZ ) and the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code ) , there is also a lot of ambiguity surrounding the `` natural flavour '' ingredients . South America ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) In 2004 , Marly Winckler , President of the Brazilian Vegetarian Society , claimed that 5 % of the population was vegetarian . According to a 2012 survey undertaken by the Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics , 8 % of the population , or 15.2 million people , identified themselves as vegetarian . The city of São Paulo has the most vegetarians in absolute terms ( 792,120 people ) , while Fortaleza has the highest percentage , at 14 % of the total population . Marly Winckler claims that the central reasons for the deforestation of the Amazon are expansive livestock raising ( mainly cattle ) and soybean crops , most of it for use as animal feed , and a minor percentage for edible oil processing ( being direct human consumption for use as food nearly negligible ) , claims that are widely known to have a basis . As in Canada , vegetarianismo ( Portuguese pronunciation : ( veʒiˌtaɾjɐ̃ˈnizmu ) ) is usually synonymous with lacto - ovo - vegetarianism , and vegetarians are sometimes wrongly assumed to be pescetarians and / or pollotarians who tolerate the flesh of fish or poultry , respectively . Nevertheless , veganism , and freeganism , are very common among Brazilian anarchists , punks and members of other groups in the counterculture and / or left - wing movements . Other beliefs generally associated with Brazilian vegetarians are Eastern philosophies and religions , New Age and Spiritism . It is also commonly said to be related to the emo and indie youth subcultures as influence from the local punks . Brazilian vegetarians reportedly tend to be urban , of middle or upper class and live in the Central - Southern half of the country . Since the 1990s , and especially since the 2000s , several vegetarian and vegan restaurants have appeared in the metropolitan regions of São Paulo , Porto Alegre , Curitiba and Rio de Janeiro . See also ( edit ) List of vegetarian festivals List of vegetarian organizations References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : UK Government Food Standards Agency . `` Guidance on vegetarian and vegan labelling '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ https://www.esri.ie/pubs/WP340.pdf Jump up ^ `` The slow but steady rise of vegetarianism in Australia '' . Roy Morgan . August 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Vegetarians , vegans ' hated and bullied in Australia ' , author says '' . ABC . August 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Verbreitung der vegetarischen Lebensweise '' ( PDF ) . Verein gegen tierfabriken . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IBOPE 2012 : 15 , 2 milhões de brasileiros são vegetarianos '' . IBOPE . October 2012 . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.vancouverhumanesociety.bc.ca/almost-12-million-canadians-now-vegetarian-or-trying-to-eat-less-meat Jump up ^ `` Radio Prague - Beyond pork and dumplings - alternative diets in the Czech Republic '' . www.radio.cz . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Magistad , Mary Kay . Public Radio International , 27 June 2013 , `` Vegan lunch : Going meatless in Beijing '' . Accessed 26 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mange `` opfatter '' sig selv som vegetarer `` . Coop Analyse . Coop Analyse. 22 June 2011 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rehevä kasvisruokavalio on hyväksi terveydelle ja ympäristölle Ruokatieto Yhdistys '' . www.ruokatieto.fi . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Lapsiperheissä halutaan syödä lihaa '' . www.lihatiedotus.fi . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Kivimäki , Hanna ( March 2013 ) . `` POIKKILEIKKAUSTUTKIMUS VEGAANIEN RUOANKÄYTÖSTÄ JA RAVINTOAINEIDEN SAANNISTA '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Haurant , Sandra ( 26 October 2011 ) . `` French government ' banning vegetarianism ' in school canteens '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Veggie sweets go mainstream in Germany Mintel.com '' . www.mintel.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` The vegetarian lifestyle is a long - term development '' . organic-market.info . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Bazzi , Adrianna ( 12 February 2009 ) . `` Vegetariano un italiano su dieci '' . Corriere della Sera . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` his Survey Found Out How Many Indians Are Non-Vegetarians '' . Jump up ^ `` At 99 % , Telangana has maximum non-vegetarians in the country '' . ^ Jump up to : https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/07/21/us-israel-food-vegan-idUSKCN0PV1H020150721 ^ Jump up to : טלשיר , רחל ( 2014 - 09 - 17 ) . `` גדל מספר הצמחונים - אבל מהסוג הגמיש '' . הארץ ( in Hebrew ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Il popolo dei vegetariani e vegani in Italia : l'infografica '' . Repubblica.it . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Un bébé sous régime vegan retiré à ses parents pour malnutrition '' ( in French ) . 2016 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Animal Rights Center Japan survey results , Hachidory Vegan website information page '' . Animal Rights Center Japan . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Kirse , Asnate ; Karklina , Daina ( December 2013 ) . `` QUALITY EVALUATION OF NEW VEGETARIAN BEAN SPREADS '' . Latvia University of Agriculture , Faculty of Food Technology . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ https://www.dietcetera.nl/voedingsthemas/vegetarisme Jump up ^ https://lekkergezond.nl/dossiers/vegetarisch-eten Jump up ^ `` Vegetarianism on the rise in New Zealand '' . Roy Morgan Research . Roy Morgan Research . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Nordic market for vegetarian food on the rise '' . www.issuu.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wyniki badania Instytutu Badania Opinii Homo Homini dla LightBox , wrzesień 2013 '' . www.lightbox.pl . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.centrovegetariano.org/Article-620-N-mero-de-vegetarianos-quadruplica-em-10-anos.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` ФОМ : `` Кто такие вегетарианцы ? '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` Superjob.ru : `` Более 10 % населения мира - вегетарианцы . Как Вы относитесь к этой системе питания ? '' `` . ^ Jump up to : ( ( cite web url = http://www.lantern.es/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/infog.jpg ^ Jump up to : http://www.thelocal.se/20140321/one-in-ten-swedes-is-vegetarian-survey Jump up ^ https://www.swissveg.ch/veggie_survey?language=en Jump up ^ https://www.swissveg.ch/veggie_survey?language=en ^ Jump up to : GfK Social Research ( 2009 ) . Public Attitudes to Food survey 2009 ( PDF ) . Food Standards Agency . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : National Diet and Nutrition Survey ( NDNS ) : results from Years 1 to 4 ( combined ) , Public Health England and Food Standards Agency , 14th May 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Find out how many vegans are in Great Britain '' . The Vegan Society . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Stahler , Charles . `` How Often Do Americans Eat Vegetarian Meals ? And How Many Adults in the U.S. Are Vegetarian ? '' . Vegetarian Resource Group . The Vegetarian Resource Group . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.vilt.be/de-flexitarier-wordt-een-talrijke-soort Jump up ^ http://www.pressherald.com/2015/01/14/vegetarian-kitchen-from-radical-to-trendy-for-mainers-living-without-meat Jump up ^ http://www.ketagalanmedia.com/2016/06/20/the-new-vegan-movement-in-taiwan Jump up ^ http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-with-the-highest-rates-of-vegetarianism.html Jump up ^ http://www.veganurbanite.com/2011/07/03/vegetarianism-on-the-increase-in-korea Jump up ^ http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/02/654_176353.html ^ Jump up to : `` The vegetable will set you free - embracing vegetarianism and flexitarianism in Africa '' . Mail & Guardian Africa . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Vegetarian Table : North Africa '' . Global Gourmet . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Band of Vegetarian Missionaries '' . International Vegetarian Union . The Vegetarian ( London ) . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The best countries to be vegetarian '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 上海 素食 人群 构成 及 素食 者 健康 和 饮食 行为 调查 '' . 2015 . Jump up ^ Vegetarianism now a popular diet . 2006 - 05 - 17 Jump up ^ Meat Consumption per person , 2007 , UN FAO Jump up ^ Edelstein , Sari ( 2013 ) . Food Science , An Ecological Approach . Jones & Bartlett Publishers . pp. Page 281 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4496 - 0344 - 1 ... India has more vegetarians than everywhere else in the world combined . Jump up ^ MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE ( DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH ) NOTIFICATION New Delhi , 4 April 2001 . Jump up ^ The food habits of a nation The Hindu Jump up ^ 2.3 Growth and Concentration in India FAO Document Repository Jump up ^ Passage to India USDA ^ Jump up to : The Elephant Is Jogging : New Pressures for Agricultural Reform in India Jump up ^ Harish Damodaran ( 2015 - 06 - 12 ) . `` In India , to be veg is to drink a lot of milk '' . Indian Express . Jump up ^ Martin W. Lewis ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Mapping the Consumption of Milk and Meat in India '' . The Wire . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/BASELINE%20TABLES07062016.pdf . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/baseline/baseline2004.pdf . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bloodless coup as Indian vegetarians flex muscle July 14 , 2007 The Age Jump up ^ http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31808&articlexml=IHMs-to-offer-3-yr-course-in-vegetarian-11072016013026 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.cityofjaipur.com/news/2016/07/13/vegetarian-cooking-courses-to-be-introduced-in-hotel-management-institutes/ . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` צמחונות להמונים ( Hebrew ) '' . Mako . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` In the land of milk and honey , Israelis turn vegan '' . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warum in Israel die meisten Veganer der ganzen Welt leben '' . FAZ . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Young Adult Vegetarian https://teamjournalht.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/team-edsprvrev-p55-62.pdf Jump up ^ `` More choices for vegetarians '' . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Greens Are Good For You , Government Information Office , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , 25 September 2007 Jump up ^ Vegetarian entrepreneur succeeds with Web site , guidebook . The China Post ( 2009 - 11 - 16 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Blogger : Aanmelden om te lezen . Taiwantalking.blogspot.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Taiwan to enact world 's strictest law on veggie food labeling Earth Times News . Earthtimes.org ( 2009 - 06 - 08 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ 台灣 周一 無 肉 日 救 己 救 地球 -- 日常 保健 -- 中 時 健康 網 -- 健康 萬花筒 . Health.chinatimes.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ 台湾 教育 部 提倡 学校 每 周一 素 ! . Chinavegan.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Belgian city plans ' veggie ' days '' , Chris Mason , BBC , May 12 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Lapsiperheissä halutaan syödä lihaa '' . www.lihatiedotus.fi . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Suomalaisten lihan kulutus säilyi vakaana vuonna 2014 '' . Lihatiedotus . Lihatiedotusyhdistys ry . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Vinnari M , Montonen J , Härkänen T , Männistö S ( 8 May 2008 ) . `` Identifying vegetarians and their food consumption according to self - identification and operationalized definition in Finland '' . Public Health Nutr . Turku School of Economics , Finland Futures Research Centre . 12 ( 4 ) : 481 -- 8 . doi : 10.1017 / S1368980008002486 . PMID 18462562 . Jump up ^ Vornanen , Ismo ( 2013 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Kolmannes opiskelijoista on kasvissyöjiä '' ( PDF ) . Kuopion kaupunkilehti . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gråsten , Hanna . `` Kasvissyönti ei ole enää vain tyttöjen juttu '' . savonsanomat.fi -- Savon Sanomat ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Kasvissyönti yleistyy -- joissain lukioissa jo yli puolet opiskelijoista kasvissyöjiä '' . mtv.fi . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Anne - Sophie Hottiaux , Agri - Food Trade Commissioner . Exporting to the EU . Canadian Consulate , Düsseldorf , Germany : Agriculture and Agri - Food Canada . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How many Veggies ... ? '' . European Vegetarian Union . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lebensmittelverzehr der Deutschen kaum verändert , Aber : Anzahl der Vegetarier verdoppelt '' . Max Rubner - Institut ( MRI ) , Bundesforschungsinstitut für Ernährung und Lebensmittel . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Becker , Sander . `` Een dag geen vlees is een dag niet geleefd '' ( in Dutch ) . Trouw . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Population counter '' . Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. 2008 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Antonie kamerling en marly van der velden meest sexy vegetariërs '' ( in Dutch ) . Wakker Dier. 2006 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Vegetarisch Keurmerk '' http://www.vegetariers.nl/keurmerk.aspx Jump up ^ `` Vegan jaaroverzicht 2016 '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ http://app.parlamento.pt/webutils/docs/doc.pdf?path=6148523063446f764c3246795a5868774d546f334e7a67774c336470626d6c7561574e7059585270646d467a4c31684a53556b76644756346447397a4c334271624445784d53315953556c4a4c6d527659773d3d&fich=pjl111-XIII.doc&Inline=true Jump up ^ `` Russia 's Vegetarians Thrive , Despite Prejudice The St. Petersburg Times The leading English - language newspaper in St. Petersburg '' . Sptimes.ru . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Comer en verde Sociedad EL PAÍS '' ( in Spanish ) . Sociedad.elpais.com. 2012 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Ser vegetariano y vivir en España '' ( in Spanish ) . Elmundo.es . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Idea Sana Navidad vegetariana '' ( in Spanish ) . Ideasana.fundacioneroski.es . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Cocina vegetariana . Especial Gastronomía . EL CORREO DIGITAL '' ( in Spanish ) . Servicios.elcorreo.com. 1997 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wie viele Vegetarier gibt es in der Schweiz ? '' . vegetarismus.ch. 2001 . Retrieved 3 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The rise of the non-veggie vegetarian '' . BBC . 2009 - 11 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Factors affecting food choice in relation to fruit and vegetable intake : a review J. Pollard , S.F.L. Kirk and J.E. Cade Jump up ^ Survey looking into ' Attitudes towards purchasing organic foods and vegetarianism by demographic sub group , 1992 , by Mintel , London ^ Jump up to : Perfil de mercado . Reino Unido . Entorno demográfico , social y económico ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/health/517246/Vegetarians-are-on-the-increase-in-Britain > Jump up ^ Jones , Dan ( 9 October 2015 ) . `` Kebabs , the true test for staunch veggies '' . London Evening Standard . p. 15 . Jump up ^ Food Standards Agency . `` Guidance on the use of the terms ' vegetarian ' and ' vegan ' in food labelling '' . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Guidance on the use of the terms ' vegetarian ' and ' vegan ' in food labelling '' , Food Standards Agency , 6 April 2006 Jump up ^ The Vegetarian Society . `` Vegsoc Approved '' . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Seedling Symbol : The original and only one to trust '' , The Vegetarian Society ( last accessed 2006 / 08 / 14 ) Jump up ^ The Vegetarian Society . `` Information Sheet : Cheese & Rennet '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ American Dietetic , Association ; Dietitians Of , Canada ( 2003 ) . `` Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada : vegetarian diets '' . Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research . 64 ( 2 ) : 62 -- 81 . doi : 10.3148 / 64.2. 2003.62 . PMID 12826028 . Jump up ^ `` The War on Meat : How Low - Meat and No - Meat Diets are Impacting Consumer Markets '' . Euromonitor International . 2011 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 26 . Back in 1971 , only 1 % of US citizens described themselves as vegetarians Jump up ^ Vegetarianism In America Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( 26 February 2013 ) . `` Food issues polarizing America '' . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Tatge , Mark , `` Vegetarian foods plant stronger sales : No signs of slowing down for growing industry '' , MSNBC , Sept. 17 , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Top trends in prepared foods in 2017 '' Jump up ^ Mangels , Reed . `` Nutrition Hotline : this issue 's Nutrition Hotline considers the number of children in the United States who are vegetarian , examines why the amount of calcium in greens varies among sources , and advises vegans with herpes zoster about foods containing lysine and arginine . '' Vegetarian Journal 28 ( July - Aug. 2009 ) : p2 ( 2 ) . Expanded Academic ASAP . Web . 20 Oct. 2009 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Erbe , Bonnie . `` More Children Refuse to Eat Meat Than You 'd Think , and for the Right Reasons . '' U.S. News & World Report Online . ( Jan 13 , 2009 ) : NA . Expanded Academic ASAP . Gale . Jump up ^ `` Pass the tofu : 1 in 200 kids is vegetarian '' . Associated Press . January 12 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ International Food Information Council ( IFIC ) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( April 2010 ) ( November 2004 ) . `` Food Ingredients and Colors '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ U.S. Food and Drug Administration . `` Food Labeling Guide '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ U.S. Food and Drug Administration . `` Food Labeling Guide '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Food For Thought '' , May . 06 , 2008 , `` National Vegetarian Week '' on NVW http://www.vegetarianweek.com.au/ Jump up ^ Vegetarian meals and recipes from Vegie Delights Sanitarium Health Food Company Jump up ^ 2010 Australian survey from Newspoll results summary Jump up ^ http://www.roymorgan.com/findings/vegetarianisms-slow-but-steady-rise-in-australia-201608151105 Jump up ^ The New Zealand Vegetarian Society ( NZVS ) `` What Is a Vegetarian '' Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Living a Good Life : To be a vegetarian in New Zealand '' P. Bidwell , New Zealand Vegetarian Society . Jump up ^ `` Vegetarianism on the rise in New Zealand '' . Roy Morgan Research . Roy Morgan Research . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Vegetarian and Vegan Retailers '' . Vegetarians . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Australia - New Zealand Co-operation . `` Food safety : food regulations '' . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` IVU Online News '' . International Vegetarian Union . November 2004 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dia Mundial do Vegetarianismo : 8 % da população brasileira afirma ser adepta do estilo '' ( World Vegetarian Day : 8 % of the Brazilian population claims to be adept of this lifestyle ) ( in Portuguese ) . Ibope. 1 October 2012 . Retrieved 3 October 2012 . Jump up ^ ( in Portuguese ) Vegetarianism : an ethical and philosophical position -- interview with Marly Winkler Jump up ^ Centre for International Forestry Research ( CIFOR ) ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Steinfeld , Henning ; Gerber , Pierre ; Wassenaar , T.D. ; Castel , Vincent ( 2006 ) . Livestock 's Long Shadow : Environmental Issues and Options . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . ISBN 92 - 5 - 105571 - 8 . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Margulis , Sergio ( 2004 ) . Causes of Deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon ( PDF ) . World Bank Working Paper No. 22 . Washington D.C. : The World Bank . ISBN 0 - 8213 - 5691 - 7 . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Barreto , P. ; Souza Jr. C. ; Noguerón , R. ; Anderson , A. & Salomão , R. 2006 . Human Pressure on the Brazilian Amazon Forests . Imazon . Retrieved September 28 , 2006 . ( The Imazon web site contains many resources relating to the Brazilian Amazon . ) Jump up ^ `` Vegetarian Restaurants in Brazil '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Veganism and vegetarianism Perspectives Veganism Animal - free agriculture Fruitarianism History Juice fasting Low - carbon diet Raw veganism Nutrition Vegan organic gardening Vegetarianism Economic vegetarianism Environmental vegetarianism History Lacto vegetarianism Ovo vegetarianism Ovo - lacto vegetarianism Cuisine Vegetarian Diet Pyramid Ecofeminism Nutrition By country Semi-vegetarianism Macrobiotic diet Pescetarianism Lists Vegans Vegetarians Vegetarian festivals Vegetarian organizations Vegetarian restaurants Ethics Secular Animal rights Animal welfare Carnism Deep ecology Environmental vegetarianism Ethics of eating meat Meat paradox Nonviolence Speciesism Tirukkuṛaḷ Religious Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Sattvic Ahimsa Sikhism Rastafari Jainism Judaism Pythagorean diet Food , drink Agar Agave nectar Meat analogue List of meat substitutes Miso Mochi Mock duck Nutritional yeast Plant cream Plant milk Quinoa Quorn Seitan Soy yogurt Tempeh Tofu Tofurkey Cheese Hot dog Vegetarian mark Sausage Beer Wine Veggie burger Groups , events , companies Vegan American Vegan Society Beauty Without Cruelty Food Empowerment Project Go Vegan Movement for Compassionate Living Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine Plamil Foods Vegan Awareness Foundation Vegan flag Vegan Ireland Vegan Outreach Vegan Prisoners Support Group The Vegan Society Veganz World Vegan Day Vegetarian American Vegetarian Party Boston Vegetarian Society Christian Vegetarian Association European Vegetarian Union Hare Krishna Food for Life International Vegetarian Union Jewish Veg Linda McCartney Foods Meat - free days Meatless Monday Swissveg Toronto Vegetarian Association Vegetarian Society Vegetarian Society ( Singapore ) Veggie Pride Viva ! Health World Esperantist Vegetarian Association World Vegetarian Day Books , reports Thirty - nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian ( 1903 ) The Benefits of Vegetarianism ( 1927 ) Diet for a Small Planet ( 1971 ) Moosewood Cookbook ( 1977 ) Fit for Life ( 1985 ) Diet for a New America ( 1987 ) The China Study ( 2004 ) Raw Food Made Easy for 1 or 2 People ( 2005 ) Skinny Bitch ( 2005 ) Livestock 's Long Shadow ( 2006 ) Eating Animals ( 2009 ) The Kind Diet ( 2009 ) Why We Love Dogs , Eat Pigs , and Wear Cows ( 2009 ) Eat & Run ( 2012 ) Meat Atlas ( annual ) Films Meet Your Meat ( 2002 ) Peaceable Kingdom ( 2004 ) Earthlings ( 2005 ) A Sacred Duty ( 2007 ) Fat , Sick and Nearly Dead ( 2010 ) Planeat ( 2010 ) Forks Over Knives ( 2011 ) Vegucated ( 2011 ) Live and Let Live ( 2013 ) Cowspiracy ( 2014 ) What the Health ( 2017 ) Carnage ( 2017 ) Magazines Naked Food Vegetarian Times VegNews Physicians , academics Neal D. Barnard T. Colin Campbell Caldwell Esselstyn Gary L. Francione Joel Fuhrman Michael Greger Melanie Joy Michael Klaper John A. McDougall Reed Mangels Dean Ornish Richard H. Schwartz Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&oldid=814634271 '' Categories : Vegetarianism by country Hidden categories : CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles with Portuguese - language external links Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2003 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Italiano Polski Română Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 00 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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how much of the us population is vegetarian
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"In 1971, 1 percent of U.S. citizens described themselves as vegetarians.[116] In 2008 Harris Interactive found that 3.2% are vegetarian and 0.5% vegan,[117] while a 2013 Public Policy Polling survey of 500 respondents found that 13% of Americans are either vegetarian or vegan—6% vegetarian and 7% vegan.[118] U.S. vegetarian food sales (dairy replacements such as soy milk and meat replacements such as textured vegetable protein) doubled between 1998 and 2003, reaching $1.6 billion in 2003.[119] According to a report in 2017, the number of consumers claiming to be vegan has risen to 6% in the US [120] In 2015, a Harris Poll National Survey of 2,017 adults aged 18 and over found that eight million Americans, or 3.4%, ate a solely vegetarian diet, and that one million, or 0.4%, ate a strictly vegan diet.[41]"
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"3.4%"
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Robert Moog
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Robert Moog - wikipedia Robert Moog Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Robert Moog Robert Arthur Moog ( 1934 - 05 - 23 ) May 23 , 1934 New York City , New York , U.S. August 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 21 ) ( aged 71 ) Asheville , North Carolina , U.S. Nationality American Alma mater Bronx High School of Science , New York ( 1952 ) Queens College , New York ( B.S. , Physics , 1957 ) Columbia University ( B.S.E.E. , 1957 ) Cornell University ( Ph. D. , Engineering Physics , 1965 ) Occupation Electronic music pioneer , engineer , inventor of Moog synthesizer Entrepreneur Spouse ( s ) Shirleigh Moog ( m . 1958 ; three daughters , one son ) Ileana Grams ( 1996 - his death ) Relatives Laura Moog Lanier ( daughter ) Matthew Moog ( son ) Michelle Moog - Koussa ( daughter ) Renee Moog ( daughter ) Miranda Richmond ( daughter of Ileana Grams ) Bill Moog ( cousin , founder of Moog Inc . ) Robert Arthur Moog ( / ˈmoʊɡ / `` mogue '' ; May 23 , 1934 -- August 21 , 2005 ) , founder of Moog Music , was an American engineer and pioneer of electronic music , best known as the inventor of the Moog synthesizer . During his lifetime , Moog founded two companies for manufacturing electronic musical instruments . His innovative electronic design is employed in numerous synthesizers including the Minimoog , Minimoog Voyager , Little Phatty , Moog Taurus , and the Moogerfooger line of effects pedals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 2.1 R.A. Moog Co. and Moog Music 2.2 Development of the Moog synthesizer 2.3 Theremin 2.4 Other ventures 3 Personal life 3.1 Death 4 Legacy 5 Archives 6 Pronunciation 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 9.1 Interviews and articles 9.2 Patents 9.3 Obituaries 9.4 Tributes Early life and education ( edit ) A native of New York City , Moog attended the Bronx High School of Science in New York , graduating in 1952 . For his undergraduate education , Moog earned a B.S. in physics from Queens College and a Masters from the Columbia University School of Engineering and Applied Science in 1957 . He received his Ph. D. in engineering physics from Cornell University in 1965 . Career ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) R.A. Moog Co. and Moog Music ( edit ) Main article : Moog Music The Moog Music logo In 1953 at age 19 , Moog founded his first company , R.A. Moog Co. , to manufacture theremin kits . During the 1950s , composer and electronic music pioneer Raymond Scott approached Moog , asking him to design circuits for him . Moog later acknowledged Scott as an important influence . Later , in the 1960s , the company was employed to build modular synthesizers based on Moog 's designs . In 1972 Moog changed the company 's name to Moog Music . Throughout the 1970s , Moog Music went through various changes of ownership , eventually being bought out by musical instrument manufacturer Norlin . Poor management and marketing led to Moog 's departure from his own company in 1977 . In 1978 after leaving his namesake firm , Moog started making electronic musical instruments again with a new company , Big Briar . Their first specialty was theremins , but by 1999 the company expanded to produce a line of analog effects pedals called moogerfoogers . In 1999 , Moog partnered with Bomb Factory to co-develop the first digital effects based on Moog technology in the form of plugins for Pro Tools software . Despite Moog Music 's closing in 1993 , Moog did not have the rights to market products using his own name throughout the 1990s . Big Briar acquired the rights to use the Moog Music name in 2002 after a legal battle with Don Martin who had previously bought the rights to the name Moog Music . At the same time , Moog designed a new version of the Minimoog called the Minimoog Voyager . The Voyager includes nearly all of the features of the original Model D in addition to numerous modern features . Development of the Moog synthesizer ( edit ) Main article : Moog synthesizer The Moog synthesizer was one of the first widely used electronic musical instruments . Early developmental work on the components of the synthesizer occurred at the Columbia - Princeton Electronic Music Center , now the Computer Music Center . While there , Moog developed the voltage controlled oscillators , ADSR envelope generators , and other synthesizer modules with composer Herbert Deutsch . Moog created the first voltage - controlled subtractive synthesizer to utilize a keyboard as a controller and demonstrated it at the AES convention in 1964 . In 1966 , Moog filed a patent application for his unique low - pass filter U.S. Patent 3,475,623 , issued in October , 1969 . He is a listed inventor on ten US patents . Moog had his theremin company ( R.A. Moog Co. , which later became Moog Music ) manufacture and market his synthesizers . Unlike the few other 1960s synthesizer manufacturers , Moog shipped a piano - style keyboard as the standard user interface . Moog also established standards for analog synthesizer control interfacing , with a logarithmic one volt - per - octave pitch control and a separate pulse triggering signal . The first Moog instruments were modular synthesizers . In 1971 Moog Music began production of the Minimoog Model D , which was among the first synthesizers that was widely available , portable , and relatively affordable . The first prototype of the minimoog only had about two filters , two envelope generators , and a very small keyboard . Robert knew that this would n't be good enough for the average musician , so he kept working on the synthesizer and was able to add more filters , oscillators , and a wider key range . One of Moog 's earliest musical customers was Wendy Carlos , whom he credits with providing feedback valuable to further development . Through his involvement in electronic music , Moog developed close professional relationships with artists such as Don Buchla , Keith Emerson , Rick Wakeman , John Cage , Gershon Kingsley , Clara Rockmore , Jean Jacques Perrey , and Pamelia Kurstin . In a 2000 interview , Moog said , `` I 'm an engineer . I see myself as a toolmaker and the musicians are my customers . They use my tools . '' Theremin ( edit ) Moog constructed his own theremin as early as 1948 . Later he described a theremin in the hobbyist magazine Electronics World and offered a kit of parts for the construction of the Electronic World 's Theremin , which became very successful . In the late 1980s Moog repaired the original theremin of Clara Rockmore , an accomplishment he considered a high point of his professional career . He also produced , in collaboration with first wife Shirleigh Moog , Mrs. Rockmore 's album , The Art of the Theremin . Moog was a principal interview subject in the award - winning documentary film , Theremin : An Electronic Odyssey , the success of which revived interest in the theremin . Moog wrote the foreword to Theremin : Ether Music and Espionage Other ventures ( edit ) He also worked as a consultant and vice president for new product research at Kurzweil Music Systems from 1984 - 88 , helping to develop the Kurzweil K2000 . He spent the early 1990s as a research professor of music at the University of North Carolina at Asheville . Personal life ( edit ) Moog 's first wife was Shirleigh Moog ( née Leigh ) , a grammar school teacher whom he married in 1958 . The couple had three daughters ( Laura Moog Lanier , Michelle Moog - Koussa , Renee Moog ) and one son ( Matthew Moog ) before their divorce . Moog was married to his second wife Ileana Grams , a philosophy professor , for nine years until his death . Moog 's stepdaughter , Miranda Richmond , is Grams 's daughter from a previous marriage . Moog also had five grandchildren . Death ( edit ) Moog was diagnosed with a glioblastoma multiforme brain tumor on April 28 , 2005 , and died at the age of 71 in Asheville , North Carolina on August 21 , 2005 . Legacy ( edit ) Moog 's awards include honorary doctorates from Polytechnic Institute of New York University ( New York City ) , Lycoming College ( Williamsport , Pennsylvania ) , and Berklee College of Music . Moog received a Grammy Trustees Award for lifetime achievement in 1970 . In 2002 , Moog was honored with a Special Merit / Technical Grammy Award . Moog also received the highly regarded Polar Music Prize in 2001 . In 2009 , Albert Glinsky was invited by Moog 's widow , Ileana Grams Moog , and his daughter , Michelle Moog - Koussa , to write the authorized biography of Bob Moog . An announcement was made public on the Bob Moog Foundation website on the anniversary of the inventor 's birthday . The Bob Moog Foundation was created as a memorial , with the aim of continuing his life 's work of developing electronic music . Moog contributed the Foreword to Glinsky 's first book , Theremin : Ether Music and Espionage , which has become the standard biography of Leon Theremin . In 2013 , Moog was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame . Archives ( edit ) On July 18 , 2013 , Ileana Grams - Moog said she planned to give her late husband 's archives , maintained by Bob Moog Foundation , to Cornell University . The foundation offered her $100,000 , but Grams - Moog said she would not sell them . She said Cornell could provide better access for researchers , and that the foundation had not made enough progress toward a planned museum to indicate it would be worthy of keeping the collection . The foundation responded that it had sufficiently preserved the collection and made efforts to improve storage , though it could not afford to build the museum yet . Pronunciation ( edit ) The surname Moog is often mispronounced . The following interview excerpt reveals Robert Moog 's preferred pronunciation : -- Reviewer : First off : Does your name rhyme with `` vogue '' or is like a cow 's `` moo '' plus ag at the end ? -- Dr. Robert Moog : It rhymes with `` vogue . '' That is the usual German pronunciation . My father 's grandfather came from Marburg , Germany . I like the way that pronunciation sounds better than the way the cow 's `` moo - g '' sounds . In a deleted scene from the DVD version of the documentary Moog , Moog describes the three pronunciations of the name Moog : the Dutch / moːɣ / , which he believes would be too demanding of English speakers ; the preferred Anglo - German pronunciation , / moʊɡ / ; and a more anglicized pronunciation , / muːɡ / . Moog reveals that some of his family members prefer the anglicized pronunciation , while others , including himself ( and his wife ) prefer the Anglo - German pronunciation . See also ( edit ) Raymond Scott Don Buchla Harald Bode Léon Theremin List of brain tumor patients List of Moog synthesizer players Moogfest References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Moog '' . nndb.com . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Trangle , Sarina ( 2012 - 05 - 30 ) . `` Synthesizer reunion '' . The Riverdale Press . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . In honor of what would 've been Robert Moog 's 78th birthday , the Bronx High School of Science started its day with a tribute to the 1952 alumnus who began pioneering the synthesizer in high school . Jump up ^ `` Moog Music , Inc '' . www.referenceforbusiness.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Joe Silva , `` Bob Moog : Voyage of Discovery '' , Sound On Sound , March 2003 Archived 2008 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Moog Patents '' . Jump up ^ `` Moog Patents on USPTO database '' . Jump up ^ `` Dr Robert & His Modular Moogs '' . Soundonsound.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glinsky , Albert . Theremin : Ether Music and Espionage Foreword by Robert Moog . University of Illinois Press , 2000 , p. xii Jump up ^ Glinsky , Albert . Theremin : Ether Music and Espionage , University of Illinois Press , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Moog biography ( 1934 - 2005 ) '' . Wired.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Moog '' . Obituaries . Variety . 400 ( 2 ) : 85 . 2005 - 08 - 29 -- via EBSCOhost . Jump up ^ Stearns , David Patrick ( August 25 , 2005 ) . `` Obituary : Robert Moog '' . Theguardian.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Bill ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Lou Pollack Memorial Park '' . Findagrave.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pinch , Trevor ( 2002 ) . Analog Days : The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer ( 1 ed . ) . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 12 -- 16 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00889 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Laureates of the Polar Music Prize 2017 are ... '' Polar Music Prize . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Pa. professor to write authorized Moog biography , Washington Examiner , 24 May 2012 Jump up ^ `` You searched for albert glinsky - The Bob Moog Foundation '' . The Bob Moog Foundation . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Moog Inducted into Inventors Hall of Fame '' . School Band & Orchestra . 16 ( 5 ) : 10 . May 2013 . ISSN 1098 - 3694 -- via EBSCOhost . Jump up ^ Frankel , Jake ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Family feud continues over Moog archives '' . Mountain Xpress . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ The German pronunciation is ( moːkh ) . The English pronunciation ( moʊɡ ) is an approximation . Jump up ^ `` The Origins of the Synthesizer : An Interview with Dr. Robert Moog '' . Members.tripod.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Robert Moog Bob Moog -- official website The Bob Moog Memorial Foundation for Electronic Music Robert Moog discography at Discogs Robert Moog on IMDb Inventor of the Synthesizer Documentary ~ Moog on YouTube Moog Music -- official website Moog Archives illustrated history of company and products MoogFest -- festival celebrating Moog Moog resources bibliography The Moog Taurus Bass Pedals , the Minimoog and the Moog Prodigy Pictures of Bob Moog Sound samples from the Moog Modular at BlueDistortion.com Grave location Interviews and articles ( edit ) Bob Moog RBMA lecture Bob Moog Interview at electronicmusic.com Article about Bob Moog on SynthMuseum.com Interview with Bob Moog on Amazing Sounds Article about Robert Moog 's career on Salon.com Robert Moog interview in magazine New Scientist Radio interview with Moog from 2004 on WNYC ( RealAudio ) ( Moog portion begins 30 minutes into program . ) Sweetwater Video Interview with Bob Moog discussing his design philosophy and future of synthesis , on Sweetwater.com Interview ( 1993 ) with Moog about electronic music pioneer Raymond Scott , at RaymondScott.net Modulations , a film featuring interviews with Robert Moog on YouTube Interview with Robert Moog for the NAMM Oral History Program February 25 , 2002 Patents ( edit ) Descriptive list of Moog patents by J. Donald Tillman U.S. Patent 3,475,623 Electronic High - pass and Low - pass Filters Employing the Base - to - Emitter Resistance of Bipolar Transistors , issued October 1969 U.S. Patent 4,050,343 Electronic music synthesizer , issued September 1977 U.S. Patent 4,108,041 Phase shifting sound effects circuit , issued August 1978 U.S. Patent 4,117,413 Amplifier with multifilter , issued September 1978 U.S. Patent 4,166,197 Parametric adjustment circuit , issued August 1979 U.S. Patent 4,180,707 Distortion sound effects circuit , issued December 1979 U.S. Patent 4,202,238 Compressor - expander for a musical instrument , issued May 1980 U.S. Patent 4,213,367 Monophonic touch sensitive keyboard , issued July 1980 U.S. Patent 4,280,387 Frequency following circuit , issued July 1981 U.S. Patent 4,778,951 Arrays of resistive elements for use in touch panels and for producing electric fields , issued October 1988 Obituaries ( edit ) ( 1 ) / ( 2 ) in BBC News ( 3 ) in Asheville Citizen - Times ( 4 ) in Los Angeles Times ( 5 ) in The New York Times ( may require free registration to access ) ( 6 ) in The Economist ( 7 ) in Mix magazine ( 8 ) in The Times Tributes ( edit ) Google 's tribute to Robert Moog on his 78th birthday in a Google Doodle Bob Moog Guestbook at CaringBridge Switched On and Ready To Rumble from The New York Times A Tribute To Robert Moog -- tribute album , entry on Discogs We Will Miss You , Bob Moog from BlueDistortion.com Tribute Video blog about Robert Moog Electronic and electroacoustic music People Milton Babbitt Bebe and Louis Barron Easley Blackwood , Jr . Konrad Boehmer John Cage Wendy Carlos Nicolas Collins Mario Davidovsky Herbert Eimert Halim El - Dabh Brian Eno Johannes Fritsch Karel Goeyvaerts Pierre Henry Bernard Herrmann Ryoji Ikeda Mauricio Kagel Gottfried Michael Koenig Kraftwerk Otto Luening Hugh Le Caine Bruno Maderna Mesías Maiguashca John McGuire Robert Moog Werner Meyer - Eppler Luigi Nono Bernard Parmegiani Henri Pousseur Steve Reich Terry Riley Keith Rowe Pierre Schaeffer Karlheinz Stockhausen Morton Subotnick Josef Tal Isao Tomita Vladimir Ussachevsky Edgard Varèse Iannis Xenakis La Monte Young Compositions Artikulation Cosmic Pulses Déserts Forbidden Planet Freitag aus Licht Gesang der Jünglinge Hymnen Klang Konkrete Etüde Kontakte Kraanerg Mikrophonie I & II Mixtur Nummer 5 Oktophonie Philomel Poème électronique Scambi Silver Apples of the Moon Sirius Strahlen Studie I Studie II Switched - On Bach Symphonie pour un homme seul Telemusik Time 's Encomium Twelve Microtonal Etudes for Electronic Music Media Unsichtbare Chöre Williams Mix Techniques Circuit bending Computer music Experimental music Hyperinstrument Loop Tape loop Microsound Musique concrète Noise music Octophonic sound Instruments ARP synthesizer Buchla Electronic Musical Instruments Electronic Music Studios Hammond organ Laser harp Korg Modular synthesizer Moog synthesizer Oberheim Electronics Ondes Martenot RCA Mark II Roland Sequential Circuits Telharmonium Theremin Trautonium Yamaha Inactive organizations BBC Radiophonic Workshop Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium NHK San Francisco Tape Music Center Studio d'Essai Studio for Electronic Music ( WDR , Cologne ) Studio di fonologia musicale di Radio Milano Active organizations Computer Music Center Electronic Music Foundation Groupe de Recherches Musicales Institute of Sonology IRCAM NIME SEAMUS STEIM Toonzaal Studio WORM studio Laureates of the Polar Music Prize 1990s Paul McCartney / the Baltic states ( 1992 ) Dizzy Gillespie / Witold Lutosławski ( 1993 ) Quincy Jones / Nikolaus Harnoncourt ( 1994 ) Elton John / Mstislav Rostropovich ( 1995 ) Joni Mitchell / Pierre Boulez ( 1996 ) Bruce Springsteen / Eric Ericson ( 1997 ) Ray Charles / Ravi Shankar ( 1998 ) Stevie Wonder / Iannis Xenakis ( 1999 ) 2000s Bob Dylan / Isaac Stern ( 2000 ) Burt Bacharach / Robert Moog / Karlheinz Stockhausen ( 2001 ) Miriam Makeba / Sofia Gubaidulina ( 2002 ) Keith Jarrett ( 2003 ) B.B. King / György Ligeti ( 2004 ) Gilberto Gil / Dietrich Fischer - Dieskau ( 2005 ) Led Zeppelin / Valery Gergiev ( 2006 ) Sonny Rollins / Steve Reich ( 2007 ) Pink Floyd / Renée Fleming ( 2008 ) Peter Gabriel / José Antonio Abreu / El Sistema ( 2009 ) 2010s Björk / Ennio Morricone ( 2010 ) Kronos Quartet / Patti Smith ( 2011 ) Paul Simon / Yo - Yo Ma ( 2012 ) Youssou N'Dour / Kaija Saariaho ( 2013 ) Chuck Berry / Peter Sellars ( 2014 ) Emmylou Harris / Evelyn Glennie ( 2015 ) Max Martin / Cecilia Bartoli ( 2016 ) Sting / Wayne Shorter ( 2017 ) Metallica / Afghanistan National Institute of Music ( 2018 ) SEAMUS Lifetime Achievement Award Vladimir Ussachevsky ( 1987 ) Les Paul ( 1988 ) Mario Davidovsky ( 1989 ) Otto Luening ( 1990 ) Robert Moog ( 1991 ) John Chowning ( 1993 ) Max Mathews ( 1994 ) Milton Babbitt ( 1995 ) Charles Dodge ( 1996 ) Bebe and Louis Barron ( 1997 ) Morton Subotnick ( 1998 ) Pauline Oliveros ( 1999 ) Paul Lansky ( 2000 ) Herbert Brün ( 2001 ) Don Buchla ( 2002 ) Jon Appleton ( 2003 ) Barry Vercoe ( 2004 ) Wendy Carlos ( 2005 ) Alvin Lucier ( 2006 ) Joel Chadabe ( 2007 ) Miller Puckette ( 2008 ) Larry Austin ( 2009 ) Curtis Roads ( 2010 ) Laurie Anderson ( 2011 ) George Lewis ( 2012 ) Laurie Spiegel ( 2013 ) Barry Schrader ( 2014 ) Dave Smith ( 2015 ) Pamela Z ( 2016 ) Carla Scaletti ( 2017 ) BIBSYS : 8023050 BNF : cb144922725 ( data ) GND : 13148267X ISNI : 0000 0000 6159 507X LCCN : n85237102 MusicBrainz : 31663409 - 4f26 - 4c65 - bc2f - 7bb738667dcc SELIBR : 270496 SNAC : w6p28105 SUDOC : 119105101 VIAF : 53135958 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moog&oldid=842038684 '' Categories : 1934 births 2005 deaths Analog electronics engineers Berklee College of Music alumni Deaths from brain tumor Deaths from cancer in North Carolina Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni Cornell University College of Engineering alumni Inventors of musical instruments Moogfest People from Queens , New York Queens College , City University of New York alumni The Bronx High School of Science alumni University of North Carolina at Asheville faculty Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 20 : 19 . 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what did robert moog contribute to the music industry in the 1960s
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"Robert Arthur Moog (/ˈmoʊɡ/ \"mogue\"; May 23, 1934 – August 21, 2005), founder of Moog Music, was an American engineer and pioneer of electronic music, best known as the inventor of the Moog synthesizer. During his lifetime, Moog founded two companies for manufacturing electronic musical instruments. His innovative electronic design is employed in numerous synthesizers including the Minimoog, Minimoog Voyager, Little Phatty, Moog Taurus, and the Moogerfooger line of effects pedals."
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"electronic music"
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St Martin-in-the-Fields
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St Martin - in - the - Fields - wikipedia St Martin - in - the - Fields Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see St Martin - in - the - Fields ( disambiguation ) . St Martin - in - the - Fields 2011 Location Westminster London , WC2 Country England Denomination Church of England Website www.stmartin-in-the-fields.org History Dedication Saint Martin Architecture Status Parish church Functional status Active Heritage designation Grade I Architect ( s ) James Gibbs Architectural type Church Style Neoclassical Years built 1721 -- 1726 Specifications Number of spires Spire height 192 feet ( 59 m ) Bells 12 ( full circle ) Tenor bell weight 29 long cwt 1 qr 1 lb ( 3,277 lb or 1,486 kg ) Administration Deanery Westminster ( St Margaret ) Archdeaconry London ( previously Charing Cross ) Diocese London Province Canterbury Clergy Vicar ( s ) Sam Wells Laity Director of music Andrew Earis Churchwarden ( s ) Chris Braganza Adrian Harris Listed Building -- Grade I Official name : Church of St Martin in the Fields Designated 24 February 1958 Reference no . 1217661 St Martin - in - the - Fields is an English Anglican church at the north - east corner of Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster , London . It is dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours . There has been a church on the site since the medieval period . The present building was constructed in a Neoclassical design by James Gibbs in 1722 -- 1726 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Roman era 1.2 Medieval and Tudor 1.3 Seventeenth century 1.4 Rebuilding 1.5 Recent times 2 Royal connections 3 Almshouses 4 Vicars 5 Music 5.1 List of organists 6 St Martin 's school 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 External links History ( edit ) Roman era ( edit ) Excavations at the site in 2006 led to the discovery of a grave from about 410 AD . The site is outside the city limits of Roman London ( as was the usual Roman practice for burials ) but is particularly interesting for being so far outside , and this is leading to a reappraisal of Westminster 's importance at that time . The burial is thought by some to mark a Christian centre of that time ( possibly reusing the site or building of a pagan temple ) . St Martin - in - the - Fields and Charing Cross , circa 1562 Medieval and tudor ( edit ) The earliest extant reference to the church is from 1222 , with a dispute between the Abbot of Westminster and the Bishop of London as to who had control over it . The Archbishop of Canterbury decided in favour of Westminster , and the monks of Westminster Abbey began to use it . Henry VIII rebuilt the church in 1542 to keep plague victims in the area from having to pass through his Palace of Whitehall . At this time , it was literally `` in the fields '' , an isolated position between the cities of Westminster and London . Seventeenth century ( edit ) By the beginning of the reign of James I , the church had become inadequate for the size of its congregation , due to the great increase in population in the area . In 1606 the king granted an acre of ground to the west of St. Martin 's Lane for a new churchyard , and the building was enlarged eastwards over the old burial ground , increasing the length of the church by about half . At the same time the church was , in the phrase of the time , thoroughly `` repaired and beautified '' . Later in the 17th century capacity was further increased with the addition of galleries . The creation of the new parishes of St Anne , Soho , and St James , Piccadilly , and the opening of a chapel in Oxenden Street also relieved some of the pressure on space . As it stood at the beginning of the 18th century , the church was built of brick , rendered over , with stone facings . The roof was tiled , and there was a stone tower , with buttresses . The ceiling was slightly arched , supported with what Edward Hatton described as `` Pillars of the Tuscan and Modern Gothick orders '' . The interior was wainscotted in oak to a height of 6 ft ( 1.8 m ) , while the galleries , on the north , south and west sides , were of painted deal . The church was about 84 ft ( 26 m ) long and 62 ft ( 19 m ) wide . The tower was about 90 ft ( 27 m ) high . A number of notables were buried in this phase of the church , including Robert Boyle , Nell Gwynne , John Parkinson and Sir John Birkenhead . Rebuilding ( edit ) Interior of St Martin - in - the - Fields A survey of 1710 found that the walls and roof were in a state of decay . In 1720 , Parliament passed an act for the rebuilding of the church allowing for a sum of up to £ 22,000 , to be raised by a rate on the parishioners . A temporary church was erected partly on the churchyard and partly on ground in Lancaster Court . Advertisements were placed in the newspapers that bodies and monuments of those buried in the church or churchyard could be taken away for reinterment by relatives . Lamp Post Detail , London , UK The rebuilding commissioners selected James Gibbs to design the new church . His first suggestion was for a church with a circular nave and domed ceiling , but the commissioners considered this scheme too expensive . Gibbs then produced a simpler , rectilinear plan , which they accepted . The foundation stone was laid on 19 March 1722 , and the last stone of the spire was placed into position in December 1724 . The total cost was £ 33,661 including the architect 's fees . The west front of St Martin 's has a portico with a pediment supported by a giant order of Corinthian columns , six wide . The order is continued around the church by pilasters . In designing the church , Gibbs drew upon the works of Christopher Wren , but departed from Wren 's practice in his integration of the tower into the church . Rather than considering it as an adjunct to the main body of the building , he constructed it within the west wall , so that it rises above the roof , immediately behind the portico , an arrangement also used at around the same time by John James at St George , Hanover Square ( completed in 1724 ) , although James ' steeple is much less ambitious . The spire of St Martin 's rises 192 ft ( 59 m ) above the level of the church floor . The church is rectangular in plan , with the five - bay nave divided from the aisles by arcades of Corinthian columns . There are galleries over both aisles and at the west end . The nave ceiling is a flattened barrel vault , divided into panels by ribs . The panels are decorated in stucco with cherubs , clouds , shells and scroll work , executed by Giuseppe Artari and Giovanni Bagutti . Until the creation of Trafalgar Square in the 1820s , Gibbs 's church was crowded by other buildings . J.P. Malcolm , writing in 1807 , said that the its west front `` would have a grand effect if the execrable watch - house and sheds before it were removed '' and described the sides of the church as `` lost in courts , where houses approach them almost to contact '' . The design was criticised widely at the time , but subsequently became extremely famous , being copied particularly widely in the United States . In Britain , the design of the 1830s St Andrew 's in the Square church in Glasgow was inspired by it . In India , St. Andrew 's Church , Egmore , Madras ( now Chennai ) , is modelled on St Martin - in - the - Fields . Various notables were soon buried in the new church , including the émigré sculptor Louis - François Roubiliac ( who had settled in this area of London ) and the furniture - maker Thomas Chippendale ( whose workshop was in the same street as the church , St Martin 's Lane ) , along with Jack Sheppard in the adjoining churchyard . This churchyard , which lay to the south of the church , was removed to make way for Duncannon Street , constructed in the 19th century to provide access to the newly created Trafalgar Square . Before embarking for the Middle East Campaign , Edmund Allenby was met by General Beauvoir de Lisle at the Grosvenor Hotel and convinced General Allenby with Bible prophecies of the deliverance of Jerusalem . He told General Allenby that the Bible said that Jerusalem would be delivered in that very year , 1917 , and by Great Britain . General Beauvoir de Lisle had studied the prophecies , as he was about to preach at St Martin - in - the - Fields . Recent times ( edit ) Audio description of the church by Michael Elwyn The ceiling of the café in the crypt Because of its prominent position , St Martin - in - the - Fields is one of the most famous churches in London . Dick Sheppard , Vicar from 1914 to 1927 who began programmes for the area 's homeless , coined its ethos as the `` Church of the Ever Open Door '' . The church is famous for its work with young and homeless people through The Connection at St Martin - in - the - Fields , created in 2003 through the merger of two programmes dating at least to 1948 . The Connection shares with The Vicar 's Relief Fund the money raised each year by the BBC Radio 4 Appeal 's Christmas appeal . The crypt houses a café which hosts jazz concerts whose profits support the programmes of the church . The crypt is also home to the London Brass Rubbing Centre , an art gallery and a book and gift shop . A life - sized marble statue of Henry Croft , London 's first pearly king , was moved to the crypt in 2002 from its original site at St Pancras Cemetery . In January 2006 , work began on a £ 36 - million renewal project . The project included renewing the church itself , as well as provision of facilities encompassing the church 's crypt , a row of buildings to the north and some significant new underground spaces in between . The funding included a grant of £ 15.35 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund . The church and crypt reopened in the summer of 2008 . Twelve historic bells from St Martin - in - the - Fields , cast 1725 , are included in the peal of the Swan Bells tower in Perth , Western Australia . The current set of twelve bells , cast in 1988 , which replace the old ones are rung every Sunday between 9am and 10am by the St Martin in the Fields Band of Bell Ringers Royal connections ( edit ) The church has a close relationship with the Royal Family , whose parish church it is , as well as with 10 Downing Street and the Admiralty . Almshouses ( edit ) The church established its own almhouses and pension - charity on 21 September 1886 . The 19 church trustees administered almshouses for women and provided them with a weekly stipend . The almshouses were built in 1818 , in Bayham Street ( to a design by Henry Hake Seward ) , on part of the parish burial ground in Camden Town and St Pancras and replaced those constructed in 1683 . Vicars ( edit ) 1539 : Edmund Watson 1539 : Robert Beste 1554 : Thomas Wells 1572 : Robert Beste 1572 : William Wells 1574 : Thomas Langhorne 1574 : William Ireland 1577 : Christopher Hayward 1588 : William Fisher 1591 : Thomas Knight 1602 : Thomas Mountford 1632 : William Bray 1641 : John Wincopp 1643 : Thomas Strickland 1644 -- 1648 : Daniel Cawdry 1648 : Gabriel Sangar 1661 : Nicholas Hardy 1670 : Thomas Lamplugh 1676 : William Lloyd 1680 : Thomas Tenison 1692 : William Lancaster 1693 : Nicholas Gouge 1694 -- 1716 : William Lancaster 1716 -- 1723 : Thomas Green 1723 -- 1756 : Zachariah Pearce 1756 -- 1776 : Erasmus Saunders 1776 -- 1812 : Anthony Hamilton 1812 -- 1824 : Joseph Holden Pott 1824 -- 1834 : George Richards 1834 -- 1848 : Sir Henry Robert Dukinfield , Bart . 1848 -- 1855 : Henry Mackenzie 1855 -- 1886 : William Gilson Humphry 1886 -- 1903 : John Fenwick Kitto 1903 -- 1914 : Leonard Edmund Shelford 1914 -- 1927 : Hugh Richard Laurie Sheppard 1927 -- 1940 : William Patrick Glyn McCormick 1941 -- 1947 : Eric Loveday 1948 -- 1956 : Lewis Mervyn Charles - Edwards 1956 -- 1984 : Austen Williams 1985 -- 1995 : Geoffrey Brown 1995 -- 2011 : Nicholas Holtam ( now Bishop of Salisbury ) 2012 -- present : Samuel Wells Music ( edit ) The church is known for its regular lunchtime and evening concerts : many ensembles perform there , including the Academy of St Martin - in - the - Fields , which was co-founded by Sir Neville Marriner and John Churchill , a former Master of Music at St Martin 's . List of organists ( edit ) West end and organ by J.W. Walker Organists include : John Weldon 1714 -- 1736 Joseph Kelway 1736 -- 1781 ( formerly organist of St Michael , Cornhill ) Benjamin Cooke 1781 -- 1793 Robert Cooke 1793 -- 1814 ( son of Benjamin Cooke ) Thomas Forbes Gerrard Walmisley 1814 -- 1854 William Thomas Best 1852 -- 1855 ? W.H. Adams , appointed 1857 H.W.A. Beale William John Kipps 1899 -- 1924 Martin Shaw 1920 -- 1924 Arnold Goldsborough 1924 -- 1935 John Alden 1935 -- 1938 Stanley Drummond Wolff 1938 -- 1946 John Churchill 1949 -- 1967 Eric Harrison 1967 -- 1968 Robert Vincent 1968 -- 1977 ( later organist of Manchester Cathedral ) Christopher Stokes 1977 -- 1989 ( later Director of Music , St. Margaret 's Westminster Abbey and Organist & Master of the Choristers Manchester Cathedral ) Mark Stringer 1989 -- 1996 ( currently Director of Music , Wells Cathedral School , Wells UK , since April 2015 ; Executive Director Trinity College London , 1997 -- 2012 ; sometime Director of Music , Methodist Central Hall , Westminster ) Paul Stubbings 1996 -- 2001 ( later Director of Music , St Mary 's Music School , Edinburgh ) Nick Danks 2001 -- 2008 Andrew Earis 2009 -- St Martin 's school ( edit ) In 1699 the church founded a school for poor and less fortunate boys , which later became a girls ' school . It was originally sited in Charing Cross Road , near the church . At one time it was known as St Martin 's Middle Class School for Girls , and was later renamed St Martin - in - the - Fields High School for Girls . It was relocated to its present site in Lambeth in 1928 . The school badge depicts the eponymous St Martin of Tours . The school 's Latin motto Caritate et disciplina translates as `` With love and learning '' . The school is Christian but accepts girls of all faiths . See also ( edit ) Christ Child ( sculpture ) ( 1999 ) Academy of St Martin in the Fields List of churches and cathedrals of London Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` An interview with Andrew Earis '' . stmartin-in-the-fields.org. 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Historic England . `` Details from listed building database ( 1217661 ) '' . National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient body prompts new theories '' . BBC News . BBC.co.uk. 1 December 2006 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : At the heart : The Renewal of St. Martin - in - the - fields ( PDF ) . St Martin - in - the - Fields. 2006 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gater , G.H. ; Hiorns , F.R. , eds. ( 1940 ) . `` Appendix : Vicars of St. Martin - in - the - Fields '' . Survey of London : volume 20 : St Martin - in - the - Fields , part III : Trafalgar Square & Neighbourhood . London County Council . pp. 31 -- 54 , 128 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 -- via British History Online . ^ Jump up to : Hatton , Edward ( 1708 ) . `` St. Martin 's Church ( in the fields ) '' . A New Picture of London . 1 . London . pp ... 340 et seq . ^ Jump up to : Summerson , John ( 1970 ) . Architecture in Britain , 1530 to 1830 . Pelican History of Art . Harmondsworth : Penguin Books . pp. 309 -- 353 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 056103 - 6 . Jump up ^ Malcolm , James Peller ( 10 June 1807 ) . Londinium Redivivium , or , an Ancient History and Modern Description of London . 4 . London . p. 202 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sheppard , Francis ( 2000 ) . London : a history . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 240 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285369 - 4 . Jump up ^ When built the church faced into on St Martin 's Lane ; and it was only much later , with the construction of Trafalgar Square , that it attained the prominence that it has today . Jump up ^ For the planning of Duncannon Street see Mace , Rodney ( 1975 ) . Trafalgar Square : Emblem of Empire . London : Lawrence & Wishart . p. 36 . ISBN 0 - 85315 - 367 - 1 . Jump up ^ Novak , Fr . Victor ( 7 December 2012 ) . `` AS BIRDS FLYING , The Miracle of December 8th '' . Frnovak.blogspot.com . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . The Connection at St - Martin - in - the - fields . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . St Martin - in - the - Fields . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` St Martin in the Fields Band of Bell Ringers Website '' . St Martin in the Fields Band Of Bell Ringers . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ King George I was a churchwarden and Queen Mary attended services regularly . Jump up ^ This falls within its parish , and the Trafalgar Square link strengthens the bond -- the church flies the White Ensign of the Royal Navy rather than the Union Flag , and traditionally the church bells are rung to proclaim a naval victory . Jump up ^ `` ST MARTIN IN THE FIELDS ALMSHOUSES , NUMBERS 1 -- 9 '' . Historic England . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` London Family History : St Martin - in - the - Fields '' . Archived from the original on 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Humphry , William Gilson ( HMHY832WG ) '' . A Cambridge Alumni Database . University of Cambridge . Jump up ^ Beeson , Trevor ( 30 November 2007 ) . Round the Church in 50 Years : A Personal Journey . London : SCM Press . p. 149 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Bishop of Salisbury Announced '' ( Press release ) . Church of England . 13 April 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to St Martin - in - the - Fields . St Martin - in - the - Fields website Connection at St Martin 's website Roman occupation of church site Mystery Worshipper Report at the Ship of Fools website Deanery of Westminster ( St Margaret ) Churches in the City of Westminster Ancient parish churches ( pre-1800 ) St Anne 's , Soho St Clement Danes St George 's , Hanover Square St James 's , Piccadilly St John the Evangelist , Westminster St Margaret 's , Westminster St Martin - in - the - Fields St Marylebone St Mary le Strand St Paul 's , Covent Garden Anglican daughter churches All Saints , Margaret Street All Souls , Langham Place Annunciation , Marble Arch Grosvenor Chapel , Mayfair Guards Chapel , Wellington Barracks Holy Trinity , Marylebone Holy Trinity , South Kensington St Augustine 's , Kilburn St Cyprian 's , Marylebone St Gabriel 's , Pimlico St James 's , Paddington St James the Less , Pimlico St John 's Wood Church St Mary , Marylebone St Mary on Paddington Green St Mary Magdalene , Paddington St Matthew 's , Bayswater St Matthew 's , Westminster St Paul 's , Knightsbridge St Peter , Vere Street St Peter 's , Victoria St Saviour 's , Pimlico St Stephen 's , Westbourne Park Royal Peculiars Henry VII Chapel Queen 's Chapel , St James Savoy Chapel St Mary Undercroft Westminster Abbey Roman Catholic churches Immaculate Conception , Farm Street Notre Dame de France Our Lady of the Assumption and St Gregory , Westminster St Charles Borromeo , Westminster St James 's , Spanish Place St Mary of the Angels , Bayswater St Patrick 's , Soho Westminster Cathedral Other denominations Crown Court Church , Covent Garden Dormition Cathedral Enon Chapel French Protestant Church of London , Soho Hinde Street Methodist Church One Mayfair Church Regent Hall , Oxford Street St John 's Wood Road Baptist Church St Sophia 's Cathedral , Bayswater Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral of the Holy Family in Exile , Mayfair Ulrika Eleonora Welsh Church of Central London West London Methodist Mission West Street Chapel , Westminster Methodist Central Hall Westminster Chapel , Victoria Trafalgar Square , London Buildings Current Clockwise from North : National Gallery St Martin - in - the - Fields South Africa House Drummonds Bank Admiralty Arch Uganda House Embassy of Burundi High Commission of Uganda Canadian Pacific building Canada House Former Morley 's Hotel Northumberland House Royal Mews Statues Plinths SE : Henry Havelock SW : Charles Napier NE : George IV NW : Fourth plinth Busts Lord Beatty Lord Jellicoe Lord Cunningham Other Charles I Charing Cross Nelson 's Column James II George Washington Adjacent streets Charing Cross Road Cockspur Street Northumberland Avenue Strand Whitehall People Architects Charles Barry Norman Foster Edwin Lutyens John Nash Fourth plinth sculptors Elmgreen and Dragset Katharina Fritsch Hahn / Cock Antony Gormley One & Other Marc Quinn Thomas Schütte Yinka Shonibare Mark Wallinger Rachel Whiteread Bill Woodrow Events Poll Tax Riots Miscellaneous Christmas tree Commons London landmarks Buildings and structures Bridges Albert Bridge Blackfriars Bridge Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges Lambeth Bridge London Bridge Millennium Footbridge Southwark Bridge Tower Bridge Vauxhall Bridge Waterloo Bridge Westminster Bridge Entertainment venues Cinemas Empire , Leicester Square BFI IMAX Odeon Leicester Square Football stadia Wembley Stadium ( national stadium ) Craven Cottage ( Fulham ) The Den ( Millwall ) Emirates Stadium ( Arsenal ) Loftus Road ( Queens Park Rangers ) Olympic Stadium ( West Ham United ) Selhurst Park ( Crystal Palace ) Stamford Bridge ( Chelsea ) The Valley ( Charlton Athletic ) White Hart Lane ( Tottenham Hotspur ) Other major sports venues All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club The Championship Course ( rowing ) Crystal Palace National Sports Centre Lord 's ( cricket ) Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park The Oval ( cricket ) Twickenham Stadium ( rugby ) Theatres London Coliseum London Palladium The Old Vic Royal National Theatre Royal Opera House Shakespeare 's Globe Theatre Royal , Drury Lane Theatre Royal Haymarket Other Alexandra Palace Brixton Academy ExCeL Hammersmith Apollo O2 Arena Royal Albert Hall Royal Festival Hall Wembley Arena Government 10 Downing Street Admiralty Arch Bank of England City Hall County Hall Guildhall Horse Guards Mansion House National Archives Old Bailey Palace of Westminster Royal Courts of Justice Scotland Yard SIS Building Museums and galleries British Museum Cutty Sark Golden Hinde HMS Belfast Imperial War Museum Madame Tussauds Museum of London National Gallery National Maritime Museum Natural History Museum Royal Academy of Arts Royal Observatory Science Museum Tate Britain Tate Modern Tower of London Victoria and Albert Museum Places of worship All Hallows - by - the - Tower BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Bevis Marks Synagogue Methodist Central Hall Regent 's Park Mosque St Martin - in - the - Fields St Mary - le - Bow St Paul 's Cathedral Southwark Cathedral Westminster Abbey Westminster Cathedral Retailing Shops Fortnum & Mason Hamleys Harrods Liberty Peter Jones Selfridges Shopping centres and markets Borough Market Brent Cross Burlington Arcade Kensington Arcade Leadenhall Market The Mall Wood Green One New Change Petticoat Lane Market Royal Exchange Westfield London Westfield Stratford City Royal buildings Partly occupied by Royal Family Buckingham Palace Clarence House Kensington Palace St James 's Palace Unoccupied Banqueting House Hampton Court Palace Kew Palace The Queen 's Gallery Royal Mews , Buckingham Palace Skyscrapers 1 Canada Square 8 Canada Square 20 Fenchurch Street 30 St Mary Axe 125 London Wall Broadgate Tower BT Tower Centre Point Citigroup Centre Heron Tower Leadenhall Building Lloyd 's building Millbank Tower Senate House The Shard Shell Centre St George Wharf Tower Strata SE1 Tower 42 Structures Albert Memorial ArcelorMittal Orbit Cleopatra 's Needle Crystal Palace transmitting station London Eye London Wall Marble Arch Monument to the Great Fire Nelson 's Column Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain ( `` Eros '' ) Thames Barrier Wellington Arch Transport City Airport Heathrow Airport Charing Cross station Clapham Junction station Euston station King 's Cross station Liverpool Street station London Bridge station Paddington station St Pancras station Victoria station Waterloo station Emirates Air Line Victoria Coach Station Other Barbican Estate Battersea Power Station British Library Kew Gardens Lambeth Palace London Zoo Oxo Tower St Bartholomew 's Hospital Smithfield Market Somerset House Parks Royal Parks Bushy Park Green Park Greenwich Park Hampton Court Park Hyde Park Kensington Gardens Regent 's Park Richmond Park St. James 's Park Other Battersea Park Burgess Park Clapham Common College Green Epping Forest Finsbury Park Gunnersbury Park Hampstead Heath Holland Park Mitcham Common Osterley Park Trent Park Victoria Park Wandsworth Common Wimbledon Common Squares and public spaces Covent Garden Horse Guards Parade Leicester Square Oxford Circus Parliament Square Piccadilly Circus Sloane Square Trafalgar Square Streets Aldwych Baker Street Bishopsgate Bond Street Cannon Street Carnaby Street Chancery Lane Charing Cross Road Cheapside Cornhill Denmark Street Fenchurch Street Fleet Street Haymarket Jermyn Street Kensington High Street King 's Road Lombard Street The Mall Oxford Street Park Lane Piccadilly Portobello Road Regent Street Shaftesbury Avenue Sloane Street Strand Threadneedle Street Tottenham Court Road Victoria Embankment Whitehall Buildings and structures under construction shown in italics Members of the Greater Churches Network Church of England Province of Canterbury Bath Abbey St Martin in the Bull Ring , Birmingham St Botolph 's Church , Boston St Mary Redcliffe , Bristol St Mary 's Church , Bury St Edmunds Church of St Mary the Great , Cambridge Church of St Mary and All Saints , Chesterfield Christchurch Priory Holy Trinity Church , Coventry St Wulfram 's Church , Grantham Great Malvern Priory Great Yarmouth Minster St Mary , Hadleigh All Saints ' Church , Hertford King 's Lynn Minster St James ' Church , Louth St Laurence 's Church , Ludlow All Saints Church , Fulham , London All Saints Church , Kingston upon Thames , London Christ Church , Spitalfields , London St Marylebone Parish Church , London St Martin - in - the - Fields , London St Peter Mancroft , Norwich Pershore Abbey Romsey Abbey St Andrew 's Church , Rugby St Mary the Virgin , Saffron Walden St Chad 's Church , Shrewsbury Church of the Holy Trinity , Stratford - upon - Avon St Mary Magdalene , Taunton Sherborne Abbey Shrewsbury Abbey St Mary Magdalene , Taunton Tewkesbury Abbey Waltham Abbey Church Collegiate Church of St Mary , Warwick Wimborne Minster St Peter 's Collegiate Church , Wolverhampton Province of York Beverley Minster Bolton Abbey Bridlington Priory Cartmel Priory St George 's Minster , Doncaster Halifax Minster St Peter 's Church , Harrogate Grimsby Minster Hexham Abbey Hull Minster Kendal Parish Church Lancaster Priory Leeds Minster Liverpool Parish Church St Mary 's Church , Nantwich Church of St. Mary Magdalene , Newark - on - Trent St Mary 's Church , Nottingham Rotherham Minster Selby Abbey Sunderland Minster Church in Wales Priory Church of St Mary , Abergavenny St John the Baptist Church , Cardiff St Giles ' Church , Wrexham Scottish Episcopal Church Church of St John the Evangelist , Edinburgh Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 32 '' N 0 ° 07 ′ 37 '' W / 51.50889 ° N 0.12694 ° W / 51.50889 ; - 0.12694 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Martin-in-the-Fields&oldid=800723562 '' Categories : Greater Churches Church of England churches in the City of Westminster Churches completed in 1726 18th - century Church of England churches Grade I listed churches in the City of Westminster 1726 establishments in Great Britain Diocese of London Rebuilt churches in the United Kingdom Trafalgar Square James Gibbs buildings Georgian architecture in London Greek Revival churches in the United Kingdom Neoclassical architecture in England Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands Norsk Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська 吴语 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 08 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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scottish architect who developed st martins in the field
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"St Martin-in-the-Fields is an English Anglican church at the north-east corner of Trafalgar Square in the City of Westminster, London. It is dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours. There has been a church on the site since the medieval period. The present building was constructed in a Neoclassical design by James Gibbs in 1722–1726."
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"James Gibbs"
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Antihypertensive drug
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Antihypertensive drug - wikipedia Antihypertensive drug Jump to : navigation , search Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension ( high blood pressure ) . Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure , such as stroke and myocardial infarction . Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34 % , of ischaemic heart disease by 21 % , and reduce the likelihood of dementia , heart failure , and mortality from cardiovascular disease . There are many classes of antihypertensives , which lower blood pressure by different means . Among the most important and most widely used drugs are thiazide diuretics , calcium channel blockers , ACE inhibitors , angiotensin II receptor antagonists ( ARBs ) , and beta blockers . Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and resulting national guidelines . The fundamental goal of treatment should be the prevention of the important endpoints of hypertension , such as heart attack , stroke and heart failure . Patient age , associated clinical conditions and end - organ damage also play a part in determining dosage and type of medication administered . The several classes of antihypertensives differ in side effect profiles , ability to prevent endpoints , and cost . The choice of more expensive agents , where cheaper ones would be equally effective , may have negative impacts on national healthcare budgets . As of 2009 , the best available evidence favors the thiazide diuretics as the first - line treatment of choice for high blood pressure when drugs are necessary . Although clinical evidence shows calcium channel blockers and thiazide - type diuretics are preferred first - line treatments for most people ( from both efficacy and cost points of view ) , an ACE inhibitor is recommended by NICE in the UK for those under 55 years old . Contents ( hide ) 1 Diuretics 2 Calcium channel blockers 3 ACE inhibitors 4 Angiotensin II receptor antagonists 5 Adrenergic receptor antagonists 6 Vasodilators 7 Renin Inhibitors 8 Aldosterone receptor antagonists 9 Alpha - 2 adrenergic receptor agonists 10 Endothelin receptor blockers 11 Choice of initial medication 11.1 Patient factors 12 Research 12.1 Blood pressure vaccines 13 References Diuretics ( edit ) Hydrochlorothiazide , a popular thiazide diuretic Diuretics help the kidneys eliminate excess salt and water from the body 's tissues and blood . Loop diuretics : bumetanide ethacrynic acid furosemide torsemide Thiazide diuretics : epitizide hydrochlorothiazide and chlorothiazide bendroflumethiazide methyclothiazide polythiazide Thiazide - like diuretics : indapamide chlorthalidone metolazone Potassium - sparing diuretics : amiloride triamterene spironolactone eplerenone In the United States , the JNC8 ( Eighth Joint National Committee on the Prevention , Detection , Evaluation , and Treatment of High Blood Pressure ) recommends thiazide - type diuretics to be one of the first - line drug treatments for hypertension , either as monotherapy or in combination with calcium channel blockers , ACE inhibitors , or angiotensin II receptor antagonists . There are fixed - dose combination drugs , such as ACE inhibitor and thiazide combinations . Despite thiazides being cheap and effective , they are not prescribed as often as some newer drugs . This is because they have been associated with increased risk of new - onset diabetes and as such are recommended for use in patients over 65 where the risk of new - onset diabetes is outweighed by the benefits of controlling systolic blood pressure . Another theory is that they are off - patent and thus rarely promoted by the drug industry . Calcium channel blockers ( edit ) Calcium channel blockers block the entry of calcium into muscle cells in artery walls . dihydropyridines : amlodipine cilnidipine clevidipine felodipine isradipine lercanidipine levamlodipine nicardipine nifedipine nimodipine nisoldipine nitrendipine non-dihydropyridines : diltiazem verapamil JNC8 recommends calcium channel blockers to be a first - line treatment either as monotherapy or in combination with thiazide - type diuretics , ACE inhibitors , or angiotensin II receptor antagonists for all patients regardless of age or race . ACE inhibitors ( edit ) Captopril , the prototypical ACE inhibitor ACE inhibitors inhibit the activity of angiotensin - converting enzyme ( ACE ) , an enzyme responsible for the conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II , a potent vasoconstrictor . captopril enalapril fosinopril lisinopril moexipril perindopril quinapril ramipril trandolapril benazepril A systematic review of 63 trials with over 35,000 participants indicated ACE inhibitors significantly reduced doubling of serum creatinine levels compared to other drugs ( ARBs , α blockers , β blockers , etc . ) , and the authors suggested this as a first line of defense . The AASK trial showed that ACE inhibitors are more effective at slowing down the decline of kidney function compared to calcium channel blockers and beta blockers . As such , ACE inhibitors should be the drug treatment of choice for patients with chronic kidney disease regardless of race or diabetic status . However , ACE inhibitors ( and angiotensin II receptor antagonists ) should not be a first - line treatment for black hypertensives without chronic kidney disease . Results from the ALLHAT trial showed that thiazide - type diuretics and calcium channel blockers were both more effective as monotherapy in improving cardiovascular outcomes compared to ACE inhibitors for this subgroup . Furthermore , ACE inhibitors were less effective in reducing blood pressure and had a 51 % higher risk of stroke in black hypertensives when used as initial therapy compared to a calcium channel blocker . There are fixed - dose combination drugs , such as ACE inhibitor and thiazide combinations . Notable side effects of ACE inhibitors include dry cough , hyperkalemia , fatigue , dizziness , headaches , loss of taste and a risk for angioedema . Angiotensin II receptor antagonists ( edit ) Valsartan , an angiotensin II receptor antagonist Angiotensin II receptor antagonists work by antagonizing the activation of angiotensin receptors . azilsartan candesartan eprosartan irbesartan losartan olmesartan telmisartan valsartan Fimasartan Whether angiotensin receptor blockers may or may not increase the risk of myocardial infarction ( heart attack ) was announced in BMJ and was debated in 2006 in the medical journal of the American Heart Association . To date , there is no consensus on whether ARBs have a tendency to increase MI , but there is also no substantive evidence to indicate that ARBs are able to reduce MI . In the VALUE trial , the angiotensin II receptor blocker valsartan produced a statistically significant 19 % ( p = 0.02 ) relative increase in the prespecified secondary end point of myocardial infarction ( fatal and non-fatal ) compared with amlodipine . The CHARM - alternative trial showed a significant + 52 % ( p = 0.025 ) increase in myocardial infarction with candesartan ( versus placebo ) despite a reduction in blood pressure . Indeed , as a consequence of AT1 blockade , ARBs increase Angiotensin II levels several-fold above baseline by uncoupling a negative - feedback loop . Increased levels of circulating Angiotensin II result in unopposed stimulation of the AT2 receptors , which are , in addition upregulated . Unfortunately , recent data suggest that AT2 receptor stimulation may be less beneficial than previously proposed and may even be harmful under certain circumstances through mediation of growth promotion , fibrosis , and hypertrophy , as well as proatherogenic and proinflammatory effects . Adrenergic receptor antagonists ( edit ) Propranolol , the first beta - blocker to be successfully developed Beta blockers atenolol bisoprolol betaxolol carteolol carvedilol labetalol metoprolol nadolol nebivolol oxprenolol penbutolol pindolol propranolol timolol Alpha blockers : doxazosin phentolamine indoramin phenoxybenzamine prazosin terazosin tolazoline Mixed Alpha + Beta blockers : bucindolol carvedilol labetalol Although beta blockers lower blood pressure , they do not have a positive benefit on endpoints as some other antihypertensives . In particular , beta - blockers are no longer recommended as first - line treatment due to relative adverse risk of stroke and new - onset of type 2 diabetes when compared to other medications , while certain specific beta - blockers such as atenolol appear to be less useful in overall treatment of hypertension than several other agents . A systematic review of 63 trials with over 35,000 participants indicated β - blockers increased the risk of mortality , compared to other antihypertensive therapies . They do , however , have an important role in the prevention of heart attacks in people who have already had a heart attack . In the United Kingdom , the June 2006 `` Hypertension : Management of Hypertension in Adults in Primary Care '' guideline of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence , downgraded the role of beta - blockers due to their risk of provoking type 2 diabetes . Despite lowering blood pressure , alpha blockers have significantly poorer endpoint outcomes than other antihypertensives , and are no longer recommended as a first - line choice in the treatment of hypertension . However , they may be useful for some men with symptoms of prostate disease . Vasodilators ( edit ) Vasodilators act directly on the smooth muscle of arteries to relax their walls so blood can move more easily through them ; they are only used in hypertensive emergencies or when other drugs have failed , and even so are rarely given alone . Sodium nitroprusside , a very potent , short - acting vasodilator , is most commonly used for the quick , temporary reduction of blood pressure in emergencies ( such as malignant hypertension or aortic dissection ) . Hydralazine and its derivatives are also used in the treatment of severe hypertension , although they should be avoided in emergencies . They are no longer indicated as first - line therapy for high blood pressure due to side effects and safety concerns , but hydralazine remains a drug of choice in gestational hypertension . Renin inhibitors ( edit ) Renin comes one level higher than angiotensin converting enzyme ( ACE ) in the renin - angiotensin system . Inhibitors of renin can therefore effectively reduce hyptertension . Aliskiren ( developed by Novartis ) is a renin inhibitor which has been approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of hypertension . Aldosterone receptor antagonists ( edit ) Aldosterone receptor antagonists : eplerenone spironolactone Aldosterone receptor antagonists are not recommended as first - line agents for blood pressure , but spironolactone and eplerenone are both used in the treatment of heart failure and resistant hypertension . Alpha - 2 adrenergic receptor agonists ( edit ) Central alpha agonists lower blood pressure by stimulating alpha - receptors in the brain which open peripheral arteries easing blood flow . These alpha 2 receptors are known as autoreceptors which provide a negative feedback in neurotransmission ( in this case , the vasoconstriction effects of adrenaline ) . Central alpha agonists , such as clonidine , are usually prescribed when all other anti-hypertensive medications have failed . For treating hypertension , these drugs are usually administered in combination with a diuretic . clonidine guanabenz guanfacine methyldopa moxonidine Adverse effects of this class of drugs include sedation , drying of the nasal mucosa and rebound hypertension . Some indirect anti-adrenergics are rarely used in treatment - resistant hypertension : guanethidine - replaces norepinephrine in vesicles , decreasing its tonic release mecamylamine - antinicotinic and ganglion blocker reserpine - indirect via irreversible VMAT inhibition For the most resistant and severe disease , oral minoxidil ( Loniten ) in combination with diuretic and β - blocker or other sympathetic nervous system suppressant may be used . Endothelin receptor blockers ( edit ) Bosentan belongs to a new class of drug and works by blocking the receptors of the hormone endothelin . It is specifically indicated only for the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension in patients with moderate to severe heart failure . Choice of initial medication ( edit ) For mild blood pressure elevation , consensus guidelines call for medically supervised lifestyle changes and observation before recommending initiation of drug therapy . However , according to the American Hypertension Association , evidence of sustained damage to the body may be present even prior to observed elevation of blood pressure . Therefore , the use of hypertensive medications may be started in individuals with apparent normal blood pressures but who show evidence of hypertension - related nephropathy , proteinuria , atherosclerotic vascular disease , as well as other evidence of hypertension - related organ damage . If lifestyle changes are ineffective , then drug therapy is initiated , often requiring more than one agent to effectively lower hypertension . Which type of many medications should be used initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and various national guidelines . Considerations include factors such as age , race , and other medical conditions . In the United States , JNC8 ( 2014 ) recommends any drug from one of the four following classes to be a good choice as either initial therapy or as an add - on treatment : thiazide - type diuretics , calcium channel blockers , ACE inhibitors , or angiotensin II receptor antagonists . The largest study , Antihypertensive and Lipid - Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial ( ALLHAT ) in 2002 , concluded that thiazide - type diuretics are better and cheaper than other major classes of drugs at preventing cardiovascular disease , and should be preferred as the starting drug . ALLHAT used the thiazide diuretic chlorthalidone . ( ALLHAT showed that doxazosin , an alpha - adrenergic receptor blocker , had a higher incidence of heart failure events , and the doxazosin arm of the study was stopped . ) A subsequent smaller study ( ANBP2 ) did not show the slight advantages in thiazide diuretic outcomes observed in the ALLHAT study , and actually showed slightly better outcomes for ACE - inhibitors in older white male patients . Thiazide diuretics are effective , recommended as the best first - line drug for hypertension by many experts , and are much more affordable than other therapies , yet they are not prescribed as often as some newer drugs . Hydrochlorothiazide is perhaps the safest and most inexpensive agent commonly used in this class and is very frequently combined with other agents in a single pill . Doses in excess of 25 milligrams per day of this agent incur an unacceptable risk of low potassium or Hypokalemia . Patients with an exaggerated hypokalemic response to a low dose of a thiazide diuretic should be suspected to have Hyperaldosteronism , a common cause of secondary hypertension . Other drugs have a role in treating hypertension . Adverse effects of thiazide diuretics include hypercholesterolemia , and impaired glucose tolerance with increased risk of developing Diabetes mellitus type 2 . The thiazide diuretics also deplete circulating potassium unless combined with a potassium - sparing diuretic or supplemental potassium . Some authors have challenged thiazides as first line treatment . However , as the Merck Manual of Geriatrics notes , `` thiazide - type diuretics are especially safe and effective in the elderly . '' Current UK guidelines suggest starting patients over the age of 55 years and all those of African / Afrocaribbean ethnicity firstly on calcium channel blockers or thiazide diuretics , whilst younger patients of other ethnic groups should be started on ACE - inhibitors . Subsequently , if dual therapy is required to use ACE - inhibitor in combination with either a calcium channel blocker or a ( thiazide ) diuretic . Triple therapy is then of all three groups and should the need arise then to add in a fourth agent , to consider either a further diuretic ( e.g. spironolactone or furosemide ) , an alpha - blocker or a beta - blocker . Prior to the demotion of beta - blockers as first line agents , the UK sequence of combination therapy used the first letter of the drug classes and was known as the `` ABCD rule '' . Patient factors ( edit ) The choice between the drugs is to a large degree determined by the characteristics of the patient being prescribed for , the drugs ' side - effects , and cost . Most drugs have other uses ; sometimes the presence of other symptoms can warrant the use of one particular antihypertensive . Examples include : Age can affect the choice of medications . Current UK guidelines suggest starting patients over the age of 55 years first on calcium channel blockers or thiazide diuretics . Anxiety may be improved with the use of beta blockers . Asthmatics have been reported to have worsening symptoms when using beta blockers . Benign prostatic hyperplasia may be improved with the use of an alpha blocker . Chronic kidney disease . ACE inhibitors or ARBs should be included in the treatment plan to improve kidney outcomes regardless of race or diabetic status . Diabetes mellitus . The ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers have been shown to prevent the kidney and retinal complications of diabetes mellitus . Gout may be worsened by thiazide diuretics , while losartan reduces serum urate . Kidney stones may be improved with the use of thiazide - type diuretics Heart block . β - blockers and nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers should not be used in patients with heart block greater than first degree . JNC8 does not recommend β - blockers as initial therapy for hypertension Heart failure may be worsened with nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers , the alpha blocker doxazosin , and the alpha - 2 agonists moxonidine and clonidine . Whereas β - blockers , diuretics , ACE inhibitors , angiotensin receptor blockers , and aldosterone receptor antagonists have been shown to improve outcome . Pregnancy . Although α - methyldopa is generally regarded as a first - line agent , labetalol and metoprolol are also acceptable . Atenolol has been associated with intrauterine growth retardation , as well as decreased placental growth and weight when prescribed during pregnancy . ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers ( ARBs ) are contraindicated in women who are or who intend to become pregnant . Race . JNC8 guidelines particularly point out that when used as monotherapy , thiazide diuretics , and calcium channel blockers have been found to be more effective in reducing blood pressure in black hypertensives than β - blockers , ACE inhibitors , or ARBs . Tremor may warrant the use of beta blockers . The JNC8 guidelines indicate reasons to choose one drug over the others for certain individual patients . Research ( edit ) Blood pressure vaccines ( edit ) Vaccinations are being trialed and may become a treatment option for high blood pressure in the future . CYT006 - AngQb was only moderately successful in studies , but similar vaccines are being investigated . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Antihypertensive Agents at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Jump up ^ Law M , Wald N , Morris J ( 2003 ) . `` Lowering blood pressure to prevent myocardial infarction and stroke : a new preventive strategy '' ( PDF ) . Health Technol Assess. 7 ( 31 ) : 1 -- 94 . doi : 10.3310 / hta7310 . PMID 14604498 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 03 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Mark . `` Drug treatment of elevated blood pressure '' . Australian Prescriber ( 33 ) : 108 -- 112 . Archived from the original on 26 August 2010 . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nelson MR ; McNeil JJ ; Peeters A ; et al. ( Jun 4 , 2001 ) . `` PBS / RPBS cost implications of trends and guideline recommendations in the pharmacological management of hypertension in Australia , 1994 -- 1998 '' . Med J Aust. 174 ( 11 ) : 565 -- 8 . PMID 11453328 . Jump up ^ Wright JM , Musini VM ( July 2009 ) . Wright JM , ed . `` First - line drugs for hypertension '' . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 8 ( 3 ) : CD001841 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD001841. pub2 . PMID 19588327 . Jump up ^ http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG034NICEguideline.pdf , p19 ^ Jump up to : James , Paul A. ; Oparil , Suzanne ; Carter , Barry L. ; Cushman , William C. ; Dennison - Himmelfarb , Cheryl ; Handler , Joel ; Lackland , Daniel T. ; LeFevre , Michael L. ; MacKenzie , Thomas D. ; Ogedegbe , Olugbenga ; Smith , Sidney C. ; Svetkey , Laura P. ; Taler , Sandra J. ; Townsend , Raymond R. ; Wright , Jackson T. ; Narva , Andrew S. ; Ortiz , Eduardo ( 18 December 2013 ) . `` 2014 Evidence - Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults '' . JAMA. 311 ( 5 ) : 507 -- 20 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2013.284427 . PMID 24352797 . Jump up ^ Zillich AJ ; Garg J ; Basu S ; et al. ( August 2006 ) . `` Thiazide diretics , potassium and the development of diabetes : a quantitative review '' . Hypertension. 48 ( 2 ) : 219 -- 224 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. HYP. 0000231552.10054. aa . PMID 16801488 . Jump up ^ Wang TJ , Ausiello JC , Stafford RS ( 20 April 1999 ) . `` Trends in Antihypertensive Drug Advertising , 1985 -- 1996 '' . Circulation. 99 ( 15 ) : 2055 -- 2057 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. CIR. 99.15. 2055 . PMID 10209012 . ^ Jump up to : Wu , H. - Y. ; Huang , J. - W. ; Lin , H. - J. ; Liao , W. - C. ; Peng , Y. - S. ; Hung , K. - Y. ; Wu , K. - D. ; Tu , Y. - K. ; Chien , K. - L. ( 24 October 2013 ) . `` Comparative effectiveness of renin - angiotensin system blockers and other antihypertensive drugs in patients with diabetes : systematic review and Bayesian network meta - analysis '' . BMJ. 347 : f6008 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. f6008 . PMC 3807847 . PMID 24157497 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Jr , Jackson T. ( 2002 ) . `` Effect of Blood Pressure Lowering and Antihypertensive Drug Class on Progression of Hypertensive Kidney Disease : Results From the AASK Trial '' . JAMA. 288 ( 19 ) : 2421 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 288.19. 2421 . ISSN 0098 - 7484 . ^ Jump up to : ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group ( December 18 , 2002 ) . `` Major outcomes in high - risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin - converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic : The Antihypertensive and Lipid - Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial ( ALLHAT ) '' . JAMA. 288 ( 23 ) : 2981 -- 97 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 288.23. 2981 . PMID 12479763 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Leenen , F.H.H. ; Nwachuku , C.E. ; Black , H.R. ; Cushman , W.C. ; Davis , B.R. ; Simpson , L.M. ; Alderman , M.H. ; Atlas , S.A. ; Basile , J.N. ; Cuyjet , A.B. ; Dart , R. ; Felicetta , J.V. ; Grimm , R.H. ; Haywood , L.J. ; Jafri , S.Z.A. ; Proschan , M.A. ; Thadani , U. ; Whelton , P.K. ; Wright , J.T. ( 2006 ) . `` Clinical Events in High - Risk Hypertensive Patients Randomly Assigned to Calcium Channel Blocker Versus Angiotensin - Converting Enzyme Inhibitor in the Antihypertensive and Lipid - Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial '' . Hypertension. 48 ( 3 ) : 374 -- 384 . doi : 10.1161 / 01.HYP.0000231662.77359.de . ISSN 0194 - 911X . PMID 16864749 . Jump up ^ `` High blood pressure ( hypertension ) - Uses for ACE inhibitors '' . Mayo Clinic . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Page updated : June 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ Verma S , Strauss M ( November 2004 ) . `` Angiotensin receptor blockers and myocardial infarction : These drugs may increase myocardial infarction -- and patients may need to be told '' . BMJ. 329 ( 7477 ) : 1248 -- 9 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 329.7477. 1248 . PMC 534428 . PMID 15564232 . Jump up ^ Strauss MH , Hall AS ( August 2006 ) . `` Angiotensin receptor blockers may increase risk of myocardial infarction : unraveling the ARB - MI paradox '' . Circulation. 114 ( 8 ) : 838 -- 54 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA. 105.594986 . PMID 16923768 . Jump up ^ Tsuyuki RT , McDonald MA ( August 2006 ) . `` Angiotensin receptor blockers do not increase risk of myocardial infarction '' . Circulation. 114 ( 8 ) : 855 -- 60 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA. 105.594978 . PMID 16923769 . Jump up ^ Julius S , Kjeldsen SE , Weber M , et al. ( June 2004 ) . `` Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine : the VALUE randomised trial '' . The Lancet . 363 ( 9426 ) : 2022 -- 31 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 04 ) 16451 - 9 . PMID 15207952 . Jump up ^ Granger CB , McMurray JJ , Yusuf S , et al. ( September 2003 ) . `` Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left - ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin - converting - enzyme inhibitors : the CHARM - Alternative trial '' . The Lancet . 362 ( 9386 ) : 772 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 03 ) 14284 - 5 . PMID 13678870 . Jump up ^ Levy BI ( September 2005 ) . `` How to explain the differences between renin angiotensin system modulators '' . Am. J. Hypertens. 18 ( 9 Pt 2 ) : 134S -- 141S . doi : 10.1016 / j. amjhyper. 2005.05. 005 . PMID 16125050 . Jump up ^ Levy BI ( January 2004 ) . `` Can angiotensin II type 2 receptors have deleterious effects in cardiovascular disease ? Implications for therapeutic blockade of the renin - angiotensin system '' . Circulation. 109 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 13 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. CIR. 0000096609.73772. C5 . PMID 14707017 . Jump up ^ Reudelhuber TL ( December 2005 ) . `` The continuing saga of the AT2 receptor : a case of the good , the bad , and the innocuous '' . Hypertension. 46 ( 6 ) : 1261 -- 2 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. HYP. 0000193498.07087. 83 . PMID 16286568 . Jump up ^ Lindholm LH , Carlberg B , Samuelsson O ( 29 Oct -- 4 Nov 2005 ) . `` Should beta blockers remain first choice in the treatment of primary hypertension ? A meta - analysis '' . Lancet . 366 ( 9496 ) : 1545 -- 53 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 05 ) 67573 - 3 . PMID 16257341 . Jump up ^ Carlberg B , Samuelsson O , Lindholm LH ( 6 -- 12 Nov 2004 ) . `` Atenolol in hypertension : is it a wise choice ? '' . Lancet . 364 ( 9446 ) : 1684 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 04 ) 17355 - 8 . PMID 15530629 . Jump up ^ Freemantle N ; Cleland J ; Young P ; et al. ( June 26 , 1999 ) . `` β Blockade after myocardial infarction : systematic review and meta regression analysis '' . BMJ. 318 ( 7200 ) : 1730 -- 7 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 318.7200. 1730 . PMC 31101 . PMID 10381708 . Jump up ^ `` Hypertension : management of hypertension in adults in primary care '' . National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sheetal Ladva ( 2006 - 06 - 28 ) . `` NICE and BHS launch updated hypertension guideline '' . National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group ( September 2003 ) . `` Diuretic Versus alpha - Blocker as First - Step Antihypertensive Therapy '' . Hypertension. 42 ( 3 ) : 239 -- 46 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. HYP. 0000086521.95630. 5A . PMID 12925554 . ^ Jump up to : Brunton L , Parker K , Blumenthal D , Buxton I ( 2007 ) . `` Therapy of hypertension '' . Goodman & Gilman 's Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 544 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 144343 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Varon , J. ; Marik , P.E. ( Jul 2000 ) . `` The diagnosis and management of hypertensive crises '' ( Free full text ) . Chest. 118 ( 1 ) : 214 -- 227 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 118.1. 214 . ISSN 0012 - 3692 . PMID 10893382 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Akul ( January 1 , 2011 ) . `` Direct Renin Inhibitors as Antihypertensive Drugs '' . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Chobanian AV ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention , Detection , Evaluation , and Treatment of High Blood Pressure : the JNC 7 report '' . JAMA. 289 ( 19 ) : 2560 -- 72 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 289.19. 2560 . PMID 12748199 . Jump up ^ Wing LM ; Reid CM ; Ryan P ; et al. ( February 13 , 2003 ) . `` A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin - converting -- enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly '' . NEJM. 348 ( 7 ) : 583 -- 92 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa021716 . PMID 12584366 . Jump up ^ Lewis PJ , Kohner EM , Petrie A , Dollery CT ( 1976 ) . `` Deterioration of glucose tolerance in hypertensive patients on prolonged diuretic treatment '' . Lancet . 307 ( 7959 ) : 564 -- 566 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 76 ) 90359 - 7 . PMID 55840 . Jump up ^ Murphy MB , Lewis PJ , Kohner E , Schumer B , Dollery CT ( 1982 ) . `` Glucose intolerance in hypertensive patients treated with diuretics ; a fourteen - year follow - up '' . Lancet . 320 ( 8311 ) : 1293 -- 1295 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 82 ) 91506 - 9 . PMID 6128594 . Jump up ^ Messerli FH , Williams B , Ritz E ( 2007 ) . `` Essential hypertension '' . Lancet . 370 ( 9587 ) : 591 -- 603 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 07 ) 61299 - 9 . PMID 17707755 . Jump up ^ `` Section 11 . Cardiovascular Disorders -- Chapter 85 . Hypertension '' . Merck Manual of Geriatrics . July 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` CG34 Hypertension -- quick reference guide '' ( PDF ) . National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 28 June 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Williams B ( November 2003 ) . `` Treatment of hypertension in the UK : simple as ABCD ? '' . JR Soc Med. 96 ( 11 ) : 521 -- 2 . doi : 10.1258 / jrsm. 96.11. 521 . PMC 539621 . PMID 14594956 . Jump up ^ Würzner G , `` Comparative effects of losartan and irbesartan on serum uric acid in hypertensive patients with hyperuricaemia and gout . '' J Hypertens. 2001 ; 19 ( 10 ) 1855 . Jump up ^ Worcester EM , Coe FL : Clinical practice . Calcium kidney stones '' N Engl J Med 2010 ; 363 ( 10 ) 954 - 963 . http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp1001011 Jump up ^ Chobanian AV , Bakris GL , Black HR , et al : The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention , Detection , Evaluation , and Treatment of High Blood Pressure - The JNC 7 Report . National Heart Lung and Blood Institute ( NHLBI ) , 2003 . http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/hypertension/jnc7full.pdf Jump up ^ Rosendorff C , Black HR , Cannon CP , et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Treatment of hypertension in the prevention and management of ischemic heart disease : A scientific statement From the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention '' . Circulation. 115 ( 21 ) : 2761 -- 2788 . doi : 10.1161 / circulationaha. 107.183885 . PMID 17502569 . Jump up ^ Brown , MJ ( 2009 ) . `` Success and failure of vaccines against renin - angiotensin system components '' . Nature Reviews Cardiology. 6 ( 10 ) : 639 -- 47 . doi : 10.1038 / nrcardio. 2009.156 . PMID 19707182 . Pharmacology : major drug groups Gastrointestinal tract / metabolism ( A ) stomach acid Antacids H antagonists Proton pump inhibitors Antiemetics Laxatives Antidiarrhoeals / Antipropulsives Anti-obesity drugs Anti-diabetics Vitamins Dietary minerals Blood and blood forming organs ( B ) Antithrombotics Antiplatelets Anticoagulants Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics Antihemorrhagics Platelets Coagulants Antifibrinolytics Cardiovascular system ( C ) cardiac therapy / antianginals Cardiac glycosides Antiarrhythmics Cardiac stimulants Antihypertensives Diuretics Vasodilators Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers renin - angiotensin system ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor antagonists Renin inhibitors Antihyperlipidemics Statins Fibrates Bile acid sequestrants Skin ( D ) Emollients Cicatrizants Antipruritics Antipsoriatics Medicated dressings Genitourinary system ( G ) Hormonal contraception Fertility agents SERMs Sex hormones Endocrine system ( H ) Hypothalamic - pituitary hormones Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Sex hormones Thyroid hormones / Antithyroid agents Infections and infestations ( J , P , QI ) Antimicrobials : Antibacterials ( Antimycobacterials ) Antifungals Antivirals Antiparasitics Antiprotozoals Anthelmintics Ectoparasiticides IVIG Vaccines Malignant disease ( L01 - L02 ) Anticancer agents Antimetabolites Alkylating Spindle poisons Antineoplastic Topoisomerase inhibitors Immune disease ( L03 - L04 ) Immunomodulators Immunostimulants Immunosuppressants Muscles , bones , and joints ( M ) Anabolic steroids Anti-inflammatories NSAIDs Antirheumatics Corticosteroids Muscle relaxants Bisphosphonates Brain and nervous system ( N ) Analgesics Anesthetics General Local Anorectics Anti-ADHD Agents Antiaddictives Anticonvulsants Antidementia Agents Antidepressants Antimigraine Agents Antiparkinson 's Agents Antipsychotics Anxiolytics Depressants Entactogens Entheogens Euphoriants Hallucinogens Psychedelics Dissociatives Deliriants Hypnotics / Sedatives Mood Stabilizers Neuroprotectives Nootropics Neurotoxins Orexigenics Serenics Stimulants Wakefulness - Promoting Agents Respiratory system ( R ) Decongestants Bronchodilators Cough medicines H antagonists Sensory organs ( S ) Ophthalmologicals Otologicals Other ATC ( V ) Antidotes Contrast media Radiopharmaceuticals Dressings Senotherapeutics Sympatholytic ( and closely related ) antihypertensives ( C02 ) Sympatholytics ( antagonize α - adrenergic vasoconstriction ) Central α agonist Clonidine Guanabenz Guanfacine Methyldopa Tiamenidine Adrenergic release inhibitors Bethanidine Bretylium Debrisoquine Guanadrel Guanazodine Guanethidine Guanoclor Guanazodine Guanoxabenz Guanoxan Imidazoline receptor agonist Moxonidine Rilmenidine Tolonidine Ganglion - blocking / nicotinic antagonist Hexamethonium Mecamylamine Pentolinium Trimethaphan Peripheral Indirect MAOI Pargyline Adrenergic uptake inhibitor Bietaserpine Deserpidine Methoserpidine Rescinnamine Reserpine Syrosingopine Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor Metirosine Direct α blockers Prazosin Indoramin Trimazosin Doxazosin Urapidil Non-selective α blocker Phentolamine Other antagonists Serotonin antagonist Ketanserin Lidanserin Endothelin antagonist ( for PH ) dual ( Bosentan , Macitentan ) selective ( Ambrisentan , Sitaxentan ) WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Antihypertensives : diuretics ( C03 ) Sulfonamides ( and etacrynic acid ) CA inhibitors ( at PT ) Acetazolamide Loop ( Na - K - Cl at AL ) Furosemide Azosemide Bumetanide Etacrynic acid Etozolin Muzolimine Ozolinone Piretanide Tienilic acid Torasemide Thiazides ( Na - Cl at DCT , Calcium - sparing ) Altizide Bendroflumethiazide Chlorothiazide Cyclopenthiazide Cyclothiazide Epitizide Hydrochlorothiazide Hydroflumethiazide Mebutizide Methyclothiazide Polythiazide Trichlormethiazide Thiazide - likes ( primarily DCT ) Quinethazone Clopamide Chlortalidone Mefruside Clofenamide Metolazone Meticrane Xipamide Indapamide Clorexolone Fenquizone Potassium - sparing ( at CD ) ESC blockers Amiloride Triamterene Benzamil Aldosterone antagonists Spirolactones Spironolactone Eplerenone Potassium canrenoate Canrenone Nonsteroidal Finerenone Osmotic diuretics ( PT , DL ) Mannitol Glycerol Urea Vasopressin receptor inhibitors ( DCT and CD ) Vaptans Conivaptan Mozavaptan Satavaptan Tolvaptan Others Demeclocycline Lithium carbonate Other Ethanol , Isopropanol , 2M2B mercurial diuretics ( Chlormerodrin , Mersalyl , Meralluride ) Theobromine Cicletanine WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Antihypertensives : agents acting on the renin -- angiotensin system ( C09 ) ACE inhibitors ( `` - pril '' ) Sulfhydryl - containing : Captopril Rentiapril Zofenopril Dicarboxylate - containing : Enalapril Benazepril Cilazapril Delapril Imidapril Lisinopril ( + HCT ) Moexipril Perindopril ( + indapamide ) Quinapril ( + HCT ) Ramipril Spirapril Temocapril Trandolapril Phosphonate - containing : Ceronapril Fosinopril ( + HCT ) Other / ungrouped : Alacepril AIIRAs ( `` - sartan '' ) Azilsartan Candesartan Eprosartan Fimasartan Irbesartan Losartan ( + HCT ) Olmesartan ( + amlodipine ) Tasosartan Telmisartan ( + HCT ) Valsartan ( + HCT , + amlodipine ) Renin inhibitors ( `` - kiren '' ) Aliskiren ( + amlodipine , + amlodipine and HCT ) Remikiren Dual ACE / NEP inhibitors Gemopatrilat Ilepatril Omapatrilat Sampatrilat Neprilysin inhibitors Sacubitril ( + valsartan ) WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antihypertensive_drug&oldid=811750988 '' Categories : Antihypertensive agents Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from November 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська 吴语 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 18 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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class of drugs administered to lower high blood pressure
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"Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure).[1] Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of ischaemic heart disease by 21%, and reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease.[2] There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means. Among the most important and most widely used drugs are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBs), and beta blockers."
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"Antihypertensives"
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Insular cortex
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Insular cortex - wikipedia Insular cortex Jump to : navigation , search Insular cortex The insula of the right side , exposed by removing the opercula . Coronal section of brain immediately in front of pons . ( Insula labeled at upper right . ) Details Artery Middle cerebral Identifiers Latin Cortex insularis NeuroNames hier - 93 NeuroLex ID Insula Dorlands / Elsevier i_09 / 12454066 TA A14. 1.09. 149 FMA 67329 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) In each hemisphere of the mammalian brain the insular cortex ( also insula and insular lobe ) is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus ( the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes ) . The insulae are believed to be involved in consciousness and play a role in diverse functions usually linked to emotion or the regulation of the body 's homeostasis . These functions include compassion and empathy , perception , motor control , self - awareness , cognitive functioning , and interpersonal experience . In relation to these , it is involved in psychopathology . The insular cortex is divided into two parts : the larger anterior insula and the smaller posterior insula in which more than a dozen field areas have been identified . The cortical area overlying the insula toward the lateral surface of the brain is the operculum ( meaning lid ) . The opercula are formed from parts of the enclosing frontal , temporal , and parietal lobes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Connections 1.2 Cytoarchitecture 1.3 Development 2 Function 2.1 Multimodal sensory processing , sensory binding 2.2 Interoceptive awareness 2.3 Motor control 2.4 Homeostasis 2.5 Self 2.6 Social emotions 2.7 Emotions 2.8 Salience 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Progressive expressive aphasia 3.2 Addiction 3.3 Subjective certainty in ecstatic seizures 3.4 Other clinical conditions 4 History 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Connections ( edit ) The anterior part of the insula is subdivided by shallow sulci into three or four short gyri . The anterior insula receives a direct projection from the basal part of the ventral medial nucleus of the thalamus and a particularly large input from the central nucleus of the amygdala . In addition , the anterior insula itself projects to the amygdala . One study on rhesus monkeys revealed widespread reciprocal connections between the insular cortex and almost all subnuclei of the amygdaloid complex . The posterior insula projects predominantly to the dorsal aspect of the lateral and to the central amygdaloid nuclei . In contrast , the anterior insula projects to the anterior amygdaloid area as well as the medial , the cortical , the accessory basal magnocellular , the medial basal , and the lateral amygdaloid nuclei . The posterior part of the insula is formed by a long gyrus . The posterior insula connects reciprocally with the secondary somatosensory cortex and receives input from spinothalamically activated ventral posterior inferior thalamic nuclei . It has also been shown that this region receives inputs from the ventromedial nucleus ( posterior part ) of the thalamus that are highly specialized to convey homeostatic information such as pain , temperature , itch , local oxygen status , and sensual touch . A human neuroimaging study using diffusion tensor imaging revealed that the anterior insula is interconnected to regions in the temporal and occipital lobe , opercular and orbitofrontal cortex , triangular and opercular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus . The same study revealed differences in the anatomical connection patterns between the left and right hemisphere . The ' circular sulcus of insula ' ( or sulcus of Reil ) is a semi-circular sulcus or fissure that separates the insula from the neighboring gyri of the operculum in the front , above , and behind . Cytoarchitecture ( edit ) The insular cortex has regions of variable cell structure or cytoarchitecture , changing from granular in the posterior portion to agranular in the anterior portion . The insula also receives differential cortical and thalamic input along its length . John Allman and his colleagues have shown that the anterior insular cortex contains a population of neurons , called spindle neurons . These are also called von Economo neurons , identified as characterising a distinctive subregion as the agranular frontal insula . Development ( edit ) The insular cortex is considered a separate lobe of the telencephalon by some authorities . Other sources see the insula as a part of the temporal lobe . It is also sometimes grouped with limbic structures deep in the brain into a limbic lobe . As a paralimbic cortex , the insular cortex is considered to be a relatively old structure . Function ( edit ) Multimodal sensory processing , sensory binding ( edit ) Functional imaging studies show activation of the insula during audio - visual integration tasks . Interoceptive awareness ( edit ) Further information : Interoception There is evidence that , in addition to its base functions , the insula may play a role in certain higher - level functions that operate only in humans and other great apes . The spindle neurons found at a higher density in the right frontal insular cortex are also found in the anterior cingulate cortex , which is another region that has reached a high level of specialization in great apes . It has been speculated that these neurons are involved in cognitive - emotional processes that are specific to primates including great apes , such as empathy and metacognitive emotional feelings . This is supported by functional imaging results showing that the structure and function of the right frontal insula is correlated with the ability to feel one 's own heartbeat , or to empathize with the pain of others . It is thought that these functions are not distinct from the lower - level functions of the insula but rather arise as a consequence of the role of the insula in conveying homeostatic information to consciousness . The right anterior insula aids interoceptive awareness of body states , such as the ability to time one 's own heartbeat . Moreover , greater right anterior insular gray matter volume correlates with increased accuracy in this subjective sense of the inner body , and with negative emotional experience . It is also involved in the control of blood pressure , in particular during and after exercise , and its activity varies with the amount of effort a person believes he / she is exerting . The insular cortex also is where the sensation of pain is judged as to its degree . Further , the insula is where a person imagines pain when looking at images of painful events while thinking about their happening to one 's own body . Those with irritable bowel syndrome have abnormal processing of visceral pain in the insular cortex related to dysfunctional inhibition of pain within the brain . Another perception of the right anterior insula is the degree of nonpainful warmth or nonpainful coldness of a skin sensation . Other internal sensations processed by the insula include stomach or abdominal distension . A full bladder also activates the insular cortex . One brain imaging study suggests that the unpleasantness of subjectively perceived dyspnea is processed in the right human anterior insula and amygdala . The cerebral cortex processing vestibular sensations extends into the insula , with small lesions in the anterior insular cortex being able to cause loss of balance and vertigo . Other noninteroceptive perceptions include passive listening to music , laughter , and crying , empathy and compassion , and language . Motor control ( edit ) In motor control , it contributes to hand - and - eye motor movement , swallowing , gastric motility , and speech articulation . It has been identified as a `` central command '' centre that ensures that heart rate and blood pressure increase at the onset of exercise . Research upon conversation links it to the capacity for long and complex spoken sentences . It is also involved in motor learning and has been identified as playing a role in the motor recovery from stroke . Homeostasis ( edit ) It plays a role in a variety of homeostatic functions related to basic survival needs , such as taste , visceral sensation , and autonomic control . The insula controls autonomic functions through the regulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems . It has a role in regulating the immune system . Self ( edit ) It has been identified as playing a role in the experience of bodily self - awareness , sense of agency , and sense body ownership . Social emotions ( edit ) The anterior insula processes a person 's sense of disgust both to smells and to the sight of contamination and mutilation -- even when just imagining the experience . This associates with a mirror neuron - like link between external and internal experiences . In social experience , it is involved in the processing of norm violations , emotional processing , empathy , and orgasms . The insula is active during social decision making . Tiziana Quarto et al. measured emotional intelligence ( EI ) ( the ability to identify , regulate , and process emotions of themselves and of others ) of sixty - three healthy subjects . Using fMRI EI was measured in correlation with left insular activity . The subjects were shown various pictures of facial expressions and tasked with deciding to approach or avoid the person in the picture . The results of the social decision task yielded that individuals with high EI scores had left insular activation when processing fearful faces . Individuals with low EI scores had left insular activation when processing angry faces . Emotions ( edit ) The insular cortex , in particular its most anterior portion , is considered a limbic - related cortex . The insula has increasingly become the focus of attention for its role in body representation and subjective emotional experience . In particular , Antonio Damasio has proposed that this region plays a role in mapping visceral states that are associated with emotional experience , giving rise to conscious feelings . This is in essence a neurobiological formulation of the ideas of William James , who first proposed that subjective emotional experience ( i.e. , feelings ) arise from our brain 's interpretation of bodily states that are elicited by emotional events . This is an example of embodied cognition . In terms of function , the insula is believed to process convergent information to produce an emotionally relevant context for sensory experience . To be specific , the anterior insula is related more to olfactory , gustatory , vicero - autonomic , and limbic function , whereas the posterior insula is related more to auditory - somesthetic - skeletomotor function . Functional imaging experiments have revealed that the insula has an important role in pain experience and the experience of a number of basic emotions , including anger , fear , disgust , happiness , and sadness . The anterior insular cortex ( AIC ) is believed to be responsible for emotional feelings , including maternal and romantic love , anger , fear , sadness , happiness , sexual arousal , disgust , aversion , unfairness , inequity , indignation , uncertainty , disbelief , social exclusion , trust , empathy , sculptural beauty , a ' state of union with God ' , and hallucinogenic state . Functional imaging studies have also implicated the insula in conscious desires , such as food craving and drug craving . What is common to all of these emotional states is that they each change the body in some way and are associated with highly salient subjective qualities . The insula is well - situated for the integration of information relating to bodily states into higher - order cognitive and emotional processes . The insula receives information from `` homeostatic afferent '' sensory pathways via the thalamus and sends output to a number of other limbic - related structures , such as the amygdala , the ventral striatum , and the orbitofrontal cortex , as well as to motor cortices . A study using magnetic resonance imaging found that the right anterior insula is significantly thicker in people that meditate . Other research into brain activity and meditation has shown an increase in grey matter in areas of the brain including the insular cortex . Another study using voxel - based morphometry and MRI on experienced Vipassana meditators was done to extend the findings of Lazar et al. , which found increased grey matter concentrations in this and other areas of the brain in experienced meditators . Salience ( edit ) Functional neuroimaging research suggests the insula is involved in two types of salience . Interoceptive information processing that links interoception with emotional salience to generate a subjective representation of the body . This involves , first , the anterior insular cortex with the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex ( Brodmann area 33 ) and the anterior and posterior mid-cingulate cortices , and , second , a general salience system concerned with environmental monitoring , response selection , and skeletomotor body orientation that involves all of the insular cortex and the mid-cingulate cortex . An alternative or perhaps complementary proposal is that the right anterior insular regulates the interaction between the salience of the selective attention created to achieve a task ( the dorsal attention system ) and the salience of arousal created to keep focused upon the relevant part of the environment ( ventral attention system ) . This regulation of salience might be particularly important during challenging tasks where attention might fatigue and so cause careless mistakes but if there is too much arousal it risks creating poor performance by turning into anxiety . Clinical significance ( edit ) Progressive expressive aphasia ( edit ) Progressive expressive aphasia is the deterioration of normal language function that causes individuals to lose the ability to communicate fluently while still being able to comprehend single words and intact other non-linguistic cognition . It is found in a variety of degenerative neurological conditions including Pick 's disease , motor neuron disease , corticobasal degeneration , frontotemporal dementia , and Alzheimer 's disease . It is associated with hypometabolism and atrophy of the left anterior insular cortex . Addiction ( edit ) A number of functional brain imaging studies have shown that the insular cortex is activated when drug abusers are exposed to environmental cues that trigger cravings . This has been shown for a variety of drugs , including cocaine , alcohol , opiates , and nicotine . Despite these findings , the insula has been ignored within the drug addiction literature , perhaps because it is not known to be a direct target of the mesocortical dopamine system , which is central to current dopamine reward theories of addiction . Research published in 2007 has shown that cigarette smokers suffering damage to the insular cortex , from a stroke for instance , have their addiction to cigarettes practically eliminated . These individuals were found to be up to 136 times more likely to undergo a disruption of smoking addiction than smokers with damage in other areas . Disruption of addiction was evidenced by self - reported behavior changes such as quitting smoking less than one day after the brain injury , quitting smoking with great ease , not smoking again after quitting , and having no urge to resume smoking since quitting . The study was conducted on average eight years after the strokes , which opens up the possibility that recall bias could have affected the results . More recent prospective studies , which overcome this limitation , have corroborated these findings This suggests a significant role for the insular cortex in the neurological mechanisms underlying addiction to nicotine and other drugs , and would make this area of the brain a possible target for novel anti-addiction medication . In addition , this finding suggests that functions mediated by the insula , especially conscious feelings , may be particularly important for maintaining drug addiction , although this view is not represented in any modern research or reviews of the subject . A recent study in rats by Contreras et al. corroborates these findings by showing that reversible inactivation of the insula disrupts amphetamine conditioned place preference , an animal model of cue - induced drug craving . In this study , insula inactivation also disrupted `` malaise '' responses to lithium chloride injection , suggesting that the representation of negative interoceptive states by the insula plays a role in addiction . However , in this same study , the conditioned place preference took place immediately after the injection of amphetamine , suggesting that it is the immediate , pleasurable interoceptive effects of amphetamine administration , rather than the delayed , aversive effects of amphetamine withdrawal that are represented within the insula . A model proposed by Naqvi et al. ( see above ) is that the insula stores a representation of the pleasurable interoceptive effects of drug use ( e.g. , the airway sensory effects of nicotine , the cardiovascular effects of amphetamine ) , and that this representation is activated by exposure to cues that have previously been associated with drug use . A number of functional imaging studies have shown the insula to be activated during the administration of drugs of abuse . Several functional imaging studies have also shown that the insula is activated when drug users are exposed to drug cues , and that this activity is correlated with subjective urges . In the cue - exposure studies , insula activity is elicited when there is no actual change in the level of drug in the body . Therefore , rather than merely representing the interoceptive effects of drug use as it occurs , the insula may play a role in memory for the pleasurable interoceptive effects of past drug use , anticipation of these effects in the future , or both . Such a representation may give rise to conscious urges that feel as if they arise from within the body . This may make addicts feel as if their bodies need to use a drug , and may result in persons with lesions in the insula reporting that their bodies have forgotten the urge to use , according to this study . Subjective certainty in ecstatic seizures ( edit ) A common quality in mystical experiences is a strong feeling of certainty which can not be expressed in words . Fabienne Picard proposes a neurological explanation for this subjective certainty , based on clinical research of epilepsy . According to Picard , this feeling of certainty may be caused by a dysfunction of the anterior insula , a part of the brain which is involved in interoception , self - reflection , and in avoiding uncertainty about the internal representations of the world by `` anticipation of resolution of uncertainty or risk '' . This avoidance of uncertainty functions through the comparison between predicted states and actual states , that is , `` signaling that we do not understand , i.e. , that there is ambiguity . '' Picard notes that `` the concept of insight is very close to that of certainty , '' and refers to Archimedes `` Eureka ! '' Picard hypothesizes that in ecstatic seizures the comparison between predicted states and actual states no longer functions , and that mismatches between predicted state and actual state are no longer processed , blocking `` negative emotions and negative arousal arising from predictive uncertainty , '' which will be experienced as emotional confidence . Picard concludes that `` ( t ) his could lead to a spiritual interpretation in some individuals . '' Other clinical conditions ( edit ) The insular cortex has been suggested to have a role in anxiety disorders , emotion dysregulation , and anorexia nervosa . History ( edit ) The insula was first described by Johann Christian Reil while describing cranial and spinal nerves and plexi . Henry Gray in Gray 's Anatomy is responsible for it being known as the Island of Reil . Additional images ( edit ) The insula of the left side , exposed by removing the opercula . Coronal section of brain through intermediate mass of third ventricle . Coronal section through anterior cornua of lateral ventricles . Coronal section of brain through anterior commissure . Orbital surface of left frontal lobe . Section of brain showing upper surface of temporal lobe . Horizontal section of left cerebral hemisphere . 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PMID 19072897 . doi : 10.1002 / hbm. 20705 . ^ Jump up to : Eckert MA , Menon V , Walczak A , Ahlstrom J , Denslow S , Horwitz A , Dubno JR ( 2009 ) . `` At the heart of the ventral attention system : the right anterior insula '' . Hum Brain Mapp. 30 ( 8 ) : 2530 -- 41 . PMC 2712290 . PMID 19072895 . doi : 10.1002 / hbm. 20688 . Jump up ^ Nestor PJ , Graham NL , Fryer TD , Williams GB , Patterson K , Hodges JR ( November 2003 ) . `` Progressive non-fluent aphasia is associated with hypometabolism centred on the left anterior insula '' . Brain . 126 ( Pt 11 ) : 2406 -- 18 . PMID 12902311 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / awg240 . Jump up ^ Gorno - Tempini ML , Dronkers NF , Rankin KP , et al. ( March 2004 ) . `` Cognition and anatomy in three variants of primary progressive aphasia '' . Annals of Neurology . 55 ( 3 ) : 335 -- 46 . PMC 2362399 . PMID 14991811 . doi : 10.1002 / ana. 10825 . Jump up ^ Nasir H. Naqvi ; David Rudrauf ; Hanna Damasio ; Antoine Bechara . ( January 2007 ) . `` Damage to the Insula Disrupts Addiction to Cigarette Smoking '' ( abstract ) . Science . 315 ( 5811 ) : 531 -- 4 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 315 ... 531N . PMC 3698854 . PMID 17255515 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1135926 . Jump up ^ Vorel SR , Bisaga A , McKhann G , Kleber HD ( July 2007 ) . `` Insula damage and quitting smoking '' . Science . 317 ( 5836 ) : 318 -- 9 ; author reply 318 -- 9 . PMID 17641181 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 317.5836. 318c . Jump up ^ Suner - Soler , R. ( 2011 ) . `` Smoking Cessation 1 Year Poststroke and Damage to the Insular Cortex '' . Stroke. 43 ( 1 ) : 131 -- 136 . PMID 22052507 . doi : 10.1161 / STROKEAHA. 111.630004 . Jump up ^ Gaznick , N. ( 2013 ) . `` Basal Ganglia Plus Insula Damage Yields Stronger Disruption of Smoking Addiction Than Basal Ganglia Damage Alone '' . Nicotine. 16 ( 4 ) : 445 -- 453 . doi : 10.1093 / ntr / ntt172 . Jump up ^ Hyman , Steven E. ( 2005 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Addiction : A Disease of Learning and Memory '' ( abstract ) . Am J Psychiatry . 162 ( 8 ) : 1414 -- 22 . PMID 16055762 . doi : 10.1176 / appi. ajp. 162.8. 1414 . Jump up ^ Marco Contreras ; Francisco Ceric ; Fernando Torrealba ( January 2007 ) . `` Inactivation of the Interoceptive Insula Disrupts Drug Craving and Malaise Induced by Lithium '' ( abstract ) . Science . 318 ( 5850 ) : 655 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 318 ... 655C . PMID 17962567 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1145590 . Jump up ^ Picard , Fabienne ( 2013 ) , `` State of belief , subjective certainty and bliss as a product of cortical dysfuntion '' , Cortex , 49 ( 9 ) : 2494 -- 2500 , PMID 23415878 , doi : 10.1016 / j. cortex. 2013.01. 006 Jump up ^ Gschwind , Markus ; Picard , Fabienne ( 2016 ) , `` Ecstatic Epileptic Seizures : a glimpse into the multiple roles of the insula '' , Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience , 10 , PMC 4756129 , PMID 26924970 , doi : 10.3389 / fnbeh. 2016.00021 Jump up ^ Picard 2013 , p. 2496 - 2498 Jump up ^ Picard 2013 , p. 2497 - 2498 Jump up ^ See also satori in Japanese Zen ^ Jump up to : Picard 2013 , p. 2498 Jump up ^ Paulus MP , Stein MB ( August 2006 ) . `` An insular view of anxiety '' . Biol. Psychiatry . 60 ( 4 ) : 383 -- 7 . PMID 16780813 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biopsych. 2006.03. 042 . Jump up ^ Thayer JF , Lane RD ( December 2000 ) . `` A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation '' . J Affect Disord. 61 ( 3 ) : 201 -- 16 . PMID 11163422 . doi : 10.1016 / S0165 - 0327 ( 00 ) 00338 - 4 . Jump up ^ Gaudio S , Wiemerslage L , Brooks SJ , Schiöth HB ( 2016 ) . `` A systematic review of resting - state functional - MRI studies in anorexia nervosa : Evidence for functional connectivity impairment in cognitive control and visuospatial and body - signal integration . '' . Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 71 : 578 -- 589 . PMID 27725172 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neubiorev. 2016.09. 032 . ^ Jump up to : Binder DK , Schaller K , Clusmann H ( November 2007 ) . `` The seminal contributions of Johann - Christian Reil to anatomy , physiology , and psychiatry '' . Neurosurgery. 61 ( 5 ) : 1091 -- 6 ; discussion 1096 . PMID 18091285 . doi : 10.1227 / 01. neu. 0000303205.15489. 23 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Insular cortex . Insular cortex in the Brede Database at the Technical University of Denmark . Location and literature citations for the insula synd / 1212 at Who Named It ? `` Anatomy diagram : 13048.000 - 1 '' . Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator . Elsevier . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . Stained brain slice images which include the `` insular cortex '' at the BrainMaps project Thomas P. Naidicha ; et al. ( 1 February 2004 ) . `` The Insula : Anatomic Study and MR Imaging Display at 1.5 T '' . American Journal of Neuroradiology. 25 ( 2 ) : 222 -- 32 . PMID 14970021 . Kakigia R , Nakataa H , Inuia K , Hiroea N , et al. ( October 2005 ) . `` Intracerebral pain processing in a Yoga Master who claims not to feel pain during meditation '' . Eur J Pain . 9 ( 5 ) : 581 -- 9 . PMID 16139187 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ejpain. 2004.12. 006 . As for fMRI recording , there were remarkable changes in levels of activity in the ... SII - insula ( mainly the insula ) ( hide ) Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain Frontal lobe Superolateral Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 8 Middle frontal gyrus 9 10 46 Inferior frontal gyrus : 11 47 - Pars orbitalis Broca 's area 44 - Pars opercularis 45 - Pars triangularis Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Precentral Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus Medial / inferior Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 Medial frontal gyrus 8 9 Paraterminal gyrus / Paraolfactory area 12 Straight gyrus 11 Orbital gyri / Orbitofrontal cortex 10 11 12 Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 10 Subcallosal area 25 Olfactory sulcus Orbital sulcus Precentral Paracentral lobule Paracentral sulcus Both Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex 6 Supplementary motor area 6 Supplementary eye field 6 Frontal eye fields 8 Parietal lobe Superolateral Superior parietal lobule 5 7 Inferior parietal lobule 40 - Supramarginal gyrus 39 - Angular gyrus Parietal operculum 43 Intraparietal sulcus Medial / inferior Paracentral lobule 5 Precuneus 7 Marginal sulcus Both Postcentral gyrus / Primary somatosensory cortex Secondary somatosensory cortex 5 Posterior parietal cortex 7 Occipital lobe Superolateral Occipital pole of cerebrum Lateral occipital gyrus 18 19 Lunate sulcus Transverse occipital sulcus Medial / inferior Visual cortex 17 Cuneus Lingual gyrus Calcarine sulcus Temporal lobe Superolateral Transverse temporal gyrus / Auditory cortex 41 42 Superior temporal gyrus 38 22 / Wernicke 's area Middle temporal gyrus 21 Superior temporal sulcus Medial / inferior Fusiform gyrus 37 Medial temporal lobe 27 28 34 35 36 Inferior temporal gyrus 20 Inferior temporal sulcus Interlobar sulci / fissures Superolateral Central ( frontal + parietal ) Lateral ( frontal + parietal + temporal ) Parieto - occipital Preoccipital notch Medial / inferior Longitudinal fissure Cingulate ( frontal + cingulate ) Collateral ( temporal + occipital ) Callosal sulcus Limbic lobe Parahippocampal gyrus anterior Entorhinal cortex Perirhinal cortex Postrhinal cortex Posterior parahippocampal gyrus Prepyriform area Cingulate cortex / gyrus Subgenual area 25 Anterior cingulate 24 32 33 Posterior cingulate 23 31 Isthmus of cingulate gyrus : Retrosplenial cortex 26 29 30 Hippocampal formation Hippocampal sulcus Fimbria of hippocampus Dentate gyrus Rhinal sulcus Other Supracallosal gyrus Uncus Amygdala Insular cortex Insular cortex General Operculum Poles of cerebral hemispheres Some categorizations are approximations , and some Brodmann areas span gyri . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insular_cortex&oldid=804250703 '' Categories : Homeostasis Cerebral cortex Hidden categories : Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 19 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where is the insula located in the brain
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"In each hemisphere of the mammalian brain the insular cortex (also insula and insular lobe) is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes)."
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"folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes)"
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Electron configuration
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Electron configuration - wikipedia Electron configuration Jump to : navigation , search Electron atomic and molecular orbitals A Bohr diagram of lithium In atomic physics and quantum chemistry , the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule ( or other physical structure ) in atomic or molecular orbitals . For example , the electron configuration of the neon atom is 1s 2s 2p . Electronic configurations describe each electron as moving independently in an orbital , in an average field created by all other orbitals . Mathematically , configurations are described by Slater determinants or configuration state functions . According to the laws of quantum mechanics , for systems with only one electron , an energy is associated with each electron configuration and , upon certain conditions , electrons are able to move from one configuration to another by the emission or absorption of a quantum of energy , in the form of a photon . Knowledge of the electron configuration of different atoms is useful in understanding the structure of the periodic table of elements . This is also useful for describing the chemical bonds that hold atoms together . In bulk materials , this same idea helps explain the peculiar properties of lasers and semiconductors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Shells and subshells 2 Notation 3 Energy -- ground state and excited states 4 History 5 Atoms : Aufbau principle and Madelung rule 5.1 Periodic table 5.2 Shortcomings of the Aufbau principle 5.3 Ionization of the transition metals 5.4 Other exceptions to Madelung 's rule 6 Electron configuration in molecules 6.1 Electron configuration in solids 7 Applications 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Shells and subshells ( edit ) See also : Electron shell s ( l = 0 ) p ( l = 1 ) m = 0 m = 0 m = ± 1 s p p p n = 1 n = 2 Electron configuration was first conceived under the Bohr model of the atom , and it is still common to speak of shells and subshells despite the advances in understanding of the quantum - mechanical nature of electrons . An electron shell is the set of allowed states that share the same principal quantum number , n ( the number before the letter in the orbital label ) , that electrons may occupy . An atom 's nth electron shell can accommodate 2n electrons , e.g. the first shell can accommodate 2 electrons , the second shell 8 electrons , and the third shell 18 electrons . The factor of two arises because the allowed states are doubled due to electron spin -- each atomic orbital admits up to two otherwise identical electrons with opposite spin , one with a spin + 1 / 2 ( usually denoted by an up - arrow ) and one with a spin − 1 / 2 ( with a down - arrow ) . A subshell is the set of states defined by a common azimuthal quantum number , l , within a shell . The values l = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 correspond to the s , p , d , and f labels , respectively . For example , the 3d subshell has n = 3 and l = 2 . The maximum number of electrons that can be placed in a subshell is given by 2 ( 2l + 1 ) . This gives two electrons in an s subshell , six electrons in ap subshell , ten electrons in ad subshell and fourteen electrons in an f subshell . The numbers of electrons that can occupy each shell and each subshell arise from the equations of quantum mechanics , in particular the Pauli exclusion principle , which states that no two electrons in the same atom can have the same values of the four quantum numbers . Notation ( edit ) See also : Atomic orbital Physicists and chemists use a standard notation to indicate the electron configurations of atoms and molecules . For atoms , the notation consists of a sequence of atomic subshell labels ( e.g. for phosphorus the sequence 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p ) with the number of electrons assigned to each subshell placed as a superscript . For example , hydrogen has one electron in the s - orbital of the first shell , so its configuration is written 1s . Lithium has two electrons in the 1s - subshell and one in the ( higher - energy ) 2s - subshell , so its configuration is written 1s 2s ( pronounced `` one - s - two , two - s - one '' ) . Phosphorus ( atomic number 15 ) is as follows : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p . For atoms with many electrons , this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used . The electron configuration can be visualized as the core electrons , equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period , and the valence electrons : each element in a period differs only by the last few subshells . Phosphorus , for instance , is in the third period . It differs from the second - period neon , whose configuration is 1s 2s 2p , only by the presence of a third shell . The portion of its configuration that is equivalent to neon is abbreviated as ( Ne ) , allowing the configuration of phosphorus to be written as ( Ne ) 3s 3p rather than writing out the details of the configuration of neon explicitly . This convention is useful as it is the electrons in the outermost shell that most determine the chemistry of the element . For a given configuration , the order of writing the orbitals is not completely fixed since only the orbital occupancies have physical significance . For example , the electron configuration of the titanium ground state can be written as either ( Ar ) 4s 3d or ( Ar ) 3d 4s . The first notation follows the order based on the Madelung rule for the configurations of neutral atoms ; 4s is filled before 3d in the sequence Ar , K , Ca , Sc , Ti . The second notation groups all orbitals with the same value of n together , corresponding to the `` spectroscopic '' order of orbital energies that is the reverse of the order in which electrons are removed from a given atom to form positive ions ; 3d is filled before 4s in the sequence Ti , Ti , Ti , Ti , Ti . The superscript 1 for a singly occupied subshell is not compulsory ; for example aluminium may be written as either ( Ne ) 3s 3p or ( Ne ) 3s 3p . It is quite common to see the letters of the orbital labels ( s , p , d , f ) written in an italic or slanting typeface , although the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) recommends a normal typeface ( as used here ) . The choice of letters originates from a now - obsolete system of categorizing spectral lines as `` sharp '' , `` principal '' , `` diffuse '' and `` fundamental '' ( or `` fine '' ) , based on their observed fine structure : their modern usage indicates orbitals with an azimuthal quantum number , l , of 0 , 1 , 2 or 3 respectively . After `` f '' , the sequence continues alphabetically `` g '' , `` h '' , `` i '' ... ( l = 4 , 5 , 6 ... ) , skipping `` j '' , although orbitals of these types are rarely required . The electron configurations of molecules are written in a similar way , except that molecular orbital labels are used instead of atomic orbital labels ( see below ) . Energy -- ground state and excited states ( edit ) The energy associated to an electron is that of its orbital . The energy of a configuration is often approximated as the sum of the energy of each electron , neglecting the electron - electron interactions . The configuration that corresponds to the lowest electronic energy is called the ground state . Any other configuration is an excited state . As an example , the ground state configuration of the sodium atom is 1s 2s 2p 3s , as deduced from the Aufbau principle ( see below ) . The first excited state is obtained by promoting a 3s electron to the 3p orbital , to obtain the 1s 2s 2p 3p configuration , abbreviated as the 3p level . Atoms can move from one configuration to another by absorbing or emitting energy . In a sodium - vapor lamp for example , sodium atoms are excited to the 3p level by an electrical discharge , and return to the ground state by emitting yellow light of wavelength 589 nm . Usually , the excitation of valence electrons ( such as 3s for sodium ) involves energies corresponding to photons of visible or ultraviolet light . The excitation of core electrons is possible , but requires much higher energies , generally corresponding to x-ray photons . This would be the case for example to excite a 2p electron to the 3s level and form the excited 1s 2s 2p 3s configuration . The remainder of this article deals only with the ground - state configuration , often referred to as `` the '' configuration of an atom or molecule . History ( edit ) Niels Bohr ( 1923 ) was the first to propose that the periodicity in the properties of the elements might be explained by the electronic structure of the atom . His proposals were based on the then current Bohr model of the atom , in which the electron shells were orbits at a fixed distance from the nucleus . Bohr 's original configurations would seem strange to a present - day chemist : sulfur was given as 2.4. 4.6 instead of 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p ( 2.8. 6 ) . The following year , E. C. Stoner incorporated Sommerfeld 's third quantum number into the description of electron shells , and correctly predicted the shell structure of sulfur to be 2.8. 6 . However neither Bohr 's system nor Stoner 's could correctly describe the changes in atomic spectra in a magnetic field ( the Zeeman effect ) . Bohr was well aware of this shortcoming ( and others ) , and had written to his friend Wolfgang Pauli to ask for his help in saving quantum theory ( the system now known as `` old quantum theory '' ) . Pauli realized that the Zeeman effect must be due only to the outermost electrons of the atom , and was able to reproduce Stoner 's shell structure , but with the correct structure of subshells , by his inclusion of a fourth quantum number and his exclusion principle ( 1925 ) : It should be forbidden for more than one electron with the same value of the main quantum number n to have the same value for the other three quantum numbers k ( l ) , j ( m ) and m ( m ) . The Schrödinger equation , published in 1926 , gave three of the four quantum numbers as a direct consequence of its solution for the hydrogen atom : this solution yields the atomic orbitals that are shown today in textbooks of chemistry ( and above ) . The examination of atomic spectra allowed the electron configurations of atoms to be determined experimentally , and led to an empirical rule ( known as Madelung 's rule ( 1936 ) , see below ) for the order in which atomic orbitals are filled with electrons . Atoms : Aufbau principle and Madelung rule ( edit ) The Aufbau principle ( from the German Aufbau , `` building up , construction '' ) was an important part of Bohr 's original concept of electron configuration . It may be stated as : a maximum of two electrons are put into orbitals in the order of increasing orbital energy : the lowest - energy orbitals are filled before electrons are placed in higher - energy orbitals . The approximate order of filling of atomic orbitals , following the arrows from 1s to 7p . ( After 7p the order includes orbitals outside the range of the diagram , starting with 8s . ) The principle works very well ( for the ground states of the atoms ) for the first 18 elements , then decreasingly well for the following 100 elements . The modern form of the Aufbau principle describes an order of orbital energies given by Madelung 's rule ( or Klechkowski 's rule ) . This rule was first stated by Charles Janet in 1929 , rediscovered by Erwin Madelung in 1936 , and later given a theoretical justification by V.M. Klechkowski Orbitals are filled in the order of increasing n+l ; Where two orbitals have the same value of n+l , they are filled in order of increasing n . This gives the following order for filling the orbitals : 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d , 4p , 5s , 4d , 5p , 6s , 4f , 5d , 6p , 7s , 5f , 6d , 7p , ( 8s , 5g , 6f , 7d , 8p , and 9s ) In this list the orbitals in parentheses are not occupied in the ground state of the heaviest atom now known ( Og , Z = 118 ) . The Aufbau principle can be applied , in a modified form , to the protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus , as in the shell model of nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry . Periodic table ( edit ) Electron configuration table The form of the periodic table is closely related to the electron configuration of the atoms of the elements . For example , all the elements of group 2 have an electron configuration of ( E ) ns ( where ( E ) is an inert gas configuration ) , and have notable similarities in their chemical properties . In general , the periodicity of the periodic table in terms of periodic table blocks is clearly due to the number of electrons ( 2 , 6 , 10 , 14 ... ) needed to fill s , p , d , and f subshells . The outermost electron shell is often referred to as the `` valence shell '' and ( to a first approximation ) determines the chemical properties . It should be remembered that the similarities in the chemical properties were remarked on more than a century before the idea of electron configuration . It is not clear how far Madelung 's rule explains ( rather than simply describes ) the periodic table , although some properties ( such as the common + 2 oxidation state in the first row of the transition metals ) would obviously be different with a different order of orbital filling . Shortcomings of the Aufbau principle ( edit ) The Aufbau principle rests on a fundamental postulate that the order of orbital energies is fixed , both for a given element and between different elements ; in both cases this is only approximately true . It considers atomic orbitals as `` boxes '' of fixed energy into which can be placed two electrons and no more . However , the energy of an electron `` in '' an atomic orbital depends on the energies of all the other electrons of the atom ( or ion , or molecule , etc . ) . There are no `` one - electron solutions '' for systems of more than one electron , only a set of many - electron solutions that can not be calculated exactly ( although there are mathematical approximations available , such as the Hartree -- Fock method ) . The fact that the Aufbau principle is based on an approximation can be seen from the fact that there is an almost - fixed filling order at all , that , within a given shell , the s - orbital is always filled before the p - orbitals . In a hydrogen - like atom , which only has one electron , the s - orbital and the p - orbitals of the same shell have exactly the same energy , to a very good approximation in the absence of external electromagnetic fields . ( However , in a real hydrogen atom , the energy levels are slightly split by the magnetic field of the nucleus , and by the quantum electrodynamic effects of the Lamb shift . ) Ionization of the transition metals ( edit ) The naïve application of the Aufbau principle leads to a well - known paradox ( or apparent paradox ) in the basic chemistry of the transition metals . Potassium and calcium appear in the periodic table before the transition metals , and have electron configurations ( Ar ) 4s and ( Ar ) 4s respectively , i.e. the 4s - orbital is filled before the 3d - orbital . This is in line with Madelung 's rule , as the 4s - orbital has n+l = 4 ( n = 4 , l = 0 ) while the 3d - orbital has n+l = 5 ( n = 3 , l = 2 ) . After calcium , most neutral atoms in the first series of transition metals ( Sc - Zn ) have configurations with two 4s electrons , but there are two exceptions . Chromium and copper have electron configurations ( Ar ) 3d 4s and ( Ar ) 3d 4s respectively , i.e. one electron has passed from the 4s - orbital to a 3d - orbital to generate a half - filled or filled subshell . In this case , the usual explanation is that `` half - filled or completely filled subshells are particularly stable arrangements of electrons '' . The apparent paradox arises when electrons are removed from the transition metal atoms to form ions . The first electrons to be ionized come not from the 3d - orbital , as one would expect if it were `` higher in energy '' , but from the 4s - orbital . This interchange of electrons between 4s and 3d is found for all atoms of the first series of transition metals . The configurations of the neutral atoms ( K , Ca , Sc , Ti , V , Cr , ... ) usually follow the order 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d , ... ; however the successive stages of ionization of a given atom ( such as Fe , Fe , Fe , Fe , Fe ) usually follow the order 1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 3d , 4s , ... This phenomenon is only paradoxical if it is assumed that the energy order of atomic orbitals is fixed and unaffected by the nuclear charge or by the presence of electrons in other orbitals . If that were the case , the 3d - orbital would have the same energy as the 3p - orbital , as it does in hydrogen , yet it clearly does n't . There is no special reason why the Fe ion should have the same electron configuration as the chromium atom , given that iron has two more protons in its nucleus than chromium , and that the chemistry of the two species is very different . Melrose and Eric Scerri have analyzed the changes of orbital energy with orbital occupations in terms of the two - electron repulsion integrals of the Hartree - Fock method of atomic structure calculation . More recently Scerri has argued that contrary to what is stated in the vast majority of sources including the title of his previous article on the subject , 3d orbitals rather than 4s are in fact preferentially occupied . Similar ion - like 3d 4s configurations occur in transition metal complexes as described by the simple crystal field theory , even if the metal has oxidation state 0 . For example , chromium hexacarbonyl can be described as a chromium atom ( not ion ) surrounded by six carbon monoxide ligands . The electron configuration of the central chromium atom is described as 3d with the six electrons filling the three lower - energy d orbitals between the ligands . The other two d orbitals are at higher energy due to the crystal field of the ligands . This picture is consistent with the experimental fact that the complex is diamagnetic , meaning that it has no unpaired electrons . However , in a more accurate description using molecular orbital theory , the d - like orbitals occupied by the six electrons are no longer identical with the d orbitals of the free atom . Other exceptions to Madelung 's rule ( edit ) There are several more exceptions to Madelung 's rule among the heavier elements , and as atomic number increases it becomes more and more difficult to find simple explanations such as the stability of half - filled subshells . It is possible to predict most of the exceptions by Hartree -- Fock calculations , which are an approximate method for taking account of the effect of the other electrons on orbital energies . For the heavier elements , it is also necessary to take account of the effects of Special Relativity on the energies of the atomic orbitals , as the inner - shell electrons are moving at speeds approaching the speed of light . In general , these relativistic effects tend to decrease the energy of the s - orbitals in relation to the other atomic orbitals . The table below shows the ground state configuration in terms of orbital occupancy , but it does not show the ground state in terms of the sequence of orbital energies as determined spectroscopically . For example , in the transition metals , the 4s orbital is of a higher energy than the 3d orbitals ; and in the lanthanides , the 6s is higher than the 4f and 5d . The ground states can be seen in the Electron configurations of the elements ( data page ) . Electron shells filled in violation of Madelung 's rule ( red ) Period 4 Period 5 Period 6 Period 7 Element Z Electron Configuration Element Z Electron Configuration Element Z Electron Configuration Element Z Electron Configuration Lanthanum 57 ( Xe ) 6s 5d Actinium 89 ( Rn ) 7s 6d Cerium 58 ( Xe ) 6s 4f 5d Thorium 90 ( Rn ) 7s 6d Praseodymium 59 ( Xe ) 6s 4f Protactinium 91 ( Rn ) 7s 5f 6d Neodymium 60 ( Xe ) 6s 4f Uranium 92 ( Rn ) 7s 5f 6d Promethium 61 ( Xe ) 6s 4f Neptunium 93 ( Rn ) 7s 5f 6d Samarium 62 ( Xe ) 6s 4f Plutonium 94 ( Rn ) 7s 5f Europium 63 ( Xe ) 6s 4f Americium 95 ( Rn ) 7s 5f Gadolinium 64 ( Xe ) 6s 4f 5d Curium 96 ( Rn ) 7s 5f 6d Terbium 65 ( Xe ) 6s 4f Berkelium 97 ( Rn ) 7s 5f Scandium 21 ( Ar ) 4s 3d Yttrium 39 ( Kr ) 5s 4d Lutetium 71 ( Xe ) 6s 4f 5d Lawrencium 103 ( Rn ) 7s 5f 7p Titanium 22 ( Ar ) 4s 3d Zirconium 40 ( Kr ) 5s 4d Hafnium 72 ( Xe ) 6s 4f 5d Rutherfordium 104 ( Rn ) 7s 5f 6d Vanadium 23 ( Ar ) 4s 3d Niobium 41 ( Kr ) 5s 4d Tantalum 73 ( Xe ) 6s 4f 5d Dubnium 105 ( Rn ) 7s 5f 6d Chromium 24 ( Ar ) 4s 3d Molybdenum 42 ( Kr ) 5s 4d Tungsten 74 ( Xe ) 6s 4f 5d Seaborgium 106 ( Rn ) 7s 5f 6d Manganese 25 ( Ar ) 4s 3d Technetium 43 ( Kr ) 5s 4d Rhenium 75 ( Xe ) 6s 4f 5d Bohrium 107 ( Rn ) 7s 5f 6d Iron 26 ( Ar ) 4s 3d Ruthenium 44 ( Kr ) 5s 4d Osmium 76 ( Xe ) 6s 4f 5d Hassium 108 ( Rn ) 7s 5f 6d Cobalt 27 ( Ar ) 4s 3d Rhodium 45 ( Kr ) 5s 4d Iridium 77 ( Xe ) 6s 4f 5d Nickel 28 ( Ar ) 4s 3d or ( Ar ) 4s 3d ( disputed ) Palladium 46 ( Kr ) 4d Platinum 78 ( Xe ) 6s 4f 5d Copper 29 ( Ar ) 4s 3d Silver 47 ( Kr ) 5s 4d Gold 79 ( Xe ) 6s 4f 5d Zinc 30 ( Ar ) 4s 3d Cadmium 48 ( Kr ) 5s 4d Mercury 80 ( Xe ) 6s 4f 5d The electron - shell configuration of elements beyond hassium has not yet been empirically verified , but they are expected to follow Madelung 's rule without exceptions until element 120 . Electron configuration in molecules ( edit ) In molecules , the situation becomes more complex , as each molecule has a different orbital structure . The molecular orbitals are labelled according to their symmetry , rather than the atomic orbital labels used for atoms and monatomic ions : hence , the electron configuration of the dioxygen molecule , O , is written 1σ 1σ 2σ 2σ 3σ 1π 1π , or equivalently 1σ 1σ 2σ 2σ 1π 3σ 1π . The term 1π represents the two electrons in the two degenerate π * - orbitals ( antibonding ) . From Hund 's rules , these electrons have parallel spins in the ground state , and so dioxygen has a net magnetic moment ( it is paramagnetic ) . The explanation of the paramagnetism of dioxygen was a major success for molecular orbital theory . The electronic configuration of polyatomic molecules can change without absorption or emission of a photon through vibronic couplings . Electron configuration in solids ( edit ) In a solid , the electron states become very numerous . They cease to be discrete , and effectively blend into continuous ranges of possible states ( an electron band ) . The notion of electron configuration ceases to be relevant , and yields to band theory . Applications ( edit ) The most widespread application of electron configurations is in the rationalization of chemical properties , in both inorganic and organic chemistry . In effect , electron configurations , along with some simplified form of molecular orbital theory , have become the modern equivalent of the valence concept , describing the number and type of chemical bonds that an atom can be expected to form . This approach is taken further in computational chemistry , which typically attempts to make quantitative estimates of chemical properties . For many years , most such calculations relied upon the `` linear combination of atomic orbitals '' ( LCAO ) approximation , using an ever - larger and more complex basis set of atomic orbitals as the starting point . The last step in such a calculation is the assignment of electrons among the molecular orbitals according to the Aufbau principle . Not all methods in calculational chemistry rely on electron configuration : density functional theory ( DFT ) is an important example of a method that discards the model . For atoms or molecules with more than one electron , the motion of electrons are correlated and such a picture is no longer exact . A very large number of electronic configurations are needed to exactly describe any multi-electron system , and no energy can be associated with one single configuration . However , the electronic wave function is usually dominated by a very small number of configurations and therefore the notion of electronic configuration remains essential for multi-electron systems . A fundamental application of electron configurations is in the interpretation of atomic spectra . In this case , it is necessary to supplement the electron configuration with one or more term symbols , which describe the different energy levels available to an atom . Term symbols can be calculated for any electron configuration , not just the ground - state configuration listed in tables , although not all the energy levels are observed in practice . It is through the analysis of atomic spectra that the ground - state electron configurations of the elements were experimentally determined . See also ( edit ) Born -- Oppenheimer approximation Electron configurations of the elements ( data page ) Periodic table ( electron configurations ) Atomic orbital Energy level Term symbol Molecular term symbol HOMO / LUMO Group ( periodic table ) d electron count Extended periodic table -- discusses the limits of the periodic table Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` configuration ( electronic ) '' . ^ Jump up to : In formal terms , the quantum numbers n , l and m arise from the fact that the solutions to the time - independent Schrödinger equation for hydrogen - like atoms are based on spherical harmonics . Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` Pauli exclusion principle '' . Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. ( 2007 ) . `` Electron Orbital '' . wolfram . Jump up ^ Ebbing , Darrell D. ; Gammon , Steven D. ( 2007 - 01 - 12 ) . General Chemistry . p. 284 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 73879 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bohr , Niels ( 1923 ) . `` Über die Anwendung der Quantumtheorie auf den Atombau . I '' . Zeitschrift für Physik. 13 : 117 . Bibcode : 1923ZPhy ... 13 ... 117B . doi : 10.1007 / BF01328209 . Jump up ^ Stoner , E.C. ( 1924 ) . `` The distribution of electrons among atomic levels '' . Philosophical Magazine ( 6th Ser . ) . 48 ( 286 ) : 719 -- 36 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786442408634535 . Jump up ^ Pauli , Wolfgang ( 1925 ) . `` Über den Einfluss der Geschwindigkeitsabhändigkeit der elektronmasse auf den Zeemaneffekt '' . Zeitschrift für Physik. 31 : 373 . Bibcode : 1925ZPhy ... 31 ... 373P . doi : 10.1007 / BF02980592 . English translation from Scerri , Eric R. ( 1991 ) . `` The Electron Configuration Model , Quantum Mechanics and Reduction '' ( PDF ) . Br. J. Phil . Sci. 42 ( 3 ) : 309 -- 25 . doi : 10.1093 / bjps / 42.3. 309 . ^ Jump up to : Madelung , Erwin ( 1936 ) . Mathematische Hilfsmittel des Physikers . Berlin : Springer . Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` aufbau principle '' . Jump up ^ Wong , D. Pan ( 1979 ) . `` Theoretical justification of Madelung 's rule '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 56 ( 11 ) : 714 -- 18 . Bibcode : 1979JChEd ... 56 ... 714W . doi : 10.1021 / ed056p714 . Jump up ^ The similarities in chemical properties and the numerical relationship between the atomic weights of calcium , strontium and barium was first noted by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner in 1817 . Jump up ^ Scerri , Eric R. ( 1998 ) . `` How Good Is the Quantum Mechanical Explanation of the Periodic System ? '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Chemical Education . 75 ( 11 ) : 1384 -- 85 . Bibcode : 1998JChEd ... 75.1384 S . doi : 10.1021 / ed075p1384 . Ostrovsky , V.N. ( 2005 ) . `` On Recent Discussion Concerning Quantum Justification of the Periodic Table of the Elements '' . Foundations of Chemistry . 7 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 39 . doi : 10.1007 / s10698 - 005 - 2141 - y . Jump up ^ Electrons are identical particles , a fact that is sometimes referred to as `` indistinguishability of electrons '' . A one - electron solution to a many - electron system would imply that the electrons could be distinguished from one another , and there is strong experimental evidence that they ca n't be . The exact solution of a many - electron system is a n - body problem with n ≥ 3 ( the nucleus counts as one of the `` bodies '' ) : such problems have evaded analytical solution since at least the time of Euler . Jump up ^ There are some cases in the second and third series where the electron remains in an s - orbital . Jump up ^ Melrose , Melvyn P. ; Scerri , Eric R. ( 1996 ) . `` Why the 4s Orbital is Occupied before the 3d '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 73 ( 6 ) : 498 -- 503 . Bibcode : 1996JChEd ... 73 ... 498M . doi : 10.1021 / ed073p498 . Jump up ^ Scerri , Eric R. ( 2013 ) . `` The trouble with the Aufbau Principle '' . Education in Chemistry ( November ) : 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Meek , Terry L. ; Allen , Leland C. ( 2002 ) . `` Configuration irregularities : deviations from the Madelung rule and inversion of orbital energy levels '' . Chem. Phys . Lett. 362 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 362 -- 64 . Bibcode : 2002CPL ... 362 ... 362M . doi : 10.1016 / S0009 - 2614 ( 02 ) 00919 - 3 . Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` relativistic effects '' . Jump up ^ Pyykkö , Pekka ( 1988 ) . `` Relativistic effects in structural chemistry '' . Chem. Rev. 88 ( 3 ) : 563 -- 94 . doi : 10.1021 / cr00085a006 . Jump up ^ Miessler , G.L. ; Tarr , D.A. ( 1999 ) . Inorganic Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . Prentice - Hall . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Scerri , Eric R. ( 2007 ) . The periodic table : its story and its significance . Oxford University Press . pp. 239 -- 240 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 530573 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Darleane C. ; Lee , Diana M. ; Pershina , Valeria ( 2006 ) . `` Transactinides and the future elements '' . In Morss ; Edelstein , Norman M. ; Fuger , Jean . The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements ( 3rd ed . ) . Dordrecht , The Netherlands : Springer Science + Business Media . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 3555 - 1 . Jump up ^ The labels are written in lowercase to indicate that they correspond to one - electron functions . They are numbered consecutively for each symmetry type ( irreducible representation in the character table of the point group for the molecule ) , starting from the orbital of lowest energy for that type . Jump up ^ Levine I.N. Quantum Chemistry ( 4th ed. , Prentice Hall 1991 ) p. 376 ISBN 0 - 205 - 12770 - 3 Jump up ^ Miessler G.L. and Tarr D.A. Inorganic Chemistry ( 2nd ed. , Prentice Hall 1999 ) p. 118 ISBN 0 - 13 - 841891 - 8 References ( edit ) Scerri , Eric R. ( 2007 ) . The Periodic Table -- Its Story and Its Significance . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 530573 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electron configurations . What does an atom look like ? Configuration in 3D The trouble with the aufbau principle Eric Scerri , Education in Chemistry , 7 November 2013 ( hide ) Electron configuration Introduction to quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics Quantum numbers Principal quantum number ( n ) Azimuthal quantum number ( l ) Magnetic quantum number ( m ) Spin quantum number ( s ) Periodic table Periodic table ( electron configurations ) Others Pauli exclusion principle Hund 's rule Octet rule Aufbau principle Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_configuration&oldid=817935200 '' Categories : Atomic physics Chemical properties Electron states Molecular physics Quantum chemistry Theoretical chemistry Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 12 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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which list includes species with the same number of electrons
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[
"The form of the periodic table is closely related to the electron configuration of the atoms of the elements. For example, all the elements of group 2 have an electron configuration of [E] ns2 (where [E] is an inert gas configuration), and have notable similarities in their chemical properties. In general, the periodicity of the periodic table in terms of periodic table blocks is clearly due to the number of electrons (2, 6, 10, 14...) needed to fill s, p, d, and f subshells."
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"the periodic table"
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-1839761359348840490
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International House of Prayer
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International House of Prayer - wikipedia International House of Prayer Jump to : navigation , search International House of Prayer International House of Prayer The International House of Prayer in Kansas City , MO Location Kansas City and Grandview , Missouri Country United States Denomination Charismatic Churchmanship Charismatic Membership over 2000 Website www.ihopkc.org History Founded May 7 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 07 ) Founder ( s ) Mike Bickle The International House of Prayer ( IHOP or IHOPKC ) is a charismatic Christian movement and missions organization based in Kansas City , Missouri , and the nearby suburb of Grandview that focuses on prayer , worship , signs , and wonders . It is best known for the prayer room which has run 24 / 7 with live worship teams since September 19 , 1999 , and simultaneously broadcast via its website . Doctrinally , IHOPKC is charismatic , post-tribulational , and affirms historic premillennialism . IHOPKC places great importance on the practices of prayer , worship , fasting , and works of justice . IHOPKC is based in Kansas City , Missouri . It runs a training facility which houses a Bible school , music academy , and media institute , collectively known as the International House of Prayer University ( IHOPU ) in nearby Grandview , Missouri . The annual Onething conference has been hosted by IHOPKC since 2002 in the Kansas City Convention Center . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 International House of Prayer University 3 Expansion 4 Controversy 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) The International House of Prayer of Kansas City ( IHOPKC ) was founded by Mike Bickle . The organization began in a small building off Grandview Road in Kansas City , Missouri , as a prayer room dedicated to worshiping Jesus night and day . Since that time , IHOPKC has grown and spread out over several different locations throughout south Kansas City and Grandview , Missouri . As of November 2010 , the church had over 1,000 staff and a student body of another 1,000 individuals . IHOPKC is best known for its daily prayer meetings based on its `` harp and bowl '' worship model that are held 24 hours a day , seven days a week , 365 days a year since September 19 , 1999 . While the prayer meeting is the primary ministry of IHOPKC , the missions organization has also established many different ministries that serve its community . These prayer meetings , which are streamed live on the internet and through GOD TV , alternate regularly between music and prayer through all hours of the day and night . IHOPKC staff regularly teach on themes that include prayer , worship , the Great Commandment , the Great Commission , eschatology , understanding God 's spiritual purposes for Israel , spiritual gifts , and various other charismatic themes . International House of Prayer University ( edit ) The International House of Prayer University is an unaccredited Bible college with a campus at Grandview , Missouri . As of 2010 , there were 1,000 full - time students enrolled . The educational process centers on prayer . The program has included ministry training programs , a music academy , a media school , missionary training , and others . The program was founded in 2000 as the Forerunner School of Prayer . In 2008 the institution was renamed International House of Prayer University after the school was certified by the state to receive international students . However , it is still unaccredited . In 2010 the school invested $6 million to renovate part of a strip mall in Grandview for use as a new campus . The president of the school was Allen Hood , followed by Wes Hall , who followed a call to the Gospel Forum Academy in Stuttgart , Germany in 2016 . Expansion ( edit ) The IHOPKC Project plans to build a facility on 125 acres of land adjacent to Highway 71 that once belonged to Harry Truman . They expect to spend $150 million on the project . There are several apartment complexes in Grandview , Missouri that are inhabited primarily by members of IHOPKC . In late 2009 and early 2010 , reports of revival at the IHOPKC center led to increased attendance at their prayer services and conferences . Their current facility was built in 2012 . Controversy ( edit ) Mike Bickle has previously been involved in what was called by others as `` the Kansas City prophets movement , '' and which was criticized by Ernie Gruen in a well - known controversy after which John Wimber , the leader of the Vineyard Church extended oversight to Mike Bickle and his church ( Kansas City Fellowship ) which then jointed the AVC and changed its name to Metro Vineyard Fellowsip . Two men who were said to be a part of the `` Kansas City Prophets , '' Bob Jones and Paul Cain , left the ministry due to professional and sexual scandal . IHOPKC has repeatedly been accused of being a cult by Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry and other apologetics groups as well as many former members of the organization . The 2013 documentary film God Loves Uganda suggests that North American evangelicals in general , and IHOPKC specifically , were responsible for Uganda 's Anti-Homosexuality Bill . IHOPKC has stated that it was not connected to the bill and is opposed to the legislation . When IHOPKC moved to a new location in an old shopping center in the Terrace Lake neighborhood of Kansas City in 2002 , many members of the local community voiced suspicions about the ministry . IHOPKC attempted to allay their fears in a series of community meetings . IHOPKC has been credited , however , with helping the local economy by bringing large numbers of visitors to the area . On September 14 , 2010 , IHOP ( International House of Pancakes ) announced that they were suing the International House of Prayer for trademark dilution and infringement . The lawsuit was dropped on December 21 , 2010 , with the dispute resolved out of court . On October 30 , 2012 , former IHOPKC intern Bethany Deaton was found dead in an apparent suicide . Days later , IHOPU student Micah Moore came forward to Grandview police and was subsequently charged with Bethany Deaton 's murder . In statements to police , Moore stated that he was part of a religious group with Bethany and her husband , Tyler Deaton . Moore said that group leader and IHOPU graduate Tyler Deaton ordered his wife 's murder to prevent her from revealing sexual assaults within the group . While IHOPKC materials and website listed Tyler Deaton as a division coordinator for IHOPKC friendship groups until five days after Bethany 's death , IHOPKC officials said that Tyler Deaton 's group was not connected to IHOPKC . Melanie Morgan , one of Moore 's lawyers , said in early December 2012 : `` The facts suggest Bethany Deaton 's death was an unfortunate suicide and Micah Moore had nothing to do with that suicide '' . On Oct 31 , 2014 , the Jackson County , Missouri prosecutor dismissed murder charges against Micah Moore . See also ( edit ) Justice House of Prayer The Call Youth with a Mission References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bradley , Donald ( July 26 , 2009 ) . `` Entreaties never stop at the International House of Prayer '' . Kansas City Star . Kansas City , MO . pp. A1 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Statement of Faith - About IHOPKC '' . ihopkc.org . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About the International House of Prayer - About IHOPKC '' . www.ihopkc.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 24 / 7 Works of Justice - About IHOPKC '' . www.ihopkc.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` About - Exodus Cry '' . Exodus Cry . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome - International House of Prayer University '' . www.ihopkc.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Onething 2017 Young Adult Conference - Dec. 28 -- 31 , 2017 '' . Onething 2017 Young Adult Conference . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Yoars , Marcus ( 1 November 2010 ) . `` We Wo n't Stop Praying '' . Charisma . Archived from the original on 30 August 2011 . Retrieved 10 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Where Worship Never Pauses '' . www.nytimes.com . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` This IHOP serves generous portions of prayer '' . Reading Eagle . Reading , Pennsylvania . McClatchy - Tribune . 8 August 2009 . Retrieved 12 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Gaines , Adrienne . `` Ministry marks 20 years of nonstop prayer and worship '' . Charisma . Retrieved 24 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Schools - International House of Prayer University '' . ihopkc.org . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IHOPKC 's 10th Anniversary : IHOPU '' . YouTube . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Wood , Andrea , ( 17 August 2010 ) http://www.jcadvocate.com/2010/08/ihop-university-opens-at-former.html Jackson County Advocate Jump up ^ Tom , Karen ( 24 November 2009 ) . `` Thousands Flock to IHOP Student ' Awakening ' '' . Charisma . Charismamag.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://www.banner.org.uk/kcp/Abberent%20Practises.pdf Jump up ^ `` The Dangers of the International House of Prayer ( IHOP ) '' . carm.org . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` International House of Prayer ( IHOP ) '' ( PDF ) . watchman.org . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Peter ( 2014 ) . `` In Response To Uganda Documentary , IHOP Says It 's ' Not Involved ' in Politics Right Wing Watch '' . rightwingwatch.org . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.ihopkc.org/about/files/2011/07/0-God-Loves-Uganda-FAQ-121413-MS.pdf Jump up ^ Robertson , Joe ( 21 September 2002 ) . `` Neighbors remain wary of ministry 's plans '' . The Kansas City Star . p. 1 . Retrieved 12 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Joe ( 5 November 2002 ) . `` Prayer ministry still has doubters '' . The Kansas City Star . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Joe ( 20 June 2002 ) . `` Ministry finds home amid suspicions Terrace Lake business owners await their fate as prayer group moves in '' . The Kansas City Star . p . B1 . Jump up ^ Dornbrook , James ( 18 April 2009 ) . `` Grandview triangulates eco-devo success '' . Kansas City Business Journal . Retrieved 12 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Lateef Mungin , ( September 16 , 2010 ) Pancake house takes on prayer group CNN Jump up ^ Glendale News - Press , ( December 29 , 2010 ) Pancake versus prayer dropped Jump up ^ International House of Prayer distances itself from murder victim 's husband , Tyler Deaton . kshb.com . Jump up ^ Bethany Deaton Suicide Now Considered A Murder ; Police Arrest Micah Moore . Huffingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ Allegations : Religious ' Sexual Community ' Leads to Woman 's Murder . WDAF TV -- FOX 4 . fox4kc.com . Jump up ^ Secrets of Tyler Deaton 's prayer group emerge . KansasCity.com . Jump up ^ Prayer group leader whose wife was murdered has Texas roots . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Tyler Deaton 's role at the International House of Prayer becomes clearer . KansasCity.com . Jump up ^ Regarding the Death of Bethany Deaton International House of Prayer University . Jump up ^ `` Disputed Murder Confession Casts a Spotlight on a Missouri Sect '' . The New York Times . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Webster , Betsy . `` Prosecutors dismiss charges against man in cult murder case '' . KCTV5 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Official Site How American Evangelicals may be responsible for Uganda 's Anti-gay Law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_House_of_Prayer&oldid=801928226 '' Categories : 1999 establishments in Missouri Charismatic and Pentecostal organizations Organizations based in Kansas City , Missouri Protestantism in Missouri Religious organizations established in 1999 Evangelical organizations established in the 20th century Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 20 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did the international house of prayer start
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[
"\n\nInternational House of Prayer\n\n\nInternational House of Prayer\n\n\n\nThe International House of Prayer in Kansas City, MO\n\n\n\nLocation\nKansas City and Grandview, Missouri\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nDenomination\nCharismatic\n\n\nChurchmanship\nCharismatic\n\n\nMembership\nover 2000\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.ihopkc.org\n\n\nHistory\n\n\nFounded\nMay 7, 1999 (1999-05-07)\n\n\nFounder(s)\nMike Bickle\n\n"
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"May 7, 1999"
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List of 400+ innings scores in ODIs
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List of 400 + innings scores in ODIs - wikipedia List of 400 + innings scores in ODIs Jump to : navigation , search One Day International ( ODI ) cricket is played between international cricket teams who are Full Members of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) as well as the top six Associate and Affiliate members . Unlike Test matches , ODIs consist of one innings per team , with a limit on the number of overs . The limit is currently 50 overs per innings , although in the past this has been 50 or 60 overs . ODI cricket is List - A cricket , so statistics and records set in ODI matches also count toward List - A records . The earliest match now recognised as an ODI was played between England and Australia on 5 January 1971 ; since then there have been over 3,000 ODIs played between 26 teams . The frequency of matches has steadily increased , partly because of the increase in the number of ODI - playing countries , and partly as the cricket boards of those nations seek to maximise their revenue . Team totals have risen steadily throughout the history of ODIs . This has accelerated in recent years , with improvements in techniques , new playing methods and introduction of Twenty20 International cricket . The highest team total until reaching 400 + totals was 398 / 5 by Sri Lanka against Kenya on 6 March 1996 at Asgiriya Stadium , Kandy . The 400 mark was broken during a notable match between South Africa and Australia , where they set a new world record and started a new page in modern One Day Internationals . During this match , both teams passed 400 and Australia became the first team to score a total above 400 in ODIs . In the same match , South Africa chased this 400 + total and recorded the highest chase ever in ODI history . As batting powerplays and other fielding restrictions have come into play , 400 + totals have become a trend . Six international teams have scored 400 + totals in their matches . South Africa have scored more 400 + scores in ODIs than any other nation , with 6 such scores till date . The highest ODI total of all time was scored by England on 30th August 2016 against Pakistan , posting a huge total of 444 - 3 in 50 overs . Alex Hales also scored the highest individual ODI score of an English batsman , 171 , a record which had stood for 23 years prior . As of 25 October 2015 , there have been 17 occasions where a team has recorded a 400 + total . The most recent 400 + score was achieved by England where they scored 444 / 3 in 50 overs against Pakistan in Nottingham on 30th August 2016 . Only six teams have reached the 400 + mark in ODIs : South Africa : scored 400 + on six occasions , where they won all six matches . India : scored 400 + on five occasions , where they won all five matches . England : scored 400 + on two occasions , they won both matches . Sri Lanka : scored 400 + on two occasions , where they won one match and lost the other . Australia : scored 400 + on two occasions , where they lost one match and won the other . New Zealand : scored 400 + on one occasion , they won the match . Contents ( hide ) 1 Listing criteria 2 Listing notation 3 List in chronological order 4 Match summary of the 400 + totals 4.1 1st & 2nd 400 + scores 4.2 3rd 400 + score 4.3 4th 400 + score 4.4 5th 400 + score 4.5 6th 400 + score 4.6 7th & 8th 400 + scores 4.7 9th 400 + score 4.8 10th 400 + score 4.9 11th 400 + score 4.10 12th 400 + score 4.11 13th 400 + score 4.12 14th 400 + score 4.13 15th 400 + score 4.14 16th 400 + score 4.15 17th 400 + score 4.16 18th 400 + score 5 References Listing criteria ( edit ) In general the top five are listed in each category ( except when there is a tie for the last place among the five , when all the tied record holders are noted ) . Listing notation ( edit ) Team notation ( 300 -- 3 ) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed , either due to a successful run chase or if no overs remained ( or are able ) to be bowled . ( 300 ) indicates that a team scored 300 runs and was all out , either by losing all ten wickets or by having one or more batsmen unable to bat and losing the remaining wickets . Batting notation ( 100 * ) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out . ( 175 ) indicates that a batsman scored 175 runs and was out after that . Bowling notation ( 5 -- 40 ) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while giving away 40 runs . ( 49.5 overs ) indicates that a team bowled 49 complete overs ( each of six legal deliveries ) , and one incomplete over of just five deliveries . Currently playing Record holders who are currently playing ODIs ( i.e. their record details listed could change ) are shown by ‡ . Current World records are shown by ♠ . List in chronological order ( edit ) S No Score By Opposition Venue Season 434 -- 4 ( 50 overs ) Australia South Africa Johannesburg 2005 -- 06 438 -- 9 ( 49.5 overs ) South Africa Australia Johannesburg 2005 -- 06 443 -- 9 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka Netherlands Amstelveen 2006 418 -- 5 ( 50 overs ) South Africa Zimbabwe Potchefstroom 2006 5 413 -- 5 ( 50 overs ) India Bermuda Port of Spain 2007 6 402 -- 2 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand Ireland Aberdeen 2008 7 414 -- 7 ( 50 overs ) India Sri Lanka Rajkot 2009 8 411 -- 8 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka India Rajkot 2009 9 401 -- 3 ( 50 overs ) India South Africa Gwalior 10 418 -- 5 ( 50 overs ) India West Indies Indore 2011 11 404 -- 5 ( 50 overs ) India Sri Lanka Kolkata 2014 12 439 -- 2 ( 50 overs ) South Africa West Indies Johannesburg 2014 - 15 13 408 -- 5 ( 50 overs ) South Africa West Indies Sydney 2015 14 411 -- 4 ( 50 overs ) South Africa Ireland Canberra 2015 15 417 -- 6 ( 50 overs ) Australia Afghanistan Perth 2015 16 408 -- 9 ( 50 overs ) England New Zealand Birmingham 2015 17 438 -- 4 ( 50 overs ) South Africa India Mumbai 2015 - 16 18 444 -- 3 ( 50 overs ) England Pakistan Nottingham 2016 Last updated : 20 April 2017 . Match summary of the 400 + totals ( edit ) 1st & 2nd 400 + scores ( edit ) 12 March 2006 Scorecard Australia 434 / 4 ( 50 overs ) South Africa 438 / 9 ( 49.5 overs ) Ricky Ponting 164 ( 105 ) Roger Telemachus 2 / 87 ( 10 overs ) Herschelle Gibbs 175 ( 111 ) Nathan Bracken 5 / 67 ( 10 overs ) South Africa won by 1 wicket New Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Umpires : Aleem Dar ( Pak ) and Brian Jerling ( RSA ) Player of the match : Herschelle Gibbs ( RSA ) & Ricky Ponting ( Aus ) Australia won the toss and elected to bat . Australia scored the first ever team total over 400 in ODIs . South Africa recorded the highest run chase in ODIs . Highest ODI scores of both Ricky Ponting and Herschelle Gibbs . 3rd 400 + score ( edit ) 4 July 2006 Scorecard Sri Lanka 443 / 9 ( 50 overs ) Netherlands 248 ( 48.3 overs ) Sanath Jayasuriya 157 ( 104 ) Billy Stelling 2 / 77 ( 10 0vers ) Tim de Leede 51 ( 42 ) Kaushal Lokuarachchi 3 / 41 ( 9.3 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 195 runs VRA Cricket Ground , Amstelveen Umpires : Steve Bucknor ( West Indies ) and Shahul Hameed ( Indonesia ) Player of the match : Sanath Jayasuriya ( SRL ) Sri Lanka won the toss and chose to bat . 4th 400 + score ( edit ) 20 September 2006 Scorecard South Africa 418 / 5 ( 50 overs ) Zimbabwe 247 / 4 ( 50 overs ) Mark Boucher 147 * ( 68 ) Tafadzwa Kamungozi 2 / 70 ( 10 0vers ) Terry Duffin 88 ( 134 ) Roger Telemachus 2 / 33 ( 8 overs ) South Africa won by 171 runs Sedgars Park , Potchefstroom Umpires : Daryl Harper ( Aus ) and Brian Jerling ( RSA ) Player of the match : Mark Boucher ( RSA ) South Africa won the toss and chose to bat . Mark Bo ° ucher scored fastest century by a South African . The score of 247 by Zimbabwe was their highest total against a top - eight nation in ODIs . 5th 400 + score ( edit ) 19 March 2007 Scorecard India 413 / 5 ( 50 overs ) Bermuda 156 ( 43.1 overs ) Virender Sehwag 114 ( 87 ) Delyone Borden 2 / 30 ( 5 0vers ) David Hemp 76 ( 105 ) Anil Kumble 3 / 38 ( 9.1 overs ) India won by 257 runs Queens Park Oval , Port of Spain Umpires : Aleem Dar ( Pak ) and Ian Howell ( RSA ) Player of the match : Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) Bermuda won the toss and chose to field 6th 400 + score ( edit ) 1 July 2008 Scorecard New Zealand 402 / 2 ( 50 overs ) Ireland 112 ( 28.3 overs ) Brendon McCullum 166 ( 135 ) Phil Eaglestone 1 / 60 ( 7 overs ) Peter Connell 22 * ( 26 ) Tim Southee 3 / 23 ( 6 overs ) New Zealand won by 290 runs Mannofield Park , Aberdeen , Scotland Umpires : Paul Baldwin ( GER ) & Steve Davis ( AUS ) Player of the match : Brendon McCullum ( Nzl ) Ireland won the toss and chose to field . New Zealand 's 290 run win over Ireland is a new world record for the biggest margin of victory by runs . The previous world record was India 's 257 run drubbing of Bermuda in the 2007 Cricket World Cup . This is the highest individual score of Brendon McCullum in ODIs . 7th & 8th 400 + scores ( edit ) 15 December 2009 Scorecard India 414 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka 411 / 8 ( 50 overs ) Virender Sehwag 146 ( 102 ) Chanaka Welegedara 2 / 63 ( 10 overs ) Tillakaratne Dilshan 160 ( 124 ) Harbhajan Singh 2 / 58 ( 10 overs ) India won by 3 runs . Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground , Rajkot Umpires : Marais Erasmus ( SA ) & Shavir Tarapore ( Ind ) Player of the match : Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field . This match was only the second occasion where both teams put up totals in excess of 400 . 9th 400 + score ( edit ) 24 February 2010 D / N Scorecard India 401 / 3 ( 50 overs ) South Africa 248 ( 42.5 overs ) Sachin Tendulkar 200 * ( 147 ) Wayne Parnell 2 / 95 ( 10 overs ) AB de Villiers 114 * ( 101 ) Sreesanth 3 / 49 ( 7 overs ) India won by 153 runs Captain Roop Singh Stadium , Gwalior Umpires : Ian Gould ( Eng ) and Shavir Tarapore ( Ind ) Player of the match : Sachin Tendulkar ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to bat first . Sachin Tendulkar 's score of 200 * is the first double century and his highest individual score which was also the highest individual score in an ODI He also hit the highest number of fours ( 25 ) in a single ODI innings . 10th 400 + score ( edit ) 8 December 2011 14 : 30 ( D / N ) Scorecard India 418 / 5 ( 50 overs ) West Indies 265 ( 49.2 overs ) Virender Sehwag 219 ( 149 ) Andre Russell 1 / 63 ( 7 overs ) Denesh Ramdin 96 ( 96 ) Ravindra Jadeja 3 / 34 ( 10 overs ) India won by 153 runs Holkar Cricket Stadium , Indore Umpires : Tony Hill ( NZ ) and S Ravi ( Ind ) Player of the match : Virender Sehwag ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to bat ODI debuts : Rahul Sharma ( Ind ) Virender Sehwag 's score of 219 broke the previous record of the highest individual ODI score by Sachin Tendulkar . It was only the second double - century by a batsman in ODI cricket . India registered their highest ever total in ODIs . 11th 400 + score ( edit ) 13 November 2014 02 : 30 PM Scorecard India 404 / 5 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka 251 ( 43.1 overs ) Rohit Sharma 264 ( 173 ) Angelo Mathews 2 / 44 ( 8 overs ) Angelo Mathews 75 ( 68 ) Dhawal Kulkarni 4 / 34 ( 10 overs ) India won by 153 runs Eden Gardens , Kolkata , West Bengal Attendance : 50,389 Umpires : Bruce Oxenford ( Aus ) and S. Ravi ( Ind ) Player of the match : Rohit Sharma ( Ind ) India won the toss and elected to bat . Karn Sharma ( Ind ) made his ODI debut . Rohit Sharma became the first batsman to score two double - centuries in ODIs which currently is the highest individual score in all of international ODIs and the second highest individual score in all of List A cricket . 12th 400 + score ( edit ) 18 January 2015 Scorecard South Africa 439 / 2 ( 50 overs ) West Indies 291 / 7 ( 50 overs ) Hashim Amla 153 * ( 142 ) Morne Morkel 1 / 78 ( 10 overs ) Denesh Ramdin 57 ( 55 ) Andre Russell 2 / 43 ( 10 overs ) South Africa won by 148 runs New Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Umpires : Steve Davis ( Aus ) and Adrian Holdstock ( SA ) Player of the match : AB De Villiers ( SA ) West Indies won the toss and elected to field . South Africa scored their highest ODI score . AB de Villiers ( SA ) scored the fastest 50 ( 16 balls ) and the fastest 100 ( 31 balls ) in ODI cricket . He also equaled the record for the most sixes in an ODI innings ( 16 ) . This is the first time that a team has had 3 hundreds in an ODI innings . ' ' 13th 400 + score ( edit ) 27 February 2015 ( D / N ) Scorecard South Africa 408 / 5 ( 50 overs ) West Indies 151 ( 33.1 overs ) AB de Villiers 162 * ( 66 ) Chris Gayle 2 / 21 ( 4 overs ) Jason Holder 56 ( 48 ) Imran Tahir 5 / 45 ( 10 overs ) South Africa won by 257 runs Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney Umpires : Steve Davis ( Aus ) and Ian Gould ( Eng ) Player of the match : AB de Villiers ( SA ) South Africa won the toss and elected to bat . AB de Villiers ( SA ) scored the fastest ODI 150 in history ( 64 balls ) , and the second fastest World Cup century . His 73 runs on the last five overs was also the most by any batsman in this period . Jason Holder ( WI ) conceded the most runs by any bowler in a World Cup match ( 104 ) , and the most in any 2 consecutive overs in all ODIs . South Africa 's score of 408 / 5 was the 3rd highest score in any ODI in Australia , and the fourth highest World Cup score . South Africa 's 257 run victory was the joint 2nd largest by runs in a World Cup match , join with India vs Bermuda in 2007 . 14th 400 + score ( edit ) 3 March 2015 ( D / N ) Scorecard South Africa 411 / 4 ( 50 overs ) Ireland 210 ( 45 overs ) Hashim Amla 159 ( 128 ) Andrew McBrine 2 / 63 ( 10 overs ) Andrew Balbirnie 58 ( 71 ) Kyle Abbott 4 / 21 ( 8 overs ) South Africa won by 201 runs Manuka Oval , Canberra Umpires : Steve Davis ( Aus ) and Ranmore Martinesz ( SRL ) Player of the match : Hashim Amla ( SA ) South Africa won the toss and elected to bat . South Africa became the first team to score 400 in two consecutive ODI innings . Their total is also the third - highest in World Cup history . Hashim Amla and Faf du Plessis ' partnership of 247 is the highest 2nd - wicket partnership for South Africa in ODIs . 15th 400 + score ( edit ) 4 March 2015 ( D / N ) Scorecard Australia 417 / 6 ( 50 overs ) Afghanistan 142 ( 37.3 overs ) David Warner 178 ( 133 ) Shapoor Zadran 2 / 89 ( 10 overs ) Nawroz Mangal 33 ( 35 ) Mitchell Johnson 4 / 22 ( 7.3 overs ) Australia won by 275 runs WACA Ground , Perth Umpires : Kumar Dharmasena ( SL ) and Michael Gough ( Eng ) Player of the match : David Warner ( Aus ) Afghanistan won the toss and elected to field . Australia 's score of 417 / 6 is the highest in World Cup history . Dawlat Zadran ( Afg ) became the third bowler in World Cup matches to concede 100 runs or more in an innings . Australia 's victory margin of 275 runs was the highest in World Cup history . 16th 400 + score ( edit ) 9 June 2015 14 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard England 408 / 9 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand 198 ( 31.1 overs ) Jos Buttler 129 ( 77 ) Trent Boult 4 / 55 ( 10 overs ) Ross Taylor 57 ( 54 ) Steven Finn 4 / 35 ( 7 overs ) England won by 210 runs Edgbaston , Birmingham Umpires : Michael Gough ( Eng ) and Bruce Oxenford ( Aus ) Player of the match : Jos Buttler ( Eng ) New Zealand won the toss and elected to field . Sam Billings ( Eng ) and Mitchell Santner ( NZ ) made their ODI debuts . Jos Buttler ( Eng ) scored 129 , his highest in ODIs . England 's score of 408 was their highest ever in ODIs and their first score of more than 400 . England 's winning margin of 210 runs was the most for England in ODIs . 17th 400 + score ( edit ) 25 October 2015 14 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard South Africa 438 / 4 ( 50 overs ) India 224 ( 35.5 overs ) Faf du Plessis 133 ( 115 ) Suresh Raina 1 / 19 ( 3 overs ) Ajinkya Rahane 87 ( 51 ) Kagiso Rabada 4 / 41 ( 6.5 overs ) South Africa won by 214 runs Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Umpires : Anil Chaudhary ( Ind ) and Kumar Dharmasena ( SL ) Player of the match : Quinton de Kock ( SA ) South Africa won the toss and elected to bat . This is only the second time that a team has had 3 hundreds in an ODI innings , the previous instance was also by South Africa , against West Indies in January 2015 . South Africa 's total of 438 was the joint third - highest in ODIs and was the highest score in any ODI in India . Bhuvneshwar Kumar 's concession of 106 runs off his ten overs was the second - highest in an ODI . Hashim Amla became the fastest to reach 6,000 runs in ODIs , in 123 innings . 18th 400 + score ( edit ) 30 August 2016 14 : 00 ( D / N ) Scorecard England 444 / 3 ( 50 overs ) Pakistan 275 ( 42.4 overs ) Alex Hales 171 ( 122 ) Hasan Ali 2 / 74 ( 10 overs ) Mohammad Amir 58 ( 27 ) Chris Woakes 4 / 41 ( 5.4 overs ) England won by 169 runs Trent Bridge , Nottingham Umpires : Simon Fry ( AUS ) and Richard Kettleborough ( ENG ) Player of the match : Alex Hales ( ENG ) England won the toss and elected to bat . As of April 2017 , England 's innings of 444 / 3 is the highest score by any team in ODI Innings . Alex Hales 171 is the highest ODI score by England batsman in ODI history . Mohammad Amir 58 is the highest score by No. 11 batsman that the team 's highest score . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Classification of Official Cricket '' ( PDF ) . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The difference between Test and one - day cricket '' . BBC Sport. 6 September 2005 . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Only ODI : Australia v England '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin - Jenkins , Christopher ( 2003 ) . `` Crying out for less '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack -- online archive . John Wisden & Co . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ODIs are changing with arrival of Twenty20 '' . Thatscricket. 5 April 2006 . Retrieved 16 February 2015 . Jump up ^ http://stats.espncricinfo.com/srilanka/engine/match/65183.html Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Team records -- Highest Innings Totals '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most runs in a One - Day International innings '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Most fours in a One - Day International innings '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Records / One - Day Internationals / Batting records / Most runs in an innings '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rohit blitz , it 's time for ATK now '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AB de Villiers : South Africa batsman smashes century record '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` De Villiers 162 * off 66 , WI 151 all out '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN Sports Media . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` AB De Villiers hits fastest ODI 150 in South Africa World Cup win '' . BBC Sport. 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 15 overs , 222 runs '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN Sports Media . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amla and du Plessis show flattens Ireland '' . ESPNcricinfo . ESPN Sports Media . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australia post Cricket World Cup record score v Afghanistan '' . BBC Sport. 4 March 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia post Cricket World Cup record score in victory over Afghanistan '' . The Guardian . 4 March 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Shemilt , Stephan ( 9 June 2015 ) . `` England hit record 408 - 9 to thrash New Zealand in ODI '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Seervi , Bharath ( 30 August 2016 ) . `` ODI records smashed at Trent Bridge '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . 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most 400 plus scores in odi by a team
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"The highest ODI total of all time was scored by England on 30th August 2016 against Pakistan, posting a huge total of 444-3 in 50 overs. Alex Hales also scored the highest individual ODI score of an English batsman, 171, a record which had stood for 23 years prior."
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Chrysler 300
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Chrysler 300 - wikipedia Chrysler 300 Jump to : navigation , search `` Chrysler Three Hundred '' redirects here . For the letter series of cars from the 1950s and 1960s , see Chrysler 300 letter series . For the non-letter series from the 1960s and 1970s , see Chrysler 300 non-letter series . For the 1999 to 2004 model , see Chrysler 300M . For the station wagon as the Chrysler 300C , see Dodge Magnum . Also see 300 ( disambiguation ) . Chrysler 300 2011 Chrysler 300C Overview Manufacturer DaimlerChrysler ( 2005 - 2007 ) Chrysler LLC ( 2007 - 2009 ) Chrysler Group LLC ( 2009 - 2014 ) Fiat Chrysler Automobiles ( 2014 - present ) Also called Lancia Thema ( Europe ) Production April 2004 -- present Model years 2005 -- present Body and chassis Class Full - size luxury car Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / all - wheel drive Chronology Predecessor For Chrysler 300 : Chrysler 300M Chrysler Concorde Chrysler Intrepid ( Canada ) For Lancia Thema : Lancia Thesis ( Europe ) The Chrysler 300 is a rear - wheel - drive , front - engine , full - sized luxury car manufactured and marketed by Chrysler as a four door sedan and station wagon its first generation ( model years 2005 - 2010 ) and solely as a four - door sedan in its second and current generation ( model years 2011 - present ) . The 300 debuted as a concept at the 2003 New York Auto Show with styling by Ralph Gilles and production starting in April 2004 for the 2005 model year . The second generation 300 was marketed as the Chrysler 300C in the United Kingdom and Ireland and as the Lancia Thema in the remainder of Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( 2005 -- 2010 ) 1.1 Model range 1.1. 1 Base 1.1. 2 Touring 1.1. 3 Limited 1.1. 4 300C 1.1. 5 SRT - 8 1.2 Other variants 1.2. 1 Station wagon 1.2. 2 Diesel ( 2006 -- 2011 ) 1.2. 3 ASC Helios 300 1.2. 4 Executive Series 300 1.3 Awards 1.4 Reception and legacy 2 Second generation ( 2011 -- present ) 2.1 Variants 2.1. 1 SRT 2.1. 2 Special editions 2.2 Engines 2.3 Marketing 2.4 2015 facelift 3 Safety 4 Concept cars 5 Total Sales 6 References 7 External links First generation ( 2005 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) First generation Overview Also called Chrysler 300C Production 2004 -- 2010 Model years 2005 -- 2010 Assembly Brampton , Ontario , Canada ( Brampton Assembly ) Graz , Austria ( Magna Steyr ) ( 2005 - 2010 ) Beijing , China ( Beijing Benz ) ( 2006 - 2009 ) Designer Ralph Gilles ( 2001 ) Freeman Thomas ( 2001 ) Body and chassis Body style 4 - door notchback sedan 5 - door station wagon ( Europe , Australia ) Platform Chrysler LX platform Related Dodge Charger Dodge Challenger Dodge Magnum Mercedes - Benz E-Class ( W211 ) Powertrain Engine 2.7 L EER V6 3.5 L EGG V6 5.7 L EZB HEMI V8 6.1 L ESF HEMI V8 3.0 L OM642 turbodiesel V6 Transmission 4 - speed 42RLE automatic 5 - speed W5A580 automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 120.0 in ( 3,048 mm ) Length 197.8 in ( 5,024 mm ) Width 74.1 in ( 1,882 mm ) Height 58.4 in ( 1,483 mm ) SRT8 : 57.9 in ( 1,471 mm ) Curb weight 3,721 - 4,046 lb ( 1,688 - 1,835 kg ) The Chrysler 300 was designed as a modern interpretation of the Chrysler C - 300 ( and the letter series Chryslers that followed ) , featuring a large grille , long hood and low roofline that was prominent on those vehicles . The styling retained many elements of the 1998 Chrysler Chronos concept car , such as chrome interior accents and tortoiseshell finishings on the steering wheel and shifter knob . The Chrysler 300 is based on the rear - wheel drive Chrysler LX platform with components derived from the W211 Mercedes - Benz E-Class of 2003 to 2009 . Shared components include the rear suspension design , front seat frames , wiring harnesses , steering column , the 5 - speed automatic transmission 's design , and a derivative of the 4Matic all - wheel drive system . Model range ( edit ) Base ( edit ) The basic 300 ( or 300C in some countries ) comes with standard 17 - inch wheels , wheel covers , four - wheel disc brakes , single disc MP3 player , auxiliary input jack , power driver seat and a four - speed automatic transmission . It uses a 2,736 cc ( 2.736 L ; 167.0 cu in ) EER V6 making 190 hp ( 140 kW ) . In Canada , it comes standard with the Touring model 's 3,518 cc ( 3.5 L ; 214.7 cu in ) V6 engine . The vehicle comes with standard rear wheel drive and available all wheel drive . The basic 300 model was renamed to LX for 2008 and remains as the code - name for the platform . Touring ( edit ) The Touring model uses a 3,518 cc ( 3.5 L ; 214.7 cu in ) V6 , producing 250 hp ( 190 kW ) and 250 lb ⋅ ft ( 340 N ⋅ m ) of torque , either a 4 or 5spd transmission depending on the year and drive configuration , and comes with 17 - inch aluminium wheels , AM / FM radio with CD player and auxiliary audio jack , Electronic Stability Program ( ESP ) , remote keyless entry , leather trimmed seats , and SIRIUS satellite radio . This model was renamed Touring Plus for the 2009 and 2010 model years . Limited ( edit ) The Limited model included the Touring model 's 3.5 L V6 engine , generating 250 hp ( 190 kW ) and 250 lb ⋅ ft ( 340 N ⋅ m ) and either a 4 or 5 speed transmission depending on the year and drive configuration . Additional features included 18 - inch chrome - clad aluminium wheels , anti-roll bars . 300C ( edit ) Chrysler 300C The top - of - the - line 300C version uses a 5.7 L ( 345 cu in ) Hemi V8 . Using the Multidisplacement System ( MDS ) , this engine can run on four cylinders when less power is needed in order to reduce total fuel consumption . The USEPA - rated fuel consumption of the 300C is : 15 miles per US gallon ( 16 L / 100 km ; 18 mpg ) city , and 23 miles per US gallon ( 10 L / 100 km ; 28 mpg ) highway . When all eight cylinders are needed , the 300C can make 340 hp ( 250 kW ) and 390 lb ⋅ ft ( 530 N ⋅ m ) torque . It uses a five - speed automatic transmission and comes standard with 18 - inch chrome - clad alloy wheels , Chrysler 's MyGIG Infotainment System in 2008 and SIRIUS Satellite Radio and Backseat Television in 2008 . The HEMI engine includes a pushrod induction tube , located on the side of the engine - block . This tube makes the 300C more fuel efficient and quicker , because of the air being `` pulled and pushed '' into the engine 's induction area . The engine uses the HEMI , or double rocker configuration , with a cam - in - block , overhead valve ( OHV ) pushrod design . There are two spark plugs per cylinder to promote efficient fuel / air mixture burn and thereby reduce emissions . In 2009 - 2010 power output was increased to 360HP . SRT - 8 ( edit ) Chrysler 300C SRT - 8 The SRT - 8 model was equipped with a 6.1 - liter Hemi engine producing 425 horsepower at 6,200 rpm and 420 lb - ft of torque at 4,800 rpm . The SRT8 can hit 0 - 60 mph in 4.9 seconds . Other variants ( edit ) Station wagon ( edit ) 2008 Chrysler 300C Touring The 300C was sold in Europe , Australia and Japan as both a four - door notchback sedan and a five - door station wagon . The five - door station wagon was sold as the 300C Touring ( not to be confused with the North American notchback sedan 's `` Touring '' trim level ) , which shared much of its sheet metal aft of the C - pillar and wheel designs with the Dodge Magnum . The base Chrysler 300 was not sold in Europe , instead all cars came with the 300C body style / interior and a choice of either V6 diesel or V8 gasoline powerplants . The economical Mercedes - based V6 diesel was popular in Europe , where gasoline prices are high . All 300C Touring models , along with European 300C sedans and right - hand drive models were assembled by Magna Steyr in Graz , Austria beginning in June 2005 . Steyr insisted on upgrading suspension components to suit European tastes . The five - door station wagon bodystyle was discontinued after the first generation . Diesel ( 2006 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) In Europe and Australia , the 300C was available with a Mercedes - Benz 3.0 L diesel V6 engine ( internal code OM642 ) rated 218 PS ( 160 kW ; 215 hp ) @ 3800rpm and 376 lb ⋅ ft ( 510 N ⋅ m ) @ 1600rpm . Fuel economy for the 300C diesel is rated at 26.2 mpg ( 9.0 L / 100 km ; 31.5 mpg ) City , 42.8 mpg ( 5.50 L / 100 km ; 51.4 mpg ) Highway and 34.9 mpg ( 6.74 L / 100 km ; 41.9 mpg ) on the combined cycle . Acceleration from 0 - 60 mph happens in 7.9 seconds while the top speed remains the same as the gasoline V6 ( 140 mph ( 230 km / h ) ) . 2008 UK models include 300C SRT - Design model in saloon or Touring body , which included SRT 20 - inch alloy wheels and wheel arch spats , chrome mesh grille , MyGIG satellite navigation , SRT - 8 steering wheel , SRT - 8 leather sports seats and carbon fibre interior details . ASC Helios 300 ( edit ) ASC created a convertible version of the Chrysler 300C , dubbed the ASC Helios 300 , and unveiled it at the North American International Auto Show in early 2005 . Despite rumours , Chrysler confirmed that the vehicle would not be produced . Executive series 300 ( edit ) The Walter P. Chrysler Executive Series 300 was an extended wheelbase version shown at the 2006 New York Auto Show . It added six inches ( 152 mm ) to the rear passenger compartment . Heritage Edition 300C The Chrysler 300C Heritage Edition debuted in 2006 and was a performance oriented trim that used the 5.7 Hemi and had styling ques from the Chrysler 300 `` letter series '' of the 1950s and the 1960s . Awards ( edit ) The 300C was the 2005 Motor Trend Car of the Year and was on Car and Driver 's Ten Best list for 2005 and 2006 . It also won the North American Car of the Year and Canadian Car of the Year Best New Luxury Car awards . During its debut year , it was promoted as being one of the most awarded new cars ever . The 300C was also included in the finalists for 2005 World Car of the Year but was eliminated in first round . Reception and legacy ( edit ) In the USA , the 300C enjoyed a wave of popularity in the mid-2000s , aided by celebrity owners ( including US President Barack Obama , ) and appearances in music videos . In 2004 , rapper Snoop Dogg famously called then - Chrysler CEO , Dieter Zetsche , asking for his own 300C ; he later appeared in a commercial for the car alongside Lee Iacocca . The 300C was ranked # 12 in a Complex.com article , `` The 25 Most Iconic Hip - Hop Cars '' due to its popularity in many hip - hop music videos following its introduction . Chrysler 300 designer Ralph Gilles reflected on the vehicle 's success in 2008 , saying that the `` 300 turned out to be a bit of an icon for Chrysler '' . In the UK , the BBC Top Gear team described the 300C as `` something different with a bit of kitsch gangster cool '' . They praised the spacious and well equipped interior and the low price while criticizing the quality of materials , ride , steering and low engine torque . The first generation model was popular with British buyers who regarded it as the `` poor man 's Bentley '' . ( Indeed , some owners swapped the Chrysler badges for Bentley ones ) . The post-2011 second generation proved less popular , primarily because of its less attractive appearance to British eyes . On Hip hop artist Drake 's album The Views ; song Keep The Family Close he references The Chrysler 300 with the lyrics `` Always saw you for what you could 've been / Ever since you met me / Like when Chrysler made that one car that looked just like the Bentley '' Second generation ( 2011 -- present ) ( edit ) Second generation Overview Also called Lancia Thema ( Europe ) Chrysler 300C ( global ) Production 2011 -- present Model years 2011 -- present Assembly Brampton , Ontario , Canada ( Brampton Assembly ) Body and chassis Body style 4 - door notchback sedan Platform Chrysler LX platform Related Dodge Charger Dodge Challenger Powertrain Engine 3.6 L Pentastar V6 5.7 L HEMI V8 6.4 L HEMI V8 3.0 L VM A630 turbodiesel V6 Transmission 5 - speed 5G - Tronic automatic 8 - speed 8HP45 automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 120.2 in ( 3,053 mm ) Length 198.6 in ( 5,044 mm ) Width 75.1 in ( 1,908 mm ) Height 58.4 in ( 1,483 mm ) Chrysler 300C ( US ; pre-facelift ) Interior A mildly redesigned 300 was introduced in 2011 as a four - door notchback sedan , the five - door station wagon version of the 300 having been retired . Exterior changes included revised sheet metal , thinner roof pillars , a more raked windshield , bi-xenon HID projector headlights , LED daytime running strips within the headlights , new taillights with LEDs and a horizontally slotted front grille with an updated version of the Chrysler winged brand emblem . Options included a dual - pane panoramic sunroof and 20 - inch polished - aluminium wheels . Interior changes included a revised instrument panel with localized `` soft - touch '' materials , 8.4 inch Uconnect Touch , new steering wheel and centre console , and standard leather seating on all trim levels . Both seat - mounted and curtain side airbags were standard . The predecessors ' 2.7 - and 3.5 - litre engines were replaced with Chrysler 's new 3.6 - litre Pentastar V6 engine producing 292 horsepower ( 218 kW ) and 260 lb ⋅ ft ( 350 N ⋅ m ) of torque . The 5.7 - litre HEMI V8 engine remained available with 363 horsepower . A 3.0 - litre VM Motori V6 turbodiesel is also available in Europe , and Australia . Beginning with model year 2012 all V6 models were equipped with the 8 - speed 8HP45 automatic transmission , licensed from ZF Friedrichshafen . Variants ( edit ) The 2011 model was offered in Touring , Limited , 300C , and 300C AWD trim levels . Touring and Limited trims included the Pentastar V6 , while the 300C line offered a standard 5.7 HEMI . A new 300C Executive Series luxury trim level was introduced alongside a new 300S trim at the 2011 New York International Auto Show . The Executive / Luxury Series was also sold in Europe , rebranded as the Lancia Thema from 2011 - 2014 . The sport themed 300S featured black treatment for grille and headlamps , 20 - inch polished - face aluminium wheels with black painted pockets , 10 - speaker Beats by Dr. Dre sound system , and steering wheel mounted paddle shifters . SRT ( edit ) Chrysler 300 SRT - 8 ( Australia ) An SRT version was unveiled at the 2011 New York International Auto Show , powered by a 6.4 - litre 392 HEMI V8 engine . The 6.4 392 Hemi engine is also used in other Chrysler Group SRT vehicles . With 470 hp ( 350 kW ) , the new 300 SRT can go from zero to 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) in the low 4 second range . In addition to the increase in power , the SRT receives specific exterior trim including a lower front fascia , large exhaust tips , body color instead of chrome trim and large 20 - inch aluminium wheels . The car also gets a lowered , sportier suspension setup and a large Brembo brake package . The 300 SRT ( or SRT8 ) was discontinued for the 2015 model year in the United States , but is still sold in Australia , New Zealand , and the Middle East . Contrary to past statements by Chrysler , the 300 SRT is still sold in left - hand drive abroad . Special editions ( edit ) In early 2016 , Chrysler announced a new 300S Alloy Edition . Features included dark bronze 20 '' wheels ( 19 '' on AWD ) and 300S badge , titanium exhaust tips and wing badge , and gloss - black window , headlight and taillight accents . The 300 Motown Edition model sales began in the spring of 2013 . The Motown Edition is a tribute to the Motown genre of music . Additions to the Chrysler 300C features , include special chrome wheels , a Beats by Dr. Dre ten - speaker sound system , `` Motown Edition '' badges on the front fenders , as well as 100 Motown tunes preloaded on a USB drive . Berry Gordy , Jr. , the creator of the Motown genre , appears in a 2012 TV ad for the Chrysler 300 Motown Edition , promoting his musical , and saying `` This is Motown . And this is what we do '' . The song playing in the commercial is `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' . 300S Glacier Edition , available in the fall of 2012 as a 2013 model year vehicle . Based on the Chrysler 300S , the Glacier Edition adds signature details not found on other Chrysler 300 models . Mopar ' 12 , available as a 2012 model year vehicle . This Special Edition Chrysler 300 was designed by Mopar Performance to mark Mopar 's 75th anniversary . Featuring a 3 : 91 gear ratio , sport tuned suspension , and unique badging , only 500 Mopar Edition 300 's were made . John Varvatos Edition available in 2013 and 2014 in `` Luxury '' or `` Limited '' trim . Each version featured unique exterior and interior colors and materials . Engines ( edit ) Chrysler Model Engine Displacement Power @ rpm Torque @ rpm Years Touring 3.6 V6 Pentastar 3,604 cc ( 219.9 cu in ) 296 PS ( 218 kW ; 292 hp ) @ 6350 rpm 350 N ⋅ m ( 260 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4800 rpm 2011 -- Limited 300S 3.6 V6 Pentastar 3,604 cc ( 219.9 cu in ) 304 PS ( 224 kW ; 300 hp ) 350 N ⋅ m ( 260 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4800 rpm 2011 -- 300C 5.7 V8 HEMI 5,654 cc ( 345.0 cu in ) 368 PS ( 271 kW ; 363 hp ) @ 5150 rpm 527 N ⋅ m ( 389 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4250 rpm 2011 -- 300 SRT - 8 6.4 L 392 Hemi V8 engine 6,430 cc ( 392 cu in ) 477 PS ( 351 kW ; 470 hp ) 637 N ⋅ m ( 470 lb ⋅ ft ) 2012 -- Lancia - ( Chrysler UK ) Petrol 3.6 V6 Pentastar 3,604 cc ( 219.9 cu in ) 286 PS ( 210 kW ; 282 hp ) @ 6350 rpm 340 N ⋅ m ( 250 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4650 rpm 2011 -- 2014 Diesel 3.0 V6 VM Motori A630 2,987 cc ( 182.3 cu in ) 190 PS ( 140 kW ; 190 hp ) @ 4000 rpm 440 N ⋅ m ( 320 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1600 - 2800 rpm 2011 -- 2014 239 PS ( 176 kW ; 236 hp ) @ 4000 rpm 550 N ⋅ m ( 410 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 1800 - 2800 rpm Source for Lancia Marketing ( edit ) As part of the 2011 Chrysler 300 advertising campaign , three TV commercials were produced . `` Homecoming '' featured Detroit Lions defensive lineman Ndamukong Suh driving through his rainy hometown of Portland , Oregon , in his new 2011 Chrysler 300 , retracing his humble beginnings . `` Attitude '' featured John Varvatos seeking inspiration at a record store in Brooklyn and record under his arm and into his Chrysler 300 . `` Good Things '' featured Dr. Dre driving through the streets of Los Angeles in a Beats by Dre equipped 2012 Chrysler 300 . The ' See It Through ' TV commercial featured the Chrysler 300 and notable Detroit locals , including Detroit Lion 's Ndamukong Suh and a poem written in 1917 by Edgar Guest titled `` See It Through '' . 2015 facelift ( edit ) Chrysler 300C ( China ; facelift ) In late 2014 a facelift version of the 300 was introduced . Changes include : Full speed - range Adaptive Cruise Control with Stop Full - Speed Forward Collision Warning ( FCW ) with Active Braking Lane Departure Warning with Lane Keep Assist Uconnect Systems : Bluetooth Streaming Audio , Uconnect Voice Command and Bluetooth ( with Uconnect Access ) . The 8.4 AN System adds , navigation , featuring full - color 3 - D graphics and HD Radio 7 - inch customizable Driver Information Display ( DID ) electronic instrument cluster Standard TorqueFlite eight - speed automatic transmission with Rotary E-shift Restyled front and rear fascia New black and silver mesh chrome grille Safety ( edit ) The Lancia version was safety tested by Euro NCAP in autumn 2011 and got the following results : Euro NCAP test results Lancia Thema ( 2011 ) Test Points % Overall : Adult occupant : 29.7 83 % Child occupant : 37.7 77 % Pedestrian : 21.3 59 % Safety assist : 5 71 % Concept cars ( edit ) In 2000 , Chrysler introduced the 300 HEMI C , a 2 + 2 convertible bearing the new 5.7 litre HEMI engine with 353 horsepower ( 263 kW ) and 353 lb ⋅ ft ( 479 N ⋅ m ) torque . It had rear wheel drive and a four speed automatic transmission . It was capable of 0 - 60 mph in under 6 seconds . In 1991 , Chrysler introduced a Monteverdi High Speed inspired concept 300 , employing the Dodge Viper engine . It was inspired by a 1970s Swiss - built sedan powered by Chrysler . Total Sales ( edit ) Year USA Canada 112,930 10,048 2005 144,068 14,654 2006 143,647 13,316 2007 120,636 10,021 2008 62,352 7,443 2009 38,606 5,234 37,116 4,180 2011 36,285 3,045 2012 70,747 5,760 2013 57,724 5,375 2014 53,382 4,117 2015 53,109 4,443 2016 53,241 3,662 2017 45.551 3,838 Total Sales 1,124.530 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Lancia Thema : Chrysler 300 's European Alter Ego Officially Revealed '' . Carscoop. 14 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fallah , Alborz ( 18 July 2009 ) . `` Chrysler gets back into production '' . CarAdvice . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese - Built Chrysler 300C At Beijing Auto Show '' . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Newberry , Stephan ( 2005 ) . The Car design yearbook 3 . Merrell . ISBN 1 - 85894 - 242 - X . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Chrysler 300 specifications , information , data '' . Carfolio.com . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` First Test : 2005 Chrysler 300C '' . Motor trend . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Chrysler 300 and 300C '' . Allpar.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Burke Brown , LX Car Leader , on the 300C , Magnum , Charger , Challenger , and Hemi '' . Allpar.com . Retrieved 20 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 Chrysler 300 '' ( PDF ) . media. chrysler . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ St. Antoine , Arthur ( February 2005 ) . `` 2005 Cadillac CTS - V vs. Chrysler 300C SRT8 vs. Pontiac GTO '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group and Magna Steyr Enter Agreement for Chrysler 300C Production '' ( Press release ) . PRNewswire. 27 October 2005 . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Edwardson , Grant ( 25 February 2008 ) . `` Official : Chrysler 300C SRT Diesel Announced '' . Worldcarfans . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New 2007 Chrysler 300 Long Wheelbase Debuts at the 2006 New York International Auto Show '' ( Press release ) . media. chrysler. 13 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2006 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Aziz , Nick ( Dec 21 , 2005 ) . `` Chrysler announces 300C Heritage Edition '' . www.leftlanenews.com . www.leftlanenews.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's Old Car Fails To Sell On eBay : $1 Million Asking Price Too High ? '' . The Huffington Post . February 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dayton , Dalia ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Chrysler 300 : The Celebrity Owners and Promoters '' . Autoinfluence.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matias , Carlos ( August 5 , 2011 ) . `` The 25 Most Iconic Hip - Hop Cars '' . Complex.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ralph Gilles , Vice President of Design , Chrysler , Jeep and Truck division : CanadianDriver : Interview - Ralph Gilles , Vice President of Design , Chrysler , Jeep and Truck division , accessdate : 20 . tammikuuta 2016 Jump up ^ `` Car review : Chrysler 300C CRD Auto Car Review BBC Top Gear '' . BBC Top Gear . October 2005 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Wheels : Chrysler 's ' Poor Man 's Bentley ' '' . 30 May 2004 . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Eight Speed Transmission Introduced by Chrysler '' . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Nagy , Chris ( 21 December 2010 ) . `` Luxury Reigns Affordable with 2011 Chrysler 300 '' . Automoblog . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ZF and Chrysler Reach Agreement for new 8 - Speed Automatic Transmission '' . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 - 2014 Chrysler 300C cars ( and Lancia Thema ) with Luxury Series '' . Allpar . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kekeh , Nicole ( 27 February 2012 ) . `` Meet The Boss Behind Chrysler 's Image Makeover ; He Is French '' . Forbes . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Chrysler 300 S / 300C Executive Series '' . Car and Driver . April 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Chrysler 300 SRT8 '' . News Car Quotes. 2011 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Nagy , Chris ( 18 July 2011 ) . `` Posh Performer : 2012 Chrysler 300 SRT8 '' . Automoblog . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kierstein , Alex ( 6 May 2014 ) . `` Say goodbye to Chrysler SRT models '' . Roadandtrack.com . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing the 2013 Chrysler 300 Motown Edition '' . Forward Look . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` You Can Practically Taste Detroit : Chrysler 300C John Varvatos Limited Edition Returns for 2014 , Gets AWD Option '' . Car and Driver . January 29 , 2014 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler 300 Review '' . Edmunds . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Thema : alternative class '' . lanciapress. 30 August 2011 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Good Things '' . Wk.com. 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler See It Through '' . Wk.com. 22 November 2011 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Euro NCAP results for Lancia Thema '' ( PDF ) . euroncap.com. 2011 . Jump up ^ Acuña , Evan. `` 2000 Chrysler 300 Hemi C Information and History '' . Conceptcarz . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Chrysler 300 Information and History '' . Conceptcarz . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrysler Group 2005 US Sales '' . Chrysler . 3 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2009 . Retrieved 5 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Chrysler LLC December 2007 Sales Up 1 Percent on the Strength of Retail '' . CheersandGears.com. 3 January 2008 . Retrieved 5 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` December 2008 Sales : Chrysler LLC '' . CheersandGears.com. 5 January 2009 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC December 2009 Sales '' . CheersandGears.com. 5 January 2010 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` December 2010 Sales : Chrysler - Cheers & Gears Forums '' . Cheersandgears.com. 3 January 2011 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler sales shoot up 37 % ( 26 % for 2011 ) '' . Allpar. 4 January 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC Reports December 2012 U.S. Sales Increased 10 Percent '' ( Press release ) . Chrysler Group LLC. 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC Reports December 2013 U.S. Sales Increased 6 Percent '' ( Press release ) . Chrysler Group . 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FCA US LLC Reports December 2014 U.S. Sales Increased 20 Percent '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . FCA US LLC. 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FCA US LLC Reports December 2015 U.S. Sales Increased 13 Percent '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . FCA US LLC. 5 January 2016 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FCA US Reports 2016 December and Full - year U.S. Sales '' ( Press release ) . FCA North America . 4 January 2017 . Retrieved 4 January 2017 . Jump up ^ ( http://www.goodcarbadcar.net/2011/01/chrysler-300-sales-figures.html Good Car Bad Car ( Chrysler 300 Sales Figures ) ( External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chrysler 300 ( 2004 ) . Chrysler 300 Official Website - USA Chrysler vehicles Current Cars 300 Vans Pacifica Historic and discontinued models Cars 150 160 180 2 - Litre 200 300 series Chrysler 300 300M Airflow Airstream Alpine Avenger Centura Charger Chrysler Cirrus Concorde Conquest Cordoba Crossfire Daytona Delta Drifter Dynasty E-Class ES Executive Fifth Avenue Galant Horizon Hunter Imperial Imperial Parade Phaeton Intrepid Lancer Laser LeBaron LHS Neon Newport New Yorker Phantom Plainsman Prowler PT Cruiser Regal Royal Royal ( Australia ) Saratoga Scorpion Sebring Shadow Sigma Spirit Stratus Sunbeam TC by Maserati Touring Town and Country Turbine Car Valiant Valiant Charger Valiant Galant Valiant Lancer Valiant Pacer Valiant Volare VIP Viper Vision Wayfarer Windsor Ypsilon Crossovers / SUVs Aspen Pacifica Vans Grand Voyager TEVan Town and Country Voyager Concept Cars 200C Airflite Akino Atlantic C - 200 California Cruiser CCV Chronos Citadel Delta Falcon Firepower Imperial Concept Java ME Four - Twelve Nassau Norseman Pacifica Concept Patriot Phaeton Pronto Cruizer Chrysler.com A division of FCA US LLC Category Commons List `` previous -- Chrysler car timeline , 1970 -- present Type 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact Sunbeam Ypsilon Valiant Lancer Lancer Scorpion Horizon Compact Valiant Volare Avenger LeBaron PT Cruiser Delta Valiant Galant Galant Town & Country Town & Country ES / Shadow Neon Neon Mid-size 150 / Alpine LeBaron / Phantom ( 2 - dr ) Sebring ( 2 - dr ) Sebring ( 2 - dr ) Centura LeBaron conv . Sebring conv . Sebring conv . Sebring conv . 200 conv . 160 / 180 E-Class LeBaron GTS LeBaron ( 4 - dr ) Cirrus Sebring ( 4 - dr ) Sebring ( 4 - dr ) 200 ( 4 - dr ) 200 ( 4 - dr ) 2 - Litre Fifth Avenue Spirit Stratus Stratus LeBaron New Yorker Saratoga / Spirit Hunter GTS / Lancer Sigma Dynasty Full - size Newport Newport New Yorker Concorde Concorde 300 300 New Yorker New Yorker New Yorker Fifth Avenue New Yorker 300M Town & Country Imperial LHS LHS 300 Regal Regal Intrepid Intrepid VIP Chrysler Chrysler Chrysler Vision Valiant Valiant Valiant Valiant Valiant Valiant 383 Sports Laser Conquest Prowler Crossfire Daytona Viper Muscle car Valiant Charger Charger Crossover Pacifica SUV Aspen Minivan TEVan Voyager Voyager Voyager Voyager Grand Voyager Grand Voyager Town & Country Town & Country Town & Country Town & Country Town & Country Pacifica Limousine Executive Personal luxury Cordoba Hurst 300 300 Imperial Coupe utility Drifter GT TC Notes Vehicles are available only in Europe Vehicles are available only in Australia Vehicles are available only in Africa Vehicles are available only in North America outside US Vehicles are available only in UK and Ireland Vehicles are available as Chrysler only outside US , as Dodge or Plymouth inside US . Lancia Passenger cars Current models Ypsilon III 1980 -- 2016 Trevi Prisma Thema I Y10 Dedra Delta II Kappa Zeta Lybra Thesis Phedra Ypsilon I Ypsilon II Musa Delta III Thema II Flavia Voyager 1945 -- 1980 Aurelia Appia Flaminia Flavia Fulvia 2000 Beta Stratos HF Montecarlo Gamma Delta I 1918 -- 1945 Kappa Dikappa Trikappa Lambda Dilambda Artena Astura Augusta Aprilia Ardea 1907 -- 1918 12 HP Alfa 18 HP Dialfa 15 / 20 HP Beta 20 HP Gamma 20 / 30 HP Delta 20 / 30 HP Epsilon 30 / 50 HP Eta 25 - 35 HP Theta Concept cars Stratos HF Zero Stratos HF Megagamma Sibilo Medusa ECV Dialogos Buses Trijota Omicron Ro 140 Trucks Jota 3Ro Esatau Esadelta Esagamma E290 Vans Beta Jolly Superjolly Military vehicles 1Z 1ZM Lince Motorsport Lancia Grand Prix results Lancia in rallying Jolly Club Martini Racing Racing cars D24 D50 LC1 LC2 Stratos HF Rally 037 Delta S4 Delta Group A Drivers Andrea Aghini Markku Alén Alberto Ascari Didier Auriol Miki Biasion Louis Chiron Juha Kankkunen Sandro Munari Walter Röhrl Luigi Villoresi People Vincenzo Lancia Gianni Lancia Vittorio Jano Carlo Pesenti Technologies Blue&Me Flat - 4 engine V4 engine V6 engine Other Palazzo Lancia Lancia Urban Bike Lancia di Lancia Vincenzo Lancia Fiat Category `` previous -- Lancia car timeline , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Supermini A112 Y10 Y Ypsilon I Ypsilon II Small family car Delta I Delta II Delta III Compact executive car Beta Prisma Dedra Lybra Beta Trevi Executive car Gamma Thema I Kappa Thesis Thema II Coupé Beta Coupé Gamma Coupé Kappa Coupé Cabriolet Flavia II Mini MPV Musa Large MPV Zeta Phedra Voyager Sports car Montecarlo Delta HF 4WD / integrale Rally 037 Delta S4 Rally car Rally 037 Delta S4 Delta HF Group A Racing car Montecarlo Turbo LC1 LC2 SRT , a high - performance automobile group within FCA US , 2003 -- present Type 2000s 2010s 5 6 7 8 9 0 SRT - 4 Dodge SRT - 4 Dodge Caliber SRT - 4 SRT - 6 Chrysler Crossfire SRT - 6 SRT - 8 Chrysler 300C SRT - 8 Chrysler 300C 392 SRT - 8 Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT - 8 Jeep Grand Cherokee 392 SRT - 8 Dodge Magnum SRT - 8 Dodge Charger SRT - 8 Dodge Charger 392 SRT - 8 Dodge Challenger SRT - 8 Dodge Challenger 392 SRT - 8 SRT - 10 Dodge Ram SRT - 10 Dodge Viper 8.3 SRT - 10 Dodge Viper 8.4 SRT - 10 SRT Dodge Viper Vehicle is only sold under the SRT brand . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysler_300&oldid=815744519 '' Categories : Chrysler vehicles Rear - wheel - drive vehicles Police vehicles Full - size vehicles Sports sedans Sedans Station wagons 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Retro - style automobiles Lancia vehicles Cars introduced in 2004 Limousines Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 21 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how much horsepower does a 2005 chrysler 300c have
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"The top-of-the-line 300C version uses a 5.7 L (345 cu in) Hemi V8.[9] Using the Multidisplacement System (MDS), this engine can run on four cylinders when less power is needed in order to reduce total fuel consumption. The USEPA-rated fuel consumption of the 300C is: 15 miles per US gallon (16 L/100 km; 18 mpg‑imp) city, and 23 miles per US gallon (10 L/100 km; 28 mpg‑imp) highway. When all eight cylinders are needed, the 300C can make 340 hp (250 kW) and 390 lb⋅ft (530 N⋅m) torque. It uses a five-speed automatic transmission and comes standard with 18-inch chrome-clad alloy wheels, Chrysler's MyGIG Infotainment System in 2008 and SIRIUS Satellite Radio and Backseat Television in 2008. The HEMI engine includes a pushrod induction tube, located on the side of the engine-block. This tube makes the 300C more fuel efficient and quicker, because of the air being \"pulled and pushed\" into the engine's induction area.[citation needed] The engine uses the HEMI, or double rocker configuration, with a cam-in-block, overhead valve (OHV) pushrod design. There are two spark plugs per cylinder to promote efficient fuel/air mixture burn and thereby reduce emissions. In 2009 - 2010 power output was increased to 360HP."
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Battle of Hastings
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Battle of Hastings - wikipedia Battle of Hastings For other uses , see Battle of Hastings ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 50 ° 54 ′ 43 '' N 0 ° 29 ′ 15 '' E / 50.91194 ° N 0.48750 ° E / 50.91194 ; 0.48750 Battle of Hastings Part of the Norman conquest of England Harold Rex Interfectus Est : `` King Harold was killed '' . Scene from the Bayeux Tapestry depicting the Battle of Hastings and the death of Harold . Date 14 October 1066 Location Battle near Hastings , East Sussex , England Result Decisive Norman victory Belligerents Normans English Commanders and leaders William of Normandy Alan the Red William fitzOsbern Eustace II , Count of Boulogne Harold Godwinson † Gyrth Godwinson † Leofwine Godwinson † Strength Unknown , estimates range from 7,000 to 12,000 Unknown , estimates range from 5,000 to 13,000 Norman conquest of England Battle of Fulford Battle of Stamford Bridge Battle of Hastings Harrying of the North Revolt of the Earls Battle Hastings Eastbourne Rye Newhaven Lewes Crowborough Hailsham Bexhill - on - Sea Heathfield Uckfield Seaford Peacehaven Site of the Battle of Hastings in East Sussex The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman - French army of William , the Duke of Normandy , and an English army under the Anglo - Saxon King Harold Godwinson , beginning the Norman conquest of England . It took place approximately 7 miles ( 11 kilometres ) northwest of Hastings , close to the present - day town of Battle , East Sussex , and was a decisive Norman victory . The background to the battle was the death of the childless King Edward the Confessor in January 1066 , which set up a succession struggle between several claimants to his throne . Harold was crowned king shortly after Edward 's death , but faced invasions by William , his own brother Tostig , and the Norwegian King Harald Hardrada ( Harold III of Norway ) . Hardrada and Tostig defeated a hastily gathered army of Englishmen at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September 1066 , and were in turn defeated by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge five days later . The deaths of Tostig and Hardrada at Stamford Bridge left William as Harold 's only serious opponent . While Harold and his forces were recovering , William landed his invasion forces in the south of England at Pevensey on 28 September 1066 and established a beachhead for his conquest of the kingdom . Harold was forced to march south swiftly , gathering forces as he went . The exact numbers present at the battle are unknown ; modern estimates are around 10,000 for William and about 7,000 for Harold . The composition of the forces is clearer ; the English army was composed almost entirely of infantry and had few archers , whereas only about half of the invading force was infantry , the rest split equally between cavalry and archers . Harold appears to have tried to surprise William , but scouts found his army and reported its arrival to William , who marched from Hastings to the battlefield to confront Harold . The battle lasted from about 9 am to dusk . Early efforts of the invaders to break the English battle lines had little effect ; therefore , the Normans adopted the tactic of pretending to flee in panic and then turning on their pursuers . Harold 's death , probably near the end of the battle , led to the retreat and defeat of most of his army . After further marching and some skirmishes , William was crowned as king on Christmas Day 1066 . There continued to be rebellions and resistance to William 's rule , but Hastings effectively marked the culmination of William 's conquest of England . Casualty figures are hard to come by , but some historians estimate that 2,000 invaders died along with about twice that number of Englishmen . William founded a monastery at the site of the battle , the high altar of the abbey church supposedly placed at the spot where Harold died . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Succession crisis in England 1.2 Tostig and Hardrada 's invasions 2 English army and Harold 's preparations 3 William 's preparations and landing 3.1 Norman forces at Hastings 4 Harold moves south 4.1 English forces at Hastings 5 Battle 5.1 Background and location 5.2 Dispositions of forces and tactics 5.3 Beginning of the battle 5.4 Feigned flights 5.5 Death of Harold 5.6 Reasons for the outcome 6 Aftermath 7 Notes 8 Citations 9 References 10 External links Background In 911 , French Carolingian ruler Charles the Simple allowed a group of Vikings to settle in Normandy under their leader Rollo . Their settlement proved successful , and they quickly adapted to the indigenous culture , renouncing paganism , converting to Christianity , and intermarrying with the local population . Over time , the frontiers of the duchy expanded to the west . In 1002 , King Æthelred II of England married Emma , the sister of Richard II , Duke of Normandy . Their son Edward the Confessor spent many years in exile in Normandy , and succeeded to the English throne in 1042 . This led to the establishment of a powerful Norman interest in English politics , as Edward drew heavily on his former hosts for support , bringing in Norman courtiers , soldiers , and clerics and appointing them to positions of power , particularly in the Church . Edward was childless and embroiled in conflict with the formidable Godwin , Earl of Wessex , and his sons , and he may also have encouraged Duke William of Normandy 's ambitions for the English throne . Succession crisis in England King Edward 's death on 5 January 1066 left no clear heir , and several contenders laid claim to the throne of England . Edward 's immediate successor was the Earl of Wessex , Harold Godwinson , the richest and most powerful of the English aristocrats and son of Godwin , Edward 's earlier opponent . Harold was elected king by the Witenagemot of England and crowned by Archbishop of York Ealdred , although Norman propaganda claimed that the ceremony was performed by Stigand , the uncanonically elected Archbishop of Canterbury . Harold was at once challenged by two powerful neighbouring rulers . Duke William claimed that he had been promised the throne by King Edward and that Harold had sworn agreement to this . Harald III of Norway , commonly known as Harald Hardrada , also contested the succession . His claim to the throne was based on an agreement between his predecessor Magnus I of Norway and the earlier King of England Harthacanute , whereby , if either died without heir , the other would inherit both England and Norway . William and Harald Hardrada immediately set about assembling troops and ships for separate invasions . Tostig and Hardrada 's invasions Main article : Battle of Fulford In early 1066 , Harold 's exiled brother Tostig Godwinson raided south - eastern England with a fleet he had recruited in Flanders , later joined by other ships from Orkney . Threatened by Harold 's fleet , Tostig moved north and raided in East Anglia and Lincolnshire . He was driven back to his ships by the brothers Edwin , Earl of Mercia , and Morcar , Earl of Northumbria . Deserted by most of his followers , he withdrew to Scotland , where he spent the middle of the year recruiting fresh forces . Hardrada invaded northern England in early September , leading a fleet of more than 300 ships carrying perhaps 15,000 men . Hardrada 's army was further augmented by the forces of Tostig , who supported the Norwegian king 's bid for the throne . Advancing on York , the Norwegians occupied the city after defeating a northern English army under Edwin and Morcar on 20 September at the Battle of Fulford . English army and Harold 's preparations Main article : Battle of Stamford Bridge The location of the Battle of Stamford Bridge The English army was organised along regional lines , with the fyrd , or local levy , serving under a local magnate -- whether an earl , bishop , or sheriff . The fyrd was composed of men who owned their own land , and were equipped by their community to fulfil the king 's demands for military forces . For every five hides , or units of land nominally capable of supporting one household , one man was supposed to serve . It appears that the hundred was the main organising unit for the fyrd . As a whole , England could furnish about 14,000 men for the fyrd , when it was called out . The fyrd usually served for two months , except in emergencies . It was rare for the whole national fyrd to be called out ; between 1046 and 1065 it was only done three times , in 1051 , 1052 , and 1065 . The king also had a group of personal armsmen , known as housecarls , who formed the backbone of the royal forces . Some earls also had their own forces of housecarls . Thegns , the local landowning elites , either fought with the royal housecarls or attached themselves to the forces of an earl or other magnate . The fyrd and the housecarls both fought on foot , with the major difference between them being the housecarls ' superior armour . The English army does not appear to have had a significant number of archers . Harold had spent mid-1066 on the south coast with a large army and fleet waiting for William to invade . The bulk of his forces were militia who needed to harvest their crops , so on 8 September Harold dismissed the militia and the fleet . Learning of the Norwegian invasion he rushed north , gathering forces as he went , and took the Norwegians by surprise , defeating them at the Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September . Harald Hardrada and Tostig were killed , and the Norwegians suffered such great losses that only 24 of the original 300 ships were required to carry away the survivors . The English victory came at great cost , as Harold 's army was left in a battered and weakened state . William 's preparations and landing Interior ruins at Pevensey Castle , some of which date to shortly after the Battle of Hastings William assembled a large invasion fleet and an army gathered from Normandy and the rest of France , including large contingents from Brittany and Flanders . He spent almost nine months on his preparations , as he had to construct a fleet from nothing . According to some Norman chronicles , he also secured diplomatic support , although the accuracy of the reports has been a matter of historical debate . The most famous claim is that Pope Alexander II gave a papal banner as a token of support , which only appears in William of Poitiers 's account , and not in more contemporary narratives . In April 1066 Halley 's Comet appeared in the sky , and was widely reported throughout Europe . Contemporary accounts connected the comet 's appearance with the succession crisis in England . William mustered his forces at Saint - Valery - sur - Somme , and was ready to cross the English Channel by about 12 August . But the crossing was delayed , either because of unfavourable weather or to avoid being intercepted by the powerful English fleet . The Normans crossed to England a few days after Harold 's victory over the Norwegians , following the dispersal of Harold 's naval force , and landed at Pevensey in Sussex on 28 September . A few ships were blown off course and landed at Romney , where the Normans fought the local fyrd . After landing , William 's forces built a wooden castle at Hastings , from which they raided the surrounding area . More fortifications were erected at Pevensey . Norman forces at Hastings Norman knights and archers at the Battle of Hastings depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry The exact numbers and composition of William 's force are unknown . A contemporary document claims that William had 776 ships , but this may be an inflated figure . Figures given by contemporary writers for the size of the army are highly exaggerated , varying from 14,000 to 150,000 . Modern historians have offered a range of estimates for the size of William 's forces : 7,000 -- 8,000 men , 1,000 -- 2,000 of them cavalry ; 10,000 -- 12,000 men ; 10,000 men , 3,000 of them cavalry ; or 7500 men . The army consisted of cavalry , infantry , and archers or crossbowmen , with about equal numbers of cavalry and archers and the foot soldiers equal in number to the other two types combined . Later lists of companions of William the Conqueror are extant , but most are padded with extra names ; only about 35 named individuals can be reliably identified as having been with William at Hastings . The main armour used was chainmail hauberks , usually knee - length , with slits to allow riding , some with sleeves to the elbows . Some hauberks may have been made of scales attached to a tunic , with the scales made of metal , horn or hardened leather . Headgear was usually a conical metal helmet with a band of metal extending down to protect the nose . Horsemen and infantry carried shields . The infantryman 's shield was usually round and made of wood , with reinforcement of metal . Horsemen had changed to a kite - shaped shield and were usually armed with a lance . The couched lance , carried tucked against the body under the right arm , was a relatively new refinement and was probably not used at Hastings ; the terrain was unfavourable for long cavalry charges . Both the infantry and cavalry usually fought with a straight sword , long and double - edged . The infantry could also use javelins and long spears . Some of the cavalry may have used a mace instead of a sword . Archers would have used a self bow or a crossbow , and most would not have had armour . Harold moves south After defeating his brother Tostig and Harald Hardrada in the north , Harold left much of his forces in the north , including Morcar and Edwin , and marched the rest of his army south to deal with the threatened Norman invasion . It is unclear when Harold learned of William 's landing , but it was probably while he was travelling south . Harold stopped in London , and was there for about a week before Hastings , so it is likely that he spent about a week on his march south , averaging about 27 miles ( 43 kilometres ) per day , for the approximately 200 miles ( 320 kilometres ) . Harold camped at Caldbec Hill on the night of 13 October , near what was described as a `` hoar - apple tree '' . This location was about 8 miles ( 13 kilometres ) from William 's castle at Hastings . Some of the early contemporary French accounts mention an emissary or emissaries sent by Harold to William , which is likely . Nothing came of these efforts . Although Harold attempted to surprise the Normans , William 's scouts reported the English arrival to the duke . The exact events preceding the battle are obscure , with contradictory accounts in the sources , but all agree that William led his army from his castle and advanced towards the enemy . Harold had taken a defensive position at the top of Senlac Hill ( present - day Battle , East Sussex ) , about 6 miles ( 9.7 kilometres ) from William 's castle at Hastings . English forces at Hastings The exact number of soldiers in Harold 's army is unknown . The contemporary records do not give reliable figures ; some Norman sources give 400,000 to 1,200,000 men on Harold 's side . The English sources generally give very low figures for Harold 's army , perhaps to make the English defeat seem less devastating . Recent historians have suggested figures of between 5,000 and 13,000 for Harold 's army at Hastings , and most modern historians argue for a figure of 7,000 -- 8,000 English troops . These men would have been a mix of the fyrd and housecarls . Few individual Englishmen are known to have been at Hastings ; about 20 named individuals can reasonably be assumed to have fought with Harold at Hastings , including Harold 's brothers Gyrth and Leofwine and two other relatives . Scene from the Bayeux Tapestry depicting mounted Norman soldiers attacking Anglo - Saxons who are fighting on foot in a shield wall The English army consisted entirely of infantry . It is possible that some of the higher class members of the army rode to battle , but when battle was joined they dismounted to fight on foot . The core of the army was made up of housecarls , full - time professional soldiers . Their armour consisted of a conical helmet , a mail hauberk , and a shield , which might be either kite - shaped or round . Most housecarls fought with the two - handed Danish battleaxe , but they could also carry a sword . The rest of the army was made up of levies from the fyrd , also infantry but more lightly armoured and not professionals . Most of the infantry would have formed part of the shield wall , in which all the men in the front ranks locked their shields together . Behind them would have been axemen and men with javelins as well as archers . Battle Background and location The battlefield from the north side Because many of the primary accounts contradict each other at times , it is impossible to provide a description of the battle that is beyond dispute . The only undisputed facts are that the fighting began at 9 am on Saturday 14 October 1066 and that the battle lasted until dusk . Sunset on the day of the battle was at 4 : 54 pm , with the battlefield mostly dark by 5 : 54 pm and in full darkness by 6 : 24 pm . Moonrise that night was not until 11 : 12 pm , so once the sun set , there was little light on the battlefield . William of Jumièges reports that Duke William kept his army armed and ready against a surprise night attack for the entire night before . The battle took place 7 miles ( 11 km ) north of Hastings at the present - day town of Battle , between two hills -- Caldbec Hill to the north and Telham Hill to the south . The area was heavily wooded , with a marsh nearby . The name traditionally given to the battle is unusual -- there were several settlements much closer to the battlefield than Hastings . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle called it the battle `` at the hoary apple tree '' . Within 40 years , the battle was described by the Anglo - Norman chronicler Orderic Vitalis as `` Senlac '' , a Norman - French adaptation of the Old English word `` Sandlacu '' , which means `` sandy water '' . This may have been the name of the stream that crosses the battlefield . The battle was already being referred to as `` bellum Hasestingas '' or `` Battle of Hastings '' by 1087 , in the Domesday Book . Sunrise was at 6 : 48 am that morning , and reports of the day record that it was unusually bright . The weather conditions are not recorded . The route that the English army took to the battlefield is not known precisely . Several roads are possible : one , an old Roman road that ran from Rochester to Hastings has long been favoured because of a large coin hoard found nearby in 1876 . Another possibility is a Roman road between London and Lewes and then over local tracks to the battlefield . Some accounts of the battle indicate that the Normans advanced from Hastings to the battlefield , but the contemporary account of William of Jumièges places the Normans at the site of the battle the night before . Most historians incline towards the former view , but M.K. Lawson argues that William of Jumièges 's account is correct . Dispositions of forces and tactics Battle dispositions Harold 's forces deployed in a small , dense formation at the top of steep slope , with their flanks protected by woods and marshy ground in front of them . The line may have extended far enough to be anchored on a nearby stream . The English formed a shield wall , with the front ranks holding their shields close together or even overlapping to provide protection from attack . Sources differ on the exact site that the English fought on : some sources state the site of the abbey , but some newer sources suggest it was Caldbec Hill . More is known about the Norman deployment . Duke William appears to have arranged his forces in three groups , or `` battles '' , which roughly corresponded to their origins . The left units were the Bretons , along with those from Anjou , Poitou and Maine . This division was led by Alan the Red , a relative of the Breton count . The centre was held by the Normans , under the direct command of the duke and with many of his relatives and kinsmen grouped around the ducal party . The final division , on the right , consisted of the Frenchmen , along with some men from Picardy , Boulogne , and Flanders . The right was commanded by William fitzOsbern and Count Eustace II of Boulogne . The front lines were made up of archers , with a line of foot soldiers armed with spears behind . There were probably a few crossbowmen and slingers in with the archers . The cavalry was held in reserve , and a small group of clergymen and servants situated at the base of Telham Hill was not expected to take part in the fighting . William 's disposition of his forces implies that he planned to open the battle with archers in the front rank weakening the enemy with arrows , followed by infantry who would engage in close combat . The infantry would create openings in the English lines that could be exploited by a cavalry charge to break through the English forces and pursue the fleeing soldiers . Beginning of the battle View of the battlefield looking towards Senlac Hill The battle opened with the Norman archers shooting uphill at the English shield wall , to little effect . The uphill angle meant that the arrows either bounced off the shields of the English or overshot their targets and flew over the top of the hill . The lack of English archers hampered the Norman archers , as there were few English arrows to be gathered up and reused . After the attack from the archers , William sent the spearmen forward to attack the English . They were met with a barrage of missiles , not arrows but spears , axes and stones . The infantry was unable to force openings in the shield wall , and the cavalry advanced in support . The cavalry also failed to make headway , and a general retreat began , blamed on the Breton division on William 's left . A rumour started that the duke had been killed , which added to the confusion . The English forces began to pursue the fleeing invaders , but William rode through his forces , showing his face and yelling that he was still alive . The duke then led a counter-attack against the pursuing English forces ; some of the English rallied on a hillock before being overwhelmed . It is not known whether the English pursuit was ordered by Harold or if it was spontaneous . Wace relates that Harold ordered his men to stay in their formations but no other account gives this detail . The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the death of Harold 's brothers Gyrth and Leofwine occurring just before the fight around the hillock . This may mean that the two brothers led the pursuit . The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio relates a different story for the death of Gyrth , stating that the duke slew Harold 's brother in combat , perhaps thinking that Gyrth was Harold . William of Poitiers states that the bodies of Gyrth and Leofwine were found near Harold 's , implying that they died late in the battle . It is possible that if the two brothers died early in the fighting their bodies were taken to Harold , thus accounting for their being found near his body after the battle . The military historian Peter Marren speculates that if Gyrth and Leofwine died early in the battle , that may have influenced Harold to stand and fight to the end . Feigned flights Scene from the Bayeux Tapestry showing mounted Norman cavalrymen fighting Anglo - Saxon infantry A lull probably occurred early in the afternoon , and a break for rest and food would probably have been needed . William may have also needed time to implement a new strategy , which may have been inspired by the English pursuit and subsequent rout by the Normans . If the Normans could send their cavalry against the shield wall and then draw the English into more pursuits , breaks in the English line might form . William of Poitiers says the tactic was used twice . Although arguments have been made that the chroniclers ' accounts of this tactic were meant to excuse the flight of the Norman troops from battle , this is unlikely as the earlier flight was not glossed over . It was a tactic used by other Norman armies during the period . Some historians have argued that the story of the use of feigned flight as a deliberate tactic was invented after the battle ; most historians agree that it was used by the Normans at Hastings . Although the feigned flights did not break the lines , they probably thinned out the housecarls in the English shield wall . The housecarls were replaced with members of the fyrd , and the shield wall held . Archers appear to have been used again before and during an assault by the cavalry and infantry led by the duke . Although 12th - century sources state that the archers were ordered to shoot at a high angle to shoot over the front of the shield wall , there is no trace of such an action in the more contemporary accounts . It is not known how many assaults were launched against the English lines , but some sources record various actions by both Normans and Englishmen that took place during the afternoon 's fighting . The Carmen claims that Duke William had two horses killed under him during the fighting , but William of Poitiers 's account states that it was three . Death of Harold Stone marking the spot of the high altar at Battle Abbey , where Harold died Harold appears to have died late in the battle , although accounts in the various sources are contradictory . William of Poitiers only mentions his death , without giving any details on how it occurred . The Tapestry is not helpful , as it shows a figure holding an arrow sticking out of his eye next to a falling fighter being hit with a sword . Over both figures is a statement `` Here King Harold has been killed '' . It is not clear which figure is meant to be Harold , or if both are meant . The earliest written mention of the traditional account of Harold dying from an arrow to the eye dates to the 1080s from a history of the Normans written by an Italian monk , Amatus of Montecassino . William of Malmesbury stated that Harold died from an arrow to the eye that went into the brain , and that a knight wounded Harold at the same time . Wace repeats the arrow - to - the - eye account . The Carmen states that Duke William killed Harold , but this is unlikely , as such a feat would have been recorded elsewhere . The account of William of Jumièges is even more unlikely , as it has Harold dying in the morning , during the first fighting . The Chronicle of Battle Abbey states that no one knew who killed Harold , as it happened in the press of battle . A modern biographer of Harold , Ian Walker , states that Harold probably died from an arrow in the eye , although he also says it is possible that Harold was struck down by a Norman knight while mortally wounded in the eye . Another biographer of Harold , Peter Rex , after discussing the various accounts , concludes that it is not possible to declare how Harold died . Harold 's death left the English forces leaderless , and they began to collapse . Many of them fled , but the soldiers of the royal household gathered around Harold 's body and fought to the end . The Normans began to pursue the fleeing troops , and except for a rearguard action at a site known as the `` Malfosse '' , the battle was over . Exactly what happened at the Malfosse , or `` Evil Ditch '' , and where it took place , is unclear . It occurred at a small fortification or set of trenches where some Englishmen rallied and seriously wounded Eustace of Boulogne before being defeated by the Normans . Reasons for the outcome Harold 's defeat was probably due to several circumstances . One was the need to defend against two almost simultaneous invasions . The fact that Harold had dismissed his forces in southern England on 8 September also contributed to the defeat . Many historians fault Harold for hurrying south and not gathering more forces before confronting William at Hastings , although it is not clear that the English forces were insufficient to deal with William 's forces . Against these arguments for an exhausted English army , the length of the battle , which lasted an entire day , shows that the English forces were not tired by their long march . Tied in with the speed of Harold 's advance to Hastings is the possibility Harold may not have trusted Earls Edwin of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria once their enemy Tostig had been defeated , and declined to bring them and their forces south . Modern historians have pointed out that one reason for Harold 's rush to battle was to contain William 's depredations and keep him from breaking free of his beachhead . Most of the blame for the defeat probably lies in the events of the battle . William was the more experienced military leader , and in addition the lack of cavalry on the English side allowed Harold fewer tactical options . Some writers have criticised Harold for not exploiting the opportunity offered by the rumoured death of William early in the battle . The English appear to have erred in not staying strictly on the defensive , for when they pursued the retreating Normans they exposed their flanks to attack . Whether this was due to the inexperience of the English commanders or the indiscipline of the English soldiers is unclear . In the end , Harold 's death appears to have been decisive , as it signalled the break - up of the English forces in disarray . The historian David Nicolle said of the battle that William 's army `` demonstrated -- not without difficulty -- the superiority of Norman - French mixed cavalry and infantry tactics over the Germanic - Scandinavian infantry traditions of the Anglo - Saxons . '' Aftermath See also : Norman conquest of England § Consequences Ruins of the monks ' dormitory at Battle Abbey The day after the battle , Harold 's body was identified , either by his armour or marks on his body . His personal standard was presented to William , and later sent to the papacy . The bodies of the English dead , including some of Harold 's brothers and housecarls , were left on the battlefield , although some were removed by relatives later . The Norman dead were buried in a large communal grave , which has not been found . Exact casualty figures are unknown . Of the Englishmen known to be at the battle , the number of dead implies that the death rate was about 50 per cent of those engaged , although this may be too high . Of the named Normans who fought at Hastings , one in seven is stated to have died , but these were all noblemen , and it is probable that the death rate among the common soldiers was higher . Although Orderic Vitalis 's figures are highly exaggerated , his ratio of one in four casualties may be accurate . Marren speculates that perhaps 2,000 Normans and 4,000 Englishmen were killed at Hastings . Reports stated that some of the English dead were still being found on the hillside years later . Although scholars thought for a long time that remains would not be recoverable , due to the acidic soil , recent finds have changed this view . One skeleton that was found in a medieval cemetery , and originally was thought to be associated with the 13th century Battle of Lewes now is thought to be associated with Hastings instead . One story relates that Gytha , Harold 's mother , offered the victorious duke the weight of her son 's body in gold for its custody , but was refused . William ordered that Harold 's body be thrown into the sea , but whether that took place is unclear . Another story relates that Harold was buried at the top of a cliff . Waltham Abbey , which had been founded by Harold , later claimed that his body had been secretly buried there . Other legends claimed that Harold did not die at Hastings , but escaped and became a hermit at Chester . Reenactment in front of Battle Abbey William expected to receive the submission of the surviving English leaders after his victory , but instead Edgar the Ætheling was proclaimed king by the Witenagemot , with the support of Earls Edwin and Morcar , Stigand , the Archbishop of Canterbury , and Ealdred , the Archbishop of York . William therefore advanced on London , marching around the coast of Kent . He defeated an English force that attacked him at Southwark but was unable to storm London Bridge , forcing him to reach the capital by a more circuitous route . William moved up the Thames valley to cross the river at Wallingford , where he received the submission of Stigand . He then travelled north - east along the Chilterns , before advancing towards London from the north - west , fighting further engagements against forces from the city . The English leaders surrendered to William at Berkhamsted , Hertfordshire . William was acclaimed King of England and crowned by Ealdred on 25 December 1066 , in Westminster Abbey . Despite the submission of the English nobles , resistance continued for several years . There were rebellions in Exeter in late 1067 , an invasion by Harold 's sons in mid-1068 , and an uprising in Northumbria in 1068 . In 1069 William faced more troubles from Northumbrian rebels , an invading Danish fleet , and rebellions in the south and west of England . He ruthlessly put down the various risings , culminating in the Harrying of the North in late 1069 and early 1070 that devastated parts of northern England . A further rebellion in 1070 by Hereward the Wake was also defeated by the king , at Ely . Battle Abbey was founded by William at the site of the battle . According to 12th - century sources , William made a vow to found the abbey , and the high altar of the church was placed at the site where Harold had died . More likely , the foundation was imposed on William by papal legates in 1070 . The topography of the battlefield has been altered by subsequent construction work for the abbey , and the slope defended by the English is now much less steep than it was at the time of the battle ; the top of the ridge has also been built up and levelled . After the Dissolution of the Monasteries , the abbey 's lands passed to secular landowners , who used it as a residence or country house . In 1976 the estate was put up for sale and purchased by the government with the aid of some American donors who wished to honour the 200th anniversary of American independence . The battlefield and abbey grounds are currently owned and administered by English Heritage and are open to the public . The Bayeux Tapestry is an embroidered narrative of the events leading up to Hastings probably commissioned by Odo of Bayeux soon after the battle , perhaps to hang at the bishop 's palace at Bayeux . In modern times annual reenactments of the Battle of Hastings have drawn thousands of participants and spectators to the site of the original battle . Notes Jump up ^ Old English : Beadu Hǣstingum or Norman : Batâle dé Hastings Jump up ^ The Vikings in the region became known as the `` Northmen , '' from which `` Normandy '' and `` Normans '' are derived . Jump up ^ There is some slight confusion in the original sources about the exact date ; it was most likely 5 January , but a few contemporaneous sources give 4 January . Jump up ^ Other contenders later came to the fore . The first was Edgar Ætheling , Edward the Confessor 's great nephew who was a patrilineal descendant of King Edmund Ironside . He was the son of Edward the Exile , son of Edmund Ironside , and was born in Hungary where his father had fled after the conquest of England by Cnut . After his family 's eventual return to England and his father 's death in 1057 , Edgar had by far the strongest hereditary claim to the throne , but he was only about thirteen or fourteen at the time of Edward the Confessor 's death , and with little family to support him , his claim was passed over by the Witan . Another contender was Sweyn II of Denmark , who had a claim to the throne as the grandson of Sweyn Forkbeard and nephew of Cnut , but he did not make his bid for the throne until 1069 . Tostig Godwinson 's attacks in early 1066 may have been the beginning of a bid for the throne , but threw in his lot with Harald Hardrada after defeat at the hands of Edwin and Morcar and the desertion of most of his followers he . Jump up ^ The surviving ship list gives 776 ships , contributed by 14 different Norman nobles . This list does not include William 's flagship , the Mora , given to him by his wife , Matilda of Flanders . The Mora is depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry with a lion figurehead . Jump up ^ The comet 's appearance was depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry , where it is connected with Harold 's coronation , although the appearance of the comet was later , from 24 April to 1 May 1066 . The image on the tapestry is the earliest pictorial depiction of Halley 's Comet to survive . Jump up ^ Most modern historians agree on this date , although a few contemporary sources have William landing on 29 September . Jump up ^ Most contemporary accounts have William landing at Pevensey , with only the E version of the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle giving the landing as taking place at Hastings . Most modern accounts also state that William 's forces landed at Pevensey . Jump up ^ Of those 35 , 5 are known to have died in the battle : Robert of Vitot , Engenulf of Laigle , Robert fitzErneis , Roger son of Turold , and Taillefer . Jump up ^ `` Hoar '' means grey , and probably refers to a crab - apple tree covered with lichen that was likely a local landmark . Jump up ^ The 400,000 figure is given in Wace 's Romance de Rou and the 1,200,000 figure coming from the Carmen de Hastingae Proelio . Jump up ^ Of these named persons , eight died in the battle -- Harold , Gyrth , Leofwine , Godric the sheriff , Thurkill of Berkshire , Breme , and someone known only as `` son of Helloc '' . Jump up ^ Some historians have argued , based on comments by Snorri Sturlson made in the 13th century , that the English army did occasionally fight as cavalry . Contemporary accounts , such as in the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle record that when English soldiers were forced to fight on horseback , they were usually routed , as in 1055 near Hereford . Jump up ^ This was the name popularised by Edward Freeman , a Victorian historian who wrote one of the definitive accounts of the battle . Jump up ^ `` Sandlacu '' can be rendered into Modern English as `` sandlake '' . Jump up ^ Freeman suggested that `` Senlac '' meant `` sand lake '' in Old English with the Norman conquerors calling it ( in French ) `` sanguelac '' . Freeman regarded this use as a pun because the English translation of `` sanguelac '' is `` blood lake '' . Jump up ^ There is a story that the first fighting at Hastings was between a jongleur named Taillefer and some of the English fighters which comes from three sources : the Carmen de Hastingae Proelio , Wace 's Romance de Rou , and the 12th - century account of Henry of Huntingdon . The story has two versions , in one of which Taillefer entertained the Norman army prior to the battle by juggling a sword but then killed an English soldier sent to kill him . Another version has the jongleur charging the English and killing two before dying himself . Jump up ^ Examples of the use of feigned flight include the Battle of Arques around 1052 , the Battle of Messina in 1060 , and the Battle of Cassel in 1071 . Jump up ^ The issue is further confused by the fact that there is evidence that the 19th - century restoration of the Tapestry changed the scene by inserting or changing the placement of the arrow through the eye . Jump up ^ Amatus ' account is less than trustworthy because it also states that Duke William commanded 100,000 soldiers at Hastings . Jump up ^ Modern wargaming has demonstrated the correctness of not pursuing the fleeing Normans , with the historian Christopher Gravett stating that if in a wargame he allowed Harold to pursue the Normans , his opponent `` promptly , and rightly , punished such rashness with a brisk counter-attack with proved to be the turning point of the battle -- just as in 1066 '' . Jump up ^ A 12th - century tradition stated that Harold 's face could not be recognised and Edith the Fair , Harold 's common - law wife , was brought to the battlefield to identify his body from marks that only she knew . Jump up ^ It is possible the grave site was located where the abbey now stands . Jump up ^ He states that there were 15,000 casualties out of 60,000 who fought on William 's side at the battle . Jump up ^ This skeleton , numbered 180 , sustained six fatal sword cuts to the back of the skull and was one of five skeletons that had suffered violent trauma . Analysis continues on the other remains to try and build up a more accurate picture of who the individuals are . Jump up ^ Ætheling is the Anglo - Saxon term for a royal prince with some claim to the throne . Jump up ^ William appears to have taken this route to meet up with reinforcements that had landed by Portsmouth and met him between London and Winchester . By swinging around to the north , William cut off London from reinforcements . Jump up ^ The first recorded mention of the tapestry is from 1476 , but it is similar in style to late Anglo - Saxon manuscript illustrations and may have been composed and executed in England . The Tapestry now is displayed at the former Bishop 's Palace at Bayeux in France . Citations Jump up ^ Bates Normandy Before 1066 pp. 8 -- 10 ^ Jump up to : Crouch Normans pp. 15 -- 16 Jump up ^ Bates Normandy Before 1066 p. 12 Jump up ^ Bates Normandy Before 1066 pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ Hallam and Everard Capetian France p. 53 Jump up ^ Williams Æthelred the Unready p. 54 Jump up ^ Huscroft Ruling England p. 3 Jump up ^ Stafford Unification and Conquest pp. 86 -- 99 Jump up ^ Fryde , et al . Handbook of British Chronology p. 29 Jump up ^ Barlow Edward the Confessor p. 250 and footnote 1 ^ Jump up to : Higham Death of Anglo - Saxon England pp. 167 -- 181 Jump up ^ Walker Harold pp. 136 -- 138 Jump up ^ Bates William the Conqueror pp. 73 -- 77 Jump up ^ Higham Death of Anglo - Saxon England pp. 188 -- 190 Jump up ^ Huscroft Ruling England pp. 12 -- 14 Jump up ^ Huscroft Norman Conquest pp. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Huscroft Norman Conquest pp. 132 -- 133 Jump up ^ Stafford Unification and Conquest pp. 86 -- 87 Jump up ^ Bates William the Conqueror pp. 103 -- 104 Jump up ^ Thomas Norman Conquest pp. 33 -- 34 Jump up ^ Walker Harold pp. 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Walker Harold pp. 154 -- 158 ^ Jump up to : Nicolle Medieval Warfare Sourcebook pp. 69 -- 71 ^ Jump up to : Marren 1066 pp. 55 -- 57 Jump up ^ Coredon Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases p. 154 ^ Jump up to : Gravett Hastings pp. 28 -- 34 Jump up ^ Walker Harold pp. 144 -- 150 Jump up ^ Walker Harold pp. 158 -- 165 Jump up ^ Pettifer English Castles pp. 252 -- 253 ^ Jump up to : Bates William the Conqueror pp. 79 -- 89 ^ Jump up to : Gravett Hastings pp. 20 -- 21 ^ Jump up to : Marren 1066 pp. 91 -- 92 Jump up ^ Huscroft Norman Conquest pp. 120 -- 122 Jump up ^ Douglas William the Conqueror p. 181 and footnote 1 Jump up ^ Musset Bayeux Tapestry p. 176 Jump up ^ Douglas William the Conqueror p. 192 Jump up ^ Gravett Hastings p. 50 ^ Jump up to : Huscroft Norman Conquest p. 123 ^ Jump up to : Barlow Feudal Kingdom p. 81 ^ Jump up to : Stenton Anglo - Saxon England p. 591 ^ Jump up to : Thomas Norman Conquest p. 35 Jump up ^ Douglas William the Conqueror p. 195 ^ Jump up to : Lawson Battle of Hastings p. 176 Jump up ^ Bennett Campaigns of the Norman Conquest p. 37 Jump up ^ Gravett Hastings pp. 47 -- 49 Jump up ^ Huscroft Ruling England p. 15 Jump up ^ Stafford Unification and Conquest p. 100 Jump up ^ Bates William the Conqueror p. 86 Jump up ^ Walker Harold p. 166 Jump up ^ Rex Harold II p. 221 Jump up ^ Lawson Battle of Hastings p. 179 Jump up ^ Bennett Campaigns of the Norman Conquest p. 25 ^ Jump up to : Lawson Hastings pp. 163 -- 164 Jump up ^ Bennett Campaigns of the Norman Conquest p. 26 Jump up ^ Marren 1066 pp. 89 -- 90 Jump up ^ Gravett Hastings p. 27 Jump up ^ Marren 1066 pp. 108 -- 109 ^ Jump up to : Marren 1066 pp. 107 -- 108 Jump up ^ Gravett Hastings pp. 15 -- 19 Jump up ^ Gravett Hastings p. 22 Jump up ^ Gravett Hastings pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ Carpenter Struggle for Mastery p. 72 Jump up ^ Marren 1066 p. 93 Jump up ^ Huscroft Norman Conquest p. 124 ^ Jump up to : Marren 1066 pp. 94 -- 95 ^ Jump up to : Lawson Battle of Hastings pp. 180 -- 182 ^ Jump up to : Marren 1066 pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ Lawson Battle of Hastings p. 128 footnote 32 Jump up ^ Lawson Battle of Hastings p. 128 and footnote 32 Jump up ^ Lawson Battle of Hastings pp. 130 -- 133 Jump up ^ Marren 1066 p. 105 ^ Jump up to : Gravett Hastings pp. 29 -- 31 Jump up ^ Marren 1066 p. 52 Jump up ^ Bennett , et al. Fighting Techniques pp. 21 -- 22 ^ Jump up to : Lawson Battle of Hastings pp. 183 -- 184 Jump up ^ Marren 1066 p. 114 Jump up ^ Lawson Battle of Hastings pp. 212 -- 213 ^ Jump up to : Gravett Hastings p. 91 Jump up ^ Marren 1066 p. 101 ^ Jump up to : Lawson Battle of Hastings p. 57 Jump up ^ Lawson Battle of Hastings p. 129 Jump up ^ Freeman History of the Norman Conquest pp. 743 -- 751 Jump up ^ Marren 1066 p. 157 ^ Jump up to : Gravett Hastings p. 59 ^ Jump up to : Marren 1066 p. 116 ^ Jump up to : Lawson Battle of Hastings pp. 186 -- 187 Jump up ^ Huscroft Norman Conquest pp. 125 -- 126 ^ Jump up to : Bennett Campaigns of the Norman Conquest p. 40 ^ Jump up to : Lawson Battle of Hastings pp. 190 -- 191 ^ Jump up to : Gravett Hastings p. 64 Jump up ^ Hare Battle Abbey p. 11 Jump up ^ English Heritage Research on Battle Abbey and Battlefield Jump up ^ Battlefields Trust Battle of Hastings Jump up ^ Lawson Battle of Hastings p. 192 ^ Jump up to : Bennett Campaigns of the Norman Conquest p. 41 ^ Jump up to : Gravett Hastings pp. 65 -- 67 ^ Jump up to : Bennett Campaigns of the Norman Conquest p. 42 Jump up ^ Gravett Hastings p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Gravett Hastings pp. 72 -- 73 Jump up ^ Marren 1066 pp. 127 -- 128 ^ Jump up to : Bennett Campaigns of the Norman Conquest p. 43 Jump up ^ Marren 1066 p. 130 ^ Jump up to : Gravett Hastings pp. 76 -- 78 Jump up ^ Marren 1066 pp. 131 -- 133 Jump up ^ Marren 1066 p. 135 Jump up ^ Gravett Hastings p. 79 ^ Jump up to : Lawson Battle of Hastings pp. 207 -- 210 Jump up ^ Marren 1066 p. 138 ^ Jump up to : Rex Harold II pp. 256 -- 263 Jump up ^ Marren 1066 p. 137 Jump up ^ Walker Harold pp. 179 -- 180 ^ Jump up to : Gravett Hastings p. 80 ^ Jump up to : Lawson Battle of Hastings pp. 217 -- 218 ^ Jump up to : Huscroft Norman Conquest p. 130 ^ Jump up to : Marren 1066 p. 152 ^ Jump up to : Lawson Battle of Hastings pp. 219 -- 220 Jump up ^ Walker Harold pp. 180 -- 181 Jump up ^ Quoted in Marren 1066 p. 152 Jump up ^ Nicolle Normans p. 20 Jump up ^ Rex Harold II p. 253 ^ Jump up to : Huscroft Norman Conquest p. 131 ^ Jump up to : Gravett Hastings p. 81 ^ Jump up to : Marren 1066 p. 146 ^ Jump up to : Marren 1066 pp. 147 -- 149 ^ Jump up to : Livesay `` Skeleton 180 Shock Dating Result '' Sussex Past and Present p. 6 Jump up ^ Barber `` Medieval Hospital of St Nicholas '' Sussex Archaeological Collections pp. 79 -- 109 Jump up ^ Bennett Campaigns of the Norman Conquest p. 91 Jump up ^ Douglas William the Conqueror pp. 204 -- 205 ^ Jump up to : Douglas William the Conqueror pp. 205 -- 206 Jump up ^ Bennett Campaigns of the Norman Conquest p. 45 Jump up ^ Douglas William the Conqueror p. 212 Jump up ^ Bennett Campaigns of the Norman Conquest pp. 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Bennett Campaigns of the Norman Conquest pp. 51 -- 53 Jump up ^ Bennett Campaigns of the Norman Conquest pp. 57 -- 60 Jump up ^ Coad Battle Abbey and Battlefield p. 32 Jump up ^ Coad Battle Abbey and Battlefield pp. 42 -- 46 Jump up ^ Coad Battle Abbey and Battlefield p. 48 Jump up ^ Marren 1066 p. 165 ^ Jump up to : Coad Battle Abbey and Battlefield p. 31 Jump up ^ Gravett Hastings p. 99 Jump up ^ `` Normans fight Saxons ... and the rain '' . BBC News . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` King Harold and William square up '' . BBC News . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . References Barber , Luke , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` The Medieval Hospital of St Nicholas , East Sussex : Excavations 1994 '' . Sussex Archaeological Collections. 148 : 79 -- 110 . Barlow , Frank ( 1970 ) . Edward the Confessor . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 01671 - 8 . Barlow , Frank ( 1988 ) . The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042 -- 1216 ( Fourth ed . ) . New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 49504 - 0 . Bates , David ( 1982 ) . Normandy Before 1066 . London : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 48492 - 8 . Bates , David ( 2001 ) . William the Conqueror . Stroud , UK : Tempus . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 1980 - 3 . Battlefields Trust . `` Battle of Hastings : 14 October 1066 '' . UK Battlefields Resource Centre . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Bennett , Matthew ( 2001 ) . Campaigns of the Norman Conquest . Essential Histories . Oxford , UK : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 228 - 9 . Bennett , Matthew ; Bradbury , Jim ; DeVries , Kelly ; Dickie , Iain ; Jestice , Phyllis ( 2006 ) . Fighting Techniques of the Medieval World AD 500 -- AD 1500 : Equipment , Combat Skills and Tactics . New York : St Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 34820 - 5 . Carpenter , David ( 2004 ) . The Struggle for Mastery : The Penguin History of Britain 1066 -- 1284 . New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 014824 - 8 . Coad , Jonathan ( 2007 ) . Battle Abbey and Battlefield . English Heritage Guidebooks . London : English Heritage . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905624 - 20 - 1 . Coredon , Christopher ( 2007 ) . A Dictionary of Medieval Terms & Phrases ( Reprint ed . ) . Woodbridge , UK : D.S. Brewer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84384 - 138 - 8 . Crouch , David ( 2007 ) . The Normans : The History of a Dynasty . London : Hambledon & London . ISBN 1 - 85285 - 595 - 9 . Douglas , David C. ( 1964 ) . William the Conqueror : The Norman Impact Upon England . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . OCLC 399137 . English Heritage . `` Research on Battle Abbey and Battlefield '' . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Freeman , Edward A. ( 1869 ) . The History of the Norman Conquest of England : Its Causes and Results . III . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press . OCLC 186846557 . Fryde , E.B. ; Greenway , D.E. ; Porter , S. ; Roy , I. ( 1996 ) . Handbook of British Chronology ( Third revised ed . ) . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56350 - X . Gravett , Christopher ( 1992 ) . Hastings 1066 : The Fall of Saxon England . Campaign. 13 . Oxford , UK : Osprey . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 133 - 8 . Hallam , Elizabeth M. ; Everard , Judith ( 2001 ) . Capetian France 987 -- 1328 ( Second ed . ) . New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 40428 - 2 . Hare , J.N. ( 1984 ) . Battle Abbey : The Eastern Range and the Excavations of 1978 - 80 . London : English Heritage . p. 11 . ISBN 9781848021341 . Retrieved 1 October 2016 -- via Archaeology Data Service . Higham , Nick ( 2000 ) . The Death of Anglo - Saxon England . Stroud , UK : Sutton . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 2469 - 1 . Huscroft , Richard ( 2009 ) . The Norman Conquest : A New Introduction . New York : Longman . ISBN 1 - 4058 - 1155 - 2 . Huscroft , Richard ( 2005 ) . Ruling England 1042 -- 1217 . London : Pearson / Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 84882 - 2 . Lawson , M.K. ( 2002 ) . The Battle of Hastings : 1066 . Stroud , UK : Tempus . ISBN 0 - 7524 - 1998 - 6 . Livesay , Edwina ( 2014 ) . `` Skeleton 180 Shock Dating Result '' . Sussex Past and Present. 133 : 6 . Marren , Peter ( 2004 ) . 1066 : The Battles of York , Stamford Bridge & Hastings . Battleground Britain . Barnsley , UK : Leo Cooper . ISBN 0 - 85052 - 953 - 0 . Musset , Lucien ; Rex , Richard ( translator ) ( 2005 ) . The Bayeux Tapestry ( New ed . ) . Woodbridge , UK : Boydell Press . ISBN 1 - 84383 - 163 - 5 . Nicolle , David ( 1999 ) . Medieval Warfare Source Book : Warfare in Western Christendom . Dubai : Brockhampton Press . ISBN 1 - 86019 - 889 - 9 . Nicolle , David ( 1987 ) . The Normans . Oxford , UK : Osprey . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 944 - 1 . Rex , Peter ( 2005 ) . Harold II : The Doomed Saxon King . Stroud , UK : Tempus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7394 - 7185 - 2 . Stafford , Pauline ( 1989 ) . Unification and Conquest : A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries . London : Edward Arnold . ISBN 0 - 7131 - 6532 - 4 . Stenton , F.M. ( 1971 ) . Anglo - Saxon England ( Third ed . ) . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280139 - 5 . Thomas , Hugh ( 2007 ) . The Norman Conquest : England after William the Conqueror . Critical Issues in History . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Inc . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 3840 - 0 . Walker , Ian ( 2000 ) . Harold the Last Anglo - Saxon King . Gloucestershire , UK : Wrens Park . ISBN 0 - 905778 - 46 - 4 . Williams , Ann ( 2003 ) . Æthelred the Unready : The Ill - Counselled King . London : Hambledon & London . ISBN 1 - 85285 - 382 - 4 . External links Official English Heritage site Origins of the conflict , the battle itself and its aftermath BBC History website Norman conquest of England Leaders William the Conqueror Harold Godwinson Harald Hardrada Sweyn II of Denmark Battles Battle of Fulford Battle of Stamford Bridge Battle of Hastings Combatants Gyrth Godwinson Odo of Bayeux Leofwine Godwinson Hereward the Wake Edwin Morcar Tostig Waltheof Eustace of Boulogne Eadric the Wild Robert of Mortain Ralph de Gael Roger de Breteuil Companions of William the Conqueror Associated people Edward the Confessor Stigand Edith the Fair Edgar Ætheling Ealdred Malcolm III of Scotland Matilda of Flanders Locations Battle Abbey Battle , East Sussex Pevensey Tower of London Events Harrying of the North Revolt of the Earls Council of London Trial of Penenden Heath Miscellaneous Bayeux Tapestry Domesday Book Carmen de Hastingae Proelio William of Poitiers BNE : XX538595 BNF : cb122632547 ( data ) GND : 4340850 - 3 LCCN : sh85059257 Portals Access related topics Medieval Britain portal Anglo - Saxon England portal England portal Normandy portal Brittany portal Military history portal Middle Ages portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Battle between English and Normans on 14 October 1066 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hastings&oldid=854626243 '' Categories : 1066 in England Battles involving England Conflicts in 1066 Hastings History of East Sussex Norman conquest of England Registered historic battlefields in England William the Conqueror History of Sussex Battles involving the Anglo - Saxons Battles involving the Normans Hidden categories : Articles containing Old English - language text Articles containing Norman - language text Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Featured articles Use British English from June 2011 Use dmy dates from June 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Articles with short description Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 18 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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when did the battle of hastings start and finish
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"The exact numbers present at the battle are unknown; modern estimates are around 10,000 for William and about 7,000 for Harold. The composition of the forces is clearer; the English army was composed almost entirely of infantry and had few archers, whereas only about half of the invading force was infantry, the rest split equally between cavalry and archers. Harold appears to have tried to surprise William, but scouts found his army and reported its arrival to William, who marched from Hastings to the battlefield to confront Harold. The battle lasted from about 9 am to dusk. Early efforts of the invaders to break the English battle lines had little effect; therefore, the Normans adopted the tactic of pretending to flee in panic and then turning on their pursuers. Harold's death, probably near the end of the battle, led to the retreat and defeat of most of his army. After further marching and some skirmishes, William was crowned as king on Christmas Day 1066.\n"
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"from about 9 am to dusk"
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Staphylococcus aureus
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Staphylococcus aureus - wikipedia Staphylococcus aureus Jump to : navigation , search Staphylococcus aureus Scanning electron micrograph of S. aureus ; false color added Scientific classification Domain : Bacteria Kingdom : Eubacteria Phylum : Firmicutes Class : Bacilli Order : Bacillales Family : Staphylococcaceae Genus : Staphylococcus Species : S. aureus Binomial name Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach 1884 Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram - positive , round - shaped bacterium that is a member of the Firmicutes , and it is a member of the normal flora of the body , frequently found in the nose , respiratory tract , and on the skin . It is often positive for catalase and nitrate reduction and is a facultative anaerobe that can grow without the need for oxygen . Although S. aureus is not always pathogenic ( and can commonly be found existing as a commensal ) , it is a common cause of skin infections including abscesses , respiratory infections such as sinusitis , and food poisoning . Pathogenic strains often promote infections by producing virulence factors such as potent protein toxins , and the expression of a cell - surface protein that binds and inactivates antibodies . The emergence of antibiotic - resistant strains of S. aureus such as methicillin - resistant S. aureus ( MRSA ) is a worldwide problem in clinical medicine . Despite much research and development , no vaccine for S. aureus has been approved . Staphylococcus was first identified in 1880 in Aberdeen , Scotland , by surgeon Sir Alexander Ogston in pus from a surgical abscess in a knee joint . This name was later amended to Staphylococcus aureus by Friedrich Julius Rosenbach , who was credited by the official system of nomenclature at the time . An estimated 20 % to 30 % of the human population are long - term carriers of S. aureus which can be found as part of the normal skin flora , in the nostrils , and as a normal inhabitant of the lower reproductive tract of women . S. aureus can cause a range of illnesses , from minor skin infections , such as pimples , impetigo , boils , cellulitis , folliculitis , carbuncles , scalded skin syndrome , and abscesses , to life - threatening diseases such as pneumonia , meningitis , osteomyelitis , endocarditis , toxic shock syndrome , bacteremia , and sepsis . It is still one of the five most common causes of hospital - acquired infections and is often the cause of wound infections following surgery . Each year , around 500,000 patients in hospitals of the United States contract a staphylococcal infection , chiefly by S. aureus . Up to 50,000 deaths each year in the USA are linked with S. aureus infections . Staphylococcus aureus Classification and external resources Specialty Infectious disease ICD - 9 - CM 041.11 ( edit on Wikidata ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Microbiology 2 Role in health 3 Role in disease 3.1 Skin infections 3.2 Food poisoning 3.3 Bone and joint infections 3.4 Bacteremia 3.5 Medical implant infections 3.6 Animal infections 4 Virulence factors 4.1 Enzymes 4.2 Toxins 4.3 small RNA 4.4 Strategies for post-transcriptional regulation by 3'untranslated region 4.5 Biofilm 4.6 Other immunoevasive strategies 5 Classical diagnosis 5.1 Rapid diagnosis and typing 6 Treatment 6.1 Antibiotic resistance 7 Carriage 8 Infection control 9 Research 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Microbiology. ( edit ) Gram stain of S. saprophyticus cells which typically occur in clusters : The cell wall readily absorbs the crystal violet stain . Yellow colonies of S. aureus on a blood agar plate , note regions of clearing around colonies caused by lysis of red cells in the agar ( beta hemolysis ) S. aureus ( / ˌstæfɪləˈkɒkəs ˈɔːriəs , - loʊ - / , Greek σταφυλόκοκκος , `` grape - cluster berry '' , Latin aureus , `` golden '' ) is a facultative anaerobic , Gram - positive coccal ( round ) bacterium also known as `` golden staph '' and `` oro staphira '' . S. aureus is nonmotile and does not form spores . In medical literature , the bacterium is often referred to as S. aureus , Staph aureus or Staph a ... S. aureus appears as staphylococci ( grape - like clusters ) when viewed through a microscope , and has large , round , golden - yellow colonies , often with hemolysis , when grown on blood agar plates . S. aureus reproduces asexually by binary fission . Complete separation of the daughter cells is mediated by S. aureus autolysin , and in its absence or targeted inhibition , the daughter cells remain attached to one another and appear as clusters . S. aureus is catalase - positive ( meaning it can produce the enzyme catalase ) . Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide ( H ) to water and oxygen . Catalase - activity tests are sometimes used to distinguish staphylococci from enterococci and streptococci . Previously , S. aureus was differentiated from other staphylococci by the coagulase test . However , not all S. aureus strains are coagulase - positive and incorrect species identification can impact effective treatment and control measures . Staphylococcus is different from the similarly named and medically relevant genus Streptococcus . Natural genetic transformation is a reproductive process involving DNA transfer from one bacterium to another through the intervening medium , and the integration of the donor sequence into the recipient genome by homologous recombination . S. aureus was found to be capable of natural genetic transformation , but only at low frequency under the experimental conditions employed . Further studies suggested that the development of competence for natural genetic transformation may be substantially higher under appropriate conditions , yet to be discovered . Role in health ( edit ) In humans , S. aureus is part of the normal microbiota present in the upper respiratory tract , and on skin and in the gut mucosa . S. aureus , along with similar species that can colonize and act symbiotically but can cause disease if they begin to take over the tissues they have colonized or invade other tissues , have been called `` pathobionts '' . Role in disease ( edit ) Further information : Coagulase - positive staphylococcal infection This 2005 scanning electron micrograph ( SEM ) depicts numerous clumps of methicillin - resistant S. aureus ( MRSA ) bacteria . While S. aureus usually acts as a commensal bacterium , asymptomatically colonizing about 30 % of the human population , it can sometimes cause disease . In particular , S. aureus is one of the most common causes of bacteremia and infective endocarditis . Additionally , it can cause various skin and soft - tissue infections , particularly when skin or mucosal barriers have been breached . S. aureus infections can spread through contact with pus from an infected wound , skin - to - skin contact with an infected person , and contact with objects used by an infected person such as towels , sheets , clothing , or athletic equipment . Joint replacements put a person at particular risk of septic arthritis , staphylococcal endocarditis ( infection of the heart valves ) , and pneumonia . Diabetics , injection drug users , and individuals with heart conditions should take extra precautions to avoid coming into contact with S. aureus , as they are at the highest risk . Preventive measures include washing hands often with soap and making sure to bathe or shower daily . S. aureus is a significant cause of chronic biofilm infections on medical implants , and the repressor of toxins is part of the infection pathway . S. aureus can lay dormant in the body for years undetected . Once symptoms begin to show , the host is contagious for another two weeks , and the overall illness lasts a few weeks . If untreated , though , the disease can be deadly . Deeply penetrating S. aureus infections can be severe . Skin infections ( edit ) Skin infections are the most common form of S. aureus infection . This can manifest in various ways , including small benign boils , folliculitis , impetigo , cellulitis , and more severe , invasive soft - tissue infections . S. aureus is extremely prevalent in persons with atopic dermatitis . It is mostly found in fertile , active places , including the armpits , hair , and scalp . Large pimples that appear in those areas may exacerbate the infection if lacerated . This can lead to staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome , a severe form of which can be seen in newborns . The presence of S. aureus in persons with atopic dermatitis is not an indication to treat with oral antibiotics , as evidence has not shown this to give benefit to the patient . The relationship between S. aureus and atopic dermatitis is unclear . Food poisoning ( edit ) S. aureus is also responsible for food poisoning . It is capable of generating toxins that produce food poisoning in the human body . Its incubation period lasts one to six hours , with the illness itself lasting from 30 minutes to 3 days . Preventive measures one can take to help prevent the spread of the disease include washing hands thoroughly with soap and water before preparing food . Stay away from any food if ill , and wear gloves if any open wounds occur on hands or wrists while preparing food . If storing food for longer than 2 hours , keep the food above 140 or below 40 ° F . Bone and joint infections ( edit ) S. aureus is the bacterium commonly responsible for all major bone and joint infections . This manifests in one of three forms : osteomyelitis , septic arthritis , and infection from a replacement joint surgery . Bacteremia ( edit ) S. aureus is a leading cause of bloodstream infections throughout much of the industrialized world . Infection is generally associated with breaks in the skin or mucosal membranes due to surgery , injury , or use of intravascular devices such as catheters , hemodialysis machines , or injected drugs . Once the bacteria have entered the bloodstream , they can infect various organs , causing infective endocarditis , septic arthritis , and osteomyelitis . This disease is particularly prevalent and severe in the very young and very old . Without antibiotic treatment , S. aureus bacteremia has a case fatality rate around 80 % . With antibiotic treatment , case fatality rates range from 15 % to 50 % depending on the age and health of the patient , as well as the antibiotic resistance of the S. aureus strain . Medical implant infections ( edit ) S. aureus is often found in biofilms formed on medical devices implanted in the body or on human tissue . It is commonly found with another pathogen , Candida albicans , forming multispecies biofilms . The latter is suspected to help S. aureus penetrate human tissue . A higher mortality is linked with multispecies biofilms . S. aureus biofilm is the predominant cause of orthopedic implant - related infections , but is also found on cardiac implants , vascular grafts , various catheters , and cosmetic surgical implants . After implantation , the surface of these devices becomes coated with host proteins , which provide a rich surface for bacterial attachment and biofilm formation . Once the device becomes infected , it must by completely removed , since S. aureus biofilm can not be destroyed by antibiotic treatments . Current therapy for S. aureus biofilm - mediated infections involves surgical removal of the infected device followed by antibiotic treatment . Conventional antibiotic treatment alone is not effective in eradicating such infections . An alternative to postsurgical antibiotic treatment is using antibiotic - loaded , dissolvable calcium sulfate beads , which are implanted with the medical device . These beads can release high doses of antibiotics at the desired site to prevent the initial infection . Novel treatments for S. aureus biofilm involving nano silver particles , bacteriophages , and plant - derived antibiotic agents are being studied . These agents have shown inhibitory effects against S. aureus embedded in biofilms . A class of enzymes have been found to have biofilm matrix - degrading ability , thus may be used as biofilm dispersal agents in combination with antibiotics . Animal infections ( edit ) S. aureus can survive on dogs , cats , and horses , and can cause bumblefoot in chickens . Some believe health - care workers ' dogs should be considered a significant source of antibiotic - resistant S. aureus , especially in times of outbreak . S. aureus is one of the causal agents of mastitis in dairy cows . Its large polysaccharide capsule protects the organism from recognition by the cow 's immune defenses . Virulence factors ( edit ) Main article : Virulence factor Enzymes ( edit ) S. aureus produces various enzymes such as coagulase ( bound and free coagulases ) which clots plasma and coats the bacterial cell , probably to prevent phagocytosis . Hyaluronidase ( also known as spreading factor ) breaks down hyaluronic acid and helps in spreading it . S. aureus also produces deoxyribonuclease , which breaks down the DNA , lipase to digest lipids , staphylokinase to dissolve fibrin and aid in spread , and beta - lactamase for drug resistance . Toxins ( edit ) Depending on the strain , S. aureus is capable of secreting several exotoxins , which can be categorized into three groups . Many of these toxins are associated with specific diseases . Superantigens Antigens known as superantigens can induce toxic shock syndrome ( TSS ) . This group includes the toxins TSST - 1 , and enterotoxin type B , which causes TSS associated with tampon use . Toxic shock syndrome is characterized by fever , erythematous rash , low blood pressure , shock , multiple organ failure , and skin peeling . Lack of antibody to TSST - 1 plays a part in the pathogenesis of TSS . Other strains of S. aureus can produce an enterotoxin that is the causative agent of a type of gastroenteritis . This form of gastroenteritis is self - limiting , characterized by vomiting and diarrhea 1 - 6 hours after ingestion of the toxin , with recovery in 8 to 24 hours . Symptoms include nausea , vomiting , diarrhea , and major abdominal pain . Exfoliative toxins See also : Exfoliatin Exfoliative toxins are exotoxins implicated in the disease staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome ( SSSS ) , which occurs most commonly in infants and young children . It also may occur as epidemics in hospital nurseries . The protease activity of the exfoliative toxins causes peeling of the skin observed with SSSS . Other toxins Staphylococcal toxins that act on cell membranes include alpha toxin , beta toxin , delta toxin , and several bicomponent toxins . Strains of S. aureus can host phages , such as the prophage Φ - PVL that produces Panton - Valentine leukocidin ( PVL ) , to increase virulence . The bicomponent toxin PVL is associated with severe necrotizing pneumonia in children . The genes encoding the components of PVL are encoded on a bacteriophage found in community - associated MRSA strains . Small RNA ( edit ) The list of small RNAs involved in the control of bacterial virulence in S. aureus is growing . For example , RNAIII , SprD , SprC , RsaE , SprA1 , SSR42 , ArtR , SprX and Teg49 . Strategies for post-transcriptional regulation by 3'untranslated region ( edit ) Many mRNAs in S. aureus carry three prime untranslated regions ( 3'UTR ) longer than 100 nucleotides , which may potentially have a regulatory function . Further investigation of icaR mRNA ( mRNA coding for the repressor of the main expolysaccharidic compound of the bacteria biofilm matrix ) demonstrated that the 3'UTR binding to the 5 ' UTR can interfere with the translation initiation complex and generate a double stranded substrate for RNase III . The interaction is between the UCCCCUG motif in the 3'UTR and the Shine - Dalagarno region at the 5'UTR . Deletion of the motif resulted in IcaR repressor accumulation and inhibition of biofilm development . The biofilm formation is the main cause of Staphylococcus implant infections . Biofilm ( edit ) S. aureus biofilm has high resistance to antibiotic treatments and host immune response . One hypothesis for explaining this is that the biofilm matrix protects the embedded cells by acting as a barrier to prevent antibiotic penetration . However , the biofilm matrix is composed with many water channels , so this hypothesis is becoming increasingly less likely , but a biofilm matrix possibly contains antibiotic ‐ degrading enzymes such as β - lactamases , which can prevent antibiotic penetration . Another hypothesis is that the conditions in the biofilm matrix favor the formation of persister cells , which are highly antibiotic - resistant , dormant bacterial cells . S. aureus biofilms also have high resistance to host immune response . Though the exact mechanism of resistance is unknown , S. aureus biofilms have increased growth under the presence of cytokines produced by the host immune response . Host antibodies are less effective for S. aureus biofilm due to the heterogenous antigen distribution , where an antigen may be present in some areas of the biofilm , but completely absent from other areas . Other immunoevasive strategies ( edit ) Protein A Protein A is anchored to staphylococcal peptidoglycan pentaglycine bridges ( chains of five glycine residues ) by the transpeptidase sortase A. Protein A , an IgG - binding protein , binds to the Fc region of an antibody . In fact , studies involving mutation of genes coding for protein A resulted in a lowered virulence of S. aureus as measured by survival in blood , which has led to speculation that protein A-contributed virulence requires binding of antibody Fc regions . Protein A in various recombinant forms has been used for decades to bind and purify a wide range of antibodies by immunoaffinity chromatography . Transpeptidases , such as the sortases responsible for anchoring factors like protein A to the staphylococcal peptidoglycan , are being studied in hopes of developing new antibiotics to target MRSA infections . S. aureus on trypticase soy agar : The strain is producing a yellow pigment staphyloxanthin . Staphylococcal pigments Some strains of S. aureus are capable of producing staphyloxanthin -- a golden - coloured carotenoid pigment . This pigment acts as a virulence factor , primarily by being a bacterial antioxidant which helps the microbe evade the reactive oxygen species which the host immune system uses to kill pathogens . Mutant strains of S. aureus modified to lack staphyloxanthin are less likely to survive incubation with an oxidizing chemical , such as hydrogen peroxide , than pigmented strains . Mutant colonies are quickly killed when exposed to human neutrophils , while many of the pigmented colonies survive . In mice , the pigmented strains cause lingering abscesses when inoculated into wounds , whereas wounds infected with the unpigmented strains quickly heal . These tests suggest the Staphylococcus strains use staphyloxanthin as a defence against the normal human immune system . Drugs designed to inhibit the production of staphyloxanthin may weaken the bacterium and renew its susceptibility to antibiotics . In fact , because of similarities in the pathways for biosynthesis of staphyloxanthin and human cholesterol , a drug developed in the context of cholesterol - lowering therapy was shown to block S. aureus pigmentation and disease progression in a mouse infection model . Classical Diagnosis ( edit ) Typical Gram - positive cocci , in clusters , from a sputum sample , Gram stain Depending upon the type of infection present , an appropriate specimen is obtained accordingly and sent to the laboratory for definitive identification by using biochemical or enzyme - based tests . A Gram stain is first performed to guide the way , which should show typical Gram - positive bacteria , cocci , in clusters . Second , the isolate is cultured on mannitol salt agar , which is a selective medium with 7 -- 9 % NaCl that allows S. aureus to grow , producing yellow - colored colonies as a result of mannitol fermentation and subsequent drop in the medium 's pH . Furthermore , for differentiation on the species level , catalase ( positive for all Staphylococcus species ) , coagulase ( fibrin clot formation , positive for S. aureus ) , DNAse ( zone of clearance on DNase agar ) , lipase ( a yellow color and rancid odor smell ) , and phosphatase ( a pink color ) tests are all done . For staphylococcal food poisoning , phage typing can be performed to determine whether the staphylococci recovered from the food were the source of infection . Rapid Diagnosis and typing ( edit ) Recent activities and food that a patient has recently eaten will be inquired about by a physician , and a physical examination is conducted to review any symptoms . With more severe symptoms , blood tests and stool culture may be in order . Diagnostic microbiology laboratories and reference laboratories are key for identifying outbreaks and new strains of S. aureus . Recent genetic advances have enabled reliable and rapid techniques for the identification and characterization of clinical isolates of S. aureus in real time . These tools support infection control strategies to limit bacterial spread and ensure the appropriate use of antibiotics . Quantitative PCR is increasingly being used to identify outbreaks of infection . When observing the evolvement of S. aureus and its ability to adapt to each modified antibiotic , two basic methods known as `` band - based '' or `` sequence - based '' are employed . Keeping these two methods in mind , other methods such as multilocus sequence typing ( MLST ) , pulsed - field gel electrophoresis ( PFGE ) , bacteriophage typing , spa locus typing , and SCCmec typing are often conducted more than others . With these methods , it can be determined where strains of MRSA originated and also where they are currently . With MLST , this technique of typing uses fragments of several housekeeping genes known as aroE , glpF , gmk , pta , tip , and yqiL . These sequences are then assigned a number which give to a string of several numbers that serve as the allelic profile . Although this is a common method , a limitation about this method is the maintenance of the microarray which detects newly allelic profiles , making it a costly and time - consuming experiment . With PFGE , a method which is still very much used dating back to its first success in 1980s , remains capable of helping differentiate MRSA isolates . To accomplish this , the technique uses multiple gel electrophoresis , along with a voltage gradient to display clear resolutions of molecules . The S. aureus fragments then transition down the gel , producing specific band patterns that are later compared with other isolates in hopes of identifying related strains . Limitations of the method include practical difficulties with uniform band patterns and PFGE sensitivity as a whole . Spa locus typing is also considered a popular technique that uses a single locus zone in a polymorphic region of S. aureus to distinguish any form of mutations . Although this technique is often inexpensive and less time - consuming , the chance of losing discriminatory power makes it hard to differentiate between MLST CCs exemplifies a crucial limitation . Treatment ( edit ) The treatment of choice for S. aureus infection is penicillin . An antibiotic derived from some Penicillium fungal species , penicillin inhibits the formation of peptidoglycan cross-linkages that provide the rigidity and strength in a bacterial cell wall . The four - membered β - lactam ring of penicillin is bound to enzyme DD - transpeptidase , an enzyme that when functional , cross-links chains of peptidoglycan that form bacterial cell walls . The binding of β - lactam to DD - transpeptidase inhibits the enzyme 's functionality and it can no longer catalyze the formation of the cross-links . As a result , cell wall formation and degradation are imbalanced , thus resulting in cell death . In most countries , however , penicillin resistance is extremely common , and first - line therapy is most commonly a penicillinase - resistant β - lactam antibiotic ( for example , oxacillin or flucloxacillin , both of which have the same mechanism of action as penicillin ) . Combination therapy with gentamicin may be used to treat serious infections , such as endocarditis , but its use is controversial because of the high risk of damage to the kidneys . The duration of treatment depends on the site of infection and on severity . Adjunctive rifampicin has been historically used in the management of S aureus bacteraemia , but randomised controlled trial evidence has shown this to be of no overall benefit over standard antibiotic therapy . Antibiotic resistance in S. aureus was uncommon when penicillin was first introduced in 1943 . Indeed , the original Petri dish on which Alexander Fleming of Imperial College London observed the antibacterial activity of the Penicillium fungus was growing a culture of S. aureus . By 1950 , 40 % of hospital S. aureus isolates were penicillin - resistant ; by 1960 , this had risen to 80 % . MRSA , often pronounced / ˈmɜːrsə / or / ɛm ɑːr ɛs eɪ / , is one of a number of greatly feared strains of S. aureus which have become resistant to most β - lactam antibiotics . For this reason , vancomycin , a glycopeptide antibiotic , is commonly used to combat MRSA . Vancomycin inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan , but unlike β - lactam antibiotics , glycopeptide antibiotics target and bind to amino acids in the cell wall , preventing peptidoglycan cross-linkages from forming . MRSA strains are most often found associated with institutions such as hospitals , but are becoming increasingly prevalent in community - acquired infections . Wikinews has related news : Supergerm deaths soar , surpass AIDS in the United States Minor skin infections can be treated with triple antibiotic ointment . Antibiotic resistance ( edit ) Bacterial cells of S. aureus , which is one of the causal agents of mastitis in dairy cows : Its large capsule protects the organism from attack by the cow 's immunological defenses . Staphylococcal resistance to penicillin is mediated by penicillinase ( a form of β - lactamase ) production : an enzyme that cleaves the β - lactam ring of the penicillin molecule , rendering the antibiotic ineffective . Penicillinase - resistant β - lactam antibiotics , such as methicillin , nafcillin , oxacillin , cloxacillin , dicloxacillin , and flucloxacillin , are able to resist degradation by staphylococcal penicillinase . Resistance to methicillin is mediated via the mec operon , part of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec ( SCCmec ) . Resistance is conferred by the mecA gene , which codes for an altered penicillin - binding protein ( PBP2a or PBP2 ' ) that has a lower affinity for binding β - lactams ( penicillins , cephalosporins , and carbapenems ) . This allows for resistance to all β - lactam antibiotics , and obviates their clinical use during MRSA infections . As such , the glycopeptide vancomycin is often deployed against MRSA . Aminoglycoside antibiotics , such as kanamycin , gentamicin , streptomycin , etc. , were once effective against staphylococcal infections until strains evolved mechanisms to inhibit the aminoglycosides ' action , which occurs via protonated amine and / or hydroxyl interactions with the ribosomal RNA of the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit . Three main mechanisms of aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms are currently and widely accepted : aminoglycoside modifying enzymes , ribosomal mutations , and active efflux of the drug out of the bacteria . Aminoglycoside - modifying enzymes inactivate the aminoglycoside by covalently attaching either a phosphate , nucleotide , or acetyl moiety to either the amine or the alcohol key functional group ( or both groups ) of the antibiotic . This changes the charge or sterically hinders the antibiotic , decreasing its ribosomal binding affinity . In S. aureus , the best - characterized aminoglycoside - modifying enzyme is aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase 4 ' IA ( ANT ( 4 ' ) IA ) . This enzyme has been solved by X-ray crystallography . The enzyme is able to attach an adenyl moiety to the 4 ' hydroxyl group of many aminoglycosides , including kamamycin and gentamicin . Glycopeptide resistance is mediated by acquisition of the vanA gene , which originates from the enterococci and codes for an enzyme that produces an alternative peptidoglycan to which vancomycin will not bind . Today , S. aureus has become resistant to many commonly used antibiotics . In the UK , only 2 % of all S. aureus isolates are sensitive to penicillin , with a similar picture in the rest of the world . The β - lactamase - resistant penicillins ( methicillin , oxacillin , cloxacillin , and flucloxacillin ) were developed to treat penicillin - resistant S. aureus , and are still used as first - line treatment . Methicillin was the first antibiotic in this class to be used ( it was introduced in 1959 ) , but , only two years later , the first case of MRSA was reported in England . Despite this , MRSA generally remained an uncommon finding , even in hospital settings , until the 1990s , when the MRSA prevalence in hospitals exploded , and it is now endemic . MRSA infections in both the hospital and community setting are commonly treated with non-β - lactam antibiotics , such as clindamycin ( a lincosamine ) and co-trimoxazole ( also commonly known as trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole ) . Resistance to these antibiotics has also led to the use of new , broad - spectrum anti-Gram - positive antibiotics , such as linezolid , because of its availability as an oral drug . First - line treatment for serious invasive infections due to MRSA is currently glycopeptide antibiotics ( vancomycin and teicoplanin ) . A number of problems with these antibiotics occur , such as the need for intravenous administration ( no oral preparation is available ) , toxicity , and the need to monitor drug levels regularly by blood tests . Also , glycopeptide antibiotics do not penetrate very well into infected tissues ( this is a particular concern with infections of the brain and meninges and in endocarditis ) . Glycopeptides must not be used to treat methicillin - sensitive S. aureus ( MSSA ) , as outcomes are inferior . Because of the high level of resistance to penicillins and because of the potential for MRSA to develop resistance to vancomycin , the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has published guidelines for the appropriate use of vancomycin . In situations where the incidence of MRSA infections is known to be high , the attending physician may choose to use a glycopeptide antibiotic until the identity of the infecting organism is known . After the infection is confirmed to be due to a methicillin - susceptible strain of S. aureus , treatment can be changed to flucloxacillin or even penicillin ) , as appropriate . Vancomycin - resistant S. aureus ( VRSA ) is a strain of S. aureus that has become resistant to the glycopeptides . The first case of vancomycin - intermediate S. aureus ( VISA ) was reported in Japan in 1996 ; but the first case of S. aureus truly resistant to glycopeptide antibiotics was only reported in 2002 . Three cases of VRSA infection had been reported in the United States as of 2005 . Carriage ( edit ) About 33 % of the U.S. population are carriers of S. aureus and about 2 % carry MRSA . The carriage of S. aureus is an important source of hospital - acquired infection ( also called nosocomial ) and community - acquired MRSA . Although S. aureus can be present on the skin of the host , a large proportion of its carriage is through the anterior nares of the nasal passages and can further be present in the ears . The ability of the nasal passages to harbour S. aureus results from a combination of a weakened or defective host immunity and the bacterium 's ability to evade host innate immunity . Nasal carriage is also implicated in the occurrence of staph infections . Infection control ( edit ) Spread of S. aureus ( including MRSA ) generally is through human - to - human contact , although recently some veterinarians have discovered the infection can be spread through pets , with environmental contamination thought to play a relatively unimportant part . Emphasis on basic hand washing techniques are , therefore , effective in preventing its transmission . The use of disposable aprons and gloves by staff reduces skin - to - skin contact , so further reduces the risk of transmission . Recently , myriad cases of S. aureus have been reported in hospitals across America . Transmission of the pathogen is facilitated in medical settings where healthcare worker hygiene is insufficient . S. aureus is an incredibly hardy bacterium , as was shown in a study where it survived on polyester for just under three months ; polyester is the main material used in hospital privacy curtains . The bacteria are transported on the hands of healthcare workers , who may pick them up from a seemingly healthy patient carrying a benign or commensal strain of S. aureus , and then pass it on to the next patient being treated . Introduction of the bacteria into the bloodstream can lead to various complications , including endocarditis , meningitis , and , if it is widespread , sepsis . Ethanol has proven to be an effective topical sanitizer against MRSA . Quaternary ammonium can be used in conjunction with ethanol to increase the duration of the sanitizing action . The prevention of nosocomial infections involves routine and terminal cleaning . Nonflammable alcohol vapor in CO NAV - CO2 systems have an advantage , as they do not attack metals or plastics used in medical environments , and do not contribute to antibacterial resistance . An important and previously unrecognized means of community - associated MRSA colonization and transmission is during sexual contact . S. aureus is killed in one minute at 78 ° C and in ten minutes at 64 ° C . Certain strains of S. aureus have been described as being resistant to chlorine disinfection Top common bacterium in each industry Catering industry Vibrio parahaemolyticus , S. aureus , Bacillus cereus Medical industry Escherichia coli , S. aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa Research ( edit ) As of 2015 , no approved vaccine exists against S. aureus . Early clinical trials have been conducted for several vaccines candidates such as Nabi 's StaphVax and PentaStaph , Intercell 's / Merck 's V710 , VRi 's SA75 , and others . While some of these vaccines candidates have shown immune responses , other aggravated an infection by S. aureus . To date , none of these candidates provides protection against a S. aureus infection . The development of Nabi 's StaphVax was stopped in 2005 after phase III trials failed . Intercell 's first V710 vaccine variant was terminated during phase II / III after higher mortality and morbidity were observed among patients who developed S. aureus infection . Nabi 's enhanced S. aureus vaccines candidate PentaStaph was sold in 2011 to GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals S.A. The current status of PentaStaph is unclear . A WHO document indicates that PentaStaph is failed in phase III trial stage . In 2010 , GlaxoSmithKline started a phase 1 blind study to evaluate its GSK2392103A vaccine . As of 2016 , this vaccine is no longer under active development . Pfizer 's S. aureus four - antigen vaccine SA4Ag was granted fast track designation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in February 2014 . In 2015 , Pfizer has commenced a phase 2b trial regarding the SA4Ag vaccine . Phase 1 results published in February 2017 showed a very robust and secure immunogenicity of SA4Ag . Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics , a former division of Novartis and now part of GlaxoSmithKline , published in 2015 promising pre-clinical results of their four - component Staphylococcus aureus vaccine , 4C - staph . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Masalha M , Borovok I , Schreiber R , Aharonowitz Y , Cohen G ( December 2001 ) . `` Analysis of transcription of the Staphylococcus aureus aerobic class Ib and anaerobic class III ribonucleotide reductase genes in response to oxygen '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 183 ( 24 ) : 7260 -- 72 . doi : 10.1128 / JB. 183.24. 7260 - 7272.2001 . PMC 95576 . 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Nature Structural & Molecular Biology . 19 ( 1 ) : 105 -- 12 . doi : 10.1038 / nsmb. 2193 . PMID 22198463 . Jump up ^ Morrison JM , Miller EW , Benson MA , Alonzo F , Yoong P , Torres VJ , Hinrichs SH , Dunman PM ( June 2012 ) . `` Characterization of SSR42 , a novel virulence factor regulatory RNA that contributes to the pathogenesis of a Staphylococcus aureus USA300 representative '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 194 ( 11 ) : 2924 -- 38 . doi : 10.1128 / JB. 06708 - 11 . PMC 3370614 . PMID 22493015 . Jump up ^ Xue T , Zhang X , Sun H , Sun B ( February 2014 ) . `` ArtR , a novel sRNA of Staphylococcus aureus , regulates α - toxin expression by targeting the 5 ' UTR of sarT mRNA '' . Medical Microbiology and Immunology. 203 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 12 . doi : 10.1007 / s00430 - 013 - 0307 - 0 . PMID 23955428 . 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A review of molecular mechanisms and implications for biofilm - resistant materials '' . Biomaterials. 33 ( 26 ) : 5967 -- 82 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biomaterials. 2012.05. 031 . PMID 22695065 . Jump up ^ de la Fuente - Núñez C , Reffuveille F , Fernández L , Hancock RE ( October 2013 ) . `` Bacterial biofilm development as a multicellular adaptation : antibiotic resistance and new therapeutic strategies '' . Current Opinion in Microbiology. 16 ( 5 ) : 580 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mib. 2013.06. 013 . PMID 23880136 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin RA , Hoogewerf AJ ( August 2006 ) . `` Interleukin - 1beta - induced growth enhancement of Staphylococcus aureus occurs in biofilm but not planktonic cultures '' . Microbial Pathogenesis. 41 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 67 -- 79 . doi : 10.1016 / j. micpath. 2006.04. 005 . PMID 16769197 . Jump up ^ Schneewind O , Fowler A , Faull KF ( April 1995 ) . `` Structure of the cell wall anchor of surface proteins in Staphylococcus aureus '' . 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PMID 16861688 . ^ Jump up to : Liu GY , Essex A , Buchanan JT , Datta V , Hoffman HM , Bastian JF , Fierer J , Nizet V ( July 2005 ) . `` Staphylococcus aureus golden pigment impairs neutrophil killing and promotes virulence through its antioxidant activity '' . The Journal of Experimental Medicine . 202 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 15 . doi : 10.1084 / jem. 20050846 . PMC 2213009 . PMID 16009720 . Jump up ^ Liu CI , Liu GY , Song Y , Yin F , Hensler ME , Jeng WY , Nizet V , Wang AH , Oldfield E ( March 2008 ) . `` A cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor blocks Staphylococcus aureus virulence '' . Science . 319 ( 5868 ) : 1391 -- 4 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1153018 . PMC 2747771 . PMID 18276850 . Jump up ^ Krause , Lydia . `` Staphylococcus Aureus food poisoning '' . healthline . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Francois P , Schrenzel J ( 2008 ) . `` Rapid Diagnosis and Typing of Staphylococcus aureus '' . Staphylococcus : Molecular Genetics . Caister Academic Press . 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Clinical Microbiology Newsletter. 31 ( 3 ) : 17 -- 23 . doi : 10.1016 / j. clinmicnews. 2009.01. 002 . Jump up ^ Korzeniowski O , Sande MA ( October 1982 ) . `` Combination antimicrobial therapy for Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in patients addicted to parenteral drugs and in nonaddicts : A prospective study '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 97 ( 4 ) : 496 -- 503 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 97 - 4 - 496 . PMID 6751182 . Jump up ^ Bayer AS , Bolger AF , Taubert KA , Wilson W , Steckelberg J , Karchmer AW , Levison M , Chambers HF , Dajani AS , Gewitz MH , Newburger JW , Gerber MA , Shulman ST , Pallasch TJ , Gage TW , Ferrieri P ( 1998 ) . `` Diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis and its complications '' . Circulation. 98 ( 25 ) : 2936 -- 48 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. CIR. 98.25. 2936 . PMID 9860802 . Jump up ^ Cosgrove SE , Vigliani GA , Fowler VG , Abrutyn E , Corey GR , Levine DP , Rupp ME , Chambers HF , Karchmer AW , Boucher HW ( March 2009 ) . `` Initial low - dose gentamicin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis is nephrotoxic '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 48 ( 6 ) : 713 -- 21 . doi : 10.1086 / 597031 . PMID 19207079 . Jump up ^ Keclík M , Huslarová A , Bednár B ( December 2017 ) . `` Liver structure in patients with choledochoduodenostomy '' . Digestion. 2 ( 4 ) : 230 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 17 ) 32456 - X . PMC 5820409 . PMID 5820409 . Jump up ^ Chambers HF ( 2001 ) . `` The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus ? '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 7 ( 2 ) : 178 -- 82 . doi : 10.3201 / eid0702. 010204 . PMC 2631711 . PMID 11294701 . 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Jump up ^ Jevons MP ( 1961 ) . `` Celbenin - resistant staphylococci '' . BMJ. 1 ( 5219 ) : 124 -- 5 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 1.5219. 124 - a . Jump up ^ Johnson AP , Aucken HM , Cavendish S , Ganner M , Wale MC , Warner M , Livermore DM , Cookson BD ( July 2001 ) . `` Dominance of EMRSA - 15 and - 16 among MRSA causing nosocomial bacteraemia in the UK : analysis of isolates from the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System ( EARSS ) '' . The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 48 ( 1 ) : 143 -- 4 . doi : 10.1093 / jac / 48.1. 143 . PMID 11418528 . Jump up ^ Blot SI , Vandewoude KH , Hoste EA , Colardyn FA ( October 2002 ) . `` Outcome and attributable mortality in critically Ill patients with bacteremia involving methicillin - susceptible and methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus '' . Archives of Internal Medicine . 162 ( 19 ) : 2229 -- 35 . doi : 10.1001 / archinte. 162.19. 2229 . PMID 12390067 . Jump up ^ Hiramatsu K , Hanaki H , Ino T , Yabuta K , Oguri T , Tenover FC ( July 1997 ) . `` Methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 40 ( 1 ) : 135 -- 6 . doi : 10.1093 / jac / 40.1. 135 . PMID 9249217 . Jump up ^ Chang S , Sievert DM , Hageman JC , Boulton ML , Tenover FC , Downes FP , Shah S , Rudrik JT , Pupp GR , Brown WJ , Cardo D , Fridkin SK ( April 2003 ) . `` Infection with vancomycin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vanA resistance gene '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 348 ( 14 ) : 1342 -- 7 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa025025 . PMID 12672861 . Jump up ^ Menichetti F ( May 2005 ) . `` Current and emerging serious Gram - positive infections '' . Clinical Microbiology and Infection . 11 Suppl 3 ( Suppl 3 ) : 22 -- 8 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 0691.2005. 01138. x . PMID 15811021 . Jump up ^ `` General Information : Community acquired MRSA '' . CDC . March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Campos A , Arias A , Betancor L , Rodríguez C , Hernández AM , López Aguado D , Sierra A ( July 1998 ) . `` Study of common aerobic flora of human cerumen '' . The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 112 ( 7 ) : 613 -- 6 . PMID 9775288 . Jump up ^ Quinn GA , Cole AM ( September 2007 ) . `` Suppression of innate immunity by a nasal carriage strain of Staphylococcus aureus increases its colonization on nasal epithelium '' . Immunology. 122 ( 1 ) : 80 -- 9 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2567.2007. 02615. x . PMC 2265977 . PMID 17472720 . Jump up ^ Wertheim HF , Melles DC , Vos MC , van Leeuwen W , van Belkum A , Verbrugh HA , Nouwen JL ( December 2005 ) . `` The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections '' . The Lancet . Infectious Diseases . 5 ( 12 ) : 751 -- 62 . doi : 10.1016 / S1473 - 3099 ( 05 ) 70295 - 4 . PMID 16310147 . Jump up ^ Sing A , Tuschak C , Hörmansdorfer S ( March 2008 ) . `` Methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a family and its pet cat '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 358 ( 11 ) : 1200 -- 1 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMc0706805 . PMID 18337614 . Jump up ^ Neely AN , Maley MP ( February 2000 ) . `` Survival of enterococci and staphylococci on hospital fabrics and plastic '' . Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 38 ( 2 ) : 724 -- 6 . PMC 86187 . PMID 10655374 . Jump up ^ Cook HA , Furuya EY , Larson E , Vasquez G , Lowy FD ( February 2007 ) . `` Heterosexual transmission of community - associated methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus '' . Clinical Infectious Diseases . 44 ( 3 ) : 410 -- 3 . doi : 10.1086 / 510681 . PMID 17205449 . Jump up ^ Shafiei Y , Razavilar V , Javadi A ( 2011 ) . `` Thermal Death Time of Staphylococcus Aureus ( PTCC = 29213 ) and Staphylococcus Epidermidis ( PTCC = 1435 ) in Distilled Water '' ( PDF ) . Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences . 5 ( 11 ) : 1551 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Bolton KJ , Dodd CE , Mead GC , Waites WM ( 1988 ) . `` Chlorine resistance of strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry processing plants '' . Letters in Applied Microbiology. 6 ( 2 ) : 31 -- 34 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1472 - 765X. 1988. tb01208. x . Jump up ^ Mead GC , Adams BW ( 1986 ) . `` Chlorine resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from turkeys and turkey products '' . Letters in Applied Microbiology. 3 ( 6 ) : 131 -- 133 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1472 - 765X. 1986. tb01566. x . Jump up ^ `` Food standard agency '' . Jump up ^ `` A Shot Against MRSA ? '' ( PDF ) . Resources for the Future . 2009 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Strengthening the immune system as an antimicrobial strategy against Staphylococcus aureus infections '' ( PDF ) . FORMATEX RESEARCH CENTER. 2013 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Intercell , Merck terminate V710 Phase II / III trial against S. aureus infection '' . Merck & Co. 2011 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Nabi Biopharmaceuticals Completes Final PentaStaph ( TM ) Milestone '' . GLOBE NEWSWIRE. 2011 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Vaccines to prevent antibiotic ‐ resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) infections '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` A Study to Evaluate the Safety , Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of GSK Biologicals ' Staphylococcal Investigational Vaccine in Healthy Adults '' . ClinicalTrials.gov. 2010 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for Staphylococcus aureus '' ( PDF ) . ELSEVIER. 2016 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Pfizer Begins Phase 2b Study Of Its Investigational Multi-antigen Staphylococcus aureus Vaccine In Adults Undergoing Elective Spinal Fusion Surgery '' . Pfizer Inc. 2015 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Safety and Efficacy of SA4Ag Vaccine in Adults Having Elective Posterior Instrumented Lumbar Spinal Fusion Procedure ( STRIVE ) '' . ClinicalTrials.gov. 2015 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Begier E , Seiden DJ , Patton M , Zito E , Severs J , Cooper D , Eiden J , Gruber WC , Jansen KU , Anderson AS , Gurtman A ( February 2017 ) . `` SA4Ag , a 4 - antigen Staphylococcus aureus vaccine , rapidly induces high levels of bacteria - killing antibodies '' . Vaccine. 35 ( 8 ) : 1132 -- 1139 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2017.01. 024 . PMID 28143674 . Jump up ^ Torre A , Bacconi M , Sammicheli C , Galletti B , Laera D , Fontana MR , Grandi G , De Gregorio E , Bagnoli F , Nuti S , Bertholet S , Bensi G ( August 2015 ) . `` Four - component Staphylococcus aureus vaccine 4C - staph enhances Fcγ receptor expression in neutrophils and monocytes and mitigates S. aureus infection in neutropenic mice '' . Infection and Immunity. 83 ( 8 ) : 3157 -- 63 . doi : 10.1128 / IAI. 00258 - 15 . PMC 4496606 . PMID 26015481 . Further reading ( edit ) Loskill P , Pereira PM , Jung P , Bischoff M , Herrmann M , Pinho MG , Jacobs K ( September 2014 ) . `` Reduction of the peptidoglycan crosslinking causes a decrease in stiffness of the Staphylococcus aureus cell envelope '' . Biophysical Journal . 107 ( 5 ) : 1082 -- 1089 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bpj. 2014.07. 029 . PMC 4156677 . PMID 25185544 . Benson MA , Ohneck EA , Ryan C , Alonzo F , Smith H , Narechania A , Kolokotronis SO , Satola SW , Uhlemann AC , Sebra R , Deikus G , Shopsin B , Planet PJ , Torres VJ ( August 2014 ) . `` Evolution of hypervirulence by a MRSA clone through acquisition of a transposable element '' . Molecular Microbiology. 93 ( 4 ) : 664 -- 81 . doi : 10.1111 / mmi. 12682 . PMC 4127135 . PMID 24962815 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Staphylococcus aureus . Wikispecies has information related to Staphylococcus aureus StopMRSANow.org -- Discusses how to prevent the spread of MRSA TheMRSA.com -- Understand what the MRSA infection is all about . `` Staphylococcus aureus '' . NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 1280 . Packham , Christopher ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Successful in vivo test of breakthrough Staphylococcus aureus vaccine '' . Medical Press . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2012 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Type strain of Staphylococcus aureus at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase ( hide ) Firmicutes ( low - G + C ) Infectious diseases Bacterial diseases : G+ primarily A00 -- A79 , 001 -- 041 , 080 -- 109 Bacilli Lactobacillales ( Cat - ) Streptococcus α optochin susceptible S. pneumoniae Pneumococcal infection optochin resistant Viridans streptococci : S. mitis S. mutans S. oralis S. sanguinis S. sobrinus milleri group β bacitracin susceptible : S. pyogenes Group A streptococcal infection Streptococcal pharyngitis Scarlet fever Erysipelas Rheumatic fever bacitracin resistant , CAMP test + : S. agalactiae Group B streptococcal infection ungrouped Streptococcus iniae Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection γ BEA + : Streptococcus bovis Enterococcus BEA + : Enterococcus faecalis Urinary tract infection Enterococcus faecium Bacillales ( Cat+ ) Staphylococcus Cg+ S. aureus Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome Toxic shock syndrome MRSA Cg - novobiocin susceptible S. epidermidis novobiocin resistant S. saprophyticus Bacillus Bacillus anthracis Anthrax Bacillus cereus Food poisoning Listeria Listeria monocytogenes Listeriosis Clostridia Clostridium ( spore - forming ) motile : Clostridium difficile Pseudomembranous colitis Clostridium botulinum Botulism Clostridium tetani Tetanus nonmotile : Clostridium perfringens Gas gangrene Clostridial necrotizing enteritis Peptostreptococcus ( non-spore forming ) Peptostreptococcus magnus Mollicutes Mycoplasmataceae Ureaplasma urealyticum Ureaplasma infection Mycoplasma genitalium Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumonia Anaeroplasmatales Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Erysipeloid Biology portal Taxon identifiers Wd : Q188121 BacDive : 14487 EoL : 2486313 EPPO : STAPAU GBIF : 3227657 ITIS : 369 NCBI : 1280 NZOR : a02ec546 - 17a4 - 48e1 - bc36 - cf6deb0a00ea Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_aureus&oldid=843542582 '' Categories : Staphylococcus Bacteriology Gram - positive bacteria Bacterial diseases Pathogenic bacteria Healthcare - associated infections Bacteria described in 1884 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2011 Use dmy dates from December 2010 Articles with ' species ' microformats Infobox medical condition All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 20 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where is staphylococcus aureus found in the world
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"Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, round-shaped bacterium that is a member of the Firmicutes, and it is a member of the normal flora of the body, frequently found in the nose, respiratory tract, and on the skin. It is often positive for catalase and nitrate reduction and is a facultative anaerobe that can grow without the need for oxygen.[1] Although S. aureus is not always pathogenic (and can commonly be found existing as a commensal), it is a common cause of skin infections including abscesses, respiratory infections such as sinusitis, and food poisoning. Pathogenic strains often promote infections by producing virulence factors such as potent protein toxins, and the expression of a cell-surface protein that binds and inactivates antibodies. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a worldwide problem in clinical medicine. Despite much research and development, no vaccine for S. aureus has been approved."
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"a member of the normal flora of the body, frequently found in the nose, respiratory tract, and on the skin"
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Sound barrier
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Sound barrier - wikipedia Sound barrier This article is about the aviation term . For other uses , see Sound barrier ( disambiguation ) . U.S. Navy F / A-18 within the sound barrier . The white cloud is formed by decreased air pressure and temperature around the tail of the aircraft ( see Prandtl - Glauert Singularity ) . Subsonic Mach 1 Supersonic Shock wave The sound barrier or sonic barrier is a popular term for the sudden increase in aerodynamic drag and other effects experienced by an aircraft or other object when it approaches supersonic speed . When aircraft first began to be able to reach close to supersonic speed , these effects were seen as constituting a barrier making supersonic speed very difficult or impossible . In dry air at 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) , the sound barrier is reached when an object moves at a speed of 343 metres per second ( about 767 mph , 1234 km / h or 1,125 ft / s ) . The term came into use in this sense during World War II , when a number of aircraft started to encounter the effects of compressibility , a number of unrelated aerodynamic effects that `` struck '' their aircraft , seemingly impeding further acceleration . By the 1950s , new aircraft designs routinely `` broke '' the sound barrier . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early problems 1.2 Early claims 1.3 Breaking the sound barrier 1.4 Sound barrier officially broken in aircraft 1.5 The sound barrier understood 1.6 Breaking the sound barrier in a land vehicle 1.7 Breaking the sound barrier as a human projectile 1.7. 1 Felix Baumgartner 1.7. 2 Alan Eustace 2 Legacy 3 References 3.1 Notes 3.2 Citations 3.3 Bibliography 4 External links History ( edit ) Some common whips such as the bullwhip or stockwhip are able to move faster than sound : the tip of the whip breaks the sound barrier and causes a sharp crack -- literally a sonic boom . Firearms made after the 19th century have generally had a supersonic muzzle velocity . The sound barrier may have been first breached by living beings some 150 million years ago . Some paleobiologists report that , based on computer models of their biomechanical capabilities , certain long - tailed dinosaurs such as Apatosaurus and Diplodocus may have possessed the ability to flick their tails at supersonic speeds , possibly used to generate an intimidating booming sound . This finding is theoretical and disputed by others in the field . Meteorites entering the Earth 's atmosphere usually , if not always , descend faster than sound . Early problems ( edit ) The tip of the propeller on many early aircraft may reach supersonic speeds , producing a noticeable buzz that differentiates such aircraft . This is particularly noticeable on the Stearman ( released in 1934 ) , and noticeable on the North American T - 6 Texan when it enters a sharp - breaking turn . This is undesirable , as the transonic air movement creates disruptive shock waves and turbulence . It is due to these effects that propellers are known to suffer from dramatically decreased performance as they approach the speed of sound . It is easy to demonstrate that the power needed to improve performance is so great that the weight of the required engine grows faster than the power output of the propeller can compensate . This problem was one that led to early research into jet engines , notably by Frank Whittle in England and Hans von Ohain in Germany , who were led to their research specifically in order to avoid these problems in high - speed flight . Nevertheless , propeller aircraft were able to approach the speed of sound in a dive . Unfortunately , doing so led to numerous crashes for a variety of reasons . Most infamously , in the Mitsubishi Zero , pilots flew full power into the terrain because the rapidly increasing forces acting on the control surfaces of their aircraft overpowered them . In this case , several attempts to fix it only made the problem worse . Likewise , the flexing caused by the low torsional stiffness of the Supermarine Spitfire 's wings caused them , in turn , to counteract aileron control inputs , leading to a condition known as control reversal . This was solved in later models with changes to the wing . Worse still , a particularly dangerous interaction of the airflow between the wings and tail surfaces of diving Lockheed P - 38 Lightnings made `` pulling out '' of dives difficult ; however , the problem was later solved by the addition of a `` dive flap '' that upset the airflow under these circumstances . Flutter due to the formation of shock waves on curved surfaces was another major problem , which led most famously to the breakup of de Havilland Swallow and death of its pilot , Geoffrey de Havilland , Jr. in 1946 . A similar problem is thought to have been the cause of the 1943 crash of the BI-1 rocket aircraft in the Soviet Union . All of these effects , although unrelated in most ways , led to the concept of a `` barrier '' making it difficult for an aircraft to exceed the speed of sound . Erroneous news reports caused most people to envision the sound barrier as a physical `` wall '' , which supersonic aircraft needed to `` break '' with a sharp needle nose on the front of the fuselage . Rocketry and artillery experts ' products routinely exceeded Mach 1 , but aircraft designers and aerodynamic engineers during and after World War II discussed Mach 0.7 as a limit dangerous to exceed . Early claims ( edit ) During WWII and immediately thereafter , a number of claims were made that the sound barrier had been broken in a dive . The majority of these purported events can be dismissed as instrumentation errors . The typical airspeed indicator ( ASI ) uses air pressure differences between two or more points on the aircraft , typically near the nose and at the side of the fuselage , to produce a speed figure . At high speed , the various compression effects that lead to the sound barrier also cause the ASI to go non-linear and produce inaccurately high or low readings , depending on the specifics of the installation . This effect became known as `` Mach jump '' . Before the introduction of Mach meters , accurate measurements of supersonic speeds could only be made externally , normally using ground - based instruments . Many claims of supersonic speeds were found to be far below this speed when measured in this fashion . In 1942 , Republic Aviation issued a press release stating that Lts . Harold E. Comstock and Roger Dyar had exceeded the speed of sound during test dives in the P - 47 Thunderbolt . It is widely agreed that this was due to inaccurate ASI readings . In similar tests , the North American P - 51 Mustang , a higher performance aircraft , demonstrated limits at Mach 0.85 , with every flight over M0. 84 causing the aircraft to be damaged by vibration . A Spitfire PR Mk XI ( PL965 ) of the type used in the 1944 RAE Farnborough dive tests during which a highest Mach Number of 0.92 was obtained One of the highest recorded instrumented Mach numbers attained for a propeller aircraft is the Mach 0.891 for a Spitfire PR XI , flown during dive tests at the Royal Aircraft Establishment , Farnborough in April 1944 . The Spitfire , a photo - reconnaissance variant , the Mark XI , fitted with an extended ' rake type ' multiple pitot system , was flown by Squadron Leader J.R. Tobin to this speed , corresponding to a corrected true airspeed ( TAS ) of 606 mph . In a subsequent flight , Squadron Leader Anthony Martindale achieved Mach 0.92 , but it ended in a forced landing after over - revving damaged the engine . In the 1990s , Hans Guido Mutke claimed to have broken the sound barrier on 9 April 1945 in the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet aircraft . He states that his ASI pegged itself at 1,100 kilometres per hour ( 680 mph ) . Mutke reported not just transonic buffeting but the resumption of normal control once a certain speed was exceeded , then a resumption of severe buffeting once the Me 262 slowed again . He also reported engine flame out . This claim is widely disputed , even by pilots in his unit . All of the effects he reported are known to occur on the Me 262 at much lower speeds , and the ASI reading is simply not reliable in the transonic . Further , a series of tests made by Karl Doetsch at the behest of Willy Messerschmitt found that the plane became uncontrollable above Mach 0.86 , and at Mach 0.9 would nose over into a dive that could not be recovered from . Post-war tests by the RAF confirmed these results , with the slight modification that the maximum speed using new instruments was found to be Mach 0.84 , rather than Mach 0.86 . In 1999 , Mutke enlisted the help of Professor Otto Wagner of the Munich Technical University to run computational tests to determine whether the aircraft could break the sound barrier . These tests do not rule out the possibility , but are lacking accurate data on the coefficient of drag that would be needed to make accurate simulations . Wagner stated `` I do n't want to exclude the possibility , but I can imagine he may also have been just below the speed of sound and felt the buffeting , but did not go above Mach - 1 . '' One bit of evidence presented by Mutke is on page 13 of the `` Me 262 A-1 Pilot 's Handbook '' issued by Headquarters Air Materiel Command , Wright Field , Dayton , Ohio as Report No . F - SU - 1111 - ND on January 10 , 1946 : Speeds of 950 km / h ( 590 mph ) are reported to have been attained in a shallow dive 20 ° to 30 ° from the horizontal . No vertical dives were made . At speeds of 950 to 1,000 km / h ( 590 to 620 mph ) the air flow around the aircraft reaches the speed of sound , and it is reported that the control surfaces no longer affect the direction of flight . The results vary with different airplanes : some wing over and dive while others dive gradually . It is also reported that once the speed of sound is exceeded , this condition disappears and normal control is restored . The comments about restoration of flight control and cessation of buffeting above Mach 1 are very significant in a 1946 document . However , it is not clear where these terms came from , as it does not appear the US pilots carried out such tests . In his 1990 book Me - 163 , former Messerschmitt Me 163 `` Komet '' pilot Mano Ziegler claims that his friend , test pilot Heini Dittmar , broke the sound barrier while diving the rocket plane , and that several people on the ground heard the sonic booms . He claims that on 6 July 1944 , Dittmar , flying Me 163B V18 , bearing the Stammkennzeichen alphabetic code VA + SP , was measured traveling at a speed of 1,130 km / h ( 702 mph ) . However , no evidence of such a flight exists in any of the materials from that period , which were captured by Allied forces and extensively studied . Dittmar had been officially recorded at 1,004.5 km / h ( 623.8 mph ) in level flight on 2 October 1941 in the prototype Me 163A V4 . He reached this speed at less than full throttle , as he was concerned by the transonic buffeting . Dittmar himself does not make a claim that he broke the sound barrier on that flight , and notes that the speed was recorded only on the AIS . He does , however , take credit for being the first pilot to `` knock on the sound barrier . '' The Luftwaffe test pilot Lothar Sieber ( April 7 , 1922 -- March 1 , 1945 ) may have inadvertently become the first man to break the sound barrier on 1 March 1945 . This occurred while he was piloting a Bachem Ba 349 `` Natter '' for the first manned vertical takeoff of a rocket in history . In 55 seconds , he traveled a total of 14 km ( 8.7 miles ) . The aircraft crashed and he perished violently in this endeavor . There are a number of unmanned vehicles that flew at supersonic speeds during this period , but they generally do not meet the definition . In 1933 , Soviet designers working on ramjet concepts fired phosphorus - powered engines out of artillery guns to get them to operational speeds . It is possible that this produced supersonic performance as high as Mach 2 , but this was not due solely to the engine itself . In contrast , the German V - 2 ballistic missile routinely broke the sound barrier in flight , for the first time on 3 October 1942 . By September 1944 , V - 2s routinely achieved Mach 4 ( 1,200 m / s , or 3044 mph ) during terminal descent . Breaking the sound barrier ( edit ) The prototype Miles M. 52 turbojet powered aircraft , designed to achieve supersonic level flight . In 1942 , the United Kingdom 's Ministry of Aviation began a top - secret project with Miles Aircraft to develop the world 's first aircraft capable of breaking the sound barrier . The project resulted in the development of the prototype Miles M. 52 turbojet powered aircraft , which was designed to reach 1,000 mph ( 417 m / s ; 1,600 km / h ) ( over twice the existing speed record ) in level flight , and to climb to an altitude of 36,000 ft ( 11 km ) in 1 minute 30 sec . A huge number of advanced features were incorporated into the resulting M. 52 design , many of which hint at a detailed knowledge of supersonic aerodynamics . In particular , the design featured a conical nose and sharp wing leading edges , as it was known that round - nosed projectiles could not be stabilised at supersonic speeds . The design used very thin wings of biconvex section proposed by Jakob Ackeret for low drag . The wing tips were `` clipped '' to keep them clear of the conical shock wave generated by the nose of the aircraft . The fuselage had the minimum cross-section allowable around the centrifugal engine with fuel tanks in a saddle over the top . One of the Vickers models undergoing supersonic wind - tunnel testing at the Royal Aircraft Establishment ( RAE ) c. 1946 Another critical addition was the use of a power - operated stabilator , also known as the all - moving tail or flying tail , a key to supersonic flight control which contrasted with traditional hinged tailplanes ( horizontal stabilizers ) connected mechanically to the pilots control column . Conventional control surfaces became ineffective at the high subsonic speeds then being achieved by fighters in dives , due to the aerodynamic forces caused by the formation of shockwaves at the hinge and the rearward movement of the centre of pressure , which together could override the control forces that could be applied mechanically by the pilot , hindering recovery from the dive . A major impediment to early transonic flight was control reversal , the phenomenon which caused flight inputs ( stick , rudder ) to switch direction at high speed ; it was the cause of many accidents and near - accidents . An all - flying tail is considered to be a minimum condition of enabling aircraft to break the transonic barrier safely , without losing pilot control . The Miles M. 52 was the first instance of this solution , and has since been universally applied . Initially , the aircraft was to use Frank Whittle 's latest engine , the Power Jets W. 2 / 700 , which would only reach supersonic speed in a shallow dive . To develop a fully supersonic version of the aircraft , an innovation incorporated was a reheat jetpipe -- also known as an afterburner . Extra fuel was to be burned in the tailpipe to avoid overheating the turbine blades , making use of unused oxygen in the exhaust . Finally , the design included another critical element , the use of a shock cone in the nose to slow the incoming air to the subsonic speeds needed by the engine . Although the project was eventually cancelled , the research was used to construct an unmanned missile that went on to achieve a speed of Mach 1.38 in a successful , controlled transonic and supersonic level test flight ; this was a unique achievement at that time which validated the aerodynamics of the M. 52 . Meanwhile , test pilots achieved high velocities in the tailless , swept - wing de Havilland DH 108 . One of them was Geoffrey de Havilland , Jr. who was killed on 27 September 1946 when his DH 108 broke up at about Mach 0.9 . John Derry has been called `` Britain 's first supersonic pilot '' because of a dive he made in a DH 108 on 6 September 1948 . Sound barrier officially broken in aircraft ( edit ) The British Air Ministry signed an agreement with the United States to exchange all its high - speed research , data and designs and Bell Aircraft company was given access to the drawings and research on the M. 52 , but the U.S. reneged on the agreement and no data was forthcoming in return . Bell 's supersonic design was still using a conventional tail and they were battling the problem of control . Chuck Yeager in front of the Bell X-1 , the first aircraft to break the sound barrier in level flight . They utilized the information to initiate work on the Bell X-1 . The final version of the Bell X-1 was very similar in design to the original Miles M. 52 version . Also featuring the all - moving tail , the XS - 1 was later known as the X-1 . It was in the X-1 that Chuck Yeager was credited with being the first person to break the sound barrier in level flight on October 14 , 1947 , flying at an altitude of 45,000 ft ( 13.7 km ) . George Welch made a plausible but officially unverified claim to have broken the sound barrier on 1 October 1947 , while flying an XP - 86 Sabre . He also claimed to have repeated his supersonic flight on October 14 , 1947 , 30 minutes before Yeager broke the sound barrier in the Bell X-1 . Although evidence from witnesses and instruments strongly imply that Welch achieved supersonic speed , the flights were not properly monitored and are not officially recognized . The XP - 86 officially achieved supersonic speed on April 26 , 1948 . On 14 October 1947 , just under a month after the United States Air Force had been created as a separate service , the tests culminated in the first manned supersonic flight , piloted by Air Force Captain Charles `` Chuck '' Yeager in aircraft # 46 - 062 , which he had christened Glamorous Glennis . The rocket - powered aircraft was launched from the bomb bay of a specially modified B - 29 and glided to a landing on a runway . XS - 1 flight number 50 is the first one where the X-1 recorded supersonic flight , at Mach 1.06 ( 361 m / s , 1,299 km / h , 807.2 mph ) peak speed ; however , Yeager and many other personnel believe Flight # 49 ( also with Yeager piloting ) , which reached a top recorded speed of Mach 0.997 ( 339 m / s , 1,221 km / h ) , may have , in fact , exceeded Mach 1 . ( The measurements were not accurate to three significant figures and no sonic boom was recorded for that flight . ) As a result of the X-1's initial supersonic flight , the National Aeronautics Association voted its 1948 Collier Trophy to be shared by the three main participants in the program . Honored at the White House by President Harry S. Truman were Larry Bell for Bell Aircraft , Captain Yeager for piloting the flights , and John Stack for the NACA contributions . Jackie Cochran was the first woman to break the sound barrier on May 18 , 1953 , in a Canadair Sabre , with Yeager as her wingman . On August 21 , 1961 , a Douglas DC - 8 - 43 ( registration N9604Z ) unofficially exceeded Mach 1 in a controlled dive during a test flight at Edwards Air Force Base , as observed and reported by the flight crew ; the crew were William Magruder ( pilot ) , Paul Patten ( co-pilot ) , Joseph Tomich ( flight engineer ) , and Richard H. Edwards ( flight test engineer ) . This was the first supersonic flight by a civilian airliner , and the only one other than those by Concorde or the Tu - 144 . The sound barrier understood ( edit ) Play media Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier on October 14 , 1947 in the Bell X-1 , as shown in this newsreel . As the science of high - speed flight became more widely understood , a number of changes led to the eventual understanding that the `` sound barrier '' is easily penetrated , with the right conditions . Among these changes were the introduction of swept wings , the area rule , and engines of ever - increasing performance . By the 1950s , many combat aircraft could routinely break the sound barrier in level flight , although they often suffered from control problems when doing so , such as Mach tuck . Modern aircraft can transit the `` barrier '' without control problems . By the late 1950s , the issue was so well understood that many companies started investing in the development of supersonic airliners , or SSTs , believing that to be the next `` natural '' step in airliner evolution . However , this has not yet happened . Although the Concorde and the Tupolev Tu - 144 entered service in the 1970s , both were later retired without being replaced by similar designs . The last flight of a Concorde in service was in 2003 . Although Concorde and the Tu - 144 were the first aircraft to carry commercial passengers at supersonic speeds , they were not the first or only commercial airliners to break the sound barrier . On 21 August 1961 , a Douglas DC - 8 broke the sound barrier at Mach 1.012 or 1,240 km / h ( 776.2 mph ) while in a controlled dive through 41,088 feet ( 12,510 m ) . The purpose of the flight was to collect data on a new leading - edge design for the wing . A China Airlines 747 may have broken the sound barrier in an unplanned descent from 41,000 ft ( 12,500 m ) to 9,500 ft ( 2,900 m ) after an in - flight upset on 19 February 1985 . It also reached over 5g . Breaking the sound barrier in a land vehicle ( edit ) On January 12 , 1948 , a Northrop unmanned rocket sled became the first land vehicle to break the sound barrier . At a military test facility at Muroc Air Force Base ( now Edwards AFB ) , California , it reached a peak speed of 1,019 mph ( 1,640 km / h ) before jumping the rails . On October 15 , 1997 , in a vehicle designed and built by a team led by Richard Noble , Royal Air Force pilot Andy Green became the first person to break the sound barrier in a land vehicle in compliance with Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile rules . The vehicle , called the ThrustSSC ( `` Super Sonic Car '' ) , captured the record 50 years and one day after Yeager 's first supersonic flight . Breaking the sound barrier as a human projectile ( edit ) Felix Baumgartner ( edit ) In October 2012 Felix Baumgartner , with a team of scientists and sponsor Red Bull , attempted the highest sky - dive on record . The project would see Baumgartner attempt to jump 120,000 ft ( 36,580 m ) from a helium balloon and become the first parachutist to break the sound barrier . The launch was scheduled for October 9 , 2012 , but was aborted due to adverse weather ; subsequently the capsule was launched instead on October 14 . Baumgartner 's feat also marked the 65th anniversary of U.S. test pilot Chuck Yeager 's successful attempt to break the sound barrier in an aircraft . Baumgartner landed in eastern New Mexico after jumping from a world record 128,100 feet ( 39,045 m ) , or 24.26 miles , and broke the sound barrier as he traveled at speeds up to 833.9 mph ( 1342 km / h or Mach 1.26 ) . In the press conference after his jump , it was announced he was in freefall for 4 minutes , 18 seconds , the second longest freefall after the 1960 jump of Joseph Kittinger for 4 minutes , 36 seconds . Alan Eustace ( edit ) In October 2014 , Alan Eustace , a senior vice president at Google , broke Baumgartner 's record for highest sky - dive and also broke the sound barrier in the process . Legacy ( edit ) David Lean directed The Sound Barrier , a fictionalized retelling of the de Havilland DH 108 test flights . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See `` Speed of sound '' for the science behind the velocity called the sound barrier , and `` Sonic boom '' for information on the sound associated with supersonic flight . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nemiroff , R. ; Bonnell , J. , eds. ( 19 August 2007 ) . `` A Sonic Boom '' . Astronomy Picture of the Day . NASA . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` F - 14 Condensation cloud in action . '' web.archive.org . Retrieved : August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ sonic barrier . thefreedictionary.com Jump up ^ sound barrier . oxforddictionaries.com Jump up ^ May , Mike . `` Crackin ' good mathematics . '' American Scientist , Volume 90 , Issue 5 , September -- October 2002 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Wilford , John Noble . `` Did Dinosaurs Break the Sound Barrier ? '' The New York Times , December 2 , 1997 . Retrieved : January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Yoshimura , Akira , translated by Retsu Kaiho and Michael Gregson ( 1996 ) . Zero ! Fighter . Westport , Connecticut , USA : Praeger Publishers . p. 108 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95355 - 6 . Jump up ^ Portway , Donald ( 1940 ) . Military Science Today . London : Oxford University Press . p. 18 : `` For various reasons it is fairly certain that the maximum attainable speed under self - propelled conditions will be that of sound in air , '' i.e. , 750 mph ( 1,210 km / h ) Jump up ^ Ley , Willy ( November 1948 ) . `` The ' Brickwall ' in the Sky '' . Astounding Science Fiction . pp. 78 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Corey C. `` The Amazing George Welch , Part Two , First Through the Sonic Wall . '' Planes and Pilots Of World War Two , 1998 -- 2000 . Retrieved : June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Compressibility Dive Tests on the North American P - 51D Airplane , ( ' Mustang IV ' ) AAF No. 44 - 14134 ( Technical report ) . Wright Field . 9 October 1944 . Jump up ^ Spitfire -- Typical high speed dive . spitfireperformance.com Jump up ^ Dick , Steven J. , ed. ( 2010 ) . NASA 's First 50 Years : Historical Perspectives ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 084965 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mutke , Hans Guido . `` The Unknown Pilot '' . Archived from the original on 6 February 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nazi - era pilot says he broke sound barrier first '' . news24. 12 August 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Me 262 and the Sound Barrier . '' aerospaceweb.org . Retrieved : August 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Schulz , Matthias ( 19 February 2001 ) . `` Flammenritt über dem Moor '' . Der Spiegel . Jump up ^ `` Pilot claims he broke sound barrier first '' . USA Today . 19 June 2001 . Jump up ^ Käsmann , Ferdinand C.W. ( 1999 ) Die schnellsten Jets der Welt ( in German ) . Berlin : Aviatic - Verlag GmbH . pp. 17 , 122 . ISBN 3 - 925505 - 26 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dunning , Brian ( 19 May 2009 ) . `` Skeptoid # 154 : Was Chuck Yeager the First to Break the Sound Barrier ? '' . Skeptoid . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Footnote : On March 1st 1945 , did Lothar Sieber become the first person to break the sound barrier ? '' Doug 's Darkworld : War , Science , and Philosophy in a Fractured World , November 25 , 2008 . Retrieved : November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Durant , Frederick C. and George S. James . `` Early Experiments with Ramjet Engines in Flight . '' First Steps Toward Space : Proceedings of the First and Second History Symposia of the International Academy of Astronautics at Belgrade , Yugoslavia , September 26 , 1967 . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Institution Press , 1974 . Jump up ^ Brown , Eric ( August -- November 1980 ) . `` Miles M. 52 : The Supersonic Dream . '' Air Enthusiast Thirteen . ISSN 0143 - 5450 . Jump up ^ Beamont , Roland . Testing Early Jets . London : Airlife , 1990 . ISBN 1 - 85310 - 158 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Miles on Supersonic Flight '' . Aviation History : 355 . 3 October 1946 . Jump up ^ Watkins , David ( 1996 ) , de Havilland Vampire : The Complete History , Thrupp , Gloucestershire : Budding Books , p. 40 , ISBN 1 - 84015 - 023 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rivas , Brian , and Bullen , Annie ( 1996 ) , John Derry : The Story of Britain 's First Supersonic Pilot , William Kimber , ISBN 0 - 7183 - 0099 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wood , Derek ( 1975 ) . Project Cancelled . Indianapolis : The Bobbs - Merrill Company Inc. p. 36 . ISBN 0 - 672 - 52166 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bancroft , Dennis . `` Faster Than Sound . '' NOVA Transcripts , PBS , air date : 14 October 1997 . Retrieved : 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Miller , Jay . The X-Planes : X-1 to X-45 . Hinckley , UK : Midland , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 85780 - 109 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Ray ( 1963 ) . The North American Sabre . London : Macdonald . p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Wasserzieher , Bill ( August 2011 ) . `` I Was There : When the DC - 8 Went Supersonic '' . Air & Space Magazine . Archived from the original on 11 May 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ barrier / source. html `` Sound Barrier . '' DiracDelta.co.uk : Science and Engineering Encyclopedia . Retrieved : October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Douglas Passenger Jet Breaks Sound Barrier . '' dc8.org . Retrieved : August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` China Airlines Flight 006 . '' aviation-safety.net . Retrieved : August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A rocket powered sled runs along the ground on the rails in Muroc . '' Universal International News , January 22 , 1948 . Retrieved : September 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Timeline . '' NASA . Retrieved : September 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sunseri , Gina and Kevin Doak . `` Felix Baumgartner : Daredevil Lands on Earth After Record Breaking Supersonic Leap . '' ABC News , October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Markoff . `` Alan Eustace Jumps From Stratosphere , Breaking Felix Baumgartner 's World Record '' New York Times October 24 , 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) `` Breaking the Sound Barrier . '' Modern Marvels ( TV program ) . July 16 , 2003 . Hallion , Dr. Richard P. `` Saga of the Rocket Ships . '' AirEnthusiast Five , November 1977 -- February 1978 . Bromley , Kent , UK : Pilot Press Ltd. , 1977 . Miller , Jay . The X-Planes : X-1 to X-45 , Hinckley , UK : Midland , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 85780 - 109 - 1 . Pisano , Dominick A. , R. Robert van der Linden and Frank H. Winter . Chuck Yeager and the Bell X-1 : Breaking the Sound Barrier . Washington , DC : Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum ( in association with Abrams , New York ) , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 5535 - 0 . Radinger , Willy and Walter Schick . Me 262 ( in German ) . Berlin : Avantic Verlag GmbH , 1996 . ISBN 3 - 925505 - 21 - 0 . Rivas , Brian ( 2012 ) , A Very British Sound Barrier : DH 108 , A Story of Courage , Triumph and Tragedy , Walton - on - Thames , Surrey : Red Kite , ISBN 978 - 1 - 90659 - 204 - 2 . Winchester , Jim . `` Bell X-1 . '' Concept Aircraft : Prototypes , X-Planes and Experimental Aircraft ( The Aviation Factfile ) . Kent , UK : Grange Books plc , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84013 - 809 - 2 . Wolfe . Tom . The Right Stuff . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 374 - 25033 - 2 . Yeager , Chuck , Bob Cardenas , Bob Hoover , Jack Russell and James Young . The Quest for Mach One : A First - Person Account of Breaking the Sound Barrier . New York : Penguin Studio , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87460 - 4 . Yeager , Chuck and Leo Janos . Yeager : An Autobiography . New York : Bantam , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 25674 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sound barrier . Fluid Mechanics , a collection of tutorials by Dr. Mark S. Cramer , Ph. D Breaking the Sound Barrier with an Aircraft by Carl Rod Nave , Ph. D a video of a Concorde reaching Mach 1 at intersection TESGO taken from below An interactive Java applet , illustrating the sound barrier . Extremes of motion Speed Wave ( Light Sound ) Vehicle Spacecraft Aircraft propeller - based transcontinental FAI records Water - borne vehicle sailing underwater transatlantic Land vehicle ( rocket - based wheel - driven production car ( by speed / by acceleration ) railed motorcycle production motorcycle ( by speed / by acceleration ) British Distance Space ( furthest spacecraft furthest landing on another world furthest travels on another world furthest humans closest spacecraft to the Sun ) Aircraft ( furthest flight highest altitude FAI records ) Deepest Earth ocean dive Endurance Space ( most enduring spaceflight most endurance on another world most time as a person in space most enduring population of a spacecraft ) Aircraft See also Spaceflight records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sound_barrier&oldid=854655072 '' Categories : Airspeed Sound Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 22 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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when did we break the speed of sound
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"On 14 October 1947, just under a month after the United States Air Force had been created as a separate service, the tests culminated in the first manned supersonic flight, piloted by Air Force Captain Charles \"Chuck\" Yeager in aircraft #46-062, which he had christened Glamorous Glennis. The rocket-powered aircraft was launched from the bomb bay of a specially modified B-29 and glided to a landing on a runway. XS-1 flight number 50 is the first one where the X-1 recorded supersonic flight, at Mach 1.06 (361 m/s, 1,299 km/h, 807.2 mph) peak speed; however, Yeager and many other personnel believe Flight #49 (also with Yeager piloting), which reached a top recorded speed of Mach 0.997 (339 m/s, 1,221 km/h), may have, in fact, exceeded Mach 1.[citation needed] (The measurements were not accurate to three significant figures and no sonic boom was recorded for that flight.)\n"
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The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story
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The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story - wikipedia The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story Jump to : navigation , search The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story Promotional poster Starring Édgar Ramírez Darren Criss Ricky Martin Penélope Cruz Country of origin United States No. of episodes 9 Release Original network FX Original release January 17 -- March 21 , 2018 Season chronology ← Previous The People v. O.J. Simpson List of American Crime Story episodes The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story is the second season of the FX true crime anthology television series American Crime Story . The season premiered on January 17 , 2018 , and concluded on March 21 , 2018 . It consists of a total of 9 episodes , and explores the murder of designer Gianni Versace by spree killer Andrew Cunanan , based on Maureen Orth 's book Vulgar Favors : Andrew Cunanan , Gianni Versace , and the Largest Failed Manhunt in U.S. History . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Special guest stars 1.3 Recurring 1.4 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Promotion 5 Reception 5.1 Reviews 5.2 Reaction from individuals involved 5.3 Ratings 5.4 Accolades 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of American Crime Story cast members Main ( edit ) Édgar Ramírez as Gianni Versace Darren Criss as Andrew Cunanan Ricky Martin as Antonio D'Amico Penélope Cruz as Donatella Versace Special guest stars ( edit ) Judith Light as Marilyn Miglin Aimee Mann as Bar Singer Finn Wittrock as Jeff Trail Recurring ( edit ) Joanna P. Adler as Mary Ann Cunanan Joe Adler as Jerome Gentes Annaleigh Ashford as Elizabeth Cote Jon Jon Briones as Modesto Cunanan Will Chase as Det . Paul Scrimshaw Giovanni Cirfiera as Santo Versace Mike Farrell as Lee Miglin Jay R. Ferguson as Agent Keith Evans Cody Fern as David Madson Max Greenfield as Ronnie Holston Sophie von Haselberg as Linda Elwell Edouard Holdener as Young Andrew Cunanan Christine Horn as Agent Talarah Gruber John Lacy as Howard Madson Cathy Moriarty as Vivian Oliva Michael Nouri as Norman Blachford Dascha Polanco as Det . Lori Wieder Terry Sweeney as David Gallo José Zúñiga as Det . George Navarro Guest ( edit ) Razaaq Adoti as Det . Pete Jackson Vincenzo Amato as Versace Spokesman Jack Armstrong as J. Paul Beitler Cullen Douglas as Agent Reynolds Nico Evers - Swindell as Philip Merrill Alex Fernandez as Supt . Matt L. Rodriguez Jacob Fortner as Duke Miglin Molly Price as Escort Agency Manager Paul Schneider as Paul Beck Tara Summers as Laura Trail Todd Waring as Lincoln Aston Michael Shamus Wiles as Det . Robert Tichich Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` The Man Who Would Be Vogue '' Ryan Murphy Tom Rob Smith January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 3WAX01 2.22 On the morning of July 15 , 1997 , fashion designer Gianni Versace is shot and killed outside his Miami Beach mansion by wanted spree killer Andrew Cunanan . Seven years earlier , Cunanan meets Versace at a gay nightclub in San Francisco and tells his roommates about the encounter the following morning , albeit with most of the details fabricated . Cunanan later attends a performance of Capriccio as Versace 's guest and exchanges origin stories with him after the performance . In the present , Cunanan flees the scene , evading Versace 's partner Antonio D'Amico . Versace , meanwhile , is rushed to the hospital and pronounced dead . As local police start to collaborate with the federal authorities , Versace 's sister Donatella and brother Santo plan the future of their brother 's business empire while Cunanan purchases newspapers covering Versace 's death with a remorseless expression . `` Manhunt '' Nelson Cragg Tom Rob Smith January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) 3WAX02 1.42 In March 1994 , Versace learns that he is HIV positive and Donatella immediately blames Antonio for the illness . Three years later , Cunanan arrives in Miami after fleeing from South Carolina and moves into a motel under an assumed identity . He juggles working as a prostitute , giving his earnings to his homosexual neighbor Ronnie , and feeding his obsession with Versace . Versace , meanwhile , juggles dealing with creative block and reeling from Antonio 's proposal of a wedding . While at a nightclub one evening , Cunanan surprises Versace and Antonio and attempts to follow them only to lose them in the crowd . `` A Random Killing '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton Tom Rob Smith January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 3WAX03 1.26 In May 1997 , Chicago real estate developer Lee Miglin is found dead in his garage by his wife Marilyn . One week earlier , Miglin invites Cunanan , whom he knows as a gay escort , over to his house after Marilyn leaves Chicago to promote her perfume brand . Cunanan proceeds to brutally torture and kill Miglin before stealing his Lexus . In the present , detectives assigned to the case discover gay pornographic magazines surrounding Miglin 's dead body . Marilyn insists that the killer owns the magazines and that her husband 's murder was nothing more than a random killing . The authorities later use the car 's phone in an attempt to track Cunanan , who learns about their plan after it is leaked to the media . He then abandons Miglin 's Lexus in Pennsville , New Jersey before gunning down caretaker William Reese and stealing his red pick - up truck . Marilyn , meanwhile , deals with her grief as she continues to promote her perfume . `` House by the Lake '' Daniel Minahan Tom Rob Smith February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 3WAX04 0.98 In April 1997 , Cunanan lures former acquaintance Jeff Trail to the Minneapolis loft - apartment of his former lover , David Madson , and bludgeons him to death with a claw hammer . After forcing Madson to remain complicit , Cunanan decides to flee to Mexico when one of Madson 's co-workers visits him . The Minneapolis Police Department , meanwhile , discovers Trail 's corpse and suspect Madson to be the killer . They proceed to question Madson 's parents , who firmly believe that their son is innocent . When Madson confronts Cunanan about his lies , Cunanan realizes that he has lost his hold on his lover and shoots Madson near a lake outside Rush City . 5 5 `` Do n't Ask Do n't Tell '' Daniel Minahan Tom Rob Smith February 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 3WAX05 0.91 In June 1995 , Versace ignores Donatella 's disapproval and makes his sexuality public in an interview . In November 1995 , U.S. Navy lieutenant Jeff Trail is suspected as a homosexual after saving a fellow veteran from being assaulted in San Diego . Following an unsuccessful suicide attempt , Trail goes to a gay bar and meets Cunanan . Trail later agrees to do an interview about homophobia in the military , during which he `` makes the decision '' to leave the Navy . Two years later , Cunanan runs into Trail and David Madson in Minneapolis . Both men , however , try to avoid him , with Trail staying at his sister 's house and Madson stating he has moved on . Abandoned and angry , Cunanan resolves to murder Trail . 6 6 `` Descent '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton Tom Rob Smith February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) 3WAX07 1.10 In 1996 , Cunanan lives in La Jolla , California with middle - aged businessman Norman Blachford , who handles his finances as part of their arranged relationship . During his twenty - seventh birthday party , Cunanan tries to impress David Madson by fabricating details about his life and boasting that everyone loves him . After an attempt to ask Blachford for more extravagant demands results in him being kicked out of their house , Cunanan spends thousands of dollars in an attempt to win Madson over only for Madson to cut all ties with him . Cunanan then turns to drugs and outs Jeff Trail to his father in a postcard , causing Trail to threaten him before moving to Minneapolis . Following a severe , drug - fueled bout of depression , Cunanan reunites with his mother Mary Ann and tells her he is going to Minneapolis . 7 7 `` Ascent '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton Tom Rob Smith March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 3WAX06 0.92 In 1992 , Versace pressures Donatella into taking over the company after his death . Following a failed attempt to collaborate on a dress for the Vogue anniversary gala , Versace is diagnosed with ear cancer and travels to Miami to recover , forcing Donatella to take the reins . That same year , Cunanan , who is living with Mary Ann , starts working as a gay escort for older men . He develops a relationship with architect Lincoln Aston , a close friend of Norman Blachford , only for Aston to break up with him after discovering he and David Madson spent the night together . Cunanan 's attempt to reconcile with Aston ends with him witnessing Aston 's brutal murder . Cunanan then moves out of his mother 's apartment following an argument and uses Aston 's death to develop a relationship with Blachford , who lets him move into his house . 8 8 `` Creator / Destroyer '' Matt Bomer Tom Rob Smith and Maggie Cohn March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 3WAX08 1.00 In 1957 Italy , a young Versace starts designing clothes under tutelage from his dressmaker mother . In 1980 , a young Cunanan receives preferential treatment from his stockbroker father Modesto , who abuses his mother and siblings . Seven years later , Cunanan juggles attending private school and secretly dating older men . Modesto , meanwhile , flees to Manila after being fired for embezzling from elderly clients and learning that he is wanted by the FBI , leaving his family penniless . Cunanan tracks him down and confronts him over the charges only to be rejected . Upon returning to the United States , Cunanan applies for a job at a pharmacy , where he tells the manager that Modesto owns pineapple plantations . 9 9 `` Alone '' Daniel Minahan Tom Rob Smith March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) 3WAX09 1.20 On the evening of July 15 , 1997 , Cunanan hides in a Miami Beach houseboat in an attempt to evade both local and federal authorities . Over the course of the next two days , Cunanan attempts to leave the island city only to continue hiding due to the strong police presence . As the authorities interrogate Mary Ann and Ronnie , Marilyn grapples with the fact that he has gone unpunished . At the same time , Cunanan 's friend Elizabeth Cote appeals to him in a television interview , David Madson 's father insists his son is a victim , and Modesto uses Cunanan 's story in an attempt to get attention . On July 22 , 1997 , as Versace is buried in his family vault near Lake Como , Italy , Donatella tells Antonio he can not reside in the house that he was promised . The next morning , the authorities corner Cunanan only for him to shoot himself in the mouth . Cunanan is later buried in a public mausoleum while Donatella prepares to meet with Versace 's lawyers and Antonio attempts suicide . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story was picked up on October 18 , 2016 , and was announced as the third season of the series , following the season about Katrina . The announcement also revealed that English author Tom Rob Smith would be the writer of multiple episodes of the season , including the first two , while executive producer Ryan Murphy would be directing the season premiere . Following the airing of the first season 's finale in April 2016 , it was revealed that series creators Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski would not be returning for the second season . In June 2017 , it was announced that Katrina would not begin production until early 2018 and that Versace would air in early 2018 , replacing Katrina as the show 's official second installment . On October 2 , 2017 , American Horror Story veteran Matt Bomer was announced as the director of the eighth episode , making it his directorial debut . During its production , the working title of the season was American Crime Story : Versace / Cunanan . In December 2017 , after the first public screening , it was revealed that Versace would have nine episodes , despite being originally reported to consist of ten episodes . Casting ( edit ) In February 2017 , Édgar Ramírez and Darren Criss joined the cast of The Assassination of Gianni Versace as Gianni Versace and Andrew Cunanan , respectively . Murphy confirmed the reports announcing Lady Gaga would portray Donatella Versace in The Assassination of Gianni Versace were false ; Penélope Cruz was later cast in the role . In April 2017 , it was announced that Ricky Martin was joining the cast of The Assassination of Gianni Versace as Antonio D'Amico , Versace 's longtime partner . On April 28 , 2017 , Annaleigh Ashford was seen filming on the set of The Assassination of Gianni Versace with Criss . On June 21 , 2017 , it was announced through Entertainment Weekly that Ashford 's role in the series would be as Elizabeth Cote , a friend of Cunanan 's since high school , while Nico Evers - Swindell would play her husband , Philip Merrill . On May 5 , 2017 , Murphy announced via his Instagram account that Max Greenfield joined the casting , by publishing a photo of Greenfield and Criss on the set . On June 21 , 2017 , it was announced that Finn Wittrock will star in The Assassination of Gianni Versace , playing Jeffrey Trail , Cunanan 's first victim . In November 2017 , the official Twitter account for the series revealed that Judith Light and Dascha Polanco are part of the cast . In December 2017 , the official webpage for the series released cast and character bios revealing that Max Greenfield would play Ronnie , whilst confirming the casting of Judith Light as Marilyn Miglin , Dascha Polanco as Detective Lori Wieder , Jon Jon Briones as Modesto Cunanan , Cody Fern as David Madson , and Mike Farrell as Lee Miglin . Filming ( edit ) According to multiple set reports and photos , principal photography of season 2 took place at the beginning of May 2017 , in Miami . As revealed by Darren Criss via his Twitter account , shooting ended during the week of November 13 . Promotion ( edit ) In September 2017 , FX released the first promotional teaser for The Assassination of Gianni Versace , showing doves sitting outside Versace 's former mansion and flying away when two gunshots ring out . A second teaser was released that same month , depicting Versace 's sister Donatella placing flowers on a casket . In October , a new teaser was released , depicting some police radio communications as a black clothes cover , with the name Versace on it , is being closed . The same month , a second teaser was released , showing Donatella kissing the stairs where Gianni was murdered , before entering in his mansion . On Halloween day , FX aired a new promotional video during a commercial break of the ninth episode of American Horror Story : Cult , which announced that the season would premiere on January 17 , 2018 . In November 2017 , four new teasers were released . The first one shows Versace relaxing next to his pool , as Cunanan comes out of it . The second one depicts D'Amico leaving Gianni 's house , as he hears two gunshots ( the unseen murder ) and runs to see what happened ; while a voice - over by Ricky Martin as D'Amico says that he was Gianni 's partner and lover . The third one shows Donatella and Gianni hugging and watching themselves in front of a mirror , as the latter tells his sister that she would be Versace without him . The fourth one depicts a running sewing machine , which ends up having some issues and not being able to finish its work . On November 15 , 2017 , the first full trailer for the season was released via the Twitter account of the series . It shows some moments of Cunanan 's unstable past and the first aftermaths of Versace 's assassination . The same day , it was announced that the first episode of the season would be available five days before the official premiere for FX+ subscribers . On November 28 , 2017 , FX released a new short trailer depicting the main cast of the season : Cruz , Ramírez , Martin and Criss ; while a voice - over by Criss as Cunanan reveals how he feels the same as Versace . In December 2017 , more teasers were released . The first one opposes Versace and Cunanan as they speak about themselves and their past . The second one features a Versace fashion show where models start crying , as news reports about Versace 's death are being heard . The third one shows Cunanan trying to convince someone that he really has a date with Versace , while the scene is being cut by shots of the assassination and its aftermaths . The fourth one features Donatella Versace in a black dress for her brother 's funeral ; the fifth one shows different rooms of Versace 's mansion , with multiple voice - overs by different characters ; and the sixth one features a showering Cunanan , surrounding his face with duct tape , as Max Greenfield 's Ronnie asks him what he is doing . On December 28 , a first look at the series was released , with multiple interviews from the crew and the cast . That same day , a new teaser was also revealed , depicting Cunanan as he is about to kill his sexual partner and then Versace . At the start of January 2018 , a new teaser was released . It features Cunanan changing the license plate of his car and greeting a young girl , while a voice - over is saying that the police are looking for him and that he is very dangerous . On January 16 , 2018 , the full red band trailer was released , and a short version premiered the next day . Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) The second season of American Crime Story received positive reviews from critics . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season an approval rating of 86 % based on 81 reviews , with an average rating of 7.02 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Assassination of Versace starts with a bang and unfurls slowly , moving backward through an intricate ( and occasionally convoluted ) murder mystery anchored by a career - defining performance from Darren Criss . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 74 out of 100 , based on 35 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Reaction from individuals involved ( edit ) In January 2018 , the Versace family released a statement criticizing the series . They explained they have `` neither authorized nor had any involvement whatsoever '' in the production of the season , before adding that it `` should only be considered as a work of fiction . '' Executive producer Ryan Murphy answered that the series was `` not a work of fiction '' as it is based on a non-fiction book , Maureen Orth 's Vulgar Favors , and that the production team and FX stand by the author and her work . Comparing it to The People v. O.J. Simpson , Murphy added that the season is `` a work of non-fiction obviously with docudrama elements , '' and not a documentary . Following this answer , the Versace family released a second statement , still slamming the series as `` a work of fiction '' because `` the Orth book itself is full of gossip and speculation . '' They also heavily criticized Orth 's work , calling it an `` effort to create a sensational story '' with `` second - hand hearsay that is full of contradictions . '' They gave the example of Gianni Versace 's medical condition , as Orth claims that Versace was HIV positive at the time of his death . Antonio D'Amico also criticized the series , deeming some scenes as `` ridiculous '' and insisting that `` so much has been fictionalised '' . He also revealed that he does not plan to watch it , but that he would have been happy if Ricky Martin , who plays his role , got in contact to get some insight into his relationship with Versace . According to Ryan Murphy , Donatella Versace was very supportive that Penélope Cruz played her role . As Cruz and Versace are friends , Murphy explained that , when he offered her the role , Cruz asked the permission of Versace before agreeing to do it . He also revealed that , while Cruz was representing the series at the 75th Golden Globe Awards , Versace `` very graciously sent ( her ) a lovely and huge flower arrangement saying ' good luck . ' '' Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Man Who Would Be Vogue '' January 17 , 2018 0.7 2.22 0.6 1.76 1.3 3.98 `` Manhunt '' January 24 , 2018 0.4 1.42 0.7 1.98 1.1 3.40 `` A Random Killing '' January 31 , 2018 0.4 1.26 0.7 1.94 1.1 3.20 `` House by the Lake '' February 7 , 2018 0.3 0.98 0.6 1.79 0.9 2.77 5 `` Do n't Ask Do n't Tell '' February 14 , 2018 0.2 0.91 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` Descent '' February 28 , 2018 0.3 1.10 0.6 1.58 0.9 2.68 7 `` Ascent '' March 7 , 2018 0.3 0.92 0.5 1.55 0.8 2.47 8 `` Creator / Destroyer '' March 14 , 2018 0.3 1.00 0.5 1.57 0.8 2.57 9 `` Alone '' March 21 , 2018 0.3 1.20 0.6 1.62 0.9 2.82 American Crime Story : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 The People v. O.J. Simpson 5.12 3.90 3.34 3.00 2.73 3.00 2.89 2.91 2.76 3.27 The Assassination of Gianni Versace 2.22 1.42 1.26 0.98 0.91 1.10 0.92 1.00 1.20 N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) Year Association Category Nominated artist / work Result 2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Performance in a Show Darren Criss Pending Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This episode was available five days before the official premiere for FX+ subscribers . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` American Crime Story : Versace Gets January Premiere Date on FX '' . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Crime Story ' Renewed By FX For Season 3 , Will Take On Versace Murder '' . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Assassination of Gianni Versace : 6 Things We Learned From FX 's First Screening '' . Variety . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orth , Maureen ( 1999 ) . Vulgar Favors : Andrew Cunanan , Gianni Versace , and the Largest Failed Manhunt in U.S. History ( 1st ; Hardcover ed . ) . Delacorte Press . ISBN 9780385332866 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Assassination Of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story ' : FX+ Subscribers Get Early Peek At First Episode '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.17. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.24. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2018 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 3.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 3.14. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 3.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Crime Story ' : 10 Things to Know About Season 2 '' . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Assassination of Gianni Versace is now officially FX 's next American Crime Story ' '' . EW.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Matt Bomer Joins American Crime Story : Versace -- But There 's a Twist '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Ricky ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Who showed up on set ? '' . Instagram . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Ricky ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ¡ Más escenas ! Esto sigue . @ americancrimestoryfx January 17th , 2018 DONT MISS IT '' . Instagram . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Edgar Ramirez & Darren Criss To Star In ' Versace : American Crime Story ' On FX '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga to Portray Donatella Versace in ' American Crime Story ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Lady Gaga Will Not Play Donatella Versace in FX 's ' American Crime Story ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Penélope Cruz To Play Donatella Versace In FX 's ' Versace : American Crime Story ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . March 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Ricky Martin To Co-Star In ' Versace : American Crime Story ' FX Limited Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alex 's Blog '' . Alex 's Blog . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Photos of ' The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` Max Greenfield Boards ' Versace : American Crime Story ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` American Horror Story star Finn Wittrock joining The Assassination of Gianni Versace '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : Meredith Corporation . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Uncover the crime . Follow to PREVIEW The Assassination of Gianni Versace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` From creator Ryan Murphy . Follow to PREVIEW The Assassination of Gianni Versace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story '' . FX Networks . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Askew , Susan ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` FX `` American Crime Story : Versace '' Filming `` . Re : MiamiBeach . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Darren Criss ( @ DarrenCriss ) ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` It 's been a crazy 8 months . To celebrate our final week of shooting , I give you the first trailer for # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` American Crime Story : Watch the first teaser for The Assassination of Gianni Versace '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` American Crime Story : Donatella mourns her brother in new Assassination of Gianni Versace teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` A dark obsession . A startling truth . The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story premieres in 2018 on FX . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Penelope Cruz is Donatella Versace . The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story premieres in 2018 on FX . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` A troubled path . A dangerous obsession . The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story premieres January 17 on FX . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` The day genius was taken away . The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story premieres January 17 on FX . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` What is it without him ? The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story premieres January 17 on FX . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Stitch together the path of obsession . The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story premieres January 17 on FX . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the OFFICIAL TRAILER for # ACSVersace . The next installment of FX 's award - winning original series premieres January 17 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Penelope Cruz , Edgar Ramirez , Ricky Martin , and Darren Criss star in # ACSVersace . The next installment of FX 's award - winning series premieres January 17 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` The murders were n't famous until the victim was . The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story premieres January 17on FX . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` A mogul . A murder . A manhunt . The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story premieres January 17 . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` He craved attention . He killed for fame . The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story premieres 1 / 17 on FX . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` She was left to pick up the pieces . # ACSVersace premieres 1 / 17 on FX '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Who would kill for a life they can not have ? See the truth behind The Assassination of Gianni Versace . FX 's award - winning series returns 1 / 17 . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( December 23 , 2017 ) . `` Everyone would know what he did . The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story premieres 1 / 17 on FX . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` See the story behind the largest failed manhunt in US history . Get a FIRST LOOK at the second installment of FX 's award - winning limited series , The Assassination of Gianni Versace . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Serial liar . Serial killer . The Assassination of Gianni Versace , the next installment of FX 's award - winning American Crime Story , premieres January 17 . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Did he fit the profile ? # ACSVersace premieres 1 / 17 , only on @ fxnetworks . @ DarrenCriss '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` He wanted to be famous ... So he killed a man who was . Watch the RED BAND trailer for the next installment of FX 's American Crime Story , The Assassination of Gianni Versace . # ACSVersace premieres tomorrow at 10p '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ AmericanCrimeStoryFX ( @ ACSFX ) ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` This tragedy had many sides . The Assassination of Gianni Versace , the next installment of FX 's award - winning series returns TONIGHT at 10p on FX . # ACSVersace '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` American Crime Story : The Assassination of Gianni Versace ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Ryan Murphy responds to Versace family : ' It is not a work of fiction ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Versace family releases second statement slamming ' bogus ' American Crime Story and author Maureen Orth '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Giuffrida , Angela ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' My life was torn in two when Gianni was shot ' -- Versace 's lover breaks silence '' . The Observer . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Assassination of Gianni Versace ' posts solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 15 - 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Waco ' premiere doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 22 - 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Alienist ' doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 29 - Feb. 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Assassination of Gianni Versace ' posts more big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' stays atop the cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 26 - March 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Atlanta ' and ' The Alienist ' make more solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 5 -- 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Fosters ' finale doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Krypton ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 19 -- 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American Crime Story : People v OJ Simpson : ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Assassination of Gianni Versace : American Crime Story on IMDb ( hide ) American Crime Story Cast members The People v. O.J. Simpson O.J. Simpson murder case O.J. Simpson Marcia Clark Johnnie Cochran Robert Kardashian Robert Shapiro Christopher Darden Lance Ito Gil Garcetti F. Lee Bailey The Assassination of Gianni Versace Gianni Versace Andrew Cunanan Donatella Versace Antonio D'Amico Source material Jeffrey Toobin ( The Run of His Life ) Maureen Orth ( Vulgar Favors ) Sheri Fink ( Five Days at Memorial ) Category Awards template Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Assassination_of_Gianni_Versace:_American_Crime_Story&oldid=842523279 '' Categories : 2018 American television seasons 2018 American television series debuts American Crime Story seasons American LGBT - related television shows Fashion - themed television series Fictional portrayals of the Chicago Police Department Fictional portrayals of the Miami - Dade Police Department Gay - related television programs Murder in television Television shows about death Films about death Serial killers in television Television series set in 1990 Television series set in 1992 Television series set in 1994 Television series set in 1995 Television series set in 1996 Television series set in 1997 Television shows set in California Television shows set in Chicago Television shows set in Miami Television shows set in Minnesota Television shows set in San Diego True crime television series Versace Works about assassinations in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 00 : 55 . 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who is playing versace in american crime story
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"Édgar Ramírez as Gianni Versace"
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"Édgar Ramírez"
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Semen
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Semen - wikipedia Semen Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Semen ( disambiguation ) . Spermatozoa , in this case human , are a primary component in normal semen , and the agents of fertilization of the female ova Semen , also known as seminal fluid , is an organic fluid that may contain spermatozoa . It is secreted by the gonads ( sexual glands ) and other sexual organs of male or hermaphroditic animals and can fertilize female ova . In humans , seminal fluid contains several components besides spermatozoa : proteolytic and other enzymes as well as fructose are elements of seminal fluid which promote the survival of spermatozoa , and provide a medium through which they can move or `` swim '' . Semen is produced and originates from the seminal vesicle , which is located in the pelvis . The process that results in the discharge of semen is called ejaculation . Semen is also a form of genetic material . In animals , semen has been collected for cryoconservation . Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is a practice that calls for the collection of genetic material in efforts for conservation of a particular breed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physiology 1.1 Fertilization 1.2 Human semen 1.2. 1 Composition 1.2. 2 Appearance and consistency 1.3 Quality 1.4 Quantity 1.4. 1 Increasing semen volume 1.5 Storage 2 Health 2.1 Disease transmission 2.2 Blood in semen ( hematospermia ) 2.3 Semen allergy 2.4 Benefits to females 3 Society and culture 3.1 Qigong 3.2 Greek philosophy 3.3 Sacred semen 3.4 Semen in espionage 3.5 Ingestion 3.5. 1 Cultural practices 3.5. 2 Spiritual views 3.5. 3 Sexual practices 3.6 Euphemisms 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Physiology Fertilization Depending on the species , spermatozoa can fertilize ova externally or internally . In external fertilization , the spermatozoa fertilize the ova directly , outside of the female 's sexual organs . Female fish , for example , spawn ova into their aquatic environment , where they are fertilized by the semen of the male fish . During internal fertilization , however , fertilization occurs inside the female 's sexual organs . Internal fertilization takes place after insemination of a female by a male through copulation . In most vertebrates , including amphibians , reptiles , birds and monotreme mammals , copulation is achieved through the physical mating of the cloaca of the male and female . In marsupial and placental mammals , copulation occurs through the vagina . Human semen Composition During the process of ejaculation , sperm passes through the ejaculatory ducts and mixes with fluids from the seminal vesicles , the prostate , and the bulbourethral glands to form the semen . The seminal vesicles produce a yellowish viscous fluid rich in fructose and other substances that makes up about 70 % of human semen . The prostatic secretion , influenced by dihydrotestosterone , is a whitish ( sometimes clear ) , thin fluid containing proteolytic enzymes , citric acid , acid phosphatase and lipids . The bulbourethral glands secrete a clear secretion into the lumen of the urethra to lubricate it . Sertoli cells , which nurture and support developing spermatocytes , secrete a fluid into seminiferous tubules that helps transport sperm to the genital ducts . The ductuli efferentes possess cuboidal cells with microvilli and lysosomal granules that modify the ductal fluid by reabsorbing some fluid . Once the semen enters the ductus epididymis the principal cells , which contain pinocytotic vessels indicating fluid reabsorption , secrete glycerophosphocholine which most likely inhibits premature capacitation . The accessory genital ducts , the seminal vesicle , prostate glands , and the bulbourethral glands , produce most of the seminal fluid . Seminal plasma of humans contains a complex range of organic and inorganic constituents . The seminal plasma provides a nutritive and protective medium for the spermatozoa during their journey through the female reproductive tract . The normal environment of the vagina is a hostile one for sperm cells , as it is very acidic ( from the native microflora producing lactic acid ) , viscous , and patrolled by immune cells . The components in the seminal plasma attempt to compensate for this hostile environment . Basic amines such as putrescine , spermine , spermidine and cadaverine are responsible for the smell and flavor of semen . These alkaline bases counteract and buffer the acidic environment of the vaginal canal , and protect DNA inside the sperm from acidic denaturation . The components and contributions of semen are as follows : Gland ( s ) Approximate fraction Description testes 2 -- 5 % Approximately 200 - to 500 - million spermatozoa ( also called sperm or spermatozoans ) , produced in the testes , are released per ejaculation . If a man has undergone a vasectomy , he will have no sperm in the ejaculation . seminal vesicles 65 -- 75 % amino acids , citrate , enzymes , flavins , fructose ( 2 -- 5 mg per mL semen , the main energy source of sperm cells , which rely entirely on sugars from the seminal plasma for energy ) , phosphorylcholine , prostaglandins ( involved in suppressing an immune response by the female against the foreign semen ) , proteins , vitamin C prostate 25 -- 30 % acid phosphatase , citric acid , fibrinolysin , prostate specific antigen , proteolytic enzymes , zinc ( the zinc level is about 135 ± 40 micrograms / ml for healthy men . Zinc serves to help to stabilize the DNA - containing chromatin in the sperm cells . A zinc deficiency may result in lowered fertility because of increased sperm fragility . Zinc deficiency can also adversely affect spermatogenesis . ) bulbourethral glands < 1 % galactose , mucus ( serve to increase the mobility of sperm cells in the vagina and cervix by creating a less viscous channel for the sperm cells to swim through , and preventing their diffusion out of the semen . Contributes to the cohesive jelly - like texture of semen . ) , pre-ejaculate , sialic acid A 1992 World Health Organization report described normal human semen as having a volume of 2 ml or greater , pH of 7.2 to 8.0 , sperm concentration of 20 × 10 spermatozoa / ml or more , sperm count of 40 × 10 spermatozoa per ejaculate or more , and motility of 50 % or more with forward progression ( categories a and b ) of 25 % or more with rapid progression ( category a ) within 60 minutes of ejaculation . A 2005 review of the literature found that the average reported physical and chemical properties of human semen were as follows : Property Per 100 mL In average volume ( 3.4 mL ) Calcium ( mg ) 27.6 0.938 Chloride ( mg ) 142 4.83 Citrate ( mg ) 528 18.0 Fructose ( mg ) 272 9.25 Glucose ( mg ) 102 3.47 Lactic acid ( mg ) 62 2.11 Magnesium ( mg ) 11 0.374 Potassium ( mg ) 109 3.71 Protein ( g ) 5.04 0.171 Sodium ( mg ) 300 10.2 Urea ( mg ) 45 1.53 Zinc ( mg ) 16.5 0.561 Buffering capacity ( β ) 25 Osmolarity ( mOsm ) 354 pH 7.7 Viscosity ( cP ) 3 -- 7 Volume ( mL ) 3.4 Values for average volume have been calculated and rounded to three significant figures . All other values are those given in the review . Appearance and consistency Human semen in a petri dish Semen is typically translucent with white , grey or even yellowish tint . Blood in the semen can cause a pink or reddish colour , known as hematospermia , and may indicate a medical problem which should be evaluated by a doctor if the symptom persists . After ejaculation , the latter part of the ejaculated semen coagulates immediately , forming globules , while the earlier part of the ejaculate typically does not . After a period typically ranging from 15 -- 30 minutes , prostate - specific antigen present in the semen causes the decoagulation of the seminal coagulum . It is postulated that the initial clotting helps keep the semen in the vagina , while liquefaction frees the sperm to make their journey to the ova . A 2005 review found that the average reported viscosity of human semen in the literature was 3 -- 7 cP . Quality Main article : Semen quality Semen quality is a measure of the ability of semen to accomplish fertilization . Thus , it is a measure of fertility in a man . It is the sperm in the semen that is the fertile component , and therefore semen quality involves both sperm quantity and sperm quality . Quantity The volume of semen ejaculate varies but is generally about 1 teaspoonful or less . A review of 30 studies concluded that the average was around 3.4 milliliters ( ml ) , with some studies finding amounts as high as 5.0 ml or as low as 2.3 ml . In a study with Swedish and Danish men , a prolonged interval between ejaculations caused an increase of the sperm count in the semen but not an increase of its amount . Increasing semen volume Some dietary supplements have been marketed with claims to increase seminal volume . Like other supplements , including so - called herbal viagra , these are not approved or regulated by the Food and Drug Administration ( as licensed medications would be ) , and none of the claims have been scientifically verified . Similar claims are made about traditional aphrodisiac foods , with an equal lack of verification . Storage Semen can be stored in diluents such as the Illini Variable Temperature ( IVT ) diluent , which have been reported to be able to preserve high fertility of semen for over seven days . The IVT diluent is composed of several salts , sugars and antibacterial agents and gassed with CO . Semen cryopreservation can be used for far longer storage durations . For human sperm , the longest reported successful storage with this method is 21 years . Health Disease transmission Semen can transmit many sexually transmitted diseases and pathogens , including viruses like HIV and Ebola . Swallowing semen carries no additional risk other than those inherent in fellatio . This includes transmission risk for sexually transmitted diseases such as human papillomavirus ( HPV ) or herpes , especially for people with bleeding gums , gingivitis or open sores . Viruses in semen survive for a long time once outside the body . Blood in semen ( hematospermia ) Main article : Hematospermia The presence of blood in semen or hematospermia may be undetectable ( it only can be seen microscopically ) or visible in the fluid . Its cause could be the result of inflammation , infection , blockage , or injury of the male reproductive tract or a problem within the urethra , testicles , epididymis or prostate . It usually clears up without treatment , or with antibiotics , but if persistent further semen analysis and other urogenital system tests might be needed to find out the cause . Semen allergy In rare circumstances , humans can develop an allergy to semen , called human seminal plasma sensitivity . It appears as a typical localized or systemic allergic response upon contact with seminal fluid . There is no one protein in semen responsible for the reaction . Symptoms can appear after first intercourse or after subsequent intercourse . A semen allergy can be distinguished from a latex allergy by determining if the symptoms disappear with use of a condom . Desensitization treatments are often very successful . Benefits to females Females may benefit from absorbing seminal fluid . Such benefits include male insects transferring nutrients to females via their ejaculate ; in both humans and bovines the fluid has antiviral and antibacterial properties ; and useful bacteria such as Lactobacillus have been detected in fluid transferred from birds and mammals . Society and culture Qigong Qigong and Chinese medicine place huge emphasis on a form of energy called 精 ( pinyin : jīng , also a morpheme denoting `` essence '' or `` spirit '' ) -- which one attempts to develop and accumulate . `` Jing '' is sexual energy and is considered to dissipate with ejaculation so masturbation is considered `` energy suicide '' amongst those who practice this art . According to Qigong theory , energy from many pathways / meridians becomes diverted and transfers itself to the sexual organs during sexual excitement . The ensuing orgasm and ejaculation will then finally expel the energy from the system completely . The Chinese proverb 一滴 精 , 十 滴 血 ( pinyin : yì dī jīng , shí dī xuè , literally : a drop of semen is equal to ten drops of blood ) illustrates this point . The scientific term for semen in Chinese is 精液 ( pinyin : jīng yè , literally : fluid of essence / jing ) and the term for sperm is 精子 ( pinyin : jīng zǐ , literally : basic element of essence / jing ) , two modern terms with classical referents . Greek philosophy In Ancient Greece , Aristotle remarked on the importance of semen : `` For Aristotle , semen is the residue derived from nourishment , that is of blood , that has been highly concocted to the optimum temperature and substance . This can only be emitted by the male as only the male , by nature of his very being , has the requisite heat to concoct blood into semen . '' According to Aristotle , there is a direct connection between food and semen : `` Sperms are the excretion of our food , or to put it more clearly , as the most perfect component of our food . '' The connection between food and physical growth , on the one hand , and semen , on the other , allows Aristotle to warn against `` engag ( ing ) in sexual activity at too early an age ... ( since ) this will affect the growth of their bodies . Nourishment that would otherwise make the body grow is diverted to the production of semen . Aristotle is saying that at this stage the body is still growing ; it is best for sexual activity to begin when its growth is ' no longer abundant ' , for when the body is more or less at full height , the transformation of nourishment into semen does not drain the body of needed material . '' Additionally , `` Aristotle tells us that the region round the eyes was the region of the head most fruitful of seed ( '' most seedy '' σπερματικώτατος ) , pointing to generally recognised effects upon the eyes of sexual indulgence and to practices which imply that seed comes from liquid in the region of the eyes . '' This may be explained by the belief of the Pythagoreans that `` semen is a drop of the brain ( τὸ δε σπέρμα εἶναι σταγόνα ἐγκέφαλου ) . '' Greek Stoic philosophy conceived of the Logos spermatikos ( `` seminal word '' ) as the principle of active reason that fecundated passive matter . The Jewish philosopher Philo similarly spoke in sexual terms of the Logos as the masculine principle of reason that sowed seeds of virtue in the feminine soul . The Christian Platonist Clement of Alexandria likened the Logos to physical blood as the `` substance of the soul '' , and noted that some held `` that the animal semen is substantially foam of its blood '' . Clement reflected an early Christian view that `` the seed ought not be wasted nor scattered thoughtlessly nor sown in a way it can not grow . '' Women were believed to have their own version , which was stored in the womb and released during climax . Retention was believed to cause female hysteria . In Ancient Greek Religion as a whole , semen is considered a form of miasma , and ritual purification was to be practised after its discharge . Sacred semen In some pre-industrial societies , semen and other body fluids were revered because they were believed to be magical . Blood is an example of such a fluid , but semen was also widely believed to be of supernatural origin and effect and was , as a result , considered holy or sacred . Dew was once thought to be a sort of rain that fertilized the earth and , in time , became a metaphor for semen . The Bible employs the term `` dew '' in this sense in such verses as Song of Solomon 5 : 2 and Psalm 110 : 3 , declaring , in the latter verse , for example , that the people should follow only a king who was virile enough to be full of the `` dew '' of youth . It was widely believed in ancient times that gemstones were drops of divine semen which had coagulated after having fertilized the earth . There is an ancient Chinese belief that jade , in particular , was the dried semen of the celestial dragon . Based on the resemblance of dandelion juice to human semen , it was historically believed that the flower magically promoted the flow of sperm . This belief possibly derives from the doctrine of signatures . The orchid 's twin bulbs were thought to resemble the testicles , which is the etymology of the disease orchiditis . There was an ancient Roman belief that the flower sprang from the spilled semen of copulating satyrs . In primitive mythology around the world , semen is very often considered analogous to breast milk in some way . In the traditions of Bali , it is considered to be the returning or refunding of the milk of the mother in an alimentary metaphor . The wife feeds her husband who returns to her his semen , the milk of human kindness , as it were . In some systems of medical philosophy , such Herbert Nowell 's `` vital force '' theory , semen is regarded as the product of a complex physiological interaction between a man and a woman , rather than merely the product of the male reproductive system . Semen in espionage Semen stain on carpet observed with and without ultraviolet light When the British Secret Intelligence Service discovered that semen made a good invisible ink , Sir George Mansfield Smith - Cumming noted of his agents that `` Every man ( is ) his own stylo '' . Ingestion Cultural practices In some cultures , semen is considered to have special properties associated with masculinity . Several tribes of Papua New Guinea , including the Sambia and the Etoro , believe that semen promotes sexual maturation among the younger men of their tribe . To them , semen possesses the manly nature of the tribal elders , and in order to pass down their authority and powers , younger men of their next generation must fellate their elders and ingest their semen . Prepubescent and postpubescent males are required to engage in this practice . This act may also be associated with the culturally active homosexuality throughout these and other tribes . Spiritual views The church father Epiphanius records that the Borborites and other libertine Gnostic sects consumed semen as the Body of Christ . The Pistis Sophia and Testimony of Truth harshly condemn such practices . In the modern St. Priapus Church , consumption of semen in the presence of others is a form of worship . Sexual practices There are several sexual practices involving the ingestion of semen . They can be done with one or more partners , like snowballing , felching and creampie eating , or with multiple partners , like the practices of bukkake and gokkun , which originate from Japan . Euphemisms A huge variety of euphemisms and dysphemisms have been invented to describe semen . For a complete list of terms , see sexual slang . Common slang terms for semen include cum , jizz , spunk ( primarily British English ) , spooge and / or splooge , load , nut , and less commonly , love juice . The term cum sometimes also refers to an orgasm , while load is derived from the phrase blowing a load , referring to an ejaculation . See also Health and fitness portal Medicine portal Sexuality portal Cum shot Milt Semen extender Sperm donation Spermadhesin Spermatozoon Vaginal lubrication References ^ Jump up to : Mann , T ( 1954 ) . `` The Biochemistry of Semen '' . London : Methuen & Co ; New York : John Wiley & Sons . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Guyton , Arthur C. ( 1991 ) . Textbook of Medical Physiology ( 8th ed . ) . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders . pp. 890 -- 891 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 3994 - 1 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Clare ( 1948 ) . `` Relation between the Volume and Fructose Content of Human Semen '' . Nature . 162 ( 4125 ) : 812 . PMID 18121921 . doi : 10.1038 / 162812a0 . Jump up ^ Canale , D. ; Bartelloni , M. ; Negroni , A. ; Meschini , P. ; Izzo , P.L. ; Bianchi , B. ; Menchini - Fabris , G.F. ( 1986 ) . `` Zinc in human semen '' . International Journal of Andrology. 9 ( 6 ) : 477 -- 80 . PMID 3570537 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2605.1986. tb00909. x . Jump up ^ World Health Organization ( 2003 ) . Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Semen -- Cervical Mucus Interaction , 4th edition . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 64599 - 9 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , D.H. ; Katz , DF ( 2005 ) . `` A Review of the Physical and Chemical Properties of Human Semen and the Formulation of a Semen Simulant '' . Journal of Andrology. 26 ( 4 ) : 459 -- 69 . PMID 15955884 . doi : 10.2164 / jandrol. 04104 . Jump up ^ `` HealthCentral.com - Trusted , Reliable and Up To Date Health Information '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gallup , Gordon G ; Burch , Rebecca L ( 2004 ) . `` ( Semen Displacement as a Sperm Competition Strategy in Humans ) '' ( PDF ) . Evolutionary Psychology . 2 ( 5 ) : 12 -- 23 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dean , Dr. John . `` Semen and sperm quality '' . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Baker , R ( 1993 ) . `` Human sperm competition : Ejaculate adjustment by males and the function of masturbation '' . Animal Behaviour. 46 ( 5 ) : 861 . doi : 10.1006 / anbe. 1993.1271 . Jump up ^ Balk , S.P. ; Ko , YJ ; Bubley , GJ ( 2003 ) . `` Biology of Prostate - Specific Antigen '' . Journal of Clinical Oncology. 21 ( 2 ) : 383 -- 91 . PMID 12525533 . doi : 10.1200 / JCO. 2003.02. 083 . Jump up ^ Richthoff , J. ; Rylander , L ; Hagmar , L ; Malm , J ; Giwercman , A ( 2002 ) . `` Higher sperm counts in Southern Sweden compared with Denmark '' . Human Reproduction. 17 ( 9 ) : 2468 -- 73 . PMID 12202443 . doi : 10.1093 / humrep / 17.9. 2468 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , PF ( 1993 ) . `` The potential impact of sperm encapsulation technology on the importance of timing of artificial insemination : A perspective in the light of published work '' . Reproduction , Fertility and Development . 5 ( 6 ) : 691 -- 9 . PMID 9627729 . doi : 10.1071 / RD9930691 . Jump up ^ `` Child born after 21 year semen storage using Planer controlled rate freezer '' ( Press release ) . Planer . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Poiani , Aldo ( July 2006 ) . `` Complexity of Seminal Fluid : A Review '' . Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 60 ( 3 ) : 295 -- 296 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doctors sweat over whether Ebola positive man spread virus - Times of India '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Sara . The Gynecological Sourcebook , McGraw - Hill Professional , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 140279 - 9 p151 Jump up ^ Dianne Hales ( 2008 ) . An Invitation to Health Brief 2010 - 2011 . Cengage Learning . pp. 269 -- 271 . ISBN 0495391921 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Jonathan A. ( 2011 ) . `` Human Seminal Plasma Hypersensitivity : An Under - Recognized Women 's Health Issue '' . Postgraduate Medicine . doi : 10.3810 / pgm. 2011.01. 2253 . Jump up ^ Sublett , J. Wesley ; Bernstein , Jonathan A. ( 2011 ) . `` Seminal Plasma Hypersensitivity Reactions : An Updated Review '' . Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine . doi : 10.1002 / msj. 20283 . Jump up ^ Qigong Bible , Chapter # 8 , by Gary J. Clyman . Contribution To Clyman 's Book by Frank Ranz , January 1989 Jump up ^ `` Home '' . hunyuantaijiacademy.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Salmon , J.B. ; L. Foxhall ( 1998 ) . Thinking Men : Masculinity and Its Self - representation in the Classical Tradition . Routledge . p. 158 . Jump up ^ Sumathipala , A. ( 2004 ) . `` Culture - bound syndromes : The story of dhat syndrome '' . The British Journal of Psychiatry . 184 ( 3 ) : 200 -- 9 . PMID 14990517 . doi : 10.1192 / bjp. 184.3. 200 . Jump up ^ Aristotle ( 1997 ) . Politics . Richard Kraut ( trans . ) . Oxford UP . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 875114 - 4 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Onians , R.B. ( 1951 ) . The Origins of European Thought . Cambridge . p. 203 . ISBN 0 - 405 - 04853 - X . Jump up ^ Diogenes Laertius , Life of Pythagoras , 19 . Archived 2016 - 04 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Smith , Justin E.H. ( 2006 ) . The Problem of Animal Generation in Early Modern Philosophy . Montreal : Concordia University . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 511 - 21763 - 0 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Tripolitis , Antonia ( 2002 ) . Religions of the Hellenistic - Roman Age . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . pp. 37 -- 38 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4913 - X . Jump up ^ `` And when she ( intelligence ) lives as a comely wife with comely Reason ( Logos ) , that is with virtuous Reason , this self - same Reason himself undertakes the care of her , sowing , like a husband , the most excellent concepts in her . '' Philo , De Spec . Leg. , § 7 . Mead , G.R.S ( 1906 ) . `` Philo of Alexandria and the Hellenistic Theology '' . Thrice Greatest Hermes : Studies in Hellenistic Theosophy and Gnosis . I. London and Benares : The Theosophical Publishing Society . p. 222 . ISBN 0 - 87728 - 947 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` And that the blood is the Word , is testified by the blood of Abel , the righteous interceding with God . '' Clement of Alexandria , The Paedagogus , 1 , 47 . Jump up ^ Cf . Leviticus 17 : 14 ; Clement of Alexandria , The Paedagogus , 1 , 39 . Jump up ^ Clement of Alexandria , The Paedagogus , 1 , 48 . Jump up ^ Clement of Alexandria , The Paedagogus , 2 , 91 . See also : Onan . Jump up ^ Roach , Mary ( 2009 ) . Bonk : the curious coupling of science and sex . New York : W.W. Norton & Co. p. 214 . ISBN 9780393334791 . Jump up ^ Parker , Robert . 1996 . Miasma : Pollution and Purification in Early Greek Religion . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Song of Solomon 5 : 2 KJV - I sleep , but my heart waketh : it is the Bible Gateway Jump up ^ Psalm 110 : 3 KJV - Thy people shall be willing in the day Bible Gateway Jump up ^ Walker , Barbara ( October 19 , 1988 ) . The Woman 's Dictionary of Symbols and Sacred Objects ( Trade PB ) . San Francisco : HarperSanFrancisco . p. 576 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 250923 - 3 . Retrieved February 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bellows , Laura J. ( 2003 ) . Personhood , procreative fluids , and power : re-thinking hierarchy in Bali . OCLC 224223971 . Jump up ^ The Independent review of The Quest for C : Mansfield Cumming and the founding of the British Secret Service by Alan Judd Jump up ^ Robert T. Francoeur , Raymond J. Noonan ( 2004 ) The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality p. 819 Jump up ^ Hank Hyena ( September 16 , 1999 ) . `` Semen Warriors Of New Guinea '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Herdt , Gilbert ( editor ) ( January 28 , 1993 ) . Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08096 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Epiphanius , Panarion , 26 , 4 . Jump up ^ I.e. , the Simonians ; Epiphanius , Panarion , 21 , 4 . Jump up ^ `` We have heard that there are men on the earth who take the sperm of men and the flux of women , and mix them with lentils and eat them , saying , ' We believe in Esau and Jacob ' '' ( 386 -- 387 ) . Mead , G.R.S ( 1896 ) . Pistis Sophia . London : The Theosophical Publishing Society . p. 390 . ISBN 1 - 4179 - 1276 - 6 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Marvin ( 2007 ) . `` The Testimony of Truth '' . The Nag Hammadi Scriptures . trans . Birger A. Pearson . Harper Collins . p. 624 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 052378 - 7 . Jump up ^ J. Gordon Melton ( 1996 , 5th ed . ) . Encyclopedia of American Religions ( Detroit , Mich. : Gale ) ISBN 0 - 8103 - 7714 - 4 p. 952 . Jump up ^ NG Hatfield ( 31 May 2008 ) . `` Proper Use of Ejaculatory Slang : Male Finishing School , Part I '' . Points in Case . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Rafik , Amal . Passion Masters : Sex Secrets of a Forbidden Cult . Google Books : Blue Moon Books . ISBN 978 - 1562012007 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Semen . Grizard , G ; Sion , B ; Bauchart , D ; Boucher , D ( 2000 ) . `` Separation and quantification of cholesterol and major phospholipid classes in human semen by high - performance liquid chromatography and light - scattering detection '' . Journal of Chromatography B. 740 ( 1 ) : 101 -- 7 . PMID 10798299 . doi : 10.1016 / S0378 - 4347 ( 00 ) 00039 - 6 . SUNY Podcast -- Semen study results Hyena , Hank ( August 21 , 2000 ) . `` The quest for sweet semen '' . Salon.com . Salon Media Group , Inc . Outline of human sexuality Physiology and biology Erection Insemination Intersex Libido Orgasm Female and male ejaculation Pre-ejaculate Pregnancy Sexual arousal Health and education Birth control Condom Masters and Johnson Reproductive medicine Andrology Gynaecology Urology Safe sex Sex education Sex therapy Sexology Sexual dysfunction Erectile dysfunction Hypersexuality Hyposexuality Sexual medicine Sexual surrogate Sexually transmitted infection Identity and diversity Gender binary Gender identity Men who have sex with men Sexual identity Sexual orientation Women who have sex with women Law Age of consent Criminal transmission of HIV Child sexual abuse Incest Indecent exposure Obscenity Sexual abuse Rape Sexual assault Sexual harassment Sexual misconduct Sexual violence History Blue Movie Counterculture of the 1960s Feminist sex wars Golden Age of Porn History of erotic depictions `` Porno chic '' Sexual revolution Relationships and society Anarchism and love / sex Extramarital sex Family planning Flirting Marriage Modesty Paraphilia Polyamory Premarital sex Promiscuity Romance Sexual abstinence Sexual addiction Sexual attraction Sexual capital Sexual ethics Sexual objectification Sexual slang By country Ancient Rome China India Japan Philippines South Korea United States Sexual activities Anal sex Bareback BDSM Child sex Coprophilia Creampie Gang bang Emetophilia Fetishism Fingering Fisting Group sex Masturbation Mechanics of sex Nipple stimulation Non-penetrative sex Facial Foot fetishism Footjob Frot Handjob Mammary intercourse Sumata Oral sex 69 Anilingus Cunnilingus Fellatio Irrumatio Orgasm control Paraphilia Pompoir Quickie Sex positions Sexual fantasy Sexual fetishism Sexual intercourse Foreplay Sexual penetration Sexual sublimation Swinging Tribadism Urethral intercourse Urolagnia Virtual sex Cybersex Dirty talk Wet T - shirt contest Zoophilia Sex industry Red - light district Adult video games Erotica Pornography Film actor Prostitution Survival sex Sex museum Sex shop Sex tourism Child Female Sex worker Sex toy doll Strip club Webcam model Religion and sexuality Buddhism Christian demonology Daoism Islam Mormonism Sex magic Portal GND : 4056167 - 7 NDL : 00575486 NKC : ph482791 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semen&oldid=800109585 '' Categories : Semen Penis Body fluids Men 's health Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2013 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from September 2009 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 15 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where is seminal fluid stored in the body
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"Semen, also known as seminal fluid, is an organic fluid that may contain spermatozoa. It is secreted by the gonads (sexual glands) and other sexual organs of male or hermaphroditic animals and can fertilize female ova. In humans, seminal fluid contains several components besides spermatozoa: proteolytic and other enzymes as well as fructose are elements of seminal fluid which promote the survival of spermatozoa, and provide a medium through which they can move or \"swim\"."
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"gonads"
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Member states of NATO
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Member States of NATO - wikipedia Member States of NATO Jump to : navigation , search Current NATO members highlighted in blue Timeline of countries becoming NATO members . Dark blue marks countries that were already NATO members at the given time . Light blue marks new members . NATO ( the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ) is an international alliance that consists of 29 member states from North America and Europe . It was established at the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949 . Article Five of the treaty states that if an armed attack occurs against one of the member states , it should be considered an attack against all members , and other members shall assist the attacked member , with armed forces if necessary . Of the 29 member countries , two are located in North America ( Canada and the United States ) and 27 are European countries while Turkey is in Eurasia . All members have militaries , except for Iceland which does not have a typical army ( but does , however , have a coast guard and a small unit of civilian specialists for NATO operations ) . Three of NATO 's members are nuclear weapons states : France , the United Kingdom , and the United States . NATO has 12 original founding member nation states , and from 18 February 1952 to 6 May 1955 , it added three more member nations , and a fourth on 30 May 1982 . After the end of the Cold War , NATO added 13 more member nations ( 10 former Warsaw Pact members and three former Yugoslav republics ) from 12 March 1999 to 5 June 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Founding and changes in membership 2 Member states by date of membership 3 Military personnel 4 Military expenditures 4.1 Table 5 References Founding and changes in membership ( edit ) Main article : Enlargement of NATO NATO has added new members seven times since its founding in 1949 , and since 2017 NATO has had 29 members . Twelve countries were part of the founding of NATO : Belgium , Canada , Denmark , France , Iceland , Italy , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Norway , Portugal , the United Kingdom , and the United States . In 1952 , Greece and Turkey became members of the Alliance , joined later by West Germany ( in 1955 ) and Spain ( in 1982 ) . In 1990 , with the reunification of Germany , NATO grew to include the former country of East Germany . Between 1994 and 1997 , wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbors were set up , including the Partnership for Peace , the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative and the Euro - Atlantic Partnership Council . In 1997 , three former Warsaw Pact countries , Hungary , the Czech Republic , and Poland , were invited to join NATO . After this fourth enlargement in 1999 , the Vilnius group of The Baltics and seven East European countries formed in May 2000 to cooperate and lobby for further NATO membership . Seven of these countries joined in the fifth enlargement in 2004 . The Adriatic States Albania and Croatia joined in the sixth enlargement in 2009 , Montenegro in 2017 . Due to the 2016 -- 17 Turkish purges and Turkey 's turn to authoritarianism some have speculated that Turkey could be expelled from NATO . United States President Donald Trump has also expressed interest in withdrawing from the organization during the 2016 election campaign , and only recently stated the United States would protect allies in the event that Article V is invoked . Member States by date of membership ( edit ) Date Country Enlargement Notes 24 August 1949 Belgium Founders Canada Denmark Denmark 's NATO membership includes the Faroe Islands and Greenland . France France withdrew from the integrated military command in 1966 to pursue an independent defense system but returned to full participation on 3 April 2009 . Iceland Iceland , the sole member that does not have its own standing army , joined on the condition that it would not be expected to establish one . However , its strategic geographic position in the Atlantic made it an invaluable member . It has a Coast Guard and has recently contributed a voluntary peacekeeping force , trained in Norway for NATO . Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal United Kingdom United States 18 February 1952 Greece First Greece withdrew its forces from NATO 's military command structure from 1974 to 1980 as a result of Greco - Turkish tensions following the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus . Turkey 6 May 1955 Germany Second Commonly known as West Germany when it joined ; it later reunited with Saarland in 1957 and with the Berlin territories and East Germany on 3 October 1990 . East Germany was a member of the rival Warsaw Pact 1956 -- 1990 . 30 May 1982 Spain Third 12 March 1999 Czech Republic Fourth Member of the rival Warsaw Pact 1955 -- 1991 as part of Czechoslovakia . Hungary Member of the rival Warsaw Pact 1955 -- 1991 . Poland Member of the rival Warsaw Pact 1955 -- 1990 . 29 March 2004 Bulgaria Fifth Member of the rival Warsaw Pact 1955 -- 1991 . Estonia Member of the rival Warsaw Pact 1955 -- 1991 as part of the Soviet Union . Latvia Member of the rival Warsaw Pact 1955 -- 1991 as part of the Soviet Union . Lithuania Member of the rival Warsaw Pact 1955 -- 1990 as part of the Soviet Union . Romania Member of the rival Warsaw Pact 1955 -- 1991 . Slovakia Member of the rival Warsaw Pact 1955 -- 1991 as part of Czechoslovakia . Slovenia Previously part of Yugoslavia 1945 -- 1991 ( Non-aligned ) 1 April 2009 Albania Sixth Member of the rival Warsaw Pact 1955 -- 1968 . Croatia Previously part of Yugoslavia 1945 -- 1991 ( Non-aligned ) 5 June 2017 Montenegro Seventh Previously part of Yugoslavia 1945 -- 2006 ( Non-aligned ) Military personnel ( edit ) Country Active personnel Reserve personnel Total Albania 8,500 5,000 13,500 Belgium 24,500 100,500 125,000 Bulgaria 35,000 302,500 337,500 Canada 68,000 27,000 95,000 Croatia 18,000 180,000 198,000 Czech Republic 21,057 2,359 23,416 Denmark 20,003 63,000 83,003 Estonia 6,425 60,000 63,209 France 222,215 100,000 322,215 Germany 180,676 145,000 325,676 Greece 180,000 280,000 460,000 Hungary 29,700 8,400 38,100 Iceland 210 170 380 Italy 180,000 41,867 220,867 Latvia 6,000 11,000 17,000 Lithuania 15,839 4,550 20,389 Luxembourg 1,057 278 1,335 Montenegro 1,950 400 2,350 Netherlands 47,660 57,200 104,860 Norway 26,200 56,200 82,400 Poland 120,000 515,000 635,000 Portugal 44,900 210,930 255,830 Romania 73,350 79,900 153,250 Slovakia 16,000 16,000 Slovenia 7,300 1,500 8,801 Spain 123,000 16,200 139,200 Turkey 620,473 429,000 1,041,900 United Kingdom 205,851 181,720 387,571 United States 1,469,532 990,000 2,459,532 NATO 3,673,000 3,745,000 8,420,000 Military expenditures ( edit ) The United States spends more on the organization than all other members combined . Criticism of the organization by then newly elected US President Donald Trump caused various reactions from American and European political figures , ranging from ridicule to panic . Pew Research Center 's 2016 survey among its member states showed that while most countries viewed NATO positively , most NATO members preferred keeping their military spending the same . The response to whether their country should militarily aid another NATO country if it were to get into a serious military conflict with Russia was also mixed . Only in the US and Canada did more than 50 % of the people answer that they should . Table ( edit ) Country Population ( 2016 est . ) GDP ( nominal ) ( 2015 , US $ millions ) Military expenditures ( 2015 , US $ millions ) Military expenditures ( 2016 , % of GDP ) Defence expenditures , ( 2014 , US $ per capita ) Deployable military ( 2016 ) Albania 3,038,594 11,543 155 1.21 42.2 7,000 Belgium 11,409,077 454,687 4,953 0.85 468 29,000 Bulgaria 7,144,653 48,957 797 1.35 116 31,000 Canada 35,362,905 1,552,386 17,210 0.99 492 65,000 Croatia 4,313,707 48,850 904 1.23 204 15,000 Czech Republic 10,644,842 181,858 2,099 1.04 189 22,000 Denmark 5,593,785 294,951 4,130 1.14 796 16,000 Estonia 1,258,545 22,704 546 2.16 392 6,000 France 66,836,154 2,421,560 49,747 1.78 964 207,000 Germany 80,722,792 3,413,483 47,046 1.19 562 180,000 Greece 10,773,253 195,320 6,104 2.38 479 106,000 Hungary 9,874,784 120,636 1,225 1.01 118 18,000 Iceland 335,878 16,718 4.5 14.2 0 Italy 62,007,540 1,815,757 28,460 1.11 506 182,000 Latvia 1,965,686 27,048 341 1.45 150 5,000 Lithuania 2,854,235 41,267 566 1.49 126 13,000 Luxembourg 582,291 57,423 362 0.44 594 900 Montenegro 623,000 3,900 43 60 1950 Netherlands 17,016,967 738,419 10,476 1.17 600 41,000 Norway 5,265,158 389,482 7,377 1.54 1,328 20,000 Poland 38,523,261 474,893 12,603 275 103,000 Portugal 10,833,816 199,077 4,380 1.38 396 31,000 Romania 21,599,736 177,315 2,980 1.48 118 70,000 Slovakia 5,445,802 86,629 1,164 1.16 180 13,000 Slovenia 1,978,029 42,768 489 0.94 233 7,000 Spain 48,563,476 1,199,715 16,929 0.91 270 121,000 Turkey 80,274,604 733,642 17,669 1.56 298 411,000 United Kingdom 64,430,428 2,849,345 59,730 2.21 952 161,000 United States 323,995,528 16,348,875 595,472 3.61 1,891 1,305,000 NATO 932,645,526 36,211,501 904,913 2.9 934 3,515,000 Population data from CIA World Factbook GDP data from IMF Expenditure data ( except Iceland ) from SIPRI Military Expenditure Database , Icelandic data ( 2013 ) from Statistics Iceland Military personnel data from NATO Iceland has no armed forces . 2015 data . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The North Atlantic Treaty '' . North Atlantic Treaty Organization . 1949 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Erdogan 's purge may give Nato no choice but to expel Turkey from the alliance '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Wintour , Patrick ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` Turkey officials to demand extradition of Fethullah Gülen from US '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will Turkey be expelled from NATO ? '' . Al - Monitor. 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NATO and Turkey : Allies , not friends '' . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey 's NATO membership and move to cement ties with Russia '' . DailySabah . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Opinion : Turkey should be thrown out of NATO '' . Newsweek. 13 August 2016 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NATO members are supposed to be democratic . What happens when Turkey is n't ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Stanley ( 23 February 2016 ) . `` It 's Time to Kick Erdogan 's Turkey Out of NATO '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump threatens to quit NATO : White House official - France 24 '' . France 24 . 2017 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Landler , Michael D. Shear , Mark ; Kanter , James ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) . `` In NATO Speech , Trump Is Vague About Mutual Defense Pledge '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Lauter , David ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) . `` A glowing orb and a not - so - glowing review of the GOP healthcare bill : Trump 's week was filled with events he did n't control '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` North Atlantic Treaty '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of State . 2009 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Where Does The Relationship Between NATO And The U.S. Go From Here ? , Huffington Post Jump up ^ NATO allies boost defense spending in the wake of Trump criticism , The Washington Post Jump up ^ Former US ambassador to Nato in withering criticism of Donald Trump , The Independent Jump up ^ Shaken by Trump 's Criticism of NATO , Europe Mulls Building Own Military Force , Voice Of America Jump up ^ Support for NATO is widespread among member nations , Pew Research Jump up ^ U.S. would defend NATO despite Trump 's criticism , Europeans believe : study , Reuters ^ Jump up to : `` Table 3 : Defence expenditures as a percentage of gross domestic product and annual real change ( based on 2010 prices ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook Database April 2016 '' . International Monetary Fund . International Monetary Fund . April 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` SIPRI Military Expenditure Database 2015 '' ( XLS ) . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Central government total expenditure by function 1998 - 2013 '' . Statistics Iceland . Statistics Iceland . 2014 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Financial and Economic Data Relating to NATO Defence '' ( PDF ) . NATO . NATO . 24 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . ( hide ) North Atlantic Treaty Organization History North Atlantic Treaty Summit Operations Enlargement Structure Council Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe Air Command Land Command Maritime Command JFC Brunssum JFC Naples Allied Command Transformation Parliamentary Assembly Standardization Agreement People Secretary General Chairman of the Military Committee Supreme Allied Commander Europe Supreme Allied Commander Transformation Members Main members Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States Multilateral relations Atlantic Treaty Association Euro - Atlantic Partnership Council Mediterranean Dialogue Istanbul Cooperation Initiative Partnership for Peace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Member_states_of_NATO&oldid=806893343 '' Categories : NATO Countries by international organization Member states of NATO Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Cymraeg Eesti فارسی 한국어 Polski Română Русский Српски / srpski Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 20 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how many countries are in nato in 2017
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"Of the 29 member countries, two are located in North America (Canada and the United States) and 27 are European countries while Turkey is in Eurasia. All members have militaries, except for Iceland which does not have a typical army (but does, however, have a coast guard and a small unit of civilian specialists for NATO operations). Three of NATO's members are nuclear weapons states: France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. NATO has 12 original founding member nation states, and from 18 February 1952 to 6 May 1955, it added three more member nations, and a fourth on 30 May 1982. After the end of the Cold War, NATO added 13 more member nations (10 former Warsaw Pact members and three former Yugoslav republics) from 12 March 1999 to 5 June 2017."
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Coming to America
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Coming to America - wikipedia Coming to America This article is about the 1988 film . For other uses , see Coming to America ( disambiguation ) . Coming to America Theatrical release poster illustrated by Drew Struzan Directed by John Landis Produced by George Folsey , Jr . Robert D. Wachs Screenplay by David Sheffield Barry W. Blaustein Story by Eddie Murphy Starring Eddie Murphy Arsenio Hall James Earl Jones John Amos Madge Sinclair Shari Headley Music by Nile Rodgers Cinematography Sol Negrin Woody Omens Edited by Malcolm Campbell George Folsey , Jr . Production company Eddie Murphy Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 29 , 1988 ( 1988 - 06 - 29 ) Running time 117 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $39 million Box office $288,752,301 Coming to America is a 1988 American romantic comedy film directed by John Landis and based on a story originally created by Eddie Murphy , who also starred in the lead role . The film also co-stars Arsenio Hall , James Earl Jones , Shari Headley , and John Amos . The film was released in the United States on June 29 , 1988 . Eddie Murphy plays Akeem Joffer , the crown prince of the fictional African nation of Zamunda , who comes to the United States in the hopes of finding a woman he can marry . In 1989 , a pilot for a planned spin - off TV show was made , although this was never picked up for a series . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Reception 4.3 Awards 4.4 Lawsuit 5 Soundtrack 6 Legacy 6.1 Television pilot 6.2 Movie remakes 6.3 Influences in music 7 Planned sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot In the fictional wealthy African nation of Zamunda , crown prince Akeem Joffer lives a pampered life , but he wishes to do more for himself . When his parents , King Jaffe and Queen Aeoleon , present him with an arranged bride - to - be , Akeem takes action . Seeking an independent woman who loves him for himself and not his social status , Akeem and his best friend / personal aide , Semmi , travel to the New York City borough of Queens and rent a squalid tenement in the neighborhood of Long Island City under the guise of poor foreign students . Beginning their search for Akeem 's bride , they end up invited by some locals to a rally that is raising money for the inner city . During the rally , Akeem encounters Lisa McDowell , who possesses all the qualities he is looking for , and upon his insistence he and Semmi get entry - level jobs working at the local fast food restaurant called McDowell 's -- an obvious ripoff of McDonald 's -- owned by widower Cleo McDowell , Lisa 's father . Akeem 's attempts to win Lisa 's love are complicated by Lisa 's lazy and obnoxious boyfriend , Darryl Jenks ( Eriq La Salle ) , whose father owns Soul Glo ( a Jheri curl -- like hairstyling aid ) . After Darryl announces their engagement -- without Lisa 's consent -- to their families , she starts dating Akeem , who claims that he comes from a family of poor goat herders . Meanwhile , although Akeem thrives on hard work and learning how commoners live , Semmi is not comfortable with living in such meager conditions . After a dinner date with Lisa is thwarted when Semmi furnishes their apartment with a jacuzzi and other luxuries , Akeem confiscates his money and donates it to two homeless men . Semmi wires a telegraph to King Jaffe for more money , prompting Akeem 's parents to travel to Queens and expose his identity as a prince . Mr. McDowell , initially disapproving of Akeem as he did not want to see his daughter with a poor man , is ecstatic that he is actually an extremely wealthy prince . Lisa , however , becomes angry and confused that Akeem lied to her about his identity . Akeem explains that he wanted her to love him for who , not what , he is , even offering to renounce his throne ; but Lisa , still hurt and angry , refuses to marry him . Despondent , Akeem resigns himself to the arranged marriage , but as they leave , Jaffe is reprimanded by Aeoleon for clinging to out - dated traditions instead of thinking of his son 's happiness . At the wedding procession , a still - heartbroken Akeem waits at the altar as his veiled bride - to - be makes her way down the aisle , but when Akeem lifts the veil to kiss her , he finds Lisa in the wedding gown . Following the ceremony , they ride happily in a carriage to the cheers of Zamundans . Witnessing such splendor , Lisa is both surprised and touched by the fact that Akeem would have given it up just for her . Akeem offers again to abdicate if she does n't want this life , but Lisa playfully declines . Cast Eddie Murphy as Prince Akeem Joffer , the prince of Zamunda ; Randy Watson , a soul singer with the fictional band Sexual Chocolate . Eddie Murphy also plays Saul , the Jewish barbershop customer , as well as Clarence , the owner of the barber shop . Arsenio Hall as Semmi , Akeem 's friend ; Reverend Brown ; Morris the barber ; and an unattractive clubgoer . James Earl Jones as King Jaffe Joffer , Akeem 's father and King of Zamunda . John Amos as Cleo McDowell , Akeem 's employer and Lisa 's father . Madge Sinclair as Queen Aeoleon , Akeem 's mother and the Queen of Zamunda . Shari Headley as Lisa McDowell , Cleo 's oldest daughter and Akeem 's love interest . Paul Bates as Oha , a royal servant . Eriq La Salle as Darryl Jenks , Lisa 's boyfriend whom she eventually breaks up with . The cast also includes : Frankie Faison as Mr. Townsend , Akeem and Semmi 's landlord in Queens ; Vanessa Bell as Imani Izzi , Akeem 's arranged wife , and Calvin Lockhart as Colonel Izzi , her father ; Louie Anderson as Maurice , a McDowell 's employee ; Allison Dean as Patrice McDowell , Cleo 's youngest daughter and Lisa 's sister ; Samuel L. Jackson as a robber ; Vondie Curtis - Hall as the Basketball game vendor ; Garcelle Beauvais as a rose bearer ; Victoria Dillard as one of Akeem 's Zamundan attendants , and Clint Smith as Sweets . Ruben Santiago - Hudson and Cuba Gooding Jr. made their film debuts as a street hustler and a barber shop customer respectively ( for the latter , he was credited as Boy Getting Haircut ) . Don Ameche and Ralph Bellamy reprise their roles as , respectively , Mortimer and Randolph Duke from Landis ' 1983 Murphy - starring comedy film Trading Places . A segment of the Trading Places score can be heard during their scene . The Dukes ' limo driver from that film also cameos as the driver of Akeem and Semmi 's limo . Coming to America features Murphy and Hall in several different roles , which , following the success of this film , became a Murphy staple . Hall plays Reverend Brown , who introduces Randy Watson ( Murphy ) . Murphy and Hall play elderly barbers Clarence and Morris respectively , who engage in debate with Saul , the old Jewish man ( Murphy ) . Hall also plays a woman ( credited as Extremely Ugly Girl ) who flirts with Akeem and Semmi . Production Coming to America reunited star Eddie Murphy with director John Landis . The two had previously worked together on the comedy hit Trading Places ( 1983 ) ; however , Landis later recalled the differences in working with Murphy on the two movies : `` The guy on Trading Places was young and full of energy and curious and funny and fresh and great . The guy on Coming to America was the pig of the world ... But I still think he 's wonderful in the movie . '' `` We had a tussling confrontation ... We did n't come to blows . Personalities did n't mesh . I grabbed him , and he thought I was playing . So he tried to grab my balls and I pushed him away . But I was n't kidding . He was doing some silly shit that made me mad . He directed me in Trading Places when I was just starting out as a kid , but he was still treating me like a kid five years later during Coming to America . And I hired him to direct the movie ! I was gon na direct Coming to America myself , but I knew that Landis had just done three fucked - up pictures in a row and that his career was hanging by a thread after the Twilight Zone trial . I figured the guy was nice to me when I did Trading Places , so I 'd give him a shot ... I was going out of my way to help this guy , and he fucked me over . Now he 's got a hit picture on his resumé , a movie that made over $200 million , as opposed to him coming off a couple of fucked - up movies -- which is where I 'd rather see him be right now ( laughs ) . '' -- Eddie Murphy Despite the experience , Landis and Murphy collaborated again six years later on Beverly Hills Cop III . South African chorus Ladysmith Black Mambazo sings Mbube during the opening sequence ( the song also known as The Lion Sleeps Tonight ) . The group has gone on to record several different versions of Mbube ; however , the version heard in Coming to America had not been released on its soundtrack or on CD as of 2006 . Landis ' calling card / easter egg , `` See You Next Wednesday '' , appears on a science - fiction movie poster in the subway station after Lisa storms off the train . A promotional song for the film , also titled `` Coming to America '' , was written and performed by The System . Release Paramount cancelled press screenings of the film , after initial negative reactions to a press screening in New York . Box Office Released on June 29 , 1988 , by Paramount Pictures in the United States , it was a commercial box - office success , both domestically and worldwide . The film debuted at number one with $21,404,420 from 2,064 screens , for a five - day total of $28,409,497 . The film made $128,152,301 in the United States and ended up with a worldwide total of $288,752,301 . It was the highest earning film that year for the studio and the third - highest - grossing film at the United States box office . It opened a month later in the UK and earned $7,712,622 during its seven - week run . It opened on September 2 in West Germany , where it debuted at number one with $3,715,791 from 297 screens . It ended its run after 13 weeks with $15,743,447 . Reception Coming To America received positive reviews upon release . Review - aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 67 % , based on reviews from 42 critics with an average rating of 5.9 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Eddie Murphy was in full control at this point , starkly evident in Coming to America 's John Landis ' coasting direction . '' On Metacritic , the film holds a weighted average score of 47 out of 100 , based on 16 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Sheila Benson in the Los Angeles Times called it a `` hollow and wearying Eddie Murphy fairy tale '' and bemoans , `` That an Eddie Murphy movie would come to this . '' Vincent Canby in The New York Times was also critical of the writing , calling it a `` possibly funny idea '' but suggesting the screenplay had escaped before it was ready . Canby viewed the film as essentially a romantic comedy but said the romantic elements fell flat , and the film instead goes for broad slapstick . Siskel & Ebert had mixed opinions on the film . Siskel enjoyed the acting from Murphy and Hall but Ebert was disappointed that Murphy did not bring his usual more lively performance , and Ebert was also critical of the unoriginal script . Awards The film was nominated for two Oscars : Best Costume Design by Deborah Nadoolman Landis and Best Makeup by Rick Baker , who designed the makeup effects for both Murphy 's and Arsenio Hall 's multiple supporting characters . Lawsuit The film was the subject of the Buchwald v. Paramount civil suit , which the humorist Art Buchwald filed in 1990 against the film 's producers on the grounds that the film 's idea was stolen from his 1982 script treatment about a rich , despotic African potentate who comes to America for a state visit . Paramount had optioned the treatment from Buchwald , and John Landis was attached as director and Eddie Murphy as the lead , but after two years of development hell Paramount abandoned the project in March 1985 . In 1987 , Paramount began working on Coming to America based on a story by Eddie Murphy . Buchwald won the breach of contract action and the court ordered monetary damages . The parties later settled the case out - of - court before an appeal going to trial . Soundtrack Coming to America : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released July 1988 Genre Pop Length 40 : 16 Label Atco Records Singles from Coming to America `` Coming to America '' `` Come into My Life '' `` That 's the Way It Is '' `` Better Late Than Never '' The soundtrack to the film was released on LP , cassette and CD . The songs `` Coming to America '' by The System , `` Better Late Than Never '' by The Cover Girls and `` Come into My Life '' by Laura Branigan and Joe Esposito were released as singles from the album . `` That 's The Way It Is '' by Mel & Kim had been released as a single in the UK , before the film 's release , in February 1988 , and became a top ten hit . It was released as a single in the USA at the time of the film 's release . Side A `` Coming to America '' -- The System ( 3 : 49 ) `` Better Late Than Never '' -- The Cover Girls ( 4 : 02 ) `` All Dressed Up ( Ready to Hit the Town ) '' -- Chico DeBarge ( 4 : 50 ) `` I Like It Like That '' -- Michael Rodgers ( 4 : 01 ) `` That 's the Way It Is '' -- Mel and Kim ( 3 : 25 ) Side B `` Addicted to You '' -- LeVert ( 3 : 54 ) `` Comin ' Correct '' -- J.J. Fad ( 3 : 56 ) `` Livin ' the Good Life '' -- Sister Sledge ( 3 : 46 ) `` Transparent '' -- Nona Hendryx ( 3 : 50 ) `` Come into My Life '' -- Laura Branigan and Joe Esposito ( 4 : 39 ) Legacy Television pilot A television pilot of a weekly sitcom version of the film was produced for CBS , following the film 's success , starring Tommy Davidson as Prince Tariq , and Paul Bates reprising his role as Oha . The pilot went unsold , but was televised on July 4 , 1989 as part of the CBS Summer Playhouse pilot anthology series . Movie remakes A Tamil movie , My Dear Marthandan , was produced based on the plot of Coming to America . A Hong Kong movie , The Fun , the Luck & the Tycoon , also has the same plot . Influences in music The melody heard in the bathroom scene , where Prince Akeem is being washed by female servants , was sampled in Snoop Dogg 's 2006 song `` That 's That '' featuring R. Kelly ; a remix of the song featuring rapper Nas includes a woman 's voice saying `` the royal penis is clean your highness '' , a line taken from the same scene . Also , the music videos for Busta Rhymes ' 1997 single `` Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See '' and Action Bronson 's 2015 single `` Baby Blue '' are loosely based on the film . The song `` Coming 2 America '' by Ludacris from the album Word of Mouf features samples and lyrics referencing the film . Planned sequel In early 2017 , an announcement was publicized which addressed the impending production of a sequel to the film . Kevin Misher was named as producer , and Sheffield and Blaustein , the original screenwriters , were also attached to the project . However , a possible participation of lead actors Eddie Murphy and Arsenio Hall was left undefined . According to several public accounts , Murphy himself apparently posted an announcement regarding the film project a month prior on Facebook , but later claimed that his account had been hacked and completely deleted it . References Jump up ^ `` Coming to America ( 1988 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . ^ Jump up to : `` Reminder : A terrible ' Coming to America ' TV pilot happened in 1989 '' . Splinter News . 11 April 2015 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ YouTube Jump up ^ YouTube Jump up ^ Top10films.co.uk Jump up ^ YouTube Jump up ^ YouTube Jump up ^ YouTube Jump up ^ Movieclips.com Archived 2014 - 11 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ YouTube Jump up ^ Daniel Carlson ( 5 May 2009 ) . `` Is it Just Me , or Does Every Woman in New York Have a Severe Emotional Problem ? '' . pajiba.com . Retrieved 3 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Nutty Professor credits '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . `` Vampire in Brooklyn credits '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . `` Norbit credits '' . imbd.com . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Randy Watson is introduced as having played `` Joe the Policeman '' in the `` What 's Going Down '' episode of That 's My Mama . Jump up ^ `` The Collider Interview : John Landis , Part II '' . Collider . February 9 , 2005 . Retrieved July 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zehme , Bill ( August 24 , 1989 ) . `` Eddie Murphy : the Rolling Stone interview '' . Rolling Stone : 52 , 57 . Jump up ^ `` Indiewire Blog '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Easton , Nina ( 1988 - 07 - 26 ) . `` WEEKEND BOX OFFICE : ' Rabbit ' and ' America ' Battle for Dollars '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Easton , Nina J. ( 1989 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Roger Rabbit ' Hops to Box - Office Top ; ' Coming to America ' Hits 2nd '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Coming to America '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Coming to America ( 1988 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coming to America Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Benson , Sheila ( 1988 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Spare Fare in Eddie Murphy 's ' America ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( 1988 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Review / Film ; African Prince in Queens '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Youtube '' . Jump up ^ `` The 61st Academy Awards 1989 '' . Oscars.org Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Coming to America ( 1988 ) , retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 Jump up ^ Buchwald v. Paramount Pictures Corp. and the Future of Net Profit -- retrieved May 2015 Jump up ^ Thane Rosenbaum , The Myth of Moral Justice : Why Our Legal System Fails to Do What 's Right page 182 . Jump up ^ Thane Rosenbaum wrote , `` In 1995 , the syndicated columnist Art Buchwald prevailed after a seven - year legal battle against Paramount Pictures , claiming that he had submitted the idea , and the original script , for the Eddie Murphy film , Coming to America , without ever being properly compensated or acknowledged for his efforts . The trial court eventually agreed with Buchwald , although the damage award that he received was considerably less than what he had sought , and even less than what he eventually had to pay out in legal fees . '' -- The Myth of Moral Justice : Why Our Legal System Fails to Do What 's Right page 182 . Jump up ^ `` ` Outtakes ' - ` Coming To America ' The TV Series '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Ludacris 's ' Coming 2 America ' - Discover the Sample Source '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Ludacris - Coming 2 America Lyrics MetroLyrics '' . www.metrolyrics.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Coming to America ' sequel makes headway as Paramount hires original writers to pen script '' . DailyMail. 2017 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` A ' Coming to America ' Sequel Is in the Works With the Original Writers '' . US Magazine . 2017 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Coming to America Coming to America on IMDb Coming to America at Box Office Mojo Coming to America at Rotten Tomatoes Filming Locations Films directed by John Landis Feature Films Schlock ( 1973 ) The Kentucky Fried Movie ( 1977 ) National Lampoon 's Animal House ( 1978 ) The Blues Brothers ( 1980 ) An American Werewolf in London ( 1981 ) Trading Places ( 1983 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( 1983 ) Into the Night ( 1985 ) Spies Like Us ( 1985 ) ¡ Three Amigos ! ( 1986 ) Amazon Women on the Moon ( 1987 ) Coming to America ( 1988 ) Oscar ( 1991 ) Innocent Blood ( 1992 ) Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) The Stupids ( 1996 ) Blues Brothers 2000 ( 1998 ) Susan 's Plan ( 1998 ) Burke & Hare ( 2010 ) Documentaries Coming Soon ( 1982 ) Slasher ( 2004 ) Mr. Warmth : The Don Rickles Project ( 2007 ) NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Motion Picture 1972 -- 2000 Lady Sings the Blues ( 1972 ) Let 's Do It Again ( 1976 ) The Greatest ( 1978 ) Fame ( 1980 ) Bustin ' Loose ( 1981 ) An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) A Soldier 's Story ( 1985 ) The Color Purple ( 1986 ) Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) Coming to America ( 1988 ) Lean on Me ( 1989 ) Glory ( 1990 ) Boyz n the Hood ( 1992 ) Sister Act ( 1993 ) Malcolm X ( 1994 ) Waiting to Exhale ( 1996 ) A Time to Kill ( 1997 ) Soul Food ( 1998 ) How Stella Got Her Groove Back ( 1999 ) The Best Man ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Remember the Titans ( 2001 ) Ali ( 2002 ) Antwone Fisher ( 2003 ) The Fighting Temptations ( 2004 ) Ray ( 2005 ) Crash ( 2006 ) The Pursuit of Happyness ( 2007 ) The Great Debaters ( 2008 ) The Secret Life of Bees ( 2009 ) Precious ( 2010 ) For Colored Girls ( 2011 ) The Help ( 2012 ) Red Tails ( 2013 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2014 ) Selma ( 2015 ) Straight Outta Compton ( 2016 ) Hidden Figures ( 2017 ) Girls Trip ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coming_to_America&oldid=854612249 '' Categories : 1988 films English - language films 1988 soundtracks 1980s comedy films African - American films American buddy films American films American romantic comedy films Films about royalty Films directed by John Landis Films involved in plagiarism controversies Films set in a fictional African country Films set in New York City Films set in Queens , New York Monarchy in fiction Paramount Pictures films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from February 2012 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 16 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played the robber in coming to america
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"The cast also includes: Frankie Faison[10] as Mr. Townsend, Akeem and Semmi's landlord in Queens; Vanessa Bell as Imani Izzi, Akeem's arranged wife, and Calvin Lockhart as Colonel Izzi, her father; Louie Anderson as Maurice, a McDowell's employee; Allison Dean as Patrice McDowell, Cleo's youngest daughter and Lisa's sister; Samuel L. Jackson as a robber; Vondie Curtis-Hall as the Basketball game vendor; Garcelle Beauvais as a rose bearer; Victoria Dillard as one of Akeem's Zamundan attendants, and Clint Smith as Sweets. Ruben Santiago-Hudson and Cuba Gooding Jr. made their film debuts as a street hustler and a barber shop customer respectively (for the latter, he was credited as Boy Getting Haircut). Don Ameche and Ralph Bellamy reprise their roles as, respectively, Mortimer and Randolph Duke from Landis' 1983 Murphy-starring comedy film Trading Places.[11] A segment of the Trading Places score can be heard during their scene. The Dukes' limo driver from that film also cameos as the driver of Akeem and Semmi's limo.[citation needed]\n"
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"Samuel L. Jackson"
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Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
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Abundance of elements in Earth 's crust - wikipedia Abundance of elements in Earth 's crust Jump to : navigation , search Abundance ( atom fraction ) of the chemical elements in Earth 's upper continental crust as a function of atomic number . The rarest elements in the crust ( shown in yellow ) are not the heaviest , but are rather the siderophile ( iron - loving ) elements in the Goldschmidt classification of elements . These have been depleted by being relocated deeper into the Earth 's core . Their abundance in meteoroids is higher . Additionally , tellurium and selenium have been depleted from the crust due to formation of volatile hydrides . The abundance of elements in Earth 's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as either percentage or parts per million ( ppm ) by mass ( 10,000 ppm = 1 % ) . Abundance of chemical elements in Earth 's crust , from various sources Rank Z , element & symbol Abundance in crust ( ppm ) by source Annual production Darling Barbalace WebElements Israel Science and Technology Jefferson Lab ( 2016 , tonnes ) 8 oxygen 466,000 474,000 460,000 467,100 461,000 14 silicon Si 277,200 277,100 270,000 276,900 282,000 7,200,000 13 aluminium Al 81,300 82,000 82,000 80,700 82,300 57,600,000 26 iron Fe 50,000 41,000 63,000 50,500 56,300 1,150,000,000 5 20 calcium Ca 36,300 41,000 50,000 36,500 41,500 6 11 sodium Na 28,300 23,000 23,000 27,500 23,600 255,000,000 7 19 potassium 25,900 21,000 15,000 25,800 20,900 8 12 magnesium Mg 20,900 23,000 29,000 20,800 23,300 1,010,000 9 22 titanium Ti 4,400 5,600 6,600 6,200 5,600 6,600,000 10 hydrogen 1,400 1,500 1,400 1,400 11 15 phosphorus 1,200 1,000 1,000 1,300 1,050 12 25 manganese Mn 1,000 950 1,100 900 950 16,000,000 13 9 fluorine 800 950 540 290 585 14 56 barium Ba 500 340 340 500 425 15 6 carbon 300 480 1,800 940 200 16 38 strontium Sr 370 360 370 350,000 17 16 sulfur 500 260 420 520 350 69,300,000 18 40 zirconium Zr 190 130 250 165 1,460,000 19 74 tungsten 160.6 1.1 1.25 86,400 20 23 vanadium V 100 160 190 120 76,000 21 17 chlorine Cl 500 130 170 450 145 22 24 chromium Cr 100 100 140 350 102 26,000,000 23 37 rubidium Rb 300 90 60 90 24 28 nickel Ni 80 90 190 84 2,250,000 25 30 zinc Zn 75 79 70 11,900,000 26 29 copper Cu 100 50 68 60 19,400,000 27 58 cerium Ce 68 60 66.5 28 60 neodymium Nd 38 33 41.5 29 57 lanthanum La 32 34 39 30 39 yttrium Y 30 29 33 6,000 31 7 nitrogen 50 25 20 19 140,000,000 32 27 cobalt Co 20 30 25 123,000 33 lithium Li 20 17 20 35,000 34 41 niobium Nb 20 17 20 64,000 35 31 gallium Ga 18 19 19 36 21 scandium Sc 16 26 22 37 82 lead Pb 14 10 14 4,820,000 38 62 samarium Sm 7.9 6 7.05 39 90 thorium Th 12 6 9.6 40 59 praseodymium Pr 9.5 8.7 9.2 41 5 boron 950 8.7 10 9,400,000 42 64 gadolinium Gd 7.7 5.2 6.2 43 66 dysprosium Dy 6 6.2 5.2 44 72 hafnium Hf 5.3 3.3 3.0 45 68 erbium Er 3.8 3.0 3.5 46 70 ytterbium Yb 3.3 2.8 3.2 47 55 caesium Cs 1.9 48 beryllium Be 2.6 1.9 2.8 220 49 50 tin Sn 0 2.2 2.2 2.3 280,000 50 63 europium Eu 2.1 1.8 2.0 51 92 uranium U 0 1.8 2.7 74,119 52 73 tantalum Ta 1.7 2.0 1,100 53 32 germanium Ge 1.8 1.4 1.5 155 54 42 molybdenum Mo 1.5 1.1 1.2 227,000 55 33 arsenic As 1.5 2.1 1.8 36,500 56 67 holmium Ho 1.4 1.2 1.3 57 65 terbium Tb 1.1 0.94 1.2 58 69 thulium Tm 0.48 0.45 0.52 59 35 bromine Br 0.37 2.4 391,000 60 81 thallium Tl 0.6 0.530 0.850 10 61 71 lutetium Lu 0.5 62 51 antimony Sb 0.2 0.2 0.2 130,000 63 53 iodine 0.14 0.490 0.450 31,600 64 48 cadmium Cd 0.11 0.15 0.15 23,000 65 47 silver Ag 0.070 0.080 0.075 27,000 66 80 mercury Hg 0.05 0.067 0.085 4,500 67 34 selenium Se 0.05 0.05 0.05 2,200 68 49 indium In 0.049 0.160 0.250 655 69 83 bismuth Bi 0.048 0.025 0.0085 10,200 70 52 tellurium Te 0.005 0.001 0.001 2,200 71 78 platinum Pt 0.003 0.0037 0.005 172 72 79 gold Au 0.0011 0.0031 0.004 3,100 73 44 ruthenium Ru 0.001 0.001 0.001 74 46 palladium Pd 0.0006 0.0063 0.015 208 75 75 rhenium Re 0.0004 0.0026 0.0007 47.2 76 77 iridium Ir 0.0003 0.0004 0.001 77 45 rhodium Rh 0.0002 0.0007 0.001 78 76 osmium Os 0.0001 0.0018 0.0015 Jump up ^ 5,000 tonnes of annual production is electronic grade See also ( edit ) Abundances of the elements ( data page ) Primordial nuclide References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Elements , Terrestrial Abundance '' . www.daviddarling.info . Archived from the original on 10 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Barbalace , Kenneth . `` Periodic Table of Elements '' . Environmental Chemistry.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Abundance in Earth 's Crust '' . WebElements.com . Archived from the original on 9 March 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth 's crust '' . Israel Science and Technology Homepage . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Elemental -- The Periodic Table of Elements '' . Jefferson Lab . Archived from the original on 29 April 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Commodity Statistics and Information . USGS . All production numbers are for mines , except for Al , Cd , Fe , Ge , In , N , Se ( plants , refineries ) , S ( all forms ) and As , Br , Mg , Si ( unspecified ) . Data for B , K , Ti , Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide , data for Na and Cl are for NaCl . For many elements like Si , Al , data are ambiguous ( many forms produced ) and are taken for the pure element . U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet ( 1 ) . WNA . Jump up ^ Emsley , John ( 2001 ) . Nature 's building blocks : an A-Z guide to the elements . Oxford University Press . pp. 240 -- 242 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850341 - 5 . BookRags , Periodic Table . World Book Encyclopedia , Exploring Earth . HyperPhysics , Georgia State University , Abundance of Elements in Earth 's Crust . Data Series 140 , Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States , Version 2011 , USGS ( 2 ) . Eric Scerri , The Periodic Table , Its Story and Its Significance , Oxford University Press , 2007 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust&oldid=819569241 '' Categories : Structure of the Earth Properties of chemical elements Lists of chemical elements Talk About Wikipedia Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Македонски 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Slovenščina 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 02 : 54 . About Wikipedia
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the most abundant element on the earth's crust
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[
"\nAbundance of chemical elements in Earth's crust, from various sources\n\nRank\nZ, element & symbol\nAbundance in crust (ppm) by source\nAnnual production\n\n\n\n\n\nDarling[1]\nBarbalace[2]\nWebElements[3]\nIsrael Science and Technology[4]\nJefferson Lab[5]\n(2016, tonnes)[6]\n\n\n\n1\n8\noxygen\nO\n466,000\n474,000\n460,000\n467,100\n461,000\n\n\n\n2\n14\nsilicon [A]\nSi\n277,200\n277,100\n270,000\n276,900\n282,000\n7,200,000\n\n\n3\n13\naluminium\nAl\n81,300\n82,000\n82,000\n80,700\n82,300\n57,600,000\n\n\n4\n26\niron\nFe\n50,000\n41,000\n63,000\n50,500\n56,300\n1,150,000,000\n\n\n5\n20\ncalcium\nCa\n36,300\n41,000\n50,000\n36,500\n41,500\n\n\n\n6\n11\nsodium\nNa\n28,300\n23,000\n23,000\n27,500\n23,600\n255,000,000\n\n\n7\n19\npotassium\nK\n25,900\n21,000\n15,000\n25,800\n20,900\n\n\n\n8\n12\nmagnesium\nMg\n20,900\n23,000\n29,000\n20,800\n23,300\n1,010,000\n\n\n9\n22\ntitanium\nTi\n4,400\n5,600\n6,600\n6,200\n5,600\n6,600,000\n\n\n10\n1\nhydrogen\nH\n1,400\n\n1,500\n1,400\n1,400\n\n\n\n11\n15\nphosphorus\nP\n1,200\n1,000\n1,000\n1,300\n1,050\n\n\n\n12\n25\nmanganese\nMn\n1,000\n950\n1,100\n900\n950\n16,000,000\n\n\n13\n9\nfluorine\nF\n800\n950\n540\n290\n585\n\n\n\n14\n56\nbarium\nBa\n500\n340\n340\n500\n425\n\n\n\n15\n6\ncarbon\nC\n300\n480\n1,800\n940\n200\n\n\n\n16\n38\nstrontium\nSr\n\n370\n360\n\n370\n350,000\n\n\n17\n16\nsulfur\nS\n500\n260\n420\n520\n350\n69,300,000\n\n\n18\n40\nzirconium\nZr\n\n190\n130\n250\n165\n1,460,000\n\n\n19\n74\ntungsten\nW\n\n160.6\n1.1\n\n1.25\n86,400\n\n\n20\n23\nvanadium\nV\n100\n160\n190\n\n120\n76,000\n\n\n21\n17\nchlorine\nCl\n500\n130\n170\n450\n145\n\n\n\n22\n24\nchromium\nCr\n100\n100\n140\n350\n102\n26,000,000\n\n\n23\n37\nrubidium\nRb\n300\n90\n60\n\n90\n\n\n\n24\n28\nnickel\nNi\n\n80\n90\n190\n84\n2,250,000\n\n\n25\n30\nzinc\nZn\n\n75\n79\n\n70\n11,900,000\n\n\n26\n29\ncopper\nCu\n100\n50\n68\n\n60\n19,400,000\n\n\n27\n58\ncerium\nCe\n\n68\n60\n\n66.5\n\n\n\n28\n60\nneodymium\nNd\n\n38\n33\n\n41.5\n\n\n\n29\n57\nlanthanum\nLa\n\n32\n34\n\n39\n\n\n\n30\n39\nyttrium\nY\n\n30\n29\n\n33\n6,000\n\n\n31\n7\nnitrogen\nN\n50\n25\n20\n\n19\n140,000,000\n\n\n32\n27\ncobalt\nCo\n\n20\n30\n\n25\n123,000\n\n\n33\n3\nlithium\nLi\n\n20\n17\n\n20\n35,000\n\n\n34\n41\nniobium\nNb\n\n20\n17\n\n20\n64,000\n\n\n35\n31\ngallium\nGa\n\n18\n19\n\n19\n\n\n\n36\n21\nscandium\nSc\n\n16\n26\n\n22\n\n\n\n37\n82\nlead\nPb\n\n14\n10\n\n14\n4,820,000\n\n\n38\n62\nsamarium\nSm\n\n7.9\n6\n\n7.05\n\n\n\n39\n90\nthorium\nTh\n\n12\n6\n\n9.6\n\n\n\n40\n59\npraseodymium\nPr\n\n9.5\n8.7\n\n9.2\n\n\n\n41\n5\nboron\nB\n\n950\n8.7\n\n10\n9,400,000\n\n\n42\n64\ngadolinium\nGd\n\n7.7\n5.2\n\n6.2\n\n\n\n43\n66\ndysprosium\nDy\n\n6\n6.2\n\n5.2\n\n\n\n44\n72\nhafnium\nHf\n\n5.3\n3.3\n\n3.0\n\n\n\n45\n68\nerbium\nEr\n\n3.8\n3.0\n\n3.5\n\n\n\n46\n70\nytterbium\nYb\n\n3.3\n2.8\n\n3.2\n\n\n\n47\n55\ncaesium\nCs\n\n3\n1.9\n\n3\n\n\n\n48\n4\nberyllium\nBe\n\n2.6\n1.9\n\n2.8\n220\n\n\n49\n50\ntin\nSn\n0\n2.2\n2.2\n\n2.3\n280,000\n\n\n50\n63\neuropium\nEu\n\n2.1\n1.8\n\n2.0\n\n\n\n51\n92\nuranium\nU\n\n0\n1.8\n\n2.7\n74,119\n\n\n52\n73\ntantalum\nTa\n\n2\n1.7\n\n2.0\n1,100\n\n\n53\n32\ngermanium\nGe\n\n1.8\n1.4\n\n1.5\n155\n\n\n54\n42\nmolybdenum\nMo\n\n1.5\n1.1\n\n1.2\n227,000\n\n\n55\n33\narsenic\nAs\n\n1.5\n2.1\n\n1.8\n36,500\n\n\n56\n67\nholmium\nHo\n\n1.4\n1.2\n\n1.3\n\n\n\n57\n65\nterbium\nTb\n\n1.1\n0.94\n\n1.2\n\n\n\n58\n69\nthulium\nTm\n\n0.48\n0.45\n\n0.52\n\n\n\n59\n35\nbromine\nBr\n\n0.37\n3\n\n2.4\n391,000\n\n\n60\n81\nthallium\nTl\n\n0.6\n0.530\n\n0.850\n10\n\n\n61\n71\nlutetium[7]\nLu\n\n\n\n\n0.5\n\n\n\n62\n51\nantimony\nSb\n\n0.2\n0.2\n\n0.2\n130,000\n\n\n63\n53\niodine\nI\n\n0.14\n0.490\n\n0.450\n31,600\n\n\n64\n48\ncadmium\nCd\n\n0.11\n0.15\n\n0.15\n23,000\n\n\n65\n47\nsilver\nAg\n\n0.070\n0.080\n\n0.075\n27,000\n\n\n66\n80\nmercury\nHg\n\n0.05\n0.067\n\n0.085\n4,500\n\n\n67\n34\nselenium\nSe\n\n0.05\n0.05\n\n0.05\n2,200\n\n\n68\n49\nindium\nIn\n\n0.049\n0.160\n\n0.250\n655\n\n\n69\n83\nbismuth\nBi\n\n0.048\n0.025\n\n0.0085\n10,200\n\n\n70\n52\ntellurium\nTe\n\n0.005\n0.001\n\n0.001\n2,200\n\n\n71\n78\nplatinum\nPt\n\n0.003\n0.0037\n\n0.005\n172\n\n\n72\n79\ngold\nAu\n\n0.0011\n0.0031\n\n0.004\n3,100\n\n\n73\n44\nruthenium\nRu\n\n0.001\n0.001\n\n0.001\n\n\n\n74\n46\npalladium\nPd\n\n0.0006\n0.0063\n\n0.015\n208\n\n\n75\n75\nrhenium\nRe\n\n0.0004\n0.0026\n\n0.0007\n47.2\n\n\n76\n77\niridium\nIr\n\n0.0003\n0.0004\n\n0.001\n\n\n\n77\n45\nrhodium\nRh\n\n0.0002\n0.0007\n\n0.001\n\n\n\n78\n76\nosmium\nOs\n\n0.0001\n0.0018\n\n0.0015\n\n\n"
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Lake Mungo remains
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Lake Mungo remains - wikipedia Lake Mungo remains The Lake Mungo remains are three prominent sets of Aboriginal Australian human remains : Lake Mungo 1 ( also called Mungo Woman , LM1 , and ANU - 618 ) , Lake Mungo 3 ( also called Mungo Man , Lake Mungo III , and LM3 ) , and Lake Mungo 2 ( LM2 ) . Lake Mungo is in New South Wales , Australia , specifically the World Heritage listed Willandra Lakes Region . Mungo woman ( LM1 ) was discovered in 1969 and is one of the world 's oldest known cremations . Mungo man ( LM3 ) , whose remains were discovered in 1974 , is believed to have lived between 40,000 and 68,000 years ago during the Pleistocene epoch and his are the oldest human remains found in Australia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 2 Lake Mungo 1 ( LM1 ) 2.1 Cremation burial 2.2 Current status 3 Lake Mungo 3 ( LM3 ) 3.1 Discovery 3.1. 1 Morphology 3.2 Age 3.3 Mitochondrial DNA and origins 3.4 Return 4 Further discoveries 5 Tourism 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Geology ( edit ) The shore of Lake Mungo . Landsat 7 imagery of Lake Mungo . The white line defining the eastern shore of the lake is the sand dune , or lunette , where most archaeological material has been found Lake Mungo is a dry lake located in south - eastern Australia , in the south - western portion of New South Wales . It is about 760 kilometres ( 470 mi ) due west of Sydney and 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) north - east of Mildura , and 110 km north - west of Balranald . The lake is the central feature of Mungo National Park , and is one of seventeen lakes in the World Heritage listed Willandra Lakes Region . Sediments at Lake Mungo have been deposited over more than 100,000 years . There are three distinct layers of sands and soil forming the Walls . The oldest is the reddish Gol Gol layer , formed between 100,000 and 120,000 years ago . The middle greyish layer is the Mungo layer , deposited between 50,000 and 25,000 years ago . The most recent is the pale brown Zanci layer , which was laid down mostly between 25,000 and 15,000 years ago . The Mungo layer , which was deposited before the last glacial period , is archaeologically the richest . Although this layer corresponds with a time of low rainfall and cooler weather , more rainwater ran off the western side of the Great Dividing Range during that period , keeping the lake full and teeming with fish and waterbirds . It supported a significant human population and had abundant resources , as well as many varieties of Australian megafauna . During the last ice age period , the water level in the lake fell , and it became a salt lake . This made the soil alkaline , which helped to preserve the remains left behind . Lake Mungo 1 ( LM1 ) ( edit ) LM1 was discovered in 1969 at the Willandra Lakes Region by Jim Bowler with the University of Melbourne . LM1 has been 14C dated at 24,700 to 19,030 years ago . A date of 26,250 ± 1120 BP was achieved with charcoal from a hearth 15 cm above the burial . Preservation of the remains is poor . Very limited detailed information was published before the bones were unconditionally repatriated to the Indigenous people of Australia in 1992 . A lack of a detailed description of the remains along with a limited distribution of casts with no access to the original artifacts makes it difficult to assess the published material . Cremation burial ( edit ) The reconstruction and description were mainly done by Alan Thorne at the Australian National University . LM1 was an early human inhabitant of the continent of Australia . Her remains are one of the oldest sets of anatomically modern human remains found in Australia . It represents one of the world 's oldest known cremations . The finding implies that complicated burial rituals existed in early human societies . The bones of LM1 are thought to imply that after she died , the corpse was burned , then smashed , then burned a second time before being liberally covered with ochre , sourced from a location several hundred kilometres from the site . One suggested explanation for this behaviour is that the process was perhaps a ritual wherein the descendants tried to ensure that the dead did not return to haunt them . Current status ( edit ) The bones were unconditionally repatriated in 1992 to the traditional owners , an alliance called the Three Traditional Tribal Groups ( 3TTG ) , consisting of the Paakantji , the Muthi Muthi , and the Ngiyampaa . LM1 had become a symbol of the long Aboriginal occupation in Australia , and an important icon for both archaeologists and indigenous Australians . LM1 is now in a locked vault at the Mungo National Park exhibition centre . The vault has a double lock and can be opened only if two keys are used . One key is controlled by archaeologists , the other by the local indigenous peoples . Lake Mungo 3 ( LM3 ) ( edit ) Discovery ( edit ) Lake Mungo 3 ( LM3 ) was discovered by ANU geomorphologist Dr. Jim Bowler on 26 February 1974 when shifting sand dunes exposed the remains . LM3 was found near Lake Mungo , one of several dry lakes in the southeast part of the continent and 500m east of the LM1 site . The body had been laid out in great ceremony on its back , with knees bent and hands positioned at the groin with the fingers interlocked . Next to the body were the remains of fire . The body had been sprinkled with red ochre , in the earliest known example of such a sophisticated and artistic burial practice . This ritual burial aspect of the discovery has been particularly significant to Indigenous Australians , since it indicates that certain cultural traditions have existed on the Australian continent for much longer than previously thought . At the time of LM3 's discovery , it was believed that Aboriginals had arrived in Australia from Asia around 20,000 years ago . Since the discovery of LM3 , further archeological finds at Lake Mungo suggest that human occupation of the area dates as far back as 50,000 years ago . Morphology ( edit ) The skeleton had belonged to an individual who , based on evidence of osteoarthritis in the lumbar vertebrae , eburnation , and severe wear on the teeth with pulp exposure , was about 50 years old -- relatively old for an early human -- when he died . The bone structure had a gracile character , which contrasts with the morphology of modern indigenous Australians . Parts of the skeleton had deteriorated in situ : substantial portions of the skull were missing and most of the bones in the limbs have suffered surface damage . Determination of LM3 's sex was initially difficult , due to the deterioration of the skull and pelvis bones , which normally carry many features used for this purpose . Nevertheless , studies of other features suggest strongly that the remains were those of an adult male . Subsequent studies using the length of limb bones to estimate LM3 's height , suggest a height of 196 centimetres ( 77 inches or 6 ft 5 in ) , a height that is unusually tall for modern Aboriginal males . Age ( edit ) The first estimate of LM3 's age was made in 1976 when the team of paleoanthropologists from the Australian National University ( ANU ) who excavated LM3 published their findings . They estimated that LM3 was between 28,000 and 32,000 years old . They did not test LM3 's remains directly , but rather established an estimate by stratigraphic comparison with LM1 , an earlier set of partially cremated remains also found at Lake Mungo . In 1987 , an electron spin resonance test conducted on bone fragments from LM3 's skeleton established an estimate of his age at 31,000 years , plus or minus 7,000 years . In 1999 Thermoluminescence dating work was carried out on quartz from unburnt sediment associated with the LM3 burial site with the selective bleach results indicating a burial older than 24,600 ± 2,400 and younger than 43,300 ± 3,800 years ago . Later Thorne et al. ( 1999 ) , arrived at a new estimate of 62,000 ± 6,000 years . This estimate was determined by combining data from uranium - thorium dating , electron spin resonance dating and optically stimulated luminescence ( OSL ) dating of the remains and the immediately surrounding soil . However , this estimate was very controversial . The lowest level of the LM3 which are as old as 43,000 years demonstrated that LM3 should not be older than the lowest layer . However , the ANU team had dated the stratum itself to be between 59,000 and 63,000 years old . The problems with using uranium - thorium dating on tooth enamel were criticized . The results from 25 additional OSL tests suggest that LM3 can not be older than 50,000 years BP . According to anthropologist Peter Brown , with the absence of the original deposit that once lay above the burial , a minimum age for the burial has not been established , only a possible maximum . In 2003 , Professor Bowler led a project bringing together a multi-disciplinary team of Australian expert groups ( comprising four Australian universities , the NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service and the CSIRO , as well as including descendants of the Mungo people ) to collaborate on a final determination of the skeleton 's age . They reached a consensus that LM3 is about 40,000 years old . This age largely corresponds with stratigraphic evidence using 4 different dating methods . The age of 40,000 years is currently the most widely accepted age for the LM3 , making LM3 the second oldest modern human fossil east of India . The study also found that LM1 was a similar age to LM3 , and not 30,000 years old , as previously thought . The LM1 remains are generally held to be the earliest evidence of human cremation yet discovered . The current mainstream thinking , the recent African origin of modern humans model , suggests that all humans outside of Africa alive today descended from a small group which left Africa at a specific time , currently generally estimated at about 60,000 years ago . This estimate of 60,000 years is arrived at from the recent breakthrough of widespread genetic investigation . In the model , humans then fairly quickly spread over the whole globe , from that starting point or bottleneck ( indeed , with Australia being perhaps the farthest , most difficult to reach , area ) . This explains the controversy of Thorne and other 's older dates for LM3 - the establishment of ( fully modern ) human settlements in the different continents , could have happened only after ( although perhaps remarkably shortly after ) the exodus of the original ( perhaps remarkably small ) group of humans who left Africa via the middle - East . Mitochondrial DNA and origins ( edit ) In 2001 , mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) from the Lake Mungo 3 ( LM3 ) skeleton was published and compared with several other sequences . It was found to have more than the expected number of sequence differences when compared to modern human DNA ( CRS ) . Comparison of the mitochondrial DNA with that of ancient and modern Aborigines led to the conclusion that Mungo Man fell outside the range of genetic variation seen in Australian Aboriginal people , and was used to support the multiregional origin of modern humans hypothesis . These results proved politically controversial , and several scientific concerns were raised over the validity of the results and analysis . With the consent of the Willandra Lakes World Heritage Area Aboriginal Elders Committee , a reanalysis was performed on LM3 and other ancient specimens from the area . The 2016 report of this study stated that only contaminating mtDNA of modern European origin was obtained from LM3 , and it was uncertain if any of the DNA analysed in the 2001 study was ancient DNA . Reanalysis of the sequence reported in 2001 , whether it represented ancient DNA or modern contamination , showed it to be akin to modern Aboriginal Australian sequences and thus inconsistent with the multiregionalist interpretation of the earlier study . The authors did recover ancient mtDNA from Willandra Lakes skeleton WLH4 , `` estimated to be late Holocene in age ( ∼ 3,000 -- 500 y B.P. ) '' and determined it to be of haplogroup S2 , of Aboriginal origin . Return ( edit ) On discovery in 1974 , LM3 was removed from the site by archaeologists to the Australian National University in Canberra for safe - keeping and research . In 2014 , leading up to the 40th anniversary of the discovery of LM3 , the traditional owners of the Willandra Lakes formally requested return and repatriation of the remains . In 2015 ANU handed the remains over to Aboriginal elders at a formal ceremony and expressed `` sincere regret '' for their removal , recognising this had caused `` ongoing grief '' to Aboriginal communities . As an interim step , the skeleton was placed for safekeeping at the National Museum of Australia 's human remains storage facility . Proposals had been ongoing for a facility to be built at Lake Mungo as a `` keeping - place '' that would allow the ancient remains to be returned to the earth while still allowing access for bona fide research . In November 2017 the remains were returned to Lake Mungo . There had been no agreement or funding by government for a keeping - place , and on 17 November 2017 the remains were buried directly in the earth in a casket of ancient red gum . Further discoveries ( edit ) In 1988 , the skeleton of a child believed to be contemporary with Mungo man was discovered . Investigation of the remains was blocked by the 3TTG with the remains subsequently protected but remaining in - situ . An adult skeleton was exposed by erosion in 2005 but by late 2006 had been completely destroyed by wind and rain . This loss resulted in the indigenous custodians ' receiving a government grant of $735,000 to survey and improve the conservation of skeletons , hearths and middens that were eroding from the dunes . Conservation is in - situ and no research is permitted . Tourism ( edit ) Mungo National Park can be visited by tourists and is accessed by an unsealed road . Boardwalks have been installed throughout the sand dunes and visitors are forbidden from stepping off the boardwalks unless accompanied by an Aboriginal guide . In 2014 , fake bones were buried throughout the area as part of an experiment for La Trobe University . Within two weeks , nearly all of the artificial bones had disappeared . See also ( edit ) Recent African origin of modern humans Multiregional origin of modern humans References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bowler JM , Jones R , Allen H , Thorne AG ( 1970 ) . `` Pleistocene human remains from Australia : a living site and human cremation from Lake Mungo , Western New South Wales '' . World Archaeol. 2 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 60 . doi : 10.1080 / 00438243.1970. 9979463 . PMID 16468208 . Jump up ^ Barbetti M , Allen H ( 1972 ) . `` Prehistoric man at Lake Mungo , Australia , by 32,000 years BP '' . Nature . 240 ( 5375 ) : 46 -- 8 . doi : 10.1038 / 240046a0 . PMID 4570638 . Jump up ^ Bowler , J.M. 1971 . Pleistocene salinities and climatic change : Evidence from lakes and lunettes in southeastern Australia . In : Mulvaney , D.J. and Golson , J. ( eds ) , Aboriginal Man and Environment in Australia . Canberra : Australian National University Press , pp. 47 - 65 . Jump up ^ `` Distance calculator Sydney to Lake Mungo '' . Geoscience Australia . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bowler , J.M. 1970 . Late Quaternary environments : a study of lakes and associated sediments in south - eastern Australia . Doctoral thesis , Australian National University , Canberra ^ Jump up to : Brown , Peter Lake Mungo 1 Archived 21 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine . University of New England ^ Jump up to : Bowler , J.M. & Thorne , A.G. ( 1976 ) . Human remains from Lake Mungo : discovery and excavation of Lake Mungo III . In ( R.L. Kirk & A.G. Thorne , Eds ) The Origin of the Australians , pp. 127 -- 138 . Canberra : Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Peter Lake Mungo 3 Archived 26 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine . University of New England Jump up ^ Thorne , A.G. ( 1980 ) . The longest link : human evolution in Southeast Asia and the settlement of Australia . In ( J.J. Fox , A.G. Garnaut , P.T. McCawley & J.A.C. Maukie , Eds ) Indonesia : Australian Perspectives , pp. 35 -- 43 . Canberra : Australian National University Jump up ^ Durband , Arthur ; Daniel R.T. Rayner ; Michael Westaway ( July 2009 ) . `` A new test of the sex of the Lake Mungo 3 skeleton '' . Archaeology in Oceania. 44 ( 2 ) : 77 -- 83 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1834 - 4453.2009. tb00050. x . Archived from the original on 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Thorne A , Curnoe D ( 2000 ) . `` Sex and significance of Lake Mungo 3 : reply to Brown `` Australian pleistocene variation and the sex of Lake Mungo 3 '' `` . J Hum Evol. 39 ( 6 ) : 587 -- 600 . doi : 10.1006 / jhev. 2000.0442 . PMID 11102270 . Jump up ^ Brown P. ( 2000 ) . `` Australian Pleistocene variation and the sex of Lake Mungo 3 '' . J Hum Evol. 38 ( 5 ) : 743 -- 9 . doi : 10.1006 / jhev. 1999.0400 . PMID 10799264 . Jump up ^ Mungo Archaeological Digs Archived 25 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife 2001 Jump up ^ Oyston , B. ( 1996 ) . `` Thermoluminescence age determinations for the Mungo III human burial , Lake Mungo , southeastern Australia '' . Quat. Sci. Rev. 15 ( 7 ) : 739 -- 749 . doi : 10.1016 / 0277 - 3791 ( 96 ) 00025 - X . Jump up ^ Thorne A , Grün R , Mortimer G , Spooner NA , Simpson JJ , McCulloch M , Taylor L , Curnoe D ( 1999 ) . `` Australia 's oldest human remains : age of the Lake Mungo 3 skeleton '' . J Hum Evol. 36 ( 6 ) : 591 -- 612 . doi : 10.1006 / jhev. 1999.0305 . PMID 10330330 . Jump up ^ Gillespie R , Roberts RG ( 2000 ) . `` On the reliability of age estimates for human remains at Lake Mungo '' . J. Hum . Evol. 38 ( 5 ) : 727 -- 732 . doi : 10.1006 / jhev. 1999.0398 . PMID 10799262 . Jump up ^ Bowler , JM ; Magee , JW ( 2000 ) . `` Redating Australia 's oldest human remains : a sceptic 's view '' . Journal of Human Evolution. 38 ( 5 ) : 719 -- 726 . doi : 10.1006 / jhev. 1999.0397 . PMID 10799261 . Jump up ^ GrüN R , Spooner NA , Thorne A , Mortimer G , Simpson JJ , Mcculloch MT , Taylor L , Curnoe D ( 2000 ) . `` Age of the Lake Mungo 3 skeleton , reply to Bowler & Magee and to Gillespie & Roberts '' . Journal of Human Evolution. 38 ( 5 ) : 733 -- 741 . doi : 10.1006 / jhev. 2000.0399 . PMID 10799263 . Jump up ^ Bowler JM , Johnston H , Olley JM , Prescott JR , Roberts RG , Shawcross W , Spooner NA ( 2003 ) . `` New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo , Australia '' . Nature . 421 ( 6925 ) : 837 -- 40 . doi : 10.1038 / nature01383 . PMID 12594511 . Jump up ^ Olleya JM , Roberts RG , Yoshida H , Bowler JM ( 2006 ) . `` Single - grain optical dating of grave - infill associated with human burials at Lake Mungo , Australia '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 25 ( 19 -- 20 ) : 2469 -- 2474 . Bibcode : 2006QSRv ... 25.2469 O . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2005.07. 022 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Mungo 1 '' . Archived from the original on 21 February 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Adcock GJ , Dennis ES , Easteal S , Huttley GA , Jarmiin LS , Peacock WJ , Thorne A ( 2001 ) . `` Mitochondrial DNA sequences in ancient Australians : Implications for modern human origins '' . PNAS. 98 ( 2 ) : 537 -- 542 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 98.2. 537 . PMC 14622 . PMID 11209053 . Jump up ^ Not Out of Africa Discover ( magazine ) August 2002 Jump up ^ Heupink TH , Subramanian S , Wright JL , Endicott P , Carrington Westaway M , Huynen L , Parson W , Millar C , Willerslev E , Lambert DM ( 2016 ) . `` Ancient mtDNA sequences from the First Australians revisited '' . PNAS. 113 : 6892 -- 7 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1521066113 . PMC 4922152 . PMID 27274055 . in press Jump up ^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-07/dna-confirms-aboriginal-people-as-the-first-australians/7481360 Jump up ^ http://www.anu.edu.au/news/all-news/ancestral-remains-returned-to-traditional-owners , accessed 18 Nov 2017 ; Jump up ^ https://reporter.anu.edu.au/mungo-man%E2%80%99s-long-journey-back-country accessed 18 Nov 2017 Jump up ^ http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/03/05/comment-return-first-australians-remains accessed 18 Nov 2017 Jump up ^ http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-17/mungo-man-returned-to-ancestral-home/9159840 Jump up ^ http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/the-long-way-fire-and-smoke-for-mungo-man-and-the-ancestors-on-their-road-home-20171116-gzn45a.html accessed 18 Nov 2017 Jump up ^ Claudio Tuniz , Richard Gillespie , Cheryl Jones The Bone Readers : Atoms , Genes and the Politics of Australia 's Deep Past Allen & Unwin 2009 ISBN 9781741147285 Pg 9 Jump up ^ Tuniz , Gillespie and Jones Pg 14 Jump up ^ Johanson , Mark ( 4 March 2014 ) . `` Mungo Man : The Story Behind The Bones That Forever Changed Australia 's History '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Lake Mungo I '' . University of New England . Archived from the original on 21 February 2006 . Retrieved 30 March 2006 . Anne - Marie , Cantwell , `` Who Knows the Power of His Bones '' : Reburial Redux , Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences ( 2000 ) . General Anthropology Bulletin of the General Anthropology Division Vol. 10 , No. 1 , pp. 1 -- 15 , ( 2003 ) `` Lake Mungo 3 '' . University of New England . Archived from the original on 26 January 2014 . Retrieved 11 September 2005 . `` New age for Mungo Man , new human history '' . University of Melbourne . Archived from the original on 24 October 2005 . Retrieved 11 September 2005 . `` Mungo Mania '' . The Lab -- Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 11 September 2005 . `` Mungo Man -- the missing link ? '' . Convict Creations . Retrieved 11 September 2005 . Cooper A , Poiner HN ( 2000 ) . `` Ancient DNA : Do It Right or Not at All '' . Science . 289 ( 5482 ) : 1139b -- 1139 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 289.5482. 1139b . PMID 10970224 . Thorne A , Grün R , Mortimer G , et al. ( June 1999 ) . `` Australia 's oldest human remains : age of the Lake Mungo 3 skeleton '' . Journal of Human Evolution. 36 ( 6 ) : 591 -- 612 . doi : 10.1006 / jhev. 1999.0305 . PMID 10330330 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Mungo_remains&oldid=846500101 '' Categories : Archaeological sites in Australia History of Australia before 1788 1969 in Australia 1974 in Australia Peopling of the world Homo sapiens fossils History of New South Wales 1969 archaeological discoveries Pleistocene Australia 1974 archaeological discoveries Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from February 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Latina Lietuvių 日本 語 Русский Simple English Svenska தமிழ் Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 04 : 19 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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where are the bones found in lake mungo
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"Lake Mungo 3 (LM3) was discovered by ANU geomorphologist Dr. Jim Bowler on 26 February 1974 when shifting sand dunes exposed the remains.[7] LM3 was found near Lake Mungo, one of several dry lakes in the southeast part of the continent and 500m east of the LM1 site. The body had been laid out in great ceremony on its back, with knees bent and hands positioned at the groin with the fingers interlocked. Next to the body were the remains of fire. The body had been sprinkled with red ochre, in the earliest known example of such a sophisticated and artistic burial practice. This ritual burial aspect of the discovery has been particularly significant to Indigenous Australians, since it indicates that certain cultural traditions have existed on the Australian continent for much longer than previously thought. At the time of LM3's discovery, it was believed that Aboriginals had arrived in Australia from Asia around 20,000 years ago. Since the discovery of LM3, further archeological finds at Lake Mungo suggest that human occupation of the area dates as far back as 50,000 years ago."
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"near Lake Mungo, one of several dry lakes in the southeast part of the continent and 500m east of the LM1 site"
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Star Wars
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Star Wars - Wikipedia Star Wars Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film series and media franchise . For the original 1977 film , see Star Wars ( film ) . For other uses , see Star Wars ( disambiguation ) . Star Wars The Star Wars franchise 's logo , introduced in the original film A New Hope Created by George Lucas Original work Star Wars ( 1977 ) Print publications Novel ( s ) List of novels Comics List of comics Films and television Film ( s ) Saga : Original trilogy : IV -- A New Hope ( 1977 ) V -- The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) VI -- Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Prequel trilogy : I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Sequel trilogy : VII -- The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) VIII -- The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) IX ( 2019 ) Anthology films : Rogue One ( 2016 ) Untitled Han Solo film ( 2018 ) Untitled Anthology film ( 2020 ) Animated film : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) TV films : Star Wars Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage ( 1984 ) The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Television series Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Rebels ( 2014 -- present ) Forces of Destiny ( 2017 -- present ) Games Video game ( s ) List of video games Audio Radio program ( s ) Star Wars Original music Music of Star Wars Miscellaneous Toys Action figures Die - casts and model toys Chess and soldiers Other Theme parks Star Tours Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise , centered on a film series created by George Lucas . It depicts the adventures of various characters `` a long time ago in a galaxy far , far away '' . The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars ( later subtitled Episode IV : A New Hope in 1981 ) , which became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon . It was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) ; these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy . A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005 , which received mixed reactions from both critics and fans . A sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars : The Force Awakens . All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards ( with wins going to the first two films ) and have been commercial successes , with a combined box office revenue of over US $7.5 billion , making Star Wars the third highest - grossing film series . Spin - off films include the animated Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) and Rogue One ( 2016 ) , the latter of which is the first in a planned series of anthology films . The series has spawned an extensive media franchise including books , television series , computer and video games , theme park attractions , and comic books , resulting in significant development of the series ' fictional universe . Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the `` Most successful film merchandising franchise '' . In 2015 , the total value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at US $42 billion , making Star Wars the second highest - grossing media franchise of all time . In 2012 , The Walt Disney Company bought Lucasfilm for US $4.06 billion and earned the distribution rights to all subsequent Star Wars films , beginning with the release of The Force Awakens in 2015 . The former distributor , 20th Century Fox , retains the physical distribution rights for the first two Star Wars trilogies , owns permanent rights for the original 1977 film and continues to hold the rights for the prequel trilogy and the first two sequels to A New Hope until May 2020 . Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films , excluding A New Hope . Contents ( hide ) 1 Setting 2 Theatrical films 2.1 Original trilogy 2.1. 1 A New Hope 2.1. 2 The Empire Strikes Back 2.1. 3 Return of the Jedi 2.2 Prequel trilogy 2.2. 1 The Phantom Menace 2.2. 2 Attack of the Clones 2.2. 3 Revenge of the Sith 2.3 The Clone Wars 2.4 Sequel trilogy 2.4. 1 The Force Awakens 2.4. 2 The Last Jedi 2.4. 3 Episode IX 2.5 Anthology films 2.5. 1 Rogue One 2.5. 2 Untitled Han Solo film 2.5. 3 Untitled Anthology film 2.5. 4 Future 3 In other media 3.1 Television 3.1. 1 Potential television projects 3.2 Print media 3.2. 1 Novels 3.2. 2 Comics 3.3 Video games 3.4 Multimedia projects 3.5 Radio and audio drama 3.6 Theme park attractions 4 Merchandising 5 Themes , comparisons and influences on other franchises 5.1 Comparisons with historical events 6 Cultural impact 6.1 Fan works 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Setting `` Star Wars galaxy '' redirects here . For the video game , see Star Wars Galaxies . For the comic series named Star Wars Galaxy , see Star Wars ( UK comics ) . See also : The Force ( Star Wars ) and List of Star Wars planets and moons The Star Wars franchise takes place in a distant unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the ancient past , where many species of aliens ( often humanoid ) co-exist . People own robotic droids , who assist them in their daily routines , and Space travel is common . The spiritual and mystical element of the Star Wars galaxy is known as `` The Force '' . It is described in the original film as `` an energy field created by all living things ( that ) surrounds us , penetrates us , ( and ) binds the galaxy together '' . The people who are born deeply connected to the Force have better reflexes ; through training and meditation , they are able to achieve various supernatural feats ( such as telekinesis , clairvoyance , precognition , and mind control ) . The Force is wielded by two major factions at conflict : the Jedi whom harness the light side of the Force , and the Sith whom use the dark side of the force through hate and aggression . Theatrical films Main article : List of Star Wars films and television series It has been suggested that portions of this section be split out into another article titled List of Star Wars films and television series . ( Discuss ) ( July 2017 ) Film trilogies Film Release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Distributor ( s ) Running time Original trilogy ( Episodes IV - VI ) Episode IV -- A New Hope May 25 , 1977 ( 1977 - 05 - 25 ) George Lucas Gary Kurtz 20th Century Fox 121 minutes Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back May 21 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 21 ) Irvin Kershner Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan 124 minutes Episode VI -- Return of the Jedi May 25 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 25 ) Richard Marquand George Lucas and Lawrence Kasdan Howard Kazanjian 133 minutes Prequel trilogy ( Episodes I - III ) Episode I -- The Phantom Menace May 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 19 ) George Lucas George Lucas Rick McCallum 20th Century Fox 133 minutes Episode II -- Attack of the Clones May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) George Lucas and Jonathan Hales 142 minutes Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith May 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 19 ) George Lucas 140 minutes Sequel trilogy ( Episodes VII - IX ) Episode VII -- The Force Awakens December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) J.J. Abrams Lawrence Kasdan , J.J. Abrams and Michael Arndt Kathleen Kennedy , J.J. Abrams and Bryan Burk Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures 135 minutes Episode VIII -- The Last Jedi December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Rian Johnson Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman TBA Episode IX December 20 , 2019 ( 2019 - 12 - 20 ) J.J. Abrams J.J. Abrams and Chris Terrio Kathleen Kennedy , Michelle Rejwan and J.J. Abrams TBA Standalone theatrical releases Film Release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Distributor ( s ) Running time Animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars August 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) Dave Filoni Henry Gilroy , Steven Melching & Scott Murphy George Lucas & Catherine Winder Warner Bros . 98 minutes Anthology films Rogue One : A Star Wars Story December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Gareth Edwards John Knoll and Gary Whitta ( story ) Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy ( screenplay ) Kathleen Kennedy , Allison Shearmur & Simon Emanuel Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures 133 minutes Untitled Han Solo film May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) Ron Howard Lawrence Kasdan and Jon Kasdan TBA This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Original trilogy `` Original trilogy '' redirects here . For the video game , see Lego Star Wars II : The Original Trilogy . In 1971 , Universal Studios made a contract for George Lucas to direct two films . In 1973 , American Graffiti was completed , and released to critical acclaim including Academy Award nominations for Best Director and Original Screenplay for George Lucas . Months later , Lucas started work on his second film , by starting the script draft , The Journal of the Whills told the tale of the training of apprentice CJ Thorpe as a `` Jedi - Bendu '' space commando by the legendary Mace Windy . After Universal rejected the film , 20th Century Fox decided to invest on it . On April 17 , 1973 , Lucas felt frustrated about his story being too difficult to understand , so he began writing a 13 - page script with thematic parallels to Akira Kurosawa 's The Hidden Fortress , this draft was renamed The Star Wars . By 1974 , he had expanded the script into a rough draft screenplay , adding elements such as the Sith , the Death Star , and a protagonist named Annikin Starkiller . Numerous subsequent drafts would go , through numerous drastic changes , before evolving into the script of the original film . Star Wars was released on May 25 , 1977 . It was followed by The Empire Strikes Back , released on May 21 , 1980 , and Return of the Jedi , released on May 25 , 1983 . The opening crawl of the sequels disclosed that they were numbered as `` Episode V '' and `` Episode VI '' respectively , though the films were generally advertised solely under their subtitles . Though the first film in the series was simply titled Star Wars , with its 1981 re-release it had the subtitle Episode IV : A New Hope added to remain consistent with its sequel , and to establish it as the middle chapter of a continuing saga . The plot of the original trilogy centers on the Galactic Civil War of the Rebel Alliance trying to free the galaxy from the crutches of the Galactic Empire , as well as on Luke Skywalker 's quest to become a Jedi . A New Hope Main article : Star Wars ( film ) George Lucas , the creator of Star Wars , the director of A New Hope and the prequel trilogy , and the script supervisor of both the original and prequel trilogies . In 2014 , Lucas ceased creative involvement with the franchise . The main cast members of the original Star Wars trilogy , from left : Carrie Fisher , Mark Hamill , and Harrison Ford ( SDCC , July 2015 ) . Near the orbit of the desert planet Tatooine , a Rebel spaceship is intercepted by the Empire . Aboard , the deadliest Imperial agent Darth Vader and his stormtroopers capture Princess Leia Organa , a secret member of the rebellion . Before her capture , Leia makes sure the astromech R2 - D2 , along with the protocol droid C - 3PO , escapes with stolen Imperial blueprints stored inside and a holographic message for the retired Jedi Knight Obi - Wan Kenobi , who has been living in exile on Tatooine . The droids fall under the ownership of Luke Skywalker , an orphan farm boy raised by his step - uncle and aunt . Luke helps the droids locate Obi - Wan , now a solitary old hermit known as Ben Kenobi , who reveals himself as a friend of Luke 's absent father , the Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker . Obi - Wan confides to Luke that Anakin was `` betrayed and murdered '' by Vader ( who was Obi - Wan 's former Jedi apprentice ) years ago , and he gives Luke his father 's former lightsaber to keep . After viewing Leia 's message , they both hire the smuggler Han Solo and his Wookiee co-pilot Chewbacca to , aboard their space freighter the Millennium Falcon , help them deliver the stolen blueprints inside R2 - D2 to the Rebel Alliance with the hope of finding a weakness to the Empire 's planet - destroying space station : the Death Star . For The Star Wars second draft , Lucas made heavy simplifications . It added a mystical energy field known as `` The Force '' and introduced the young hero on a farm as Luke Starkiller . Annikin became Luke 's father , a wise Jedi knight . The third draft killed the father Annikin , replacing him with mentor figure Ben Kenobi . Later , Lucas felt the film would not in fact be the first in the sequence , but a film in the second trilogy in the saga . The draft contained a sub-plot leading to a sequel about `` The Princess of Ondos '' , and by that time some months later Lucas had negotiated a contract that gave him rights to make two sequels . Not long after , Lucas hired author Alan Dean Foster , to write two sequels as novels . In 1976 , a fourth draft had been prepared for principal photography . The film was titled Adventures of Luke Starkiller , as taken from the Journal of the Whills , Saga I : The Star Wars . During production , Lucas changed Luke 's name to Skywalker and altered the title to simply The Star Wars and finally Star Wars . At that point , Lucas was not expecting the film to have sequels . The fourth draft of the script underwent subtle changes it discarded `` the Princess of Ondos '' sub-plot , to become a self - contained film , that ended with the destruction of the Galactic Empire itself by way of destroying the Death Star . However , Lucas previously conceived of the film as the first of a series . The intention was that if Star Wars was successful , Lucas could adapt Dean Foster 's novels into low - budget sequels . By that point , Lucas had developed an elaborate backstory to aid his writing process . Before its release , Lucas considered walking away from Star Wars sequels , thinking the film would be a flop . However the film exceeded all expectations . The success of the film , as well as its merchandise sales , and Lucas desire to create an independent film - making center . Both led Lucas to make Star Wars the basis of an elaborate film serial , and use the profits to finance his film - making center , Skywalker Ranch . Alan Dean Foster was already writing the first sequel - novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye , released in 1978 . But Lucas decided not to adapt Foster 's work . Knowing a sequel , would be allowed more budget . At first , Lucas envisioned a series of films with no set number of entries , like the James Bond series . In an interview with Rolling Stone in August 1977 , he said that he wanted his friends to each take a turn at directing the films and giving unique interpretations on the series . Also adding that the backstory in which Darth Vader turns to the dark side , kills Luke 's father and fights Obi - Wan Kenobi on a volcano as the Galactic Republic falls would make an excellent sequel . The Empire Strikes Back Main article : The Empire Strikes Back Boba Fett ( left ) was introduced in the television film Star Wars Holiday Special before appearing in The Empire Strikes Back . Darth Vader ( right ) is one of the most iconic characters of the franchise . Ralph McQuarrie 's sketches and conceptual art defined the aesthetics of the original trilogy , including the definitive designs of characters like Darth Vader , R2 - D2 , C - 3PO , Chewbacca and sets like the Death Star , Dagobah , Bespin . Right : Ben Burtt created many of the iconic noise effects of the saga , among them the lightsaber sounds , the beeps of R2 - D2 , and Chewbacca 's growls . Three years after the destruction of the Death Star , the Rebels are forced to evacuate their secret base on Hoth as they are hunted by the Empire . At the request of the late Obi - Wan 's spirit , Luke travels to the swamp - infested world of Dagobah to find the exiled Jedi Master Yoda and begin his Jedi training . However , Luke 's training is interrupted by Vader , who lures him into a trap by capturing Han and Leia at Cloud City , governed by Han 's old friend Lando Calrissian . During a fierce lightsaber duel with the Sith Lord , Luke learns that Vader is his father . After the success of the original film , Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write Star Wars II with him . They held story conferences and , by late November 1977 , Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment called The Empire Strikes Back . It was similar to the final film , except that Darth Vader does not reveal he is Luke 's father . Brackett finished her first draft in early 1978 ; in it , Luke 's father appeared as a ghost to instruct Luke . Lucas has said he was disappointed with it , but before he could discuss it with her , she died of cancer . With no writer available , Lucas had to write his next draft himself . It was this draft in which Lucas first made use of the `` Episode '' numbering for the films ; Empire Strikes Back was listed as Episode II . As Michael Kaminski argues in The Secret History of Star Wars , the disappointment with the first draft probably made Lucas consider different directions in which to take the story . He made use of a new plot twist : Darth Vader claims to be Luke 's father . According to Lucas , he found this draft enjoyable to write , as opposed to the yearlong struggles writing the first film , and quickly wrote two more drafts , both in April 1978 . This new story point of Darth Vader being Luke 's father had drastic effects on the series . After writing these two drafts , Lucas revised the backstory between Anakin Skywalker , Kenobi , and the Emperor . With this new backstory in place , Lucas decided that the series would be a trilogy , changing Empire Strikes Back from Episode II to Episode V in the next draft . Lawrence Kasdan , who had just completed writing Raiders of the Lost Ark , was then hired to write the next drafts , and was given additional input from director Irvin Kershner . Kasdan , Kershner , and producer Gary Kurtz saw the film as a more serious and adult film , which was helped by the new , darker storyline , and developed the series from the light adventure roots of the first film . Return of the Jedi Main article : Return of the Jedi A year after Vader 's shocking revelation , Luke leads a rescue attempt to save Han from the gangster Jabba the Hutt . Afterward , Luke returns to Dagobah to complete his Jedi training , only to find the 900 - year - old Yoda on his deathbed . In his last words Yoda confirms that Vader is Luke 's father , Anakin Skywalker , and that Luke must confront his father again in order to complete his training . Moments later , the spirit of Obi - Wan reveals to Luke that Leia is his twin sister , but Obi - Wan also insists that Luke must face Vader again . As the Rebels lead an attack on the Death Star II , Luke engages Vader in another lightsaber duel as Emperor Palpatine watches ; both Sith Lords intend to turn Luke to the dark side of the Force and take him as their apprentice . By the time Lucas began writing Episode VI in 1981 ( then titled Revenge of the Jedi ) , much had changed . Making Empire Strikes Back was stressful and costly , and Lucas ' personal life was disintegrating . Burned out and not wanting to make any more Star Wars films , he vowed that he was done with the series in a May 1983 interview with Time magazine . Lucas ' 1981 rough drafts had Darth Vader competing with the Emperor for possession of Luke -- and in the second script , the `` revised rough draft '' , Vader became a sympathetic character . Lawrence Kasdan was hired to take over once again and , in these final drafts , Vader was explicitly redeemed and finally unmasked . This change in character would provide a springboard to the `` Tragedy of Darth Vader '' storyline that underlies the prequels . Prequel trilogy After losing much of his fortune in a divorce settlement in 1987 , George Lucas had no desire to return to Star Wars , and had unofficially canceled the sequel trilogy by the time of Return of the Jedi . At that point , the prequels were only still a series of basic ideas partially pulled from his original drafts of `` The Star Wars '' . Nevertheless , technical advances in the late 1980s and 1990s continued to fascinate Lucas , and he considered that they might make it possible to revisit his 20 - year - old material . After Star Wars became popular once again , in the wake of Dark Empire and other comics in Dark Horse 's comic book line and Timothy Zahn 's trilogy of novels , Lucas saw that there was still a large audience . His children were older , and with the explosion of CGI technology he was now considering returning to directing . The prequel trilogy consists of Episode I : The Phantom Menace , released on May 19 , 1999 ; Episode II : Attack of the Clones , released on May 16 , 2002 ; and Episode III : Revenge of the Sith , released on May 19 , 2005 . The plot focuses on the fall of the Galactic Republic , as well as the tragedy of Anakin Skywalker 's turn to the dark side . The Phantom Menace Main article : Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace John Williams composed the musical scores for the original trilogy , the prequel trilogy , The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi . About 32 years before the start of the Galactic Civil War , the corrupt Trade Federation sets a blockade around the planet Naboo . The Sith Lord Darth Sidious had secretly planned the blockade to give his alter ego , Senator Palpatine , a pretense to overthrow and replace the Supreme Chancellor of the Republic . At the Chancellor 's request , the Jedi Knight Qui - Gon Jinn and his apprentice , a younger Obi - Wan Kenobi , are sent to Naboo to negotiate with the Federation . However , the two Jedi are forced to instead help the Queen of Naboo , Padmé Amidala , escape from the blockade and plead her planet 's crisis before the Republic Senate on Coruscant . When their starship is damaged during the escape , they land on Tatooine for repairs . Palpatine dispatches his first Sith apprentice , Darth Maul , to hunt down the Queen and her Jedi protectors . While on Tatooine , Qui - Gon discovers a nine - year - old slave named Anakin Skywalker . Qui - Gon helps liberate the boy from slavery , believing Anakin to be the `` Chosen One '' foretold by a Jedi prophecy to bring balance to the Force . However , the Jedi Council ( led by Yoda ) suspects the boy possesses too much fear and anger within him . By 1993 , it was announced , in Variety among other sources , that Lucas would be making the prequels . He began penning more to the story , now indicating the series would be a tragic one examining Anakin Skywalker 's fall to the dark side . Lucas also began to change how the prequels would exist relative to the originals ; at first they were supposed to be a `` filling - in '' of history tangential to the originals , but now he saw that they could form the beginning of one long story that started with Anakin 's childhood and ended with his death . This was the final step towards turning the film series into a `` Saga '' . In 1994 , Lucas began writing the screenplay to the first prequel , initially titled Episode I : The Beginning . Following the release of that film , Lucas announced that he would also be directing the next two , and began work on Episode II . Attack of the Clones Main article : Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones From Right to Left : Anthony Daniels has portrayed C - 3PO in all the theatrical films released to date , while Warwick Davis has appeared in films in all three trilogies . Ten years after the Battle of Naboo , Anakin is reunited with Padmé , now serving as the Senator of Naboo , and they fall in love despite Anakin 's obligations to the Jedi Order . At the same time , the entire galaxy gets swept up in the Clone Wars between the armies of the Republic , led by the Jedi Order , and the Confederacy of Independent Systems , led by the fallen Jedi Count Dooku . The first draft of Episode II was completed just weeks before principal photography , and Lucas hired Jonathan Hales , a writer from The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , to polish it . Unsure of a title , Lucas had jokingly called the film `` Jar Jar 's Great Adventure '' . In writing The Empire Strikes Back , Lucas initially decided that Lando Calrissian was a clone and came from a planet of clones which caused the `` Clone Wars '' mentioned by both Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia in A New Hope ; he later came up with an alternate concept of an army of clone shocktroopers from a remote planet which attacked the Republic and were repelled by the Jedi . The basic elements of that backstory became the plot basis for Episode II , with the new wrinkle added that Palpatine secretly orchestrated the crisis . Revenge of the Sith Main article : Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith Three years after the start of the Clone Wars , Anakin and Obi - Wan lead a rescue mission to save the kidnapped Chancellor Palpatine from Count Dooku and the droid commander General Grievous . Later , Anakin begins to have prophetic visions of his secret wife Padmé dying in childbirth . Palpatine , who had been secretly engineering the Clone Wars to destroy the Jedi Order , convinces Anakin that the dark side of the Force holds the power to save Padmé 's life . Desperate , Anakin submits to Palpatine 's Sith teachings and is renamed Darth Vader . While Palpatine re-organizes the Republic into the tyrannical Empire , Vader participates in the extermination of the Jedi Order ; culminating in a lightsaber duel between himself and his former master Obi - Wan on the volcanic planet Mustafar . Lucas began working on Episode III before Attack of the Clones was released , offering concept artists that the film would open with a montage of seven Clone War battles . As he reviewed the storyline that summer , however , he says he radically re-organized the plot . Michael Kaminski , in The Secret History of Star Wars , offers evidence that issues in Anakin 's fall to the dark side prompted Lucas to make massive story changes , first revising the opening sequence to have Palpatine kidnapped and his apprentice , Count Dooku , murdered by Anakin as the first act in the latter 's turn towards the dark side . After principal photography was complete in 2003 , Lucas made even more massive changes in Anakin 's character , re-writing his entire turn to the dark side ; he would now turn primarily in a quest to save Padmé 's life , rather than the previous version in which that reason was one of several , including that he genuinely believed that the Jedi were evil and plotting to take over the Republic . This fundamental re-write was accomplished both through editing the principal footage , and new and revised scenes filmed during pick - ups in 2004 . The Clone Wars On August 15 , 2008 , the animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars was released theatrically as a lead - in to the animated TV series with the same name . Sequel trilogy Main article : Star Wars sequel trilogy Lucas often exaggerated the amount of material he wrote for the series ; much of it stemmed from the post ‐ 1978 period when the series grew into a phenomenon . Michael Kaminski explained that these exaggerations were both a publicity and security measure . Kaminski rationalized that since the series ' story radically changed throughout the years , it was always Lucas ' intention to change the original story retroactively because audiences would only view the material from his perspective . A sequel trilogy was reportedly planned ( Episodes VII , VIII and IX ) by Lucasfilm as a sequel to the original Star Wars trilogy ( Episodes IV , V and VI ) , released between 1977 and 1983 . While the similarly discussed Star Wars prequel trilogy ( Episodes I , II and III ) was ultimately released between 1999 and 2005 , Lucasfilm and George Lucas had for many years denied plans for a sequel trilogy , insisting that Star Wars is meant to be a six - part series . In May 2008 ( 2008 - 05 ) , speaking about the upcoming Star Wars : The Clone Wars film , Lucas maintained his status on the sequel trilogy : `` I get asked all the time , ' What happens after Return of the Jedi ? , ' and there really is no answer for that . The movies were the story of Anakin Skywalker and Luke Skywalker , and when Luke saves the galaxy and redeems his father , that 's where that story ends . '' In January 2012 , Lucas announced that he would step away from blockbuster films and instead produce smaller arthouse films . Asked whether the criticism he received following the prequel trilogy and the alterations to the re-releases of the original trilogy had influenced his decision to retire , Lucas said : `` Why would I make any more when everybody yells at you all the time and says what a terrible person you are ? '' Despite insisting that a sequel trilogy would never happen , Lucas began working on story treatments for three new Star Wars films in 2011 . In October 2012 , The Walt Disney Company agreed to buy Lucasfilm and announced that Star Wars Episode VII would be released in 2015 . Later , it was revealed that the three new upcoming films ( Episodes VII -- IX ) would be based on story treatments that had been written by George Lucas prior to the sale of Lucasfilm . The co-chairman of Lucasfilm , Kathleen Kennedy became president of the company , reporting to Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn . In addition , Kennedy will serve as executive producer on new Star Wars feature films , with franchise creator and Lucasfilm founder Lucas serving as creative consultant . The sequel trilogy began with Episode VII : The Force Awakens , released on December 18 , 2015 . The Force Awakens Main article : Star Wars : The Force Awakens Lawrence Kasdan has co-written The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , and the scripts for The Force Awakens and an untitled Han Solo spin - off . About 30 years after the destruction of the Death Star II , Luke Skywalker has vanished following the demise of the new Jedi Order he was attempting to build . The remnants of the Empire have become the First Order , and seek to destroy Luke and the New Republic , while the Resistance opposes , led by princess - turned - general Leia Organa and backed by the Republic . On Jakku , Resistance pilot Poe Dameron obtains a map to Luke 's location . Stormtroopers under the command of Kylo Ren , the son of Leia and Han Solo , capture Poe . Poe 's droid BB - 8 escapes with the map , and encounters a scavenger Rey . Kylo tortures Poe and learns of BB - 8 . Stormtrooper FN - 2187 defects from the First Order , and frees Poe who dubs him `` Finn '' , while both escape in a TIE fighter that crashes on Jakku , seemingly killing Poe . Finn finds Rey and BB - 8 , but the First Order does too ; both escape Jakku in a stolen Millennium Falcon . The Falcon is recaptured by Han and Chewbacca , smugglers again since abandoning the Resistance . They agree to help deliver the map inside BB - 8 to the Resistance . The screenplay for Episode VII was originally set to be written by Michael Arndt , but in October 2013 it was announced that writing duties would be taken over by Lawrence Kasdan and J.J. Abrams . On January 25 , 2013 , The Walt Disney Studios and Lucasfilm officially announced J.J. Abrams as Star Wars Episode VII 's director and producer , along with Bryan Burk and Bad Robot Productions . The Last Jedi Main article : Star Wars : The Last Jedi On November 20 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg will write and produce Episodes VIII and IX . Kasdan and Kinberg were later confirmed as creative consultants on those films , in addition to writing standalone films . In addition , John Williams , who wrote the music for the previous six episodes , has been hired to compose the music for Episodes VII , VIII and IX . On March 12 , 2015 , Lucasfilm announced that Looper director Rian Johnson would direct Episode VIII with Ram Bergman as producer for Ram Bergman Productions . Reports initially claimed Johnson would also direct Episode IX , but it was later confirmed he would write only a story treatment . Johnson later wrote on his Twitter that the information about him writing a treatment for Episode IX is old , and he 's not involved with the writing of that film . When asked about Episode VIII in an August 2014 interview , Johnson said `` it 's boring to talk about , because the only thing I can really say is , I 'm just happy . I do n't have the terror I kind of expected I would , at least not yet . I 'm sure I will at some point . '' Principal photography on The Last Jedi began in February 2016 . Additional filming took place in Dubrovnik from March 9 to March 16 , 2016 , as well as in Ireland in May 2016 . Principal photography wrapped in July 2016 . On December 27 , 2016 , Carrie Fisher died after going into cardiac arrest a few days earlier . Before her death , Fisher had completed filming her role as General Leia Organa in The Last Jedi . The film is to be released on December 15 , 2017 . Episode IX Production on Episode IX is scheduled to begin sometime in 2017 . Variety and Reuters reported that Carrie Fisher was slated for a key role in Episode IX . Now , Lucasfilm , Disney and others involved with the film will need to find a way to address her death and what will become of her character . In January 2017 , Lucasfilm stated they would not digitally generate Fisher 's performance for the film . In April 2017 , Todd Fisher and Billie Lourd gave Disney permission to use recent footage of Fisher for the film , but later that month , Kennedy stated that Fisher will not appear in the film . Principal photography of Star Wars : Episode IX is set to begin in June 2018 . Anthology films On February 5 , 2013 , Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two standalone films , each individually written by Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg . On February 6 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Disney is working on two films featuring Han Solo and Boba Fett . Disney CFO Jay Rasulo has described the standalone films as origin stories . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the standalone films will not crossover with the films of the sequel trilogy , stating , `` George was so clear as to how that works . The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga . Right now , Episode VII falls within that canon . The spin - off movies , or we may come up with some other way to call those films , they exist within that vast universe that he created . There is no attempt being made to carry characters ( from the standalone films ) in and out of the saga episodes . Consequently , from the creative standpoint , it 's a roadmap that George made pretty clear . '' In April 2015 , Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology films . Rogue One : A Star Wars Story was released on December 16 , 2016 as the first in an anthology series of films separate from the main episodic saga . Rogue One Main article : Rogue One The story about the group of rebels who stole the Death Star plans , ending directly before Episode IV : A New Hope . The idea for the film was conceived by John Knoll who worked as a visual effects supervisor of the prequel trilogy films . In May 2014 , Lucasfilm announced Gareth Edwards as the director of the first anthology film , with Gary Whitta writing the first draft , for a release on December 16 , 2016 . On March 12 , 2015 , the film 's title was revealed to be Rogue One , with Chris Weitz rewriting the script , and starring Felicity Jones , Ben Mendelsohn , and Diego Luna . In April 2015 , a teaser trailer was shown during the closing of the Star Wars Celebration . Lucasfilm also announced filming would begin in the summer of 2015 , and the plot synopsis . Director Edwards stated , `` It comes down to a group of individuals who do n't have magical powers that have to somehow bring hope to the galaxy . '' ; and describing the style of the film as similar to that of a war film : `` It 's the reality of war . Good guys are bad . Bad guys are good . It 's complicated , layered ; a very rich scenario in which to set a movie . '' After its debut , Rogue One received generally positive reviews , with its performances , action sequences , soundtrack , visual effects and darker tone being praised . The film grossed over US $500 million worldwide within a week of its release . Characters from the animated series appear , Saw Gerrera ( from The Clone Wars ) in a pivotal role in the plot and Chopper ( from Star Wars : Rebels ) in a cameo . Untitled Han Solo film Main article : Untitled Han Solo film A film focusing on Han Solo before the events of Episode IV : A New Hope . The script was written by Star Wars veteran Lawrence Kasdan , and his son Jon Kasdan . The film also stars Alden Ehrenreich as a young Han Solo , Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca ( after serving as a double for the character in The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi ) , Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian , and also Emilia Clarke and Woody Harrelson . Directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller began principal photography on the film , but due to creative differences , the pair left the project in June 2017 with three and a half weeks remaining in principal photography . Academy Award - winning director Ron Howard was announced as their replacement . While his first Star Wars film , Howard had previously collaborated with producing company Lucasfilm as an actor in the George Lucas - directed film American Graffiti ( 1973 ) and as a director ( Willow ( 1988 ) . Howard was one of the three directors George Lucas asked to direct Episode I : The Phantom Menace , though Howard declined , saying , `` George , you should do it ! '' . The film is distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and will be released on May 25 , 2018 . Untitled anthology film A third Anthology film will be released in 2020 . A writer for the film has been hired as of September 2016 . On February 6 , 2013 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Lucasfilm hired Josh Trank to direct a Star Wars stand - alone film , with the news being confirmed soon after . However , in November 2016 , Disney announced that their contract with Trank was terminated due to the overwhelmingly negative reviews of the Fantastic Four . It was reported that the film was still in early development at Lucasfilm , and it was rumored that the film would focus on bounty hunter Boba Fett . However Lucasfilm never confirmed what the plot was about , however it confirmed the film Josh Trank left was a different film from the Han Solo spin - off . Future In August 2016 , Ewan McGregor stated he would be open to return to the role of Obi - Wan Kenobi , albeit for a spin - off film on the character , should he be approached , wanting to tell a story between Episode III and IV . Fans showed interest in the idea ; a fan - trailer for an Obi - Wan film , with footage from the film Last Days in the Desert ( on which starred McGregor ) became viral and widely praised by fans . The film was voted as the most wanted anthology film in a pool by The Hollywood Reporter despite being only rumors . Lucasfilm and McGregor have denied the development of such film , despite fans ' continued interest , and rumors . Days before the Star Wars Rebels episode `` Twin Suns '' ( where Obi - wan appeared ) aired , McGregor said again , that he would like to do it , if Lucasfilm wanted him to . Fellow cast member Joel Edgerton who played Luke Skywalker 's step uncle , Owen , in the prequel trilogy , said he would like to reprise his role in an Obi - Wan standalone film , if it were to be made , and also expressed interest in playing Boba Fett without taking off the mask , in the rumored Boba Fett film . By August 2017 , a film focusing on Obi - Wan Kenobi was reported to be in development , with Stephen Daldry in early talks to direct . The same report also said Lucasfilm was considering various films about different characters including movies focusing on Boba Fett , as well as Jedi Master Yoda . In 2015 , director Guillermo Del Toro pitched on idea to Lucasfilm for a film about Jabba the Hutt , and by 2017 , it was reported that it is among the projects being considered by the studio . Samuel L. Jackson has expressed interest in returning as Mace Windu , insisting that his character survived his death . Fans have also expressed interest towards the possibility of Ahsoka Tano appearing in a live - action film , with Rosario Dawson expressing interest in the role . However , Lucasfilm still has not given an official confirmation on any of the rumored projects . In other media Main articles : Star Wars canon and Star Wars expanded universe From 1977 to 2014 , the term Expanded Universe ( abbreviated as EU ) , was an umbrella term for all officially licensed Star Wars storytelling materials set outside the events depicted within the theatrical films , including television series , novels , comics , and video games . Lucasfilm maintained internal continuity between the films and television content and the EU material until April 25 , 2014 , when the company announced all of the EU works would cease production . Existing works would no longer be considered canon to the franchise and subsequent reprints would be rebranded under the Star Wars Legends label , with downloadable content for the massively multiplayer online game Star Wars : The Old Republic being the only Legends material to still be produced . The Star Wars canon was subsequently restructured to only include the existing six feature films , the animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) , and its companion animated series Star Wars : The Clone Wars . All future projects and creative developments across all types of media would be overseen and coordinated by the Story Group , announced as a division of Lucasfilm created to maintain continuity and a cohesive vision on the storytelling of the franchise . Lucasfilm announced that the change was made `` to give maximum creative freedom to the filmmakers and also preserve an element of surprise and discovery for the audience '' . The animated series Star Wars Rebels was the first project produced after the announcement , followed by multiple comics series from Marvel , novels published by Del Rey , and the sequel film The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) . Television Further information : List of Star Wars films and television series Dave Filoni , supervising director on Star Wars animated series , later promoted to oversee the development of all future Lucasfilm Animation projects . In the two - hour Star Wars Holiday Special produced for CBS in 1978 , Chewbacca returns to his home planet of Kashyyyk to celebrate `` Life Day '' with his family . Along with the stars of the original 1977 film , celebrities Bea Arthur , Art Carney , Diahann Carroll , and Jefferson Starship appear in plot - related skits and musical numbers . The Holiday Special also features the first appearance of bounty hunter Boba Fett , in an 11 - minute animated sequence . Lucas loathed the special and forbade it to ever be aired again after its original broadcast , or reproduced on home video . The television film Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure aired on ABC on Thanksgiving weekend in 1984 . With a story by Lucas and a screenplay by Bob Carrau , it features the Ewok Wicket from Return of the Jedi as he helps two children rescue their parents from a giant known as Gorax . The 1985 sequel , Ewoks : The Battle for Endor , finds Wicket and his friends protecting their village from invaders . The animated series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) , which aired for one season on ABC , follows the adventures of the droids C - 3PO and R2 - D2 , 15 years before the events of the 1977 film Star Wars . Its sister series Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1987 ) features the adventures of the Ewoks before Return of the Jedi and the Ewok movies . Depicting events between the prequel films Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith , Star Wars : Clone Wars aired on the Cartoon Network from 2003 to 2005 , and won Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Animated Program in 2004 and 2005 . A new CGI - animated series Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) was introduced , set in the same time period as the previous Clone Wars series and related to the 2008 animated film of the same name . It was followed by the current CGI - animated series Star Wars Rebels , which debuted on Disney XD in 2014 . Set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope , the series follows a band of rebels as they fight the Galactic Empire . The Clone Wars , its originating film , and Rebels were accepted as part of the canon by Lucasfilm when previous works were reassigned to the Legends brand in 2014 . Potential television projects A parody animated series called Star Wars Detours was produced prior to the Disney acquisition , but its release was postponed in 2013 and it ultimately never aired , despite 39 episodes having been completed and 62 additional scripts finished . A live - action television project has also been in varying stages of development at Lucasfilm since 2005 , when Lucas announced plans for a television series set between the prequel and original trilogies . Producer Rick McCallum revealed the working title , Star Wars : Underworld , in 2012 , and said in 2013 that 50 scripts had been written . He called the project `` The most provocative , the most bold and daring material that we 've ever done . '' The proposed series explores criminal and political power struggles in the decades prior to A New Hope , and as of December 2015 was still in development at Lucasfilm . Print media Star Wars - based fiction predates the release of the first film , with the 1976 novelization of Star Wars ( ghost - written by Alan Dean Foster and credited to Lucas ) . The first Expanded Universe story appeared in Marvel Comics ' Star Wars # 7 in January 1978 ( the first six issues of the series having been an adaptation of the film ) , followed quickly by Alan Dean Foster 's novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye the following month . Novels Further information : List of Star Wars books Timothy Zahn , author of the Thrawn trilogy ( 1991 -- 1993 ) , which was widely credited with revitalizing the dormant Star Wars franchise Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker , the 1976 novelization of Star Wars : A New Hope by Alan Dean Foster , was followed by Foster 's Splinter of the Mind 's Eye ( 1978 ) , an alternate sequel commissioned by Lucas . The film novelizations for The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) by James Kahn followed , as well as The Han Solo Adventures trilogy ( 1979 -- 1980 ) by Brian Daley , and The Adventures of Lando Calrissian ( 1983 ) trilogy by L. Neil Smith . The bestselling Thrawn trilogy ( 1991 -- 1993 ) by Timothy Zahn reignited interest in the franchise and introduced the popular characters Grand Admiral Thrawn , Mara Jade , Talon Karrde , and Gilad Pellaeon . The first novel , Heir to the Empire , reached # 1 on the New York Times Best Seller list , and the series finds Luke , Leia , and Han facing off against tactical genius Thrawn , who is plotting to retake the galaxy for the Empire . Though Thrawn was designated a Legends character in 2014 , he was reintroduced into the canon in the 2016 third season of Star Wars Rebels . In The Courtship of Princess Leia ( 1994 ) by Dave Wolverton , set immediately before the Thrawn trilogy , Leia considers an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder of the planet Hapes , but she and Han ultimately marry . Steve Perry 's Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) , set in the as - yet - unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , was part of a multimedia campaign that included a comic book series and video game . The novel introduced the crime lord Prince Xizor , another popular character who would appear in multiple other works . Other notable series from Bantam include the Jedi Academy trilogy ( 1994 ) by Kevin J. Anderson , the 14 - book Young Jedi Knights series ( 1995 -- 1998 ) by Anderson and Rebecca Moesta , and the X-wing series ( 1996 -- 2012 ) by Michael A. Stackpole and Aaron Allston . Del Rey took over Star Wars book publishing in 1999 , releasing what would become a 19 - installment novel series called The New Jedi Order ( 1999 -- 2003 ) . Written by multiple authors , the series was set 25 to 30 years after the original films and introduced the Yuuzhan Vong , a powerful alien race attempting to invade and conquer the entire galaxy . The bestselling multi-author series Legacy of the Force ( 2006 -- 2008 ) chronicles the crossover of Han and Leia 's son Jacen Solo to the dark side of the Force ; among his evil deeds , he kills Luke 's wife Mara Jade as a sacrifice to join the Sith . The story parallels the fallen son of Han and Leia , Ben Solo / Kylo Ren , in the 2015 film The Force Awakens . Three series were introduced for younger audiences : the 18 - book Jedi Apprentice ( 1999 -- 2002 ) chronicles the adventures of Obi - Wan Kenobi and his master Qui - Gon Jinn in the years before The Phantom Menace ; the 11 - book Jedi Quest ( 2001 -- 2004 ) follows Obi - Wan and his own apprentice , Anakin Skywalker in between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones ; and the 10 - book The Last of the Jedi ( 2005 -- 2008 ) , set almost immediately after Revenge of the Sith , features Obi - Wan and the last few surviving Jedi . Maul : Lockdown by Joe Schreiber , released in January 2014 , was the last Star Wars novel published before Lucasfilm announced the creation of the Star Wars Legends brand . Comics Main articles : Star Wars comics and List of Star Wars comic books Marvel Comics published a Star Wars comic book series from 1977 to 1986 . Original Star Wars comics were also serialized in the Marvel magazine Pizzazz between 1977 and 1979 . The 1977 installments were the first original Star Wars stories not directly adapted from the films to appear in print form , as they preceded those of the Star Wars comic series . From 1985 -- 1987 , the animated children 's series Ewoks and Droids inspired comic series from Marvel 's Star Comics line . In the late 1980s , Marvel dropped a new Star Wars comic it had in development , which was picked up by Dark Horse Comics and published as the popular Dark Empire sequence ( 1991 -- 1995 ) . Dark Horse subsequently launched dozens of series set after the original film trilogy , including Tales of the Jedi ( 1993 -- 1998 ) , X-wing Rogue Squadron ( 1995 -- 1998 ) , Star Wars : Republic ( 1998 -- 2006 ) , Star Wars Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) , Star Wars : Empire ( 2002 -- 2006 ) , and Knights of the Old Republic ( 2006 -- 2010 ) . After Disney 's acquisition of Lucasfilm , it was announced in January 2014 that in 2015 the Star Wars comics license would return to Marvel Comics , whose parent company , Marvel Entertainment , Disney had purchased in 2009 . Launched in 2015 , the first three publications in were titled Star Wars , Star Wars : Darth Vader , and the limited series Star Wars : Princess Leia . Video games Further information : Star Wars video games and List of Star Wars video games The first official licensed Star Wars electronic game was Kenner 's 1979 table - top Star Wars Electronic Battle Command . The first licensed Star Wars video game was Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back , published in 1982 for the Atari 2600 by Parker Brothers . Atari 's 1983 rail shooter arcade game Star Wars was based on the 1977 film and used vector graphics . The next game , Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) , was based on the third film and used more traditional raster graphics . The third game , The Empire Strikes Back ( 1985 ) , was a remake of the first game and based on the second movie . In 1993 , LucasArts released its first Star Wars video game and first space flight simulation game , Star Wars : X-Wing , after publishing several World War II flight combat games . X-Wing was one of the best - selling games of 1993 , and established its own series of games . Released in 1995 , Dark Forces was the first Star Wars first - person shooter video game . A hybrid adventure game incorporating puzzles and strategy , it also featured new gameplay features and graphical elements not then common in other games , made possible by LucasArts ' custom - designed game engine , called the Jedi . The game was well received and well reviewed , and was followed by four sequels . Dark Forces introduced the popular character Kyle Katarn , who would later appear in multiple games , novels , and comics . Katarn is a former Imperial stormtrooper who joins the Rebellion and ultimately becomes a Jedi , a plot arc similar to that of Finn in the 2015 film The Force Awakens . Multimedia projects Star Wars : Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) is a Lucasfilm multimedia project set in the as - yet - unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi that included a novel by Steve Perry , a comic book series , a video game , and toys . The Force Unleashed ( 2008 -- 2010 ) is a similar project , set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope , that includes a 2008 novel , a 2008 video game and its 2010 sequel , a graphic novel , a role - playing game supplement , and action figures . Radio and audio drama Further information : Star Wars ( radio ) A 13 - episode radio adaptation of the original 1977 film written by science fiction author Brian Daley and directed by John Madden was first broadcast on National Public Radio in 1981 . Lucas , a fan of the NPR - affiliated campus radio station at his alma mater the University of Southern California , licensed the Star Wars radio rights to KUSC - FM for US $1 . Mark Hamill and Anthony Daniels reprised their roles from the film . The production used John Williams ' original score from the films and Ben Burtt sound designs from the film . The broadcast was an overwhelming success , and a 10 - episode adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back followed in 1982 , with Hamill and Daniels joined by Billy Dee Williams . Return of the Jedi was adapted into six episodes in 1996 , featuring Daniels . In 1983 , Buena Vista Records released an original , 30 - minute Star Wars audio drama titled Rebel Mission to Ord Mantell , written by Daley . In the 1990s , Time Warner Audio Publishing adapted several Star Wars series from Dark Horse Comics into audio dramas : the three - part Dark Empire saga , Tales of the Jedi , Dark Lords of the Sith , the Dark Forces trilogy , and Crimson Empire ( 1998 ) . Theme park attractions Main article : List of Star Wars theme parks attractions The original Star Tours ride at Disneyland in 1996 . Before Disney 's acquisition of the franchise , George Lucas had established a partnership in 1986 with the company 's Imagineering division to create an attraction at Disney parks . The first such attraction , Star Tours , opened at Disneyland in 1987 , with several versions opening at other Disney theme parks over the following years . The Star Tours rides at Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios closed in 2010 , while Tokyo Disneyland 's version closed in 2012 and Disneyland Paris ' in 2016 . All of the original Star Tours rides were then refurbished into Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue . The new attraction randomly shuffles several scenes , allowing up to 54 combinations of different adventures . The successor attraction opened at Disney 's Hollywood Studios and Disneyland in 2011 , at Tokyo Disneyland in 2013 , and at Disneyland Paris in 2017 . From 1997 to 2015 , Disney 's Hollywood Studios park hosted Star Wars Weekends , an annual festival , during specific dates from May to June . Since 2007 , the parks include the live show Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple , where children are selected to learn the teachings of the Jedi Knights and the Force to become Padawan learners ; the show is present at Disney 's Hollywood Studios and at the Tomorrowland Terrace at Disneyland . Since November 2015 , Disneyland hosts a seasonal Star Wars - themed event entitled Season of the Force , which also runs in Disney 's Hollywood Studios in Walt Disney World . An exhibition called Star Wars Launch Bay , featuring exhibits and meet - and - greets was also added . Disney , which now owns the Star Wars franchise , expressed plans to expand the franchise 's presence in all of their theme parks since August 2014 . At that time , there were rumors to include a major Star Wars - themed expansion to Disney 's Hollywood Studios . When asked whether or not Disney has an intellectual property franchise that 's comparable to Harry Potter at Universal theme parks , Disney chairman and CEO Bob Iger mentioned Cars , Disney Princesses , and promised that Star Wars , `` is going to be just that . '' Iger formally announced a 14 - acre Star Wars - themed land expansion at the 2015 D23 Expo . In the 2017 D23 , it was revealed that the area would be named Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge . The area will debut at Disneyland and Disney 's Hollywood Studios at an unspecified date -- will include two new attractions inspired by the Millennium Falcon and `` a climactic battle between the First Order and the resistance '' . A Star Wars - themed hotel , a deluxe resort to be built near Disney 's Hollywood Studios , was also announced at the 2017 D23 Expo . Title Parks Debut date Final date Star Tours Disneyland January 9 , 1987 ( 1987 - 01 - 09 ) July 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) Tokyo Disneyland July 12 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 12 ) April 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 02 ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 15 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 15 ) September 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 07 ) Disneyland Paris April 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 12 ) March 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 16 ) Star Wars Weekends Disney 's Hollywood Studios 1997 ( 1997 ) 2015 ( 2015 ) Star Wars : Where Science Meets Imagination Multiple locations October 19 , 1015 ( 1015 - 10 - 19 ) March 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) Jedi Training Academy Disneyland July 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 19 - 01 ) November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios October 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 09 ) October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Disney 's Hollywood Studios May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) - Disneyland June 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 03 ) - Tokyo Disneyland May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) - Disneyland Paris March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) - Star Wars Launch Bay Disneyland November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) - Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) - Shanghai Disneyland Park June 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 16 ) - Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) - Disneyland December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) - Disneyland Paris July 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 11 ) - Hong Kong Disneyland June 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 25 ) - Star Wars : A Galactic Spectacular Disney 's Hollywood Studios June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) - Merchandising Main articles : Kenner Star Wars action figures , List of Kenner Star Wars action figures , Star Wars : The Vintage Collection , Lego Star Wars , List of Lego Star Wars sets , Star Wars trading card , and Star Wars role - playing games The success of the Star Wars films led the franchise to become one of the most merchandised franchises in the world . In 1977 , while filming the original film , George Lucas decided to take a 500,000 - dollar pay - cut to his own salary as director , in exchange for fully owning the merchandising rights of the franchise to himself . Over the franchise 's lifetime , such exchange cost 20th Century Fox , more than US $20 billion in merchandising revenue profits . Disney acquired the merchandising rights when part of purchasing Lucasfilm . Kenner made the first Star Wars action figures to coincide with the release of the film , and today the remaining 80 's figures sell at extremely high prices in auctions . Since the 90 's Hasbro holds the rights to create action figures based on the saga . Pez dispensers have been produced . Star Wars was the first intellectual property to be licensed in Lego Group history , which has produced a Star Wars Lego theme . Lego has produced animated parody short films to promote their sets , among them Revenge of the Brick ( 2005 ) and The Quest for R2 - D2 ( 2009 ) , the former parodies Revenge of the Sith , while the later The Clone Wars film . Due to their success , LEGO created animated comedy mini-series among them The Yoda Chronicles ( 2013 - 2014 ) and Droid Tales ( 2015 ) originally airing on Cartoon Network , but since 2014 moved into Disney XD . The Lego Star Wars video games are critically acclaimed best sellers . In 1977 with the board game Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( not to be confused with another board game with the same title , published in 1990 ) . The board game Risk has been adapted to the series in two editions by Hasbro : and Star Wars Risk : The Clone Wars Edition ( 2005 ) and Risk : Star Wars Original Trilogy Edition ( 2006 ) . Three different official tabletop role - playing games have been developed for the Star Wars universe : a version by West End Games in the 1980s and 1990s , one by Wizards of the Coast in the 2000s , and one by Fantasy Flight Games in the 2010s . Star Wars trading cards have been published since the first `` blue '' series , by Topps , in 1977 . Dozens of series have been produced , with Topps being the licensed creator in the United States . Some of the card series are of film stills , while others are original art . Many of the cards have become highly collectible with some very rare `` promos '' , such as the 1993 Galaxy Series II `` floating Yoda '' P3 card often commanding US $1 000 or more . While most `` base '' or `` common card '' sets are plentiful , many `` insert '' or `` chase cards '' are very rare . From 1995 until 2001 , Decipher , Inc. had the license for , created and produced a collectible card game based on Star Wars ; the Star Wars Collectible Card Game ( also known as SWCCG ) . Themes , comparisons and influences on other franchises See also : Star Wars sources and analogues Aside from its well - known science fictional technology , Star Wars features elements such as knighthood , chivalry , and princesses that are related to archetypes of the fantasy genre . The Star Wars world , unlike fantasy and science - fiction films that featured sleek and futuristic settings , was portrayed as dirty and grimy . Lucas ' vision of a `` used future '' was further popularized in the science fiction - horror films Alien , which was set on a dirty space freighter ; Mad Max 2 , which is set in a post-apocalyptic desert ; and Blade Runner , which is set in a crumbling , dirty city of the future . Lucas made a conscious effort to parallel scenes and dialogue between films , and especially to parallel the journeys of Luke Skywalker with that of his father Anakin when making the prequels . Comparisons with historical events Star Wars contains many themes of political science that mainly favor democracy over dictatorship . Political science has been an important element of Star Wars since the franchise first launched in 1977 . The plot climax of Revenge of the Sith is modeled after the fall of the democratic Roman Republic and the formation of an empire . The stormtroopers from the movies share a name with the Nazi stormtroopers ( see also Sturmabteilung ) . Imperial officers ' uniforms also resemble some historical German Army uniforms ( see Wehrmacht ) and the political and security officers of the Empire resemble the black clad SS down to the imitation silver death 's head insignia on their officer 's caps . World War II terms were used for names in Star Wars ; examples include the planets Kessel ( a term that refers to a group of encircled forces ) , Hoth ( Hermann Hoth was a German general who served on the snow laden Eastern Front ) , and Tatooine ( Tataouine - a province south of Tunis in Tunisia , roughly where Lucas filmed for the planet ; Libya was a WWII arena of war ) . Palpatine being Chancellor before becoming Emperor mirrors Adolf Hitler 's role as Chancellor before appointing himself Dictator . The Great Jedi Purge alludes to the events of The Holocaust , the Great Purge , the Cultural Revolution , and the Night of the Long Knives . In addition , Lucas himself has drawn parallels between Palpatine and his rise to power to historical dictators such as Julius Caesar , Napoleon Bonaparte , and Adolf Hitler . The final medal awarding scene in A New Hope , however , references Leni Riefenstahl 's Triumph of the Will . The space battles in A New Hope were based on filmed World War I and World War II dogfights . Continuing the use of Nazi inspiration for the Empire , J.J. Abrams , the director of Star Wars : The Force Awakens , has said that the First Order , an Imperial offshoot which will possibly serve as the main antagonist of the sequel trilogy , is also inspired by another aspect of the Nazi regime . Abrams spoke of how several Nazis fled to Argentina after the war and he claims that the concept for the First Order came from conversations between the scriptwriters about what would have happened if they had started working together again . Cultural impact Just like the franchise , its fictional weapons , such as the lightsaber and the blaster , have been used in popular culture and have been an iconic part of the franchise . Main article : Cultural impact of Star Wars The Star Wars saga has had a significant impact on modern popular culture . Star Wars references are deeply embedded in popular culture ; Phrases like `` evil empire '' and `` May the Force be with you '' have become part of the popular lexicon . The first Star Wars film in 1977 was a cultural unifier , enjoyed by a wide spectrum of people . The film can be said to have helped launch the science fiction boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s , making science fiction films a blockbuster genre or mainstream . This very impact also made it a prime target for parody works and homages , with popular examples including Spaceballs , Family Guy 's Laugh It Up , Fuzzball , Robot Chicken 's `` Star Wars Episode I '' , `` Star Wars Episode II '' and `` Star Wars Episode III '' , and Hardware Wars by Ernie Fosselius . In 1989 , the Library of Congress selected the original Star Wars film for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry , as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' Its sequel , The Empire Strikes Back , was selected in 2010 . Despite these callings for archival , it is unclear whether copies of the 1977 and 1980 theatrical sequences of Star Wars and Empire -- or copies of the 1997 Special Edition versions -- have been archived by the NFR , or indeed if any copy has been provided by Lucasfilm and accepted by the Registry . Fan works Main article : Star Wars fan films The Star Wars saga has inspired many fans to create their own non-canon material set in the Star Wars galaxy . In recent years , this has ranged from writing fan - fiction to creating fan films . In 2002 , Lucasfilm sponsored the first annual Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards , officially recognizing filmmakers and the genre . Because of concerns over potential copyright and trademark issues , however , the contest was initially open only to parodies , mockumentaries , and documentaries . Fan - fiction films set in the Star Wars universe were originally ineligible , but in 2007 Lucasfilm changed the submission standards to allow in - universe fiction entries . Lucasfilm , for the most part , has allowed but not endorsed the creation of these derivative fan - fiction works , so long as no such work attempts to make a profit from or tarnish the Star Wars franchise in any way . While many fan films have used elements from the licensed Expanded Universe to tell their story , they are not considered an official part of the Star Wars canon . See also Star Wars portal Architecture of Star Wars Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy Jedi census phenomenon Jediism List of Star Wars creatures Physics and Star Wars Star Wars canon Star Wars Day Star Wars expanded universe Star Wars music Star Wars role play Star Wars : Evolution of the lightsaber duel The Story of Star Wars Technology in Star Wars List of space science fiction franchises Notes ^ Jump up to : Until 2020 References Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Spinoff In the Works With ' Lego Movie ' Directors ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James Ryan . `` When did Star Wars become known as A New Hope ? - In A Far Away Galaxy '' . Jump up ^ ScreenPrism . `` Why was `` Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope '' originally released under another title - ScreenPrism `` . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars -- Box Office History '' . The Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . 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Prior to the Company 's acquisition , Lucasfilm produced six Star Wars films ( Episodes 1 through 6 ) . Lucasfilm retained the rights to consumer products related to all of the films and the rights related to television and electronic distribution formats for all of the films , with the exception of the rights for Episode IV , which are owned by a third - party studio . All of the films are distributed by a third - party studio in the theatrical and home video markets . The theatrical and home video distribution rights for these films revert to Lucasfilm in May 2020 with the exception of Episode IV , for which these distribution rights are retained in perpetuity by the third - party studio . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Movie Franchise Headed to Digital HD '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` STAR WARS ( U ) '' . 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MobyGames . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The making of The Empire Strikes Back '' . Retro Gamer ( 70 ) : 82 -- 83 . November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` LucasArts Entertainment Company : 20th Anniversary ( Part Two : The Classics , 1990 -- 1994 ) '' . LucasArts . June 23 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2006 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Brief History of Star War Games , Part 1 ( Slide 29 -- 32 ) '' . Tom 's Hardware . May 20 , 2007 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mizell , Leslie ( October 1994 ) . `` Star Wars : Dark Forces preview '' . PC Gamer . Future Publishing : 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Staten , James ( December 4 , 1995 ) . `` Dark Forces '' . MacWEEK . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2009 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . -- via AccessMyLibrary ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Turner , Benjamin ; Bowen , Kevin ( December 11 , 2003 ) . `` Bringin ' in the DOOM Clones '' . GameSpy . 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Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : John , Derek . `` That Time NPR Turned Star Wars Into A Radio Drama -- And It Actually Worked '' . All Things Considered . NPR . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sterling , Christopher H. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Radio ( Vol. 3 ) . Routledge . p. 2206 . ISBN 9781135456498 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5 Awesome Star Wars Media Collectibles '' . StarWars.com. April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Alan ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Sounds of Star Wars : The Audio Dramas '' . Tor.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Surrell , Jason ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Imagineering Star Tours , Part 2 : Lightspeed to Endor '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Surrell , Jason ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Imagineering Star Tours , Part 3 : Visual Effects ( and Disney ) Magic '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . 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OrlandoSentinel.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fickley - Baker , Jennifer . `` Plans Unveiled for Star Wars - Inspired Themed Resort at Walt Disney World '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Real Force Behind ' Star Wars ' : How George Lucas Built an Empire '' . Jump up ^ `` Lego gets Lord Of The Rings and Hobbit licence '' . Metro . Jump up ^ Link Voxx . `` Star Wars Episode 7 News - New LEGO Star Wars Mini-Series Retelling the Whole Saga Coming to DisneyXD '' . Star Wars Episode 7 News . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( description ) , Board game geek , 1977 Jump up ^ Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( description ) , Board game geek , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Clone Wars Edition '' . Hasbro . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Risk Star Wars : The Original Trilogy Edition '' . Board game geek . 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Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Attack of the Clones '' . Time . 2002 - 04 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2002 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 13 . The people give their democracy to a dictator , whether it 's Julius Caesar or Napoleon or Adolf Hitler . Ultimately , the general population goes along with the idea ... That 's the issue I 've been exploring : how did the Republic turn into the Empire ? Jump up ^ Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy ( documentary ) . 2004 . Jump up ^ James Dyer ( 2015 ) . `` JJ Abrams Spills Details On Kylo Ren '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danesi , Marcel ( 2012 ) . Popular Culture : Introductory Perspectives . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 165 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1783 - 6 . Jump up ^ Brooker , Will ( 2002 ) . Using the Force : Creativity , Community , and Star Wars Fans . New York ( u.a. ) : Continuum . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5287 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The power of the dark side '' . 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The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Mallory ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` A ' New ' New Hope : Film Preservation and the Problem with ' Star Wars ' '' . soundonsight.org . Sound on Sight . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . the NFR does not possess workable copies of the original versions ... Government - mandated agencies such as the National Film Registry are unable to preserve ( or even possess ) working copies of the films on their list without the consent of the author and / or copyright holder . Jump up ^ `` Request Denied : Lucas Refuses to Co-Operate with Government Film Preservation Organizations '' . savestarwars.com . Saving Star Wars . 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . When the request was made for STAR WARS , Lucasfilm offered us the Special Edition version . The offer was declined as this was obviously not the version that had been selected for the Registry . Jump up ^ `` Filmmaker Kevin Smith Hosts ' The Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards ' on SCI FI Channel ; George Lucas to Present Special Honor '' . Business Wire. April 23 , 2002 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Knapton , Sarah ( April 7 , 2008 ) . `` Court to rule in Star Wars costume battle '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Bibliography Arnold , Alan ( 1980 ) . Once Upon a Galaxy : A Journal of the Making of The Empire Strikes Back . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 29075 - 5 . Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1997 ) . The Annotated Screenplays . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40981 - 7 . Kaminski , Michael ( 2007 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars . -- -- -- ( 2008 ) ( 2007 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars ( 3.0 ed . ) . Legacy Books Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9784652 - 3 - 0 . Rinzler , Jonathan W ( 2005 ) . The Making of Star Wars , Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 43139 - 1 . -- -- -- ( 2007 ) . The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film ( Star Wars ) . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49476 - 8 . Further reading Decker , Kevin S. ( March 10 , 2005 ) . Star Wars and Philosophy . Open Court . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9583 - 6 . Campbell , Joseph ( June 1 , 1991 ) . The Power of Myth . Anchor . ISBN 0 - 385 - 41886 - 8 . Henderson , Mary ( November 3 , 1997 ) . Star Wars : The Magic of Myth . Bantam . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10206 - 0 . Larsen , Stephen ( April 1 , 2002 ) . Joseph Campbell : A Fire in the Mind . Inner Traditions . ISBN 0 - 89281 - 873 - 5 . Cavlelos , Jeanne ( May 1999 ) . The Science of Star Wars . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 20958 - 4 . Lucasfilms ( November 13 , 2012 ) . Nancy Reagin , Janice Liedl , ed . Star Wars and History . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 111 - 82852 - 55 . National Geographic Society ( October 2005 ) . Star Wars : Where Science Meets Imagination . National Geographic & Boston Museum of Science . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 4183 - 5 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Star Wars Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Star Wars Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Wars . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Star Wars tourism . 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when does the last star wars come out
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"Sequel trilogy:\n\nVII – The Force Awakens (2015)\nVIII – The Last Jedi (2017)\nIX (2019)\n\n"
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Game of Thrones (season 7)
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Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) -- August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 Next → Season 8 List of Game of Thrones episodes The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show 's main plotlines , featuring major events such as Daenerys Targaryen arriving in Westeros with her army and three dragons and waging war against the Lannisters , Jon Snow forging an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army , Arya and Bran returning to Winterfell and reuniting with their sister Sansa , and the army of the dead breaching the Wall ( with the help of a reanimated wight dragon ) and entering the Seven Kingdoms . HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21 , 2016 , three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season , and began filming on August 31 , 2016 . The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia and Iceland . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington . The season introduces several new cast members , including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 2.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 2.2. 3 In the Riverlands 2.2. 4 In King 's Landing 2.2. 5 In Oldtown 2.2. 6 At Dragonstone 2.2. 7 In flashbacks 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Casting 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Accolades 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Home media 5.4 Illegal distribution 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 At the Twins , Arya fatally poisons the remaining lords of House Frey . The White Walkers march toward the Wall , where Tollett allows Bran and Meera inside . At Winterfell , despite Sansa 's disapproval , Jon secures the loyalties of Houses Umber and Karstark , who fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards . At the Citadel , Samwell steals books that reveal a large reservoir of dragonglass in Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon . He later finds Jorah in a cell . In the Riverlands , Arya meets a group of friendly Lannister soldiers , who take her intention to kill Cersei as a joke . Thoros shows Sandor a vision in the fire . The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light . In King 's Landing , Jaime tells Cersei of the crucial need for allies . She welcomes Euron , who proposes marriage to her in exchange for his Iron Fleet and a chance to kill Theon and Yara . Cersei declines citing trust as a concern , so Euron promises to return with a `` gift '' to prove his loyalty . Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone , the home of House Targaryen once occupied by Stannis , with her army and dragons . 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 Daenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara 's fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock , deciding to place King 's Landing under siege . She questions Varys ' loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her . Melisandre arrives and encourages her to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone . Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship . Cersei gathers several lords , asking for their fealties and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South . Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of harming dragons . Arya meets with Hot Pie and learns of Jon 's ascension to King in the North , halting plans to travel to King 's Landing and instead setting course for Winterfell . After receiving Samwell 's letter , Jon leaves for Dragonstone in hopes of convincing Daenerys to support the fight against the White Walkers . He leaves Sansa in charge and aggressively warns Littlefinger to keep his distance . Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah 's greyscale infection . Euron 's fleet attacks Yara 's . Obara and Nymeria are killed , while Ellaria , Tyene , and Yara are captured . Theon shows flashes of his time as Reek , hesitating to challenge Euron before fleeing the carnage by jumping into the sea . 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 Jon arrives at Dragonstone . Daenerys demands his fealty . He refuses and focuses instead on convincing her to fight the Army of the Dead . Following Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys grants Jon access to the island 's dragonglass . Melisandre hides her presence from Jon and leaves for Volantis . Bran arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound role as the Three - Eyed Raven to Sansa . In King 's Landing , Euron returns with Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei , who promises to marry him after the war is won . She also awards him co-control of her military alongside Jaime . Cersei administers to Tyene the same poison used to kill Myrcella , forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter 's impending death . In Oldtown , a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys . Ebrose forgives Samwell . Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock , only to find it mostly abandoned . Jaime led most of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden , while Euron 's fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied 's ships . The Lannister forces overwhelm Olenna 's army . Jaime induces Olenna to drink poison , offering her a quick and painless death . After drinking it , she confesses to poisoning Joffrey . 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 Arya returns to Winterfell , where she reunites with Sansa and spars with Brienne , both of whom are unnerved by her exceptional fighting skills . Bran unemotionally bids farewell to Meera , divulging that he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North . Littlefinger presents Bran with the dagger that was previously used in his attempted assassination . Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full return on their investment , as a train carrying gold from Highgarden is on its way to King 's Landing . In a cave filled with dragonglass , Jon reveals ancient paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead . Later , Daenerys learns of the sacking of Highgarden by Lannister forces and realizes her attack on Casterly Rock was a distraction . Despite Tyrion 's protests , she decides to take action . Led by Daenerys riding Drogon , the Dothraki cavalry catches the Lannister army by surprise and decimate or capture its remaining forces . Drogon is wounded during the fight by a spear fired from the scorpion ballista being manned by Bronn . Jaime mounts a desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys , but Drogon spews fire in time to thwart the attack . Bronn tackles Jaime into the river in time to save him . 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 Jaime and Bronn return to King 's Landing . Against Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive for remaining allegiant to Cersei , forcing the other captives to pledge fealty to the former . Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys . Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the approaching wights to Eastwatch by the Sea . Jon decides to travel beyond the Wall and capture a wight in order to convince Cersei for a temporary alliance . Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King 's Landing , where he secretly meets with Jaime and offers an armistice , which Cersei accepts , informing Jaime that she is pregnant . Davos rendezvouses with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone . With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan 's letter , Samwell steals several books and leaves with Gilly and Little Sam . At Winterfell , Littlefinger notices Arya spying on him and leads her to take a letter written by Sansa from his room . Jon , Jorah , and Gendry , joined by the Hound , the Brotherhood , and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund , leave Eastwatch and pass the Wall , intending to capture a wight as evidence for Cersei that the Army of the Dead is real . 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 At Winterfell , Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa . Tensions between Arya and Sansa grow following Arya 's discovery of the letter Sansa sent as a child begging for Robb 's fealty to Joffrey . Sansa discovers Arya 's bag of faces she took from Braavos . At Dragonstone , Tyrion counsels Daenerys about her upcoming negotiations with Cersei . Beyond the Wall , Jon leads a raiding party to capture a wight to bring South as evidence of the White Walkers ' existence . After successfully capturing one , the group is besieged by the White Walker army . Jon has Gendry return to Eastwatch and send a raven to Daenerys to request her help . Thoros freezes to death overnight . Daenerys arrives and saves the group from the wights , with the help of her dragons . The Night King , leader of the White Walkers , throws an ice spear at Viserion , one of Daenerys ' dragons , and kills it . Daenerys flies off , along with the raiding party , but is unable to save Jon . Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to allow Jon to escape . When Jon and Daenerys are reunited , Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen . The Night King resurrects Viserion , making the dragon a part of his army . 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 At King 's Landing , the wight is presented to the Lannisters . Cersei demands Jon 's neutrality in the Great War , but he upholds his oath to Daenerys , provoking Cersei to leave . Tyrion meets privately with Cersei , apparently persuading her to ally . Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she was lying and instead intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros . Disgusted , Jaime deserts her and rides north . Bound for White Harbor , Jon and Daenerys make love . At Dragonstone , Theon earns the respect of his men and leads them to rescue Yara . At Winterfell , Littlefinger sows dissent using Arya 's threatening demeanor with Sansa , who assembles a trial . After listing Littlefinger 's acts of treason against House Stark and the North , Sansa has Arya execute him . Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran , where both discuss Jon 's parentage . They realise Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon and valid heir to the Iron Throne , with his parents -- Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark -- having married in secret . At Eastwatch , the Night King rides the undead dragon Viserion and collapses a section of the Wall with blue dragon fire , allowing the Army of the Dead to march south . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Sophie Turner ( Sansa Stark ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Carice van Houten as Melisandre Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Conleth Hill as Varys John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear . In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Neil Fingleton as giant wight Ian Whyte as giant wight In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In King 's Landing ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Anton Lesser as Qyburn Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris In Oldtown ( edit ) Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose At Dragonstone ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Brendan Cowell as Harrag Staz Nair as Qhono In flashbacks ( edit ) Aisling Franciosi as Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Robert Aramayo as Eddard Stark Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season . The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 7 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 2 and 3 ) , Matt Shakman ( episodes 4 and 5 ) and Alan Taylor ( episode 6 ) . This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season . Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director , with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons . Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer , after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season . She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons , as well as the end of the sixth season . Writing ( edit ) The seventh season contains original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . Some of the show 's sixth season also consists of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin . Filming ( edit ) The shores of Gaztelugatxe were used as a location for filming Season 7 . Filming began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , and ended in February 2017 . In an interview with the showrunners , it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming . The showrunners stated `` We 're starting a bit later because , you know , at the end of this season , winter is here , and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more . We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim , gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot . '' Girona , Spain did not return as one of the filming locations . Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing . It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland , Spain and Iceland , with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016 . The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville , Cáceres , Almodóvar del Río , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika , Las Atarazanas , the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe , an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo . The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum , which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season . Some scenes were filmed in Iceland . Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik , Croatia , which is used for location of King 's Landing . The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta , Canada . Casting ( edit ) Deadline reported on June 21 , 2016 , that the five main cast members , Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons . It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season . It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation , for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons . On August 31 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a `` significant '' role . It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast , with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma , who had previously played the role in `` Blood of My Blood '' . The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris , who did not appear in the sixth season , Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie , who last appeared in the fourth season , and Joe Dempsie as Gendry , who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member . Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances . British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season . Guitarist / vocalist of American heavy metal band Mastodon , Brent Hinds , has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance . This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series , following his appearance ( along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher ) in the fifth season . Episodes ( edit ) On April 21 , 2016 , HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones , just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season . In a June 2016 interview with Variety , co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss revealed the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating at the time of the interview that they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Director Jack Bender , who worked on the show 's sixth season , said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes . Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed on July 18 , 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16 . The seventh season of the series includes its longest episode , with the finale running for 81 minutes . The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode . The first five episodes mostly run longer than average ( 55 minutes ) , at 59 , 59 , 63 , 50 , and 59 minutes respectively . The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale , `` The Winds of Winter '' , which ran for 69 minutes . Music ( edit ) See also : Game of Thrones : Season 7 ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the seventh season has a 95 % approval rating from 42 critics with an average rating of 8.31 out of 10 , and a 92 % average episode score , with the site 's consensus reading `` After a year - long wait , Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones . '' Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release . The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well . In the UK , the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days , setting a new record for Sky Atlantic . Compared to the previous season , HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent . HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region , with a 29 percent climb . In Germany , the show went up 210 percent , in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase . In the United States , the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television , and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included . Over the season , the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platforms . No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dragonstone '' July 16 , 2017 4.7 10.11 1.1 2.62 5.8 12.74 `` Stormborn '' July 23 , 2017 4.3 9.27 1.4 3.08 5.7 12.37 `` The Queen 's Justice '' July 30 , 2017 4.3 9.25 1.1 2.72 5.4 11.97 `` The Spoils of War '' August 6 , 2017 4.6 10.17 1.7 3.76 6.3 13.94 5 `` Eastwatch '' August 13 , 2017 5.0 10.72 1.6 3.67 6.6 14.41 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' August 20 , 2017 4.7 10.24 1.6 3.74 6.3 13.98 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' August 27 , 2017 5.7 12.07 1.4 3.35 7.1 15.44 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 American Film Institute Awards 2017 AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 2017 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Non-Commercial Television Robert McLachlan ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated Gregory Middleton ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated IGN Awards Best Action Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Spoils of War '' Won IGN People 's Choice Award Best Action Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Spoils of War '' Won Humanitas Prize 60 Minute Network or Syndicated Television David Benioff , D.B. Weiss ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Color Grading Joe Finley ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated Outstanding Editing Tim Porter ( for `` Stormborn '' ) Nominated Jesse Parker ( for `` The Queen 's Justice '' ) Nominated Crispin Green ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Mathew Waters , Onnalee Blank , Bradley C. Katona , Paul Bercovitch ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated 2018 22nd Satellite Awards Best Genre Series Game of Thrones Won 23rd National Television Awards Best Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 8th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated 75th Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Outstanding Action Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Game of Thrones Won Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated 60th Annual Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Ramin Djawadi Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards 2018 Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Tim Porter ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated 45th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Live Action Production Paul Story , Todd Labonte , Matthew Muntean , Cajun Hylton , Georgy Arevshatov ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards 2017 One - Hour Single Camera Period Or Fantasy Television Series Deborah Riley ( for `` Dragonstone '' , `` The Queen 's Justice '' , and `` Eastwatch '' ) Won Cinema Audio Society Awards 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill , Richard Dyer , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters , Brett Voss ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Won Costume Designers Guild Awards 2017 Outstanding Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton Won 70th Directors Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Jeremy Podeswa ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Nominated Matt Shakman ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated Alan Taylor ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Jane Walker , Nicola Matthews Won Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks Nominated Best Special Makeup Effects -- Television Barrie Gower , Sarah Gower Won Producers Guild of America Awards 2017 `` The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama '' David Benioff , D.B. Weiss , Bernadette Caulfield , Frank Doelger , Carolyn Strauss , Bryan Cogman , Lisa McAtackney , Chris Newman , Greg Spence Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards 2017 Television Drama Series David Benioff , Bryan Cogman , Dave Hill , D.B. Weiss Nominated 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Joe Bauer , Steve Kullback , Chris Baird , David Ramos , Sam Conway ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Won Outstanding Animated Character in an Episode or Real - Time Project Paul Story , Todd Labonte , Matthew Muntean , Nicholas Wilson ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Zombie Polar Bear '' ) Nominated Jonathan Symmonds , Thomas Kutschera , Philipp Winterstein , Andreas Krieg ( for `` Eastwatch '' -- `` Drogon Meets Jon '' ) Nominated Murray Stevenson , Jason Snyman , Jenn Taylor , Florian Friedmann ( for `` The Spoils of War '' -- `` Drogon Loot Train Attack '' ) Won Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial or Real - Time Project Daniel Villalba , Antonio Lado , José Luis Barreiro , Isaac de la Pompa ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Won Patrice Poissant , Deak Ferrand , Dominic Daigle , Gabriel Morin ( for `` Eastwatch '' ) Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Manuel Ramírez , Óscar Márquez , Pablo Hernández , David Gacituaga ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Nominated Thomas Hullin , Dominik Kirouac , Sylvain Nouveau , Nathan Arbuckle ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' -- `` Wall Destruction '' ) Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Óscar Perea , Santiago Martos , David Esteve , Michael Crane ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Nominated Thomas Montminy Brodeur , Xavier Fourmond , Reuben Barkataki , Sébastien Raets ( for `` Eastwatch '' ) Nominated Dom Hellier , Thijs Noij , Edwin Holdsworth , Giacomo Matteucci ( for `` The Spoils of War '' -- `` Loot Train Attack '' ) Won Golden Reel Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Effects / Foley Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Bradley Katona , Brett Voss and Jeffrey Wilhoit ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Dialogue / ADR Tim Kimmel , Paul Bercovitch and Tim Hands ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Music / Musical David Klotz ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated 15th Irish Film & Television Awards Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Won Actor in a Supporting Role -- Television Liam Cunningham Won Aidan Gillen Nominated Best Sound Ronan Hill , Onnalee Blank and Matthew Waters Nominated Best VFX Ed Bruce & Nicholas Murphy Nominated 5th Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Period Television Series Robert Boake , Matt Jones , Tate Araez Guzman Won 44th Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Television Series Game of Thrones Pending Best Actress on a Television Series Lena Headey Pending Best Supporting Actor on a Television Series Kit Harington Pending Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Pending 2018 British Academy Television Awards Must - See Moment `` Viserion is Killed by the Night King '' ( for Beyond the Wall ) Pending 2018 British Academy Television Craft Awards Costume Design Michele Clapton Won Production Design Deborah Riley , Rob Cameron Won Special Award Game of Thrones Won Webby Award Best Overall Social Presence Game of Thrones Won Best Trailer Game of Thrones Won Best Digital Campaign Game of Thrones Won 2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Show Game of Thrones Pending Best Performance in a Show Maisie Williams Pending Best Hero Emilia Clarke Pending Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries . In some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Marketing ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs , and shots of crew members creating sets and props . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28 , 2016 , showcasing Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Arya Stark . On March 1 , 2017 , HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for a cross-promotional partnership . At least 19 individual teams participated in this promotion . On March 8 , 2017 , HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin , Texas , which teases the battle of `` ice vs. fire '' . Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event , along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . On March 9 , 2017 , HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16 , 2017 . It was accompanied by a teaser trailer . On March 30 , 2017 , the first official promo for the show was released , highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen , Jon Snow , and Cersei Lannister . On April 20 , 2017 , HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season . On May 22 , 2017 , HBO released several new photos from the new season . On May 23 , 2017 , HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King . The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24 , 2017 . The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever , being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms , in the first 24 hours . The second official trailer was released on June 21 , 2017 . The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12 , 2017 . Home media ( edit ) The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12 , 2017 . Illegal distribution ( edit ) The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired . On August 4 , 2017 , it was reported that , two days before its original broadcast , the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India , one of HBO 's international network partners . The leaked copy has the `` for internal viewing only '' watermark . On July 31 , 2017 , due to a security breach , HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data . However , `` this was not related to this episode leak '' , according to The Verge . On August 16 , 2017 , four days before its intended release , it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed . Data from piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming , with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy . On average , each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times , making Game of Thrones the most - pirated television series in 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HBO Renews Hit Series `` Game of Thrones , '' `` Silicon Valley '' and `` Veep '' for 2017 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Opam , Kwame ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 premieres on July 16th '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - game of thrones on hbo '' . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) - and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Returns for Seventh Season July 16 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Sarah ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Gendry 's back ! The lost son of King Baratheon will return during the 7th season of ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game Of Thrones ' Photos Hint At Season 7 Clues '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones star is delighted to be back at Castle Black '' . The Shield Gazette . October 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Jacob ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : First Photos '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Dan ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` PICTURE EXCLUSIVE : Game Of Thrones cast film battle scenes for new series in Northern Ireland ... a day after scooping 12 awards at the Emmys '' . The Daily Mail . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # WinterIsComing # Belfast # Irishthrones Just a casual walk amongst the green fields of Corbet and i bump into these people ! ! '' . Twitter . September 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Parkinson CV '' . Independent Talent . June 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Photos and Special Effects Featurette '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # watchersOTthewall # Irishthrones # Belfast These are a few more sightings of many ! ! Care to work out what the plot might be hehe ? ? '' . Twitter . October 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ IrishThrones @ WatchersOTWall @ magnificentMR @ GameOfThrones More pics for your theories ! ! '' . Twitter . October 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Game Of Thrones Season 7 Trailer : ' Fight Every Battle ! ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer : `` The Great War is Here '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Everything We Know So Far '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 spoilers : Tom Hopper lands recast role '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Expect to See a Lot More of Braavos in Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Jim Broadbent in first season 7 role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jim Broadbent on Game of Thrones , public school , and his ' arrogant , pompous ' Sense Of An Ending role ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Gemma Whelan on Yara 's Sexuality and Freezing on Set '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Jessica Henwick 's Sandsnake almost vanished from show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Everyone 's Least Favorite ' Game Of Thrones ' Characters Are Returning In Season 7 '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 directors revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` What We Can Expect from Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noble , Matt ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' director Jeremy Podeswa dishes Jon Snow death , teases season six ( Exclusive Video ) '' . GoldDerby . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` The incredible locations that will star in Game of Thrones season 7 '' . Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Premiere Pushed to Summer 2017 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones team on season 7 , who should be on Iron Throne '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riefe , Jordan ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Parodies Proliferate as Filming Wraps on Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Production Delayed '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trivedi , Sachin ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Braavos may not be featured ; Multiple battles near castles '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMMY ® - AND GOLDEN GLOBE - WINNING HBO SERIES GAME OF THRONES TO BEGIN PRODUCTION ON SEASON SEVEN THIS SUMMER '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ZUMAIA Y ZONA NORTE : '' . Facebook . August 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Atarazanas será escenario del rodaje de la séptima temporada de ' Juego de Tronos ' '' . El Correoweb . September 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Juego de Tronos ' grabará en Trujillo el 18 de noviembre '' . Hoy.es . August 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We have had confirmation that The Dark Hedges at Stranocum in Ireland will be used for # GameOfThrones Season 7 filming this week # KingsRoad '' . Twitter . October 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE -- Game of Thrones is back in Dubrovnik '' . The Dubrovnik Times . December 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mertz , Emily ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' was in Banff to film some scenes with wolves '' . Global News . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Stars Set For Potential Season 8 On HBO With Big Raises '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Are These Characters `` Safe '' After Renewing Contracts Through Season 8 ? `` . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Robert De Niro 's Making How Much ? ! TV Is Becoming an ATM for Top Talent '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Bastille ' film cameo in battle sequence ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Huff , Lauren ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran to Appear in ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toney , Jordan ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Mastodon 's Brent Hinds is returning back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 7 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Director Jack Bender Talks Direwolf Deaths , Lost , and Holding That Door '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Boom , Daniel ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 finale will be pretty damn long '' . CNET . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Will Have the Show 's Longest Episode Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Finale Is Practically Movie - Length '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones boom : Ratings hit 30 million viewers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rules the cable Live + 3 ratings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale reaches all - time highs : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI AWARDS 2017 '' . American Film Institute . 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blade Runner , ' ' Mudbound , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Land ASC Cinematography Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 '' . IGN. 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Black - ish ' Top Humanitas Prize Finalists '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NOMINEES '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Rebecca ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` National Television Awards 2018 winners '' . Metro . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Netflix , FX 's FEUD Lead TV Nominations '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Grammys : Full list of winners at the 60th Grammy Awards ( UPDATING LIVE ) '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television - Eddie Awards : ' Dunkirk , ' ' I , Tonya ' Top American Cinema Editors ' Honors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ; Petski , Denise ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` ADG Awards : ' The Shape Of Water ' , ' Blade Runner 2049 ' , ' Logan ' & ' Coco ' Take Film Trophies -- Complete Winners List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` Cinema Audio Society Awards : Sound Mixers Hear ' Dunkirk ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brockington , Ariana ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' I , Tonya , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Win at 2018 Costume Designers Guild Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television , Commercials and Documentary for 2017 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Darkest Hour ' Tops Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dupre , Elyse ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Producers Guild Award Nominations : The Full List of Film and TV Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Writers Guild Award TV Nominations : ' The Americans , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' GLOW ' Grab Multiple Mentions '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Wins Big '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Reel Awards : Oscar Nominees ' Blade Runner 2049 , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Sound Editor Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ifta Awards 2018 : the full list of nominations '' . The Irish Times . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFTAs : Full list of winners as Gabriel Byrne is honoured with Lifetime Achievement Award '' . Irish Independent . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Baby Driver ' Score Motion Picture Wins at LMGI Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Battles It Out With ' Black Mirror ' & ' Line Of Duty ' As BAFTA TV Nominations Are Unveiled '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 4 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA TV Craft Award Winners Include ' Game Of Thrones ' & ' The Crown ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 22 , 2018 . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Webby Awards : ' Game Of Thrones ' , Lin - Manuel Miranda , Lady Gaga Among Winners '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 24 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` MTV Movie & TV Awards : ' Black Panther ' , ' Stranger Things ' Lead Pack In Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Setaro , Shawn ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Drops Season 7 Teaser '' . Complex . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kiberley ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Does First Season 7 Footage Hint at Stark Reunion ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Starks back on form as Game of Thrones season 7 teaser trailer airs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Teams With Major League Baseball For Cross Promotions '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 first poster teases ice vs. fire '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Watch the Haunting First Season 7 Teaser Trailer Now '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones first season 7 photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones unleashes epic season 7 dragon war photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 : The Night King Is Coming in Eerie New Poster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer Snags 61 Million Views In First 24 Hours , HBO Says '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Premiere as HBO Brings Winter to Downtown L.A. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornnush , Jonathon ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 Blu - Ray , DVD , Digital Download Release Dates , Bonus Features Announced '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Rob ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 premiere was pirated a staggering 90 million times '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones episode 4 leaks online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones script and other HBO episodes reportedly leak online following hack '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Game of Thrones episode leaks online before TV broadcast '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` HBO has accidentally broadcast this week 's Game of Thrones '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Pirated Over a Billion Times '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Van der Sar , Ernesto ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Most Torrented TV - Show of 2017 '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website -- ( U.S. ) Official website -- ( U.K. ) Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Myrcella Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series 24 , season 6 ( 2007 ) Heroes , season 3 , part I ( 2008 ) 24 , season 7 ( 2009 ) True Blood , season 3 ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones , season 1 ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones , season 2 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones , season 4 ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones , season 7 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)&oldid=843377931 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 19 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when is the latest game of thrones coming out
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"The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017.[1][2][3] Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven.[4] Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series.[5][better source needed] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss."
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"July 16, 2017"
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Suite: Judy Blue Eyes
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Suite : Judy Blue Eyes - wikipedia Suite : Judy Blue Eyes Jump to : navigation , search `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' Single by Crosby , Stills & Nash from the album Crosby , Stills & Nash B - side `` Long Time Gone '' Released September 1969 Format 7 '' 45 RPM Genre Folk rock , soft rock Length 7 : 28 ( album version ) 4 : 35 ( single edit ) Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Stephen Stills Producer ( s ) David Crosby Graham Nash Stephen Stills Crosby , Stills & Nash singles chronology `` Marrakesh Express '' ( 1969 ) `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' ( 1969 ) `` Woodstock '' ( 1970 ) `` Marrakesh Express '' ( 1969 ) `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' ( 1969 ) `` Woodstock '' ( 1970 ) `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' is a suite of short songs written by Stephen Stills and performed by Crosby , Stills & Nash ( CSN ) . It appeared on the group 's self - titled debut album in 1969 and was released as a single , hitting # 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart . The song is ranked # 418 on Rolling Stone ′ s list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . In Canada , `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' peaked at number 11 . The title is a play on words for `` Sweet Judy Blue Eyes '' . The song is a suite in the classical sense ( i.e. , an ordered set of musical pieces ) . The recording features an acoustic guitar tuned to EEEEBE ( `` Bruce Palmer Modal Tuning '' ) vs. the standard EADGBE tuning . This style of tuning would later be used for the Déjà Vu songs `` 4 + 20 '' and `` Carry On '' . CSN performed `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' at the Woodstock and Live Aid festivals , and their performance at the former is featured in the film Woodstock ( 1970 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Charts 3 Personnel 4 Sections 4.1 First section 4.2 Second section 4.3 Third section 4.4 Final section 5 Structural Analysis 6 References History ( edit ) The title `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' refers to Stephen Stills ' former girlfriend , singer / songwriter Judy Collins , and the lyrics to most of the suite 's sections consist of his thoughts about her and their imminent breakup . Collins is known for her piercing blue eyes . During a July 15 , 2007 interview for the National Public Radio program Just Roll Tape , Stills revealed that Collins was present in the studio when the demo tapes were recorded . Collins had advised Stills `` not to stay ( at the studio ) all night . '' Stills later commented that `` the breakup was imminent ... we were both too large for one house . '' Stills said that he liked parts of this demo version of `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' better than the released version . Collins and Stills had met in 1967 and dated for two years . In 1969 , she was appearing in the New York Shakespeare Festival musical production of Peer Gynt and had fallen in love with her co-star Stacy Keach , eventually leaving Stills for him . Stills was devastated by the possible breakup and wrote the song as a response to his sadness . In a 2000 interview , Collins gave her impressions of when she first heard the song : `` ( Stephen ) came to where I was singing one night on the West Coast and brought his guitar to the hotel and he sang me `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes , '' the whole song . And of course it has lines in it that referred to my therapy . And so he wove that all together in this magnificent creation . So the legacy of our relationship is certainly in that song . '' The final section of the song is included on 4 Way Street , the CSNY live album . It fades in on the opening of side one of the album . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1970 -- 71 ) Peak position Canada 100 ( RPM ) 11 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 30 US Hot 100 ( Billboard ) 21 US Cash Box Top 100 15 Personnel ( edit ) David Crosby -- harmony vocals Stephen Stills -- lead vocals , acoustic guitar , bass , keyboards , percussion Graham Nash -- harmony vocals Sections ( edit ) `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' has four distinct sections . The timings below are for the full album version . The shortened version released as a single cut the second and fourth verses from the first section , cut the third and fourth verses from the second section , cut the final verse and preceding break from the third section , and shortened the guitar break between the second and the third sections . ( The final section is the only part that stayed fully intact on the single . ) First section ( edit ) The first section is a traditional pop song with four verses , featuring a chorus of `` I am yours , you are mine , you are what you are . '' Running at approximately 2 : 56 , the lead vocal is performed by Stills , with Crosby and Nash providing harmonies . Second section ( edit ) The second section is performed in half time relative to the first section , and features four verses of three - part harmony from the band , with Stills performing a brief vocal solo between the second and third . This section runs from 2 : 56 to 4 : 43 . Third section ( edit ) The third section is more upbeat and features poetic lyrics ( `` chestnut brown canary , ruby - throated sparrow '' ) , lasting from 4 : 43 to 6 : 25 . Each of the three phrases is initially sung by Stills , with Nash then joining , and finally Crosby rounding out the harmonies . Connecting the phrases are instrumental breaks performed by Stills on acoustic guitar . Final section ( edit ) The final section ( the coda ) is sung in Spanish , starting at 6 : 34 until the song concludes . The `` doo - doo - doo - da - doo '' backing vocals are the best known segment of `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' , with Stills singing Spanish lyrics in the background . Stills has said that he intentionally made the final stanzas unexpected and difficult , even using a foreign language for the lyrics , `` just to make sure nobody would understand it '' ( not even Spanish speaking people ) . The final section has been parodied many times , notably in Frank Zappa 's compositions `` Billy the Mountain '' and `` Magdalena '' on The Mothers of Invention 's album Just Another Band From L.A. Most recently , `` Weird Al '' Yankovic performs a takeoff of it ( `` Mission Statement '' ) on his 2014 album Mandatory Fun , only instead of Spanish , the lyrics are corporate buzzwords strung together in such a way as to be ultimately nonsensical . It is also sampled in the 2010 Cypress Hill song `` Armada Latina '' . Structural Analysis ( edit ) Section Phrasing & Subphrasing By Bar TEMPO 1 Intro 4 ( 2 + 1 + 1 ) 3 ( 2 + 1 ) Verse 1 8 ( 5 + 3 ) 8 ( 5 + 3 ) Chorus 6 ( 4 + 2 ) Verse 2 8 ( 5 + 3 ) 8 ( 5 + 3 ) Chorus 6 ( 4 + 2 ) ( 2 bar overlap ) Intro 8 ( 2 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 ) Verse 3 8 ( 5 + 3 ) 8 ( 5 + 3 ) Chorus 6 ( 4 + 2 ) Verse 4 8 ( 5 + 3 ) 8 ( 5 + 3 ) Chorus Chorus+ 8 ( 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 ) 1 / 2 FEEL Vamp 4 ( 2 + 2 ) Verse 5 14 ( 4 + 6 + 4 ) Verse 6 14 ( 4 + 6 + 4 ) Break 12 ( 2 + 2 + 4 + 4 ) Verse 7 14 ( 4 + 6 + 4 ) Verse 8 14 ( 4 + 6 + 4 ) TEMPO 1 Solo 18 ( 16 + 2 ) Verse 9 9 ( 4 + 5 ) ( 2 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 3 ) Solo 9 ( 4 + 4 + 1 ) Verse 10 9 ( 4 + 5 ) Solo 9 ( 4 + 4 + 1 ) Verse 11 9 ( 4 + 5 ) Break 8 ( 2 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 2 ) Coda 4 ( 2 + 2 ) ( 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 ) ( vamp out ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rolling Stone12 / 09 / 2004 ^ Jump up to : `` RPM Top Singles Chart '' ( PDF ) . RPM . RPM archives . Ottawa : Library and Archives Canada . November 29 , 1969 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young : Selections from Déjà Vu and Crosby Stills & Nash ( Authentic Guitar - Tab Edition ) © 1993 Warner Bros. Music Jump up ^ `` Classic Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young : Selections from Déjà Vu and Crosby Stills & Nash ( Authentic Guitar - Tab Edition ) © 1993 Warner Bros. Music Jump up ^ `` Alternate Guitar Tuning '' . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Crosby , Stills & Nash -- Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills & Nash Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , November 29 , 1969 Jump up ^ Cavallo , Dominick . A Fiction of the Past : The Sixties in American History . St. Martin 's Press ( 1999 ) , p. 172 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 21930 - X . ( hide ) Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young David Crosby Stephen Stills Graham Nash Neil Young Studio albums Crosby , Stills & Nash Déjà Vu CSN Daylight Again American Dream Live It Up After the Storm Looking Forward Live albums 4 Way Street Allies Déjà Vu Live CSN 2012 CSNY 1974 Compilation albums So Far Replay CSN Carry On Greatest Hits Demos Songs `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' `` Marrakesh Express '' `` Guinnevere '' `` Wooden Ships '' `` Lady of the Island '' `` Helplessly Hoping '' `` Woodstock '' `` Helpless '' `` Teach Your Children '' `` Almost Cut My Hair '' `` Our House '' `` Ohio '' `` Just a Song Before I Go '' `` Wasted on the Way '' `` Southern Cross '' Related bands The Byrds Buffalo Springfield The Hollies CPR Crosby & Nash The Stills - Young Band Manassas Crazy Horse Related people Joni Mitchell Judy Collins Chris Hillman Cass Elliot Timothy B. Schmit Greg Reeves Dallas Taylor Other related articles Discography CSNY / Déjà Vu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suite:_Judy_Blue_Eyes&oldid=801191621 '' Categories : 1969 singles Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young songs Songs written by Stephen Stills Atlantic Records singles Suites Music medleys 1969 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart making named ref Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 06 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who was sweet judy blue eyes written for
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"The title \"Suite: Judy Blue Eyes\" refers to Stephen Stills' former girlfriend, singer/songwriter Judy Collins, and the lyrics to most of the suite's sections consist of his thoughts about her and their imminent breakup. Collins is known for her piercing blue eyes. During a July 15, 2007 interview for the National Public Radio program Just Roll Tape, Stills revealed that Collins was present in the studio when the demo tapes were recorded. Collins had advised Stills \"not to stay [at the studio] all night.\" Stills later commented that \"the breakup was imminent...we were both too large for one house.\" Stills said that he liked parts of this demo version of \"Suite: Judy Blue Eyes\" better than the released version."
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"Stephen Stills' former girlfriend, singer/songwriter Judy Collins"
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G.I. Bill
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G.I. Bill - wikipedia G.I. Bill This article is about the post -- World War II legislation . For the modern bill , see Post-9 / 11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 . President Roosevelt signs the G.I. Bill into law on June 22 , 1944 The Serviceman 's Readjustment Act of 1944 , also known as the G.I. Bill , was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans ( commonly referred to as G.I.s ) . It was designed by the American Legion , who helped push it through Congress by mobilizing its chapters ( along with the Veterans of Foreign Wars ) ; the goal was to provide immediate rewards for practically all World War II veterans . The act avoided the highly disputed postponed life insurance policy payout for World War I veterans that caused political turmoil for a decade and a half after that war . Benefits included dedicated payments of tuition and living expenses to attend high school , college or vocational / technical school , low - cost mortgages , low - interest loans to start a business , as well as one year of unemployment compensation . It was available to all veterans who had been on active duty during the war years for at least 90 days and had not been dishonorably discharged -- exposure to combat was not required . The recipients did not pay any income tax on the G.I. benefits , since they were not considered earned income . By 1956 , roughly 7.8 million veterans had used the G.I. Bill education benefits , some 2.2 million to attend colleges or universities and an additional 5.6 million for some kind of training program . Historians and economists judge the G.I. Bill a major political and economic success -- especially in contrast to the treatments of World War I veterans -- and a major contribution to America 's stock of human capital that encouraged long - term economic growth . Canada operated a similar program for its World War II veterans , with a similarly beneficial economic impact . Since the original U.S. 1944 law , the term has come to include other benefit programs created to assist veterans of subsequent wars as well as peacetime service . During the 1940s , `` fly - by - night '' for - profit colleges sprang up to collect veterans ' education grants , because the program provided limited oversight . Similarly , for - profit colleges and their lead generators have taken advantage of the post-9 / 11 G.I. Bill to target veterans for subpar products and services . According to CBS News , about 40 percent of all G.I. Bill education funds go to for - profit colleges . The Department of Veterans Affairs , however , does have a G.I. Bill feedback form for recipients to address their complaints against colleges . In 2012 , President Barack Obama also signed Executive Order 13607 , which was to ensure that predatory colleges did not aggressively recruit military service members , veterans , and their families . In 2017 , President Donald Trump signed the Forever GI Bill extending the allowable time period for veterans to pursue educational opportunities . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 After World War II 2 Issues 2.1 Racial discrimination 2.2 Merchant marine 2.3 Predators who target veterans 3 Content 3.1 Chapter 30 ( Montgomery GI Bill ) 3.1. 1 `` Buy - Up '' option 3.1. 2 Time limit / eligibility 3.1. 3 Top - up option 3.1. 4 Educational 3.2 Chapter 31 ( Vocational Rehabilitation Program ) 3.3 Chapter 32 ( Veterans Educational Assistance Program ) 3.4 Chapter 33 ( Post-9 / 11 ) 3.5 Chapter 35 ( Survivors ' and Dependents ' Educational Assistance Program ) 3.6 Chapter 1606 ( Montgomery GI Bill - Selective Reserve ) 3.7 Chapter 1607 ( Reserve Educational Assistance Program ) 4 MGIB comparison chart 5 Other legal safeguards 6 Deregulation 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Don A. Balfour was `` the first recipient of the 1944 GI Bill . '' Veterans Administration letter to George Washington University . On June 22 , 1944 , the Servicemen 's Readjustment Act of 1944 , commonly known as the G.I. Bill of Rights , was signed into law . During the war , politicians wanted to avoid the postwar confusion about veterans ' benefits that became a political football in the 1920s and 1930s . Veterans ' organizations that had formed after the First World War had millions of members ; they mobilized support in Congress for a bill that provided benefits only to veterans of military service , including men and women . Ortiz says their efforts `` entrenched the VFW and the Legion as the twin pillars of the American veterans ' lobby for decades . '' Harry W. Colmery , Republican National Committee chairman and a former National Commander of the American Legion , is credited with writing the first draft of the G.I. Bill . He reportedly jotted down his ideas on stationery and a napkin at the Mayflower Hotel in Washington , D.C. U.S. Senator Ernest McFarland , ( D ) AZ , and National Commander of the American Legion Warren Atherton , ( R ) CA were actively involved in the bill 's passage and are known the `` fathers of the G.I. Bill . '' One might then term Edith Nourse Rogers , ( R ) MA , who helped write and who co-sponsored the legislation , as the `` mother of the G.I. Bill '' . As with Colmery , her contribution to writing and passing this legislation has been obscured by time . The bill that President Roosevelt initially proposed had a means test -- only poor veterans would get one year of funding ; only top - scorers on a written exam would get four years of paid college . The American Legion proposal provided full benefits for all veterans , including women and minorities , regardless of their wealth . An important provision of the G.I. Bill was low interest , zero down payment home loans for servicemen , with more favorable terms for new construction compared to existing housing . This encouraged millions of American families to move out of urban apartments and into suburban homes . Another provision was known as the 52 -- 20 clause for unemployment . Unemployed war veterans would receive $20 once a week for 52 weeks for up to one year while they were looking for work . Less than 20 percent of the money set aside for the 52 -- 20 Club was distributed . Rather , most returning servicemen quickly found jobs or pursued higher education . The original G.I. Bill ended in 1956 . A variety of benefits have been available to military veterans since the original bill , and these benefits packages are commonly referred to as updates to the G.I. Bill . After World War II ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A greater percentage of Vietnam veterans used G.I. Bill education benefits ( 72 percent ) than World War II veterans ( 51 percent ) or Korean War veterans ( 43 percent ) . Issues ( edit ) Racial discrimination ( edit ) See also : African Americans and the G.I. Bill Although the G.I. Bill did not specifically advocate discrimination , it was interpreted differently for blacks than for whites . Historian Ira Katznelson argued that `` the law was deliberately designed to accommodate Jim Crow '' . Because the programs were directed by local , white officials , many veterans did not benefit . In the New York and northern New Jersey suburbs 67,000 mortgages were insured by the G.I. Bill , but fewer than 100 were taken out by non-whites . By 1946 , only one - fifth of the 100,000 blacks who had applied for educational benefits had registered in college . Furthermore , historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) came under increased pressure as rising enrollments and strained resources forced them to turn away an estimated 20,000 veterans . HBCUs were already the poorest colleges and served , to most whites , only to keep blacks out of white colleges . HBCU resources were stretched even thinner when veterans ' demands necessitated a shift in the curriculum away from the traditional `` preach and teach '' course of study offered by the HBCUs . Banks and mortgage agencies refused loans to blacks , making the G.I. Bill even less effective for blacks . Merchant marine ( edit ) Congress did not include merchant marine veterans in the original G.I. Bill , even though they are considered military personnel in times of war in accordance with the Merchant Marine Act of 1936 . As President Roosevelt ( Democrat ) signed the G.I. Bill in June 1944 he said : `` I trust Congress will soon provide similar opportunities to members of the merchant marine who have risked their lives time and time again during war for the welfare of their country . '' Now that the youngest veterans are in their 80s , there are efforts to recognize their contributions by giving some benefits to the remaining survivors . In 2007 , three different bills related to this issue were introduced in Congress , one of which passed the House of Representatives only . Predators who Target veterans ( edit ) After the GI Bill was instituted in the 1940s , several `` fly - by - night '' vocational schools arose . Subprime for - profit colleges still target vets , who are excluded from the 90 - 10 rule for federal funding . This loophole encourages for - profit colleges to target and aggressively recruit veterans and their families . Legislative efforts to close the 90 - 10 loophole have failed . Lead generators like QuinStreet have also acted as third parties to recruit veterans for subprime colleges . Content ( edit ) All veteran education programs are found in law in Title 38 of the United States Code . Each specific program is found in its own Chapter in Title 38 . Unlike scholarship programs , the MGIB requires a financial commitment from the service member . However , if the benefit is not used , the service member can not recoup whatever money was paid into the system . In some states , the National Guard does offer true scholarship benefits , regardless of past or current MGIB participation . Chapter 30 ( Montgomery G.I. Bill ) ( edit ) In 1984 , former Mississippi Democratic Congressman Gillespie V. `` Sonny '' Montgomery revamped the G.I. Bill . From 1984 until 2008 , this version of the law was called `` The Montgomery G.I. Bill '' . The Montgomery GI Bill -- Active Duty ( MGIB ) states that active duty members forfeit $100 per month for 12 months ; if they use the benefits , they receive as of 2012 $1564 monthly as a full - time student ( tiered at lower rates for less - than - full - time ) for a maximum of 36 months of education benefits . This benefit may be used for degree and certificate programs , flight training , apprenticeship / on - the - job training and correspondence courses if the veteran is enrolled full - time . Part - time veteran students receive less , but for a proportionately longer period . This means for every month the veteran received benefits at the half - time , the veterans benefits are only charged for 1 / 2 of a month . Veterans from the reserve have different eligibility requirements and different rules on receiving benefits ( see Ch. 1606 , Ch. 1607 and Ch. 33 ) . MGIB may also be used while active , which only reimburses the cost for tuition and fees . Each service has additional educational benefit programs for active duty members . Most delay using MGIB benefits until after separation , discharge or retirement . `` Buy - up '' option ( edit ) The `` Buy - Up '' option , also known as the `` kicker '' , allows active duty members to forfeit up to $600 more toward their MGIB . For every dollar the service member contributes , the federal government contributes $8 . Those who forfeit the maximum ( $600 ) will receive , upon approval , an additional $150 per month for 36 months , or a total of $5400 . This allows the veteran to receive $4,800 in additional funds ( $5400 total minus the $600 contribution to receive it ) , but not until after leaving active duty . The additional contribution must be made while still on active duty . It is available for G.I. Bill recipients using either Ch. 30 or Ch. 1607 , but can not be extended beyond 36 months if a combination of G.I. Bill programs are used . Time limit / eligibility ( edit ) MGIB benefits may be used up to 10 years from the date of last discharge or release from active duty . The 10 - year period can be extended by the amount of time a service member was prevented from training during that period because of a disability or because he / she was held by a foreign government or power . The 10 - year period can also be extended if one reenters active duty for 90 days or more after becoming eligible . The extension ends 10 years from the date of separation from the later period . Periods of active duty of fewer than 90 days qualify for extensions only if one was separated for one of the following : A service - connected disability A medical condition existing before active duty Hardship For those eligible based on two years of active duty and four years in the Selected Reserve ( also known as `` call to service '' ) , they have 10 years from their release from active duty , or 10 years from the completion of the four - year Selected Reserve obligation to use MGIB benefits . At this time , service members can not recoup any monies paid into the MGIB program should it not be utilized . Top - up option ( edit ) Service members may use GI bill in conjunction with Military Tuition Assistance ( MilTA ) to help with payments above the MilTA CAP . This will reduce the total benefit available once the member leaves service . Veterans Educational Assistance Improvements Act of 2010 ( Public Law 111 - 377 , 4 January 2011 ) , Section 111 , amended Title 38 , U.S. Code , by adding section 3322 ( h ) , `` Bar to Duplication of Eligibility Based on a Single Event or Period of Service , '' which does not allow the Department of Veterans Affairs to establish eligibility for a Service Member under more than one education benefit . If a service member applies for Montgomery GI Bill benefits ( such as the Top - up option to augment Tuition Assistance ) and entered service on / after 1 August 2011 , then they must incur a subsequent period of service to convert to the Post 9 / 11 GI Bill . If the service member can not incur another period of service , they are not eligible to convert . The VA considers a service member has elected a GI Bill upon submission of VA Form 22 - 1990. and VA approval and issues a Certificate of Eligibility . Educational ( edit ) College , business Technical or vocational courses Correspondence courses Apprenticeship / job training Flight training ( usually limited to 60 % for Ch. 30 , see Ch. 33 for more flight information ) Under this bill , benefits may be used to pursue an undergraduate or graduate degree at a college or university , a cooperative training program , or an accredited independent study program leading to a degree . Chapter 31 ( vocational rehabilitation program ) ( edit ) `` Chapter 31 '' is a vocational rehabilitation program that serves eligible active duty servicemembers and veterans with service - connected disabilities . This program promotes the development of suitable , gainful employment by providing vocational and personal adjustment counseling , training assistance , a monthly subsistence allowance during active training , and employment assistance after training . Independent living services may also be provided to advance vocational potential for eventual job seekers , or to enhance the independence of eligible participants who are presently unable to work . In order to receive an evaluation for Chapter 31 vocational rehabilitation and / or independent living services , those qualifying as a `` servicemember '' must have a memorandum service - connected disability rating of 20 % or greater and apply for vocational rehabilitation services . Those qualifying as `` veterans '' must have received , or eventually receive , an honorable or other - than - dishonorable discharge , have a VA service - connected disability rating of 10 % or more , and apply for services . Law provides for a 12 - year basic period of eligibility in which services may be used , which begins on the latter of separation from active military duty or the date the veteran was first notified of a service - connected disability rating . In general , participants have 48 months of program entitlement to complete an individual vocational rehabilitation plan . Participants deemed to have a `` serious employment handicap '' will generally be granted exemption from the 12 - year eligibility period and may receive additional months of entitlement as necessary to complete approved plans . Chapter 32 ( veterans Educational Assistance program ) ( edit ) The Veterans Educational Assistance Program ( VEAP ) is available for those who first entered active duty between January 1 , 1977 , and June 30 , 1985 , and elected to make contributions from their military pay to participate in this education benefit program . Participants ' contributions are matched on a $2 for $1 basis by the Government . This benefit may be used for degree and certificate programs , flight training , apprenticeship / on - the - job training and correspondence courses . Chapter 33 ( Post-9 / 11 ) ( edit ) Main article : Post-9 / 11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 Congress , in the summer of 2008 , approved an expansion of benefits beyond the current G.I. Bill program for military veterans serving since September 11 , 2001 , originally proposed by Democratic Senator Jim Webb . Beginning in August 2009 , recipients became eligible for greatly expanded benefits , or the full cost of any public college in their state . The new bill also provides a housing allowance and $1,000 a year stipend for books , among other benefits . The VA announced in September 2008 that it would manage the new benefit itself instead of hiring an outside contractor after protests by veteran 's organizations and the American Federation of Government Employees . Veterans Affairs Secretary James B. Peake stated that although it was `` unfortunate that we will not have the technical expertise from the private sector , '' the VA `` can and will deliver the benefits program on time . '' President Obama Launches Post-9 / 11 GI Bill August 3 , 2009 12 : 01 President Obama marks the launch of the Post-9 / 11 GI Bill , which will provide comprehensive education benefits to our veterans . The bill will provide our veterans the skills and trainings they need to be successful in the future , and is part of the Presidents plan to build a new foundation for the 21st century . August 3 , 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161127024308/https://www.whitehouse.gov/video/President-Obama-Launches-Post-9/11-GI-Bill#transcript In December 2010 Congress passed the Post-9 / 11 Veterans Education Assistance Improvements Act of 2010 . The new law , often referred to as G.I. Bill 2.0 , expands eligibility for members of the National Guard to include time served on Title 32 or in the full - time Active Guard and Reserve ( AGR ) . It does not , however , cover members of the Coast Guard Reserve who have served under Title 14 orders performing duties comparable to those performed by National Guard personnel under Title 32 orders . The new law also includes : enrollment periods . In this case if the veteran is full - time , and his or her maximum BAH rate is $1500 per month , then he or she will receive ( 13 / 30 ) x $1500 = $650 for the end of the first period of enrollment , then the veteran will receive ( 10 / 30 ) x $1500 = $500 for the beginning of the second period of enrollment . Effectively , the change in break - pay means the veteran will receive $1150 per month for August instead of $1500 per month . This have a significant impact in December - January BAH payments since most Colleges have 2 - 4 week breaks . Another change enables active - duty servicemembers and their G.I. Bill - eligible spouses to receive the annual $1,000 book stipend ( pro-rated for their rate of pursuit ) , adds several vocational , certification and OJT options , and removes the state - by - state tuition caps for veterans enrolled at publicly funded colleges and universities . Changes to Ch. 33 also includes a new $17,500 annual cap on tuition and fees coverage for veterans attending Private Colleges and foreign colleges and universities . Chapter 35 ( survivors ' and dependents ' Educational Assistance program ) ( edit ) The Survivors ' and Dependents ' Educational Assistance ( DEA ) Program delivers education and training advantages to dependents from eligible resources to veterans who have either have a terminal illness due to a service - related condition , or who were called to active duty or had a disability related to serving in the American forces in the United States . That program gives around 50 months of education benefits . However , there are still more opportunities . The benefits may be used for degree and certificate programs , apprenticeship , and on the job training . Wives of veterans and former wives are offered free courses occasionally . Chapter 1606 ( Montgomery G.I. Bill - selective Reserve ) ( edit ) The Montgomery G.I. Bill -- Selected Reserve ( MGIB - SR ) program may be available to members of the Selected Reserve , including all military branch reserve components as well as the Army National Guard and Air National Guard . This benefit may be used for degree and certificate programs , flight training , apprenticeship / on - the - job training and correspondence courses . Chapter 1607 ( Reserve Educational Assistance program ) ( edit ) Main article : Chapter 1607 ( G.I. Bill of Rights ) The Reserve Educational Assistance Program ( REAP ) is available to all reservists who , after September 11 , 2001 , complete 90 days or more of active duty service `` in support of contingency operations . '' This benefit provides reservists return from active duty with up to 80 % of the active duty ( Chapter 30 ) G.I. Bill benefits as long as they remain active participants in the reserves . MGIB comparison chart ( edit ) Type Active Duty MGIB Chapter 30 Active Duty Chap 30 Top - up Post-9 / 11 G.I. Bill Chapter 33 Voc Rehab Chapter 31 VEAP Chapter 32 DEA Chapter 35 Selected Reserve Chapter 1606 Selected Reserve ( REAP ) Chapter 1607 Additional Benefits Tuition Assistance Additional Benefits Student Loan Repayment Program Info link Time limit ( eligibility ) 10 yrs from last discharge from active duty . While on active duty only . 15 yrs from last discharge from active duty . 12 yrs from discharge or notification of service - connected disability , whichever is later . In cases of `` extreme disability '' , the 12 - year timeline can be waived . Entered service for the first time between January 1 , 1977 , and June 30 , 1985 ; Opened a contribution account before April 1 , 1987 ; Voluntarily contributed from $25 to $2700 While in the Selected Reserve While in the Selected Reserve . If separated from Ready Reserve for disability which was not result of willful misconduct , for 10 yrs after date of entitlement . On the day one leaves the Selected Reserve ; this includes voluntary entry into the IRR . On the day one leaves the Selected Reserve ; this includes voluntary entry into the IRR . Months of benefits ( full time ) 36 months 36 months 36 months 48 months 1 to 36 months depending on the number of monthly contributions up to 45 months 36 months 36 months Contingent as long as one serves as a drilling Reservist . Contingent as long as one serves as a drilling Reservist . Other legal safeguards ( edit ) The State of California has an 85 - 15 rule that to prevent predatory for - profit colleges and `` fly - by - night schools '' from targeting veterans . In 2012 , President Barack Obama issued Executive Order 13607 to ensure that military service members , veterans , and their families would not be aggressively targeted by sub-prime colleges . Deregulation ( edit ) In 2017 , the Trump Administration proposed to remove conflict of interest rules between VA officials and for - profit colleges . See also ( edit ) GI Bill Tuition Fairness Act of 2013 ( H.R. 357 ; 113th Congress ) - proposed amendments related to in - state versus out - of - state tuition Post-9 / 11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Glenn C. Altschuler and Stuart M. Blumin , The GI Bill : A New Deal for Veterans ( 2009 ) , pp. 54 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Altschuler and Blumin , The GI Bill ( 2009 ) p 118 Jump up ^ Ellsworth Harvey Plank ( 1953 ) . Public Finance . p. 234 . Jump up ^ Olson , 1973 , and see also Bound and Turner 2002 . Jump up ^ Stanley , 2003 Jump up ^ Frydl , 2009 Jump up ^ Suzanne Mettler , Soldiers to citizens : The GI Bill and the making of the greatest generation ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Lemieux , Thomas ; Card , David ( 2001 ) . `` Education , earnings , and the ' Canadian GI Bill ' '' . Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne d'économique. 34 ( 2 ) : 313 -- 344 . doi : 10.1111 / 0008 - 4085.00077 . Jump up ^ `` Delivering for Young Families : The Resonance of the GI Bill '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ David Halperin Attorney , advocate ( 1 February 2016 ) . `` Military - Branded Websites Push Veterans to Troubled For - Profit Colleges '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 90 - 10 Rule : Why Predatory Schools Target Veterans '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.cbsnews.com/news/warrior-scholar-project-helps-veterans-transition-to-college-life/ Jump up ^ `` GI Bill ® Feedback System '' ( PDF ) . Veterans Administration . 2014 . Retrieved October 2016 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Executive Order 13607 of April 27 , 2012 Establishing Principles of Excellence for Educational Institutions Serving Service Members , Veterans , Spouses , and Other Family Members '' ( PDF ) . Government Publishing Office . May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved October 2016 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The George Washington Uni Profile '' . DCMilitaryEd.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ David Ortiz , Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill : how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era ( 2013 ) p xiii Jump up ^ Kathleen Frydl , The G.I. Bill ( Cambridge University Press , 2009 ) pp 47 - 54 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Beyond the Bonus March and GI Bill : how veteran politics shaped the New Deal era ( 2009 ) p xiii Jump up ^ Frydl , The G.I. Bill ( 2009 ) pp 102 - 44 , emphasizes the central role of the American Legion . Jump up ^ 223D . `` Education and Training Home '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FindArticles.com - CBSi '' . Archived from the original on 31 December 2008 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ James E. McMillan ( 2006 ) . Ernest W. McFarland : Majority Leader of the United States Senate , Governor and Chief Justice of the State of Arizona : a biography . Sharlot Hall Museum Press . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 927579 - 23 - 0 . Jump up ^ THE CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE ( 2004 ) , A CHRONOLOGY OF HOUSING LEGISLATION AND SELECTED EXECUTIVE ACTIONS , 1892 - 2003 , U.S. Government Printing Office Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T. ( 1985 ) . Crabgrass Frontier : The Suburbanization of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 206 . Jump up ^ History And Timeline , U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Jump up ^ Kotz , Nick ( 28 August 2005 ) . `` Review : ' When Affirmative Action Was White ' : Uncivil Rights '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Katznelson , Ira ( 2006 ) . When affirmative action was white : an untold history of racial inequality in twentieth - century America ( ( Norton pbk ed . ) ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0393328516 . Jump up ^ ra Katznelson , When Affirmative Action Was White , W.W. Norton & Co. , 2005 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Herbold , Hilary ( Winter 1994 ) . `` Never a Level Playing Field : Blacks and the GI Bill '' . The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education ( 6 ) : 107 . doi : 10.2307 / 2962479 . ^ Jump up to : Herbold , Hilary ( Winter 1994 ) . `` Never a Level Playing Field : Blacks and the GI Bill '' . The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education ( 6 ) : 104 -- 108 . doi : 10.2307 / 2962479 . Jump up ^ Belated Thank You to the Merchant Mariners of World War II Act of 2007 Archived 2012 - 01 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Wong , Alia . `` Why For - Profit Colleges Target Military Veterans '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Money Military Heroes : How For - Profit Colleges Target Military Veterans ( and Your Tax Dollars ) '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` For - profit schools targeted again over GI Bill payouts '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` For - Profit Colleges ' 90 / 10 Loophole Latest Target For Democrats With Military And Veterans Education Protection Act '' . 24 June 2015 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.npr.org/2012/04/09/150148966/for-profit-schools-under-fire-for-targeting-veterans Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/davidhalperin/military-branded-websites_b_9131742.html Jump up ^ https://www.democraticmedia.org/article/private-profit-colleges-and-online-lead-generation Jump up ^ 223D . `` Education and Training Home '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ 223D . `` Education and Training Home '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Good , William . `` INFORMATION PAPER '' ( Information Paper ) . hrc.army.mil . US Army . p. 2 . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ IIT , Philadelphia . `` U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Davenport , Christian , `` Expanded GI Bill Too Late For Some '' , Washington Post , October 21 , 2008 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Military.com . `` Education '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ArmyStudyGuide.com - A FREE Online and Audio Army Board Study Guide for U.S. Army Promotion Boards and Soldier / NCO Boards . '' Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ 223D . `` Education and Training Home '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Military.com . `` GI Bill , Montgomery and Post 9 / 11 GI Bills '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ArmyStudyGuide.com - A FREE Online and Audio Army Board Study Guide for U.S. Army Promotion Boards and Soldier / NCO Boards . '' Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ 223D . `` Education and Training Home '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ArmyStudyGuide.com - A FREE Online and Audio Army Board Study Guide for U.S. Army Promotion Boards and Soldier / NCO Boards . '' Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ 223D . `` Education and Training Home '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ArmyStudyGuide.com - A FREE Online and Audio Army Board Study Guide for U.S. Army Promotion Boards and Soldier / NCO Boards . '' Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ 223D . `` Education and Training Home '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ArmyStudyGuide.com - A FREE Online and Audio Army Board Study Guide for U.S. Army Promotion Boards and Soldier / NCO Boards . '' Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ 223D . `` Education and Training Home '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ 223D . `` Education and Training Home '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Help For GI Bill Applications '' . GIbillmaze.webs.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Armyreserveeducation.com '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Bodapati , Radhika . `` Military Tuition Assistance '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student Loan Repayment '' . Jump up ^ 223D . `` Education and Training Home '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ 223D . `` Education and Training Home '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ 223D . `` Education and Training Home '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ 223D . `` Education and Training Home '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University of Phoenix barred from enrolling veterans in 7 programs '' . 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/29/business/veterans-affairs-ethics.html Further reading ( edit ) Abrams , Richard M. `` The U.S. Military and Higher Education : A Brief History . '' Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science ( 1989 ) 404 pp. 15 -- 28 . Altschuler , Glenn C. and Stuart M. Blumin . The GI Bill : a new deal for veterans ( 2009 ) , brief scholarly overview Bennett , Michael J. When Dreams Came True : The G.I. Bill and the Making of Modern America ( New York : Brassey 's Inc. , 1996 ) Bound , John , and Sarah Turner . `` Going to War and Going to College : Did World War II and the G.I. Bill Increase Educational Attainment for Returning Veterans ? '' Journal of Labor Economics 20 # 4 ( 2002 ) , pp. 784 -- 815 in JSTOR Boulton , Mark . Failing our Veterans : The G.I. Bill and the Vietnam Generation ( NYU Press , 2014 ) . Clark , Daniel A . `` ' The two joes meet -- Joe College , Joe Veteran ' : The GI Bill , college education , and postwar American culture '' . History of Education Quarterly ( 1998 ) , 38 # 2 , pp. 165 -- 189 . Frydl , Kathleen . The G.I. Bill ( Cambridge University Press , 2009 ) Humes , Edward ( 2006 ) . Over Here : How the G.I. Bill Transformed the American Dream . Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 15 - 100710 - 1 . Jennings , Audra . Out of the Horrors of War : Disability Politics in World War II America ( U of Pennsylvania Press , 2016 ) . 288 pp . Mettler , Suzanne . Soldiers to Citizens : The G.I. Bill and the Making of the Greatest Generation ( Oxford University Press , 2005 ) . online ; excerpt Nagowski , Matthew P. `` Inopportunity of Gender : The G.I. Bill and the Higher Education of the American Female , 1939 - 1954 '' Cornell University ILR Collection '' ( 2005 ) online ; statistical approach Nam , Charles B . `` The Impact of the ' GI Bills ' on the Educational Level of the Male Population '' Social Forces 43 ( October , 1964 ) : 26 - 32 . Olson , Keith . `` The G.I. Bill and Higher Education : Success and Surprise , '' American Quarterly Vol. 25 , No. 5 ( December 1973 ) 596 - 610 . in JSTOR in JSTOR Olson , Keith , The G.I. Bill , The Veterans , and The Colleges ( Lexington : University Press of Kentucky , 1974 ) Peeps , J.M. Stephen . `` A B.A. for the G.I. ... Why ? '' History of Education Quarterly 24 # 4 ( 1984 ) pp 513 - 25 . Ross , David B. Preparing for Ulysses : Politics and Veterans During World War II ( Columbia University Press , 1969 ) . Stanley , Marcus ( 2003 ) . `` College Education and the Midcentury GI Bills '' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 118 ( 2 ) : 671 -- 708 . doi : 10.1162 / 003355303321675482 . JSTOR 25053917 . Van Ells , Mark D. To Hear Only Thunder Again : America 's World War II Veterans Come Home . Lanham , MD : Lexington Books , 2001 . External links ( edit ) GI Bill Forum The American Legion 's MyGIBill.org The Department of Veteran Affairs ' GI Bill website Central Committee for Conscientious Objectors analysis of the MGIB Education Fact Sheet for Guard & Reserve Members Education Benefits Available by States Web - Enable Education Benefits System GI Bill top up program Franklin D. Roosevelt 32nd President of the United States ( 1933 -- 1945 ) 44th Governor of New York ( 1929 -- 1932 ) Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( 1913 -- 1920 ) New York State Senator ( 1911 -- 1913 ) Presidency Inaugurations ( 1st 2nd 3rd 4th ) New Deal overview New Deal coalition First 100 days Second New Deal Federal Emergency Relief Administration Civilian Conservation Corps Agricultural Adjustment Administration Emergency Banking Act Tennessee Valley Authority National Labor Relations Act National Industry Recovery Act Public Works Administration National Recovery Administration Works Progress Administration National Youth Administration Social Security Act Aid to Families with Dependent Children Communications Act of 1934 Federal Communications Commission Securities and Exchange Commission Monetary gold ownership Gold Reserve Act Silver seizure Record on civil rights Defense industry non-discrimination Fair Employment Practices Commission Indian Reorganization Act Executive Orders 9066 , 9102 War Relocation Authority Japanese American internment German - American internment Italian - American internment Brownlow Committee Executive Office of the President G.I. Bill of Rights Cullen -- Harrison Act Roerich Pact Four Freedoms Four Freedoms Monument Black Cabinet Jefferson 's Birthday holiday Judicial Court - Packing Bill Federal Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet `` Brain Trust '' Modern Oval Office Official car Criticism Presidential Foreign policy Banana Wars U.S. occupation of Nicaragua , 1912 -- 1933 U.S. occupation of Haiti , 1915 -- 1934 Good Neighbor Policy ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Montevideo Convention ( 1933 ) Second London Naval Treaty ( 1936 ) ABCD line ( 1940 ) Export Control Act Four Policemen Lend - Lease 1940 Selective Service Act Atlantic Charter ( 1941 ) Military history of the United States during World War II Home front during World War II Combined Munitions Assignments Board War Production Board Declaration by United Nations ( 1942 ) Dumbarton Oaks Conference World War II conferences Quebec Agreement Europe first Morgentau Plan support Presidential speeches Commonwealth Club Address Madison Square Garden speech `` Four Freedoms '' Infamy Speech Arsenal of Democracy `` ... is fear itself '' Fireside chats `` Look to Norway '' Quarantine Speech `` The More Abundant Life '' Second Bill of Rights State of the Union Address ( 1934 1938 1939 1940 1941 1945 ) Other events Early life , education , career Warm Springs Institute Governorship of New York Business Plot Assassination attempt Elections New York state election , 1928 1930 Democratic National Convention , 1920 1924 1932 1936 1940 1944 United States presidential election , 1920 1932 theme song 1936 1940 1944 Life and homes Early life and education Groton School `` Springwood '' birthplace , home , and gravesite Campobello home Paralytic illness Top Cottage Little White House , Warm Springs , Georgia Legacy Presidential Library and Museum Roosevelt Institute Roosevelt Institute Campus Network Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Roosevelt Island Four Freedoms Park White House Roosevelt Room Roosevelt Study Center Four Freedoms Award Four Freedoms paintings Unfinished portrait U.S. Postage stamps Roosevelt dime Films The Roosevelt Story 1947 Sunrise at Campobello 1960 Eleanor and Franklin 1976 , The White House Years 1977 World War II : When Lions Roared Warm Springs 2005 Hyde Park on Hudson 2012 The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Other namesakes Roosevelt family Delano family Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( wife ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( daughter ) James Roosevelt II ( son ) Elliott Roosevelt ( son ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. ( son ) John Aspinwall Roosevelt II ( son ) Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves ( granddaughter ) Curtis Roosevelt ( grandson ) Sara Delano Roosevelt ( granddaughter ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt III ( grandson ) John Roosevelt Boettiger ( grandson ) James Roosevelt III ( grandson ) James Roosevelt I ( father ) Sara Ann Delano ( mother ) James Roosevelt Roosevelt ( half - brother ) Isaac Roosevelt ( grandfather ) Jacobus Roosevelt ( great - grandfather ) Fala ( family dog ) ← Herbert Hoover Harry S. Truman → LCCN : no2010112216 SNAC : w6rg9539 VIAF : 176097374 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G.I._Bill&oldid=850545757 '' Categories : Legal history of the United States United States military pay and benefits Politics of World War II 1944 in law United States federal education legislation United States federal veterans ' affairs legislation Higher education in the United States 1944 in the United States Military education and training in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from June 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Nederlands 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 15 : 06 ( UTC ) . 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goal of veterans using gi bill of rights
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"The Serviceman's Readjustment Act of 1944, also known as the G.I. Bill, was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I.s). It was designed by the American Legion, who helped push it through Congress by mobilizing its chapters (along with the Veterans of Foreign Wars); the goal was to provide immediate rewards for practically all World War II veterans.\n"
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"provide immediate rewards for practically all World War II veterans"
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List of U.S. states and territories by area
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List of U.S. States and territories by area - wikipedia List of U.S. States and territories by area Jump to : navigation , search States by area . Sizes of Alaska and Hawaii are distorted by the inset . This is a complete list of the states of the United States and its major territories ordered by total area , land area , and water area . The water area numbers include inland waters , coastal waters , the Great Lakes , and territorial waters . Glaciers and intermittent bodies of water are counted as land area . Contents ( hide ) 1 Area by state / territory 2 Area by division 3 Area by region 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Area by state / territory ( edit ) Total area Land area Water State / territory Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Alaska 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 665,384.04 1,723,337 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 570,640.95 1,477,953 7001857600000000000 ♠ 85.76 % 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 94,743.10 245,384 7001142400000000000 ♠ 14.24 % Texas 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 268,596.46 695,662 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 261,231.71 676,587 7001972600000000000 ♠ 97.26 % 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,364.75 19,075 7000274000000000000 ♠ 2.74 % California 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 163,696.32 423,972 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 155,779.22 403,466 7001951600000000000 ♠ 95.16 % 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7,915.52 20,501 7000484000000000000 ♠ 4.84 % Montana 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 147,039.71 380,831 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 145,545.80 376,962 7001989800000000000 ♠ 98.98 % 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 1,493.91 3,869 7000102000000000000 ♠ 1.02 % New Mexico 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,590.30 314,917 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 121,298.15 314,161 7001997600000000000 ♠ 99.76 % 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 292.15 757 6999240000000000000 ♠ 0.24 % Arizona 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,990.30 295,234 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 113,594.08 294,207 7001996500000000000 ♠ 99.65 % 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 396.22 1,026 6999350000000000000 ♠ 0.35 % Nevada 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 110,571.82 286,380 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 109,781.18 284,332 7001992800000000000 ♠ 99.28 % 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 790.65 2,048 6999720000000000000 ♠ 0.72 % Colorado 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 104,093.67 269,601 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 103,641.89 268,431 7001995700000099999 ♠ 99.57 % 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 451.78 1,170 6999430000000000000 ♠ 0.43 % Oregon 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 98,378.54 254,799 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 95,988.01 248,608 7001975700000099999 ♠ 97.57 % 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 2,390.53 6,191 7000243000000000000 ♠ 2.43 % Wyoming 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 97,813.01 253,335 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 97,093.14 251,470 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 719.87 1,864 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % Michigan 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 96,713.51 250,487 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 56,538.90 146,435 7001584600000000000 ♠ 58.46 % 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 40,174.61 104,052 7001415400000000000 ♠ 41.54 % Minnesota 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 86,935.83 225,163 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 79,626.74 206,232 7001915900000000000 ♠ 91.59 % 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7,309.09 18,930 7000841000000000000 ♠ 8.41 % Utah 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 84,896.88 219,882 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 82,169.62 212,818 7001967900000000000 ♠ 96.79 % 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 2,727.26 7,064 7000321000000000000 ♠ 3.21 % Idaho 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 83,568.95 216,443 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 82,643.12 214,045 7001988900000000000 ♠ 98.89 % 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 925.83 2,398 7000111000000000000 ♠ 1.11 % Kansas 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 82,278.36 213,100 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 81,758.72 211,754 7001993700000000000 ♠ 99.37 % 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 519.64 1,346 6999630000000000000 ♠ 0.63 % Nebraska 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 77,347.81 200,330 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 76,824.17 198,974 7001993200000099999 ♠ 99.32 % 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 523.64 1,356 6999680000000000000 ♠ 0.68 % South Dakota 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 77,115.68 199,729 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 75,811.00 196,350 7001983100000000000 ♠ 98.31 % 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 1,304.68 3,379 7000169000000000000 ♠ 1.69 % Washington 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 71,297.95 184,661 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 66,455.52 172,119 7001932100000099999 ♠ 93.21 % 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 4,842.43 12,542 7000679000000000000 ♠ 6.79 % North Dakota 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 70,698.32 183,108 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 69,000.80 178,711 7001976000000000000 ♠ 97.60 % 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 1,697.52 4,397 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.40 % Oklahoma 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 69,898.87 181,037 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 68,594.92 177,660 7001981300000000000 ♠ 98.13 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 1,303.95 3,377 7000187000000000000 ♠ 1.87 % Missouri 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 69,706.99 180,540 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 68,741.52 178,040 7001986100000000000 ♠ 98.61 % 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 965.47 2,501 7000138990000099999 ♠ 1.39 % Florida 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 65,757.70 170,312 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 53,624.76 138,887 7001815500000000000 ♠ 81.55 % 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 12,132.94 31,424 7001184500000000000 ♠ 18.45 % Wisconsin 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 65,496.38 169,635 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 54,157.80 140,268 7001826900000000000 ♠ 82.69 % 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 11,338.57 29,367 7001173109999900000 ♠ 17.31 % Georgia 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 59,425.15 153,910 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 57,513.49 148,959 7001967800000000000 ♠ 96.78 % 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 1,911.66 4,951 7000322000000000000 ♠ 3.22 % Illinois 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 57,913.55 149,995 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 55,518.93 143,793 7001958700000000000 ♠ 95.87 % 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 2,394.62 6,202 7000413000000000000 ♠ 4.13 % Iowa 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 56,272.81 145,746 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 55,857.13 144,669 7001992600000000000 ♠ 99.26 % 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 415.68 1,077 6999740000000000000 ♠ 0.74 % New York 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 54,554.98 141,297 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 47,126.40 122,057 7001863800000000000 ♠ 86.38 % 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7,428.58 19,240 7001136200000099999 ♠ 13.62 % North Carolina 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 53,819.16 139,391 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 48,617.91 125,920 7001903400000000000 ♠ 90.34 % 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 5,201.25 13,471 7000966000000000000 ♠ 9.66 % Arkansas 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 53,178.55 137,732 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 52,035.48 134,771 7001978500000000000 ♠ 97.85 % 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 1,143.07 2,961 7000215000000000000 ♠ 2.15 % Alabama 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 52,420.07 135,767 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 50,645.33 131,171 7001966100000000000 ♠ 96.61 % 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 1,774.74 4,597 7000339000000000000 ♠ 3.39 % Louisiana 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 52,378.13 135,659 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 43,203.90 111,898 7001824800000000000 ♠ 82.48 % 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 9,174.23 23,761 7001175200000000000 ♠ 17.52 % Mississippi 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 48,431.78 125,438 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 46,923.27 121,531 7001968900000000000 ♠ 96.89 % 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 1,508.51 3,907 7000311000000000000 ♠ 3.11 % Pennsylvania 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 46,054.35 119,280 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 44,742.70 115,883 7001971500000000000 ♠ 97.15 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 1,311.64 3,397 7000285000000000000 ♠ 2.85 % Ohio 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 44,825.58 116,098 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 40,860.69 105,829 7001911500000000000 ♠ 91.15 % 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 3,964.89 10,269 7000885000000000000 ♠ 8.85 % Virginia 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 42,774.93 110,787 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 39,490.09 102,279 7001923200000099999 ♠ 92.32 % 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 3,284.84 8,508 7000768000000000000 ♠ 7.68 % Tennessee 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 42,144.25 109,153 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 41,234.90 106,798 7001978400000000000 ♠ 97.84 % 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 909.36 2,355 7000216000000000000 ♠ 2.16 % Kentucky 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 40,407.80 104,656 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 39,486.34 102,269 7001977200000000000 ♠ 97.72 % 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 921.46 2,387 7000227990000099999 ♠ 2.28 % Indiana 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 36,419.55 94,326 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 35,826.11 92,789 7001983700000000000 ♠ 98.37 % 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 593.44 1,537 7000162990000000000 ♠ 1.63 % Maine 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 35,379.74 91,633 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 30,842.92 79,883 7001871800000000000 ♠ 87.18 % 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 4,536.82 11,750 7001128200000000000 ♠ 12.82 % South Carolina 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 32,020.49 82,933 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 30,060.70 77,857 7001938800000000000 ♠ 93.88 % 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 1,959.79 5,076 7000612000000000000 ♠ 6.12 % West Virginia 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,230.04 62,756 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 24,038.21 62,259 7001992100000099999 ♠ 99.21 % 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 191.83 497 6999790000000000000 ♠ 0.79 % Maryland 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 12,405.93 32,131 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 9,707.24 25,142 7001782500000000000 ♠ 78.25 % 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 2,698.69 6,990 7001217500000000000 ♠ 21.75 % Hawaii 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 10,931.72 28,313 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 6,422.63 16,635 7001587500000000000 ♠ 58.75 % 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 4,509.09 11,678 7001412500000000000 ♠ 41.25 % Massachusetts 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 10,554.39 27,336 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7,800.06 20,202 7001739000000000000 ♠ 73.90 % 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 2,754.33 7,134 7001261000000000000 ♠ 26.10 % Vermont 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 9,616.36 24,906 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 9,216.66 23,871 7001958400000000000 ♠ 95.84 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 399.71 1,035 7000416000000000000 ♠ 4.16 % New Hampshire 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 9,349.16 24,214 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 8,952.65 23,187 7001957600000000000 ♠ 95.76 % 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 396.51 1,027 7000424000000000000 ♠ 4.24 % New Jersey 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 8,722.58 22,591 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7,354.22 19,047 7001843100000000000 ♠ 84.31 % 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 1,368.36 3,544 7001156900000000000 ♠ 15.69 % Connecticut 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 5,543.41 14,357 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 4,842.36 12,542 7001873500000000000 ♠ 87.35 % 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 701.06 1,816 7001126500000000000 ♠ 12.65 % Delaware 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 2,488.72 6,446 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 1,948.54 5,047 7001782900000000000 ♠ 78.29 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 540.18 1,399 7001217100000000000 ♠ 21.71 % Rhode Island 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,544.89 4,001 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 1,033.81 2,678 7001669200000000000 ♠ 66.92 % 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 511.07 1,324 7001330800000000000 ♠ 33.08 % District of Columbia 7002100000000000000 ♠ 68.34 177 7002100000000000000 ♠ 61.05 158 7001893300000000000 ♠ 89.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 7.29 19 7001106700000000000 ♠ 10.67 % Puerto Rico 7002100000000000000 ♠ 5,324.84 13,791 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,423.78 8,868 7001643000000000000 ♠ 64.30 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,901.07 4,924 7001357000000000000 ♠ 35.70 % Northern Mariana Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,975.57 5,117 7002100000000000000 ♠ 182.33 472 7000923000000000000 ♠ 9.23 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 1,793.24 4,644 7001907700000000000 ♠ 90.77 % United States Virgin Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 732.93 1,898 7002100000000000000 ♠ 134.32 348 7001183309999999999 ♠ 18.33 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 598.61 1,550 7001816700000000000 ♠ 81.67 % American Samoa 7002100000000000000 ♠ 581.05 1,505 7002100000000000000 ♠ 76.46 198 7001131600000000000 ♠ 13.16 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 504.60 1,307 7001868400000000000 ♠ 86.84 % Guam 7002100000000000000 ♠ 570.62 1,478 7002100000000000000 ♠ 209.80 543 7001367700000000000 ♠ 36.77 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 360.82 935 7001632300000000000 ♠ 63.23 % Minor Outlying Islands 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 7002100000000000000 ♠ 16.00 41 -- 7002100000000000000 ♠ -- -- -- Contiguous United States Total 3,120,426.47 8,081,867 7002100000000000000 ♠ 2,954,841.42 7,653,004 7001946900000000000 ♠ 94.69 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 165,584.6 428,862 7000530990000099999 ♠ 5.31 % 50 states and D.C. Total 3,796,742.23 9,833,517 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,531,905.43 9,147,593 7001930200000000000 ♠ 93.02 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 264,836.79 685,924 7000698000000000000 ♠ 6.98 % All U.S. territory Total 3,805,943.26 9,857,348 7002100000000000000 ♠ 3,535,948.12 9,158,064 7001929100000000000 ♠ 92.91 % 7002100000000000000 ♠ 269,995.13 699,284 7000709000000000000 ♠ 7.09 % Area by division ( edit ) All divisions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau . Total area Land area Water Division Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water East North Central 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 301,368.57 780,541 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 242,902.44 629,114 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 58,466.13 151,427 East South Central 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 183,403.89 475,014 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 178,289.83 461,769 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 5,114.60 13,247 Middle Atlantic 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 109,331.89 283,168 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 99,223.32 256,987 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 10,108.57 26,181 Mountain 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 863,564.63 2,236,622 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 855,766.98 2,216,426 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7,797.65 20,196 New England 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 71,987.96 186,448 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 62,668.46 162,311 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 9,299.50 24,086 Pacific 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,009,687.00 2,615,077 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 895,286.33 2,318,781 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 114,400.67 296,296 South Atlantic 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 292,990.46 758,842 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 265,061.97 686,507 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 27,928.49 72,334 West North Central 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 520,355.80 1,347,715 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 507,620.08 1,314,730 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 12,735.72 32,985 West South Central 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 444,052.01 1,150,089 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 425,066.01 1,100,916 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 18,986.00 49,174 Area by region ( edit ) All regions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau . Total area Land area Water Region Rank sq mi km2 Rank sq mi km2 % land Rank sq mi km2 % water Midwest 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 821,724.38 2,128,256 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 750,522.52 1,943,844 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 71,201.86 184,412 Northeast 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 181,319.85 469,616 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 161,911.78 419,350 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 19,408.07 50,267 South 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 920,446.37 2,383,945 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 868,417.82 2,249,192 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 52,028.55 134,753 West 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,873,251.63 4,851,699 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,751,053.31 4,535,207 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 122,198.32 316,492 U.S. states by total area U.S. states by land area U.S. states by water area U.S. states by water percentage Alaska is the largest state by total area , land area , and water area . It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world . The area of Alaska is 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 % of the area of the United States and 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 % of the area of the contiguous United States The second largest state , Texas , is only 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % of the total area of the largest state , Alaska Rhode Island is the smallest state by total area and land area San Bernardino County is the largest county in the contiguous U.S. and is larger than each of the nine smallest states ; it is larger than the four smallest states combined . Michigan is second ( after Alaska ) in water area , and first in water percentage Florida is mostly a peninsula , and has the third largest water area and seventh largest water area percentage See also ( edit ) United States portal List of the largest country subdivisions by area List of political and geographic subdivisions by total area List of U.S. cities by area List of U.S. states and territories by population Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Areas were not published in the 2010 census , unlike previous years , as the U.S. Census Bureau no longer collects data on the Minor Outlying Islands . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Census 2000 Geographic Terms and Concepts , Census 2000 Geography Glossary , U.S. Census Bureau . Accessed 2007 - 07 - 10 ^ Jump up to : `` United States Summary : 2010 , Population and Housing Unit Counts , 2010 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . September 2012 . pp. V -- 2 , 1 & 41 ( Tables 1 & 18 ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United States Summary : 2010 , Population and Housing Unit Counts , 2000 Census of Population and Housing '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . April 2004 . p. 1 ( Table 1 ) . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Household Per capita Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Flat rate None Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Historical Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories ATB Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area&oldid=825823907 '' Categories : Geography of the United States Lists of subdivisions of the United States Lists of states of the United States Lists by area Ranked lists of country subdivisions Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Gaeilge Galego Ilokano Italiano Basa Jawa Latina Magyar Македонски Norsk Polski Português Română Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 17 : 04 . 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what is the biggest state in the united states
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"\n\n\nTotal area[2]\nLand area[2]\nWater[2]\n\nState/territory\nRank\nsq mi\nkm²\nRank\nsq mi\nkm²\n % land\nRank\nsq mi\nkm²\n % water\n\n\n\n Alaska\n7000100000000000000♠1\n665,384.04\n1,723,337\n7000100000000000000♠1\n570,640.95\n1,477,953\n7001857600000000000♠85.76%\n7000100000000000000♠1\n94,743.10\n245,384\n7001142400000000000♠14.24%\n\n\n Texas\n7000200000000000000♠2\n268,596.46\n695,662\n7000200000000000000♠2\n261,231.71\n676,587\n7001972600000000000♠97.26%\n7000800000000000000♠8\n7,364.75\n19,075\n7000274000000000000♠2.74%\n\n\n California\n7000300000000000000♠3\n163,696.32\n423,972\n7000300000000000000♠3\n155,779.22\n403,466\n7001951600000000000♠95.16%\n7000600000000000000♠6\n7,915.52\n20,501\n7000484000000000000♠4.84%\n\n\n Montana\n7000400000000000000♠4\n147,039.71\n380,831\n7000400000000000000♠4\n145,545.80\n376,962\n7001989800000000000♠98.98%\n7001260000000000000♠26\n1,493.91\n3,869\n7000102000000000000♠1.02%\n\n\n New Mexico\n7000500000000000000♠5\n121,590.30\n314,917\n7000500000000000000♠5\n121,298.15\n314,161\n7001997600000000000♠99.76%\n7001490000000000000♠49\n292.15\n757\n6999240000000000000♠0.24%\n\n\n Arizona\n7000600000000000000♠6\n113,990.30\n295,234\n7000600000000000000♠6\n113,594.08\n294,207\n7001996500000000000♠99.65%\n7001480000000000000♠48\n396.22\n1,026\n6999350000000000000♠0.35%\n\n\n Nevada\n7000700000000000000♠7\n110,571.82\n286,380\n7000700000000000000♠7\n109,781.18\n284,332\n7001992800000000000♠99.28%\n7001360000000000000♠36\n790.65\n2,048\n6999720000000000000♠0.72%\n\n\n Colorado\n7000800000000000000♠8\n104,093.67\n269,601\n7000800000000000000♠8\n103,641.89\n268,431\n7001995700000099999♠99.57%\n7001440000000000000♠44\n451.78\n1,170\n6999430000000000000♠0.43%\n\n\n Oregon\n7000900000000000000♠9\n98,378.54\n254,799\n7001100000000000000♠10\n95,988.01\n248,608\n7001975700000099999♠97.57%\n7001200000000000000♠20\n2,390.53\n6,191\n7000243000000000000♠2.43%\n\n\n Wyoming\n7001100000000000000♠10\n97,813.01\n253,335\n7000900000000000000♠9\n97,093.14\n251,470\n7001992600000000000♠99.26%\n7001370000000000000♠37\n719.87\n1,864\n6999740000000000000♠0.74%\n\n\n Michigan\n7001110000000000000♠11\n96,713.51\n250,487\n7001220000000000000♠22\n56,538.90\n146,435\n7001584600000000000♠58.46%\n7000200000000000000♠2\n40,174.61\n104,052\n7001415400000000000♠41.54%\n\n\n Minnesota\n7001120000000000000♠12\n86,935.83\n225,163\n7001140000000000000♠14\n79,626.74\n206,232\n7001915900000000000♠91.59%\n7000900000000000000♠9\n7,309.09\n18,930\n7000841000000000000♠8.41%\n\n\n Utah\n7001130000000000000♠13\n84,896.88\n219,882\n7001120000000000000♠12\n82,169.62\n212,818\n7001967900000000000♠96.79%\n7001170000000000000♠17\n2,727.26\n7,064\n7000321000000000000♠3.21%\n\n\n Idaho\n7001140000000000000♠14\n83,568.95\n216,443\n7001110000000000000♠11\n82,643.12\n214,045\n7001988900000000000♠98.89%\n7001330000000000000♠33\n925.83\n2,398\n7000111000000000000♠1.11%\n\n\n Kansas\n7001150000000000000♠15\n82,278.36\n213,100\n7001130000000000000♠13\n81,758.72\n211,754\n7001993700000000000♠99.37%\n7001420000000000000♠42\n519.64\n1,346\n6999630000000000000♠0.63%\n\n\n Nebraska\n7001160000000000000♠16\n77,347.81\n200,330\n7001150000000000000♠15\n76,824.17\n198,974\n7001993200000099999♠99.32%\n7001410000000000000♠41\n523.64\n1,356\n6999680000000000000♠0.68%\n\n\n South Dakota\n7001170000000000000♠17\n77,115.68\n199,729\n7001160000000000000♠16\n75,811.00\n196,350\n7001983100000000000♠98.31%\n7001290000000000000♠29\n1,304.68\n3,379\n7000169000000000000♠1.69%\n\n\n Washington\n7001180000000000000♠18\n71,297.95\n184,661\n7001200000000000000♠20\n66,455.52\n172,119\n7001932100000099999♠93.21%\n7001110000000000000♠11\n4,842.43\n12,542\n7000679000000000000♠6.79%\n\n\n North Dakota\n7001190000000000000♠19\n70,698.32\n183,108\n7001170000000000000♠17\n69,000.80\n178,711\n7001976000000000000♠97.60%\n7001240000000000000♠24\n1,697.52\n4,397\n7000240000000000000♠2.40%\n\n\n Oklahoma\n7001200000000000000♠20\n69,898.87\n181,037\n7001190000000000000♠19\n68,594.92\n177,660\n7001981300000000000♠98.13%\n7001300000000000000♠30\n1,303.95\n3,377\n7000187000000000000♠1.87%\n\n\n Missouri\n7001210000000000000♠21\n69,706.99\n180,540\n7001180000000000000♠18\n68,741.52\n178,040\n7001986100000000000♠98.61%\n7001320000000000000♠32\n965.47\n2,501\n7000138990000099999♠1.39%\n\n\n Florida\n7001220000000000000♠22\n65,757.70\n170,312\n7001260000000000000♠26\n53,624.76\n138,887\n7001815500000000000♠81.55%\n7000300000000000000♠3\n12,132.94\n31,424\n7001184500000000000♠18.45%\n\n\n Wisconsin\n7001230000000000000♠23\n65,496.38\n169,635\n7001250000000000000♠25\n54,157.80\n140,268\n7001826900000000000♠82.69%\n7000400000000000000♠4\n11,338.57\n29,367\n7001173109999900000♠17.31%\n\n\n Georgia\n7001240000000000000♠24\n59,425.15\n153,910\n7001210000000000000♠21\n57,513.49\n148,959\n7001967800000000000♠96.78%\n7001220000000000000♠22\n1,911.66\n4,951\n7000322000000000000♠3.22%\n\n\n Illinois\n7001250000000000000♠25\n57,913.55\n149,995\n7001240000000000000♠24\n55,518.93\n143,793\n7001958700000000000♠95.87%\n7001190000000000000♠19\n2,394.62\n6,202\n7000413000000000000♠4.13%\n\n\n Iowa\n7001260000000000000♠26\n56,272.81\n145,746\n7001230000000000000♠23\n55,857.13\n144,669\n7001992600000000000♠99.26%\n7001450000000000000♠45\n415.68\n1,077\n6999740000000000000♠0.74%\n\n\n New York\n7001270000000000000♠27\n54,554.98\n141,297\n7001300000000000000♠30\n47,126.40\n122,057\n7001863800000000000♠86.38%\n7000700000000000000♠7\n7,428.58\n19,240\n7001136200000099999♠13.62%\n\n\n North Carolina\n7001280000000000000♠28\n53,819.16\n139,391\n7001290000000000000♠29\n48,617.91\n125,920\n7001903400000000000♠90.34%\n7001100000000000000♠10\n5,201.25\n13,471\n7000966000000000000♠9.66%\n\n\n Arkansas\n7001290000000000000♠29\n53,178.55\n137,732\n7001270000000000000♠27\n52,035.48\n134,771\n7001978500000000000♠97.85%\n7001310000000000000♠31\n1,143.07\n2,961\n7000215000000000000♠2.15%\n\n\n Alabama\n7001300000000000000♠30\n52,420.07\n135,767\n7001280000000000000♠28\n50,645.33\n131,171\n7001966100000000000♠96.61%\n7001230000000000000♠23\n1,774.74\n4,597\n7000339000000000000♠3.39%\n\n\n Louisiana\n7001310000000000000♠31\n52,378.13\n135,659\n7001330000000000000♠33\n43,203.90\n111,898\n7001824800000000000♠82.48%\n7000500000000000000♠5\n9,174.23\n23,761\n7001175200000000000♠17.52%\n\n\n Mississippi\n7001320000000000000♠32\n48,431.78\n125,438\n7001310000000000000♠31\n46,923.27\n121,531\n7001968900000000000♠96.89%\n7001250000000000000♠25\n1,508.51\n3,907\n7000311000000000000♠3.11%\n\n\n Pennsylvania\n7001330000000000000♠33\n46,054.35\n119,280\n7001320000000000000♠32\n44,742.70\n115,883\n7001971500000000000♠97.15%\n7001280000000000000♠28\n1,311.64\n3,397\n7000285000000000000♠2.85%\n\n\n Ohio\n7001340000000000000♠34\n44,825.58\n116,098\n7001350000000000000♠35\n40,860.69\n105,829\n7001911500000000000♠91.15%\n7001140000000000000♠14\n3,964.89\n10,269\n7000885000000000000♠8.85%\n\n\n Virginia\n7001350000000000000♠35\n42,774.93\n110,787\n7001360000000000000♠36\n39,490.09\n102,279\n7001923200000099999♠92.32%\n7001150000000000000♠15\n3,284.84\n8,508\n7000768000000000000♠7.68%\n\n\n Tennessee\n7001360000000000000♠36\n42,144.25\n109,153\n7001340000000000000♠34\n41,234.90\n106,798\n7001978400000000000♠97.84%\n7001350000000000000♠35\n909.36\n2,355\n7000216000000000000♠2.16%\n\n\n Kentucky\n7001370000000000000♠37\n40,407.80\n104,656\n7001370000000000000♠37\n39,486.34\n102,269\n7001977200000000000♠97.72%\n7001340000000000000♠34\n921.46\n2,387\n7000227990000099999♠2.28%\n\n\n Indiana\n7001380000000000000♠38\n36,419.55\n94,326\n7001380000000000000♠38\n35,826.11\n92,789\n7001983700000000000♠98.37%\n7001390000000000000♠39\n593.44\n1,537\n7000162990000000000♠1.63%\n\n\n Maine\n7001390000000000000♠39\n35,379.74\n91,633\n7001390000000000000♠39\n30,842.92\n79,883\n7001871800000000000♠87.18%\n7001120000000000000♠12\n4,536.82\n11,750\n7001128200000000000♠12.82%\n\n\n South Carolina\n7001400000000000000♠40\n32,020.49\n82,933\n7001400000000000000♠40\n30,060.70\n77,857\n7001938800000000000♠93.88%\n7001210000000000000♠21\n1,959.79\n5,076\n7000612000000000000♠6.12%\n\n\n West Virginia\n7001410000000000000♠41\n24,230.04\n62,756\n7001410000000000000♠41\n24,038.21\n62,259\n7001992100000099999♠99.21%\n7001500000000000000♠50\n191.83\n497\n6999790000000000000♠0.79%\n\n\n Maryland\n7001420000000000000♠42\n12,405.93\n32,131\n7001420000000000000♠42\n9,707.24\n25,142\n7001782500000000000♠78.25%\n7001180000000000000♠18\n2,698.69\n6,990\n7001217500000000000♠21.75%\n\n\n Hawaii\n7001430000000000000♠43\n10,931.72\n28,313\n7001470000000000000♠47\n6,422.63\n16,635\n7001587500000000000♠58.75%\n7001130000000000000♠13\n4,509.09\n11,678\n7001412500000000000♠41.25%\n\n\n Massachusetts\n7001440000000000000♠44\n10,554.39\n27,336\n7001450000000000000♠45\n7,800.06\n20,202\n7001739000000000000♠73.90%\n7001160000000000000♠16\n2,754.33\n7,134\n7001261000000000000♠26.10%\n\n\n Vermont\n7001450000000000000♠45\n9,616.36\n24,906\n7001430000000000000♠43\n9,216.66\n23,871\n7001958400000000000♠95.84%\n7001460000000000000♠46\n399.71\n1,035\n7000416000000000000♠4.16%\n\n\n New Hampshire\n7001460000000000000♠46\n9,349.16\n24,214\n7001440000000000000♠44\n8,952.65\n23,187\n7001957600000000000♠95.76%\n7001470000000000000♠47\n396.51\n1,027\n7000424000000000000♠4.24%\n\n\n New Jersey\n7001470000000000000♠47\n8,722.58\n22,591\n7001460000000000000♠46\n7,354.22\n19,047\n7001843100000000000♠84.31%\n7001270000000000000♠27\n1,368.36\n3,544\n7001156900000000000♠15.69%\n\n\n Connecticut\n7001480000000000000♠48\n5,543.41\n14,357\n7001480000000000000♠48\n4,842.36\n12,542\n7001873500000000000♠87.35%\n7001380000000000000♠38\n701.06\n1,816\n7001126500000000000♠12.65%\n\n\n Delaware\n7001490000000000000♠49\n2,488.72\n6,446\n7001490000000000000♠49\n1,948.54\n5,047\n7001782900000000000♠78.29%\n7001400000000000000♠40\n540.18\n1,399\n7001217100000000000♠21.71%\n\n\n Rhode Island\n7001500000000000000♠50\n1,544.89\n4,001\n7001500000000000000♠50\n1,033.81\n2,678\n7001669200000000000♠66.92%\n7001430000000000000♠43\n511.07\n1,324\n7001330800000000000♠33.08%\n\n\n District of Columbia\n7002100000000000000♠\n68.34\n177\n7002100000000000000♠\n61.05\n158\n7001893300000000000♠89.33%\n7002100000000000000♠\n7.29\n19\n7001106700000000000♠10.67%\n\n\n Puerto Rico\n7002100000000000000♠\n5,324.84\n13,791\n7002100000000000000♠\n3,423.78\n8,868\n7001643000000000000♠64.30%\n7002100000000000000♠\n1,901.07\n4,924\n7001357000000000000♠35.70%\n\n\n Northern Mariana Islands\n7002100000000000000♠\n1,975.57\n5,117\n7002100000000000000♠\n182.33\n472\n7000923000000000000♠9.23%\n7002100000000000000♠\n1,793.24\n4,644\n7001907700000000000♠90.77%\n\n\n United States Virgin Islands\n7002100000000000000♠\n732.93\n1,898\n7002100000000000000♠\n134.32\n348\n7001183309999999999♠18.33%\n7002100000000000000♠\n598.61\n1,550\n7001816700000000000♠81.67%\n\n\n American Samoa\n7002100000000000000♠\n581.05\n1,505\n7002100000000000000♠\n76.46\n198\n7001131600000000000♠13.16%\n7002100000000000000♠\n504.60\n1,307\n7001868400000000000♠86.84%\n\n\n Guam\n7002100000000000000♠\n570.62\n1,478\n7002100000000000000♠\n209.80\n543\n7001367700000000000♠36.77%\n7002100000000000000♠\n360.82\n935\n7001632300000000000♠63.23%\n\n\n Minor Outlying Islands[3][a]\n7002100000000000000♠\n16.00\n41\n7002100000000000000♠\n16.00\n41\n—\n7002100000000000000♠\n—\n—\n—\n\n\n Contiguous United States\nTotal\n3,120,426.47\n8,081,867\n7002100000000000000♠\n2,954,841.42\n7,653,004\n7001946900000000000♠94.69%\n7002100000000000000♠\n165,584.6\n428,862\n7000530990000099999♠5.31%\n\n\n 50 states and D.C.\nTotal\n3,796,742.23\n9,833,517\n7002100000000000000♠\n3,531,905.43\n9,147,593\n7001930200000000000♠93.02%\n7002100000000000000♠\n264,836.79\n685,924\n7000698000000000000♠6.98%\n\n\n All U.S. territory\nTotal\n3,805,943.26\n9,857,348\n7002100000000000000♠\n3,535,948.12\n9,158,064\n7001929100000000000♠92.91%\n7002100000000000000♠\n269,995.13\n699,284\n7000709000000000000♠7.09%\n\n"
] |
[
"Alaska"
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-237134675092040222
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Bat Masterson (TV series)
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Bat Masterson ( TV series ) - wikipedia Bat Masterson ( TV series ) Bat Masterson Gene Barry as Bat Masterson , 1958 Genre Western Starring Gene Barry Narrated by Bill Baldwin , Bob LeMond Theme music composer Havens Wray ( David D. Rose ) Ending theme Bill Lee ( Singer ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 107 Production Producer ( s ) Frank Pittman Andy White Frederick W. Ziv Running time 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Ziv Television Programs ( 1958 - 1960 ) ( seasons 1 - 2 ) Ziv - United Artists ( 1960 - 1961 ) ( season 3 ) Distributor United Artists Television ( 1963 - 1964 ) MGM Television Peter Rodgers Organization Release Original network NBC Picture format Black - and - white Audio format Monaural Original release October 8 , 1958 ( 1958 - 10 - 08 ) -- June 1 , 1961 ( 1961 - 06 - 01 ) Gene Barry as Bat Masterson ( 1960 ) Gene Barry as Bat Masterson ( 1958 ) Bat Masterson is an American Western television series which showed a fictionalized account of the life of real - life marshal / gambler / dandy Bat Masterson . The title character was played by Gene Barry and the half - hour black - and - white shows ran on NBC from 1958 to 1961 . The series was produced by Ziv Television Productions . Bat is a nickname for Masterson 's first name , Bartholemew . Contents 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 37 episodes ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 37 episodes ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 34 episodes ) 5 Spin - offs and remakes 5.1 Guns of Paradise ( 1990 ) 5.2 The Gambler Returns : The Luck of the Draw ( 1991 ) 6 Home Media 7 In other media 7.1 Comics 8 References 9 External links Overview ( edit ) The show took a tongue - in - cheek outlook , with Barry 's Masterson often dressed in expensive Eastern clothing and preferring to use his cane rather than a gun to get himself out of trouble . Masterson was also portrayed as a ladies ' man who traveled the West looking for women and adventure . The black derby , fancy decorative vest , black jacket , and elegant pearl - tipped cane were his trademarks . Miniaturized versions were marketed to children as tie - in products during the run of the show . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Gene Barry as Bat Masterson ( 108 episodes ) Allison Hayes as Ellie Winters ( 7 episodes ) Allen Jaffe as belligerent drunk ( 7 episodes ) Ken Drake as Burdette ( 6 episodes ) Troy Melton as government agent ( 6 episodes ) Guest cast ( edit ) Bat Masterson guest stars included the character actor Robert F. Simon , who appeared as Harrison Whitney in the episode `` Death by Decree '' , and Richard Eastham , who appeared in the 1961 episode `` A Lesson in Violence '' . Stephanie Powers appeared in 1961 episode named `` Dead Man 's Claim '' ( using the name Taffy Paul ) as Ann , the daughter of the boarding house owner . George Macready appeared as Clyde Richards in the 1961 episode `` Tempest at Tioga Pass '' . Quintin Sondergaard appeared in various roles on the series five times between 1958 and 1961 . Dan Sheridan was cast as Joe Rankin in the 1959 episode `` Election Day '' . Yvonne Lime Fedderson was cast as Lola White in the 1960 episode `` The Snare '' . Ron Hayes appeared four times in the role of Wyatt Earp . Gary Vinson appeared as Billy Thompson in the 1958 episode `` A Noose Fits Anybody '' . Tyler McVey appeared from 1958 to 1961 in different roles in three episodes ( `` Dynamite Blows Two Ways '' , `` Incident at Fort Bowie '' , and `` Dead Man 's Claim '' ) . Ron Foster ( 1960 ) appeared twice as Toby Dawson in `` Six Feet of Gold '' and as Sheriff Buck Simpson in `` Jeopardy at Jackson Hole '' ( 1961 ) . James Coburn also appeared in `` Six Feet of Gold '' . Tom Greenway guest starred twice , as Charlie in `` Buffalo Kill '' ( 1959 ) and as Ben Pick in `` Dagger Dance '' ( 1961 ) . Brett King appeared four times , beginning with the role of Hub Elliott in `` License to Cheat '' ( 1959 ) ; Douglas Kennedy was cast as Sheriff Jeb Crater in that same episode . William Tannen was cast in four episodes of Bat Masterson . Diane Brewster , also known as `` Beaver '' Cleaver 's second - grade teacher `` Miss Canfield '' in Leave It to Beaver and as gambler `` Samantha Crawford '' in Maverick opposite James Garner and Jack Kelly as well as in a single episode of Cheyenne , played the role of Miss Lynn Harrison in the 2 - part episode `` The Conspiracy '' ( 1959 ) . Kevin Hagen appeared as Ace Williams in `` The Fourth Man '' ( 1961 ) . Lon Chaney , Jr. played the role of Rance Fletcher in `` Bat Trap '' ( 1961 ) . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series was loosely based on Richard O'Connor's 1957 biography of Masterson . This was highlighted by the book 's front cover being shown at the end of the closing credits with an onscreen notation `` based on '' . From 1955 to 1959 , Mason Alan Dinehart played a 20 - something Bat Masterson in thirty - four episodes of the ABC / Desilu western series , The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp , starring Hugh O'Brian as the frontier peace officer Wyatt Earp . Dinehart left the series , and Barry was hence cast as a 40 - something Masterson in a separate series on a different network . In the year 1958 - 1959 both actors were featured in the role of Masterson . The theme song was sung by Bill Lee , a member of the Mellomen . Barry went on to star in Burke 's Law , a detective series set in modern - day Los Angeles , as well as The Name of the Game . Episodes ( edit ) The series consisted of three seasons and 107 episodes : Season 1 ( 37 episodes ) ( edit ) With Jean Willes and Adele Mara Ep # Title Airdate `` Double Showdown '' October 8 , 1958 `` Two Graves for Swan Valley '' October 15 , 1958 `` Dynamite Blows Two Ways '' October 22 , 1958 `` Stampede at Tent City '' ( with James Best and William Conrad ) October 29 , 1958 5 `` The Fighter '' ( with Marie Windsor and Robert J. Wilke ) November 5 , 1958 6 `` Bear Bait '' November 12 , 1958 7 `` A Noose Fits Anybody '' November 19 , 1958 8 `` Dude 's Folly '' November 26 , 1958 9 `` The Treasure of Worry Hill '' ( with Ross Martin ) December 3 , 1958 10 `` Cheyenne Club '' December 17 , 1958 11 `` Sherman 's March Through Dodge City '' December 24 , 1958 12 `` Trail Pirate '' December 31 , 1958 13 `` Double Trouble in Trinidad '' January 7 , 1959 14 `` Election Day '' January 14 , 1959 15 `` One Bullet from Broken Bow '' January 21 , 1959 16 `` A Personal Matter '' January 8 , 1959 17 `` License to Cheat '' February 4 , 1959 18 `` Sharpshooter '' February 11 , 1959 19 `` River Boat '' February 18 , 1959 20 `` Battle of the Pass '' February 25 , 1959 21 `` Marked Deck '' March 11 , 1959 22 `` Incident in Leadville '' March 18 , 1959 23 `` The Tumbleweed Wagon '' March 25 , 1959 24 `` Brunette Bombshell '' April 1 , 1959 25 `` Deadline '' April 8 , 1959 26 `` A Matter of Honor '' with John Vivyan April 22 , 1959 27 `` Man of Action '' April 29 , 1959 28 `` Lottery of Death '' May 13 , 1959 29 `` The Death of Bat Masterson '' May 20 , 1959 30 `` The Secret is Death '' May 27 , 1959 31 `` Promised Land '' June 10 , 1959 32 `` The Conspiracy : Part 1 '' June 17 , 1959 33 `` The Conspiracy : Part 2 '' June 24 , 1959 34 `` The Black Pearls '' July 1 , 1959 35 `` The Desert Ship '' July 15 , 1959 36 `` The Romany Knives '' July 22 , 1959 37 `` Buffalo Kill '' July 29 , 1959 Season 2 ( 37 episodes ) ( edit ) Ep # Title Airdate `` To the Manner Born '' October 1 , 1959 `` Wanted -- Dead '' October 15 , 1959 `` No Funeral for Thorn '' October 22 , 1959 `` Shakedown at St. Joe '' October 29 , 1959 5 `` Lady Luck '' November 5 , 1959 6 `` Who 'll Bury My Violence ? '' November 12 , 1959 7 `` Dead Men Do n't Pay Debts '' November 19 , 1959 8 `` Death and Taxes '' November 26 , 1959 9 `` Bat Plays a Dead Man 's Hand '' December 3 , 1959 10 `` Garrison Finish '' December 10 , 1959 11 `` The Canvas and the Cane '' December 17 , 1959 12 `` The Inner Circle '' December 31 , 1959 13 `` The Pied Piper of Dodge City '' January 7 , 1960 14 `` A Picture of Death '' January 14 , 1960 15 `` Pigeon and Hawk '' January 21 , 1960 16 `` Flume to the Mother Lode '' January 28 , 1960 17 `` Death by the Half Dozen '' February 4 , 1960 18 `` Deadly Diamonds '' February 11 , 1960 19 `` Mr. Fourpaws '' February 18 , 1960 20 `` Six Feet of Gold '' February 25 , 1960 21 `` Cattle and Cane '' March 3 , 1960 22 `` The Disappearance of Bat Masterson '' March 10 , 1960 23 `` The Snare '' March 17 , 1960 24 `` Three Bullets for Bat '' March 24 , 1960 25 `` The Reluctant Witness '' March 31 , 1960 26 `` Come Out Fighting '' April 7 , 1960 27 `` Stage to Nowhere '' April 14 , 1960 28 `` Incident at Fort Bowie '' April 21 , 1960 29 `` Masterson 's Arcadia Club '' April 28 , 1960 30 `` Welcome to Paradise '' May 5 , 1960 31 `` A Grave Situation '' May 12 , 1960 32 `` Gold Is Where You Steal It '' May 19 , 1960 33 `` Wanted -- Alive Please '' May 26 , 1960 34 `` The Elusive Baguette '' June 2 , 1960 35 `` The Big Gamble '' June 16 , 1960 36 `` Blood on the Money '' with Walter Coy June 23 , 1960 37 `` Barbary Castle '' July 1 , 1960 Season 3 ( 34 episodes ) ( edit ) The actual Bat Masterson ( 1879 ) Ep # Title Airdate `` Debt of Honor '' September 29 , 1960 `` Law of the Land '' October 6 , 1960 `` Bat Trap '' October 13 , 1960 `` The Rage of Princess Ann '' October 20 , 1960 5 `` The Hunter '' with guest star John Vivyan October 27 , 1960 6 `` Murder Can Be Dangerous '' November 3 , 1960 7 `` High Card Loses '' November 10 , 1960 8 `` Dakota Showdown '' November 17 , 1960 9 `` The Last of the Night Raiders '' November 24 , 1960 10 `` Last Stop to Austin '' December 1 , 1960 11 `` A Time to Die '' December 15 , 1960 12 `` Death by Decree '' December 22 , 1960 13 `` The Lady Plays Her Hand '' December 29 , 1960 14 `` Tempest at Tioga Pass '' January 5 , 1961 15 `` The Court Martial of Major Mars '' January 19 , 1961 16 `` The Price of Paradise '' January 19 , 1961 17 `` End of the Line '' January 26 , 1961 18 `` The Prescott Campaign '' February 2 , 1961 19 `` Bullwhacker 's Bounty '' February 16 , 1961 20 `` A Lesson in Violence '' February 23 , 1961 21 `` Run for Your Money '' March 2 , 1961 22 `` Terror on the Trinity '' March 9 , 1961 23 `` Episode in Eden '' March 16 , 1961 24 `` The Good and the Bad '' March 23 , 1961 25 `` No Amnesty for Death '' ( with DeForest Kelley ) March 30 , 1961 26 `` Ledger of Guilt '' April 6 , 1961 27 `` Meeting at Mimbres '' April 13 , 1961 28 `` Dagger Dance '' April 20 , 1961 29 `` The Fourth Man '' April 27 , 1961 30 `` Dead Man 's Claim '' May 4 , 1961 31 `` The Marble Slab '' May 11 , 1961 32 `` Farmer with a Badge '' May 18 , 1961 33 `` The Fatal Garment '' May 25 , 1961 34 `` Jeopardy at Jackson Hole '' June 1 , 1961 Spin - offs and remakes ( edit ) Guns of Paradise ( 1990 ) ( edit ) Barry recreated the role of Bat Masterson in an episode of the television series Guns of Paradise ( 1990 ) , alongside Hugh O'Brian as Wyatt Earp . The gambler Returns : the Luck of the Draw ( 1991 ) ( edit ) In The Gambler Returns : The Luck of the Draw ( 1991 ) Barry played Masterson , also with O'Brian as Earp , as well as Jack Kelly as Bart Maverick and Clint Walker as Cheyenne Bodie . Home media ( edit ) TGG Direct released seasons the first and second seasons on DVD in Region 1 on January 29 , 2013 . The third and final season was released on November 5 , 2013 . Due to licensing issues , the episode Terror on the Trinity is not included . In other media ( edit ) Comics ( edit ) Front cover of Bat Masterson number 3 ( Dell Comics , June , 1960 ) . Dell Comics issued nine issues of a quarterly Bat Masterson comic book between Aug. / Oct. 1959 and Nov. 1961 / Jan. 1962 with the initial issue a Four Color tryout ( # 1013 ) . Columbia Features syndicated a comic strip from September 7 , 1959 to April 1960 written by Ed Herron and drawn by Howard Nostrand ( Sept. 1959 -- Dec. 1959 ) and Bob Powell ( Dec. 1959 -- April 1960 ) . Notably Nostrand was assisted ( on backgrounds ) by Neal Adams who had just graduated from the School of Industrial Arts ; it was among his first professional art jobs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://sentimental-journeys.com/2010/02/08/bat-masterson-cane--derby-hat--comic-book-ad.aspx Jump up ^ Robert K. Dearment . Bat Masterson : The Man and the Legend . University of Oklahoma Press , 1989 . p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Full Cast and Crew for The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Bat Masterson Complete Season One Jump up ^ Bat Masterson Complete Season Two Jump up ^ Bat Masterson Season 3 Jump up ^ BAT MASTERSON Jump up ^ The Badmouths of the West Jump up ^ Neal Adams : Renaissance Man Part I Archived 2009 - 11 - 16 at WebCite External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bat Masterson ( TV series ) . Bat Masterson on IMDb Bat Masterson at TV.com Gene Barry Fan Page Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bat_Masterson_(TV_series)&oldid=865898182 '' Categories : NBC network shows 1958 American television series debuts 1961 American television series endings 1950s American television series 1960s American television series Cultural depictions of American people Western ( genre ) television series Television series based on actual events Television series by MGM Television Black - and - white television programs Television programs adapted into comics Western ( genre ) television series featuring gimmick weapons Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 22 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played bat masterson on the tv show
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"Bat Masterson is an American Western television series which showed a fictionalized account of the life of real-life marshal/gambler/dandy Bat Masterson. The title character was played by Gene Barry and the half-hour black-and-white shows ran on NBC from 1958 to 1961. The series was produced by Ziv Television Productions. Bat is a nickname for Masterson's first name, Bartholemew.\n"
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"Gene Barry"
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The Cosby Show
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The Cosby Show - wikipedia The Cosby Show Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Cosby or The Bill Cosby Show . The Cosby Show Genre Sitcom Created by Ed . Weinberger Michael Leeson Bill Cosby Starring Bill Cosby Phylicia Rashad Sabrina Le Beauf Geoffrey Owens Lisa Bonet Joseph C. Phillips Malcolm - Jamal Warner Tempestt Bledsoe Keshia Knight Pulliam Raven Symoné Erika Alexander Theme music composer Stu Gardner Bill Cosby Opening theme `` Kiss Me '' ; performed by : Bobby McFerrin ( season 4 ) Oregon Symphony ( season 5 ) Craig Handy ( seasons 6 -- 7 ) Lester Bowie ( season 8 ) Ending theme `` Kiss Me '' ( instrumental ; various versions ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 201 ( plus outtakes special ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Marcy Carsey Tom Werner Bernie Kukoff ( season 7 ) Janet Leahy ( season 8 ) Location ( s ) Kaufman Astoria Studios Astoria , New York , U.S. Camera setup Videotape ; Multi-camera Running time 23 -- 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Carsey - Werner Productions Bill Cosby Productions Distributor Carsey - Werner Distribution ( 1997 -- present ) ( US only ) Viacom Enterprises ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Paramount Television ( 1995 -- 2006 ) CBS Paramount Network Television ( 2006 -- 2007 ) CBS Television Distribution ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network NBC Picture format 480i ( NTSC ) Original release September 20 , 1984 ( 1984 - 09 - 20 ) -- April 30 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 30 ) Chronology Preceded by The Bill Cosby Show Related shows A Different World The Cosby Show is an American television sitcom starring Bill Cosby , which aired for eight seasons on NBC from September 20 , 1984 , until April 30 , 1992 . The show focuses on the Huxtable family , an upper middle - class African - American family living in Brooklyn , New York . The Cosby Show spent five consecutive seasons as the number - one rated show on television . The Cosby Show and All in the Family are the only sitcoms in the history of the Nielsen ratings to be the number - one show for five seasons . It spent all eight of its seasons in the top 20 . According to TV Guide , the show `` was TV 's biggest hit in the 1980s , and almost single handedly revived the sitcom genre and NBC 's ratings fortunes . '' TV Guide also ranked it 28th on their list of 50 Greatest Shows . In addition , Cliff Huxtable was named as the `` Greatest Television Dad '' . In May 1992 , Entertainment Weekly stated that The Cosby Show helped to make possible a larger variety of shows with a predominantly African - American cast , from In Living Color to The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air . The Cosby Show was based on comedy routines in Cosby 's stand - up act , which in turn were based on his family life . The show led to the spinoff A Different World , which ran for six seasons from 1987 to 1993 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 1.1 Episodes 1.1. 1 Pilot 2 Background and production 2.1 Conception and development 2.2 Production notes 2.3 Theme song and opening sequence 3 Cast and characters 4 Reception 4.1 Broadcast history and ratings 5 Syndication 5.1 Pulled from broadcasting 6 Spin - off 7 Awards and honors 7.1 Awards won 7.2 Nominations 7.3 Other honors 8 Albums 9 In popular culture 10 DVD releases 11 References 12 External links Premise ( edit ) The show focuses on the Huxtable family , an upper middle - class African - American family , living in a brownstone in Brooklyn Heights , New York , at 10 Stigwood Avenue . The patriarch is Cliff Huxtable , an obstetrician and son of a prominent jazz trombonist . The matriarch is his wife , attorney Clair Huxtable . They have four daughters and one son : Sondra , Denise , Theo , Vanessa , and Rudy . Despite its comedic tone , the show sometimes involves serious subjects , like Theo 's experiences dealing with dyslexia , inspired by Cosby 's dyslexic son , Ennis . The show also deals with teen pregnancy when Denise 's friend , Veronica ( Lela Rochon ) , becomes pregnant . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Cosby Show episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 24 September 20 , 1984 ( 1984 - 09 - 20 ) May 9 , 1985 ( 1985 - 05 - 09 ) 24.2 25 September 26 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 1986 ( 1986 - 05 - 15 ) 33.7 25 September 25 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 25 ) May 7 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 07 ) 34.9 24 September 24 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 24 ) April 28 , 1988 ( 1988 - 04 - 28 ) 27.8 5 26 October 6 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 06 ) May 11 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 11 ) 25.6 6 26 + Special September 21 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 21 ) May 3 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 03 ) 23.1 ( Tied with Roseanne ) 7 26 September 20 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 20 ) May 2 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 02 ) 5 17.1 8 25 September 19 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 19 ) April 30 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 30 ) 18 15.0 Pilot ( edit ) Main article : Pilot ( The Cosby Show ) The Cosby Show pilot episode uses the same title sequence as the rest of the first season , and is widely regarded as the first episode . However , it is notable for a number of differences from the remainder of the series . In the pilot , the Huxtables have only four children . Following the pilot , the Huxtables have five children , with the addition of their eldest daughter , Sondra ( Sabrina Le Beauf ) , who is mentioned in episode four and appears first in episode 11 . The character was created when Bill Cosby wanted the show to express the accomplishment of successfully raising a child ( i.e. , a college graduate ) . Whitney Houston was considered for the role of Sondra Huxtable . Houston , however , was unable to commit to the full - time television production schedule in the NBC contract , as she was intending to be a full - time music recording artist . Most of the story in the pilot presentation is taken from Bill Cosby 's classic comedy film , Bill Cosby : Himself . Cosby 's character is called `` Clifford '' in the early episodes of the first season ( as evidenced by his name plate on the exterior of the Huxtable home ) . His name was later switched to `` Heathcliff . '' Additionally , Vanessa refers to Theo as `` Teddy '' twice in the dining room scene . The interior of the Huxtables ' home features an entirely different living room from subsequent episodes , and different color schemes in the dining room and the master bedroom . Throughout the remainder of the series , the dining room is reserved for more formal occasions . Background and production ( edit ) Conception and Development ( edit ) The cast of The Cosby Show in 1989 In the early 1980s , Marcy Carsey and Tom Werner , two former executives at ABC , left the network to start their own production company . At ABC , they had overseen sitcoms such as Mork & Mindy , Three 's Company , and Welcome Back , Kotter . The two decided that to get a sitcom to sell for their fledgling company , they needed a big name behind it . Bill Cosby , who starred in two failed sitcoms during the 1970s , produced award - winning stand - up comedy albums , and had roles in several different films , was relatively quiet during the early 1980s . Outside of his work on his cartoon series Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids , Cosby was doing little in film or television , but Carsey and Werner were fans of Cosby 's stand - up comedy and thought it would be the perfect material for a family sitcom . Cosby originally proposed that the couple should both have blue - collar jobs , with the father a limousine driver , who owned his own car , and the mother an electrician . With advice from his wife Camille Cosby , though , the concept was changed so that the family was well - off financially , with the mother a lawyer and the father a physician . Cosby wanted the program to be educational , reflecting his own background in education . He also insisted that the program be taped in New York City instead of Los Angeles , where most television programs were taped . The Huxtable home exterior was filmed at 10 St. Luke 's Place near 7th Avenue in Manhattan 's Greenwich Village ( although in the show , the residence was the fictional `` 10 Stigwood Avenue '' ) . Production notes ( edit ) The brownstone used in The Cosby Show The earliest episodes of the series were videotaped at NBC 's Brooklyn studios ( now owned by JC Studios ) . The network later sold that building , and production moved to the Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens . Even though the show was set to take place in Brooklyn , the exterior façade was actually of a brownstone townhouse located in Manhattan 's Greenwich Village at 10 Leroy Street / 10 St. Luke 's Place . The pilot was filmed in May 1984 , with season one 's production commencing in July 1984 , and the first taping on August 1 , 1984 ( Goodbye Mr. Goldfish ) . During its original run on NBC , it was one of five successful sitcoms on the network that featured predominantly African - American casts . The other sitcoms were 227 ( 1985 -- 90 ) , Amen ( 1986 -- 91 ) , Cosby Show spin - off A Different World ( 1987 -- 93 ) , and The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air ( 1990 -- 96 ) . Four other NBC sitcoms of that time also featured Black actors and actresses in lead starring or supporting roles -- Nell Carter and Telma Hopkins on Gimme a Break ( 1981 − 87 ) ; Leonard Lightfoot , and later Franklyn Seales and Alfonso Ribeiro on Silver Spoons ( 1982 − 86 ) ; Kim Fields on The Facts of Life ( 1979 − 88 ) , and Gary Coleman and Todd Bridges on Diff'rent Strokes ( 1978 -- 85 ) . Although the cast and characters were predominantly African American , the program was unusual in that issues of race were rarely mentioned when compared to other situation comedies of the time , such as The Jeffersons . However , The Cosby Show had African - American themes , such as the Civil Rights Movement , and it frequently promoted African - American and African culture represented by artists and musicians such as Jacob Lawrence , Miles Davis , James Brown , B.B. King , Stevie Wonder , Sammy Davis , Jr. , Lena Horne , Duke Ellington , Dizzy Gillespie , and Miriam Makeba . The show 's spin off , A Different World , dealt with issues of race more often . The series finale ( taped on March 6 , 1992 ) aired during the 1992 Los Angeles riots , with Cosby quoted in media at the time pleading for peace . During the third season of the show , actress Phylicia Rashad was pregnant with her daughter Condola Rashād . Rather than write this pregnancy into the character of Claire Huxtable , the producers simply greatly reduced Rashad 's scenes or filmed in such a way that her pregnancy was not noticeable . Another pregnancy of one of the main stars , that of Lisa Bonet , almost caused the actress to be fired , especially coming in the wake of appearing in the film Angel Heart , which contained graphic sexual scenes with actor Mickey Rourke . Bill Cosby strongly disapproved of Bonet appearing in the film , but she was allowed to retain her role on A Different World until returning to The Cosby Show after her pregnancy . Tensions remained , however , and Bonet was eventually fired from the show in April 1991 . Theme song and opening sequence ( edit ) The show 's theme music , `` Kiss Me '' , was composed by Stu Gardner and Bill Cosby . Seven versions of this theme were used during the run of the series , making it one of the few television series to use multiple versions of the same theme song over the course of a series . For season four , the theme song music was performed by musician Bobby McFerrin . Due to legal complications regarding the background mural , the opening for season seven ( filmed in August 1990 ) was replaced with the one from the previous season . The original season - seven opening , with slight modifications , returned to use in the beginning of season eight . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Cosby Show characters Actor Character Seasons 5 6 7 8 Bill Cosby Dr. Heathcliff `` Cliff '' Huxtable Main Phylicia Rashad Clair Olivia Hanks Huxtable Main Lisa Bonet Denise Huxtable -- Kendall Main Recurring Main Malcolm - Jamal Warner Theodore `` Theo '' Huxtable Main Tempestt Bledsoe Vanessa Huxtable Main Keshia Knight Pulliam Rudith `` Rudy '' Lilian Huxtable Main Sabrina Le Beauf Sondra Huxtable -- Tibideaux Recurring Main Geoffrey Owens Elvin Tibideaux Recurring Main Joseph C. Phillips Lt. Martin Kendall Main Recurring Raven - Symoné Olivia Kendall Main Erika Alexander Pamela `` Pam '' Tucker Main Phylicia Rashad was credited as `` Phylicia Ayers - Allen '' during season one and the first fourteen episodes of season two . Prior to joining the cast as a regular , Joseph C. Phillips appears as Daryl , a potential boyfriend for Sondra in season two ( episode : `` Cliff in Love '' ) . Reception ( edit ) The show 's portrayal of a successful , stable black family was praised by some for breaking racial stereotypes and showing another part of the African - American experience . However , it was criticized by others , including Henry Louis Gates , for allowing white audiences to think that racism and poverty were problems of the past . As a result of the sexual assault allegations against Cosby , Malcolm - Jamal Warner has stated that the show 's legacy is `` tarnished '' . Broadcast history and Ratings ( edit ) The Cosby Show aired on Thursdays at 8 : 00 pm for all eight seasons . In its first season , the show was the beginning of a Thursday NBC schedule that was followed by Family Ties , Cheers , Night Court , and Hill Street Blues . The Cosby Show is one of three television programs ( All in the Family and American Idol being the others ) that were number one in the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive seasons . Season Season premiere Season finale Time slot ( ET ) Ranking Households ( in millions ) 1984 -- 85 September 20 , 1984 May 9 , 1985 Thursday at 8 : 00 pm No. 3 20.546 ( 24.2 rating ) 1985 -- 86 September 26 , 1985 May 15 , 1986 No. 1 28.948 ( 33.7 rating ) 1986 -- 87 September 25 , 1986 May 7 , 1987 No. 1 30.503 ( 34.9 rating ) 1987 -- 88 September 24 , 1987 April 28 , 1988 No. 1 30.502 ( 34.9 rating ) 5 1988 -- 89 October 6 , 1988 May 11 , 1989 No. 1 23.142 ( 25.6 rating ) 6 1989 -- 90 September 21 , 1989 May 3 , 1990 No. 1 ( tie with Roseanne ) 21.275 ( 23.1 rating ) 7 1990 -- 91 September 20 , 1990 May 2 , 1991 No. 5 15.920 ( 17.1 rating ) 8 1991 -- 92 September 19 , 1991 April 30 , 1992 No. 18 13.815 ( 15.0 rating ) Syndication ( edit ) Carsey - Werner Distribution handles domestic distribution , while CBS Television Distribution handles international distribution of the series , and has done so since 1997 . In the United States , The Cosby Show began its television syndication run in September 1988 in broadcast syndication , shortly before the show 's fifth - season premiere , and was at the time distributed by Viacom ; many stations that carried the series were Big Three network affiliates , though since the mid 1990s , the show has largely begun airing on independent stations and minor network affiliates . Fort Worth , Texas - based independent station , KTVT , carried the series until 1995 , when it ceased operating as a regional cable superstation and became an affiliate of CBS . TBS , then a national cable superstation , carried the series for nearly a decade beginning in 1999 . Fellow superstation WGN America began carrying the series shortly thereafter , and continued to until September 2010 . Viacom 's Nick at Nite began airing reruns of the series in March 2002 , and its sister network TV Land began airing reruns in 2004 , making The Cosby Show one of the few series that were shown on both Nick at Nite and TV Land at the same time . Pulled from broadcasting ( edit ) Reruns of The Cosby Show have been pulled as a result of sexual assault allegations against Cosby . In November 2014 , TV Land pulled the series from its lineup . In December 2014 , the Magic Johnson owned network Aspire removed the show from its lineup . In July 2015 , Bounce TV pulled reruns of Cosby , which aired from 1996 to 2000 , as well as the animated series Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids . Cozi TV ceased showing I Spy reruns , and BET 's Centric ( another Viacom unit ) stopped airing reruns of The Cosby Show . At the same time , barter syndication The Program Exchange ceased distributing the latter show . Bounce TV , however , resumed airing the series in December 2016 . On May 19 2017 , TV One began airing reruns of the show . Spin - off ( edit ) Main article : A Different World The Cosby Show 's producers created a spin - off series called A Different World that was built around the `` Denise '' character ( portrayed by actress Lisa Bonet ) , the second of the Huxtables ' four daughters . Initially , the new program dealt with Denise 's life at Hillman College , the fictional historically black college from which her father , mother , and paternal grandfather had graduated . Denise was written out of A Different World after its inaugural season , due to Bonet 's pregnancy , and the following season was revamped , with the addition of director Debbie Allen ( Phylicia Rashad 's sister ) and new characters . Denise later became a recurring character on The Cosby Show for seasons four and five , and a regular again in seasons six and seven . Awards and honors ( edit ) Awards won ( edit ) Emmy Awards Outstanding Comedy Series ( 1985 ) Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series ( 1985 ) -- Michael Leeson and Ed . Weinberger for the pilot episode Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series ( 1985 ) -- Jay Sandrich for `` The Younger Woman '' Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series ( 1986 ) -- Jay Sandrich for `` Denise 's Friend '' Outstanding Guest Performer in a Comedy Series ( 1986 ) -- Roscoe Lee Browne for `` The Card Game '' Outstanding Editing for a Series -- Multi-Camera Production ( 1986 ) -- Henry Chan for `` Full House '' Golden Globe Awards Best TV Series -- Comedy ( 1985 ) Best Performance by an Actor in a TV Series -- Comedy -- Bill Cosby ( 1985 , 1986 ) 2 wins NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Comedy Series ( 1988 ) Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series -- Phylicia Rashad ( 1988 , 1989 ) 2 wins Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series -- Bill Cosby ( 1989 , 1993 ) 2 wins Peabody Award ( 1986 ) People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Comedy Program ( 1985 ) Favorite Male Performer in a New TV Program -- Bill Cosby ( 1985 ) Favorite Female Performer in a New TV Program -- Phylicia Rashad ( 1985 ) Favorite TV Comedy Program ( 1985 -- 89 ) 5 wins Favorite Male TV Performer -- Bill Cosby ( 1986 -- 92 ) 7 wins Favorite All - Around Male Entertainer -- Bill Cosby ( 1986 -- 88 , 1990 -- 91 ) 5 wins Favorite Young TV Performer -- Keshia Knight Pulliam ( 1988 ) All - Time Favorite TV Program ( 1989 ) Favorite Female TV Performer -- Phylicia Rashad ( 1989 ) Favorite All - Around Male Star -- Bill Cosby ( 1989 ) Favorite TV Comedy Series ( 1990 , 1992 ) 2 wins Nominations ( edit ) Emmy Awards Outstanding Technical Direction / Electronic Camerawork / video control for a series -- 1985 Outstanding Live and Tape Sound Mixing and Sound Effects for a series -- ( 1985 ) 2 nominations Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series -- ( 1985 -- 86 ) Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series -- Phylicia Rashad ( 1985 -- 86 ) 2 nominations Outstanding Comedy Series ( 1986 -- 87 ) 2 nominations Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series -- Lisa Bonet ( 1986 ) Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series -- Keshia Knight Pulliam ( 1986 ) Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series -- Malcolm - Jamal Warner ( 1986 ) Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special -- ( 1986 -- 87 ) Outstanding Editing for a Series ( multi camera production ) -- ( 1987 ) Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series -- Jay Sandrich ( 1987 ) Outstanding Comedy Series -- ( 1987 ) Outstanding Guest Performer in a Comedy Series -- Eileen Heckart ( 1988 ) Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series -- Sammy Davis Jr. ( 1989 ) Golden Globe Awards Best TV Series -- Comedy -- ( 1986 -- 1987 ) -- Two nominations Best Performance by an Actor in a TV Series -- Comedy -- Bill Cosby ( 1987 ) Other honors ( edit ) 1993 : TV Guide named The Cosby Show the All - Time Best Family Show in its issue celebrating 40 years of television . 1997 : TV Guide ranked the episode `` Happy Anniversary '' # 54 on their list of the 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time 1999 : Entertainment Weekly placed show 's debut at # 24 in its list of the `` 100 Greatest Moments in Television '' 2002 : TV Guide placed The Cosby Show at # 28 in its list of the 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time 2004 : TV Guide ranked Cliff Huxtable number 1 on its 50 Greatest TV Dads of All Time list 2004 : Bravo ranked Cliff Huxtable # 44 on its list of the 100 Greatest TV Characters 2007 : Time magazine placed the show on its unranked list of `` 100 Best TV Shows of All - TIME '' 2007 : USA Today 's web site ranked the show as # 8 in its list of the `` top 25 TV moments of the past quarter century '' 2008 : Entertainment Weekly selected Cliff Huxtable as the Dad for `` The Perfect TV Family '' 2013 : TV Guide ranked The Cosby Show # 26 on its list of the 60 Best Series . Albums ( edit ) Two albums were produced that included various theme and background music from the show . The albums were presented by longtime Cosby collaborator Stu Gardner . They were : A House Full of Love : Music from The Cosby Show ( 1986 ) Total Happiness ( Music from the Bill Cosby Show , Vol. II ) ( 1987 ) In Popular Culture ( edit ) During the series ' run , the character of Cliff Huxtable frequently wore an array of knit sweaters that were often brightly colored and featured abstract , asymmetrical patterns or themes . The sweaters were erroneously thought to be designed by the Australian clothing company Coogi , but were actually designed by Dutchman Koos Van Den Akker . They were dubbed `` Cosby sweaters '' , a term that is used to describe sweaters that are generally deemed garish and unappealing . In May 2008 , Cosby 's daughter Evin auctioned a batch of the sweaters that her father had kept on eBay . The proceeds of the sales went to the Hello Friend / Ennis William Cosby Foundation , a non profit charity named for Ennis Cosby . Ennis , Cosby 's only son , was murdered in January 1997 . The character of Dr. Hibbert , who is featured on the long running animated sitcom The Simpsons , is modelled after Dr. Cliff Huxtable . The Simpsons writing staff decided to make Dr. Hibbert a parody of Cliff Huxtable after the Fox network moved The Simpsons to Thursday nights airing opposite the top rated The Cosby Show . In the Teen Titans Go ! episode `` Oil Drums '' , Starfire says `` I would like to watch The Crosby Pudding Half Hour Show of Sweaters . Theo , get your glorp - nops off the kitchen table . Rudy ! '' DVD releases ( edit ) All eight seasons of The Cosby Show have been released on DVD in Region 1 . Seasons one and two were released by UrbanWorks which was subsequently acquired by First Look Studios , who then released the remaining six seasons . Seasons One and Two contain special features , including the ninety minute retrospective documentary entitled The Cosby Show : A Look Back , which aired on NBC in May 2002 . It contains interviews with cast members , bloopers , deleted scenes and audition footage . In December 2010 , First Look Studios filed bankruptcy , and all its assets were subsequently acquired by Millennium Entertainment , who also took over distribution of The Cosby Show DVD releases . As of 2013 , these releases have been discontinued , and are now out of print . On November 5 , 2013 , it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to the series . They have subsequently re released all eight seasons on DVD . On September 1 , 2015 , Mill Creek released a sixteen disc complete series set entitled The Cosby Show -- The Complete Series . In Region 4 , Magna Pacific has released all eight seasons on DVD in Australia and New Zealand . The first two seasons have similar artwork to the North American copies , although season two is red rather than blue . Each Australian cover also features the tagline `` In a house full of love , there is always room for more '' . Universal Studios Home Entertainment has released Seasons 1 to 4 in Region 2 ( United Kingdom ) . DVD title Ep # Release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Season 1 24 August 2 , 2005 January 21 , 2014 ( re release ) May 19 , 2008 October 4 , 2006 Season 2 25 March 7 , 2006 January 21 , 2014 ( re release ) August 25 , 2008 February 7 , 2007 Season 3 25 June 5 , 2007 April 15 , 2014 ( re release ) Oct 13 , 2008 April 4 , 2007 Season 4 24 June 5 , 2007 April 15 , 2014 ( re release ) Feb 9 , 2009 November 7 , 2007 Season 5 26 November 6 , 2007 January 6 , 2015 ( re release ) March 5 , 2008 Season 6 26 November 6 , 2007 January 6 , 2015 ( re release ) July 9 , 2008 Season 7 26 April 8 , 2008 June 16 , 2015 ( re release ) January 13 , 2010 Season 8 25 April 8 , 2008 June 16 , 2015 ( re release ) January 13 , 2010 25th Anniversary Commemorative Edition 202 November 11 , 2008 September 1 , 2015 ( re release ) Collector 's Edition 202 August 6 , 2014 Note : The Millennium Entertainment release of season one contains the edited versions of the episodes aired in syndication . However , all subsequent DVD releases ( including the complete series set ) contain the original , uncut broadcast versions . In 2011 , Millennium quietly released season one uncut in Region 1 , which featured the special features from The Complete Series set . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heads , TV Talking ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` What 29 TV Shows Have Been # 1 in the Annual Nielsen Rankings ? '' . TV Talking Heads . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Cosby Show : Cast & Details '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows '' . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide 's ' 50 Greatest TV Dads of All Time ' TVWeek '' . www.tvweek.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( May 1 , 1992 ) . `` The Cosby Show 's Last Laugh '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved October 28 , 2007 . The show that changed forever the way black families are portrayed on television , the show that paved the way for a rainbow of African - American sensibilities on TV from In Living Color to The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air is getting razzed these days by The Simpsons . Jump up ^ Meyers , Kate ( May 3 , 1996 ) . `` Cosby 's Last ' Show ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gates , Henry Louis ; Higginbotham , Evelyn Brooks ( March 23 , 2004 ) . African American Lives . Oxford University Press . p. 195 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 988286 - 1 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Manzo , Ula C. ; Manzo , Anthony V. ( January 1 , 1993 ) . Literary Disorders : Holistic Diagnosis and Remediation . LiteracyLeaders . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 072633 - 0 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orenstein , Myrna ( December 6 , 2012 ) . Smart But Stuck : How Resilience Frees Imprisoned Intelligence from Learning Disabilities , Second Edition ( 2 ed . ) . Routledge . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 80043 - 7 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aldridge , Delores P. ; Young , Carlene ( 2003 ) . Out of the Revolution : The Development of Africana Studies . Lexington Books . p. 350 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 0547 - 4 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1690 -- 1693 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kovalchik , Kara ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` 5 Mysteries Surrounding The Cosby Show '' . Mental Floss . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alston , Joshua ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` How The Cosby Show spoke to race and class in ' 80s America '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Cosby Show : 1984 -- 1992 '' . People . June 26 , 2000 . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sondra Huxtable Tibideaux '' . TV Land . Viacom . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alley , Robert S. ; Brown , Irby B. ( 2001 ) . Women Television Producers : Transformation of the Male Medium . University Rochester Press . p. 255 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58046 - 045 - 3 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marc , David ( 1992 ) . Prime Time , Prime Movers : From I Love Lucy to L.A. Law -- America 's Greatest TV Shows and the People who Created Them . Syracuse University Press . pp. 101 -- 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0311 - 5 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McNeil , Alex ( 1996 ) . Total Television : The Comprehensive Guide to Programming from 1948 to the Present . Penguin Group USA . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 024916 - 3 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Cosby on 50 Years of Comedy : Forum -- KQED Public Media for Northern CA '' . KQED Public Media . Jump up ^ Cashmore , Ellis ( August 2 , 2012 ) . Beyond Black : Celebrity and Race in Obama 's America . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78093 - 147 - 0 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pope , Kitty ( 2005 ) . Beside Every Great Man -- is a Great Woman : African American Women of Courage , Intellect , Strength , Beauty & Perseverance . Amber Books Publishing . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9749779 - 4 - 2 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fearn - Banks , Kathleen ( August 4 , 2009 ) . The A to Z of African - American Television . Scarecrow Press . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6348 - 4 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV Show Buildings At A Glance '' . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gismondi , Steve ( April 16 , 2002 ) . Turning Forty . iUniverse . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4620 - 8144 - 8 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stephens , E.J. ; Christaldi , Michael ; Wanamaker , Marc ( July 15 , 2013 ) . Early Paramount Studios . Arcadia Publishing . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4671 - 3010 - 3 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Cosby House : Brownstones in Pop Culture '' . Townhouse Experts Blog . Townhouse Experts . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cosby '' . google.com . Jump up ^ Bennetts , Leslie . `` Bill Cosby Begins Taping NBC Series '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rainer , Thom S. ; Rainer , Jess W. ( January 1 , 2011 ) . The Millennials : Connecting to America 's Largest Generation . B&H Publishing Group . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4336 - 7003 - 9 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Franz , Kathleen ; Smulyan , Susan ( 2011 ) . Major Problems in American Popular Culture . Cengage Learning . p. 376 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 47481 - 3 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . I wo n't deal with the foolishness of racial undertones on the show . Jump up ^ Krabill , Ron ( September 15 , 2010 ) . Starring Mandela and Cosby : Media and the End ( s ) of Apartheid . University of Chicago Press . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 45189 - 3 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Etkin , Jaimie ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' A Different World ' Finale 20th Anniversary : Looking Back On The Show 's Famous Faces ( PHOTOS ) '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Last ' Cosby ' show finishes production , to air in April '' . The Baltimore Sun . New York . March 7 , 1992 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tearman , Margaret ( June 30 -- July 6 , 2005 ) . `` Bay Weekly Profile : Bill Cosby '' . Bay Weekly . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chandler , D.L. ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` Rodney King Riots : Rodney King Riots in Los Angeles Began on this Day in 1992 '' . NewsOne . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Pregnant Performers '' . Time . February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooker , H.C. ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Lisa Bonet : The Cosby Show Kid Who Got Away '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wright , H. Stephen ( January 1 , 2003 ) . Film Music at the Piano : An Index to Piano Arrangements of Instrumental Film and Television Music in Anthologies and Collections . Scarecrow Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4892 - 4 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby McFerrin -- Biography '' . iTunes . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . McFerrin also earned mainstream exposure through his unique performance of the theme song to the television hit The Cosby Show Jump up ^ ABC News . `` gty_bill_cosby_ll_130617_wg. jpg '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Anderson , Susan Heller ( October 18 , 1990 ) . `` Bill Cosby has stopped using a mural designed for the opening credits of The Cosby Show '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Janet ; Kirtzman , Andrew ( October 15 , 1990 ) . `` Kids ' Mural Paints Cosby Into Corner '' . Philly.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Matthew C. ( 2011 ) . Icons of Black America : Breaking Barriers and Crossing Boundaries . ABC - CLIO . p. 193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37642 - 9 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Harry B. ( January 1 , 1990 ) . Perspectives of Black Popular Culture . Popular Press . pp. 134 -- 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87972 - 504 - 4 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's Black World Turns -- But Stays Unreal '' . The New York Times . November 12 , 1989 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Begley , Sarah ( October 9 , 2015 ) , Malcolm - Jamal Warner Says The Cosby Show Is Now ' Tarnished ' , Time , retrieved October 10 , 2015 Jump up ^ Smith , C. Brian ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Great Moments in Sitcom History : A Eulogy ( Part 1 of 5 ) '' . Kempt . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boone , Mike ( September 26 , 1984 ) . `` It 's humor vs. The Hunk as Cosby , Selleck clash '' . The Gazette . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Classic TV & Movie Hits -- The Cosby Show '' . Classictvhits.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fearn - Banks , Kathleen ( August 4 , 2009 ) . The A to Z of African - American Television . Scarecrow Press . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6348 - 4 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tueth , Michael ( 2005 ) . Laughter In The Living Room : Television Comedy And The American Home Audience . Peter Lang . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 6845 - 7 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1984 -- 1985 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1985 -- 1986 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1986 -- 1987 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1987 -- 1988 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1988 -- 1989 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1989 -- 1990 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1990 -- 1991 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Ratings : 1991 -- 1992 '' . ClassicTVHits.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rhodan , Maya ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` TV Land Pulls The Cosby Show From Its Lineup '' . TIME Magazine . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ TV Land scraps The Cosby Show marathon set for Thanksgiving week . Variety ( November 19 , 2014 ) . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . `` ( E ) pisodes have been pulled immediately for the foreseeable future ... TV Land even removed references to The Cosby Show from its website on Wednesday afternoon as the scandal accelerated . '' Jump up ^ `` Magic Turns on Cos : ASPiRE Network Cancels Cosby Programming '' . Jump up ^ `` Bounce TV Pulls ' Cosby ' Reruns , BET 's Centric Yanks ' The Cosby Show ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2011 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Hulu Plus , Accessed October 10 , 2015 Jump up ^ McCann , Bob ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of African American Actresses in Film and Television . McFarland . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5804 - 2 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cosby Show '' . Emmys . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TV Guide April 17 -- 23 , 1993 . 1993 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 100 Moments In Television '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 19 , 1999 . Retrieved October 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows '' . CBS News . Associated Press . February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . 28 . The Cosby Show ( NBC ) Jump up ^ TV guide : guide to TV . Barnes & Noble. 2004 . p. 536 . ISBN 0760756341 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest TV Characters '' . Bravo . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2007 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( September 5 , 2007 ) . `` All - TIME 100 TV Shows '' . Time . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( May 14 , 2007 ) . `` Did you see that ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . 8 . The Cosby Show ( 1984 ) This sitcom - savior sparked 20 years of `` Must See TV '' dominance while spreading a gentle yet powerful message about inclusion , diversity and the universality of real family values . Jump up ^ `` TV : Breaking Down the List , '' Entertainment Weekly , '' # 999 / 1000 June 27 & July 4 , 2008 , 56 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCall , Tyler ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Bill Cosby , His Sweaters , and the Man Who Made Them '' . Fashionista . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oatman - Stanford , Hunter ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` Bill Cosby Schools Us About Those Crazy Sweaters '' . Collectors Weekly . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Jayson ; Reid , Shaheem ( January 14 , 2009 ) . `` Biggie Took Coogi Sweaters From ' The Cosby Show ' To The Clubs '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Simakis , Andrea ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Ugly Christmas sweaters are suddenly all the rage '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . `` Cosby sweater '' entered the country 's vernacular and came to mean a garment so loud and nauseating that those encountering it would be tempted to reach for earplugs and Dramamine . Jump up ^ Lane , Mark ( December 24 , 2009 ) . `` Big Book divulges lore of Christmas '' . The Deseret News . p . A9 . Jump up ^ `` Three of Bill Cosby 's sweaters from ' The Cosby Show ' to be auctioned online '' . NY Daily News . Los Angeles . Associated Press . May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Groening , Matt ; Jean , Al ; Kogen , Jay ; Reiss , Mike ; Wolodarsky , Wallace ( 2004 ) . Commentary for `` Bart the Daredevil '' , in The Simpsons : The Complete Second Season ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Cosby Show DVD news : Announcement for The Cosby Show - Seasons 1 and 2 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ `` The Cosby Show DVD news : Box Art and Date Change for The Cosby Show - Seasons 3 & 4 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ `` The Cosby Show DVD news : Announcement for The Cosby Show - Seasons 5 & 6 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ `` The Cosby Show DVD news : Announcement for The Cosby Show - Seasons 7 & 8 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ `` The Cosby Show DVD news : Box Art for The Cosby Show - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . External links ( edit ) Television in the United States portal Comedy portal Official Bill Cosby Site The Cosby Show at CarseyWerner.net The Cosby Show on IMDb The Cosby Show at TV.com The Cosby Show - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television The Cosby Show Characters Cliff Huxtable Clair Huxtable Sondra Huxtable Denise Huxtable Theodore Huxtable Rudy Huxtable Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Goodbye Mr. Fish '' Seasons 5 6 7 8 Related A Different World episodes characters Dwayne Cleofis Wayne Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 - 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 - 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 - 14 , 14 - 15 , 15 - 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Governor & J.J. ( 1969 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 1973 ) Rhoda , season 1 ( 1974 ) Barney Miller , season 1 / season 2 ( 1975 ) Barney Miller , season 2 / season 3 ( 1976 ) All in the Family , season 7 / season 8 ( 1977 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1978 ) Alice / Taxi , season 1 / season 2 ( 1979 ) Taxi , season 2 / season 3 ( 1980 ) M * A * S * H , season 9 / season 10 ( 1981 ) Fame ( 1982 ) Fame ( 1983 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1984 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 / season 2 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 / season 3 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown ( 1989 ) Cheers , season 8 / season 9 ( 1990 ) Brooklyn Bridge ( 1991 ) Roseanne , season 4 / season 5 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 / season 5 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 / season 2 & Mad About You ( 1994 ) Cybill ( 1995 ) 3rd Rock from the Sun , season 1 / season 2 ( 1996 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 ( 1997 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 / season 2 ( 1998 ) Sex and the City , season 2 ( 1999 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2002 ) The Office ( UK ) ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty , season 1 ( 2006 ) Extras ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) Glee , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) Girls , season 1 ( 2012 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine , season 1 ( 2013 ) Transparent , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mozart in the Jungle , season 1 ( 2015 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2016 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series 1950s The Red Skelton Show ( season 1 , 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( season 2 , 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( season 3 , 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( season 2 , 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 1 , 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 2 , 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 3 , 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program , season 9 ( 1959 ) 1960s The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program , season 11 ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( season 1 , 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 2 ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 3 ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 4 ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 5 ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( season 1 , 1967 ) Get Smart , season 3 ( 1968 ) Get Smart , season 4 ( 1969 ) 1970s My World and Welcome to It ( season 1 , 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H , season 2 ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 5 ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 6 ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 7 ( 1977 ) All in the Family , season 8 ( 1978 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1979 ) 1980s Taxi , season 2 ( 1980 ) Taxi , season 3 ( 1981 ) Barney Miller , season 8 ( 1982 ) Cheers , season 1 ( 1983 ) Cheers , season 2 ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Cheers , season 7 ( 1989 ) 1990s Murphy Brown ( season 2 , 1990 ) Cheers , season 9 ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( season 4 , 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) Frasier , season 4 ( 1997 ) Frasier , season 5 ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal , season 2 ( 1999 ) 2000s Will & Grace , season 2 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2001 ) Friends , season 8 ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond , season 7 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond , season 9 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) 30 Rock , season 1 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) 30 Rock , season 3 ( 2009 ) 2010s Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Modern Family , season 3 ( 2012 ) Modern Family , season 4 ( 2013 ) Modern Family , season 5 ( 2014 ) Veep , season 4 ( 2015 ) Veep , season 5 ( 2016 ) Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Cosby Show , season 2 ( 1986 ) It 's Garry Shandling 's Show , season 1 ( 1987 ) Frank 's Place , season 1 / The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown , season 1 ( 1989 ) The Simpsons , season 1 ( 1990 ) Murphy Brown , season 3 ( 1991 ) Seinfeld , season 3 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 5 ( 1997 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 6 ( 1998 ) Sports Night , season 1 ( 1999 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 1 ( 2000 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 2 ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show , season 1 ( 2002 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , season 7 / season 8 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Arrested Development , season 2 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Office , season 3 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 2 ( 2009 ) Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Louie , season 2 ( 2012 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 6 / Parks and Recreation , season 5 ( 2013 ) Louie , season 4 / Veep , season 3 ( 2014 ) Inside Amy Schumer , season 3 ( 2015 ) Black - ish , season 2 ( 2016 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2017 ) Bill Cosby Comedy albums Bill Cosby Is a Very Funny Fellow ... Right ! ( 1963 ) I Started Out as a Child ( 1964 ) Why Is There Air ? ( 1965 ) Wonderfulness ( 1966 ) Revenge ( 1967 ) To Russell , My Brother , Whom I Slept With ( 1968 ) 200 M.P.H. ( 1968 ) 8 : 15 12 : 15 ( 1969 ) It 's True ! It 's True ! ( 1969 ) Sports ( 1969 ) Live : Madison Square Garden Center ( 1970 ) When I Was a Kid ( 1971 ) For Adults Only ( 1971 ) Inside the Mind of Bill Cosby ( 1972 ) Fat Albert ( 1973 ) My Father Confused Me ... What Must I Do ? What Must I Do ? ( 1977 ) Bill 's Best Friend ( 1978 ) Bill Cosby : Himself ( 1982 ) Those of You with or Without Children , You 'll Understand ( 1986 ) Oh , Baby ! ( 1991 ) Music albums Silver Throat : Bill Cosby Sings ( 1967 ) Bill Cosby Sings Hooray for the Salvation Army Band ! ( 1968 ) Badfoot Brown & the Bunions Bradford Funeral & Marching Band ( 1971 ) Bill Cosby Talks to Kids About Drugs ( 1971 ) Bill Cosby Presents Badfoot Brown & the Bunions Bradford Funeral Marching Band ( 1972 ) At Last Bill Cosby Really Sings ( 1974 ) Bill Cosby Is Not Himself These Days ( 1976 ) Disco Bill ( 1977 ) State of Emergency ( 2009 ) Compilations The Best of Bill Cosby ( 1969 ) More of the Best of Bill Cosby ( 1970 ) Bill ( 1973 ) Down Under ( 1975 ) Singles `` Little Ole Man ( Uptight , Everything 's Alright ) '' ( 1967 ) `` Yes , Yes , Yes '' ( 1976 ) Television The Bill Cosby Show ( 1969 -- 71 ) The New Bill Cosby Show ( 1972 ) Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids ( 1972 -- 85 ) Cos ( 1976 ) The Cosby Show ( 1984 -- 92 ) A Different World ( 1987 -- 93 ) The Cosby Mysteries ( 1994 -- 95 ) Cosby ( 1996 -- 2000 ) Little Bill ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Fatherhood ( 2004 -- 05 ) Stand - up comedy films and specials Himself ( 1983 ) Bill Cosby 77 ( unreleased ) Family Camille Cosby Ennis Cosby Erika Cosby Related articles In advertising Pound Cake speech Sexual assault allegations People 's Choice Awards for Favorite New TV Comedy The Love Boat ( 1978 ) Mork & Mindy ( 1979 ) Too Close for Comfort ( 1981 ) Private Benjamin ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Webster ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) ALF ( 1987 ) A Different World / My Two Dads ( 1988 ) Roseanne ( 1989 ) Doogie Howser , M.D. ( 1990 ) In Living Color / The Simpsons ( 1991 ) Home Improvement ( 1992 ) Martin ( 1993 ) Frasier / Grace Under Fire ( 1994 ) Ellen / Friends ( 1995 ) Caroline in the City ( 1996 ) Cosby ( 1997 ) Veronica 's Closet / Dharma & Greg ( 1998 ) Jesse / Will & Grace ( 1999 ) Stark Raving Mad ( 2000 ) Ed ( 2001 ) My Wife and Kids ( 2002 ) 8 Simple Rules ( 2003 ) Two and a Half Men ( 2004 ) Joey ( 2005 ) My Name Is Earl ( 2006 ) The Class ( 2007 ) Samantha Who ? ( 2008 ) Gary Unmarried ( 2009 ) Glee ( 2010 ) $ h * ! My Dad Says ( 2011 ) 2 Broke Girls ( 2012 ) The New Normal ( 2013 ) Super Fun Night ( 2014 ) Jane the Virgin ( 2015 ) Scream Queens ( 2016 ) Man with a Plan ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cosby_Show&oldid=815789323 '' Categories : The Cosby Show 1984 American television series debuts 1992 American television series endings 1980s American comedy television series 1990s American comedy television series American television sitcoms Best Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winners Black sitcoms Brooklyn in fiction Dyslexia in fiction English - language television programs NBC network shows Nielsen ratings winners Peabody Award - winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners Television series by Carsey - Werner Productions Television shows set in New York City Television series created by Ed . Weinberger Television series created by Bill Cosby Television series about families Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from April 2017 Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Vèneto Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 04 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did the bill cosby show first air
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"The Cosby Show is an American television sitcom starring Bill Cosby, which aired for eight seasons on NBC from September 20, 1984, until April 30, 1992. The show focuses on the Huxtable family, an upper middle-class African-American family living in Brooklyn, New York."
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"September 20, 1984"
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Optimum HDTV viewing distance
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Optimum HDTV viewing distance - wikipedia Optimum HDTV viewing distance Jump to : navigation , search Optimum HDTV viewing distance is the distance that provides the viewer with the optimum immersive visual HDTV experience . Although opinions vary on the exact screen size to distance relationship , formal research and recommendations suggest closer is preferred to farther , to provide a more immersive experience . How close ? `` As close as you can stand it '' . Home Theater oriented room Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Presence 1.2 Visual angle 1.3 Angular resolution 2 Recommendations 2.1 Fixed distance 2.1. 1 Diagonal measurement × 2.5 ( corresponding to 20 - degree viewing angle ) 2.1. 2 Diagonal measurement × 1.6 ( corresponding to 30 - degree viewing angle ) 2.1. 3 Diagonal measurement × 1.2 ( corresponding to 40 - degree viewing angle ) 2.2 Optimum ranges 2.2. 1 Manufacturers ' recommendations 2.2. 2 Retail recommendations 2.2. 3 THX ranges 2.3 Screen height 3 Factors influencing the calculations 3.1 Human visual system limitation 3.2 Technology limitations 3.3 Human physiological considerations 3.4 End - user content selection 4 See also 5 References Background ( edit ) HDTV is designed to provide an experience more realistic than the television system it is designed to replace . The `` thrilling realism '' HDTV attempts to offer arises from increased resolution ( detail ) and the typically large screen sizes . A larger display increases the visual angle at which content is viewed , both of which contribute to an increased feeling of presence . Thus , correct viewing distance is critical to the enjoyment of HDTV as it is intended . While helping to define the HDTV standard , RCA engineer ( and later vice-president ) Bernard J. Lechner did an early analysis of viewing distance under various conditions , deriving the so - called Lechner distance . Presence ( edit ) The concept of presence has been described as the sensation of `` reality '' , of `` being there '' , and as `` an illusion of nonmediation '' . The concept of presence originated and was studied with regard to Virtual Reality ( VR ) and other 3D environments . It was later established that television viewers could also experience a feeling of presence . Presence is influenced by a number of factors , including video camera techniques , audio fidelity , visual and aural dimensionality , and most relevantly to this topic , image size ( visual angle ) and quality ( angular resolution ) . Visual angle ( edit ) The ideal optimum viewing distance is affected by the horizontal angle of the camera capturing the image . One concept of an ideal optimal viewing distance places the viewer where the horizontal angle subtended by the screen is the same as the horizontal angle captured by the camera . If this is the case , the angular relationships perceived by the viewer would be identical to those recorded by the camera . If the camera 's angle was always the same , an optimal viewing distance could be easily calculated . However the camera 's horizontal angle varies as the focal length of its lens changes . If the camera 's sensor has fixed dimensions , a shorter focal length ( wide angle ) lens captures a wider angle of view , requiring the viewer to sit closer to the screen . Conversely , a longer focal length ( telephoto ) lens captures a narrower angle of view , demanding a more distant viewer position . Such opposing viewing distances would not only be impractical , but would negate the very purposes of telephoto shots ( for example , to see a distant object in more detail , or minimize distortion in facial images ) and wide - angle shots ( causing the viewer to sit too close to the screen , where undesirable image artifacts would be visible ) . One compromise assumes the lens is `` standard '' ( a 50mm focal length , for a standard 35mm format ) . A `` standard '' lens preserves the same spatial relationships perceived by a spectator at the camera location . For a `` standard '' lens image , viewing distance should be equal to the diagonal length of the screen . Horizontal , vertical and diagonal field of view . It has been demonstrated that viewing a display that occupies a greater visual angle ( also referred to as field - of - view ) increases the feeling of presence . More importantly , the wider the visual angle ( to approximately a plateau point of 80 degrees ) , the greater the feeling of presence . Angular resolution ( edit ) See also : Fovea centralis § Angular size of foveal cones With printed graphics , resolution refers to the number of pixels ( usually referred to as `` dots '' ) in a fixed linear measurement . With HDTV , resolution is measured in terms of the number of pixels in the physical display . When the resolution of a printed image is increased , the image is cleaner , crisper and more detailed . However , image quality does not improve if the increase in resolution exceeds the observer 's visual capabilities . For a HDTV 's image to noticeably improve , its resolution per degree of arc ( or angular resolution ) must increase as well as the pixel count of the display . Recommendations ( edit ) To maximize the feeling of presence and thus provide a better viewing experience , the viewer would need to be situated at the theoretical spot where the HDTV occupies the widest view angle for that viewer . It is also important that the resolution of the display per degree of arc remain at a high quality level . Opinions regarding where the nirvana position lies are numerous and varied . Recommendations on HDTV viewing distances fall into two general classes ; a fixed distance based on HDTV display size , or a range of distances based on the display size . The most common recommendations from reasonably authoritative sources are presented below . Fixed distance ( edit ) Fixed distance recommendations are the more common of the two types . For the most part , the majority of the fixed distance recommendations were issued before the end of 2007 , when arguably HDTV displays were still in the early adoption phase . The most frequently cited fixed distance recommendations are listed . Diagonal measurement × 2.5 ( corresponding to 20 - degree viewing angle ) ( edit ) One of the more popular recommendations on the proper HDTV viewing distance is multiply the diagonal measurement of the display screen by 2.5 . This recommendation is cited by television manufacturers , retailers , respected publications and websites , though the popular electronics review website CNET suggests that high - resolution content can be watched at a closer distance -- 1.5 times the display screen 's diagonal measurement ( corresponding to 32 degree viewing angle ) . Diagonal measurement × 16 ( corresponding to 30 - degree viewing angle ) ( edit ) Viewing an HDTV from a position where the display occupies a 30 - degree field of view is widely quoted as the SMPTE ( or SMPTE 30 ) recommendation ( equivalent to about 1.6264 times the screen size in a 16 : 9 TV ) . This recommendation is very popular with the home theater enthusiast community , appears in books on home theater design , and is also supported by a white paper produced by Fujitsu . Although an article on research into setting the specification for the next evolution of HDTV , Ultra HDTV ( or UHDTV ) , does support the premise that HDTV was optimized for a view angle of 30 degrees , there seems to be no direct recommendation from SMPTE on the issue . Diagonal measurement × 1.2 ( corresponding to 40 - degree viewing angle ) ( edit ) THX recommends that the `` best seat - to - screen distance '' is one where the view angle approximates 40 degrees , ( the actual angle is 40.04 degrees ) . Their recommendation was originally presented at the 2006 CES show , and was stated as being the theoretical maximum horizontal view angle , based on average human vision . In the opinion of THX , the location where the display is viewed at a 40 - degree view angle provides the most `` immersive cinematic experience '' , all else being equal . For consumer application of their recommendations , THX recommends dividing the diagonal screen measurement by . 84 to calculate the optimum viewing distance , for a 1080p resolution . This equates to multiplying the diagonal measurement by about 1.2 . Optimum ranges ( edit ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Stating optimum viewing distance as a range rather than as fixed distance is on the rise ; possibly because of changes in the profile of the typical HDTV purchaser . Early adopters of HDTV were typically videophiles , the technically adventurous and the sports enthusiast looking to have the ultimate viewing experience . Today , the typical HDTV consumer 's aims may be a little more modest ; total immersion takes a back seat to room integration . Major retail chains like Best Buy that once stated their recommendation as a fixed distance , are starting to provide range recommendations . Manufacturers have also started to provide range recommendations , updating their website with small applications that denote the optimum viewing distance as a range of distances . THX in March 2009 , added range recommendations to their website . The minimum end of the range tends to be the proponent 's fixed optimum distance recommendation . Manufacturers ' recommendations ( edit ) Range recommendations from manufacturers are the most modest of the groupings . For the minimum ( or nearest ) viewing distance , they recommend a view angle of approximately 31 degrees ; and for the maximum , a view angle as low as 10 degrees . A 10 - degree view angle is approximately the angle that NTSC television was typically viewed from . RCA Screen Size Recommended Range 22 '' 3'0 '' -- 8'4 '' ( 0.9 -- 2.5 m ) 26 '' 3'5 '' -- 9'10 '' ( 1.0 -- 3.0 m ) 32 '' 4'4 '' -- 12'1 '' ( 1.3 -- 3.7 m ) 40 '' 5'4 '' -- 15'1 '' ( 1.6 -- 4.6 m ) 42 '' 5'5 '' -- 15'10 '' ( 1.7 -- 4.8 m ) 52 '' 6'0 '' -- 17'0 '' ( 1.8 -- 5.2 m ) TOSHIBA Screen Size Recommended Range 40 '' 4.0 ' - 6.3 ' ( 1.22 -- 1.92 m ) 42 '' 4.2 ' - 6.7 ' ( 1.28 -- 2.04 m ) 46 '' 4.6 ' - 7.3 ' ( 1.4 -- 2.22 m ) 47 '' 4.7 ' - 7.4 ' ( 1.43 -- 2.26 m ) 50 '' 5.0 ' - 7.9 ' ( 1.52 -- 2.41 m ) 55 '' 5.5 ' - 8.7 ' ( 1.68 -- 2.65 m ) 65 '' 6.5 ' - 10.3 ' ( 1.98 -- 3.14 m ) Retail recommendations ( edit ) The recommendations currently posted on the websites of retailers Best Buy and Crutchfield take more of a middle ground . Both retailers post a minimum viewing distance that accommodates a view angle of just a little over 32 degrees on average . This viewing distance approximates the view angle needed to be able to see pixel level detail . The maximum viewing distance will provide a viewing angle of approximately 16 degrees with Best Buy 's recommendation and approximately 20 degrees with Crutchfield 's . The maximum viewing distance ( minimum viewing angle ) provided by Best Buy aligns with vision theory on the highest spatial frequencies perceivable by the human visual system . Crutchfield 's maximum viewing distance aligns with the lower boundaries where viewers typically begin to find HDTV immersive . BEST BUY Screen Size Recommended Range 26 '' 3.3 ' -- 6.5 ' ( 1.0 m -- 2.0 m ) 30 '' 3.8 ' -- 7.6 ' ( 1.2 m -- 2.3 m ) 34 '' 4.3 ' -- 8.5 ' ( 1.3 m -- 2.6 m ) 42 '' 5.3 ' -- 10.5 ' ( 1.6 m -- 3.2 m ) 46 '' 5.8 ' -- 11.5 ' ( 1.8 m -- 3.5 m ) 50 '' 6.3 ' -- 12.5 ' ( 1.9 m -- 3.8 m ) 55 '' 6.8 ' -- 12.8 ' ( 2.1 m -- 3.9 m ) 60 '' 7.5 ' -- 15.0 ' ( 2.3 m -- 4.6 m ) 65 '' 8.1 ' -- 16.3 ' ( 2.5 m -- 5.0 m ) CRUTCHFIELD Screen Size Recommended Range 26 '' 3.25 ' -- 5.5 ' ( 1.0 m -- 1.7 m ) 32 '' 4.0 ' -- 6.66 ' ( 1.2 m -- 2.0 m ) 37 '' 4.63 ' -- 7.71 ' ( 1.4 m -- 2.4 m ) 40 '' 5.0 ' -- 8.33 ' ( 1.5 m -- 2.5 m ) 42 '' 5.25 ' -- 8.75 ' ( 1.6 m -- 2.7 m ) 46 '' 5.75 ' -- 9.5 ' ( 1.7 m -- 2.9 m ) 50 '' 6.25 ' -- 10.5 ' ( 1.9 m -- 3.2 m ) 52 '' 6.5 ' -- 10.8 ' ( 2.0 m -- 3.3 m ) 55 '' 6.9 ' -- 11.5 ' ( 2.1 m -- 3.5 m ) 58 '' 7.25 ' -- 12.0 ' ( 2.2 m -- 3.7 m ) 65 '' 8.13 ' -- 13.5 ' ( 2.5 m -- 4.1 m ) 70 '' 8.75 ' -- 14.75 ' ( 2.7 m -- 4.5 m ) THX ranges ( edit ) While THX still contends that the optimum viewing distance is a position where the display occupies a 40 - degree view angle for the viewer , they too provide a range recommendation . The minimum viewing distance is set to approximate a 40 - degree view angle , and the maximum viewing distance is set to approximate 28 degrees . THX Screen Size Recommended Range 35 '' 3.5 ' -- 5.0 ' ( 1.0 -- 1.5 m ) 40 '' 4.0 ' -- 6.0 ' ( 1.2 -- 1.8 m ) 50 '' 5 ' -- 7.5 ' ( 1.5 -- 2.2 m ) 60 '' 6.0 ' -- 9.0 ' ( 1.8 -- 2.7 m ) Screen height ( edit ) Consideration should also be given to the height at which the screen is placed . A common suggestion is that the viewer 's eyes are horizontally level with the bottom or middle of the display , so that the screen does not overpower the viewer . THX recommends that a viewer 's head should not have to look up more than 15 degrees . Factors influencing the calculations ( edit ) Each recommendation serves the underlying goal of the organization that proposes it . Manufacturers will have an easier time selling their HDTVs if they support a position that does not require consumers to purchase as large a set as required by the THX recommendations . In the absence of economic influences , calculating the best screen size to distance ratio that will produce the utmost feeling of presence is not at all straightforward . There are a number of factors that can affect the calculation including the limitations of the human visual system , the technological limitations of HDTV displays , human physiological considerations , the content that will be viewed , and the interpretation of empirical data from formal testing . There is also the fact that the screen image is on a flat plane and not curved . Perhaps the biggest of these are uncertainties surrounding the limits of the human visual system , and how those limitations apply to what we see and perceive . A further , more practical consideration , is one of room size , including the position of speakers , seating and other furniture in the room . Human visual system limitation ( edit ) The human visual system has a fixed capacity to detect detail from a distance . Our understanding of limitations with regard to visual detail recognition and identification from a distance is primarily based on the work of Dr. Hermann Snellen . Dr. Snellen developed the eye examination chart that bears his name ( Snellen chart ) . From his findings and the work of others over the last hundred years , one arcminute is seen as the threshold beyond which critical detail can not be identified , by a person with normal vision . An arcminute is an angular measurement , which is equal to 1 / 60 of one degree of a circle . Normal vision is referenced as 20 / 20 or 6 / 6 vision in North America and Europe respectively . The visual acuity threshold has been identified as a constraint factor in the recommendations on the optimum viewing distance for HDTV , and also in formal research that comment on the subject of television and angular resolution . Assuming display is flat , with 1 arcminute as the constraint for seeing critical detail , in order not to miss any detail a viewer would need to be situated at a position where their view angle to a 1080p HDTV is approximately 31.2 degrees or greater ( 32 degrees for spherical display ) , for 2160p HDTV approximately 58.37 degrees or greater ( 64 degrees for spherical display ) and for 4320p HDTV approximately 96.33 degrees or greater ( 128 degrees for spherical display ) . However , there is not always agreement that the Snellenian limit should be the constraining factor . To calculate the viewing distance , based on display size and content resolution , the following formula may be used : VD = DS ( NHR NVR ) 2 + 1 ⋅ CVR ⋅ tan 1 60 ( \ displaystyle ( \ textrm ( VD ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ textrm ( DS ) ) ( ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ textrm ( NHR ) ) ( \ textrm ( NVR ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ) \ cdot ( \ textrm ( CVR ) ) \ cdot \ tan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 60 ) ) ) ) ) Where : VD : Viewing distance DS : Display 's diagonal size NHR : Display 's native horizontal resolution ( in pixels ) NVR : Display 's native vertical resolution ( in pixels ) CVR : Vertical resolution of the video being displayed ( in pixels ) Note : Make sure the angle mode is set to degrees when calculating the tangent . If using a spreadsheet such as Excel , you must multiply the angle by PI ( ) / 180 . If DS is given in inches , VD will be in inches . If VD in meters is desired , multiply VD by 2.54 and divide by 100 . Example for DVD video on a 32 - inch 1080p HDTV : VD = 32 ( 1920 1080 ) 2 + 1 ⋅ 480 ⋅ tan 1 60 = 112.36 ( \ displaystyle ( \ textrm ( VD ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ textrm ( 32 ) ) ( ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ textrm ( 1920 ) ) ( \ textrm ( 1080 ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ) \ cdot ( \ textrm ( 480 ) ) \ cdot \ tan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 60 ) ) ) ) = 112.36 ) ( inches ) Example for high - def video on a 32 - inch 1080p HDTV : VD = 32 ( 1920 1080 ) 2 + 1 ⋅ 1080 ⋅ tan 1 60 = 49.94 ( \ displaystyle ( \ textrm ( VD ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ textrm ( 32 ) ) ( ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ textrm ( 1920 ) ) ( \ textrm ( 1080 ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ) \ cdot ( \ textrm ( 1080 ) ) \ cdot \ tan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 60 ) ) ) ) = 49.94 ) ( inches ) Sitting beyond these distances will result in a loss of detail . A 1998 Sun Microsystems paper on the limits of human vision and video display systems uses a different constraint value of approximately 1⁄2 an arc minute ( or 30 arc seconds ) , when estimating the saturation point for the human visual system . With 30 arc seconds as the constraint , the view angle necessary to see all the detail provided by an HDTV with a 1080p resolution drops to approximately 16.1 degrees . Furthermore , several academic articles have challenged the notion that 1 arcminute of resolution is the typical resolving power of the human eye , suggesting that on average , we can resolve detail smaller than that . Also , there is the issue of vernier acuity , which is the eye 's ability to detect an offset between 2 lines and stereoacuity , which is the ability to discriminate depth by the use of both eyes . Vernier acuity and stereoacuity are cited as being detected with only a 2 -- 4 arc second degree of separation . Ultimately all of the various types of acuity play a part in how we see things and more importantly , how we perceive what we are witnessing . The complexities of the human visual system and the relationship between different types of acuity are not yet fully understood . Thus , depending on which human visual system constraints are applied , viewing angles calculations will vary to some degree , especially when technological constraints are factored in . Technology limitations ( edit ) Magnification of the pixel grid Image with a portion greatly enlarged , showing how individual pixels are rendered While viewing an HDTV display from a shorter distance can produce an increased sense of presence , the limitations of technology can have an adverse effect if the viewer is too close to the display . If you examine an LCD or plasma HDTV display when it is turned off , you can see the construction of the pixel grid . Turning the display on does n't completely mask this . If you are too close to the display when it is on , it can look as though you 're viewing it through a screen door . Even with different HDTV display technology , such as front or rear projection DLP , LCoS or laser TV , the way HDTV images are rendered limits how close a viewer can be before the image 's segmented nature becomes evident . HDTV displays produce images the same way computer bitmaps ( also known as raster graphics ) are produced , using a mosaic of colored 4 - sided pixels . Like computer monitors , each HDTV display has a video resolution consisting of rows and columns of specific numbers of pixels . From far enough away , the human eye perceives the illuminated pixels as a smooth image . As one gets closer , a point occurs where the blocky appearance of individual pixels becomes apparent . The image then loses its smoothness , its perceived quality drops , and the advantage of closer viewing becomes a disadvantage . Calculating the point where the human eye can detect pixels is not straightforward . Obviously , people 's visual acuity varies greatly . But pixel geometry varies as well , in shape and spacing ( known as interpixel gap ) , depending on a display 's technology and design . Human physiological considerations ( edit ) Research conducted on presence with HDTV and other higher resolution formats that use a wide field display , has revealed that sometimes the feeling of presence can be too real , producing physiological effect that some viewers may find undesirable . Subjects have reported experiencing an increase in symptoms that are common to motion sickness when viewing strong visual stimuli on large screens . A study conducted using virtual reality simulation as part of the experiment , found that subjects with lower visual acuity experienced significantly more of the symptoms associated with motion sickness . Furthermore , the study also found that the symptoms of motion sickness increased when subjects observed the visual stimuli without the aid of their glass or contact lenses . Consequently , optimum viewing distance recommendations based solely on human visual system and technological limitations may not always produce the best viewing experience . Viewers with lower visual acuity , who prefer to watch HDTV without their corrective lenses may want to sit closer to see critical details and run the risk of undesirable side effects . End - user content selection ( edit ) Although studies show the feeling of presence and image size are directly correlated , calculating the size to viewing distance relationship may not be a necessary exercise for all consumers . A 1997 study , which hypothesized that increases in screen size would give rise to increased feelings of presence , found that the content was more important than the screen size . The findings were that for commercials , action - adventure and reality programming an increase in the feeling of presence did correlate with increased size . The researcher attributed these findings to the fact that the aforementioned content contained scenes that were shot with a point of view camera , scenes with sudden movements and shorter shots . Conversely , for programming consisting of talk shows and drama programs changing the screen size had no effect on the feeling of presence . See also ( edit ) Contrast sensitivity View Angle Large - screen television technology HDTV Home Theater Sweet spot ( acoustics ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sugawara , M ; Mitiani , K ; Kanazawa , FM ; Okano , F. ; Nishida , Y ( 2005 ) , Future Prospects of HDTV -- samsung trends Toward 1080p ( PDF ) , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 Jump up ^ Fisher , R. ( 2005 - 06 - 08 ) , Waveform 03 Viewing Distance , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 18 ^ Jump up to : `` HDTV Size and Distance Calculations '' . Archived from the original on 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lombard , M. ; Ditton , T. ( 1997 ) , At the Heart of It All : The concept of Presence , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 Jump up ^ 67 '' widescreen DLP HDTV HL67A510 -- DLP TV -- Samsung , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 ^ Jump up to : Bracken , C.C. ; Botta , R.A. ( 2002 ) , Presence and Television : Form verus Content ( PDF ) , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 Jump up ^ Bracken , C.C. ; Skalski , P. ( 2006 ) , Presence and video games : The impact of image quality and skill level ( PDF ) , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 ^ Jump up to : Lombard , M. ; Reich , R.D. ; Grabe , M.E. ; Bracken , C.C. ; Bitton , T. ( 2000 ) , Presence and Television -- The Role of Screen Size ( PDF ) , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 Jump up ^ Hatada , T. ; Sakata , H. ; Kusaka , H. ( August 1980 ) , `` Psychophysical Analysis of the `` Sensation of Reality '' Induced by a Visual Wide - Field Display '' ( PDF ) , SMPTE Journal , 89 : 117 -- 126 , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 ^ Jump up to : Sugawara , S. ; Masaoka , K. ; Emoto , M. ; Matsuo , Y. ; Nojiri , Y. ( April 2008 ) , `` Research On Human Factors in Ultrahigh - Definition Television ( UHDTV ) to Determine its Specifications '' ( PDF ) , SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal : 23 -- 29 , retrieved 2009 - 02 - 42 Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Prothero , J.D. ; Hoffman , H.G. ( 1995 ) , Widening the Field - of - View Increase the Sense of Presence in Immersive Virtual Environments , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 ^ Jump up to : Fuller , Laurie Ulrich ; Fuller , Robert C. ( 2004 ) , Photoshop CS3 Bible , Wiley Publishing , Inc. , pp. 5 , 75 , 79 , ISBN 0 - 470 - 11541 - 6 Jump up ^ Penetration of High Definition Television 23 % ( PDF ) , Nielsen , 2008 - 12 - 11 , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 Jump up ^ Orr , G. ( 2003 - 03 - 18 ) , Diffusion of Innovation , by Everett Rogers ( 1995 ) , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 Jump up ^ Kuro Displays -- Home Theater Design : Plasma Placement , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 10 ^ Jump up to : Tinblock , E. ( 2006 ) , Guides & Resources -- Calculate the optimal viewing distance for your TV , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 Jump up ^ Roth , B. , Displays : Angles , Distance Key to Home Theater Design , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 01 Jump up ^ Brady , M.P. ( 2009 - 01 - 19 ) , `` Picture - Perfect HDTV '' , Forbes , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 02 Jump up ^ Silva , R. , About.com Top 10 Home Theater Mistakes and How to Avoid Then , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 Jump up ^ Katzmeier , David , TV Buying Guide , retrieved 2010 - 11 - 06 Jump up ^ Ranada , D. ( March 2006 ) , Maxing Out Resolution ( Optimize Your Seating Distance for Your Screen Size and Resolution ) , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 Jump up ^ Burger , D. ( 2008 - 04 - 08 ) , Howto : The Perfect TV for Your Room , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 Jump up ^ Rushing , K. ( 2004 ) , Home Theater Design , Rockport Publishers , p. 60 , ISBN 1 - 59253 - 017 - 6 Jump up ^ Plasma Display Panel ( PDP ) vs. Liquid Crystal Display ( LCD ) Technology : An overview of Consumer Benefits for Home Theater Applications ( PDF ) , September 2003 , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 ^ Jump up to : THX Home Theater Display Setup , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 01 Jump up ^ THX Home Theater 101 ( PDF ) , 2006 , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 Jump up ^ Fleischman , M. ( September 2002 ) , Having a Ball with HDTV , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 Jump up ^ Taub , E.A. ( 2001 - 02 - 15 ) , `` Essay ; High Definition TV : All or Nothing at All '' , The New York Times , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 Jump up ^ Taub , E.A. ( 2003 - 03 - 31 ) , `` Technology ; HDTV 's Acceptance Picks Up Pace as Prices Drop and Networks Sign On '' , The New York Times , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 18 Jump up ^ Schiesel , S. ( 2003 - 11 - 27 ) , `` TV Maze : A Survival Guide '' , The New York Times , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 19 Jump up ^ Cripps , Dale ( 2004 - 10 - 15 ) , Waveform 05 Casual Viewer , Videophile or Critical Viewer ? , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 ^ Jump up to : Choosing Your Screen Size , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 10 ^ Jump up to : Toshiba Regza Room Planner , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 ^ Jump up to : RCA -- Room Planner , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 Jump up ^ LG -- HDTV Viewing Distance Calculator , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 ^ Jump up to : Morrison , G. ( September 2006 ) , `` Viewing Distance vs. Resolution '' , Sound and Vision , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 12 Jump up ^ `` Recommended TV Viewing Distance Chart '' . Toshiba Research Center . Toshiba . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kindig , S. ( 2009 - 02 - 17 ) , TV and HDTV : Frequently Asked Questions , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 ^ Jump up to : Deering , M.F. , The Limits of Human Vision ( PDF ) , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/09/technology/personaltech/is-this-living-room-big-enough-for-my-tv.html?_r=0 Jump up ^ Kolb , H. ; Fernandez , E. ; Nelson , R. , Webvision -- The organization of the Retina and Visual System , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 18 Jump up ^ Ferwerda , J.A. ; Pattanaik , S.N. ; Shirley , P. ; Greenberg , D.P. ( 1995 - 06 - 20 ) , A Model of Visual Adaptation for Realistic Image Synthesis ( PDF ) , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 Jump up ^ Visual Acuity : What is 20 / 20 Vision ? , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 ^ Jump up to : Watt , W.S. , How Visual Acuity is Measured , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 ^ Jump up to : Evans , J.M. ( 2006 - 06 - 16 ) , Standards for Visual Acuity ( PDF ) , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 Jump up ^ Drewery , J.O. ; Salmon , R.A. ( September 2004 ) , Tests of Visual acuity to determine the resolution required of a television transmission system -- BBC ( PDF ) , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 10 ^ Jump up to : Sugawara , M. ( 2008 ) , Super Hi - Vision -- research on a future ultra-HDTV system ( PDF ) , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 18 Jump up ^ Forrester , J.V. ; Dick , A.D. ; McMenamin , P.G. ; Lee , W.R. ( 2002 ) , The Eye ( 2nd ed . ) , Elsevier Health Sciences , p. 229 , ISBN 0 - 7020 - 1790 - 6 Jump up ^ Geisler , W.S. ( 1984 ) , Physical limits of acuity and hyperacuity ( PDF ) , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 ^ Jump up to : McNamara , A. ( 2001 ) , Visual Perception in Realistic Image Synthesis ( PDF ) , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 06 Jump up ^ Pugue , D. ( 2004 - 12 - 16 ) , `` How Far From HDTV ? '' , The New York Times , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 Jump up ^ Webb , N.A. ( 2004 ) , Visual Acuity , Eye Movements , the Illusion of Motion and Motion Sickness with Optokinetic stimuli , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 15 Jump up ^ Lombard , M. ; Ditton , T.B. ; Grabe , M.E. ; Reich , R.D. ( 1997 ) , The Role of Screen size in Viewer Responses to Television Fare ( PDF ) , retrieved 2009 - 04 - 12 ( hide ) Display technology Video displays Current generation Eidophor Electroluminescent display ( ELD ) Electronic paper E Ink Gyricon Light emitting diode display ( LED ) Cathode ray tube ( CRT ) ( Monoscope ) Liquid - crystal display ( LCD ) TFT TN LED Blue Phase IPS Plasma display panel ( PDP ) ALiS Digital Light Processing ( DLP ) Liquid crystal on silicon ( LCoS ) Next generation Organic light - emitting diode ( OLED ) AMOLED Organic light - emitting transistor ( OLET ) Surface - conduction electron - emitter display ( SED ) Field emission display ( FED ) Laser TV Quantum dot Liquid crystal MEMS display IMoD TMOS DMS Quantum dot display ( QD - LED ) Ferro liquid crystal display ( FLCD ) Thick - film dielectric electroluminescent technology ( TDEL ) Telescopic pixel display ( TPD ) Laser - powered phosphor display ( LPD ) Non-video Electromechanical Flip - dot Split - flap Vane Eggcrate Nixie tube Vacuum fluorescent display ( VFD ) Light - emitting electrochemical cell ( LEC ) Lightguide display Dot - matrix display Seven - segment display ( SSD ) Nine - segment display Fourteen - segment display ( FSD ) Sixteen - segment display ( SISD ) 3D display Stereoscopic Autostereoscopic Multiscopic Hologram Holographic display Computer - generated holography Volumetric Musion Eyeliner Fog display Static media Movie projector Neon sign Destination sign Slide projector Transparency Laser beam Related articles History of display technology Large - screen television technology Optimum HDTV viewing distance High - dynamic - range imaging ( HDRI ) Color Light Output Flexible display Comparison of display technology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optimum_HDTV_viewing_distance&oldid=799401332 '' Categories : High - definition television Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2010 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from December 2010 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from June 2011 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 14 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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minimum distance to watch 32 inch led tv
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[
"\n\n\nBEST BUY\n\nScreen Size\nRecommended Range\n\n\n26\"\n3.3' – 6.5' (1.0 m – 2.0 m)\n\n\n30\"\n3.8' – 7.6' (1.2 m – 2.3 m)\n\n\n34\"\n4.3' – 8.5' (1.3 m – 2.6 m)\n\n\n42\"\n5.3' – 10.5' (1.6 m – 3.2 m)\n\n\n46\"\n5.8' – 11.5' (1.8 m – 3.5 m)\n\n\n50\"\n6.3' – 12.5' (1.9 m – 3.8 m)\n\n\n55\"\n6.8' – 12.8' (2.1 m – 3.9 m)\n\n\n60\"\n7.5' – 15.0' (2.3 m – 4.6 m)\n\n\n65\"\n8.1' – 16.3' (2.5 m – 5.0 m)\n\n\n\n\n\nCRUTCHFIELD\n\nScreen Size\nRecommended Range\n\n\n26\"\n3.25' – 5.5' (1.0 m – 1.7 m)\n\n\n32\"\n4.0' – 6.66' (1.2 m – 2.0 m)\n\n\n37\"\n4.63' – 7.71' (1.4 m – 2.4 m)\n\n\n40\"\n5.0' – 8.33' (1.5 m – 2.5 m)\n\n\n42\"\n5.25' – 8.75' (1.6 m – 2.7 m)\n\n\n46\"\n5.75' – 9.5' (1.7 m – 2.9 m)\n\n\n50\"\n6.25' – 10.5' (1.9 m – 3.2 m)\n\n\n52\"\n6.5' – 10.8' (2.0 m – 3.3 m)\n\n\n55\"\n6.9' – 11.5' (2.1 m – 3.5 m)\n\n\n58\"\n7.25' – 12.0' (2.2 m – 3.7 m)\n\n\n65\"\n8.13' – 13.5' (2.5 m – 4.1 m)\n\n\n70\"\n8.75' – 14.75' (2.7 m – 4.5 m)\n\n\n\n"
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"4.0' – 6.66' (1.2 m – 2.0 m)"
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Throttle
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Throttle - wikipedia Throttle Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the control of engine power . For other uses , see Throttle ( disambiguation ) . A throttle is the mechanism by which fluid flow is managed by constriction or obstruction . An engine 's power can be increased or decreased by the restriction of inlet gases ( i.e. , by the use of a throttle ) , but usually decreased . The term throttle has come to refer , informally and incorrectly , to any mechanism by which the power or speed of an engine is regulated , such as a car 's accelerator pedal . What is often termed a throttle ( in an aviation context ) is more correctly called a thrust lever , particularly for jet engine powered aircraft . For a steam engine , the steam valve that sets the engine speed / power is often known as a regulator . Contents ( hide ) 1 Internal combustion engines 2 Throttle body 3 Other engines 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Internal combustion engines ( edit ) A cross-section view of a butterfly valve In an internal combustion engine , the throttle is a means of controlling an engine 's power by regulating the amount of fuel or air entering the engine . In a motor vehicle the control used by the driver to regulate power is sometimes called the throttle , accelerator , or gas pedal . For a gasoline engine , the throttle most commonly regulates the amount of air allowed to enter the engine . The throttle of a diesel regulates the fuel flow into the engine . Historically , the throttle pedal or lever acts via a direct mechanical linkage . Technically it means , that the butterfly valve of the throttle is operated by means of an arm piece , loaded by a spring . This arm is usually directly linked to the accelerator cable , and operates in accordance with the driver , who hits it . The harder the pedal is pushed , the wider the throttle valve opens . Modern engines of both types ( gas and diesel ) are commonly drive - by - wire systems where sensors monitor the driver controls and in response a computerized system controls the flow of fuel and air . This means that the operator does not have direct control over the flow of fuel and air ; the Engine Control Unit ( ECU ) can achieve better control in order to reduce emissions , maximize performance and adjust the engine idle to make a cold engine warm up faster or to account for eventual additional engine loads such as running air conditioning compressors in order to avoid engine stalls . The throttle on a gasoline engine is typically a butterfly valve . In a fuel - injected engine , the throttle valve is placed on the entrance of the intake manifold , or housed in the throttle body . In a carbureted engine , it is found in the carburetor . When a throttle is wide open , the intake manifold is usually at ambient atmospheric pressure . When the throttle is partially closed , a manifold vacuum develops as the intake drops below ambient pressure . The power output of a diesel engine is controlled by regulating the quantity of fuel that is injected into the cylinder . Because diesel engines do not need to control air volumes , they usually lack a butterfly valve in the intake tract . An exception to this generalization is newer diesel engines meeting stricter emissions standards , where such a valve is used to generate intake manifold vacuum , thereby allowing the introduction of exhaust gas ( see EGR ) to lower combustion temperatures and thereby minimize NOx production . In a reciprocating - engine aircraft , the throttle control is usually a hand - operated lever or knob . It controls the engine power output , which may or may not reflect in a change of RPM , depending on the propeller installation ( fixed - pitch or constant speed ) . Some modern internal combustion engines ( such as some BMW engines ) do not use a traditional throttle , instead relying on their variable intake valve timing system to regulate the airflow into the cylinders , although the end result is the same , albeit with less pumping losses . Throttle body ( edit ) The components of a typical throttle body In fuel injected engines , the throttle body is the part of the air intake system that controls the amount of air flowing into the engine , in response to driver accelerator pedal input in the main . The throttle body is usually located between the air filter box and the intake manifold , and it is usually attached to , or near , the mass airflow sensor . Often , an engine coolant line also runs through it in order for the engine to draw intake air at a certain temperature ( the engine 's current coolant temperature , which the ECU senses through the relevant sensor ) and therefore with a known density . The largest piece inside the throttle body is the throttle plate , which is a butterfly valve that regulates the airflow . On many cars , the accelerator pedal motion is communicated via the throttle cable , to activate the throttle linkages , which move the throttle plate . In cars with electronic throttle control ( also known as `` drive - by - wire '' ) , an electric actuator controls the throttle linkages and the accelerator pedal connects not to the throttle body , but to a sensor , which sends the pedal position to the Engine Control Unit ( ECU ) . The ECU determines the throttle opening based on accelerator pedal position and inputs from other engine sensors such as the engine coolant temperature sensor . Throttle body showing throttle position sensor . The throttle cable attaches to the curved , black portion on the left . The copper - coloured coil visible next to this returns the throttle to its idle ( closed ) position when the pedal is released . When the driver presses on the accelerator pedal , the throttle plate rotates within the throttle body , opening the throttle passage to allow more air into the intake manifold , immediately drawn inside by its vacuum . Usually a mass airflow sensor measures this change and communicates it to the ECU . The ECU then increases the amount of fuel injected by the injectors in order to obtain the required air - fuel ratio . Often a throttle position sensor ( TPS ) is connected to the shaft of the throttle plate to provide the ECU with information on whether the throttle is in the idle position , wide - open throttle ( WOT ) position , or somewhere in between these extremes . Throttle bodies may also contain valves and adjustments to control the minimum airflow during idle . Even in those units that are not `` drive - by - wire '' , there will often be a small solenoid driven valve , the Idle Air Control Valve ( IACV ) , that the ECU uses to control the amount of air that can bypass the main throttle opening to allow the engine to idle when the throttle is closed . The most basic carbureted engines , such as single cylinder Briggs & Stratton lawn - mower engines , feature a single small throttle plate over a basic carburetor with a single venturi . The throttle is either open or closed ( although there is always a small hole or other bypass to allow a small amount of air to flow through so the engine can idle when the throttle is closed ) , or some intermediate position . Since air velocity is crucial to the functioning of a carburetor , to keep average air velocity up , larger engines require more complex carburetors with multiple small venturis , typically two or four ( these venturis are commonly called `` barrels ) . A typical `` 2 - barrel '' carburetor uses a single oval or rectangular throttle plate , and works similarly to a single venturi carburetor , but with two small openings instead of one . A 4 - venturi carburetor has two pairs of venturis , each pair regulated by a single oval or rectangular throttle plate . Under normal operation , only one throttle plate ( the `` primary '' ) opens when the accelerator pedal is pressed , allowing more air into the engine , but keeping overall airflow velocity through the carburetor high ( thus improving efficiency ) . The `` secondary '' throttle is operated either mechanically when the primary plate is opened past a certain amount , or via engine vacuum , influenced by the position of the accelerator pedal and engine load , allowing for greater air flow into the engine at high RPM and load and better efficiency at low RPM 's . Multiple 2 - venturi or 4 - venturi carburetors can be used simultaneously in situations where maximum engine power is of priority . Image of BMW S65 from the E92 BMW M3 showing eight individual throttle bodies Most fuel injected cars have a single throttle , contained in a throttle body . Vehicles can sometimes employ more than one throttle body , connected by linkages to operate simultaneously , which improves throttle response and allows a straighter path for the airflow to the cylinder head , as well as for equal - distance intake runners of short length , difficult to achieve when all the runners have to travel to certain location to connect to a single throttle body , at the cost of greater complexity and packaging issues . At the extreme , higher - performance cars like the E92 BMW M3 and Ferraris , and high - performance motorcycles like the Yamaha R6 , can use a separate throttle body for each cylinder , often called `` individual throttle bodies '' or ITBs . Although rare in production vehicles , these are common equipment on many racing cars and modified street vehicles . This practice hearkens back to the days when many high performance cars were given one , small , single - venturi carburetor for each cylinder or pair of cylinders ( i.e. Weber , SU carburetors ) , each one with their own small throttle plate inside . In a carburetor , the smaller throttle opening also allowed for more precise and fast carburetor response , as well as better atomization of the fuel when running at low engine speeds . A throttle body is somewhat analogous to the carburetor in a non-injected engine , although it is important to remember that a throttle body is not the same thing as a throttle , and that carbureted engines have throttles as well . A throttle body simply supplies a convenient place to mount a throttle in the absence of a carburetor venturi . Carburetors are an older technology , which mechanically modulate the amount of air flow ( with an internal throttle plate ) and combine air and fuel together ( venturi ) . Cars with fuel injection do n't need a mechanical device to meter the fuel flow , since that duty is taken over by injectors in the intake pathways ( for multipoint fuel injection systems ) or cylinders ( for direct injection systems ) coupled with electronic sensors and computers which precisely calculate how long should a certain injector stay open and therefore how much fuel should be injected by each injection pulse . However , they do still need a throttle to control the airflow into the engine . The simplest way to do this is to simply remove the carburetor unit , and bolt a simple unit containing a throttle body and fuel injectors on instead . This is known as throttle body injection ( called TBI by General Motors and CFI by Ford ) , and it allows an older engine design to be converted from carburetor to fuel injection without significantly altering the intake manifold design . More complex later designs use intake manifolds , and even cylinder heads , specially designed for the inclusion of injectors . Other engines ( edit ) Steam locomotives normally have the throttle ( North American English ) or regulator ( British English ) in a characteristic steam dome at the top of the boiler ( although not all boilers feature these ) . The additional height afforded by the dome helps to avoid any liquid ( e.g. from bubbles on the surface of the boiler water ) being drawn into the throttle valve , which could damage it , or lead to priming . The throttle is basically a poppet valve , or series of poppet valves which open in sequence to regulate the amount of stream admitted to the steam chests over the pistons . It is used in conjunction with the reversing lever to start , stop and to control the locomotive 's power although , during steady - state running of most locomotives , it is preferable to leave the throttle wide open and to control the power by varying the steam cut - off point ( which is done with the reversing lever ) , as this is more efficient . A steam locomotive throttle valve poses a difficult design challenge as it must be opened and closed using hand effort against the considerable pressure ( typically 250psi ) of boiler steam ( one of the primary reasons for later multiple - sequential valves ... it is far easier to open a small poppet valve against the pressure differential , and open the others once pressure begins to equalize than to open a single large valve , especially as steam pressures eventually exceeded 200 or even 300 psi . Examples include the balanced `` double beat '' type used on Gresley A3 Pacifics . Throttling of a rocket engine means varying the thrust level in - flight . This is not always a requirement ; in fact , the thrust of a solid - fuel rocket is not controllable after ignition . However , liquid - propellant rockets can be throttled by means of valves which regulate the flow of fuel and oxidizer to the combustion chamber . Hybrid rocket engines , such as the one used in Space Ship One , use solid fuel with a liquid oxidizer , and therefore can be throttled . Throttling tends to be required more for powered landings , and launch into space using a single main stage ( such as the Space Shuttle ) , than for launch with multistage rockets . They are also useful in situations where the airspeed of the vehicle must be limited due to aerodynamic stress in the denser atmosphere at lower levels ( i.e. the Space Shuttle ) In a jet engine , thrust is controlled by changing the amount of fuel flowing into the combustion chamber , similar to a diesel engine . See also ( edit ) Adapted automobile References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grayen , Michael ( October 2016 ) . `` What is a Fuel System ' Throttle Body ' ? '' . CARiD.com . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 6 : Aircraft Systems '' ( PDF ) . Pilot 's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge . Federal Aviation Administration . 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Look up throttle in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Automotive engine Part of the Automobile series Basic terminology Bore Compression ratio Crank Cylinder Dead centre Diesel engine Dry sump Engine balance Engine configuration Engine displacement Engine knocking Firing order Hydrolock Petrol engine Power band Redline Spark - ignition engine Stroke Stroke ratio Wet sump Main components Connecting rod Crankcase Crankpin Crankshaft Crossplane Cylinder bank Cylinder block Cylinder head ( crossflow , reverse - flow ) Flywheel Head gasket Hypereutectic piston Main bearing Piston Piston ring Starter ring gear Sump Valvetrain Cam Cam follower Camshaft Desmodromic valve Hydraulic tappet Multi-valve Overhead camshaft Overhead valve Pneumatic valve springs Poppet valve Pushrod Rocker arm Sleeve valve Tappet Timing belt Timing mark Valve float Variable valve timing Aspiration Air filter Blowoff valve Boost controller Butterfly valve Centrifugal - type supercharger Cold air intake Dump valve Electronic throttle control Forced induction Inlet manifold Intake Intercooler Manifold vacuum Naturally aspirated engine Ram - 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view mirror Legal Motor vehicle theft Vehicle identification number Category Commons Portal Aircraft piston engine components , systems and terminology Piston engines Mechanical components Camshaft Connecting rod Crankpin Crankshaft Cylinder Cylinder head Gudgeon pin Hydraulic tappet Main bearing Obturator ring Oil pump Piston Piston ring Poppet valve Pushrod Rocker arm Sleeve valve Tappet Electrical components Alternator Capacitor discharge ignition Dual ignition Electronic fuel injection Generator Ignition system Magneto Spark plug Starter Terminology Air - cooled Aircraft engine starting Bore Compression ratio Dead centre Engine displacement Four - stroke engine Horsepower Ignition timing Manifold pressure Mean effective pressure Naturally aspirated Monosoupape Overhead camshaft Overhead valve engine Rotary engine Shock cooling Stroke Time between overhaul Two - stroke engine Valve timing Volumetric efficiency Propellers Components Propeller governor Propeller speed reduction unit Spinner Terminology Autofeather Blade pitch Constant - speed Contra - rotating Counter-rotating Scimitar Single - blade Variable - pitch Engine instruments Annunciator panel EFIS EICAS Flight data recorder Glass cockpit Hobbs meter Tachometer Engine controls Carburetor heat Throttle Fuel and induction system Avgas Carburetor Fuel injection Gascolator Inlet manifold Intercooler Pressure carburetor Supercharger Turbocharger Updraft carburetor Other systems Auxiliary power unit Coffman starter Hydraulic system Ice protection system Recoil start Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Throttle&oldid=808195846 '' Categories : Engine technology Engine fuel system technology Engine components Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Slovenčina Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 13 : 17 . 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where is the throttle located on a car
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"An engine's power can be increased or decreased by the restriction of inlet gases (i.e., by the use of a throttle), but usually decreased. The term throttle has come to refer, informally and incorrectly, to any mechanism by which the power or speed of an engine is regulated, such as a car's accelerator pedal. What is often termed a throttle (in an aviation context) is more correctly called a thrust lever, particularly for jet engine powered aircraft. For a steam engine, the steam valve that sets the engine speed/power is often known as a regulator."
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"accelerator pedal"
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Stem cell
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Stem cell - wikipedia Stem cell Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the cell type . For the medical therapy , see Stem cell therapy . Stem cell Transmission electron micrograph of an adult stem cell displaying typical ultrastructural characteristics . Details Identifiers Latin Cellula praecursoria Code TH H2. 00.01. 0.00001 TH H1. 00.01. 0.00028 , H2. 00.01. 0.00001 FMA 63368 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide ( through mitosis ) to produce more stem cells . They are found in multicellular organisms . In mammals , there are two broad types of stem cells : embryonic stem cells , which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts , and adult stem cells , which are found in various tissues . In adult organisms , stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body , replenishing adult tissues . In a developing embryo , stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells -- ectoderm , endoderm and mesoderm ( see induced pluripotent stem cells ) -- but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs , such as blood , skin , or intestinal tissues . There are three known accessible sources of autologous adult stem cells in humans : Bone marrow , which requires extraction by harvesting , that is , drilling into bone ( typically the femur or iliac crest ) . Adipose tissue ( lipid cells ) , which requires extraction by liposuction . Blood , which requires extraction through apheresis , wherein blood is drawn from the donor ( similar to a blood donation ) , and passed through a machine that extracts the stem cells and returns other portions of the blood to the donor . Stem cells can also be taken from umbilical cord blood just after birth . Of all stem cell types , autologous harvesting involves the least risk . By definition , autologous cells are obtained from one 's own body , just as one may bank his or her own blood for elective surgical procedures . Adult stem cells are frequently used in various medical therapies ( e.g. , bone marrow transplantation ) . Stem cells can now be artificially grown and transformed ( differentiated ) into specialized cell types with characteristics consistent with cells of various tissues such as muscles or nerves . Embryonic cell lines and autologous embryonic stem cells generated through somatic cell nuclear transfer or dedifferentiation have also been proposed as promising candidates for future therapies . Research into stem cells grew out of findings by Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till at the University of Toronto in the 1960s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties 1.1 Self - renewal 1.2 Potency definition 1.3 Identification 2 Embryonic 3 Fetal 4 Adult 5 Amniotic 6 Induced pluripotent 7 Lineage 8 Treatments 8.1 Disadvantages 9 Research 9.1 Treatment 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Properties ( edit ) The classical definition of a stem cell requires that it possesses two properties : Self - renewal : the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division while maintaining the undifferentiated state . Potency : the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell types . In the strictest sense , this requires stem cells to be either totipotent or pluripotent -- to be able to give rise to any mature cell type , although multipotent or unipotent progenitor cells are sometimes referred to as stem cells . Apart from this it is said that stem cell function is regulated in a feed back mechanism . Self - renewal ( edit ) Two mechanisms exist to ensure that a stem cell population is maintained : Obligatory asymmetric replication : a stem cell divides into one mother cell that is identical to the original stem cell , and another daughter cell that is differentiated . Stochastic differentiation : when one stem cell develops into two differentiated daughter cells , another stem cell undergoes mitosis and produces two stem cells identical to the original . Potency definition ( edit ) Main article : Cell potency Pluripotent , embryonic stem cells originate as inner cell mass ( ICM ) cells within a blastocyst . These stem cells can become any tissue in the body , excluding a placenta . Only cells from an earlier stage of the embryo , known as the morula , are totipotent , able to become all tissues in the body and the extraembryonic placenta . Human embryonic stem cells A : Stem cell colonies that are not yet differentiated . B : Nerve cells , an example of a cell type after differentiation . Potency specifies the differentiation potential ( the potential to differentiate into different cell types ) of the stem cell . Totipotent ( a.k.a. omnipotent ) stem cells can differentiate into embryonic and extraembryonic cell types . Such cells can construct a complete , viable organism . These cells are produced from the fusion of an egg and sperm cell . Cells produced by the first few divisions of the fertilized egg are also totipotent . Pluripotent stem cells are the descendants of totipotent cells and can differentiate into nearly all cells , i.e. cells derived from any of the three germ layers . Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into a number of cell types , but only those of a closely related family of cells . Oligopotent stem cells can differentiate into only a few cell types , such as lymphoid or myeloid stem cells . Unipotent cells can produce only one cell type , their own , but have the property of self - renewal , which distinguishes them from non-stem cells ( e.g. progenitor cells , which can not self - renew ) . Identification ( edit ) In practice , stem cells are identified by whether they can regenerate tissue . For example , the defining test for bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cells ( HSCs ) is the ability to transplant the cells and save an individual without HSCs . This demonstrates that the cells can produce new blood cells over a long term . It should also be possible to isolate stem cells from the transplanted individual , which can themselves be transplanted into another individual without HSCs , demonstrating that the stem cell was able to self - renew . Properties of stem cells can be illustrated in vitro , using methods such as clonogenic assays , in which single cells are assessed for their ability to differentiate and self - renew . Stem cells can also be isolated by their possession of a distinctive set of cell surface markers . However , in vitro culture conditions can alter the behavior of cells , making it unclear whether the cells shall behave in a similar manner in vivo . There is considerable debate as to whether some proposed adult cell populations are truly stem cells . Embryonic ( edit ) Main article : Embryonic stem cell Embryonic stem ( ES ) cells are the cells of the inner cell mass of a blastocyst , an early - stage embryo . Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4 -- 5 days post fertilization , at which time they consist of 50 -- 150 cells . ES cells are pluripotent and give rise during development to all derivatives of the three primary germ layers : ectoderm , endoderm and mesoderm . In other words , they can develop into each of the more than 200 cell types of the adult body when given sufficient and necessary stimulation for a specific cell type . They do not contribute to the extra-embryonic membranes or the placenta . During embryonic development these inner cell mass cells continuously divide and become more specialized . For example , a portion of the ectoderm in the dorsal part of the embryo specializes as ' neurectoderm ' , which will become the future central nervous system . Later in development , neurulation causes the neurectoderm to form the neural tube . At the neural tube stage , the anterior portion undergoes encephalization to generate or ' pattern ' the basic form of the brain . At this stage of development , the principal cell type of the CNS is considered a neural stem cell . These neural stem cells are pluripotent , as they can generate a large diversity of many different neuron types , each with unique gene expression , morphological , and functional characteristics . The process of generating neurons from stem cells is called neurogenesis . One prominent example of a neural stem cell is the radial glial cell , so named because it has a distinctive bipolar morphology with highly elongated processes spanning the thickness of the neural tube wall , and because historically it shared some glial characteristics , most notably the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein ( GFAP ) . The radial glial cell is the primary neural stem cell of the developing vertebrate CNS , and its cell body resides in the ventricular zone , adjacent to the developing ventricular system . Neural stem cells are committed to the neuronal lineages ( neurons , astrocytes , and oligodendrocytes ) , and thus their potency is restricted . Nearly all research to date has made use of mouse embryonic stem cells ( mES ) or human embryonic stem cells ( hES ) derived from the early inner cell mass . Both have the essential stem cell characteristics , yet they require very different environments in order to maintain an undifferentiated state . Mouse ES cells are grown on a layer of gelatin as an extracellular matrix ( for support ) and require the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor ( LIF ) in serum media . A drug cocktail containing inhibitors to GSK3B and the MAPK / ERK pathway , called 2i , has also been shown to maintain pluripotency in stem cell culture . Human ES cells are grown on a feeder layer of mouse embryonic fibroblasts ( MEFs ) and require the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF or FGF - 2 ) . Without optimal culture conditions or genetic manipulation , embryonic stem cells will rapidly differentiate . A human embryonic stem cell is also defined by the expression of several transcription factors and cell surface proteins . The transcription factors Oct - 4 , Nanog , and Sox2 form the core regulatory network that ensures the suppression of genes that lead to differentiation and the maintenance of pluripotency . The cell surface antigens most commonly used to identify hES cells are the glycolipids stage specific embryonic antigen 3 and 4 and the keratan sulfate antigens Tra - 1 - 60 and Tra - 1 - 81 . By using human embryonic stem cells to produce specialized cells like nerve cells or heart cells in the lab , scientists can gain access to adult human cells without taking tissue from patients . They can then study these specialized adult cells in detail to try and catch complications of diseases , or to study cells reactions to potentially new drugs . The molecular definition of a stem cell includes many more proteins and continues to be a topic of research . There are currently no approved treatments using embryonic stem cells . The first human trial was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in January 2009 . However , the human trial was not initiated until October 13 , 2010 in Atlanta for spinal cord injury research . On November 14 , 2011 the company conducting the trial ( Geron Corporation ) announced that it will discontinue further development of its stem cell programs . ES cells , being pluripotent cells , require specific signals for correct differentiation -- if injected directly into another body , ES cells will differentiate into many different types of cells , causing a teratoma . Differentiating ES cells into usable cells while avoiding transplant rejection are just a few of the hurdles that embryonic stem cell researchers still face . Due to ethical considerations , many nations currently have moratoria or limitations on either human ES cell research or the production of new human ES cell lines . Because of their combined abilities of unlimited expansion and pluripotency , embryonic stem cells remain a theoretically potential source for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease . Mouse embryonic stem cells with fluorescent marker Human embryonic stem cell colony on mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layer Fetal ( edit ) The primitive stem cells located in the organs of fetuses are referred to as fetal stem cells . There are two types of fetal stem cells : Fetal proper stem cells come from the tissue of the fetus proper , and are generally obtained after an abortion . These stem cells are not immortal but have a high level of division and are multipotent . Extraembryonic fetal stem cells come from extraembryonic membranes , and are generally not distinguished from adult stem cells . These stem cells are acquired after birth , they are not immortal but have a high level of cell division , and are pluripotent . Adult ( edit ) Main article : Adult stem cell Stem cell division and differentiation . A : stem cell ; B : progenitor cell ; C : differentiated cell ; 1 : symmetric stem cell division ; 2 : asymmetric stem cell division ; 3 : progenitor division ; 4 : terminal differentiation Adult stem cells , also called somatic ( from Greek σωματικóς , `` of the body '' ) stem cells , are stem cells which maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found . They can be found in children , as well as adults . Pluripotent adult stem cells are rare and generally small in number , but they can be found in umbilical cord blood and other tissues . Bone marrow is a rich source of adult stem cells , which have been used in treating several conditions including liver cirrhosis , chronic limb ischemia and endstage heart failure . The quantity of bone marrow stem cells declines with age and is greater in males than females during reproductive years . Much adult stem cell research to date has aimed to characterize their potency and self - renewal capabilities . DNA damage accumulates with age in both stem cells and the cells that comprise the stem cell environment . This accumulation is considered to be responsible , at least in part , for increasing stem cell dysfunction with aging ( see DNA damage theory of aging ) . Most adult stem cells are lineage - restricted ( multipotent ) and are generally referred to by their tissue origin ( mesenchymal stem cell , adipose - derived stem cell , endothelial stem cell , dental pulp stem cell , etc . ) . Muse cells ( multi-lineage differentiating stress enduring cells ) are a recently discovered pluripotent stem cell type found in multiple adult tissues , including adipose , dermal fibroblasts , and bone marrow . While rare , muse cells are identifiable by their expression of SSEA - 3 , a marker for undifferentiated stem cells , and general mesenchymal stem cells markers such as CD105 . When subjected to single cell suspension culture , the cells will generate clusters that are similar to embryoid bodies in morphology as well as gene expression , including canonical pluripotency markers Oct4 , Sox2 , and Nanog . Adult stem cell treatments have been successfully used for many years to treat leukemia and related bone / blood cancers through bone marrow transplants . Adult stem cells are also used in veterinary medicine to treat tendon and ligament injuries in horses . The use of adult stem cells in research and therapy is not as controversial as the use of embryonic stem cells , because the production of adult stem cells does not require the destruction of an embryo . Additionally , in instances where adult stem cells are obtained from the intended recipient ( an autograft ) , the risk of rejection is essentially non-existent . Consequently , more US government funding is being provided for adult stem cell research . Amniotic ( edit ) Multipotent stem cells are also found in amniotic fluid . These stem cells are very active , expand extensively without feeders and are not tumorigenic . Amniotic stem cells are multipotent and can differentiate in cells of adipogenic , osteogenic , myogenic , endothelial , hepatic and also neuronal lines . Amniotic stem cells are a topic of active research . Use of stem cells from amniotic fluid overcomes the ethical objections to using human embryos as a source of cells . Roman Catholic teaching forbids the use of embryonic stem cells in experimentation ; accordingly , the Vatican newspaper `` Osservatore Romano '' called amniotic stem cells `` the future of medicine '' . It is possible to collect amniotic stem cells for donors or for autologuous use : the first US amniotic stem cells bank was opened in 2009 in Medford , MA , by Biocell Center Corporation and collaborates with various hospitals and universities all over the world . Induced pluripotent ( edit ) Main article : Induced pluripotent stem cell Adult stem cells have limitations with their potency ; unlike ESCs , they are not able to differentiate into cells from all three germ layers . As such , they are deemed multipotent . However , reprogramming allows for the creation of pluripotent cells , induced pluripotent stem cells , from adult cells . It is important to note that these are not adult stem cells , but adult cells ( e.g. epithelial cells ) reprogrammed to give rise to cells with pluripotent capabilities . Using genetic reprogramming with protein transcription factors , pluripotent stem cells with ESC - like capabilities have been derived . The first demonstration of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells was conducted by Shinya Yamanaka and his colleagues at Kyoto University . They used the transcription factors Oct3 / 4 , Sox2 , c - Myc , and Klf4 to reprogram mouse fibroblast cells into pluripotent cells . Subsequent work used these factors to induce pluripotency in human fibroblast cells . Junying Yu , James Thomson , and their colleagues at the University of Wisconsin -- Madison used a different set of factors , Oct4 , Sox2 , Nanog and Lin28 , and carried out their experiments using cells from human foreskin . However , they were able to replicate Yamanaka 's finding that inducing pluripotency in human cells was possible . It is important to note that iPSCs and ESCs are not equivalent . They have many similar properties , such as pluripotency and differentiation potential , the expression of pluripotency genes , epigenetic patterns , embryoid body and teratoma formation , and viable chimera formation . However , similar does not mean they are the same . In fact , there are many differences within these properties . Importantly , the chromatin of iPSCs appears to be more `` closed '' or methylated than that of ESCs . Similarly , the gene expression pattern between ESCs and iPSCs , or even iPSCs sourced from different origins . There are thus questions about the `` completeness '' of reprogramming and the somatic memory of induced pluripotent stem cells . Despite this , inducing adult cells to be pluripotent appears to be viable . As a result of the success of these experiments , Ian Wilmut , who helped create the first cloned animal Dolly the Sheep , has announced that he will abandon somatic cell nuclear transfer as an avenue of research . Furthermore , induced pluripotent stem cells provide several therapeutic advantages . Like ESCs , they are pluripotent . They thus have great differentiation potential ; theoretically , they could produce any cell within the human body ( if reprogramming to pluripotency was `` complete '' ) . Moreover , unlike ESCs , they potentially could allow doctors to create a pluripotent stem cell line for each individual patient . In fact , frozen blood samples can be used as a source of induced pluripotent stem cells , opening a new avenue for obtaining the valued cells . Patient specific stem cells allow for the screening for side effects before drug treatment , as well as the reduced risk of transplantation rejection . Despite their current limited use therapeutically , iPSCs hold create potential for future use in medical treatment and research . Lineage ( edit ) Main article : Stem cell line To ensure self - renewal , stem cells undergo two types of cell division ( see Stem cell division and differentiation diagram ) . Symmetric division gives rise to two identical daughter cells both endowed with stem cell properties . Asymmetric division , on the other hand , produces only one stem cell and a progenitor cell with limited self - renewal potential . Progenitors can go through several rounds of cell division before terminally differentiating into a mature cell . It is possible that the molecular distinction between symmetric and asymmetric divisions lies in differential segregation of cell membrane proteins ( such as receptors ) between the daughter cells . An alternative theory is that stem cells remain undifferentiated due to environmental cues in their particular niche . Stem cells differentiate when they leave that niche or no longer receive those signals . Studies in Drosophila germarium have identified the signals decapentaplegic and adherens junctions that prevent germarium stem cells from differentiating . Treatments ( edit ) Main article : Stem cell therapy Stem cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition . Bone marrow transplant is a form of stem cell therapy that has been used for many years without controversy . No stem cell therapies other than bone marrow transplant are widely used . Disadvantages ( edit ) Stem cell treatments may require immunosuppression because of a requirement for radiation before the transplant to remove the person 's previous cells , or because the patient 's immune system may target the stem cells . One approach to avoid the second possibility is to use stem cells from the same patient who is being treated . Pluripotency in certain stem cells could also make it difficult to obtain a specific cell type . It is also difficult to obtain the exact cell type needed , because not all cells in a population differentiate uniformly . Undifferentiated cells can create tissues other than desired types . Some stem cells form tumors after transplantation ; pluripotency is linked to tumor formation especially in embryonic stem cells , fetal proper stem cells , induced pluripotent stem cells . Fetal proper stem cells form tumors despite multipotency . Research ( edit ) Further information : Consumer Watchdog vs. Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Some of the fundamental patents covering human embryonic stem cells are owned by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation ( WARF ) -- they are patents 5,843,780 , 6,200,806 , and 7,029,913 invented by James A. Thomson . WARF does not enforce these patents against academic scientists , but does enforce them against companies . In 2006 , a request for the US Patent and Trademark Office ( USPTO ) to re-examine the three patents was filed by the Public Patent Foundation on behalf of its client , the non-profit patent - watchdog group Consumer Watchdog ( formerly the Foundation for Taxpayer and Consumer Rights ) . In the re-examination process , which involves several rounds of discussion between the USPTO and the parties , the USPTO initially agreed with Consumer Watchdog and rejected all the claims in all three patents , however in response , WARF amended the claims of all three patents to make them more narrow , and in 2008 the USPTO found the amended claims in all three patents to be patentable . The decision on one of the patents ( 7,029,913 ) was appealable , while the decisions on the other two were not . Consumer Watchdog appealed the granting of the ' 913 patent to the USPTO 's Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences ( BPAI ) which granted the appeal , and in 2010 the BPAI decided that the amended claims of the ' 913 patent were not patentable . However , WARF was able to re-open prosecution of the case and did so , amending the claims of the ' 913 patent again to make them more narrow , and in January 2013 the amended claims were allowed . In July 2013 , Consumer Watchdog announced that it would appeal the decision to allow the claims of the ' 913 patent to the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ( CAFC ) , the federal appeals court that hears patent cases . At a hearing in December 2013 , the CAFC raised the question of whether Consumer Watchdog had legal standing to appeal ; the case could not proceed until that issue was resolved . Treatment ( edit ) Diseases and conditions where stem cell treatment is being investigated . Diseases and conditions where stem cell treatment is being investigated include : Diabetes Rheumatoid arthritis Parkinson 's disease Alzheimer 's disease Osteoarthritis Stroke and traumatic brain injury repair Learning disability due to congenital disorder Spinal cord injury repair Heart infarction Anti-cancer treatments Baldness reversal Replace missing teeth Repair hearing Restore vision and repair damage to the cornea Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Crohn 's disease Wound healing Male infertility due to absence of spermatogonial stem cells Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells , and to apply stem cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions , diabetes , heart disease , and other conditions . Research is also underway in generating organoids using stem cells , which would allow for further understanding of human development , organogenesis , and modeling of human diseases . In more recent years , with the ability of scientists to isolate and culture embryonic stem cells , and with scientists ' growing ability to create stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer and techniques to create induced pluripotent stem cells , controversy has crept in , both related to abortion politics and to human cloning . Hepatotoxicity and drug - induced liver injury account for a substantial number of failures of new drugs in development and market withdrawal , highlighting the need for screening assays such as stem cell - derived hepatocyte - like cells , that are capable of detecting toxicity early in the drug development process . See also ( edit ) Cell bank Human genome Meristem Partial cloning Plant stem cell Stem cell controversy Stem cell marker Shinya Yamanaka References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tuch BE ( 2006 ) . `` Stem cells -- a clinical update '' . Australian Family Physician. 35 ( 9 ) : 719 -- 21 . PMID 16969445 . 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Jump up ^ Anderson , Querida ( 2008 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Osiris Trumpets Its Adult Stem Cell Product '' . Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News . Mary Ann Liebert , Inc. p. 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . ( subtitle ) Procymal is being developed in many indications , GvHD being the most advanced Jump up ^ Gurtner GC , Callaghan MJ , Longaker MT ( 2007 ) . `` Progress and potential for regenerative medicine '' . Annu. Rev. Med. 58 : 299 -- 312 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. med. 58.082405. 095329 . PMID 17076602 . Bone marrow transplantation is , as of 2009 , the only established use of stem cells . Jump up ^ Hanna V , Gassei K , Orwig KE ( 2015 ) . `` Stem Cell Therapies for Male Infertility : Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going ? '' . Biennial Review of Infertility . Bone marrow transplantation is , as of 2009 , the only established use of stem cells . Jump up ^ Bubela T , Li MD , Hafez M , Bieber M , Atkins H ( 2012 ) . `` Is belief larger than fact : Expectations , optimism and reality for translational stem cell research '' . BMC Med. 10 : 133 . doi : 10.1186 / 1741 - 7015 - 10 - 133 . PMC 3520764 . PMID 23131007 . Jump up ^ Ader , M. , & Tanaka , E.M. ( 2014 ) . Modeling human development in 3D culture . Current Opinion in Cell Biology , 31 , 23 - 28 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ceb. 2014.06. 013 Jump up ^ Greenhough S , Hay DC ( 2012 ) . `` Stem Cell - Based Toxicity Screening : Recent Advances in Hepatocyte Generation '' . Pharm Med. 26 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 89 . doi : 10.1007 / BF03256896 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stem cells . General Library resources about Stem cell Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Stem Cell Basics Courtesy of the National Institutes of Health Nature Reports Stem Cells : Introductory material , research advances and debates concerning stem cell research . Understanding Stem Cells : A View of the Science and Issues from the National Academies Wound healing Blood vessels Angiogenesis Intussusception Vasculogenesis Other Fibrosis Maggot therapy Granulation tissue Growth factor Scar Stem cell Stem cells Sources / types Embryonic stem cells Adult stem cells Cancer stem cells Induced pluripotent stem cells Induced stem cells Cell potency Totipotent Zygote Spore Morula Pluripotent Embryonic stem cell Callus Multipotent Progenitor cell : Endothelial stem cell Hematopoietic stem cell Mesenchymal stem cell Neural stem cell Unipotent Precursor cell Related articles Cellular differentiation Stem cell therapy Stem cell controversy Stem cell line Stem cell laws Stem cell laws and policy in the United States Epigenetics in stem cell differentiation Commons Breakthrough of the Year Science journal 1996 : HIV understanding 1997 : Dolly the sheep 1998 : Accelerating universe 1999 : Stem cell 2000 : Whole genome sequencing 2001 : Nanocircuits or Molecular circuit 2002 : RNA interference 2003 : Dark energy 2004 : Spirit rover 2005 : Evolution in action 2006 : Poincaré conjecture proof 2007 : Human genetic variation 2008 : Cellular reprogramming 2009 : Ardipithecus ramidus 2010 : First quantum machine 2011 : HPTN 052 clinical trial 2012 : Higgs boson discovery 2013 : Cancer immunotherapy 2014 : Rosetta comet mission 2015 : CRISPR genome - editing method 2016 : First observation of gravitational waves GND : 4665329 - 6 NDL : 01143628 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stem_cell&oldid=809595442 '' Categories : Stem cells Induced stem cells Biotechnology Cell biology Cloning Developmental biology Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 04 : 05 . 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where are stem cells located in the body
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"Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide (through mitosis) to produce more stem cells. They are found in multicellular organisms. In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues. In adult organisms, stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body, replenishing adult tissues. In a developing embryo, stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells—ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm (see induced pluripotent stem cells)—but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs, such as blood, skin, or intestinal tissues.",
"Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide (through mitosis) to produce more stem cells. They are found in multicellular organisms. In mammals, there are two broad types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells, which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues. In adult organisms, stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body, replenishing adult tissues. In a developing embryo, stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells—ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm (see induced pluripotent stem cells)—but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs, such as blood, skin, or intestinal tissues."
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[
"embryonic stem cells, which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts",
"adult stem cells, which are found in various tissues"
] |
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Reconstruction Era
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Reconstruction era - wikipedia Reconstruction era Jump to : navigation , search Reconstruction Era 1865 -- 1877 The ruins of Richmond , Virginia after the American Civil War , newly freed African Americans voting for the first time in 1867 , Office of the Freedmen 's Bureau in Memphis , Tennessee , Memphis Riots of 1866 Date January 1 , 1863 ( 1863 - 01 - 01 ) to March 31 , 1877 ( 1877 - 03 - 31 ) ( 14 years , 2 months and 30 days ) Location United States , Southern United States Also known as Reconstruction ; Radical Reconstruction The term Reconstruction Era , in the context of the history of the United States , has two senses : the first covers the complete history of the entire country from 1865 to 1877 following the American Civil War ( 1861 to 1865 ) ; the second sense focuses on the attempted transformation of the Southern United States from 1863 to 1877 , as directed by Congress , with the reconstruction of state and society . With the three Reconstruction Amendments , the era saw the first amendments to the U.S. Constitution in decades . Three visions of Civil War memory appeared during Reconstruction : the reconciliationist vision , which was rooted in coping with the death and devastation the war had brought ; the white supremacist vision , which included terror and violence ; and the emancipationist vision , which sought full freedom , citizenship and Constitutional equality for African Americans . Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson both took moderate positions designed to bring the South back into the union as quickly as possible , while Radical Republicans in Congress sought stronger measures to upgrade the rights of African Americans , including the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , while curtailing the rights of former Confederates , such as through the provisions of the Wade -- Davis Bill . Johnson followed a lenient policy toward ex-Confederates . Lincoln 's last speeches show that he was leaning toward supporting the enfranchisement of all freedmen , whereas Johnson was opposed to this . Johnson 's interpretations of Lincoln 's policies prevailed until the Congressional elections of 1866 in the North , which enabled the Radicals to take control of policy , remove former Confederates from power , and enfranchise the freedmen . A Republican coalition came to power in nearly all the southern states and set out to transform the society by setting up a free labor economy , using the U.S. Army and the Freedmen 's Bureau . The Bureau protected the legal rights of freedmen , negotiated labor contracts , and set up schools and churches for them . Thousands of Northerners came south as missionaries , teachers , businessmen and politicians . Some also entered politics . Hostile whites called them `` carpetbaggers '' . In early 1866 , Congress passed the Freedmen 's Bureau and Civil Rights Bills and sent them to Johnson for his signature . The first bill extended the life of the bureau , originally established as a temporary organization charged with assisting refugees and freed slaves , while the second defined all persons born in the United States as national citizens with equality before the law . After Johnson vetoed the bills , Congress overrode his veto , making the Civil Rights Act the first major bill in the history of the United States to become law through an override of a presidential veto . The Radicals in the House of Representatives , frustrated by Johnson 's opposition to Congressional Reconstruction , filed impeachment charges . The action failed by one vote in the Senate . Elected in 1868 , Republican President Ulysses S. Grant supported Congressional Reconstruction and enforced the protection of African Americans in the South through the use of the Enforcement Acts passed by Congress . Grant used the Enforcement Acts to effectively combat the Ku Klux Klan , which was essentially wiped out ( although a new incarnation of the Klan eventually would again come to national prominence in the 1920s ) , but was unable to resolve the escalating tensions inside the Republican party between the northerners on the one hand , and those Republicans originally hailing from the South on the other ( this latter group would be labelled `` Scalawags '' by those opposing Reconstruction ) . Meanwhile , `` Redeemers '' , self - styled Conservatives ( in close cooperation with a faction of the Democratic Party ) strongly opposed reconstruction . They alleged widespread corruption by the Carpetbaggers , excessive state spending and ruinous taxes . Meanwhile , public support for Reconstruction policies , requiring continued supervision of the South , faded in the North , largely due to concerns over the Panic of 1873 . The Democrats , who strongly opposed Reconstruction , regained control of the House of Representatives in 1874 . In 1877 , as part of a Congressional bargain to elect Republican Rutherford B. Hayes as president following the close 1876 presidential election , U.S. Army Troops were removed from the South , ending Reconstruction and allowing Democrats to return to power . Reconstruction was a significant chapter in the history of civil rights in the United States , and in economic history . After Reconstruction ended , the South remained a poverty - stricken `` backwater '' dependent on agriculture . White Southerners soon succeeded in re-establishing legal and political dominance over blacks through violence , intimidation and discrimination . Historian Eric Foner argues , `` What remains certain is that Reconstruction failed , and that for blacks its failure was a disaster whose magnitude can not be obscured by the genuine accomplishments that did endure . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Dating the Reconstruction Era 2 Overview 3 Purpose 4 Material devastation of the South in 1865 5 Restoring the South to the Union 5.1 Loyalty 5.2 Suffrage 5.3 Southern Treaty Commission 6 Lincoln 's presidential Reconstruction 6.1 Preliminary events 6.2 Gradual emancipation and compensation 6.3 Colonization 6.4 Military governors installed 6.5 Emancipation Proclamation 6.6 Louisiana 10 % electorate plan 6.7 Legalization of slave marriages 6.8 Freedmen 's Bureau 6.9 Bans color discrimination 6.10 February 1865 peace conference 6.11 Historical legacy debated 7 Johnson 's presidential Reconstruction 7.1 Freedmen and the enactment of Black Codes 7.2 Moderate responses 7.3 Johnson 's vetoes 8 Radical Reconstruction 8.1 Constitutional amendments 8.2 Statutes 8.3 Military reconstruction 8.4 State constitutional conventions : 1867 -- 69 9 Politics 9.1 Grant : the Radical President 9.2 Congressional investigation ( 1871 -- 1872 ) 9.3 African - American officeholders 10 Social and economic factors 10.1 Organized religion 10.2 Public schools 10.3 Railroad subsidies and payoffs 10.4 Taxation during Reconstruction 11 Ending Reconstruction 11.1 Southern Democrats 11.2 Redemption 1873 -- 77 11.2. 1 Republicans split nationally : Election of 1872 11.2. 2 Republican coalition splinters in South 11.3 Democrats try a `` New Departure '' 11.4 Panic of 1873 11.5 Violence 11.6 Election of 1876 11.7 Hayes ends Reconstruction 12 Legacy and historiography 12.1 Dunning School : 1900 to 1920s 12.2 Revisionists and Beardians , 1930s -- 1940s 12.3 Black historians 12.4 Neo-Abolitionists 12.5 Dating the end of the Reconstruction Era 12.6 Economic role of race 12.7 The `` failure '' issue 12.8 In popular culture 13 Reconstruction state - by - state -- significant dates 14 See also 15 Notes 16 Bibliography 16.1 Secondary sources 16.2 Historiography 16.3 Yearbooks 16.4 Primary sources 16.5 Newspapers and magazines 17 External links Dating the Reconstruction era ( edit ) In the different states Reconstruction began and ended at different times ; federal Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877 . In recent decades most historians follow Foner in dating the Reconstruction of the south as starting in 1863 ( with Emancipation and the Port Royal experiment ) rather than 1865 . The usual ending has always been 1877 . Reconstruction policies were debated in the North when the war began , and commenced in earnest after Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation , issued on January 1 , 1863 . Overview ( edit ) As Confederate states came back under control of the U.S. Army , President Abraham Lincoln set up reconstructed governments in Tennessee , Arkansas , and Louisiana during the war . He experimented by giving land to blacks in South Carolina . By fall 1865 , the new President Andrew Johnson declared the war goals of national unity and the ending of slavery achieved and reconstruction completed . Republicans in Congress , refusing to accept Johnson 's lenient terms , rejected new members of Congress , some of whom had been high - ranking Confederate officials a few months before . Johnson broke with the Republicans after vetoing two key bills that supported the Freedmen 's Bureau and provided federal civil rights to the freedmen . The 1866 Congressional elections turned on the issue of Reconstruction , producing a sweeping Republican victory in the North , and providing the Radical Republicans with sufficient control of Congress to override Johnson 's vetoes and commence their own `` Radical Reconstruction '' in 1867 . That same year , Congress removed civilian governments in the South , and placed the former Confederacy under the rule of the U.S. Army . The army conducted new elections in which the freed slaves could vote , while whites who had held leading positions under the Confederacy were temporarily denied the vote and were not permitted to run for office . In ten states , coalitions of freedmen , recent black and white arrivals from the North ( carpetbaggers ) , and white Southerners who supported Reconstruction ( scalawags ) cooperated to form Republican biracial state governments . They introduced various reconstruction programs including : funding public schools , establishing charitable institutions , raising taxes , and funding public improvements such as improved railroad transportation and shipping . Conservative opponents called the Republican regimes corrupt and instigated violence toward freedmen and whites who supported Reconstruction . Most of the violence was carried out by members of the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) , a secretive terrorist organization closely allied with the southern Democratic Party . Klan members attacked and intimidated blacks seeking to exercise their new civil rights , as well as Republican politicians in the south favoring those civil rights . One such politician murdered by the Klan on the eve of the 1868 presidential election was Republican Congressman James M. Hinds of Arkansas . Widespread violence in the south led to federal intervention by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1871 , which suppressed the Klan . Nevertheless , white Democrats , calling themselves `` Redeemers '' , regained control of the south state by state , sometimes using fraud and violence to control state elections . A deep national economic depression following the Panic of 1873 led to major Democratic gains in the North , the collapse of many railroad schemes in the South , and a growing sense of frustration in the North . The end of Reconstruction was a staggered process , and the period of Republican control ended at different times in different states . With the Compromise of 1877 , military intervention in Southern politics ceased and Republican control collapsed in the last three state governments in the South . This was followed by a period which white Southerners labeled `` Redemption '' , during which white - dominated state legislatures enacted Jim Crow laws and , beginning in 1890 , disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites through a combination of constitutional amendments and electoral laws . The white Democratic Southerners ' memory of Reconstruction played a major role in imposing the system of white supremacy and second - class citizenship for blacks , known as the age of Jim Crow . Purpose ( edit ) Reconstruction addressed how the eleven seceding rebel states in the south would regain what the Constitution calls a `` republican form of government '' and be reseated in Congress , the civil status of the former leaders of the Confederacy , and the Constitutional and legal status of freedmen , especially their civil rights and whether they should be given the right to vote . Intense controversy erupted throughout the South over these issues . The laws and constitutional amendments that laid the foundation for the most radical phase of Reconstruction were adopted from 1866 to 1871 . By the 1870s , Reconstruction had officially provided freedmen with equal rights under the constitution , and blacks were voting and taking political office . Republican legislatures , coalitions of whites and blacks , established the first public school systems and numerous charitable institutions in the South . White paramilitary organizations , especially the Ku Klux Klan and also the White League and Red Shirts formed with the political aim of driving out the Republicans . They also disrupted political organizing and terrorized blacks to bar them from the polls . President Grant used federal power to effectively shut down the KKK in the early 1870s , though the other , smaller , groups continued to operate . From 1873 to 1877 , conservative whites ( calling themselves `` Redeemers '' ) regained power in the Southern states . They joined the Bourbon wing of the national Democratic Party . In the 1860s and 1870s the terms `` radical '' and `` conservative '' had distinctive meanings . `` Conservative '' was the name of a faction , often led by the planter class . Leaders who had been Whigs were committed to economic modernization , built around railroads , factories , banks and cities . Most of the `` radical '' Republicans in the North were men who believed in integrating African Americans by providing them civil rights as citizens , along with free enterprise ; most were also modernizers and former Whigs . The `` Liberal Republicans '' of 1872 shared the same outlook except they were especially opposed to the corruption they saw around President Grant , and believed that the goals of the Civil War had been achieved so that the federal military intervention could now end . Passage of the 13th , 14th , and 15th Amendments is the constitutional legacy of Reconstruction . These Reconstruction Amendments established the rights that led to Supreme Court rulings in the mid-20th century that struck down school segregation . A `` Second Reconstruction '' , sparked by the Civil Rights Movement , led to civil rights laws in 1964 and 1965 that ended segregation and re-opened the polls to blacks . Material devastation of the South in 1865 ( edit ) The Southern economy had been ruined by the war . Charleston , South Carolina : Broad Street , 1865 Further information : History of the Southern United States § Material ruin and human losses Reconstruction played out against an economy in ruin . The Confederacy in 1861 had 297 towns and cities with a total population of 835,000 people ; of these 162 with 681,000 people were at one point occupied by Union forces . Eleven were destroyed or severely damaged by war action , including Atlanta ( with an 1860 population of 9,600 ) , Charleston , Columbia , and Richmond ( with prewar populations of 40,500 , 8,100 , and 37,900 , respectively ) ; the eleven contained 115,900 people in the 1860 census , or 14 % of the urban South . The number of people who lived in the destroyed towns represented just over 1 % of the Confederacy 's combined urban and rural populations . The rate of damage in smaller towns was much lower -- only 45 courthouses were burned out of a total of 830 . Farms were in disrepair , and the prewar stock of horses , mules and cattle was much depleted ; two - fifths , or 40 % , of the South 's livestock had been killed . The South 's farms were not highly mechanized , but the value of farm implements and machinery in the 1860 Census was $81 million and was reduced by two - fifths , or 40 % , by 1870 . The transportation infrastructure lay in ruins , with little railroad or riverboat service available to move crops and animals to market . Railroad mileage was located mostly in rural areas and over two - thirds of the South 's rails , bridges , rail yards , repair shops and rolling stock were in areas reached by Union armies , which systematically destroyed what they could . Even in untouched areas , the lack of maintenance and repair , the absence of new equipment , the heavy over-use , and the deliberate relocation of equipment by the Confederates from remote areas to the war zone ensured the system would be ruined at war 's end . Restoring the infrastructure -- especially the railroad system -- became a high priority for Reconstruction state governments . The enormous cost of the Confederate war effort took a high toll on the South 's economic infrastructure . The direct costs to the Confederacy in human capital , government expenditures , and physical destruction from the war totaled $3.3 billion . By 1865 , the Confederate dollar was worthless due to high inflation , and people in the South had to resort to bartering services for goods , or else use scarce Union dollars . With the emancipation of the southern slaves , the entire economy of the South had to be rebuilt . Having lost their enormous investment in slaves , white planters had minimal capital to pay freedmen workers to bring in crops . As a result , a system of sharecropping was developed where landowners broke up large plantations and rented small lots to the freedmen and their families . The South was transformed from an elite minority of landed gentry slaveholders into a tenant farming agriculture system . The end of the Civil War was accompanied by a large migration of new freed people to the cities . In the cities , African Americans were relegated to the lowest paying jobs such as unskilled and service labor . Men worked as rail workers , rolling and lumber mills workers , and hotel workers . The large population of slave artisans during the antebellum period had not been translated into a large number of freemen artisans during Reconstruction . Black women were largely confined to domestic work employed as cooks , maids , and child nurses . Others worked in hotels . A large number became laundresses . The dislocations had a severe negative impact on the black population , with a large amount of sickness and death . Over a quarter of Southern white men of military age -- the backbone of the South 's white workforce -- died during the war , leaving countless families destitute . Per capita income for white southerners declined from $125 in 1857 to a low of $80 in 1879 . By the end of the 19th century and well into the 20th century , the South was locked into a system of poverty . How much of this failure was caused by the war and by previous reliance on agriculture remains the subject of debate among economists and historians . Restoring the South to the Union ( edit ) A political cartoon of Andrew Johnson and Abraham Lincoln , 1865 , entitled `` The Rail Splitter At Work Repairing the Union . '' The caption reads ( Johnson ) : Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever . ( Lincoln ) : A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended . During the Civil War , the Radical Republican leaders argued that slavery and the Slave Power had to be permanently destroyed . Moderates said this could be easily accomplished as soon as Confederate armies surrendered and the Southern states repealed secession and accepted the 13th Amendment -- most of which happened by December 1865 . President Lincoln was the leader of the moderate Republicans and wanted to speed up Reconstruction and reunite the nation painlessly and quickly . Lincoln formally began Reconstruction in late 1863 with his Ten percent plan , which went into operation in several states but which Radical Republicans opposed . Lincoln pocket vetoed the Radical plan , the Wade -- Davis Bill of 1864 , which was much more strict than the Ten - Percent Plan . By late 1866 , the opposing faction of Radical Republicans was skeptical of Southern intentions . White reactions included outbreaks of mob violence against blacks , such as the Memphis riots of 1866 and the New Orleans riot . Radical Republicans demanded a prompt and strong federal response to protect freed - people and curb southern racism . Congressman Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania and Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts led the Radicals . Sumner argued that secession had destroyed statehood but the Constitution still extended its authority and its protection over individuals , as in existing U.S. territories . Stevens and his followers viewed secession as having left the states in a status like new territories . The Republicans sought to prevent Southern politicians from `` restoring the historic subordination of Negroes '' . Since slavery was abolished , the three - fifths compromise no longer applied to counting the population of blacks . After the 1870 census , the South would gain numerous additional representatives in Congress , based on the population of freedmen . One Illinois Republican expressed a common fear that if the South were allowed to simply restore its previous established powers , that the `` reward of treason will be an increased representation '' . Upon Lincoln 's assassination in April 1865 , Andrew Johnson of Tennessee , who had been elected with Lincoln in 1864 as vice president , became president . Johnson rejected the Radical program of Reconstruction and instead appointed his own governors and tried to finish reconstruction by the end of 1865 . Thaddeus Stevens vehemently opposed President Johnson 's plans for an abrupt end to Reconstruction , insisting that Reconstruction must `` revolutionize Southern institutions , habits , and manners ... The foundations of their institutions ... must be broken up and relaid , or all our blood and treasure have been spent in vain . '' Johnson broke decisively with the Republicans in Congress when he vetoed the Civil Rights Act in early 1865 . While Democrats cheered , the Republicans pulled together , passed the bill again , and overturned Johnson 's repeat veto . Full - scale political warfare now existed between Johnson ( now allied with the Democrats ) and the Radical Republicans . Congress rejected Johnson 's argument that he had the war power to decide what to do , since the war was over . Congress decided it had the primary authority to decide how Reconstruction should proceed , because the Constitution stated the United States had to guarantee each state a republican form of government . The Radicals insisted that meant Congress decided how Reconstruction should be achieved . The issues were multiple : who should decide , Congress or the president ? How should republicanism operate in the South ? What was the status of the former Confederate states ? What was the citizenship status of the leaders of the Confederacy ? What was the citizenship and suffrage status of freedmen ? The election of 1866 decisively changed the balance of power , giving the Republicans two - thirds majorities in both houses of Congress , and enough votes to overcome Johnson 's vetoes . They moved to impeach Johnson because of his constant attempts to thwart Radical Reconstruction measures , by using the Tenure of Office Act . Johnson was acquitted by one vote , but he lost the influence to shape Reconstruction policy . The Republican Congress established military districts in the South and used Army personnel to administer the region until new governments loyal to the Union -- that accepted the 14th Amendment and the right of freedmen to vote -- could be established . Congress temporarily suspended the ability to vote of approximately 10,000 to 15,000 former Confederate officials and senior officers , while constitutional amendments gave full citizenship to all African Americans , and suffrage to the adult men . With the power to vote , freedmen started participating in politics . While many slaves were illiterate , educated blacks ( including escaped slaves ) moved down from the North to aid them , and natural leaders also stepped forward . They elected white and black men to represent them in constitutional conventions . A Republican coalition of freedmen , southerners supportive of the Union ( derisively called scalawags by white Democrats ) , and northerners who had migrated to the South ( derisively called carpetbaggers ) -- some of whom were returning natives , but were mostly Union veterans -- organized to create constitutional conventions . They created new state constitutions to set new directions for southern states . Loyalty ( edit ) The issue of loyalty emerged in the debates over the Wade -- Davis Bill of 1864 . The bill required voters to take the `` ironclad oath '' , swearing they had never supported the Confederacy or been one of its soldiers . Pursuing a policy of `` malice toward none '' announced in his second inaugural address , Lincoln asked voters only to support the Union . The Radicals lost support following Lincoln 's veto of the Wade -- Davis Bill but regained strength after Lincoln 's assassination in April 1865 . Suffrage ( edit ) Monument in honor of the Grand Army of the Republic , organized after the war Congress had to consider how to restore to full status and representation within the Union those southern states that had declared their independence from the United States and had withdrawn their representation . Suffrage for former Confederates was one of two main concerns . A decision needed to be made whether to allow just some or all former Confederates to vote ( and to hold office ) . The moderates in Congress wanted virtually all of them to vote , but the Radicals resisted . They repeatedly imposed the ironclad oath , which would effectively have allowed no former Confederates to vote . Historian Harold Hyman says that in 1866 Congressmen `` described the oath as the last bulwark against the return of ex-rebels to power , the barrier behind which Southern Unionists and Negroes protected themselves . '' Radical Republican leader Thaddeus Stevens proposed , unsuccessfully , that all former Confederates lose the right to vote for five years . The compromise that was reached disenfranchised many Confederate civil and military leaders . No one knows how many temporarily lost the vote , but one estimate was that it was as high as 10,000 to 15,000 out of a total white population of roughly eight million . Second , and closely related , was the issue of whether the roughly four million freedmen should be allowed to vote . The issue was how to receive the four million Freedmen as citizens . If they were to be fully counted as citizens , some sort of representation for apportionment of seats in Congress had to be determined . Before the war , the population of slaves had been counted as three - fifths of a corresponding number of free whites . By having four million freedmen counted as full citizens , the South would gain additional seats in Congress . If blacks were denied the vote and the right to hold office , then only whites would represent them . Many conservatives , including most white southerners , northern Democrats , and some northern Republicans , opposed black voting . Some northern states that had referenda on the subject limited the ability of their own small populations of blacks to vote . Lincoln had supported a middle position to allow some black men to vote , especially army veterans . Johnson also believed that such service should be rewarded with citizenship . Lincoln proposed giving the vote to `` the very intelligent , and especially those who have fought gallantly in our ranks . '' In 1864 , Governor Johnson said , `` The better class of them will go to work and sustain themselves , and that class ought to be allowed to vote , on the ground that a loyal negro is more worthy than a disloyal white man . '' As President in 1865 , Johnson wrote to the man he appointed as governor of Mississippi , recommending , `` If you could extend the elective franchise to all persons of color who can read the Constitution in English and write their names , and to all persons of color who own real estate valued at least two hundred and fifty dollars , and pay taxes thereon , you would completely disarm the adversary ( Radicals in Congress ) , and set an example the other states will follow . '' Freedmen voting in New Orleans , 1867 Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens , leaders of the Radical Republicans , were initially hesitant to enfranchise the largely illiterate Freedmen . Sumner preferred at first impartial requirements that would have imposed literacy restrictions on blacks and whites . He believed that he would not succeed in passing legislation to disfranchise illiterate whites who already had the vote . In the South , many poor whites were illiterate as there was almost no public education before the war . In 1880 , for example , the white illiteracy rate was about 25 % in Tennessee , Kentucky , Alabama , South Carolina , and Georgia ; and as high as 33 % in North Carolina . This compares with the 9 % national rate , and a black rate of illiteracy that was over 70 % in the South . By 1900 , however , with emphasis within the black community on education , the majority of blacks had achieved literacy . Sumner soon concluded that `` there was no substantial protection for the freedman except in the franchise . '' This was necessary , he stated , `` ( 1 ) For his own protection ; ( 2 ) For the protection of the white Unionist ; and ( 3 ) For the peace of the country . We put the musket in his hands because it was necessary ; for the same reason we must give him the franchise . '' The support for voting rights was a compromise between moderate and Radical Republicans . The Republicans believed that the best way for men to get political experience was to be able to vote and to participate in the political system . They passed laws allowing all male freedmen to vote . In 1867 , black men voted for the first time . Over the course of Reconstruction , more than 1,500 African Americans held public office in the South ; some of them were men who had escaped to the North and gained educations , and returned to the South . They did not hold office in numbers representative of their proportion in the population , but often elected whites to represent them . The question of women 's suffrage was also debated but was rejected . From 1890 to 1908 , southern states passed new constitutions and laws that disfranchised most blacks and tens of thousands of poor whites with new voter registration and electoral rules . When establishing new requirements such as subjectively administered literacy tests , in some states , they used `` grandfather clauses '' to enable illiterate whites to vote . Southern treaty commission ( edit ) The Five Civilized Tribes that had been relocated to Indian Territory ( now part of Oklahoma ) held black slaves and signed treaties supporting the Confederacy . During the war , a war among pro - and anti-Union Indians had raged . Congress passed a statute that gave the President the authority to suspend the appropriations of any tribe if the tribe is `` in a state of actual hostility to the government of the United States ... and , by proclamation , to declare all treaties with such tribe to be abrogated by such tribe '' ( 25 USC Sec. 72 ) . As a component of Reconstruction , the Interior Department ordered a meeting of representatives from all Indian tribes which had affiliated with the Confederacy . The Council , the Southern Treaty Commission , was first held in Ft. Smith , Arkansas in September 1865 , was attended by hundreds of Indians representing dozens of tribes . Over the next several years the commission negotiated treaties with tribes that resulted in additional relocations to Indian Territory and the de facto creation ( initially by treaty ) of an unorganized Oklahoma Territory . Lincoln 's presidential Reconstruction ( edit ) Abraham Lincoln 16th President of the United States 1861 -- 1865 Preliminary events ( edit ) President Lincoln signed two Confiscation Acts into law , the first on August 6 , 1861 , and the second on July 17 , 1862 , safeguarding fugitive slaves from the Confederacy that came over into Union lines and giving them indirect emancipation if their masters continued insurrection against the United States . The laws allowed the confiscation of lands for colonization from those who aided and supported the rebellion . However , these laws had limited effect as they were poorly funded by Congress and poorly enforced by Attorney General Edward Bates . In August 1861 , Maj. Gen. John C. Frémont , Union commander of the Western Department , declared martial law in Missouri , confiscated Confederate property , and emancipated their slaves . President Lincoln immediately ordered Frémont to rescind his emancipation declaration stating , `` I think there is great danger that ... the liberating slaves of traitorous owners , will alarm our Southern Union friends , and turn them against us -- perhaps ruin our fair prospect for Kentucky . '' After Frémont refused to rescind the emancipation order , President Lincoln terminated him from active duty on November 2 , 1861 . Lincoln was concerned that border states would bolt from the Union if slaves were given their freedom . On May 26 , 1862 , Union Maj. Gen. David Hunter emancipated slaves in South Carolina , Georgia , and Florida stated all `` persons ... heretofore held as slaves ... forever free . '' Lincoln , embarrassed by the order , rescinded Hunter 's declaration and canceled the emancipations . On April 16 , 1862 Lincoln signed a bill into law outlawing slavery in Washington D.C. and freeing the estimated 3,500 slaves in the city and on June 19 , 1862 he signed legislation outlawing slavery in all U.S. territories . On July 17 , 1862 under the authority of the Confiscation Acts and an amended Force Bill of 1795 , he authorized the recruitment of freed slaves into the Union army and seizure of any Confederate property for military purposes . Gradual emancipation and compensation ( edit ) In an effort to keep border states in the Union , President Lincoln as early as 1861 designed gradual compensated emancipation programs paid for by government bonds . Lincoln desired Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , and Missouri to `` adopt a system of gradual emancipation which should work the extinction of slavery in twenty years . '' On March 26 , 1862 Lincoln met with Senator Charles Sumner and recommended that a special joint session of Congress be convened to discuss giving financial aid to any border states who initiated a gradual emancipation plan . In April 1862 , the joint session of Congress met , however , the border states were not interested and did not make any response to Lincoln or any Congressional emancipation proposal . Lincoln advocated compensated emancipation during the 1865 River Queen steamer conference . Colonization ( edit ) In August 1862 , President Lincoln met with African - American leaders and urged them to colonize some place in Central America . Lincoln planned to free the Southern slaves in the Emancipation Proclamation and he was concerned that freedmen would not be well treated in the United States by whites in both the North and South . Although Lincoln gave assurances that the United States government would support and protect any colonies , the leaders declined the offer of colonization . Many free blacks had been opposed to colonization plans in the past and wanted to remain in the United States . President Lincoln persisted in his colonization plan believing that emancipation and colonization were part of the same program . Lincoln was successful by April 1863 at sending black colonists to Haiti and 453 to Chiriqui in Central America ; however , none of the colonies was able to remain self - sufficient . Frederick Douglass , a prominent 19th - century American civil rights activist , criticized that Lincoln was `` showing all his inconsistencies , his pride of race and blood , his contempt for Negroes and his canting hypocrisy . '' African Americans , according to Douglass , wanted citizen rights rather than to be colonized . Historians debate if Lincoln gave up on African - American colonization at the end of 1863 or if he actually planned to continue this policy up until 1865 . Military governors installed ( edit ) Starting in March 1862 , in an effort to forestall Reconstruction by the Radicals in Congress , President Lincoln installed military governors in certain rebellious states under Union military control . Although the states would not be recognized by the Radicals until an undetermined time , installation of military governors kept the administration of Reconstruction under Presidential control , rather than that of the increasingly unsympathetic Radical Congress . On March 3 , 1862 , Lincoln installed a loyalist Democrat , Senator Andrew Johnson , as Military Governor with the rank of Brigadier General in his home state of Tennessee . In May 1862 , Lincoln appointed Edward Stanly Military Governor of the coastal region of North Carolina with the rank of Brigadier General . Stanly resigned almost a year later when he angered Lincoln by closing two schools for black children in New Bern . After Lincoln installed Brigadier General George F. Sheply as Military Governor of Louisiana in May 1862 , Sheply sent two anti-slavery representatives , Benjamin Flanders and Michael Hahn , elected in December 1862 , to the House which capitulated and voted to seat them . In July 1862 , Lincoln installed Colonel John S. Phelps as Military Governor of Arkansas , though he resigned soon after due to poor health . Emancipation Proclamation ( edit ) Main article : Emancipation Proclamation Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation in Massachusetts , 1862 In July 1862 , President Lincoln became convinced that `` a military necessity '' was needed to strike at slavery in order to win the Civil War for the Union . The Confiscation Acts were only having a minimal effect to end slavery . On July 22 , he wrote a first draft of the Emancipation Proclamation that freed the slaves in states in rebellion . After he showed his cabinet the document , slight alterations were made in the wording . Lincoln decided that the defeat of the Confederate invasion of the North at Sharpsburg was enough of a battlefield victory to enable him to release the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation that gave the rebels 100 days to return to the Union or the actual Proclamation would be issued . On January 1 , 1863 , the actual Emancipation Proclamation was issued , specifically naming ten states in which slaves would be `` forever free '' . The proclamation did not name the states of Tennessee , Kentucky , Missouri , Maryland , and Delaware , and specifically excluded numerous counties in some other states . Eventually , as the Union Armies advanced into the Confederacy millions of slaves were set free . Many of these freedmen joined the Union army and fought in battles against the Confederate forces . Yet hundreds of thousands of freed slaves died during emancipation from illness that devastated army regiments . Freed slaves suffered from smallpox , yellow fever , and malnutrition . Louisiana 10 % electorate plan ( edit ) Main articles : Wade -- Davis Bill and Ten percent plan President Abraham Lincoln was concerned to effect a speedy restoration of the Confederate states to the Union after the Civil War . In 1863 , President Lincoln proposed a moderate plan for the Reconstruction of the captured Confederate State of Louisiana . The plan granted amnesty to Rebels who took an oath of loyalty to the Union . Black Freedmen workers were tied to labor on plantations for one year at $10 a month pay . Only 10 % of the state 's electorate had to take the loyalty oath in order for the state to be readmitted into U.S. Congress . The state was required to abolish slavery in its new constitution . Identical Reconstruction plans would be adopted in Arkansas and Tennessee . By December 1864 , the Lincoln plan of Reconstruction had been enacted in Louisiana and the legislature sent two Senators and five Representatives to take their seats in Washington . However , Congress refused to count any of the votes from Louisiana , Arkansas , and Tennessee , in essence rejecting Lincoln 's moderate Reconstruction plan . Congress , at this time controlled by the Radicals , proposed the Wade -- Davis Bill that required a majority of the state electorates to take the oath of loyalty to be admitted to Congress . Lincoln pocket - vetoed the bill and the rift widened between the moderates , who wanted to save the Union and win the war , and the Radicals , who wanted to effect a more complete change within Southern society . Frederick Douglass denounced Lincoln 's 10 % electorate plan as undemocratic since state admission and loyalty only depended on a minority vote . Legalization of slave marriages ( edit ) Before 1864 , slave marriages had not been recognized legally ; emancipation did not affect them . When freed , many made official marriages . Before emancipation , slaves could not enter into contracts , including the marriage contract . Not all free people formalized their unions . Some continued to have common - law marriages or community - recognized relationships . The acknowledgement of marriage by the state increased the state 's recognition of freedpeople as legal actors and eventually helped make the case for parental rights for freedpeople against the practice of apprenticeship of black children . These children were legally taken away from their families under the guise of `` providing them with guardianship and ' good ' homes until they reached the age of consent at twenty - one '' under acts such as the Georgia 1866 Apprentice Act . Such children were generally used as sources of unpaid labor . Freedmen 's Bureau ( edit ) Main article : Freedmen 's Bureau Northern teachers traveled into the South to provide education and training for the newly freed population . On March 3 , 1865 the Freedmen 's Bureau Bill became law , sponsored by the Republicans to aid freedmen and white refugees . A federal Bureau was created to provide food , clothing , fuel , and advice on negotiating labor contracts . It attempted to oversee new relations between freedmen and their former masters in a free labor market . The Act , without deference to a person 's color , authorized the Bureau to lease confiscated land for a period of three years and to sell it in portions of up to 40 acres ( 16 ha ) per buyer . The Bureau was to expire one year after the termination of the War . Lincoln was assassinated before he could appoint a commissioner of the Bureau . A popular myth was that the Act offered 40 acres and a mule , or that slaves had been promised this . With the help of the Bureau , the recently freed slaves began voting , forming political parties , and assuming the control of labor in many areas . The Bureau helped to start a change of power in the South that drew national attention from the Republicans in the North to the conservative Democrats in the South . This is especially evident in the election between Grant and Seymour ( Johnson did not get the Democratic nomination ) , where almost 700,000 black voters voted and swayed the election 300,000 votes in Grant 's favor . Even with the benefits that it gave to the freedmen , the Freedmen 's Bureau was unable to operate effectively in certain areas . Terrorizing freedmen for trying to vote , hold a political office , or own land , the Ku Klux Klan was the antithesis to the Freedmen 's Bureau . Bans color discrimination ( edit ) Other legislation was signed that broadened equality and rights for African Americans . Lincoln outlawed discrimination on account of color , in carrying U.S. mail , in riding on public street cars in Washington D.C. , and in pay for soldiers . February 1865 peace conference ( edit ) Lincoln and Secretary of State William H. Seward met with three southern representatives to discuss the peaceful reconstruction of the Union and the Confederacy on February 3 , 1865 in Hampton Roads , Virginia . The southern delegation included Confederate vice-president , Alexander H. Stephens , John A. Campbell , and Robert M.T. Hunter . The southerners proposed the Union recognition of the Confederacy , a joint Union - Confederate attack on Mexico to oust dictator Maximillian , and an alternative subordinate status of servitude for blacks rather than slavery . Lincoln flatly rejected recognition of the Confederacy , and said that the slaves covered by his Emancipation Proclamation would not be re-enslaved . He said that the Union States were about to pass the Thirteenth Amendment outlawing slavery . Lincoln urged the governor of Georgia to remove Confederate troops and `` ratify this Constitutional Amendment prospectively , so as to take effect -- say in five years ... Slavery is doomed . '' Lincoln also urged compensated emancipation for the slaves as he thought the North should be willing to share the costs of freedom . Although the meeting was cordial , the parties did not settle on agreements . Historical legacy debated ( edit ) Lincoln continued to advocate his Louisiana Plan as a model for all states up until his assassination on April 14 , 1865 . The plan successfully started the Reconstruction process of ratifying the Thirteenth Amendment in all states . Lincoln is typically portrayed as taking the moderate position and fighting the Radical positions . There is considerable debate on how well Lincoln , had he lived , would have handled Congress during the Reconstruction process that took place after the Civil War ended . One historical camp argues that Lincoln 's flexibility , pragmatism , and superior political skills with Congress would have solved Reconstruction with far less difficulty . The other camp believes the Radicals would have attempted to impeach Lincoln , just as they did to his successor , Andrew Johnson , in 1868 . Johnson 's presidential Reconstruction ( edit ) Main article : Presidency of Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson , 17th President of the United States 1865 -- 1869 Northern anger over the assassination of Lincoln and the immense human cost of the war led to demands for punitive policies . Vice President Andrew Johnson had taken a hard line and spoke of hanging rebel Confederates , but when he succeeded Lincoln as President , Johnson took a much softer position , pardoning many Confederate leaders and former Confederates . Jefferson Davis was held in prison for two years , but other Confederate leaders were not . There were no treason trials . Only one person -- Captain Henry Wirz , the commandant of the prison camp in Andersonville , Georgia -- was executed for war crimes . Andrew Johnson 's conservative view of Reconstruction did not include blacks or former slaves involvement in government and he refused to heed Northern concerns when southern state legislatures implemented Black Codes that set the status of the freedmen much lower than that of citizens . Smith argues that , `` Johnson attempted to carry forward what he considered to be Lincoln 's plans for Reconstruction . '' McKitrick says that in 1865 Johnson had strong support in the Republican Party , `` It was naturally from the great moderate sector of Unionist opinion in the North that Johnson could draw his greatest comfort . '' Billington says , `` One faction , the Moderate Republicans under the leadership of Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson , favored a mild policy toward the South . '' Lincoln biographers Randall and Current argued that : It is likely that had he lived , Lincoln would have followed a policy similar to Johnson 's , that he would have clashed with congressional Radicals , that he would have produced a better result for the freedmen than occurred , and that his political skills would have helped him avoid Johnson 's mistakes . '' Historians agree that President Johnson was an inept politician who lost all his advantages by his clumsy moves . He broke with Congress in early 1866 and then became defiant and tried to block enforcement of Reconstruction laws passed by the U.S. Congress . He was in constant conflict constitutionally with the Radicals in Congress over the status of freedmen and whites in the defeated South . Although resigned to the abolition of slavery , many former Confederates were unwilling to accept both social changes and political domination by former slaves . In the words of Benjamin F. Perry , President Johnson 's choice as the provisional governor of South Carolina : `` First , the Negro is to be invested with all political power , and then the antagonism of interest between capital and labor is to work out the result . '' However , the fears of the mostly conservative planter elite and other leading white citizens were partly assuaged by the actions of President Johnson , who ensured that a wholesale land redistribution from the planters to the freedman did not occur . President Johnson ordered that confiscated or abandoned lands administered by the Freedmen 's Bureau would not be redistributed to the freedmen but be returned to pardoned owners . Land was returned that would have been forfeited under the Confiscation Acts passed by Congress in 1861 and 1862 . Freedmen and the enactment of black codes ( edit ) Main article : Black Codes ( United States ) An October 24th , 1874 Harper 's Magazine editorial cartoon by Thomas Nast denouncing KKK and White League murders of innocent blacks Southern state governments quickly enacted the restrictive `` black codes '' . However , they were abolished in 1866 and seldom had effect , because the Freedmen 's Bureau ( not the local courts ) handled the legal affairs of freedmen . The Black Codes indicated the plans of the southern whites for the former slaves . The freedmen would have more rights than did free blacks before the war , but they would still have only a limited set of second - class civil rights , no voting rights and no citizenship . They could not own firearms , serve on a jury in a lawsuit involving whites or move about without employment . The Black Codes outraged northern opinion . They were overthrown by the Civil Rights Act of 1866 that gave the freedmen full legal equality ( except for the right to vote ) . The freedmen , with the strong backing of the Freedmen 's Bureau , rejected gang - labor work patterns that had been used in slavery . Instead of gang labor , freedpeople preferred family - based labor groups . They forced planters to bargain for their labor . Such bargaining soon led to the establishment of the system of sharecropping , which gave the freedmen greater economic independence and social autonomy than gang labor . However , because they lacked capital and the planters continued to own the means of production ( tools , draft animals and land ) , the freedmen were forced into producing cash crops ( mainly cotton ) for the land - owners and merchants , and they entered into a crop - lien system . Widespread poverty , disruption to an agricultural economy too dependent on cotton , and the falling price of cotton , led within decades to the routine indebtedness of the majority of the freedmen , and poverty by many planters . Northern officials gave varying reports on conditions for the freedmen in the South . One harsh assessment came from Carl Schurz , who reported on the situation in the states along the Gulf Coast . His report documented dozens of extra-judicial killings and claimed that hundreds or thousands more African Americans were killed . The number of murders and assaults perpetrated upon Negroes is very great ; we can form only an approximative estimate of what is going on in those parts of the South which are not closely garrisoned , and from which no regular reports are received , by what occurs under the very eyes of our military authorities . As to my personal experience , I will only mention that during my two days sojourn at Atlanta , one Negro was stabbed with fatal effect on the street , and three were poisoned , one of whom died . While I was at Montgomery , one negro was cut across the throat evidently with intent to kill , and another was shot , but both escaped with their lives . Several papers attached to this report give an account of the number of capital cases that occurred at certain places during a certain period of time . It is a sad fact that the perpetration of those acts is not confined to that class of people which might be called the rabble . Carl Schurz , `` Report on the Condition of the South '' , December 1865 ( U.S. Senate Exec . Doc . No. 2 , 39th Congress , 1st session ) . The report included sworn testimony from soldiers and officials of the Freedmen 's Bureau . In Selma , Alabama , Major J.P. Houston noted that whites who killed twelve African Americans in his district never came to trial . Many more killings never became official cases . Captain Poillon described white patrols in southwestern Alabama who board some of the boats ; after the boats leave they hang , shoot , or drown the victims they may find on them , and all those found on the roads or coming down the rivers are almost invariably murdered . The bewildered and terrified freedmen know not what to do -- to leave is death ; to remain is to suffer the increased burden imposed upon them by the cruel taskmaster , whose only interest is their labor , wrung from them by every device an inhuman ingenuity can devise ; hence the lash and murder is resorted to intimidate those whom fear of an awful death alone cause to remain , while patrols , Negro dogs and spies , disguised as Yankees , keep constant guard over these unfortunate people . Much of the violence that was perpetrated against African Americans was shaped by gendered prejudices regarding African Americans . Black women were in a particularly vulnerable situation . To convict a white man of sexually assaulting black women in this period was exceedingly difficult . The South 's judicial system had been wholly refigured to make one of its primary purposes the coercion of African Americans to comply with the social customs and labor demands of whites . Trials were discouraged and attorneys for black misdemeanor defendants were difficult to find . The goal of county courts was a fast , uncomplicated trial with a resulting conviction . Most blacks were unable to pay their fines or bail , and `` the most common penalty was nine months to a year in a slave mine or lumber camp . '' The South 's judicial system was rigged to generate fees and claim bounties , not to ensure public protection . Black women were socially constructed as sexually avaricious and since they were portrayed as having little virtue , society held that they could not be raped . One report indicates two freedwomen , Frances Thompson and Lucy Smith , describe their violent sexual assault during the Memphis Riots of 1866 . However , black women were vulnerable even in times of relative normalcy . Sexual assaults on African - American women were so pervasive , particularly on the part of their white employers , that black men sought to reduce the contact between white males and black females by having the women in their family avoid doing work that was closely overseen by whites . Black men were construed as being extremely sexually aggressive and their supposed or rumored threats to white women were often used as a pretext for lynching and castrations . Moderate responses ( edit ) During fall 1865 , out of response to the Black codes and worrisome signs of Southern recalcitrance , the Radical Republicans blocked the readmission of the former rebellious states to the Congress . Johnson , however , was content with allowing former Confederate states into the Union as long as their state governments adopted the 13th Amendment abolishing slavery . By December 6 , 1865 , the amendment was ratified and Johnson considered Reconstruction over . Johnson was following the moderate Lincoln Presidential Reconstruction policy to get the states readmitted as soon as possible . Congress , however , controlled by the Radicals , had other plans . The Radicals were led by Charles Sumner in the Senate and Thaddeus Stevens in the House of Representatives . Congress , on December 4 , 1865 , rejected Johnson 's moderate Presidential Reconstruction , and organized the Joint Committee on Reconstruction , a 15 - member panel to devise reconstruction requirements for the Southern states to be restored to the Union . In January 1866 , Congress renewed the Freedmen 's Bureau ; however , Johnson vetoed the Freedmen 's Bureau Bill in February 1866 . Although Johnson had sympathies for the plights of the freedmen , he was against federal assistance . An attempt to override the veto failed on February 20 , 1866 . This veto shocked the Congressional Radicals . In response , both the Senate and House passed a joint resolution not to allow any Senator or Representative seat admittance until Congress decided when Reconstruction was finished . Senator Lyman Trumbull of Illinois , leader of the moderate Republicans , took affront at the black codes . He proposed the first Civil Rights Law , because the abolition of slavery was empty if laws are to be enacted and enforced depriving persons of African descent of privileges which are essential to freemen ... A law that does not allow a colored person to go from one county to another , and one that does not allow him to hold property , to teach , to preach , are certainly laws in violation of the rights of a freeman ... The purpose of this bill is to destroy all these discriminations . The key to the bill was the opening section : All persons born in the United States ... are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States ; and such citizens of every race and color , without regard to any previous condition of slavery ... shall have the same right in every State ... to make and enforce contracts , to sue , be parties , and give evidence , to inherit , purchase , lease , sell , hold , and convey real and personal property , and to full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property , as is enjoyed by white citizens , and shall be subject to like punishment , pains , and penalties and to none other , any law , statute , ordinance , regulation , or custom to the Contrary notwithstanding . The bill did not give Freedmen the right to vote . Congress quickly passed the Civil Rights bill ; the Senate on February 2 voted 33 -- 12 ; the House on March 13 voted 111 -- 38 . Johnson 's vetoes ( edit ) The debate over reconstruction and the Freedmen 's Bureau was nationwide . This 1866 Pennsylvania election poster alleged that the Bureau kept the Negro in idleness at the expense of the hard working white taxpayer . A racist caricature of an African American is depicted . Although strongly urged by moderates in Congress to sign the Civil Rights bill , Johnson broke decisively with them by vetoing it on March 27 , 1866 . His veto message objected to the measure because it conferred citizenship on the freedmen at a time when eleven out of thirty - six states were unrepresented and attempted to fix by Federal law `` a perfect equality of the white and black races in every State of the Union . '' Johnson said it was an invasion by Federal authority of the rights of the States ; it had no warrant in the Constitution and was contrary to all precedents . It was a `` stride toward centralization and the concentration of all legislative power in the national government . '' The Democratic Party , proclaiming itself the party of white men , north and south , supported Johnson . However the Republicans in Congress overrode his veto ( the Senate by the close vote of 33 : 15 , the House by 122 : 41 ) and the Civil Rights bill became law . Congress also passed a toned - down Freedmen 's Bureau Bill ; Johnson quickly vetoed as he had done to the previous bill . Once again , however , Congress had enough support and overrode Johnson 's veto . The last moderate proposal was the Fourteenth Amendment , whose principal drafter was Representative John Bingham . It was designed to put the key provisions of the Civil Rights Act into the Constitution , but it went much further . It extended citizenship to everyone born in the United States ( except visitors and Indians on reservations ) , penalized states that did not give the vote to freedmen , and most importantly , created new federal civil rights that could be protected by federal courts . It guaranteed the Federal war debt would be paid ( and promised the Confederate debt would never be paid ) . Johnson used his influence to block the amendment in the states since three - fourths of the states were required for ratification ( the amendment was later ratified . ) . The moderate effort to compromise with Johnson had failed , and a political fight broke out between the Republicans ( both Radical and moderate ) on one side , and on the other side , Johnson and his allies in the Democratic Party in the North , and the conservative groupings ( which used different names ) in each southern state . Radical Reconstruction ( edit ) 1868 Republican cartoon identifies Democratic candidates Seymour and Blair ( right ) with KKK violence and with Confederate soldiers ( left ) . Concerned that President Johnson viewed Congress as an `` illegal body '' and wanted to overthrow the government , Republicans in Congress took control of Reconstruction policies after the election of 1866 . Johnson ignored the policy mandate , and he openly encouraged southern states to deny ratification of the 14th Amendment ( except for Tennessee , all former Confederate states did refuse to ratify , as did the border states of Delaware , Maryland and Kentucky ) . Radical Republicans in Congress , led by Stevens and Sumner , opened the way to suffrage for male freedmen . They were generally in control , although they had to compromise with the moderate Republicans ( the Democrats in Congress had almost no power ) . Historians refer to this period as `` Radical Reconstruction '' or `` Congressional Reconstruction . '' The South 's white leaders , who held power in the immediate postwar era before the vote was granted to the freedmen , renounced secession and slavery , but not white supremacy . People who had previously held power were angered in 1867 when new elections were held . New Republican lawmakers were elected by a coalition of white Unionists , freedmen and northerners who had settled in the South . Some leaders in the South tried to accommodate to new conditions . Constitutional amendments ( edit ) Three Constitutional amendments , known as the Reconstruction Amendments , were adopted . The 13th Amendment abolishing slavery was ratified in 1865 . The 14th Amendment was proposed in 1866 and ratified in 1868 , guaranteeing United States citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and granting them federal civil rights . The 15th Amendment , proposed in late February 1869 and passed in early February 1870 , decreed that the right to vote could not be denied because of `` race , color , or previous condition of servitude '' . The amendment did not declare the vote an unconditional right ; it prohibited these types of discrimination . States would still determine voter registration and electoral laws . The amendments were directed at ending slavery and providing full citizenship to freedmen . Northern Congressmen believed that providing black men with the right to vote would be the most rapid means of political education and training . Many blacks took an active part in voting and political life , and rapidly continued to build churches and community organizations . Following Reconstruction , white Democrats and insurgent groups used force to regain power in the state legislatures , and pass laws that effectively disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites in the South . From 1890 to 1910 , southern states passed new constitutions that completed disfranchisement of blacks . U.S. Supreme Court rulings on these provisions upheld many of these new southern constitutions and laws , and most blacks were prevented from voting in the South until the 1960s . Full federal enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments did not occur until after passage of legislation in the mid-1960s as a result of the Civil Rights Movement . For details , see : Redemption ( United States history ) Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era ( United States ) Jim Crow laws United States v. Cruikshank ( 1875 ) , related to the Colfax Massacre Posse Comitatus Act ( 1878 ) Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1896 -- 1954 ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Williams v. Mississippi ( 1898 ) Giles v. Harris ( 1903 ) Statutes ( edit ) The Reconstruction Acts as originally passed , were initially called `` An act to provide for the more efficient Government of the Rebel States '' the legislation was enacted by the 39th Congress , on March 2 , 1867 . It was vetoed by President Johnson , and the veto overridden by two - thirds majority , in both the House and the Senate , the same day . Congress also clarified the scope of the federal writ of habeas corpus to allow federal courts to vacate unlawful state court convictions or sentences in 1867 ( 28 U.S.C. § 2254 ) . Military Reconstruction ( edit ) Map of the five Reconstruction military districts With the Radicals in control , Congress passed the Reconstruction Acts on July 19 , 1867 . The first Reconstruction Act , authored by Oregon Sen. George H. Williams , a Radical Republican , placed ten Confederate states under military control , grouping them into five military districts : First Military District : Virginia , under General John Schofield Second Military District : North Carolina and South Carolina , under General Daniel Sickles Third Military District : Georgia , Alabama and Florida , under Generals John Pope and George Meade Fourth Military District : Arkansas and Mississippi , under General Edward Ord Fifth Military District : Texas and Louisiana , under Generals Philip Sheridan and Winfield Scott Hancock 20,000 U.S. troops were deployed to enforce the Act . The four border states that had not joined the Confederacy were not subject to military Reconstruction . West Virginia , which had seceded from Virginia in 1863 , and Tennessee , which had already been re-admitted in 1866 , were not included in the military districts . The ten Southern state governments were re-constituted under the direct control of the United States Army . One major purpose was to recognize and protect the right of African Americans to vote . There was little or no combat , but rather a state of martial law in which the military closely supervised local government , supervised elections , and tried to protect office holders and freedmen from violence . Blacks were enrolled as voters ; former Confederate leaders were excluded for a limited period . No one state was entirely representative . Randolph Campbell describes what happened in Texas : The first critical step ... was the registration of voters according to guidelines established by Congress and interpreted by Generals Sheridan and Charles Griffin . The Reconstruction Acts called for registering all adult males , white and black , except those who had ever sworn an oath to uphold the Constitution of the United States and then engaged in rebellion ... Sheridan interpreted these restrictions stringently , barring from registration not only all pre-1861 officials of state and local governments who had supported the Confederacy but also all city officeholders and even minor functionaries such as sextons of cemeteries . In May Griffin ... appointed a three - man board of registrars for each county , making his choices on the advice of known scalawags and local Freedmen 's Bureau agents . In every county where practicable a freedman served as one of the three registrars ... Final registration amounted to approximately 59,633 whites and 49,479 blacks . It is impossible to say how many whites were rejected or refused to register ( estimates vary from 7,500 to 12,000 ) , but blacks , who constituted only about 30 percent of the state 's population , were significantly overrepresented at 45 percent of all voters . State constitutional conventions : 1867 -- 69 ( edit ) The eleven Southern states held constitutional conventions giving black men the right to vote. , where the factions divided into the Radical Conservative , and in - between delegates . The Radicals were a coalition : 40 % were Southern white Republicans ( `` scalawags '' ) ; 25 % were white Carpetbaggers , and 34 % were black . Scalawags wanted to disfranchise all of the traditional white leadership class , but moderate Republican leaders in the North warned against that , and black delegates typically called for universal voting rights . The carpetbaggers inserted provisions designed to promote economic growth , especially financial aid to rebuild the ruined railroad system . The conventions set up systems of free public schools funded by tax money , but did not require them to be racially integrated . Until 1872 , most former Confederate or prewar Southern office holders were disqualified from voting or holding office ; all but 500 top Confederate leaders were pardoned by the Amnesty Act of 1872 . `` Proscription '' was the policy of disqualifying as many ex-Confederates as possible . It appealed to the Scalawag element . For example , in 1865 Tennessee had disfranchised 80,000 ex-Confederates . However , prescription was soundly rejected by the black element , which insisted on universal suffrage . The issue would come up repeatedly in several states , especially in Texas and Virginia . In Virginia , an effort was made to disqualify for public office every man who had served in the Confederate Army even as a private , and any civilian farmer who sold food to the Confederate army . Disfranchising Southern whites was also opposed by moderate Republicans in the North , who felt that ending proscription would bring the South closer to a republican form of government based on the consent of the governed , as called for by the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence . Strong measures that were called for in order to forestall a return to the defunct Confederacy increasingly seemed out of place , and the role of the United States Army and controlling politics in the state was troublesome . Increasingly , historian Mark Summers states , `` the disfranchisers had to fall back on the contention that denial of the vote was meant as punishment , and a lifelong punishment at that ... Month by month , the unrepublican character of the regime looked more glaring . '' Politics ( edit ) Grant : the Radical President ( edit ) Main article : Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant , 18th President of the United States 1869 -- 1877 ( Photograph taken by Mathew Brady ) During the Civil War , many in the North believed that fighting for the Union was a noble cause -- for the preservation of the Union and the end of slavery . After the war ended , with the North victorious , the fear among Radicals was that President Johnson too quickly assumed that slavery and Confederate nationalism were dead and that the southern states could return . The Radicals sought out a candidate for President who represented their viewpoint . In 1868 , the Republicans unanimously chose Ulysses S. Grant to be the Republican Presidential candidate . Grant won favor with the Radicals after he allowed Edwin Stanton , a Radical , to be reinstated as Secretary of War . As early as 1862 , during the Civil War , Grant had appointed the Ohio military chaplain John Eaton to protect and gradually incorporate refugee slaves in west Tennessee and northern Mississippi into the Union War effort , and pay them for their labor . It was the beginning of his vision for the Freedmen 's Bureau . Grant opposed President Johnson by supporting the Reconstruction Acts passed by the Radicals . A cartoon threatening that the KKK will lynch scalawags ( left ) and carpetbaggers ( right ) on March 4 , 1869 , the day Horatio Seymour , a Democrat , will supposedly become President . Tuscaloosa , Alabama , Independent Monitor , September 1 , 1868 . A full - scale scholarly history analyzes the cartoonː Guy W. Hubbs , Searching for Freedom after the Civil War : Klansman , Carpetbagger , Scalawag , and Freedman ̈ ( 2015 ) excerpt . Immediately upon Inauguration in 1869 , Grant bolstered Reconstruction by prodding Congress to readmit Virginia , Mississippi , and Texas into the Union , while ensuring their constitutions protected every citizen 's voting rights . Grant met with prominent black leaders for consultation , and signed a bill into law that guaranteed equal rights to both blacks and whites in Washington D.C. In Grant 's two terms he strengthened Washington 's legal capabilities to directly intervene to protect citizenship rights even if the states ignored the problem . He worked with Congress to create the Department of Justice and Office of Solicitor General , led by Attorney General Amos Akerman and the first Solicitor General Benjamin Bristow . Congress passed three powerful Enforcement Acts in 1870 -- 71 . These were criminal codes which protected the Freedmen 's right to vote , to hold office , to serve on juries , and receive equal protection of laws . Most important , they authorized the federal government to intervene when states did not act . Grant 's new Justice Department prosecuted thousands of Klansmen under the tough new laws . Grant sent federal troops to nine South Carolina counties to suppress Klan violence in 1871 . Grant supported passage of the Fifteenth Amendment stating that no state could deny a man the right to vote on the basis of race . Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1875 giving people access to public facilities regardless of race . To counter vote fraud in the Democratic stronghold of New York City , Grant sent in tens of thousands of armed , uniformed federal marshals and other election officials to regulate the 1870 and subsequent elections . Democrats across the North then mobilized to defend their base and attacked Grant 's entire set of policies . On October 21 , 1876 President Grant deployed troops to protect black and white Republican voters in Petersburg , Virginia . Grant 's support from Congress and the nation declined due to scandals within his administration and the political resurgence of the Democrats in the North and South . By 1870 , most Republicans felt the war goals had been achieved , and they turned their attention to other issues such as economic policies . Congressional investigation ( 1871 -- 1872 ) ( edit ) On April 20 , 1871 , the U.S. Congress launched a 21 - member investigation committee on the status of the Southern Reconstruction states : North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , Mississippi , Alabama , and Florida . Congressional members on the committee included Rep. Benjamin Butler , Sen. Zachariah Chandler , and Sen. Francis P. Blair . Subcommittee members traveled into the South to interview the people living in their respective states . Those interviewed included top - ranking officials , such as Wade Hampton , former South Carolina Gov. James L. Orr , and Nathan B. Forrest , a former Confederate general and ( alleged ) prominent Ku Klux Klan leader ( Forrest denied in his Congressional testimony being a member ) . Other southerners interviewed included farmers , doctors , merchants , teachers , and clergymen . The committee heard numerous reports of white violence against blacks , while many whites denied Klan membership or knowledge of violent activities . The majority report by Republicans concluded that the government would not tolerate any Southern `` conspiracy '' to resist violently the Congressional Reconstruction . The committee completed its 13 - volume report in February 1872 . While Grant had been able to suppress the KKK through the Enforcement Acts , other paramilitary insurgents organized , including the White League in 1874 , active in Louisiana ; and the Red Shirts , with chapters active in Mississippi and the Carolinas . They used intimidation and outright attacks to run Republicans out of office and repress voting by blacks , leading to white Democrats regaining power by the elections of the mid-to - late 1870s . African - American officeholders ( edit ) Republicans took control of all Southern state governorships and state legislatures , except for Virginia . The Republican coalition elected numerous African Americans to local , state , and national offices ; though they did not dominate any electoral offices , black men as representatives voting in state and federal legislatures marked a drastic social change . At the beginning of 1867 , no African American in the South held political office , but within three or four years `` about 15 percent of the officeholders in the South were black -- a larger proportion than in 1990 . '' In 1860 blacks were the majority of the population in Mississippi and South Carolina , 47 % in Louisiana , 45 % in Alabama , and 44 % in Georgia and Florida , so their political influence was still far less than their percentage of the population . About 137 black officeholders had lived outside the South before the Civil War . Some who had escaped from slavery to the North and had become educated returned to help the South advance in the postwar era . Others were free blacks before the war , who had achieved education and positions of leadership elsewhere . Other African - American men who served were already leaders in their communities , including a number of preachers . As happened in white communities , not all leadership depended upon wealth and literacy . Race of delegates to 1867 state constitutional conventions State White Black % White Statewide white population ( % in 1870 ) Virginia 80 25 76 58 North Carolina 107 13 89 63 South Carolina 48 76 39 41 Georgia 133 33 80 54 Florida 28 18 61 51 Alabama 92 16 85 52 Mississippi 68 17 80 46 Louisiana 25 44 36 50 Texas 81 9 90 69 There were few African Americans elected or appointed to national office . African Americans voted for both white and black candidates . The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guaranteed only that voting could not be restricted on the basis of race , color or previous condition of servitude . From 1868 on , campaigns and elections were surrounded by violence as white insurgents and paramilitary tried to suppress the black vote , and fraud was rampant . Many Congressional elections in the South were contested . Even states with majority African - American population often elected only one or two African - American representatives to Congress . Exceptions included South Carolina ; at the end of Reconstruction , four of its five Congressmen were African American . African Americans in Office 1870 -- 1876 State State Legislators U.S. Senators U.S. Congressmen Alabama 69 0 Arkansas 8 0 0 Florida 30 0 Georgia 41 0 Louisiana 87 0 1 * Mississippi 112 North Carolina 30 0 South Carolina 190 0 6 Tennessee 0 0 Texas 19 0 0 Virginia 46 0 0 Total 633 15 Social and economic factors ( edit ) Organized religion ( edit ) Eastman Johnson 's 1863 painting of Bible reading The Lord is My Shepherd Freedmen were very active in forming their own churches , mostly Baptist or Methodist , and giving their ministers both moral and political leadership roles . In a process of self - segregation , practically all blacks left white churches so that few racially integrated congregations remained ( apart from some Catholic churches in Louisiana ) . Four main groups competed with each other across the South to form new Methodist churches composed of freedmen . They were the African Methodist Episcopal Church ; the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church ; the Colored Methodist Episcopal Church ( which was sponsored by the white Methodist Episcopal Church , South ) and the well - funded Methodist Episcopal Church ( Northern white Methodists ) . By 1871 the Northern Methodists had 88,000 black members in the South , and had opened numerous schools for them . Blacks in the South were a core element of the Republican Party and their ministers had powerful political roles that were distinctive since they did not depend on white support , in contrast to teachers , politicians , businessmen , and tenant farmers . Acting on the principle as stated by Charles H. Pearce , an AME minister in Florida : `` A man in this State can not do his whole duty as a minister except he looks out for the political interests of his people , '' over 100 black ministers were elected to state legislatures during Reconstruction , as well as several to Congress and one , Hiram Revels , to the U.S. Senate . In a highly controversial move , the Northern Methodists used the Army to seize control of Methodist churches in large cities , over the vehement protests of the Southern Methodists . Historian Ralph Morrow reports : A War Department order of November , 1863 , applicable to the Southwestern states of the Confederacy , authorized the Northern Methodists to occupy `` all houses of worship belonging to the Methodist Episcopal Church South in which a loyal minister , appointed by a loyal bishop of said church , does not officiate . '' Across the North most evangelical denominations , especially the Methodists , Congregationalists and Presbyterians , as well as the Quakers , were strong supporters of Radical policies . The focus on social problems paved the way for the Social Gospel movement . Matthew Simpson , a Methodist Bishop , played a leading role in mobilizing the Northern Methodists for the cause . His biographer calls him the `` High Priest of the Radical Republicans . '' The Methodist Ministers Association of Boston , meeting two weeks after Lincoln 's assassination , called for a hard line against the Confederate leadership : Resolved , That no terms should be made with traitors , no compromise with rebels ... That we hold the National authority bound by the most solemn obligation to God and man to bring all the civil and military leaders of the rebellion to trial by due course of law , and when they are clearly convicted , to execute them . The denominations all sent missionaries , teachers and activists to the South to help the Freedmen . Only the Methodists made many converts , however . Activists sponsored by Northern Methodist Church played a major role in the Freedmen 's Bureau , notably in such key educational roles as the Bureau 's state superintendent or assistant superintendent of education for Virginia , Florida , Alabama and South Carolina . Many Americans interpreted great events in religious terms . Historian Wilson Fallin contrasts the interpretation of Civil War and Reconstruction in white versus black Baptist sermons in Alabama . White Baptists expressed the view that : God had chastised them and given them a special mission -- to maintain orthodoxy , strict biblicism , personal piety , and traditional race relations . Slavery , they insisted , had not been sinful . Rather , emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God 's favor . In sharp contrast , Black Baptists interpreted the Civil War , emancipation and Reconstruction as : God 's gift of freedom . They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence , to worship in their own way , to affirm their worth and dignity , and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man . Most of all , they could form their own churches , associations , and conventions . These institutions offered self - help and racial uplift , and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed . As a result , black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help him ; God would be their rock in a stormy land . Public schools ( edit ) Historian James D. Anderson argues that the freed slaves were the first Southerners `` to campaign for universal , state - supported public education . '' Blacks in the Republican coalition played a critical role in establishing the principle in state constitutions for the first time during congressional Reconstruction . Some slaves had learned to read from white playmates or colleagues before formal education was allowed by law ; African Americans started `` native schools '' before the end of the war ; Sabbath schools were another widespread means that freedmen developed to teach literacy . When they gained suffrage , black politicians took this commitment to public education to state constitutional conventions . The Republicans created a system of public schools , which were segregated by race everywhere except New Orleans . Generally , elementary and a few secondary schools were built in most cities , and occasionally in the countryside , but the South had few cities . The rural areas faced many difficulties opening and maintaining public schools . In the country , the public school was often a one - room affair that attracted about half the younger children . The teachers were poorly paid , and their pay was often in arrears . Conservatives contended the rural schools were too expensive and unnecessary for a region where the vast majority of people were cotton or tobacco farmers . They had no vision of a better future for their residents . One historian found that the schools were less effective than they might have been because `` poverty , the inability of the states to collect taxes , and inefficiency and corruption in many places prevented successful operation of the schools . '' After Reconstruction ended and the whites disfranchised the blacks and imposed Jim Crow , they consistently underfunded black institutions , including the schools . After the war , northern missionaries founded numerous private academies and colleges across the South for freedmen . In addition , every state founded state colleges for freedmen , such as Alcorn State University in Mississippi . The normal schools and state colleges produced generations of teachers who were integral to the education of African - American children under the segregated system . By the end of the century , the majority of African Americans were literate . In the late 19th century , the federal government established land grant legislation to provide funding for higher education across the United States . Learning that blacks were excluded from land grant colleges in the South , in 1890 , the federal government insisted that southern states establish black state institutions as land grant colleges to provide for black higher education , in order to continue to receive funds for their already established white schools . Some states classified their black state colleges as land grant institutions . Former Congressman John Roy Lynch wrote , `` there are very many liberal , fair - minded and influential Democrats in the State ( Mississippi ) who are strongly in favor of having the State provide for the liberal education of both races . '' Railroad subsidies and payoffs ( edit ) Atlanta 's rail yard and roundhouse in ruins shortly after the end of the Civil War Every Southern state subsidized railroads , which modernizers felt could haul the South out of isolation and poverty . Millions of dollars in bonds and subsidies were fraudulently pocketed . One ring in North Carolina spent $200,000 in bribing the legislature and obtained millions in state money for its railroads . Instead of building new track , however , it used the funds to speculate in bonds , reward friends with extravagant fees , and enjoy lavish trips to Europe . Taxes were quadrupled across the South to pay off the railroad bonds and the school costs . There were complaints among taxpayers , because taxes had historically been low , since there was so little commitment to public works or public education . Taxes historically had been much lower than in the North , reflecting a lack of government investment by the communities . Nevertheless , thousands of miles of lines were built as the Southern system expanded from 11,000 miles ( 17,700 km ) in 1870 to 29,000 miles ( 46,700 km ) in 1890 . The lines were owned and directed overwhelmingly by Northerners . Railroads helped create a mechanically skilled group of craftsmen and broke the isolation of much of the region . Passengers were few , however , and apart from hauling the cotton crop when it was harvested , there was little freight traffic . As Franklin explains , `` numerous railroads fed at the public trough by bribing legislators ... and through the use and misuse of state funds . '' The effect , according to one businessman , `` was to drive capital from the State , paralyze industry , and demoralize labor . '' Taxation during Reconstruction ( edit ) Reconstruction changed the means of taxation in the South . In the U.S. from the earliest days until today , a major source of state revenue was the property tax . In the South , wealthy landowners were allowed to self - assess the value of their own land . These fraudulent assessments were almost valueless , and pre-war property tax collections were lacking due to property value misrepresentation . State revenues came from fees and from sales taxes on slave auctions . Some states assessed property owners by a combination of land value and a capitation tax , a tax on each worker employed . This tax was often assessed in a way to discourage a free labor market , where a slave was assessed at 75 cents , while a free white was assessed at a dollar or more , and a free African American at $3 or more . Some revenue also came from poll taxes . These taxes were more than poor people could pay , with the designed and inevitable consequence that they did not vote . During Reconstruction , the state legislature mobilized to provide for public need more than had previous governments : establishing public schools and investing in infrastructure , as well as charitable institutions such as hospitals and asylums . The needed to increase taxes which were abnormally low . The planters had provided privately for their own needs . There was some fraudulent spending in the postwar years ; a collapse in state credit because of huge deficits , forced the states to increase property tax rates . In places , the rate went up to ten times higher -- despite the poverty of the region . The planters had not invested in infrastructure and much had been destroyed during the war . In part , the new tax system was designed to force owners of large plantations with huge tracts of uncultivated land either to sell or to have it confiscated for failure to pay taxes . The taxes would serve as a market - based system for redistributing the land to the landless freedmen and white poor . Mississippi , for instance , was mostly frontier , with 90 % of the bottomlands in the interior undeveloped . The following table shows property tax rates for South Carolina and Mississippi . Note that many local town and county assessments effectively doubled the tax rates reported in the table . These taxes were still levied upon the landowners ' own sworn testimony as to the value of their land , which remained the dubious and exploitable system used by wealthy landholders in the South well into the 20th century . State Property Tax Rates during Reconstruction Year South Carolina Mississippi 1869 5 mills ( 0.5 % ) 1 mill ( 0.1 % ) ( lowest rate between 1822 and 1898 ) 1870 9 mills 5 mills 1871 7 mills 4 mills 1872 12 mills 8.5 mills 1873 12 mills 12.5 mills 1874 10.3 -- 8 mills 14 mills ( 1.4 % ) `` a rate which virtually amounted to confiscation '' ( highest rate between 1822 and 1898 ) 1875 11 mills 1876 7 mills Source J.S. Reynolds , Reconstruction in South Carolina , 1865 -- 1877 ( Columbia , SC : The State Co. , 1905 ) , p. 329 . J.H. Hollander , Studies in State Taxation with Particular Reference to the Southern States ( Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press , 1900 ) , p. 192 . Called upon to pay taxes on their property , essentially for the first time , angry plantation owners revolted . The conservatives shifted their focus away from race to taxes . Former Congressman John R. Lynch , a black Republican leader from Mississippi , later wrote , `` The argument made by the taxpayers , however , was plausible and it may be conceded that , upon the whole , they were about right ; for no doubt it would have been much easier upon the taxpayers to have increased at that time the interest - bearing debt of the State than to have increased the tax rate . The latter course , however , had been adopted and could not then be changed unless of course they wanted to change them . '' Ending Reconstruction ( edit ) Southern Democrats ( edit ) Winslow Homer 's 1876 painting A Visit from the Old Mistress While the `` Scalawag '' element of Republican whites supported measures for black civil rights , the conservative whites typically opposed these measures . Some supported armed attacks to suppress black power . They self - consciously defended their own actions within the framework of an Anglo - American discourse of resistance against tyrannical government , and they broadly succeeded in convincing many fellow white citizens says Steedman . The opponents of Reconstruction formed state political parties , affiliated with the national Democratic party and often named the `` Conservative party . '' They supported or tolerated violent paramilitary groups , such as the White League in Louisiana and the Red Shirts in Mississippi and the Carolinas , that assassinated and intimidated both black and white Republican leaders at election time . Historian George C. Rable called such groups the `` military arm of the Democratic Party . '' By the mid-1870s , the Conservatives and Democrats had aligned with the national Democratic Party , which enthusiastically supported their cause even as the national Republican Party was losing interest in Southern affairs . Historian Walter Lynwood Fleming , associated with the Dunning School , describes mounting anger of Southern whites : The Negro troops , even at their best , were everywhere considered offensive by the native whites ... The Negro soldier , impudent by reason of his new freedom , his new uniform , and his new gun , was more than Southern temper could tranquilly bear , and race conflicts were frequent . Often , these white Southerners identified as the `` Conservative Party '' or the `` Democratic and Conservative Party '' in order to distinguish themselves from the national Democratic Party and to obtain support from former Whigs . These parties sent delegates to the 1868 Democratic National Convention and abandoned their separate names by 1873 or 1874 . Most ( white ) members of both the planter / business class and common farmer class of the South opposed black power , carpetbaggers and military rule , and sought white supremacy . Democrats nominated blacks for political office and tried to steal other blacks from the Republican side . When these attempts to combine with the blacks failed , the planters joined the common farmers in simply trying to displace the Republican governments . The planters and their business allies dominated the self - styled `` conservative '' coalition that finally took control in the South . They were paternalistic toward the blacks but feared they would use power to raise taxes and slow business development . Fleming described the first results of the insurgent movement as `` good , '' and the later ones as `` both good and bad . '' According to Fleming ( 1907 ) , the KKK `` quieted the Negroes , made life and property safer , gave protection to women , stopped burnings , forced the Radical leaders to be more moderate , made the Negroes work better , drove the worst of the Radical leaders from the country and started the whites on the way to gain political supremacy . '' The evil result , Fleming said , was that lawless elements `` made use of the organization as a cloak to cover their misdeeds ... the lynching habits of today ( 1907 ) are largely due to conditions , social and legal , growing out of Reconstruction . '' Historians have noted that the peak of lynchings took place years after Reconstruction ended as whites were imposing Jim Crow laws and that they were more often used to keep black men down , with a rate associated with settlement of sharecropper accounts at the end of the season , than for any other reason . Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer ( a northern scholar ) in 1917 explained : Outrages upon the former slaves in the South there were in plenty . Their sufferings were many . But white men , too , were victims of lawless violence , and in all portions of the North and the late `` rebel '' states . Not a political campaign passed without the exchange of bullets , the breaking of skulls with sticks and stones , the firing of rival club - houses . Republican clubs marched the streets of Philadelphia , amid revolver shots and brickbats , to save the negroes from the `` rebel '' savages in Alabama ... The project to make voters out of black men was not so much for their social elevation as for the further punishment of the Southern white people -- for the capture of offices for Radical scamps and the entrenchment of the Radical party in power for a long time to come in the South and in the country at large . As Reconstruction continued , whites accompanied elections with increased violence in an attempt to run Republicans out of office and suppress black voting . The victims of this violence were overwhelmingly African American , as in the Colfax Massacre of 1873 . After federal suppression of the Klan in the early 1870s , white insurgent groups tried to avoid open conflict with federal forces . In 1874 in the Battle of Liberty Place , the White League entered New Orleans with 5,000 members and defeated the police and militia , to occupy federal offices for three days in an attempt to overturn the disputed government of William Kellogg , but retreated before federal troops reached the city . None were prosecuted . Their election - time tactics included violent intimidation of African - American and Republican voters prior to elections while avoiding conflict with the U.S. Army or the state militias and then withdrawing completely on election day . Conservative reaction continued in both the north and south ; the `` white liners '' movement to elect candidates dedicated to white supremacy reached as far as Ohio in 1875 . Redemption 1873 -- 77 ( edit ) Main article : Redeemers Republicans split nationally : election of 1872 ( edit ) As early as 1868 Supreme Court Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase , a leading Radical during the war , concluded that : Congress was right in not limiting , by its reconstruction acts , the right of suffrage to whites ; but wrong in the exclusion from suffrage of certain classes of citizens and all unable to take its prescribed retrospective oath , and wrong also in the establishment of despotic military governments for the States and in authorizing military commissions for the trial of civilians in time of peace . There should have been as little military government as possible ; no military commissions ; no classes excluded from suffrage ; and no oath except one of faithful obedience and support to the Constitution and laws , and of sincere attachment to the constitutional Government of the United States . By 1872 , President Ulysses S. Grant had alienated large numbers of leading Republicans , including many Radicals , by the corruption of his administration and his use of federal soldiers to prop up Radical state regimes in the South . The opponents , called `` Liberal Republicans '' , included founders of the party who expressed dismay that the party had succumbed to corruption . They were further wearied by the continued insurgent violence of whites against blacks in the South , especially around every election cycle , which demonstrated the war was not over and changes were fragile . Leaders included editors of some of the nation 's most powerful newspapers . Charles Sumner , embittered by the corruption of the Grant administration , joined the new party , which nominated editor Horace Greeley . The badly organized Democratic party also supported Greeley . Grant made up for the defections by new gains among Union veterans and by strong support from the `` Stalwart '' faction of his party ( which depended on his patronage ) , and the Southern Republican parties . Grant won with 55.6 % of the vote to Greeley 's 43.8 % . The Liberal Republican party vanished and many former supporters -- even former abolitionists -- abandoned the cause of Reconstruction . Republican coalition splinters in South ( edit ) In the South , political -- racial tensions built up inside the Republican party as they were attacked by the Democrats . In 1868 , Georgia Democrats , with support from some Republicans , expelled all 28 black Republican members from the state house , arguing blacks were eligible to vote but not to hold office . In most states , the more conservative scalawags fought for control with the more radical carpetbaggers and their black allies . Most of the 430 Republican newspapers in the South were edited by scalawags -- only 20 percent were edited by carpetbaggers . White businessmen generally boycotted Republican papers , which survived through government patronage . Nevertheless , in the increasingly bitter battles inside the Republican Party , the scalawags usually lost ; many of the disgruntled losers switched over to the conservative or Democratic side . In Mississippi , the conservative faction led by scalawag James Lusk Alcorn was decisively defeated by the radical faction led by carpetbagger Adelbert Ames . The party lost support steadily as many scalawags left it ; few recruits were acquired . The most bitter contest took place inside the Republican Party in Arkansas , where the two sides armed their forces and confronted each other in the streets ; no actual combat took place in the Brooks -- Baxter War . The carpetbagger faction led by Elisha Baxter finally prevailed when the White House intervened , but both sides were badly weakened , and the Democrats soon came to power . Meanwhile , in state after state the freedmen were demanding a bigger share of the offices and patronage , squeezing out carpetbagger allies but never commanding the numbers equivalent to their population proportion . By the mid-1870s , `` The hard realities of Southern political life had taught the lesson that black constituents needed to be represented by black officials . '' The financial depression increased the pressure on Reconstruction governments , dissolving progress . Finally , some of the more prosperous freedmen were joining the Democrats , as they were angered at the failure of the Republicans to help them acquire land . The South was `` sparsely settled '' ; only 10 % of Louisiana was cultivated , and 90 % of Mississippi bottomland were undeveloped in areas away from the riverfronts , but freedmen often did not have the stake to get started . They hoped government would help them acquire land which they would work . Only South Carolina created any land redistribution , establishing a land commission and resettling about 14,000 freedmen families and some poor whites on land purchased by the state . Although historians such as W.E.B. Du Bois celebrated a cross-racial coalition of poor whites and blacks , such coalitions rarely formed in these years . Writing in 1915 , former Congressman Lynch , recalling his experience as a black leader in Mississippi , explained that , While the colored men did not look with favor upon a political alliance with the poor whites , it must be admitted that , with very few exceptions , that class of whites did not seek , and did not seem to desire such an alliance . Lynch reported that poor whites resented the job competition from freedmen . Furthermore , the poor whites with a few exceptions , were less efficient , less capable , and knew less about matters of state and governmental administration than many of the former slaves ... As a rule , therefore , the whites that came into the leadership of the Republican party between 1872 and 1875 were representatives of the most substantial families of the land . Democrats try a `` new Departure '' ( edit ) Main article : New Departure ( Democrats ) A Republican Form of Government and No Domestic Violence by Thomas Nast A political cartoon about the ( Wheeler ) Compromise in Louisiana published in Harper 's Weekly March 6 , 1875 By 1870 , the Democratic -- Conservative leadership across the South decided it had to end its opposition to Reconstruction and black suffrage to survive and move on to new issues . The Grant administration had proven by its crackdown on the Ku Klux Klan that it would use as much federal power as necessary to suppress open anti-black violence . Democrats in the North concurred with these Southern Democrats . They wanted to fight the Republican Party on economic grounds rather than race . The New Departure offered the chance for a clean slate without having to re-fight the Civil War every election . Furthermore , many wealthy Southern landowners thought they could control part of the newly enfranchised black electorate to their own advantage . Not all Democrats agreed ; an insurgent element continued to resist Reconstruction no matter what . Eventually , a group called `` Redeemers '' took control of the party in the Southern states . They formed coalitions with conservative Republicans , including scalawags and carpetbaggers , emphasizing the need for economic modernization . Railroad building was seen as a panacea since northern capital was needed . The new tactics were a success in Virginia where William Mahone built a winning coalition . In Tennessee , the Redeemers formed a coalition with Republican governor DeWitt Senter . Across the South , some Democrats switched from the race issue to taxes and corruption , charging that Republican governments were corrupt and inefficient . With continuing decrease in cotton prices , taxes squeezed cash - poor farmers who rarely saw $20 in currency a year but had to pay taxes in currency or lose their farm . But major planters , who had never paid taxes before , often recovered their property even after confiscation . In North Carolina , Republican Governor William Woods Holden used state troops against the Klan , but the prisoners were released by federal judges . Holden became the first governor in American history to be impeached and removed from office . Republican political disputes in Georgia split the party and enabled the Redeemers to take over . In the North , a live - and - let - live attitude made elections more like a sporting contest . But in the Deep South , many white citizens had not reconciled with the defeat of the war or the granting of citizenship to freedmen . As an Alabama scalawag explained , Our contest here is for life , for the right to earn our bread ... for a decent and respectful consideration as human beings and members of society . Panic of 1873 ( edit ) Main article : Panic of 1873 The Panic of 1873 ( a depression ) hit the Southern economy hard and disillusioned many Republicans who had gambled that railroads would pull the South out of its poverty . The price of cotton fell by half ; many small landowners , local merchants and cotton factors ( wholesalers ) went bankrupt . Sharecropping for black and white farmers became more common as a way to spread the risk of owning land . The old abolitionist element in the North was aging away , or had lost interest , and was not replenished . Many carpetbaggers returned to the North or joined the Redeemers . Blacks had an increased voice in the Republican Party , but across the South it was divided by internal bickering and was rapidly losing its cohesion . Many local black leaders started emphasizing individual economic progress in cooperation with white elites , rather than racial political progress in opposition to them , a conservative attitude that foreshadowed Booker T. Washington . Nationally , President Grant was blamed for the depression ; the Republican Party lost 96 seats in all parts of the country in the 1874 elections . The Bourbon Democrats took control of the House and were confident of electing Samuel J. Tilden president in 1876 . President Grant was not running for re-election and seemed to be losing interest in the South . States fell to the Redeemers , with only four in Republican hands in 1873 , Arkansas , Louisiana , Mississippi and South Carolina ; Arkansas then fell after the violent Brooks -- Baxter War in 1874 ripped apart the Republican party there . Violence ( edit ) In the lower South , violence increased as new insurgent groups arose , including the Red Shirts in Mississippi and the Carolinas , and the White League in Louisiana . The disputed election in Louisiana in 1872 found both Republican and Democratic candidates holding inaugural balls while returns were reviewed . Both certified their own slates for local parish offices in many places , causing local tensions to rise . Finally , Federal support helped certify the Republican as governor . Slates for local offices were certified by each candidate . In rural Grant Parish in Red River Valley , freedmen fearing a Democratic attempt to take over the parish government reinforced defenses at the small Colfax courthouse in late March . White militias gathered from the area a few miles outside the settlement . Rumors and fears abounded on both sides . William Ward , an African - American Union veteran and militia captain , mustered his company in Colfax and went to the courthouse . On Easter Sunday , April 13 , 1873 , the whites attacked the defenders at the courthouse . There was confusion about who shot one of the white leaders after an offer by the defenders to surrender . It was a catalyst to mayhem . In the end , three whites died and 120 -- 150 blacks were killed , some 50 that evening while being held as prisoners . The disproportionate numbers of black to white fatalities and documentation of brutalized bodies are why contemporary historians call it the Colfax Massacre rather than the Colfax Riot , as it was known locally . This marked the beginning of heightened insurgency and attacks on Republican officeholders and freedmen in Louisiana and other Deep South states . In Louisiana , Judge T.S. Crawford and District Attorney P.H. Harris of the 12th Judicial District were shot off their horses and killed from ambush October 8 , 1873 , while going to court . One widow wrote to the Department of Justice that her husband was killed because he was a Union man and `` ... of the efforts made to screen those who committed a crime ... '' Political violence was endemic in Louisiana . In 1874 the white militias coalesced into paramilitary organizations such as the White League , first in parishes of the Red River Valley . The new organization operated openly and had political goals : the violent overthrow of Republican rule and suppression of black voting . White League chapters soon rose in many rural parishes , receiving financing for advanced weaponry from wealthy men . In the Coushatta Massacre in 1874 , the White League assassinated six white Republican officeholders and five to twenty black witnesses outside Coushatta , Red River Parish . Four of the white men were related to the Republican representative of the parish , who was married to a local woman ; three were native to the region . White Leaguers attacking the New Orleans integrated police force and state militia , Battle of Liberty Place , 1874 Later in 1874 the White League mounted a serious attempt to unseat the Republican governor of Louisiana , in a dispute that had simmered since the 1872 election . It brought 5000 troops to New Orleans to engage and overwhelm forces of the Metropolitan Police and state militia to turn Republican Governor William P. Kellogg out of office and seat John McEnery . The White League took over and held the state house and city hall , but they retreated before the arrival of reinforcing Federal troops . Kellogg had asked for reinforcements before , and Grant finally responded , sending additional troops to try to quell violence throughout plantation areas of the Red River Valley , although 2,000 troops were already in the state . Similarly , the Red Shirts , another paramilitary group , arose in 1875 in Mississippi and the Carolinas . Like the White League and White Liner rifle clubs , to which 20,000 men belonged in North Carolina alone , these groups operated as a `` military arm of the Democratic Party '' , to restore white supremacy . Democrats and many northern Republicans agreed that Confederate nationalism and slavery were dead -- the war goals were achieved -- and further federal military interference was an undemocratic violation of historic Republican values . The victory of Rutherford Hayes in the hotly contested Ohio gubernatorial election of 1875 indicated his `` let alone '' policy toward the South would become Republican policy , as happened when he won the 1876 Republican nomination for president . An explosion of violence accompanied the campaign for the Mississippi 's 1875 election , in which Red Shirts and Democratic rifle clubs , operating in the open , threatened or shot enough Republicans to decide the election for the Democrats . Hundreds of black men were killed . Republican Governor Adelbert Ames asked Grant for federal troops to fight back ; Grant initially refused , saying public opinion was `` tired out '' of the perpetual troubles in the South . Ames fled the state as the Democrats took over Mississippi . The campaigns and elections of 1876 were marked by additional murders and attacks on Republicans in Louisiana , North and South Carolina , and Florida . In South Carolina the campaign season of 1876 was marked by murderous outbreaks and fraud against freedmen . Red Shirts paraded with arms behind Democratic candidates ; they killed blacks in the Hamburg and Ellenton SC massacres ; and one historian estimated 150 blacks were killed in the weeks before the 1876 election across South Carolina . Red Shirts prevented almost all black voting in two majority - black counties . The Red Shirts were also active in North Carolina . Election of 1876 ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1876 Reconstruction continued in South Carolina , Louisiana and Florida until 1877 . The elections of 1876 were accompanied by heightened violence across the Deep South . A combination of ballot stuffing and intimidating blacks suppressed their vote even in majority black counties . The White League was active in Louisiana . After Republican Rutherford Hayes won the disputed 1876 presidential election , the national Compromise of 1877 was reached . The white Democrats in the South agreed to accept Hayes 's victory if he withdrew the last Federal troops . By this point , the North was weary of insurgency . White Democrats controlled most of the Southern legislatures and armed militias controlled small towns and rural areas . Blacks considered Reconstruction a failure because the Federal government withdrew from enforcing their ability to exercise their rights as citizens . Hayes Ends Reconstruction ( edit ) Main articles : Electoral Commission ( United States ) and Compromise of 1877 Rutherford B. Hayes 19th President of the United States 1877 -- 1881 On January 29 , 1877 President Grant signed the Electoral Commission Act which set up a 15 - member commission to settle the disputed 1876 election of 8 Republicans and 7 Democrats . The Electoral Commission awarded Rutherford B. Hayes the electoral votes he needed ; Congress certified he had won by one electoral vote . The Democrats had little leverage -- they could delay Hayes ' election but they could not put their man ( Tilden ) in the White House . However they agreed not to block Hayes ' inauguration based on a `` back room '' deal . Key to this deal was the understanding that federal troops would no longer interfere in southern politics despite substantial election - associated violence against blacks . The Southern states indicated that they would protect the lives of African Americans although this obviously turned out to be far from reliable . Hayes 's friends also let it be known that he would promote Federal aid for internal improvements , including help for a railroad in Texas ( this never happened ) and name a Southerner to his cabinet ( this did happen ) . With the end to the political role of Northern troops , the President had no method to enforce Reconstruction , thus this `` back room '' deal signaled the end of American Reconstruction . After assuming office on March 4 , 1877 , President Hayes removed troops from the capitals of the remaining Reconstruction states , Louisiana and South Carolina , allowing the Redeemers to have full control of these states . President Grant had already removed troops from Florida , before Hayes was inaugurated , and troops from the other Reconstruction states had long since been withdrawn . Hayes appointed David M. Key from Tennessee , a Southern Democrat , to the position of Postmaster General . By 1879 , thousands of African - American `` Exodusters '' packed up and headed to new opportunities in Kansas . The Democrats gained control of the Senate , and had complete control of Congress , having taken over the House in 1875 . Hayes vetoed bills from the Democrats that outlawed the Republican Enforcement Acts ; however , with the military underfunded , Hayes could not adequately enforce these laws . Blacks remained involved in Southern politics , particularly in Virginia , which was run by the biracial Readjuster Party . Numerous blacks were elected to local office through the 1880s , and in the 1890s in some states , biracial coalitions of Populists and Republicans briefly held control of state legislatures . In the last decade of the 19th century , southern states elected five black U.S. Congressmen before disfranchising constitutions were passed throughout the former Confederacy . Legacy and historiography ( edit ) The interpretation of Reconstruction has been a topic of controversy . Nearly all historians hold that Reconstruction ended in failure but for very different reasons . The first generation of Northern historians believed that the former Confederates were traitors and Johnson was their ally who threatened to undo the Union 's constitutional achievements . By the 1880s , however , Northern historians argued that Johnson and his allies were not traitors but had blundered badly in rejecting the 14th Amendment and setting the stage for Radical Reconstruction . The black leader Booker T. Washington , who grew up in West Virginia during Reconstruction , concluded later that , `` the Reconstruction experiment in racial democracy failed because it began at the wrong end , emphasizing political means and civil rights acts rather than economic means and self - determination . '' His solution was to concentrate on building the economic infrastructure of the black community , in part by his leadership and the southern Tuskegee Institute . Dunning school : 1900 to 1920s ( edit ) The Dunning School of scholars were trained at the history department of Columbia University under Professor William A. Dunning analyzed Reconstruction as a failure after 1866 for different reasons . They claimed that Congress took freedoms and rights from qualified whites and gave them to unqualified blacks who were being duped by corrupt `` carpetbaggers and scalawags . '' As T. Harry Williams ( who was a sharp critic of the Dunning school ) notes , the Dunningites portrayed the era in stark terms : Reconstruction was a battle between two extremes : the Democrats , as the group which included the vast majority of the whites , standing for decent government and racial supremacy , versus the Republicans , the Negroes , alien carpetbaggers , and renegade scalawags , standing for dishonest government and alien ideals . These historians wrote literally in terms of white and black . Revisionists and beardians , 1930s -- 1940s ( edit ) In the 1930s , historical revisionism became popular among scholars . As disciples of Charles A. Beard , revisionists focused on economics , downplaying politics and constitutional issues . The central figure was a young scholar at the University Wisconsin , Howard K. Beale , who in his PhD dissertation , finished in 1924 , developed a complex new interpretation of Reconstruction . The Dunning School portrayed Freedmen as mere pawns in the hands of the Carpetbaggers . Beale argued that the Carpetbaggers themselves were pawns in the hands of northern industrialists , who were the real villains of Reconstruction . These industrialists had taken control of the nation during the Civil War , and set up high tariffs to protect their profits , as well as a lucrative national banking system and a railroad network fueled by government subsidies and secret payoffs . The return to power of the southern whites would seriously threaten all their gains , and so the ex-Confederates had to be kept out of power . The tool used by the industrialists was the combination of the Northern Republican Party and sufficient Southern support using Carpetbaggers and black voters . The rhetoric of civil rights for blacks , and the dream of equality , was rhetoric designed to fool idealistic voters . Beale called it `` claptrap , '' arguing , `` Constitutional discussions of the rights of the negro , the status of Southern states , the legal position of ex-rebels , and the powers of Congress and the president determined nothing . They were pure sham . '' President Andrew Johnson had tried , and failed , to stop the juggernaut of the industrialists . The Dunning school had praised Johnson for upholding the rights of the white men in the South and endorsing white supremacy . Beale was not a racist , and indeed was one of the most vigorous historians working for black civil rights in the 1930s and 1940s . In his view , Johnson was not a hero for his racism , but rather for his forlorn battle against the industrialists . Charles A. Beard and Mary Beard had already published The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) three years before Beale , and had given very wide publicity to a similar theme . The Beard - Beale interpretation of Reconstruction became known as `` revisionism , '' and replaced the Dunning school for most historians , until the 1950s . The Beardian interpretation of the causes of the Civil War downplayed slavery , abolitionism , and issues of morality . It ignored constitutional issues of states rights and even ignored American nationalism as the force that finally led to victory in the war . Indeed , the ferocious combat itself was passed over as merely an ephemeral event . Much more important was the calculus of class conflict , as the Beards explained in The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) , the Civil War was really a : Social cataclysm in which the capitalists , laborers , and farmers of the North and West drove from power in the national government the planting aristocracy of the South . The Beards were especially interested in the Reconstruction era , as the industrialists of the Northeast and the farmers of the West cashed in on their great victory over the southern aristocracy . Historian Richard Hofstadter paraphrases the Beards as arguing that in victory : the Northern capitalists were able to impose their economic program , quickly passing a series of measures on tariffs , banking , homesteads , and immigration that guaranteed the success of their plans for economic development . Solicitude for the Freedman had little to do with northern policies . The Fourteenth Amendment , which gave the Negro his citizenship , Beard found significant primarily as a result of a conspiracy of a few legislative draftsman friendly to corporations to use the supposed elevation of the blacks as a cover for a fundamental law giving strong the protection to business corporations against regulation by state government . Wisconsin historian William Hesseltine added the point that the Northeastern businessmen wanted to control the Southern economy directly , which they did through ownership of the railroads . The Beard - Beale interpretation of the monolithic Northern industrialists fell apart in the 1950s when it was closely examined by numerous historians , including Robert P. Sharkey , Irwin Unger , and Stanley Coben . The younger scholars conclusively demonstrated that there was no unified economic policy on the part of the dominant Republican Party . Some wanted high tariffs and some low . Some wanted Greenbacks and others wanted gold . There was no conspiracy to use Reconstruction to impose any such unified economic policy on the nation . Northern businessmen were widely divergent on monetary or tariff policy , and seldom paid attention to Reconstruction issues . Furthermore , the rhetoric on behalf of the rights of the Freedman was not claptrap but deeply held and very serious political philosophy . Black historians ( edit ) The black scholar W.E.B. Du Bois , in his Black Reconstruction in America , 1860 -- 1880 , published in 1935 , compared results across the states to show achievements by the Reconstruction legislatures and to refute claims about wholesale African - American control of governments . He showed black contributions , as in the establishment of universal public education , charitable and social institutions and universal suffrage as important results , and he noted their collaboration with whites . He also pointed out that whites benefited most by the financial deals made , and he put excesses in the perspective of the war 's aftermath . He noted that despite complaints , several states kept their Reconstruction constitutions for nearly a quarter of a century . Despite receiving favorable reviews , his work was largely ignored by white historians of his time . Neo-abolitionists ( edit ) In the 1960s neoabolitionist historians emerged , led by John Hope Franklin , Kenneth Stampp , Leon Litwack , and Eric Foner . Influenced by the Civil Rights Movement , they rejected the Dunning school and found a great deal to praise in Radical Reconstruction . Foner , the primary advocate of this view , argued that it was never truly completed , and that a `` Second Reconstruction '' was needed in the late 20th century to complete the goal of full equality for African Americans . The neo-abolitionists followed the revisionists in minimizing the corruption and waste created by Republican state governments , saying it was no worse than Boss Tweed 's ring in New York City . Instead , they emphasized that suppression of the rights of African Americans was a worse scandal and a grave corruption of America 's republican ideals . They argued that the tragedy of Reconstruction was not that it failed because blacks were incapable of governing , especially as they did not dominate any state government , but that it failed because whites raised an insurgent movement to restore white supremacy . White elite - dominated state legislatures passed disfranchising constitutions from 1890 to 1908 that effectively barred most blacks and many poor whites from voting . This disfranchisement affected millions of people for decades into the 20th century , and closed African Americans and poor whites out of the political process in the South . Re-establishment of white supremacy meant that within a decade African Americans were excluded from virtually all local , state and federal governance in all states of the South . Lack of representation meant that they were treated as second - class citizens , with schools and services consistently underfunded in segregated societies , no representation on juries or in law enforcement , and bias in other legislation . It was not until the Civil Rights Movement and the passage in 1964 and 1965 of Federal legislation that outlawed segregation and restored the suffrage under what is sometimes referred to as the `` Second Reconstruction . '' In 1990 Eric Foner concluded that from the black point of view , `` Reconstruction must be judged a failure . '' Foner stated Reconstruction was `` a noble if flawed experiment , the first attempt to introduce a genuine inter-racial democracy in the United States '' . The many factors contributing to the failure included : lack of a permanent federal agency specifically designed for the enforcement of civil rights ; the Morrison R. Waite Supreme Court decisions that dismantled previous congressional civil rights legislation ; and the economic reestablishment of conservative white planters in the South by 1877 . Historian William McFeely explained that although the constitutional amendments and civil rights legislation on their own merit were remarkable achievements , no permanent government agency whose specific purpose was civil rights enforcement had been created . More recent work by Nina Silber , David W. Blight , Cecelia O'Leary , Laura Edwards , LeeAnn Whites and Edward J. Blum , has encouraged greater attention to race , religion and issues of gender while at the same time pushing the end of Reconstruction to the end of the 19th century , while monographs by Charles Reagan Wilson , Gaines Foster , W. Scott Poole and Bruce Baker have offered new views of the Southern `` Lost Cause '' . Dating the end of the Reconstruction era ( edit ) While 1877 is the usual date given for the end of Reconstruction , some historians extend the era to the 1890s . Economic role of race ( edit ) Economists and economic historians have different interpretations of the economic impact of race on the postwar Southern economy . In 1995 , Robert Whaples took a random survey of 178 members of the Economic History Association , who studied American history in all time periods . He asked whether they wholly or partly accepted , or rejected , 40 propositions in the scholarly literature about American economic history . The greatest difference between economics PhDs and history PhDs came with questions on competition and race . For example , the proposition originally put forward by Robert Higgs , `` in the postbellum South economic competition among whites played an important part in protecting blacks from racial coercion '' was accepted in whole or part by 66 % of the economists , but by only 22 % of the historians . Whaples says this highlights , `` A recurring difference dividing historians and economists . The economists have more faith in the power of the competitive market . For example , they see the competitive market as protecting disfranchised blacks and are less likely to accept the idea that there was exploitation by merchant monopolists . '' The `` failure '' issue ( edit ) Reconstruction is widely considered a failure , though the reason for this is a matter of controversy . The Dunning School considered failure inevitable because it felt that taking the right to vote or hold office away from Southern whites was a violation of republicanism . A second school sees the reason for failure as Northern Republicans ' lack of effectiveness in guaranteeing political rights to blacks . A third school blames the failure on not giving land to the freedmen so they could have their own economic base of power . A fourth school sees the major reason for the failure of reconstruction as the states ' inability to suppress the violence of Southern whites when they sought reversal for blacks ' gains . Etcheson ( 2009 ) points to the `` violence that crushed black aspirations and the abandonment by Northern whites of Southern Republicans . '' Etcheson wrote that it is hard to see Reconstruction `` as concluding in anything but failure . '' Etcheson adds , `` W.E.B. DuBois captured that failure well when he wrote in Black Reconstruction in America ( 1935 ) : ' The slave went free ; stood a brief moment in the sun ; then moved back again toward slavery . ' '' Other historians emphasize the failure to fully incorporate Southern Unionists into the Republican coalition . Historian Donald R. Shaffer maintained that the gains during Reconstruction for African Americans were not entirely extinguished . The legalization of African - American marriages and families and the independence of black churches from white denominations were a source of strength during the Jim Crow era . Reconstruction was never forgotten within the black community and it remained a source of inspiration . The system of sharecropping granted blacks a considerable amount of freedom as compared to slavery . However , in 2014 historian Mark Summers argues that the `` failure '' question should be looked at from the viewpoint of the war goals ; in that case , he argues : If we see Reconstruction 's purpose as making sure that the main goals of the war would be fulfilled , of a Union held together forever , of a North and South able to work together , of slavery extirpated , and sectional rivalries confined , of the permanent banishment of the fear of vaunting appeals to state sovereignty , backed by armed force , then Reconstruction looks like what in that respect it was , a lasting and unappreciated success . In popular Culture ( edit ) The journalist Joel Chandler Harris , writing as `` Joe Harris '' for the Atlanta Constitution ( mostly after Reconstruction ) , tried to advance racial and sectional reconciliation in the late 19th century . He supported Henry Grady 's vision of a New South during Grady 's time as editor from 1880 to 1889 . Harris wrote many editorials encouraging southern acceptance of the changed conditions and some Northern influence , although he also asserted his belief that it should proceed under white supremacy . In popular literature , two early 20th - century novels by Thomas Dixon -- The Clansman ( 1905 ) and The Leopard 's Spots : A Romance of the White Man 's Burden -- 1865 -- 1900 ( 1902 ) -- romanticized white resistance to Northern / black coercion , hailing vigilante action by the Ku Klux Klan . D.W. Griffith adapted Dixon 's The Clansman for the screen in his anti-Republican movie The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) ; it stimulated the formation of the 20th - century version of the KKK . Many other authors romanticized the benevolence of slavery and the élite world of the antebellum plantations in memoirs and histories published in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , and the United Daughters of the Confederacy promoted influential works by women in these genres . Reconstruction state - by - state -- significant dates ( edit ) Only Georgia has a separate article about its experiences under Reconstruction . The other state names below link to a specific section in the state history article about the Reconstruction era . Reconstruction in each State Declared Secession Joined Confederacy Readmitted to Congress Democratic Party Establishes Control South Carolina December 20 , 1860 February 4 , 1861 July 9 , 1868 April 11 , 1877 Mississippi January 9 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 February 23 , 1870 January 4 , 1876 Florida January 10 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 June 25 , 1868 January 2 , 1877 Alabama January 11 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 July 14 , 1868 November 16 , 1874 Georgia January 19 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 July 15 , 1870 November 1 , 1871 Louisiana January 26 , 1861 February 4 , 1861 June 25 ( or July 9 ) , 1868 January 2 , 1877 Texas February 1 , 1861 March 2 , 1861 March 30 , 1870 January 14 , 1873 Virginia April 17 , 1861 May 7 , 1861 January 26 , 1870 October 5 , 1869 Arkansas May 6 , 1861 May 18 , 1861 June 22 , 1868 November 10 , 1874 North Carolina May 20 , 1861 May 21 , 1861 July 4 , 1868 November 28 , 1870 Tennessee June 8 , 1861 May 16 , 1861 July 24 , 1866 October 4 , 1869 See also ( edit ) United States portal History portal Reconstruction Era National Monument Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The First Vote '' by William Waud , Harpers Weekly Nov. 16 , 1867 Jump up ^ Blight , David W. Race and Reunion : The Civil War in American Memory . Cambridge , MA : Belknap of Harvard UP , 2001 . Print . Jump up ^ James M. Campbell & Rebecca J. Fraser ( 2008 ) . Reconstruction : People and Perspectives . ABC - CLIO . p. 15 . Jump up ^ John C. Rodrigue ( 2001 ) . Reconstruction in the Cane Fields : From Slavery to Free Labor in Louisiana 's Sugar Parishes , 1862 -- 1880 . LSU Press . p. 168 . Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo ( 2012 ) . Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Oxford UP . p. 526 . Jump up ^ Eric Foner , Reconstruction : America 's unfinished revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( 1988 ) p 604 reprinted in Francis G. Couvares , ed. , ( 2000 ) . Interpretations of American History Vol . I Through Reconstruction ( 7th ed . ) . p. 409 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Eric Foner , Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( 1988 ) p xxv . Jump up ^ W.J. Rorabaugh ; Donald T. Critchlow ; Paula C. Baker ( 2004 ) . America 's Promise : A Concise History of the United States . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 302 . ^ Jump up to : Foner , Eric ( Winter 2009 ) . `` If Lincoln had n't died ... '' American Heritage Magazine . 58 ( 6 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Except in Tennessee , where anti-Johnson Republicans already were in control . Jump up ^ Not including Virginia . Jump up ^ Bruce E. Baker , What Reconstruction Meant : Historical Memory in the American South ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ A somewhat similar `` reconstruction '' process took place in the border states of Missouri , Kentucky and West Virginia , but they had never left the Union and were never controlled by Congress . Jump up ^ Nicholas Lemann , Redemption : The Last Battle of the Civil War ( 2007 ) , p. 75 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Thomas B. Alexander , `` Persistent Whiggery in the Confederate South , 1860 -- 1877 '' , Journal of Southern History , ( 1961 ) 27 # 3 pp. 305 -- 329 JSTOR 2205211 . Jump up ^ Allen W. Trelease , `` Republican Reconstruction in North Carolina : A Roll - Call Analysis of the State House of Representatives , 1866 -- 1870 '' , Journal of Southern History , ( 1976 ) 42 # 3 pp 319 -- 344 JSTOR 2207155 . ^ Jump up to : Paul F. Paskoff , `` Measures of War : A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War 's Destructiveness in the Confederacy , '' Civil War History ( 2008 ) 54 # 1 pp 35 -- 62 doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 2008.0007 ^ Jump up to : McPherson , James M ( 1992 ) . Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . Oxford University Press . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507606 - 6 . Jump up ^ William B. Hesseltine , A History of the South , 1607 -- 1936 ( 1936 ) , pp. 573 -- 574 . Jump up ^ John Samuel Ezell , The South since 1865 ( 1963 ) , pp. 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Jacqueline ( 2010 ) . Labor of Love , Labor of Sorrow : Black Women , Work , and the Family , from Slavery to the Present . New York : Basic Books . p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Tera W. ( 1997 ) . To ' Joy My Freedom : Southern Black Women 's Lives and Labors after the Civil War . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . pp. 21 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Jim Downs , Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Ransom , Roger L. ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` The Economics of the Civil War '' . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07 . Direct costs for the Confederacy are based on the value of the dollar in 1860 . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) , ch. 26 . Jump up ^ Simpson ( 2009 ) ; William C. Harris , With Charity for All : Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ All blacks would be counted in 1870 , whether or not they were citizens . Jump up ^ Valelly , Richard M. ( 2004 ) . The Two Reconstructions : The struggle for black enfranchisement . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 84530 - 3 . ; Hans Trefouse , The Radical republicans ( 1975 ) . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M ( 1992 ) . Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . Oxford University Press . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507606 - 6 . Jump up ^ Leslie Alexander ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . ABC - CLIO . p. 699 . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) ; Hans L. Trefousse , Andrew Johnson : A Biography ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) , ch. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) , ch. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) , ch. 29 . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) , ch. 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Second Inaugural Address '' . Jump up ^ Harris , With Charity for All ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Harold Hyman , To try men 's souls : loyalty tests in American history ( 1959 ) p 93 Jump up ^ Foner 1988 , pp. 273 -- 276 . Jump up ^ William Gienapp , Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America ( 2002 ) , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Patton , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Johnson to Gov. William L. Sharkey , August 1865 quoted in Franklin ( 1961 ) , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Donald , Charles Sumner , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Ayers , The Promise of the New South p. 418 . Jump up ^ James D. Anderson , The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Jump up ^ Randall and Donald , p. 581 . Jump up ^ Eric Foner , Freedom 's lawmakers : a directory of Black officeholders during Reconstruction ( 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Ellen DuBois , Feminism and suffrage : The emergence of an independent women 's movement in America ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Glenn Feldman , The Disfranchisement Myth : Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama ( 2004 ) , p. 136 . Jump up ^ `` Act of Congress , R.S. Sec. 2080 derived from act July 5 , 1862 , ch. 135 , Sec. 1 , 12 Stat. 528 '' . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Perry , Dan W. `` Oklahoma , A Foreordained Commonwealth '' Chronicles of Oklahoma , Volume 14 , No. 1 , March 1936 , p30 ( Oklahoma Historical Society ) `` . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Cimbala , Miller , and Syrette ( 2002 ) , An uncommon time : the Civil War and the northern home front , pp. 285 , 305 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Gallagher , and McPherson , The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference , pp. 735 -- 736 . ^ Jump up to : Williams ( 2006 ) , `` Doing Less '' and `` Doing More '' , pp. 54 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Guelzo , Allen C. ( 1999 ) . Abraham Lincoln : Redeemer President . pp. 290 , 291 . Jump up ^ Trefousse ( 1991 ) , Historical dictionary of reconstruction , p. viiii . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Guelzo , Allen C. ( 1999 ) . Abraham Lincoln : Redeemer President . pp. 333 -- 335 . ^ Jump up to : Catton ( 1963 ) , Terrible Swift Sword , pp. 365 -- 367 , 461 -- 468 . Jump up ^ Guelzo , Allen C. ( 1999 ) . Abraham Lincoln : Redeemer President . p. 390 . Jump up ^ Hall , Clifton R. ( 1916 ) . Andrew Johnson : military governor of Tennessee . Princeton University Press . p. 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Guelzo ( 2004 ) , Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation : The End of Slavery in America , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Sick from Freedom , First Edition , New York , Oxford University Press , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stauffer ( 2008 ) , Giants , p. 279 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson ( 1995 ) Lincoln in American Memory , pp. 38 -- 41 . Jump up ^ McCarthy ( 1901 ) , Lincoln 's plan of Reconstruction , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Stauffer ( 2008 ) , Giants , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Harris , J. William ( 2006 ) . The Making of the American South : a Short History 1500 -- 1977 . Malden : Blackwell Publishing . p. 240 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Laura F. ( 1997 ) . Gendered Strife and Confusion : The Political Culture of Reconstruction . Chicago : University of Illinois Press . p. 53 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02297 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hunter , `` To ' Joy My Freedom '' , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , David . `` ' Black Tax ' Credit '' . Jump up ^ Kathleen Zebley ( 1998 ) . `` Freedmen 's Bureau '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Belz ( 1998 ) , Abraham Lincoln , constitutionalism , and equal rights in the Civil War era , pp. 138 , 141 , 145 . Jump up ^ Rawley ( 2003 ) , Abraham Lincoln and a nation worth fighting for . p. 205 . Jump up ^ McFeely ( 2002 ) , Grant : A Biography , pp. 198 -- 207 . Jump up ^ William C. Harris , With Charity for All : Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Trefousse c. 1989 . Jump up ^ Smith , John David ( 2013 ) . A Just and Lasting Peace : A Documentary History of Reconstruction . Penguin . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Eric L. McKitrick ( 1988 ) . Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction . Oxford UP . p. 172 . Jump up ^ Billington , Ray Allen ; Ridge , Martin ( 1981 ) . American History After 1865 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Lincove , David A. ( 2000 ) . Reconstruction in the United States : An Annotated Bibliography . Greenwood . p. 80 . Jump up ^ McFeely - Woodward ( 1974 ) , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Barney , William L. , The Passage of the Republic : An Interdisciplinary History of Nineteenth - Century America ( 1987 ) , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Donald , Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) , ch. 31 . Jump up ^ Oberholtzer 1 : 128 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Donald ( 2001 ) , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Hunter , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Barney , The Passage of the Republic , p. 251 , pp. 284 -- 286 . Jump up ^ Report on the Condition of the South / Schurz , Carl , 1829 -- 1906 Archived October 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. : Jump up ^ Blackmon , Douglas A. ( 2009 ) . A. Slavery by Another Name : the Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II . New York : Anchor Books , a division of Random House , Inc. p. 16 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Edwards , Laura F. ( 1997 ) . Gendered Strife and Confusion : The Political Culture of Reconstruction . Chicago : University of Illinois Press . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02297 - 1 . Jump up ^ Farmer - Kaiser , Mary ( 2010 ) . Freedwomen and the Freedmen 's Bureau : Race , Gender , and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation . New York : Fordham University Press . p. 160 . Jump up ^ Jones , `` Labor of Love , Labor of Sorrow '' , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Schouler , James ( 1913 ) . History of the United States of America under the Constitution , Volume 7 The Reconstruction Period . pp. 43 -- 57 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , History 6 : 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ See `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 11 . based America 's Reconstruction : People and Politics After the Civil War , by Eric Foner and Olivia Mahoney . Online source is : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , History 6 : 68 . Jump up ^ Trefousse 1989 . Jump up ^ Alexander ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History . p. 699 . Jump up ^ Badeau ( 1887 ) Grant in Peace , pp. 46 , 57 . Jump up ^ See Paul E. Teed & Melissa Ladd Teed ( 2015 ) . Reconstruction : A Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . pp. 51 , 174ff ... Foner ( 1988 ) entitles his chapter 6 , `` The Making of Radical Reconstruction . '' Benedict argues the Radical Republicans were conservative on many other issues in Michael Les Benedict , `` Preserving the Constitution : The Conservative Basis of Radical Reconstruction . '' Journal of American History ( 1974 ) : 65 -- 90 JSTOR 1918254 . Jump up ^ Pope , James Gray ( Spring 2014 ) . `` Snubbed landmark : Why United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) belongs at the heart of the American constitutional canon '' . Harvard Civil Rights - Civil Liberties Law Review . Harvard Law School . 49 ( 2 ) : 385 -- 447 . Pdf . Jump up ^ Greene , Jamal ( November 2012 ) . `` Thirteenth Amendment optimism '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 112 ( 7 ) : 1733 -- 1768 . JSTOR 41708163 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2015 . Pdf . Archived November 17 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Foner 1988 , ch. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Gabriel J. Chin , `` The ' Voting Rights Act of 1867 ' : The Constitutionality of Federal Regulation of Suffrage During Reconstruction , '' 82 North Carolina Law Review 1581 ( 2004 ) `` . Papers.ssrn.com . September 14 , 2004 . SSRN 589301 . Jump up ^ Foner 1988 , ch. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Foner 1988 , pp. 274 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Randolph Campbell , Gone to Texas 2003 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Rhodes ( 1920 ) v 6 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Foner , Reconstruction ( 1988 ) pp 316 -- 33 Jump up ^ Hume , Richard L. ; Gough , Jerry B. ( 2008 ) . Blacks , Carpetbaggers , and Scalawags : the Constitutional Conventions of Radical Reconstruction . LSU Press . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Jeffery A. ; Heersink , Boris ( 2016 ) . `` Republican Party Politics and the American South : From Reconstruction to Redemption , 1865 -- 1880 '' ( PDF ) : 18 . Jump up ^ Russ , William A. , Jr. ( 1934 ) . `` The Negro and White Disfranchisement During Radical Reconstruction '' . Journal of Negro History . 19 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 192 . JSTOR 2714531 . Jump up ^ Mark Wahlgren Summers , The Ordeal of the Reunion : A New History of Reconstruction ( 2014 ) , 130 - 31 , 159 . Jump up ^ Foner , Reconstruction ( 1988 ) pp 323 -- 25 Jump up ^ Summers , Mark Wahlgren ( 2014 ) . Railroads , Reconstruction , and the Gospel of Prosperity : Aid Under the Radical Republicans , 1865 -- 1877 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 61282 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tyack , David ; Lowe , Robert ( 1986 ) . `` The constitutional moment : Reconstruction and Black education in the South '' . American Journal of Education . 94 ( 2 ) : 236 -- 256 . JSTOR 1084950 . Jump up ^ Cooper , William J. , Jr. ; Terrill , Thomas E. ( 2009 ) . The American South : A History . p. 436 . Jump up ^ Richard Zuczek , ed . Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era ( 2006 ) 2 : 635 . Jump up ^ Michael Perman , The road to redemption : Southern politics , 1869 -- 1879 ( 1985 ) pp 36 -- 37 ; Foner , Reconstruction , p 324 . Jump up ^ Gillette , Retreat from Reconstruction , 1869 -- 1879 ( 1982 ) , p 99 . Jump up ^ Zuczek , ed . Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era ( 2006 ) 1 : 323 , 2 : 645 , 698 . Jump up ^ Summers , The Ordeal of the Reunion pp 160 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Smith Grant ( 2001 ) , pp. 455 -- 457 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Brooks D. `` Ulysses S. Grant and the Freedmen 's Bureau '' , in The Freedmen 's Bureau and Reconstruction : Reconsiderations , edited by Paul A. Cimbala and Randall M. Miller . New York : Fordham University Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Grant , pp. 437 -- 453 , 458 -- 460 . ^ Jump up to : Simon ( 1967 ) , Papers of Ulysses S. Grant , Vol. 19 , pp. xiii . Jump up ^ Robert J. Kaczorowski , `` Federal Enforcement of Civil Rights During the First Reconstruction . '' Fordham Urban Law Journal 23 ( 1995 ) : 155 + online . Jump up ^ Bertram Wyatt - Brown , `` The Civil Rights Act of 1875 . '' Western Political Quarterly ( 1965 ) : 763 -- 775 . JSTOR 445883 Jump up ^ David Quigley , `` Constitutional Revision and the City : The Enforcement Acts and Urban America , 1870 -- 1894 , '' Journal of Policy History , January 2008 , Vol. 20 , Issue 1 , pp. 64 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Blair ( 2005 ) , p. 400 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 2001 ) , Grant , p. 547 . Jump up ^ Franklin ( 1961 ) , pp. 168 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Georgia had a Republican governor and legislature , but the Republican hegemony was tenuous at best , and Democrats continued to win presidential elections there . See 1834 March 28 article in This Day in Georgia History compiled by Ed Jackson and Charles Pou ; cf . Rufus Bullock . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( 1992 ) . Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . Oxford University Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507606 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Date of Secession Compared To 1860 Black Population '' Archived August 16 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , America 's Civil War website , accessed 9 April 2014 Jump up ^ Foner 1988 , ch. 7 ; Foner , Freedom 's Lawmakers , introduction . Jump up ^ Steven Hahn , A Nation under Our Feet Jump up ^ Rhodes ( 1920 ) v 6 p. 199 ; no report on Arkansas . Jump up ^ The statistics of the population of the United States , embracing the tables of race , nationality , sex , selected ages , and occupations . To which are added the statistics of school attendance and illiteracy , of schools , libraries , newspapers , periodicals , churches , pauperism and crime , and of areas , families , and dwellings Table 1 . United States Census Bureau . Last Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 20 Jump up ^ E. Foner , Reconstruction : America 's unfinished revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( NY : Harper & Row , 1988 ) , pp. 354 -- 5 Jump up ^ Daniel W. Stowell ( 1998 ) . Rebuilding Zion : The Religious Reconstruction of the South , 1863 -- 1877 . Oxford UP . pp. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Clarence Earl Walker , A Rock in a Weary Land : The African Methodist Episcopal Church During the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ William W. Sweet , `` The Methodist Episcopal Church and Reconstruction , '' Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society ( 1914 ) 7 # 3 pp. 147 -- 165 JSTOR 40194198 at p. 157 Jump up ^ Donald Lee Grant ( 1993 ) . The Way it was in the South : The Black Experience in Georgia . U. of Georgia Press . p. 264 . Jump up ^ Foner , Reconstruction , ( 1988 ) p 93 Jump up ^ Ralph E. Morrow , `` Northern Methodism in the South during Reconstruction , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1954 ) 41 # 2 pp. 197 -- 218 , quote on p 202 JSTOR 1895802 Jump up ^ Ralph E. Morrow , Northern Methodism and Reconstruction ( 1956 ) Jump up ^ Stowell , Rebuilding Zion : The Religious Reconstruction of the South , 1863 -- 1877 , pp 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Robert D. Clark , The Life of Matthew Simpson ( 1956 ) pp 245 -- 67 Jump up ^ Fredrick A. Norwood , ed. , Sourcebook of American Methodism ( 1982 ) p 323 Jump up ^ William W. Sweet , `` The Methodist Episcopal Church and Reconstruction , '' Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society ( 1914 ) 7 # 3 pp. 147 -- 165 , quote on p 161 JSTOR 40194198 Jump up ^ Victor B. Howard , Religion and the Radical Republican Movement , 1860 -- 1870 ( 1990 ) pp 212 -- 13 Jump up ^ Morrow ( 1954 ) p 205 Jump up ^ Wilson Fallin Jr. , Uplifting the People : Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama ( 2007 ) pp 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ James D. Anderson ( 1988 ) . The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 . U of North Carolina Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Anderson , The Education of Blacks in the South , 1860 -- 1935 ( 1988 ) , pp. 6 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Tyack and Lowe . `` The constitutional moment : Reconstruction and Black education in the South . '' ( 1986 ) : Jump up ^ William Preston Vaughn , Schools for All : The Blacks and Public Education in the South , 1865 -- 1877 ( University Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Foner 365 -- 8 Jump up ^ Franklin 139 ^ Jump up to : Lynch 1913 . Jump up ^ B.D. Mayberry , A Century of Agriculture in the 1890 Land Grant Institutions and Tuskegee University , 1890 -- 1990 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Foner 387 . Jump up ^ Franklin pp 141 -- 48 ; Summers 1984 Jump up ^ Stover 1955 . Jump up ^ Franklin pp. 147 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Foner 375 . Jump up ^ Foner 376 . Jump up ^ Foner 415 -- 16 Jump up ^ Marek D. Steedman , `` Resistance , Rebirth , and Redemption : The Rhetoric of White Supremacy in Post-Civil War Louisiana , '' Historical Reflections , Spring 2009 , Vol. 35 # 1 , pp. 97 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Walter L. ( 1919 ) . The Sequel of Appomattox : A Chronicle of the Reunion of the States . Chronicles of America series , vol. 32 . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Perman 1984 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ T. Harry Williams , An Analysis of Some Reconstruction Attitudes , '' Journal of Southern History Vol. 12 , No. 4 ( November 1946 ) , pp. 469 -- 486 JSTOR 2197687 . Jump up ^ Walter L. Fleming , Documentary History of the Reconstruction ( 1907 ) , II , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Documentary History of the Reconstruction ( 1907 ) , II , pp. 328 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Oberholtzer , vol. 1 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Trelease , White Terror . Jump up ^ McFeely ( 2002 ) , Grant : A Biography , pp. 420 -- 422 . Jump up ^ J.W. Schuckers , The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase , ( 1874 ) , p. 585 ; letter of May 30 , 1868 to August Belmont . Jump up ^ McPherson 1975 . Jump up ^ Stephen L. Vaughn , ed. , Encyclopedia of American journalism ( 2007 ) p 441 . Jump up ^ Richard H. Abbott , For Free Press and Equal Rights : Republican Newspapers in the Reconstruction South ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Earl F. Woodward , `` The Brooks and Baxter War in Arkansas , 1872 -- 1874 , '' Arkansas Historical Quarterly ( 1971 ) 30 # 4 pp. 315 -- 336 JSTOR 40038083 Jump up ^ Foner 537 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Foner 374 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch 1915 Jump up ^ Perman 1984 , ch. 3 . Jump up ^ Foner , ch. 9 . Jump up ^ Foner p. 443 . Jump up ^ Foner pp. 545 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Lemann , Redemption : The Last Battle of the Civil War , New York : Farrar , Straus & Giroux , Pbk. 2007 , pp. 15 -- 21 . Jump up ^ US Senate Journal January 13 , 1875 , pp. 106 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Danielle Alexander , `` Forty Acres and a Mule : The Ruined Hope of Reconstruction '' , Humanities , January / February 2004 , vol. 25 / No. 1 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Foner 555 -- 56 . Jump up ^ George C. Rable , But There Was No Peace : The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction , Athens : University of Georgia Press , 1984 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Foner ch. 11 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Lemann , Redemption : The Last Battle of the Civil War , New York : Farrar , Straus & Giroux , paperback , 2007 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Foner 604 . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , Reunion and reaction : the compromise of 1877 and the end of reconstruction ( 1956 ) , pp. 3 -- 15 Jump up ^ Nell Irvin Painter , Exodusters : Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ James T. Moore , `` Black Militancy in Readjuster Virginia , 1879 -- 1883 , '' Journal of Southern History , Vol. 41 , No. 2 ( May 1975 ) , pp. 167 -- 186 JSTOR 2206012 . Jump up ^ Fletcher M. Green , `` Walter Lynwood Fleming : Historian of Reconstruction , '' The Journal of Southern History , Vol. 2 , No. 4 ( November 1936 ) , pp. 497 -- 521 . Jump up ^ Louis R. Harlan , Booker T. Washington in Perspective ( 1988 ) , p. 164 ; A.A. Taylor , `` Historians of the Reconstruction , '' The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 23 , No. 1 ( January 1938 ) , pp. 16 -- 34 . Jump up ^ T. Harry Williams , `` An Analysis of Some Reconstruction Attitudes , '' Journal of Southern History Vol. 12 , No. 4 ( November 1946 ) , pp. 469 -- 486 JSTOR 2197687 quote at p. 473 Jump up ^ Beale , The Critical Year , p 147 Jump up ^ Hugh Tulloch ( 1999 ) . The Debate On the American Civil War Era . Manchester UP . p. 226 . Jump up ^ Allan D. Charles , `` Howard K Beale , '' in Clyde N. Wilson , ed . Twentieth - century American Historians ( Gale Research Company , 1983 ) pp 32 -- 38 Jump up ^ T. Harry Williams , `` An Analysis of Some Reconstruction Attitudes , '' Journal of Southern History ( 1946 ) 12 # 4 pp : 469 -- 486 JSTOR 2197687 ; Williams was a Northerner trained at Wisconsin . Jump up ^ Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard , The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) , 2 : 54 Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter ( 2012 ) ( 1968 ) . Progressive Historians . Knopf Doubleday . p. 303 . Jump up ^ William B. Hesseltine , `` Economic Factors in the Abandonment of Reconstruction . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1935 ) 22 # 2 pp : 191 -- 210 JSTOR 1898466 Jump up ^ Stanley Coben , `` Northeastern Business and Radical Reconstruction : A Re-Examination . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1959 ) : 67 -- 90 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Thomas J. Pressly , `` Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction ( review ) '' Civil War History ( 1961 ) 7 # 1 pp. 91 -- 92 online Jump up ^ David Montgomery , `` Radical Republicanism in Pennsylvania , 1866 -- 1873 . '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography ( 1961 ) : 439 -- 457 JSTOR 20089450 . Jump up ^ Kenneth M. Stampp and Leon F. Litwack , eds. , Reconstruction : An Anthology of Revisionist Writings ( 1969 ) pp 85 -- 106 Jump up ^ Foner 1982 ; Montgomery , pp vii -- ix . Jump up ^ Williams , 469 ; Foner p. xxii . Jump up ^ Glenn Feldman , The Disfranchisement Myth : Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama , Athens : University of Georgia Press , 2004 , pp. 135 -- 136 . Jump up ^ Richard H. Pildes , `` Democracy , Anti-Democracy , and the Canon '' , Constitutional Commentary , Vol. 17 , 2000 , p. 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Foner , A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) , p. 255 . Foner adds , `` What remains certain is that Reconstruction failed , and that for blacks its failure was a disaster whose magnitude can not be obscured by the accomplishments that endured . '' p. 256 . Jump up ^ Although Grant and Attorney General Amos T. Akerman set up a strong legal system to protect African Americans , the Department of Justice did not set up a permanent Civil Rights Division until the Civil Rights Act of 1957 . McFeely ( 2002 ) , Grant : A Biography , pp. 372 -- 373 ; 424 , 425 . Jump up ^ Bruce E. Baker , What Reconstruction Meant : Historical Memory in the American South ( 2007 ) ; Thomas J. Brown , ed . Reconstructions : New Perspectives on the Postbellum United States ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Orville Vernon Burton , The Age of Lincoln ( 2007 ) , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 142 , 148 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ See Vernon Burton , `` Civil War and Reconstruction , '' in William L. Barney ( ed . ) , A Companion to 19th - century America ( 2006 ) , pp. 54 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Nicole Etcheson , `` Reconstruction and the Making of a Free - Labor South , '' Reviews in American History , Vol. 37 , No. 2 , June 2009 . Jump up ^ Derek W. Frisby points to , `` Reconstruction 's failure to appreciate the challenges of Southern Unionism and incorporate these loyal Southerners into a strategy that would positively affect the character of the peace . '' Frisby , `` A Victory Spoiled : West Tennessee Unionists during Reconstruction , '' in Paul Cimballa , ed. , The Great Task Remaining Before Us : Reconstruction as America 's Continuing Civil War ( 2010 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Zuczek ( 2006 ) , Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era , A-L , pp. 20 , 22 . Jump up ^ Mark Wahlgren Summers ( 2014 ) . The Ordeal of the Reunion : A New History of Reconstruction . University of North Carolina Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Wayne Mixon , `` Joel Chandler Harris , the Yeoman Tradition , and the New South Movement . '' Georgia Historical Quarterly 61 # 4 ( 1977 ) : 308 -- 317 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Maxwell Bloomfield , `` Dixon 's '' The Leopard 's Spots `` : A Study in Popular Racism . '' American Quarterly 16.3 ( 1964 ) : 387 -- 401 . online Jump up ^ Sarah E. Gardner , Blood And Irony : Southern White Women 's Narratives of the Civil War , 1861 -- 1937 , University of North Carolina Press , 2006 , pp. 128 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Richter ( 2009 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Secondary sources ( edit ) For much more detail see Reconstruction : Bibliography Barney , William L. Passage of the Republic : An Interdisciplinary History of Nineteenth Century America ( 1987 ) . D.C. Heath ISBN 0 - 669 - 04758 - 9 Behrend , Justin . Reconstructing Democracy : Grassroots Black Politics in the Deep South after the Civil War . Athens , GA : University of Georgia Press , 2015 . Blair , William ( 2005 ) . `` The use of military force to protect the gains of reconstruction '' . Civil War History . 51 ( 4 ) . Blum , Edward J. Reforging the White Republic : Race , Religion , and American Nationalism , 1865 -- 1898 ( 2005 ) . Bradley , Mark L. Bluecoats and Tar Heels : Soldiers and Civilians in Reconstruction North Carolina ( University Press of Kentucky , 2009 ) , 370 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2507 - 7 Brown , Thomas J. , ed . Reconstructions : New Perspectives on Postbellum America ( 2006 ) , essays by 8 scholars excerpt and text search Cimbala , Paul Alan ; Miller , Randall M. ; Simpson , Brooks D. ( 2002 ) . An uncommon time : the Civil War and the northern home front . Fordham University Press . ISBN 0 - 8232 - 2195 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . Cruden , Robert . The Negro in reconstruction ( ) ( online ) Donald , David H. et al. Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2001 ) . Downs , Gregory P. After Appomattox : Military Occupation and the Ends of War . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2015 . Du Bois , W.E.B. Black Reconstruction in America 1860 -- 1880 ( 1935 ) , Counterpoint to Dunning School explores the economics and politics of the era from Marxist perspective Du Bois , W.E.B. `` Reconstruction and its Benefits , '' American Historical Review , 15 ( July 1910 ) , 781 -- 99 online edition Dunning , William Archibald . Reconstruction : Political & Economic , 1865 -- 1877 ( 1905 ) . Influential summary of Dunning School ; blames Carpetbaggers for failure of Reconstruction . online edition Egerton , Douglas ( 2014 ) . The Wars of Reconstruction : The Brief , Violent History of America 's Most Progressive Era . Bloomsbury Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60819 - 566 - 4 . Etcheson , Nicole . `` Reconstruction and the Making of a Free - Labor South , '' Reviews in American History , Volume 37 , Number 2 , June 2009 in Project MUSE Fitzgerald , Michael W. Splendid Failure : Postwar Reconstruction in the American South ( 2007 ) , 224pp ; excerpt and text search Fleming , Walter L. The Sequel of Appomattox , A Chronicle of the Reunion of the States ( 1918 ) . From Dunning School . Fleming , Walter L. Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama ( 1905 ) . the most detailed study ; Dunning School full text online from Project Gutenberg Foner , Eric and Mahoney , Olivia . America 's Reconstruction : People and Politics After the Civil War . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2234 - 3 , short well - illustrated survey Foner , Eric . Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( 1988 ) . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015851 - 4 . Pulitzer - prize winning history and most detailed synthesis of original and previous scholarship . Foner , Eric . Forever Free : The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction. 2005 . Franklin , John Hope . Reconstruction after the Civil War ( 1961 ) , 280 pages . ISBN 0 - 226 - 26079 - 8 . By a leading black historian Guelzo , Allen C. ( 2004 ) . Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation : The End of Slavery in America . New York : Simon & Schuster Paperbacks . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . Harris , William C. With Charity for All : Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union ( 1997 ) portrays Lincoln as opponent of Radicals . Henry , Robert Selph . The Story of Reconstruction ( 1938 ) , popular Holzer , Harold ; Medford , Edna Greene ; Williams , Frank J. ( 2006 ) . The Emancipation Proclamation : three views ( social , political , iconographic ) . Louisiana State University Press . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . Hubbs , G. Ward . Searching for Freedom after the Civil War : Klansman , Carpetbagger , Scalawg , and Freedman . Tuscaloosa , AL : University of Alabama Press , 2015 . Jenkins , Wilbert L. Climbing up to Glory : A Short History of African Americans during the Civil War and Reconstruction. ( 2002 ) . Litwack , Leon . Been in the Storm So Long ( 1979 ) . Pulitzer Prize ; social history of the freedmen McPherson , James and James Hogue . Ordeal By Fire : The Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2009 ) Milton , George Fort . The Age of Hate : Andrew Johnson and the Radicals. ( 1930 ) . online edition ; from Dunning School McCarthy , Charles Hallan ( 1901 ) . Lincoln 's plan of reconstruction . New York : McClure , Philips , & Company . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . McFeely , William S ( 1974 ) . C. Vann Woodward , ed . Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct . New York , New York : Delacorte Press . ISBN 0 - 440 - 05923 - 2 . Patrick , Rembert / The Reconstruction of the Nation ( 1967 ) online Perman , Michael . The Road to Redemption : Southern Politics , 1869 -- 1879 . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press , 1984 ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4141 - 2 , 9780807841419 Perman , Michael . Emancipation and Reconstruction ( 2003 ) . 144 pp . Peterson , Merrill D. ( 1994 ) . Lincoln in American Memory . New York : Oxford University Press . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Randall , J.G. The Civil War and Reconstruction ( 1953 ) . Long the standard survey , with elaborate bibliography Rhodes , James G. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley -- Bryan Campaign of 1896 . Volume : 6 . ( 1920 ) . 1865 -- 72 ; Volume : 7 . ( 1920 ) . -- 77 ; Highly detailed narrative by Pulitzer prize winner ; argues was a political disaster because it violated the rights of white Southerners . vol. 6 1865 -- 1872 online ; vol. 7 online vol. 6 online at Google. books vol. 7 in Google. books Richter , William L. ( 2009 ) . A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6336 - 1 . Simpson , Brooks D . The Reconstruction Presidents ( 2009 ) . Stampp , Kenneth M. The Era of Reconstruction , 1865 -- 1877 ( 1967 ) ; short survey ; rejects Dunning School analysis . online Summers , Mark Wahlgren . The Ordeal of the Reunion : A New History of Reconstruction ( 2014 ) text search ; online Summers , Mark Wahlgren . A Dangerous Stir : Fear , Paranoia , and the Making of Reconstruction ( 2009 ) excerpt and text search Thompson , C. Mildred . Reconstruction In Georgia : Economic , Social , Political 1865 -- 1872 ( 1915 ; 2010 reprint ) ; full text online free Trefousse , Hans L. Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction ( Greenwood , 1991 ) , 250 entries Wagner , Margaret E. ; Gallagher , Gary W. ; McPherson , James M. ( 2002 ) . The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference . New York : Simon & Schuster Paperbacks . ISBN 1 - 4391 - 4884 - 8 . Woodward , C. Vann ( 1966 ) . Reunion and reaction : the compromise of 1877 and the end of reconstruction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506423 - 2 . Zuczek , Richard . Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era ( 2 vols. 2006 ) . Historiography ( edit ) Foner , Eric . `` Introduction to the 2014 Anniversary Edition '' in Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( 2014 ) online Ford , Lacy K. , ed . A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction . Blackwell , 2005 . 518 pp . Frantz , Edward O. ed . A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865 -- 1881 ( 2014 ) 30 essays by scholars Perman , Michael and Amy Murrell Taylor , eds . Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction : Documents and Essays ( 2010 ) Simpson , Brooks D. `` Mission Impossible : Reconstruction Policy Reconsidered . '' Journal of the Civil War Era 6.1 ( 2016 ) : 85 -- 102 . excerpt Smith , Stacey L. `` Beyond North and South : Putting the West in the Civil War and Reconstruction , '' Journal of the Civil War Era ( Dec 2016 ) 6 # 4 pp. 566 -- 591 . DOI : 10.1353 / cwe. 2016.0073 excerpt Stalcup , Brenda , ed . Reconstruction : Opposing Viewpoints ( Greenhaven Press : 1995 ) . Uses primary documents to present opposing viewpoints . Stampp , Kenneth M. , and Leon M. Litwack , eds . Reconstruction : An Anthology of Revisionist Writings , '' ( 1969 ) , essays by scholars Weisberger , Bernard A . `` The dark and bloody ground of Reconstruction historiography . '' Journal of Southern History 25.4 ( 1959 ) : 427 -- 447 . JSTOR 2954450 Yearbooks ( edit ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1867 ( highly detailed compendium of facts and primary sources ; details on every U.S. state & the national government ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1868 ( 1873 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1869 ( 1869 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1870 ( 1871 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1872 ( 1873 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1873 ( 1879 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1875 ( 1876 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1876 ( 1877 ) Appleton 's American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1877 ( 1878 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Barnes , William H. , ed. , History of the Thirty - ninth Congress of the United States . ( 1868 ) summary of Congressional activity . Berlin , Ira , ed . Freedom : A Documentary History of Emancipation , 1861 -- 1867 ( 1982 ) , 970 pp. of archival documents ; also Free at Last : A Documentary History of Slavery , Freedom , and the Civil War ed by Ira Berlin , Barbara J. Fields , and Steven F. Miller ( 1993 ) . Blaine , James. Twenty Years of Congress : From Lincoln to Garfield . With a review of the events which led to the political revolution of 1860 ( 1886 ) . By Republican Congressional leader vol. 2 online . Fleming , Walter L. Documentary History of Reconstruction : Political , Military , Social , Religious , Educational , and Industrial 2 vols ( 1906 ) . Presents a broad collection of primary sources ; vol. 1 on national politics ; vol. 2 on states vol. 2 online . Memoirs of W.W. Holden ( 1911 ) , North Carolina Scalawag governor Hyman , Harold M. , ed . The Radical Republicans and Reconstruction , 1861 -- 1870 ( 1967 ) , collection of long political speeches and pamphlets . Lynch , John R . The Facts of Reconstruction ( New York : 1913 ) Full text online One of the first black congressmen during Reconstruction . Edward McPherson , The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction ( 1875 ) , large collection of speeches and primary documents , 1865 -- 1870 , complete text online . ( The copyright has expired . ) Palmer , Beverly Wilson and Holly Byers Ochoa , eds . The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens 2 vols ( 1998 ) , 900pp ; his speeches plus and letters to and from Stevens . Palmer , Beverly Wilson , ed . The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner , 2 vols ( 1990 ) ; vol. 2 covers 1859 -- 74 . Pike , James Shepherd The prostrate state : South Carolina under negro government ( 1874 ) Reid , Whitelaw After the war : a southern tour , May 1 , 1865 to May 1 , 1866 . ( 1866 ) by Republican editor . Smith , John David , ed . We Ask Only for Even - Handed Justice : Black Voices from Reconstruction , 1865 -- 1877 ( University of Massachusetts Press , 2014 ) . xviii , 133 pp Sumner , Charles `` Our Domestic Relations : or , How to Treat the Rebel States '' Atlantic Monthly September 1863 , early abolitionist manifesto . Newspapers and magazines ( edit ) DeBow 's Review major Southern conservative magazine ; stress on business , economics and statistics Harper 's Weekly leading New York news magazine ; pro-Radical Nast , Thomas , magazine cartoons pro-Radical editorial cartoons Primary sources from Gilder - Lehrman collection The New York Times daily edition online through ProQuest at academic libraries External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Reconstruction . Reconstruction : The Second Civil War 2004 PBS film and transcript connecting the replacement of civil rights with segregation and disfranchisement at the end of 19th - century during the Jim Crow Era . Guide to Reconstruction History links to primary and secondary sources PBS ' American Experience : Reconstruction Historians Eric Foner , David Blight and Ed Ayers discuss `` Civil Rights During Reconstruction '' Proclamation of August 1866 , declaring the Insurrection at an end . Lincoln and Freedom : Reconstruction Reconstruction in Mississippi by Donald J. Mabry `` Reconstruction Historiography : A Source of Teaching Ideas '' by Robert P. Green , Jr. ( 1991 ) W.S. Simkins , `` Why the Ku Klux '' , 4 The Alcalde ( June 1916 ) : 735 -- 748 . online The Civil War : Reconstruction : This is part of an extensive assessment of the Civil War and slavery which gives particular attention to children . HIST 119 : The Civil War and Reconstruction Era , 1845 -- 1877 with Professor David Blight . Full semester course in text / audio / video from Open Yale Courses . Materials free under the Creative Commons license . Reconstruction on The History Channel Reconstructing the South : A Role Play on the Zinn Education Project The Reconstruction Era and the Fragility of Democracy on Facing History and Ourselves Reconstruction Era Participants Federal government Presidents Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant Rutherford B. Hayes Congress 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Radical Republicans African - American Senators African - American Representatives Reconstruction Amendments United States Congress Joint Committee on Reconstruction Federal judiciary Taney Court Chase Court Waite Court Federal bureaucracy Edwin Stanton Freedmen 's Bureau Justice Department State governments Southern United States Confederate States of America Others African - Americans Freedman Free people of color Carpetbaggers Ku Klux Klan Scalawag Redeemers White League Red Shirts Democratic Party Bourbon Democrat Horatio Seymour Samuel J. Tilden Republican Party Stalwart Charles Sumner Thaddeus Stevens Lyman Trumbull Benjamin Wade John Bingham James Mitchell Ashley Freedman 's Savings Bank Timeline Prelude American Indian Wars Slavery in the United States A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ( 1792 ) The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women ( 1838 ) Woman in the Nineteenth Century ( 1839 ) Seneca Falls Convention ( 1848 ) National Women 's Rights Convention ( 1850 ) American Civil War Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act ( 1862 ) Militia Act of 1862 1863 Emancipation Proclamation General Order No. 143 Lincoln 's presidential Reconstruction Ten Percent Plan National Bank Act Women 's Loyal National League New York City draft riots 1864 Wade -- Davis Bill 1864 National Union National Convention 1864 Democratic National Convention United States presidential election , 1864 1865 13th Amendment Abraham Lincoln 's second inaugural address Black Codes Sherman 's Special Field Orders , No. 15 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedmen 's Bureau bills Confederates surrender at Appomattox Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Shaw University New Departure 1865 State of the Union Address Ku Klux Klan 1866 Civil Rights Act of 1866 Memphis riots of 1866 New Orleans riot Swing Around the Circle Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866 Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866 Tennessee readmitted to Union Petition for Universal Freedom National Labor Union United States House of Representatives elections , 1866 United States Senate elections , 1866 Ex parte Garland Ex parte Milligan Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866 1867 Command of the Army Act Tenure of Office Act Indian Peace Commission Knights of the White Camelia Pulaski riot Reconstruction Acts Constitutional conventions of 1867 Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Peonage Act of 1867 1868 14th Amendment Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Arkansas readmitted to Union Florida readmitted to Union North Carolina readmitted to Union South Carolina readmitted to Union Louisiana readmitted to Union Alabama readmitted to Union 1868 Democratic National Convention 1868 Republican National Convention United States presidential election , 1868 Opelousas massacre Fourth Reconstruction Act Georgia v. Stanton St. Landry riot of 1868 1869 National Woman Suffrage Association American Woman Suffrage Association Alabama Claims Annexation of Santo Domingo Board of Indian Commissioners Public Credit Act of 1869 Black Friday ( 1869 ) Ex parte McCardle First Transcontinental Railroad 1870 15th Amendment Enforcement Act of 1870 Justice Department Naturalization Act of 1870 Kirk - Holden War Shoffner Act 1871 Ku Klux Klan hearings First Enforcement Act of 1871 Second Enforcement Act of 1871 Alcorn State University Meridian race riot of 1871 Treaty of Washington New York custom house ring Civil service commission United States expedition to Korea 1872 General Mining Act of 1872 Crédit Mobilier Scandal 1872 Democratic National Convention 1872 Republican National Convention United States presidential election , 1872 Modoc War Star route scandal Salary Grab Act Amnesty Act 1873 Panic of 1873 Colfax Massacre Timber Culture Act Slaughter - House Cases Virginius Affair Coinage Act of 1873 Long Depression Comstock laws 1874 Brooks -- Baxter War Battle of Liberty Place Coushatta Massacre Red River War Timber Culture Act White League Election Riot of 1874 Vicksburg Riot of 1874 Black Hills Gold Rush Sanborn incident Anti-Moiety Acts 1875 United States v. Cruikshank Civil Rights Act of 1875 Red Shirts Mississippi Plan Clifton Riot of 1875 Yazoo City Riot of 1875 Specie Payment Resumption Act Whiskey Ring Wheeler Compromise Delano affair Pratt & Boyd 1876 Hamburg Massacre South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 1876 Republican National Convention 1876 Democratic National Convention Disputed presidential election of 1876 Ellenton Riot of 1876 Great Sioux War of 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn United States v. Reese Trader post scandal Centennial Exposition Cattellism Safe burglary conspiracy 1877 Electoral Commission Compromise of 1877 Nez Perce War Desert Land Act Great Railroad Strike of 1877 Aftermath Posse Comitatus Act ( 1878 ) Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) United States v. Harris ( 1883 ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Williams v. Mississippi ( 1898 ) Giles v. Harris ( 1903 ) Disenfranchisement Aspects Historiography Bibliography of the Reconstruction Era James Shepherd Pike The Prostrate State ( 1874 ) James Bryce The American Commonwealth ( 1888 ) Claude Bowers The Tragic Era ( 1929 ) Columbia University John Burgess Walter Lynwood Fleming Dunning School Charles A. Beard Howard K. Beale W.E.B. Du Bois Black Reconstruction ( 1935 ) C. Vann Woodward Joel Williamson William R. Brock American Crisis ( 1963 ) John Hope Franklin From Slavery to Freedom ( 1947 ) After Slavery ( 1965 ) Leon Litwack Been in the Storm So Long ( 1979 ) Eric Foner Reconstruction ( 1988 ) Kenneth M. Stampp Steven Hahn A Nation under Our Feet ( 2003 ) Memory Winslow Homer A Visit from the Old Mistress ( 1876 ) Thomas Dixon , Jr . The Leopard 's Spots ( 1902 ) The Clansman ( 1905 ) D.W. Griffith The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) United Daughters of the Confederacy Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) David W. Blight Race and Reunion ( 2001 ) Legacy Women 's suffrage in the United States Labor history of the United States Gilded Age Jim Crow Era Civil Rights Movement American frontier Other topics History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Industrialization Suffrage Habeas corpus Race ( human categorization ) White supremacy Paramilitary Forty acres and a mule Reconstruction Treaties Whitecapping Category United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1895 / 1896 -- 1954 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Civil Rights Movement Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Collapse of the Soviet Union War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory states territories counties cities , towns , and villages Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive President Executive Office Cabinet / Executive departments Civil service Independent agencies Law enforcement Public policy Legislature Congress Senate Vice President President pro tempore House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Federal judiciary Supreme Court Courts of appeals District courts Law Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - 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to - Africa movement Americas Caribbean history Canada Nova Scotia Dominican Republic Haiti Other France Israel Lists African Americans visual artists Republicans US senators African - American firsts mayors US state firsts Neighborhoods Landmark African - American legislation African American - related articles Topics related to the African diaspora Category Portal Abraham Lincoln 16th President of the United States ( 1861 -- 1865 ) U.S. Representative from Illinois ( 1847 -- 1849 ) Presidency First inauguration Perpetual Union Lincoln Bible Second inauguration Civil War Confiscation Acts President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers War based income tax Seaports blockade RMS Trent Affair Habeas Corpus suspended Emancipation Proclamation West Virginia statehood Overland Campaign strategy Hampton Roads Conference Tour of Richmond Ten percent plan Reconstruction 13th Amendment abolishing slavery Dakota War of 1862 Department of the Northwest Homestead Act of 1862 National Banking Acts Thanksgiving Day Birchard Letter Bixby letter National Academy of Sciences Department of Agriculture Pardons State of the Union Address , 1863 1864 Cabinet Judicial appointments Assassination Funeral and burial Lincoln Catafalque Speeches Lyceum address ( 1838 ) Peoria speech ( 1854 ) `` Lost Speech '' ( 1856 ) House Divided speech ( 1858 ) Lincoln - 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Abraham Lincoln : The Man statue Lincoln Park Abraham Lincoln : The Head of State statue Lincoln Trail State Memorial Lincoln the Lawyer statue Kentucky statue The Peacemakers painting Lincoln Highway Other memorials Photographs Cultural depictions films postage stamps Lincoln penny Illinois Centennial half dollar currency five - dollar bill art Lincoln Prize Abraham Lincoln Association White House ghost Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln Lincoln -- Kennedy coincidences Aircraft Carrier USS Abraham Lincoln Family Family tree Mary Todd Lincoln ( wife ) Robert Todd Lincoln ( son ) Edward Baker Lincoln ( son ) William Wallace Lincoln ( son ) Thomas `` Tad '' Lincoln ( son ) Mary Todd `` Mamie '' Lincoln ( granddaughter ) Abraham Lincoln II ( grandson ) Jessie Lincoln ( granddaughter ) Thomas Lincoln ( father ) Nancy Hanks Lincoln ( mother ) Sarah Bush Lincoln ( stepmother ) Sarah Lincoln Grigsby ( sister ) Abraham Lincoln ( paternal grandfather ) Mordecai Lincoln ( paternal uncle ) Mary Lincoln Crume ( paternal aunt ) John Hanks ( maternal cousin ) Joseph Hanks ( great - grandfather ) Samuel Lincoln ( 17th - century ancestor ) Mary Lincoln Beckwith ( great - granddaughter ) Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith ( great - grandson ) Timothy Lincoln Beckwith ( great - great - grandson ) Old Bob ( horse ) ← James Buchanan Andrew Johnson → Book Category Outline History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Era&oldid=808566229 '' Categories : Aftermath of war History of civil rights in the United States History of African - American civil rights Reconstruction Era History of the Southern United States History of voting rights in the United States Reparations for slavery American military occupations African - American history between emancipation and the Civil Rights Movement 1860s in the United States 1870s in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with login required references or sources Use mdy dates from November 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 17 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did reconstruction end after the civil war
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"The term Reconstruction Era, in the context of the history of the United States, has two senses: the first covers the complete history of the entire country from 1865 to 1877 following the American Civil War (1861 to 1865); the second sense focuses on the attempted transformation of the Southern United States from 1863 to 1877, as directed by Congress, with the reconstruction of state and society. With the three Reconstruction Amendments, the era saw the first amendments to the U.S. Constitution in decades."
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"1877"
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4186718518715701148
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Red-eye gravy
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Red - eye gravy - wikipedia Red - eye gravy Jump to : navigation , search Red - eye gravy is a thin sauce often seen in the cuisine of the Southern United States and associated with the country ham of that region . Other names for this sauce include poor man 's gravy , bird - eye gravy , bottom sop , cedar gravy , and red ham gravy . The gravy is made from the drippings of pan-fried ( or sometimes baked ) sausage , country ham , bacon , or other pork , sometimes mixed with black coffee . The same drippings , when mixed with flour , make the flavoring for Sawmill gravy . Red - eye gravy is often served over ham , cornbread , fried potatoes , grits , or biscuits . A common practice is to dip the inner sides of a split biscuit into the gravy in order to add flavor and keep the biscuit from being too dry when a piece of country ham is added between the two halves , sometimes called the Southern `` ham biscuit '' . ( The Appalachian ham biscuit is simply a biscuit with country ham . ) Another popular way to serve red - eye gravy , especially in parts of Alabama , is with mustard or ketchup mixed in with the gravy . Biscuits are then dipped in the gravy ( often termed `` sopped '' in Southern English ) . In Louisiana , Cajun cuisine - style gravy is made with a roast beef instead of ham . Black coffee is always used , and it is frequently a strongly brewed coffee substitute made from chicory . The gravy is ladled over the meat on a bed of rice , staining the rice a dark brown color . Often , French bread and some kind of beans are also served as a side , like butter beans , lima beans , or peas . Another variation is to use water with a bit of butter and season with red ( cayenne ) pepper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Preparation 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Origin ( edit ) Red - eye gravy Red - eye gravy 's name comes from its distinct appearance . Prepared traditionally , with coffee and grease combined in the final step ( see Preparation below ) , a heterogeneous mixture forms with the water - based coffee sinking to the bottom and the oil - based grease forming the top layer . In a round bowl the mixture looks much like a red human eye . Use of red pepper enhances the redness of the appearance . Less traditional preparation techniques do not always result in the `` red eye '' appearance , leading to folk legends surrounding the origin of the name . For instance , one story is that former United States President Andrew Jackson requested ham with gravy as red as his cook 's eyes , which were bloodshot from drinking the night before , or that the black coffee in the gravy will keep people awake . Preparation ( edit ) After a ham has been cooked , the grease is removed from the pan . Black coffee is then used to deglaze the pan . The coffee and grease are then poured into the same container in a one - to - one ratio . Other recipes exist , using water instead of coffee , or adding coffee with grease still present in the pan . When the coffee is added to the grease in this manner , a homogeneous mixture may result that lacks the `` red eye '' appearance . Florida Crackers referred to tomato gravy as red - eye gravy , and prepare it in much the same way by adding flour and tomatoes to bacon grease . This is served with fried catfish or other fish . See also ( edit ) Coffee portal Food portal Coffee sauce List of coffee dishes List of gravies Red gravy Sawmill gravy , which is sometimes confused with red - eye gravy . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ About.com Red Eye Gravy Recipe Jump up ^ Stradley , Linda . `` History of Country Ham and Red - Eye Gravy '' . What 's Cooking America . Jump up ^ Barrett , Elle . `` Good gravy '' . Southern Living , February 1999 . External links ( edit ) Track That Word ! listing for ' red - eye gravy ' on the Do You Speak American ? website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red-eye_gravy&oldid=809021728 '' Categories : Coffee dishes Cuisine of the Southern United States Sauces Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 17 : 38 . About Wikipedia
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where did red eye gravy get its name
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"Red-eye gravy's name comes from its distinct appearance. Prepared traditionally, with coffee and grease combined in the final step (see Preparation below), a heterogeneous mixture forms with the water-based coffee sinking to the bottom and the oil-based grease forming the top layer. In a round bowl the mixture looks much like a red human eye.[1] Use of red pepper enhances the redness of the appearance."
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"distinct appearance"
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The Big Bang Theory (season 11)
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The Big Bang Theory ( season 11 ) - wikipedia The Big Bang Theory ( season 11 ) The Big Bang Theory ( season 11 ) iTunes digital art Starring Johnny Galecki Jim Parsons Kaley Cuoco Simon Helberg Kunal Nayyar Mayim Bialik Melissa Rauch Kevin Sussman Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network CBS Original release September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) -- May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 10 List of The Big Bang Theory episodes The eleventh season of the American television sitcom The Big Bang Theory premiered on CBS on Monday , September 25 , 2017 . It returned to its regular Thursday time slot on November 2 , 2017 , after Thursday Night Football on CBS ended . The season concluded on May 10 , 2018 . In March 2017 , CBS renewed the series for two additional seasons , bringing its total to twelve , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) Like the previous three seasons , the first five episodes aired on Mondays due to CBS ' contractual rights to air the Thursday Night Football games . After Thursday Night Football ended , the series returned to a Thursday schedule starting on November 2 , 2017 . Filming for the eleventh season began on August 15 , 2017 ; it was also announced with the taping report that the premiere for the eleventh season would be titled `` The Proposal Proposal '' . Before the season premiered , five episodes were filmed from August 15 to September 19 , 2017 . According to TV Guide , Steve Holland announced on September 22 , 2017 that both Bob Newhart and Wil Wheaton would return this season after their absences during Season 10 . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory characters Main cast ( edit ) Johnny Galecki as Dr. Leonard Hofstadter Jim Parsons as Dr. Sheldon Cooper Kaley Cuoco as Penny Simon Helberg as Howard Wolowitz Kunal Nayyar as Dr. Rajesh `` Raj '' Koothrappali Mayim Bialik as Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler Melissa Rauch as Dr. Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom Recurring cast ( edit ) Laurie Metcalf as Mary Cooper Christine Baranski as Dr. Beverly Hofstadter Stephen Hawking as himself Regina King as Janine Davis Brian Posehn as Dr. `` Bert '' Bertram Kibbler Wil Wheaton as himself Bob Newhart as Dr. Arthur Jeffries / Professor Proton John Ross Bowie as Dr. Barry Kripke Dean Norris as Colonel Richard Williams Brian Thomas Smith as Zack Johnson Brian George as Dr. V.M. Koothrappali Pamela Adlon as Halley Wolowitz ( voice only ) Joshua Malina as President Siebert Guest cast ( edit ) Riki Lindhome as Ramona Nowitzki Ira Flatow as himself Swati Kapila as Ruchi Beth Behrs as Nell Walton Goggins as Oliver Bill Gates as himself Peter MacNicol as Dr. Robert Wolcott Neil Gaiman as himself Lauren Lapkus as Denise Jerry O'Connell as George Cooper Jr . Courtney Henggeler as Missy Cooper Teller as Mr. Fowler Kathy Bates as Mrs. Fowler Mark Hamill as himself Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Big Bang Theory episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 232 `` The Proposal Proposal '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) T12. 15601 17.65 Amy enthusiastically accepts Sheldon 's marriage proposal . However , when dining with Amy 's colleagues later that night , Sheldon is offended that they are more impressed with Amy 's work than his own . With help from Stephen Hawking , Sheldon later comes to grips with the fact that he will not always be the center of attention in the marriage . Bernadette is shocked to realize that she is pregnant again . She and Howard are not thrilled at the idea of having another baby so soon after their first . They attempt to convince Leonard and Penny to have a child as well , but are rebuffed . Title reference : Sheldon 's proposal of marriage 233 `` The Retraction Reaction '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Eric Kaplan & Anthony Del Broccolo October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) T12. 15602 14.06 Leonard gives an interview on public radio where he admits physics research might be at a dead end . The university is furious and , while trying to think of reasons to put in a retraction , he depresses Sheldon into thinking he might be right . Howard and Raj come over and end up just as depressed . Getting drunk with Penny , the men go to the grave of Richard Feynman and realize there is hope for physics as long as they believe in it . Leonard accidentally sends a drunken email to Human Resources . Meanwhile , Amy and Bernadette agree with each other to keep quiet about the success in their careers so as not to upset Sheldon and Howard . While bragging to each other , they end up arguing which of their fields is better . Title reference : Leonard 's depression while writing a retraction of his statements on the radio . 234 `` The Relaxation Integration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Maria Ferrari & Andy Gordon & Tara Hernandez October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) T12. 15603 13.13 Sheldon can not find the perfect wedding date and begins talking in his sleep , adopting the persona of a laid - back person who goes with the flow . Amy and Penny believe that his subconscious mind is trying to tell him to be more relaxed ; his attempt to be so while wearing flip - flops ends in disaster . He decides to leave all the wedding planning to Amy while he wears a Star Trek uniform underneath his tuxedo . Meanwhile , Raj and Stuart both become interested in Bernadette 's new coworker Ruchi . While she likes them both as friends , she does not want a relationship with anyone . Title reference : Sheldon trying to embrace the relaxed side of his personality . 235 `` The Explosion Implosion '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) T12. 15604 13.07 Howard and Bernadette learn their second child will be a boy , leading Howard to doubt whether he can be a good father to a son . He and Sheldon go out in the desert to test launch a model rocket , but it explodes , causing him further doubt . On the way home , Howard does a good job coaching Sheldon to drive them home , for which Sheldon tells him he will be a good teacher to his son . Leonard 's mother Beverly begins talking to Penny as a friend and confidant , troubling Leonard , especially when he learns that Beverly told Penny that she was proud of her , a level of praise she never bestowed upon Leonard himself . When Leonard confronts Beverly , he is touched when she says that of all of her children 's spouses , Penny is the one by whom she is most impressed and that , for this , she is indeed proud of him . Meanwhile , Raj helps Bernadette turn baby girl clothes into boy ones . Title reference : The fate of Sheldon and Howard 's model rocket . 236 5 `` The Collaboration Contamination '' Nikki Lorre Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) T12. 15605 13.20 Amy and Howard begin collaborating on a neuroprosthetics project , upsetting Sheldon and Raj , who feel they are not spending as much time with them . When they seek solace with an annoyed Bernadette , she exploits the situation to trick Sheldon into doing Howard 's chores . Penny successfully employs the approaches recommended in one of Bernadette 's parenting books to deal with Sheldon , but Leonard believes she is coddling Sheldon too much . Sheldon and Raj resolve the issue of missing their significant others by spending time together . Title reference : Amy and Howard 's collaboration contaminating Sheldon and Raj 's moods . 237 6 `` The Proton Regeneration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro , Dave Goetsch , Alex Yonks Teleplay by : Dave Steve Holland , Andy Gordon , Jeremy Howe November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) T12. 15606 14.14 Professor Proton , Sheldon 's favorite childhood show , is being rebooted . After unsuccessfully auditioning for the part , he goes to Wil Wheaton for acting tips for his second audition . However , Sheldon is later dismayed when Wil is offered the role instead . Talking it over with Arthur in his dreams , he is still upset to see his idol replaced and considers Wil an enemy again . Meanwhile , Howard gets a vasectomy while Bernadette is on bed rest . Penny offers to take care of Halley for them , but they insult her by expecting her to be irresponsible . Halley ends up saying her first word by calling Penny `` Mama . '' Title reference : The announced reboot of the Professor Proton series . 238 7 `` The Geology Methodology '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Holland & Anthony Del Broccolo & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) T12. 15607 13.80 Bert asks for Sheldon 's help in a geology research project relating to dark matter . Sheldon secretly agrees , but is too embarrassed to admit he is working with rocks . Bert finds out about this and ends their partnership . After talking with Amy , Sheldon goes to apologize , only to find Leonard has taken his place . Meanwhile , Raj runs into Ruchi again and goes out with her , but she does not believe in romantic love . After Howard and Bernadette tell Raj that he can just have sex with Ruchi , he agrees to keep it casual . Title reference : Sheldon working in geology with Bert . 239 8 `` The Tesla Recoil '' Anthony Rich Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) T12. 15608 13.44 After learning Sheldon went behind their backs to work with the military again , Leonard and Howard say Sheldon is like Thomas Edison , taking credit for other 's ideas , while they are more like Nikola Tesla . Leonard and Howard bring in Barry Kripke to help create a better idea than Sheldon 's , but Kripke goes to the military himself , cutting all three of them out . Meanwhile , Bernadette fears Ruchi is trying to steal her projects at work while she is on maternity leave , and hires Raj to spy on her . Though he finds proof that Ruchi may be stealing from Bernadette , Raj tries to defend Ruchi like a boyfriend would , pointing out Bernadette 's hypocrisy as she would 've most likely stolen from other people 's projects as well . Ruchi is not happy about this and promptly dumps Raj . Title reference : The men 's discussion of Tesla and Edison . 240 9 `` The Bitcoin Entanglement '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Andy Gordon & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari & Anthony Del Broccolo November 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) T12. 15609 13.84 In 2010 , Leonard , Howard and Raj mined a lot of Bitcoin , worth thousands of dollars seven years later , but leave Sheldon out due to his fear of tax implications . Flashbacks are shown of how the Bitcoin ended up on an old laptop of Leonard 's , which Penny gave to her old boyfriend Zack after she and Leonard broke up . In 2017 , Leonard and Penny retrieve the computer from Zack , who first shows them a video of a drunken Penny apologizing for breaking up with Leonard . The Bitcoin is not found on the laptop . Sheldon had moved it to a flash drive on Leonard 's keychain to teach them a lesson , but Leonard lost the keychain years ago . A final flashback to 2013 shows Stuart discovering the flash drive , which he decides to erase and sell for $10 . Title reference : The men trying to find their old Bitcoin investment . 241 10 `` The Confidence Erosion '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Maria Ferrari & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) T12. 15610 14.41 When Raj loses a job interview at a planetarium , his father says he has no confidence because Howard always makes fun of him . Raj distances himself from Howard and later gets the job . Howard is hurt by this ( even after apologizing to him ) and tries to make amends with Raj after his first talk at the planetarium , but when he sees him get a date , he leaves without speaking to him , thinking that the latter 's life is better without him . Meanwhile , Sheldon and Amy try randomly dividing up wedding tasks , but they keep arguing . The only thing they can agree on is to get married so they decide to just get married at City Hall . However , Sheldon decides that he wants a first dance with his new wife , and they go home to plan their wedding . Title reference : Howard eroding Raj 's confidence . 242 11 `` The Celebration Reverberation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Alex Ayers Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe December 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) T12. 15611 13.74 Howard and Raj are still fighting so Howard dis - invites Raj to Halley 's birthday party . However , when Howard 's designated party planner Stuart pulls out at the last minute , Raj agrees to plan the party , which does n't turn out too well due to Halley being asleep , Bernadette on bed rest and no people turning up . When Howard and Raj get into a shoving match in the party 's bounce house , they end up letting out their frustrations with each other , but also having fun and reconciling . Leonard is depressed upon receiving his successful brother 's Christmas card and attempts to make a list of what he and Penny accomplished this year , but does n't come up with much . This prompts them to think about their plans for the future , so they decide to go on trips and achieve more out of life together before starting a family . Sheldon cooks Amy a Little House on the Prairie - themed birthday dinner , which gives them both food poisoning . They eventually recover enough to attend Halley 's birthday party with the others , where they decide to have fun in the bouncy castle and then have sex in Howard and Bernadette 's house . Title reference : Amy and Halley 's birthday celebrations . 243 12 `` The Matrimonial Metric '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Andy Gordon January 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) T12. 15612 16.16 Sheldon and Amy struggle to choose a best man and maid of honor from their friends . They secretly decide to test and score them , allowing everyone to have an equal shot at either role . Once the gang finds out , none of them apart from Bernadette and Stuart want to be in the wedding . Sheldon settles for Stuart as best man , but once Leonard tells Sheldon that as the groom , the decision is his alone , he picks Leonard . Amy is set to call Bernadette but once Penny realizes Amy is her best friend , she immediately pitches herself for the position and Amy enthusiastically chooses her . Amy later makes Penny tell Bernadette the bad news . Title reference : Sheldon and Amy scoring their friends for roles in the wedding . 244 13 `` The Solo Oscillation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) T12. 15613 15.93 With Leonard , Howard , Raj and Amy accomplishing so much on their respective projects , Sheldon is forced to admit he has nothing important to work on . He makes Amy leave the apartment for a few days so he can focus , but can not come up with any ideas and calls his mother as a distraction . Leonard and Amy have fun recreating experiments from when they were growing up , boring Penny , so she eats with Sheldon as he mulls over his scientific studies . Penny helps him realize that his study of dark matter is his rebound science from string theory , which Sheldon admits he never forgot about , but explaining string theory to her inspires Sheldon , helping him discover a potential breakthrough in the field . Meanwhile Howard is too busy with his family to be in the band with Raj , so Raj brings in Bert . But when Howard annoys Bernadette by writing an astronaut - themed musical while she is on bed - rest , she makes him rejoin the band . The three are poorly received , after singing Bert 's original song about the boulder from Indiana Jones at a Bar mitsvah . Title reference : A triple entendre to represent Sheldon going into isolation to figure out his future research field only to go back to studying string theory , the vibration of the strings in string theory , and Howard 's oscillation between being in a band with Raj and being solo . 245 14 `` The Separation Triangulation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) T12. 15614 14.92 Raj hooks up with a recently separated woman , Nell , after one of his lectures at the planetarium . Her husband Oliver confronts Raj at the planetarium and then breaks down over the end of his marriage . After comforting Oliver , Raj talks to Nell and convinces her to give her husband another chance . Meanwhile , after diving once again into string theory and sprawling his work across his and Amy 's apartment , Sheldon approaches a reluctant Leonard and Penny and convinces them to let him use his old room to study for a three - day trial period with an agreement to be quiet and stay out of their way . Sheldon surprisingly sticks to this agreement , being a reasonably good guest , which shockingly frustrates Leonard to no end . After Leonard lets out his frustrations , Sheldon then renegotiates the guest tenancy agreement for an extra few days and resumes being his normal demanding self , much to Leonard 's relief . Title reference : A double entendre that refers to both the love triangle between Raj , Nell , and Oliver , who is upset at his separation from Nell and the roommate triangle that has reformed between Sheldon , Leonard , and Penny , a distinct callback to the show 's initial seasons . 246 15 `` The Novelization Correlation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Andy Gordon & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) T12. 15615 14.69 Sheldon and Amy are surprised to find that Wil Wheaton 's new Professor Proton show is actually very entertaining and that Wil had Howard on as a guest . On Howard 's suggestion , Sheldon apologizes to Wil , mending their friendship , and tells him he wants to be on the show ; but Wil asks for Amy . Sheldon tells her to do it , but she says she often does n't do things to avoid upsetting him . Sheldon is horrified when he realises how selfish he has been , especially when he finds out that the men do the same for him . Sheldon encourages Amy to go on the show to inspire girls to pursue science while trying to control his obvious jealousy for her . Meanwhile , Leonard writes a book about a physicist that solves a murder , the protagonist Logan Dean is based on himself . Bernadette points out Logan 's mean boss Illsa is similar to Penny , who thinks it is based on Bernadette , though Leonard does not correct her . However , Bernadette tells Penny the truth , upsetting her and making her mad at Leonard . After calling his mother for advice , Leonard learns that Illsa is actually like her ; but abandons the book when he realizes he wrote romantic tension into the relationship between the characters . Title reference : The uncertainty of which woman in Leonard 's life he subconsciously based the mean boss character in his novel on . 247 16 `` The Neonatal Nomenclature '' Gay Linvill Story by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez & Adam Faberman March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) T12. 15616 13.75 Bernadette 's due date arrives but she still has n't given birth . As Amy and Howard work together at the college , the rest of the friends try various ways to initiate her labor , though Sheldon wants to play a complicated board game instead . Amy shocks Howard by saying Bernadette has already decided to name the baby after her father , Michael . He does n't agree and everyone makes suggestions as to what to name the baby . Bernadette goes into labor and gives birth to a son named Neil , after Neil Armstrong , Neil Gaiman , and Neil Diamond , with Michael as the middle name . At the last minute , Howard relents to name him Michael as Bernadette got six stitches . Title reference : The naming of the Wolowitz son before he is born . 248 17 `` The Athenaeum Allocation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Steven Molaro & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) T12. 15617 13.88 Sheldon and Amy decide on a wedding date of May 12th . They want to have their reception at the Athenaeum at Caltech . While scouting the location , they are shocked to see Leonard and Penny eating there , as Leonard had told Sheldon their application had been denied . In reality , Leonard just wanted a place to avoid Sheldon . Kripke has booked the venue for his birthday party on the same day as the wedding . Leonard cleans radioactive sludge for Kripke to get the date for Sheldon as an apology for lying . Kripke eventually agrees to change the day but when Amy hears he wants to sing at the wedding , she suggests they get married at the Griffith Observatory instead . Meanwhile , Bernadette and Howard are unsure if one of them should quit their job to stay home with the children . Howard volunteers , but when left alone with the children he passes out exhausted , leaving Raj in charge . When Bernadette meets Penny for lunch , she realizes that she loves being at the office again , but does n't want to leave the children . She and Howard promise to figure it out later after they take a nap . Title reference : The Athenaeum date being allocated for Kripke 's birthday instead of the wedding . 249 18 `` The Gates Excitation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Andy Gordon Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Tara Hernadnez & Jeremy Howe March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) T12. 15618 13.26 The men are excited that Bill Gates is visiting Penny 's pharmaceutical company , although she says that she can not bring them along . Sheldon believes that it 's an April Fools ' Day prank . Leonard sees what hotel Gates is staying at on Penny 's schedule , so he , Raj and Howard meet him in the lobby the day before . Once Sheldon sees proof , the men twice send him to the wrong hotel as real pranks . Penny says Leonard can meet Gates for real , so he fakes being sick to avoid him . When Penny puts Gates on a video call , he recognizes Leonard from the previous night . Meanwhile , Amy is tired of Bernadette only talking about her children , so Bernadette uses her expanded parental brain to learn random science facts . Title reference : The men being excited to meet Bill Gates . 250 19 `` The Tenant Disassociation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Jeremy Howe & Trevor Alper Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) T12. 15619 13.00 After Sheldon has a food truck moved away from the building , Leonard and Penny are shocked to find he is the leader and sole member of the Tenants ' Association for the building . Amy does n't want to be caught in the middle but secretly suggests they rally support from the other tenants to vote Sheldon out . Nobody else supports Leonard so Amy tells them Sheldon was never added to the lease when he moved across the hall with her . Sheldon fires back with his own legal technicality so Amy is forced to support Leonard . She makes Sheldon happy by saying he can be Leonard 's official opposition , making Leonard believe he made a mistake . Meanwhile , Howard and Raj find a drone . Raj returns it to the cute owner Cynthia and gets her number . Unfortunately , Cynthia watches footage of Raj on the drone and is immediately turned off . Title reference : Sheldon leaving the Tenants Association . 251 20 `` The Reclusive Potential '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Maria Ferrari & Anthony Del Broccolo & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Adam Faberman April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) T12. 15620 12.77 Sheldon has been writing to the reclusive scientist Dr. Wolcott ( Peter MacNicol ) who invites Sheldon to visit him in his completely isolated mountain cabin . The women quickly ask Leonard , Raj and Howard to tag along with him , making this his bachelor party , despite Sheldon 's assertions that it should n't be called such . Wolcott has a brilliant mind but his behavior is very strange to the guys . He tells Sheldon he cut off all contact with others to focus on science . Though Sheldon enjoys the science , he decides that he does n't want to live like Wolcott because of his friends and Amy . The guys leave to avoid Wolcott , whose theories about time make him doubt whether the guys were ever there . Meanwhile , Penny and Bernadette throw Amy a quilting bee for her bachelorette party , which she quickly finds boring . When Amy tells them she wants a night full of bad decisions as she earlier implied , they go to a bar where Amy drinks a few shots and passes out in twelve minutes . When she wakes up back at the apartment hungover and disappointed , the women lie and reassure her she had a wild time , involving her drunkenly riverdancing . Title reference : Sheldon considering the scientific potential in living as a recluse . 252 21 `` The Comet Polarization '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Bill Prady & Eric Kaplan Teleplay by : Maria Ferrari & Andy Gordon & Tara Hernandez April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) T12. 15621 12.91 After Neil Gaiman tweets about Stuart 's comic book store , it becomes very popular , and the crowds upset Sheldon . Stuart hires an assistant manager named Denise and she impresses Sheldon with her comic recommendations . Amy goes to her for information on comics to connect to Sheldon but when she tries to tell him , he says he 's talked enough about comics with Denise . The store 's popularity causes Stuart to be unable to babysit for Howard and Bernadette 's date night . They try to have another at home , but Stuart shows up so they hurriedly go out . Meanwhile , as Raj sets up a telescope , Penny sees a new comet . Raj takes sole credit for the discovery , angering Penny . Leonard tries to defend her but feels sorry for hurting Raj 's career . Penny confronts Raj herself and he agrees to share credit after Penny does n't give in like Leonard . Title reference : Raj and Penny polarized over who deserves credit for discovering the comet . 253 22 `` The Monetary Insufficiency '' Nikki Lorre Story by : Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) T12. 15622 11.79 Sheldon needs half a billion dollars to prove his latest concept of string theory , which the University refuses to fund . Crowdfunding and selling some of his most valuable comic books to Stuart give him a small start . When Raj mentions gambling in Las Vegas , Sheldon goes there but is caught calculating odds by security before he can make any bets . Meanwhile , Amy takes Penny and Bernadette shopping for her wedding dress . She loves an old - fashioned one that the other girls admit that they find ugly . Sheldon , however , comes home and sees Amy in the dress and loves how she looks . Title reference : Sheldon not having enough money for his miniature black hole experiment . 254 23 `` The Sibling Realignment '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) T12. 15623 12.93 Sheldon 's mother refuses to attend his wedding unless he invites his older brother George , with whom he is no longer speaking . Sheldon and Leonard fly to Texas to talk to George , who now owns a chain of tire stores . George refuses to attend . He later explains to Leonard that the family sacrificed a lot to fund Sheldon 's education , and George was stuck caring for their mother and sister after their father died while Sheldon was in college . Sheldon never thanked him for this . Leonard takes George back to the hotel room where Sheldon apologizes and the brothers reconcile . George agrees to attend the wedding . Meanwhile , Howard and Bernadette 's children contract pinkeye , infecting everyone except Penny , much to Amy 's fury . Title reference : Sheldon and his brother making amends . 255 24 `` The Bow Tie Asymmetry '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) T12. 15624 15.51 Sheldon and Amy 's wedding day arrives , with many friends and family attending , including Amy 's domineering mother and quiet father ; Sheldon 's mother Mary , brother George , and sister Missy , who is pregnant with her second child and separated from her husband ; and Mark Hamill , who replaces Wil Wheaton as officiant as a favor to Howard who returned his lost dog . Sheldon can not get his bow - tie to be symmetrical and conversations with Amy and his mother make him realize the world 's imperfections could cause a scientific breakthrough . Sheldon and Amy , along with Leonard , get caught up figuring out the math of the theory during the wedding ceremony , making Hamill take Star Wars questions to stall for time . Penny retrieves the couple , who then decide that they have the rest of their lives to make science together . Amy and Sheldon then express their vows . Amy gives a heartfelt vow , and Sheldon is at a loss for words but promises to show Amy that he loves her every day . They are then pronounced as husband and wife , and sung off by Kripke . Title reference : Sheldon 's bow - tie remaining asymmetrical . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Proposal Proposal '' September 25 , 2017 4.1 / 16 17.65 1.7 5.42 5.8 23.08 `` The Retraction Reaction '' October 2 , 2017 3.2 / 12 14.06 1.8 5.14 5.0 19.20 `` The Relaxation Integration '' October 9 , 2017 2.9 / 11 13.13 1.6 4.77 4.5 17.90 `` The Explosion Implosion '' October 16 , 2017 2.8 / 11 13.07 1.6 4.64 4.4 17.71 5 `` The Collaboration Contamination '' October 23 , 2017 2.8 / 10 13.20 1.6 4.76 4.4 17.96 6 `` The Proton Regeneration '' November 2 , 2017 2.7 / 11 14.14 1.8 5.14 4.5 19.28 7 `` The Geology Methodology '' November 9 , 2017 2.8 / 11 13.80 1.6 4.76 4.4 18.56 8 `` The Tesla Recoil '' November 16 , 2017 2.6 / 11 13.44 1.7 4.84 4.3 18.28 9 `` The Bitcoin Entanglement '' November 30 , 2017 2.5 / 10 13.84 1.7 4.70 4.2 18.54 10 `` The Confidence Erosion '' December 7 , 2017 2.8 / 10 14.41 1.7 4.95 4.5 19.36 11 `` The Celebration Reverberation '' December 14 , 2017 2.6 / 11 13.74 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` The Matrimonial Metric '' January 4 , 2018 3.1 / 12 16.16 1.4 3.74 4.5 19.90 13 `` The Solo Oscillation '' January 11 , 2018 3.1 / 12 15.93 1.8 5.18 4.9 21.11 14 `` The Separation Triangulation '' January 18 , 2018 2.9 / 12 14.92 1.6 4.65 4.5 19.58 15 `` The Novelization Correlation '' February 1 , 2018 2.9 / 12 14.69 1.7 4.88 4.6 19.58 16 `` The Neonatal Nomenclature '' March 1 , 2018 2.5 / 11 13.75 1.6 4.83 4.1 18.58 17 `` The Athenaeum Allocation '' March 8 , 2018 2.6 / 11 13.88 1.7 4.62 4.3 18.50 18 `` The Gates Excitation '' March 29 , 2018 2.5 / 11 13.26 1.7 4.90 4.2 18.17 19 `` The Tenant Disassociation '' April 5 , 2018 2.4 / 11 13.00 1.6 4.67 4.0 17.67 20 `` The Reclusive Potential '' April 12 , 2018 2.4 / 11 12.77 1.7 4.78 4.1 17.55 21 `` The Comet Polarization '' April 19 , 2018 2.4 / 11 12.91 1.7 4.91 4.1 17.82 22 `` The Monetary Insufficiency '' April 26 , 2018 2.0 / 9 11.79 1.6 4.55 3.6 16.34 23 `` The Sibling Realignment '' May 3 , 2018 2.4 / 11 12.93 1.7 4.73 4.1 17.66 24 `` The Bow Tie Asymmetry '' May 10 , 2018 2.9 / 14 15.51 2.1 6.30 5.0 21.82 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces New 2017 -- 2018 Fall Schedule '' . The Futon Critic . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces Fall 2017 - 2018 Primetime Premiere Dates '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Officially Renewed for Two Seasons as Mayim Bialik , Melissa Rauch Await Deals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taping Report Thread '' . The Big Bang Theory Forums . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory 's New Boss on Young Sheldon Crossovers and Season 11 '' . TVGuide.com . September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory Welcomes Bill Gates - What 's His Connection To Penny ? '' . TVline.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://thefutoncritic.com/listings/20180405cbs09 ^ Jump up to : `` Big Bang Theory Finale : Sheldon and Amy 's Wedding Guest List Revealed ( and It Includes Luke Skywalker ! ) '' . TVline.com. April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Big Bang Theory Finale : Jerry O'Connell Cast as Sheldon 's Brother Georgie '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2018/04/25/big-bang-theory-spoilers-season-11-finale-wedding-sheldon-amy/ Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2018/04/25/big-bang-theory-spoilers-season-11-finale-wedding-sheldon-amy/ Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings.aspx?id=20180426cbs14 ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thursday Night Football ' adjusts up , still at season low : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Four , ' ' Will & Grace , ' everything else unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' and ' The Four ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superstore , ' ' SWAT , ' ' Scandal ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon , ' ' SWAT , ' all NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Fire ' adjust up , ' SWAT ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjust up , ' Mom , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' SWAT , ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Station 19 ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' 9 - 1 - 1 ' premiere gets a good boost in the week 15 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Roseanne ' Returns on Top '' . Variety . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . General references `` Shows A-Z -- big bang theory , the on CBS '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . `` The Big Bang Theory : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . `` The Big Bang Theory Episode Guide '' . Zap2It . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) List of The Big Bang Theory episodes on IMDb The Big Bang Theory : Season 11 at Rotten Tomatoes hide The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( jellyfish ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Book hide Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 -- 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 -- 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 -- 14 , 14 -- 15 , 15 -- 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football 17 -- 18 : The Big Bang Theory ( S11 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Big_Bang_Theory_(season_11)&oldid=846514610 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons The Big Bang Theory seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 07 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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when will big bang theory season 11 be released
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"The eleventh season of the American television sitcom The Big Bang Theory premiered on CBS on Monday, September 25, 2017.[1] It returned to its regular Thursday time slot on November 2, 2017, after Thursday Night Football on CBS ended.[2] The season concluded on May 10, 2018."
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"Monday, September 25, 2017"
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Dead Poets Society
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Dead Poets Society - wikipedia Dead Poets Society Jump to : navigation , search Dead Poets Society Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Weir Produced by Steven Haft Paul Junger Witt Tony Thomas Written by Tom Schulman Starring Robin Williams Music by Maurice Jarre Cinematography John Seale Edited by William Anderson Production company Touchstone Pictures Silver Screen Partners IV Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution Release date June 2 , 1989 ( 1989 - 06 - 02 ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $16.4 million Box office $235.9 million Dead Poets Society is a 1989 American drama film directed by Peter Weir , written by Tom Schulman , and starring Robin Williams . Set in 1959 at the fictional elite conservative Vermont boarding school Welton Academy , it tells the story of an English teacher who inspires his students through his teaching of poetry . The film received critical acclaim and was a box office success . It won the BAFTA Award for Best Film , and César Award and David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Film . Schulman received an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for his work . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 5 Quotes 6 Adaptations 6.1 Stage play 6.2 Parodies 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In the autumn of 1959 , shy Todd Anderson begins his senior year of high school at Welton Academy , an all - male , elite prep school . He is assigned one of Welton 's most promising students , Neil Perry , as his roommate and is quickly accepted by Neil 's friends : Knox Overstreet , Richard Cameron , Steven Meeks , Gerard Pitts , and Charlie Dalton . On the first day of classes , they are surprised by the unorthodox teaching methods of the new English teacher John Keating , a Welton alumnus who encourages his students to `` make your lives extraordinary '' , a sentiment he summarizes with the Latin expression carpe diem . Subsequent lessons include having them take turns standing on his desk to teach the boys how they must look at life in a different way , telling them to rip out the introduction of their poetry books which explains a mathematical formula used for rating poetry , and inviting them to make up their own style of walking in a courtyard to encourage them to be individuals . His methods attract the attention of strict headmaster Gale Nolan . Upon learning that Keating was a member of the unsanctioned Dead Poets Society while he was at Welton , Neil restarts the club and he and his friends sneak off campus to a cave where they read poetry and verse , including their own compositions . As the school year progresses , Keating 's lessons and their involvement with the club encourage them to live their lives on their own terms . Knox pursues Chris Noel , a girl who is dating a football player from a public school and whose family is friends with his . Neil discovers his love of acting and gets the role as Puck in a local production of A Midsummer Night 's Dream , despite the fact that his domineering father wants him in the Ivy League ( and ultimately medical school ) . Keating helps Todd come out of his shell and realize his potential when he takes him through an exercise in self - expression , resulting in his composing a poem spontaneously in front of the class . However , Charlie takes things too far when he publishes an article in the school newspaper in the club 's name demanding that girls be admitted to Welton . Nolan uses corporal punishment to coerce Charlie into revealing who else is in the Dead Poets Society , but he resists . Nolan also speaks with Keating , warning him that he should discourage his students from questioning authority . Neil 's father discovers Neil 's involvement in the play and forces him to quit on the eve of the opening performance . Devastated , Neil goes to Keating , who advises him to stand his ground and prove to his father that his love of acting is something he takes seriously . Neil 's father unexpectedly shows up at the performance . He takes Neil home and says he has been withdrawn from Welton , only to be enrolled in a military academy to prepare him for Harvard . Unable to find the courage to stand up to his father , a distraught Neil commits suicide . Nolan investigates Neil 's death at the request of the Perry family . Richard blames Neil 's death on Keating to escape punishment for his own participation in the Dead Poets Society , and names the other members . Confronted by Charlie , Richard urges the rest of them to let Keating take the fall . Charlie punches Richard and is expelled . Each of the boys is called to Nolan 's office to sign a letter attesting to the truth of Richard 's allegations , even though they know they are false . When Todd 's turn comes , he is reluctant to sign , but does so after seeing that the others have complied . Keating is fired and Nolan takes over teaching the class . Keating interrupts the class to collect personal articles ; before he leaves , Todd shouts that all of them were forced to sign the letter that resulted in his dismissal and that Neil 's death was not his fault . Todd stands on his desk and salutes Keating with the words `` O Captain ! My Captain ! '' . Knox , Gerard , Steven , and over half of the class do the same , ignoring Nolan 's orders to sit down . Keating is deeply touched by their gesture . He thanks the boys and departs . Cast ( edit ) Robin Williams as John Keating Robert Sean Leonard as Neil Perry Ethan Hawke as Todd Anderson Josh Charles as Knox Overstreet Gale Hansen as Charlie Dalton Norman Lloyd as Headmaster Gale Nolan Kurtwood Smith as Mr. Perry Dylan Kussman as Richard Cameron James Waterston as Gerard Pitts Allelon Ruggiero as Steven Meeks Alexandra Powers as Chris Noel Leon Pownall as McAllister George Martin as Dr. Hager Production ( edit ) The script was written by Tom Schulman , based on his experiences at the Montgomery Bell Academy in Nashville , Tennessee , particularly with his inspirational teacher Samuel Pickering . A scene in the original script showing Keating dying in a hospital was removed by film director Peter Weir . Filming took place at St. Andrew 's School in Middletown , Delaware , and at locations in New Castle , Delaware , and in nearby Wilmington , Delaware . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The worldwide box office was reported as $235,860,116 , which includes domestic grosses of $95,860,116 . The film 's global receipts were the fifth - highest for 1989 , and the highest for dramas . Critical response ( edit ) Dead Poets Society holds an 86 % approval rating and average rating of 7.3 / 10 on Rotten Tomatoes based on 56 reviews . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Affecting performances from the young cast and a genuinely inspirational turn from Robin Williams grant Peter Weir 's prep school drama top honors . '' The film also holds a score of 79 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 14 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' The Washington Post reviewer called it `` solid , smart entertainment '' , and praised Robin Williams for giving a `` nicely restrained acting performance '' . Vincent Canby of The New York Times also praised Williams ' `` exceptionally fine performance '' , while noting that `` Dead Poets Society ... is far less about Keating than about a handful of impressionable boys '' . Pauline Kael was unconvinced by the film , and its `` middlebrow highmindedness '' , but praised Williams . `` Robin Williams ' performance is more graceful than anything he 's done before ( -- ) he 's totally , concentratedly there -- ( he ) reads his lines stunningly , and when he mimics various actors reciting Shakespeare there 's no undue clowning in it ; he 's a gifted teacher demonstrating his skills . '' Roger Ebert 's review was largely negative , only giving the film two out of four stars . He criticized Williams for spoiling an otherwise creditable dramatic performance by occasionally veering into his onstage comedian 's persona , and lamented that for a movie set in the 1950s there was no mention of the Beat Generation writers . Additionally , Ebert described the film as an often poorly constructed `` collection of pious platitudes ... The movie pays lip service to qualities and values that , on the evidence of the screenplay itself , it is cheerfully willing to abandon . '' On their Oscar Nomination edition of Siskel & Ebert , both Gene Siskel ( who also gave the film a mixed review ) and Ebert disagreed with Williams ' Oscar nomination , with Ebert saying that he would have swapped Williams with either Matt Dillon for Drugstore Cowboy or John Cusack for Say Anything . On their If We Picked the Winners special in March 1990 , moreover , Ebert chose the film 's Best Picture nomination as the worst nomination of the year , believing it took a slot that could have gone to Spike Lee 's Do the Right Thing . Accolades ( edit ) Dead Poets Society won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay ( Tom Schulman ) . Peter Weir received a nomination for Best Director and the film itself was nominated for Best Picture of 1989 . Robin Williams received his second Best Actor in a Leading Role nomination and it has since been widely recognized as one of the actor / comedian 's best roles . The movie also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film . Academy Awards ( USA ) 1990 Won : Best Original Screenplay ( Tom Schulman ) Nominated : Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Robin Williams ) Nominated : Director ( Peter Weir ) Nominated : Best Picture ( Steven Haft , Paul Junger Witt and Tony Thomas , Producers ) BAFTA Awards ( UK ) 1989 Won : Best Film Won : Best Original Film Score ( Maurice Jarre ) Nominated : Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Robin Williams ) Nominated : Best Achievement in Direction ( Peter Weir ) Nominated : Best Editing ( William Anderson ) Nominated : Best Original Screenplay ( Tom Schulman ) César Awards ( France ) Won : Best Foreign Film David di Donatello Awards ( Italy ) Won : Best Foreign Film Directors Guild of America ( USA ) Nominated : Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures ( Peter Weir ) Golden Globe Awards ( USA ) Nominated : Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture -- Drama ( Robin Williams ) Nominated : Best Director -- Motion Picture ( Peter Weir ) Nominated : Best Motion Picture -- Drama Nominated : Best Screenplay -- Motion Picture ( Tom Schulman ) Writers Guild of America ( USA ) Nominated : Best Screenplay -- Original ( Tom Schulman ) The film was voted # 52 on the AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers list , a list of the top 100 most inspiring films of all time . QUOTES ( edit ) The film 's line `` Carpe diem . Seize the day , boys . Make your lives extraordinary . '' was voted as the 95th greatest movie quote by the American Film Institute . After Robin Williams ' death in August 2014 , fans of his work used social media to pay tribute to him with photo and video reenactments of the film 's final `` O Captain ! My Captain ! '' scene . Adaptations ( edit ) N.H. Kleinbaum 's novel , Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) , is based on the movie . Stage play ( edit ) A theatrical adaptation written by Tom Schulman and directed by John Doyle opened Off - Broadway on October 27 , 2016 , and running through December 11 , 2016 . Jason Sudeikis stars as John Keating with Thomas Mann as Neil Perry , David Garrison as Gale Nolan , Zane Pais as Todd Anderson , Francesca Carpanini as Chris , Stephen Barker Turner as Mr. Perry , William Hochman as Knox Overstreet , Cody Kostro as Charlie Dalton , Yaron Lotan as Richard Cameron and Bubba Weiler as Steven Meeks . The production received a mixed review from The New York Times , with critic Ben Brantley calling the play `` blunt and bland '' and criticizing Sudeikis 's performance , citing his lack of enthusiasm when delivering powerful lines . Parodies ( edit ) The ending of the film was parodied in the Saturday Night Live sketch , `` Farewell , Mr. Bunting '' , in which a student , upon climbing onto his desk , is decapitated by a ceiling fan . See also ( edit ) `` The Changing of the Guard '' , a June 1 , 1962 episode of The Twilight Zone starring Donald Pleasence as a retiring English teacher at a New England boys ' school , who questions whether he has made a difference in the boys ' lives . The Emperor 's Club ( 2002 ) , an American drama film set in a boys ' preparatory school in the northeast . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DEAD POETS SOCIETY ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 27 , 1989 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) daily '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Canby , Vincent ( June 2 , 1989 ) . `` Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) June 2 , 1989 Review / Film ; Shaking Up a Boys ' School With Poetry '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Film Film BAFTA Awards '' . Awards.bafta.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Real - life professor inspires ' Dead Poets ' character '' . TimesDaily . Florence , AL , USA : Tennessee Valley Printing Co. , Inc . Associated Press . July 10 , 1989 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bill Henderson ( January 12 , 1992 ) . `` Robin Williams and Then Some '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McCurrie , Tom ( March 15 , 2004 ) . `` Dead Poets Society 's Tom Schulman on the Art of Surviving Hollywood '' . Writersupercenter.com . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Cormier , Ryan ( August 12 , 2014 ) ( Originally published April 4 , 2014 ) . `` 25 ' Dead Poets Society ' in Delaware facts '' . The News Journal . Pulp Culture . Wilmington , Delaware , USA : Gannett Company . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dead Poets Society Movie Reviews , Pictures -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dead Poets Society reviews at Metacritic.com '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( June 9 , 1989 ) . `` ' Dead Poets Society ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pauline Kael , Movie Love , pp. 153 - 157 , reprinted from review that appeared in The New Yorker , June 26 , 1989 Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 9 , 1989 ) . `` Dead Poets Society '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees & Winners for the 62nd Academy Awards '' . Oscars.org . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Awards Database '' . Bafta.org . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Crazy Dave . `` Dead Poets Society '' . Peterweircave.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ente David di Donatello -- Accademia del Cinema Italiano Archived October 21 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Directors Guild of America '' . Dga.org . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved November 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ HFPA -- Awards Search Archived October 11 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mathews , Jack ; Easton , Nina J. ( February 9 , 1990 ) . `` Some Surprises in WGA Nominees , Shutouts : Film : ' Baker Boys , ' ' My Left Foot ' are dark - horse nominees for Writers Guild awards ; non-union ' Do the Right Thing , ' ' Drugstore Cowb ... '' Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ American Film Institute . `` AFI 's 100 YEARS ... 100 CHEERS '' . Afi.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ American Film Institute . `` AFI 's 100 YEARS ... 100 MOVIE QUOTES '' . Afi.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' # O Captain , My Captain ' : Robin Williams ' fans take over social media with tributes and memorials dedicated to the legendary comic '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Williams death : Jimmy Fallon fights tears , pays tribute with ' Oh Captain , My Captain ' '' . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Kleinbaum , N.H. ( 1989 ) . Dead Poets Society . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 0877 - 3 . OCLC 71164757 . Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` CSC to Stage World Premiere of Dead Poets Society '' . Playbill.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Jason Sudeikis to Star in Stage Version of ' Dead Poets Society ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Dead Poets Society Finds Its Complete Cast '' . Playbill.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` The World Premiere of Dead Poets Society Begins Tonight '' . Playbill . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Dead Poets Society , ' Starring Jason Sudeikis as the Idealistic Teacher '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Silverberg , Nicole ( 2016 - 05 - 23 ) . `` Behold , a New Classic ' SNL ' Sketch '' . GQ . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 23 . Further reading ( edit ) Munaretto , Stefan ( 2005 ) . Erläuterungen zu Nancy H. Kleinbaum / Peter Weir , ' Der Club der toten Dichter ' ( in German ) . Hollfeld : Bange . ISBN 3 - 8044 - 1817 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dead Poets Society Dead Poets Society on IMDb Dead Poets Society at Box Office Mojo Dead Poets Society at Rotten Tomatoes Dead Poets Society at Metacritic Awards and achievements Preceded by Dangerous Liaisons César Award for Best Foreign Film 1991 Succeeded by Toto the Hero ( Toto le héros ) Films directed by Peter Weir 3 to Go ( 1971 ) Homesdale ( 1971 ) Whatever Happened to Green Valley ? ( 1973 ) The Cars That Ate Paris ( 1974 ) Picnic at Hanging Rock ( 1975 ) The Last Wave ( 1977 ) The Plumber ( 1979 ) Gallipoli ( 1981 ) The Year of Living Dangerously ( 1982 ) Witness ( 1985 ) The Mosquito Coast ( 1986 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Fearless ( 1993 ) The Truman Show ( 1998 ) Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World ( 2003 ) The Way Back ( 2010 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film 1940s The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) 1950s All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) 1960s The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) The Graduate ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) 1970s Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Day for Night ( 1973 ) Lacombe , Lucien ( 1974 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Julia ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) 1980s The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Educating Rita ( 1983 ) The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) 1990s Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) 2000s Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) 2010s The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) César Award for Best Foreign Film Scent of a Woman ( 1976 ) We All Loved Each Other So Much ( 1977 ) A Special Day ( 1978 ) The Tree of Wooden Clogs ( 1979 ) Manhattan ( 1980 ) Kagemusha ( 1981 ) The Elephant Man ( 1982 ) Victor / Victoria ( 1983 ) Fanny and Alexander ( 1984 ) Amadeus ( 1985 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1986 ) The Name of the Rose ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Bagdad Café ( 1989 ) Dangerous Liaisons ( 1990 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1991 ) Toto the Hero ( 1992 ) High Heels ( 1993 ) The Piano ( 1994 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1995 ) Land and Freedom ( 1996 ) Breaking the Waves ( 1997 ) Brassed Off ( 1998 ) Life Is Beautiful ( 1999 ) All About My Mother ( 2000 ) In the Mood for Love ( 2001 ) Mulholland Drive ( 2002 ) Bowling for Columbine ( 2003 ) Mystic River ( 2004 ) Lost in Translation ( 2005 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2006 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2007 ) The Lives of Others ( 2008 ) Waltz with Bashir ( 2009 ) Gran Torino ( 2010 ) The Social Network ( 2011 ) A Separation ( 2012 ) Argo ( 2013 ) The Broken Circle Breakdown ( 2014 ) Mommy ( 2015 ) Birdman ( 2016 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2017 ) Loveless ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Poets_Society&oldid=832298623 '' Categories : 1989 films English - language films American films 1980s coming - of - age films 1980s teen drama films American coming - of - age films American high school films American teen drama films Best Film BAFTA Award winners Best Foreign Film César Award winners Coming - of - age drama films Films about educators Films about suicide Films set in 1959 Films set in Vermont Films shot in Delaware Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay Academy Award Touchstone Pictures films Films scored by Maurice Jarre Films directed by Peter Weir Boarding school films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2012 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 02 : 49 . 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List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones
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List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and Milestones - wikipedia List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and Milestones Jump to : navigation , search This is a comprehensive listing that highlights significant achievements and milestones based upon Billboard magazine 's singles charts , most notably the Billboard Hot 100 . This list spans the period from the issue dated January 1 , 1955 to present . The Billboard Hot 100 began with the issue dated August 4 , 1958 , and is currently the standard popular music chart in the United States . Prior to the creation of the Hot 100 , Billboard published four singles charts : `` Best Sellers in Stores '' , `` Most Played by Jockeys '' , `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' and `` The Top 100 '' . These charts , which ranged from 20 to 100 slots , were phased out at different times between 1957 and 1958 . Though technically not part of the Hot 100 chart history , their data are included for computational purposes , and to avoid unenlightening or misleading characterizations . All items listed below are from the Hot 100 era , unless otherwise noted ( pre-Hot 100 charts ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 All - Time Hot 100 achievements ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 1.1 Top 10 songs of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 1.2 Top 10 artists of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 1.3 Artists with the most songs on Billboard 's Top 100 Hits of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) 2 Song milestones 2.1 Most weeks at number one 2.2 Most weeks at number two ( without hitting number one ) 2.3 Most total weeks in the top ten 2.4 Most total weeks on the Hot 100 2.5 Number - one debuts 2.6 Biggest jump to number one 2.7 Biggest single - week upward movements 2.8 Longest climbs to number one 2.9 Biggest drop from number one 2.10 Biggest single - week downward movements 2.11 Biggest drops off the Hot 100 2.12 Number - one songs covered by different artists 2.13 Non-English language number - ones 2.14 Instrumental number - ones 3 Artist achievements 3.1 Most number - one singles 3.2 Most cumulative weeks at number one 3.3 Most consecutive number - one singles 3.4 Most consecutive weeks simultaneously topping the Hot 100 and Billboard 200 3.5 Most consecutive years charting a number - one single 3.6 Most number - one singles in a calendar year 3.7 Most top 10 singles 3.8 Most consecutive weeks in the top 10 3.9 Most top 40 singles 3.10 Most Hot 100 entries 3.11 Most consecutive weeks on Hot 100 3.12 Self - replacement at number one 3.13 Simultaneously occupying the top two positions 3.14 Simultaneously three or more singles in the top 10 3.15 Posthumous number - ones 3.16 Age records 3.17 Gap records 4 Album achievements 4.1 Most number - one singles from one album 4.2 Most top ten singles from one album 4.3 Other album achievements 5 Producer achievements 5.1 Producers with the most number - one singles 6 Songwriter achievements 6.1 Songwriters with the most number - one singles 6.2 Most number - one singles in a calendar year 7 Selected additional Hot 100 achievements 8 See also 9 References 10 Additional sources All - time Hot 100 achievements ( 1958 -- 2015 ) In 2008 , for the 50th anniversary of the Hot 100 , Billboard magazine compiled a ranking of the 100 best - performing songs on the chart over the 50 years , along with the best - performing artists . In 2013 , Billboard revised the rankings for the chart 's 55th anniversary edition . In 2015 , Billboard revised the rankings again . Shown below are the top 10 songs and top 10 artists over the 57 - year period of the Hot 100 , through October 2015 . Also shown are the artists placing the most songs on the overall `` all - time '' top 100 song list . Top 10 songs of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) Rank Single Year ( s ) released Artist ( s ) Peak and duration 1 . `` The Twist '' 1960 , 1961 * Chubby Checker # 1 for 3 weeks 2 . `` Smooth '' 1999 Santana featuring Rob Thomas # 1 for 12 weeks 3 . `` Mack the Knife '' 1959 Bobby Darin # 1 for 9 weeks 4 . `` How Do I Live '' 1997 LeAnn Rimes # 2 for 4 weeks 5 . `` Party Rock Anthem '' 2011 LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett & GoonRock # 1 for 6 weeks 6 . `` I Gotta Feeling '' 2009 The Black Eyed Peas # 1 for 14 weeks 7 . `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys mix ) '' Los Del Rio # 1 for 14 weeks 8 . `` Physical '' 1981 Olivia Newton - John # 1 for 10 weeks 9 . `` You Light Up My Life '' 1977 Debby Boone # 1 for 10 weeks 10 . `` Hey Jude '' 1968 The Beatles # 1 for 9 weeks * -- re-released Source : Top 10 artists of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) Rank Artist 1 . The Beatles 2 . Madonna 3 . Elton John 4 . Elvis Presley 5 . Mariah Carey 6 . Stevie Wonder 7 . Janet Jackson 8 . Michael Jackson 9 . Whitney Houston 10 . The Rolling Stones Source : Artists with the most songs on Billboard 's Top 100 Hits of All - Time ( 1958 -- 2015 ) Number of songs Artist Songs ( ranking ) Lionel Richie `` Endless Love '' ( 16 ) , `` Say You , Say Me '' ( 89 ) , `` All Night Long '' ( 91 ) Boyz II Men `` I 'll Make Love to You '' ( 20 ) , `` One Sweet Day '' ( 35 ) , `` End of the Road '' ( 52 ) Bee Gees `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( 23 ) , `` Night Fever '' ( 39 ) , `` Stayin ' Alive '' ( 56 ) Paul McCartney `` Silly Love Songs '' ( 37 ) , `` Say Say Say '' ( 41 ) , `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( 73 ) The Black Eyed Peas `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( 6 ) , `` Boom Boom Pow '' ( 53 ) The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' ( 10 ) , `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' ( 45 ) Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' ( 11 ) , `` One Sweet Day '' ( 35 ) Bruno Mars `` Uptown Funk '' ( 12 ) , `` Just the Way You Are '' ( 79 ) Diana Ross `` Endless Love '' ( 16 ) , `` Upside Down '' ( 77 ) Andy Gibb `` I Just Want to Be Your Everything '' ( 27 ) , `` Shadow Dancing '' ( 46 ) Marvin Gaye `` Let 's Get It On '' ( 38 ) , `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' ( 81 ) Michael Jackson `` Say Say Say '' ( 41 ) , `` Billie Jean '' ( 83 ) Pharrell Williams `` Blurred Lines '' ( 48 ) , `` Happy '' ( 76 ) Elton John `` Candle In the Wind 1997 '' ( 49 ) , `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 75 ) Stevie Wonder `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( 73 ) , `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 75 ) Source : Song milestones Most weeks at number one Number of weeks Artist ( s ) Song Year ( s ) 16 Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men `` One Sweet Day '' 1995 -- 96 Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber `` Despacito '' 2017 14 Whitney Houston `` I Will Always Love You '' 1992 -- 93 Boyz II Men `` I 'll Make Love to You '' 1994 Los del Río `` Macarena '' ( Bayside Boys mix ) Elton John `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' 1997 Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' 2005 The Black Eyed Peas `` I Gotta Feeling '' 2009 Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars `` Uptown Funk '' 2015 13 Boyz II Men `` End of the Road '' Brandy and Monica `` The Boy Is Mine '' 1998 12 Santana featuring Rob Thomas `` Smooth '' 1999 -- 2000 Eminem `` Lose Yourself '' 2002 -- 03 Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris `` Yeah ! '' The Black Eyed Peas `` Boom Boom Pow '' 2009 Robin Thicke featuring T.I. and Pharrell `` Blurred Lines '' 2013 Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth `` See You Again '' 2015 The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Closer '' 2016 Ed Sheeran `` Shape of You '' 2017 11 Elvis Presley † `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' 1956 All - 4 - One `` I Swear '' 1994 Toni Braxton `` Un-Break My Heart '' 1996 -- 97 Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 `` I 'll Be Missing You '' 1997 Destiny 's Child `` Independent Women Part I '' 2000 -- 01 10 The McGuire Sisters † † `` Sincerely '' 1955 Pérez Prado † † † `` Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White '' Debby Boone `` You Light Up My Life '' 1977 Olivia Newton - John `` Physical '' 1981 -- 82 Santana featuring The Product G&B `` Maria Maria '' 2000 Ashanti `` Foolish '' 2002 Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland `` Dilemma '' Kanye West featuring Jamie Foxx `` Gold Digger '' 2005 Beyoncé `` Irreplaceable '' 2006 -- 07 Flo Rida featuring T - Pain `` Low '' 2008 Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris `` We Found Love '' 2011 -- 12 Pharrell Williams `` Happy '' 2014 Adele `` Hello '' 2015 -- 16 Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla `` One Dance '' 2016 † Pre-Hot 100 : `` Best Sellers in Stores '' and `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' charts . † † Pre-Hot 100 : `` Most Played by Jockeys '' chart . † † † Pre-Hot 100 : `` Best Sellers in Stores '' chart . Source : Most weeks at number two ( without hitting number one ) Number of weeks Artist ( s ) Song Year ( s ) 10 Foreigner `` Waiting for a Girl Like You '' 1981 -- 82 Missy Elliott `` Work It '' 2002 -- 03 9 Donna Lewis `` I Love You Always Forever '' Shania Twain `` You 're Still the One '' 1998 8 Shai `` If I Ever Fall in Love '' 1992 -- 93 Deborah Cox `` Nobody 's Supposed to Be Here '' 1998 -- 99 Brian McKnight `` Back at One '' 1999 -- 2000 Mario Winans featuring Enya and P. Diddy `` I Do n't Wanna Know '' Ed Sheeran `` Thinking Out Loud '' 2015 Source : Most total weeks in the top ten Number of weeks Artist ( s ) Song Year ( s ) 33 Ed Sheeran `` Shape of You '' 2017 32 LeAnn Rimes `` How Do I Live '' 1997 -- 98 The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey `` Closer '' 2016 -- 17 31 Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars `` Uptown Funk '' 2014 -- 15 30 Santana featuring Rob Thomas `` Smooth '' 1999 -- 2000 29 LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock `` Party Rock Anthem '' 2011 -- 12 28 Jewel `` Foolish Games '' / `` You Were Meant for Me '' 1997 -- 98 Bruno Mars `` That 's What I Like '' 2017 26 Savage Garden `` Truly Madly Deeply '' 1997 -- 98 25 Chubby Checker `` The Twist '' 1960 , 1962 Toni Braxton `` Un-Break My Heart '' 1996 -- 97 Timbaland featuring OneRepublic `` Apologize '' 2007 -- 08 OneRepublic `` Counting Stars '' 2013 -- 14 Meghan Trainor `` All About That Bass '' 2014 -- 15 Fetty Wap `` Trap Queen '' 2015 The total weeks displayed in this section are total weeks the song was charted inside the top 10 portion of the chart , instead of total weeks spent on the chart . Only songs that spent 25 weeks or more in the top 10 are considered for inclusion in this section . Source : Most total weeks on the Hot 100 87 weeks -- Imagine Dragons -- `` Radioactive '' ( 2014 ) 79 weeks -- Awolnation -- `` Sail '' ( 2014 ) 76 weeks -- Jason Mraz -- `` I 'm Yours '' ( 2009 ) 69 weeks -- LeAnn Rimes -- `` How Do I Live '' ( 1998 ) 68 weeks -- LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock -- `` Party Rock Anthem '' ( 2012 ) , OneRepublic -- `` Counting Stars '' ( 2014 ) 65 weeks -- Jewel -- `` Foolish Games '' / `` You Were Meant for Me '' ( 1998 ) , Adele -- `` Rolling in the Deep '' ( 2012 ) 64 weeks -- Carrie Underwood -- `` Before He Cheats '' ( 2007 ) 62 weeks -- Lifehouse -- `` You and Me '' ( 2006 ) , The Lumineers -- `` Ho Hey '' ( 2013 ) The year displayed is the year the songs ended their respective chart runs . Number - one Debuts Michael Jackson -- `` You Are Not Alone '' ( September 2 , 1995 ) Mariah Carey -- `` Fantasy '' ( September 30 , 1995 ) Whitney Houston -- `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' ( November 25 , 1995 ) Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men -- `` One Sweet Day '' ( December 2 , 1995 ) Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 -- `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( June 14 , 1997 ) Mariah Carey -- `` Honey '' ( September 13 , 1997 ) Elton John -- `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' / `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' ( October 11 , 1997 ) Celine Dion -- `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( February 28 , 1998 ) Aerosmith -- `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( September 5 , 1998 ) Lauryn Hill -- `` Doo Wop ( That Thing ) '' ( November 14 , 1998 ) Clay Aiken -- `` This Is the Night '' ( June 28 , 2003 ) Fantasia Barrino -- `` I Believe '' ( July 10 , 2004 ) Carrie Underwood -- `` Inside Your Heaven '' ( July 2 , 2005 ) Taylor Hicks -- `` Do I Make You Proud '' ( July 1 , 2006 ) Britney Spears -- `` 3 '' ( October 24 , 2009 ) Eminem -- `` Not Afraid '' ( May 22 , 2010 ) Kesha -- `` We R Who We R '' ( November 13 , 2010 ) Britney Spears -- `` Hold It Against Me '' ( January 29 , 2011 ) Lady Gaga -- `` Born This Way '' ( February 26 , 2011 ) Katy Perry -- `` Part of Me '' ( March 3 , 2012 ) Baauer -- `` Harlem Shake '' ( March 2 , 2013 ) Taylor Swift -- `` Shake It Off '' ( September 6 , 2014 ) Justin Bieber -- `` What Do You Mean ? '' ( September 19 , 2015 ) Adele -- `` Hello '' ( November 14 , 2015 ) Zayn Malik -- `` Pillowtalk '' ( February 20 , 2016 ) Justin Timberlake -- `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' ( May 28 , 2016 ) Ed Sheeran -- `` Shape of You '' ( January 28 , 2017 ) DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne -- `` I 'm the One '' ( May 20 , 2017 ) Since 2009 , at least one song or more debuted at number one per year . In 1995 , four songs debuted at number one ( a record amount ) . Source : Biggest jump to number one 97 -- 1 -- Kelly Clarkson -- `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' ( February 7 , 2009 ) 96 -- 1 -- Britney Spears -- `` Womanizer '' ( October 25 , 2008 ) 80 -- 1 -- T.I. featuring Rihanna -- `` Live Your Life '' ( October 18 , 2008 ) 78 -- 1 -- Eminem , Dr. Dre and 50 Cent -- `` Crack a Bottle '' ( February 21 , 2009 ) 77 -- 1 -- Taylor Swift -- `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( September 16 , 2017 ) 72 -- 1 -- Taylor Swift -- `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' ( September 1 , 2012 ) 71 -- 1 -- T.I. -- `` Whatever You Like '' ( September 6 , 2008 ) 64 -- 1 -- Maroon 5 -- `` Makes Me Wonder '' ( May 12 , 2007 ) 60 -- 1 -- Rihanna featuring Drake -- `` What 's My Name ? '' ( November 20 , 2010 ) 58 -- 1 -- Flo Rida -- `` Right Round '' ( February 28 , 2009 ) Changes in when the eligibility of a single first begins , as well as more accurate digital download totals , have made abrupt chart jumps more commonplace . From 1955 to 2001 , under Billboard 's previous methodologies , only two singles ascended directly to # 1 from a previous position beneath the Top 20 : The Beatles ' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' , which jumped from # 27 to the top slot in April 1964 , and Brandy and Monica 's `` The Boy Is Mine '' which jumped from # 23 to # 1 in June 1998 . Biggest single - Week upward movements 97 -- 1 ( 96 positions ) -- Kelly Clarkson -- `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' ( February 7 , 2009 ) 96 -- 1 ( 95 positions ) -- Britney Spears -- `` Womanizer '' ( October 25 , 2008 ) 94 -- 3 ( 91 positions ) -- Beyoncé and Shakira -- `` Beautiful Liar '' ( April 7 , 2007 ) 95 -- 7 ( 88 positions ) -- Akon featuring Eminem -- `` Smack That '' ( October 14 , 2006 ) 97 -- 9 ( 88 positions ) -- Drake featuring Nicki Minaj -- `` Make Me Proud '' ( November 5 , 2011 ) 96 -- 11 ( 85 positions ) -- Carrie Underwood -- `` Cowboy Casanova '' ( October 10 , 2009 ) 100 -- 15 ( 85 positions ) -- A.R. Rahman and Pussycat Dolls featuring Nicole Scherzinger -- `` Jai Ho ! ( You Are My Destiny ) '' ( March 14 , 2009 ) 85 -- 2 ( 83 positions ) -- Katy Perry -- `` Roar '' ( August 31 , 2013 ) 86 -- 4 ( 82 positions ) -- Vanessa Hudgens and Zac Efron -- `` Breaking Free '' ( February 11 , 2006 ) 93 -- 12 ( 81 positions ) -- Matchbox Twenty -- `` How Far We 've Come '' ( September 22 , 2007 ) 93 -- 12 ( 81 positions ) -- Kygo and Selena Gomez -- `` It Ai n't Me '' ( March 11 , 2017 ) 100 -- 19 ( 81 positions ) -- Lorde -- `` Green Light '' ( March 25 , 2017 ) Under Billboard 's previous methodologies , jumps of this magnitude were rare . One exception was Jeannie C. Riley 's `` Harper Valley PTA , '' which advanced 74 slots in August 1968 ; this upward acceleration went unmatched for 30 years , but has been surpassed over a dozen times since 2006 . Changes in when the eligibility of a single first begins , as well as more accurate digital download totals , have made abrupt chart jumps more commonplace . Longest climbs to number one 33rd week -- Los del Río -- `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' ( 1995 -- 96 ) 31st week -- Lonestar -- `` Amazed '' ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 30th week -- John Legend -- `` All of Me '' ( 2013 -- 14 ) 27th week -- Creed -- `` With Arms Wide Open '' ( 2000 ) 26th week -- Vertical Horizon -- `` Everything You Want '' ( 2000 ) 25th week -- UB40 -- `` Red Red Wine '' ( 1988 ) 23rd week -- Patti Austin and James Ingram -- `` Baby , Come to Me '' ( 1983 ) , Sia featuring Sean Paul -- `` Cheap Thrills '' ( 2016 ) 22nd week -- Vangelis -- `` Chariots of Fire '' ( 1982 ) , Lady Gaga featuring Colby O'Donis -- `` Just Dance '' ( 2008 -- 09 ) 21st week -- Nick Gilder -- `` Hot Child in the City '' ( 1978 ) , Robert John -- `` Sad Eyes '' ( 1979 ) , Outkast -- `` The Way You Move '' ( 2003 -- 04 ) , Adele -- `` Set Fire to the Rain '' ( 2011 -- 12 ) Biggest drop from number one 1 -- 15 -- Billy Preston -- `` Nothing from Nothing '' ( October 26 , 1974 ) 1 -- 15 -- Dionne Warwicke and The Spinners -- `` Then Came You '' ( November 2 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Simon & Garfunkel -- `` The Sound of Silence '' ( January 29 , 1966 ) 1 -- 12 -- Barry White -- `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love , Babe '' ( September 28 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Andy Kim -- `` Rock Me Gently '' ( October 5 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Stevie Wonder -- `` You Have n't Done Nothin ' '' ( November 9 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- Bachman -- Turner Overdrive -- `` You Ai n't Seen Nothing Yet '' ( November 16 , 1974 ) 1 -- 12 -- John Lennon and Plastic Ono Band -- `` Whatever Gets You thru the Night '' ( November 23 , 1974 ) 1 -- 11 -- Diana Ross -- `` Theme from Mahogany ( Do You Know Where You 're Going To ) '' ( January 31 , 1976 ) 1 -- 10 -- Phil Collins -- `` Two Hearts '' ( February 4 , 1989 ) Source : Biggest single - week downward movements 17 -- 96 ( 79 positions ) -- Javier Colon -- `` Stitch by Stitch '' ( July 23 , 2011 ) 21 -- 99 ( 78 positions ) -- Jordan Smith -- `` Somebody to Love '' ( January 2 , 2016 ) 16 -- 93 ( 77 positions ) -- 5 Seconds of Summer -- `` Amnesia '' ( July 26 , 2014 ) 17 -- 92 ( 75 positions ) -- Justin Bieber -- `` Die in Your Arms '' ( June 23 , 2012 ) 23 -- 96 ( 73 positions ) -- Colbie Caillat -- `` I Do '' ( March 5 , 2011 ) 21 -- 94 ( 73 positions ) -- Justin Bieber -- `` Never Let You Go '' ( March 27 , 2010 ) 21 -- 94 ( 73 positions ) -- Glee Cast -- `` Empire State of Mind '' ( October 16 , 2010 ) 16 -- 89 ( 73 positions ) -- Jonas Brothers -- `` Pushin ' Me Away '' ( August 9 , 2008 ) 13 -- 86 ( 73 positions ) -- Justin Timberlake and Matt Morris featuring Charlie Sexton -- `` Hallelujah '' ( February 20 , 2010 ) 20 -- 92 ( 72 positions ) -- The Beatles -- `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' ( June 5 , 1982 ) Source : Biggest drops off the Hot 100 From # 4 -- Prince and The Revolution -- `` Purple Rain '' † ( May 21 , 2016 ) From # 8 -- Prince -- `` When Doves Cry '' † ( May 21 , 2016 ) From # 9 -- Soko -- `` We Might Be Dead by Tomorrow '' ( April 5 , 2014 ) From # 11 -- Jonas Brothers -- `` A Little Bit Longer '' ( August 30 , 2008 ) , Taylor Swift -- `` Mean '' ( November 13 , 2010 ) , One Direction -- `` Diana '' ( December 14 , 2013 ) , Mariah Carey -- `` All I Want for Christmas is You '' ( January 16 , 2016 ) † † From # 12 -- Taylor Swift -- `` You Belong with Me '' * ( November 29 , 2008 ) , Lady Gaga -- `` Hair '' ( June 11 , 2011 ) , One Direction -- `` Midnight Memories '' ( December 14 , 2013 ) † -- `` Purple Rain '' and `` When Doves Cry '' reappeared on the Hot 100 for two weeks in 2016 , and the above reflects their re-entries only . When the songs originally charted in 1984 , their chart positions in their final week on the Hot 100 were well below the top 10 . † † -- A recurring holiday song charting during the Christmas season . * -- `` You Belong with Me '' later re-entered the Hot 100 as a single in 2009 to reach a peak of # 2 . The recurring song 's final week on the Hot 100 was in 2010 , when it was low as possible on the chart . Prior to 2008 , the biggest drop off the Hot 100 was `` Nights in White Satin '' by The Moody Blues , which ranked at # 17 in its final week on the chart in December 1972 . This high drop - off position was matched in January 1975 by `` Junior 's Farm '' by Paul McCartney and Wings . The record went unchallenged for more than three decades , but every title listed above achieved its drop - off after just four weeks or less on the Hot 100 . `` Nights in White Satin '' and `` Junior 's Farm '' dropped off after 18 and 12 weeks , respectively . Source : Number - one songs covered by different artists `` Go Away Little Girl '' -- Steve Lawrence ( 1963 ) and Donny Osmond ( 1971 ) `` The Loco - Motion '' -- Little Eva ( 1962 ) and Grand Funk ( 1974 ) `` Please Mr. Postman '' -- The Marvelettes ( 1961 ) and The Carpenters ( 1975 ) `` Venus '' -- Shocking Blue ( 1970 ) and Bananarama ( 1986 ) `` Lean on Me '' -- Bill Withers ( 1972 ) and Club Nouveau ( 1987 ) `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' -- The Supremes ( 1966 ) and Kim Wilde ( 1987 ) `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' -- Percy Sledge ( 1966 ) and Michael Bolton ( 1991 ) `` I 'll Be There '' -- The Jackson 5 ( 1970 ) and Mariah Carey ( 1992 ) `` Lady Marmalade '' -- Labelle ( 1975 ) and Christina Aguilera / Lil ' Kim / Mýa / Pink ( 2001 ) Source : Non-English language number - ones `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' -- Domenico Modugno ( Italian -- August 18 , 1958 for five non-consecutive weeks ) `` Sukiyaki '' -- Kyu Sakamoto ( Japanese -- June 15 , 1963 for three weeks ) `` Dominique '' -- The Singing Nun ( French -- December 7 , 1963 for four weeks ) `` Rock Me Amadeus '' -- Falco ( English / German -- March 29 , 1986 for three weeks ) `` La Bamba '' -- Los Lobos ( Spanish -- August 29 , 1987 for three weeks ) `` Macarena ( Bayside Boys Mix ) '' -- Los del Río ( English / Spanish -- August 3 , 1996 for fourteen weeks ) `` Despacito '' -- Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ( English / Spanish -- May 27 , 2017 for sixteen weeks ) Instrumental number - ones `` The Happy Organ '' -- Dave `` Baby '' Cortez ( May 11 , 1959 for one week ) `` Sleep Walk '' -- Santo & Johnny ( September 21 , 1959 for two weeks ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith ( February 22 , 1960 for nine weeks ) `` Wonderland by Night '' -- Bert Kaempfert ( January 9 , 1961 for three weeks ) `` Calcutta '' -- Lawrence Welk ( February 13 , 1961 for two weeks ) `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr. Acker Bilk ( May 26 , 1962 for one week ) `` The Stripper '' -- David Rose ( July 7 , 1962 for one week ) `` Telstar '' -- The Tornados ( December 22 , 1962 for three weeks ) `` Love Is Blue '' -- Paul Mauriat ( February 10 , 1968 for five weeks ) `` Grazing in the Grass '' -- Hugh Masekela ( July 20 , 1968 for two weeks ) `` Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet '' -- Henry Mancini ( July 28 , 1969 for two weeks ) `` Frankenstein '' -- The Edgar Winter Group ( May 26 , 1973 for one week ) `` Love 's Theme '' -- Love Unlimited Orchestra ( February 9 , 1974 for one week ) `` TSOP ( The Sound of Philadelphia ) '' -- MFSB and The Three Degrees † ( April 20 , 1974 for two weeks ) `` Pick Up the Pieces '' -- Average White Band † ( February 22 , 1975 for one week ) `` The Hustle '' -- Van McCoy and the Soul City Symphony † ( July 26 , 1975 for one week ) `` Fly , Robin , Fly '' -- Silver Convention † ( November 29 , 1975 for three weeks ) `` Theme from S.W.A.T. '' -- Rhythm Heritage ( February 28 , 1976 for one week ) `` A Fifth of Beethoven '' -- Walter Murphy and the Big Apple Band ( October 9 , 1976 for one week ) `` Gonna Fly Now '' -- Bill Conti † ( July 2 , 1977 for one week ) `` Star Wars Theme / Cantina Band '' -- Meco ( October 1 , 1977 for two weeks ) `` Rise '' -- Herb Alpert ( October 20 , 1979 for two weeks ) `` Chariots of Fire '' -- Vangelis ( May 8 , 1982 for one week ) `` Miami Vice Theme '' -- Jan Hammer ( November 9 , 1985 for one week ) `` Harlem Shake '' -- Baauer † ( March 2 , 2013 for five weeks ) † -- Contains vocal part , but is considered an instrumental . See Instrumental # Borderline cases for more . Artist achievements Most number - one singles Number of singles Artist Biggest number - one 20 The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' 18 Elvis Presley † `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' 14 Rihanna `` We Found Love '' 13 Michael Jackson `` Say Say Say '' ( duet with Paul McCartney ) 12 The Supremes `` Love Child '' Madonna `` Like a Virgin '' 11 Whitney Houston `` I Will Always Love You '' 10 Stevie Wonder `` Ebony and Ivory '' ( duet with Paul McCartney ) Janet Jackson `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 . The biggest number - one listed by each artist reflects its overall performance on the Hot 100 , as calculated by Billboard , and may not necessarily be the single which spent the most weeks at # 1 for the artist , such as Madonna 's `` Like a Virgin '' ( six weeks at # 1 , compared to seven for `` Take a Bow '' ) , Mariah Carey 's `` We Belong Together '' ( fourteen weeks at # 1 , compared to sixteen for her duet with Boyz II Men , `` One Sweet Day '' ) and Michael Jackson 's duet with Paul McCartney , `` Say Say Say '' ( six weeks at # 1 , compared to seven for both his solo singles `` Billie Jean '' and `` Black or White '' ) . Billboard now credits the dual # 1 Presley single `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' as a single chart entity . `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' spent 11 weeks at # 1 , `` Hound Dog '' for 6 weeks , `` Do n't Be Cruel '' for 5 weeks . Many chart statisticians however , such as Joel Whitburn still lists Presley as having 18 number ones . Source : Most cumulative weeks at number one Weeks at number one Artist 79 Elvis Presley † Mariah Carey 60 Rihanna 59 The Beatles 50 Boyz II Men 47 Usher 37 Michael Jackson 36 Beyoncé 34 Elton John 33 Janet Jackson Katy Perry † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 . Presley is sometimes credited with an `` 80th week '' that occurred when `` All Shook Up '' spent a ninth week on top of the `` Most Played in Jukeboxes '' chart . Although Billboard 's chart statistician Joel Whitburn still counts this 80th week based on preexisting research , Billboard magazine itself has since revised its methodology and officially credits Presley with 79 weeks . Much of Presley 's total factors in pre-Hot 100 data . If counting from the August 1958 Hot 100 inception , Presley totaled 22 weeks at # 1 . Source : Most consecutive number - one singles Number of singles Artist First hit and date Final hit and date Streak - breaking song 7 Whitney Houston `` Saving All My Love for You '' ( October 26 , 1985 ) `` Where Do Broken Hearts Go '' ( April 23 , 1988 ) `` Love Will Save the Day '' ( # 9 -- August 27 , 1988 ) 6 The Beatles `` I Feel Fine '' ( December 26 , 1964 ) `` We Can Work It Out '' ( January 8 , 1966 ) `` Nowhere Man '' ( # 3 -- March 26 , 1966 ) Bee Gees `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( December 24 , 1977 ) `` Love You Inside Out '' ( June 9 , 1979 ) `` He 's A Liar '' ( # 30 -- October 24 , 1981 ) 5 Elvis Presley `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' ( August 10 , 1959 ) `` Surrender '' ( March 20 , 1961 ) `` I Feel So Bad '' ( # 5 -- May 1961 ) The Supremes `` Where Did Our Love Go '' ( August 22 , 1964 ) `` Back in My Arms Again '' ( June 12 , 1965 ) `` Nothing but Heartaches '' ( # 11 -- September 4 , 1965 ) Michael Jackson `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' ( with Siedah Garrett ) ( September 19 , 1987 ) `` Dirty Diana '' ( July 2 , 1988 ) `` Another Part of Me '' ( # 11 -- September 10 , 1988 ) Mariah Carey `` Vision of Love '' ( August 4 , 1990 ) `` Emotions '' ( October 12 , 1991 ) `` Ca n't Let Go '' ( # 2 -- January 25 , 1992 ) `` Fantasy '' ( September 30 , 1995 ) `` My All '' ( May 23 , 1998 ) `` When You Believe '' ( with Whitney Houston ) ( # 15 -- January 30 , 1999 ) Katy Perry `` California Gurls '' ( featuring Snoop Dogg ) ( June 19 , 2010 ) `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' ( August 17 , 2011 ) `` The One That Got Away '' ( # 3 -- January 7 , 2012 ) Houston 's `` Thinking About You '' is not counted as intrerupting the streak , as it never appeared on the Hot 100 , due to not being released to Pop radio . Likewise , Perry 's `` Not Like the Movies '' and `` Circle the Drain '' were only promotional singles , not radio singles . Sources : Most consecutive weeks simultaneously topping the Hot 100 and Billboard 200 Number of weeks Artist Year ( s ) charted Singles Albums 12 The Beatles 1964 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' , `` She Loves You '' , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' Meet the Beatles ! , The Beatles ' Second Album Whitney Houston 1992 -- 93 `` I Will Always Love You '' The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album 7 Michael Jackson `` Billie Jean '' Thriller Drake 2016 `` One Dance '' ( featuring Wizkid and Kyla ) Views The Monkees 1966 -- 67 `` I 'm a Believer '' The Monkees , More of the Monkees Sources : Most consecutive years charting a number - one single Number of years Artist First number - one hit and week Final number - one hit and final week 11 Mariah Carey `` Vision of Love '' ( August 4 , 1990 ) `` Thank God I Found You '' ( February 19 , 2000 ) 7 Elvis Presley † `` Heartbreak Hotel '' ( March 17 , 1956 ) `` Good Luck Charm '' ( April 28 , 1962 ) The Beatles `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' ( February 1 , 1964 ) `` The Long and Winding Road '' ( June 20 , 1970 ) 6 The Supremes `` Where Did Our Love Go '' ( August 22 , 1964 ) `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' ( December 27 , 1969 ) Lionel Richie `` Endless Love '' ( August 15 , 1981 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' ( January 11 , 1986 ) † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 . Source : Most number - one singles in a calendar year Number of singles Artist Year charted Singles 6 The Beatles 1964 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` She Loves You '' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' `` Love Me Do '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` I Feel Fine '' 5 1965 `` I Feel Fine '' `` Eight Days a Week '' `` Ticket to Ride '' `` Help ! '' `` Yesterday '' Elvis Presley † 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' `` All Shook Up '' `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Jailhouse Rock '' The Supremes 1965 `` Come See About Me '' `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' `` Back in My Arms Again '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' Jackson 5 1970 `` I Want You Back '' `` ABC '' `` The Love You Save '' `` I 'll Be There '' George Michael 1988 `` Faith '' `` Father Figure '' `` One More Try '' `` Monkey '' Usher `` Yeah ! '' ( featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris ) `` Burn '' `` Confessions Part II '' `` My Boo '' ( Duet with Alicia Keys ) Rihanna `` Rude Boy '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' ( Eminem featuring Rihanna ) `` What 's My Name ? '' ( featuring Drake ) `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' † Pre-Hot 100 charts . Chart notes : If counting Presley 's dual hit song `` Do n't Be Cruel / Hound Dog '' separately then Elvis has 5 for 1956 . Some Presley songs included here charted # 1 on Cashbox , but not on the Billboard Top 100 , the precursor to the Billboard Hot 100 . Sources : Most top 10 singles Number of singles Artist 38 Madonna 36 Elvis Presley † 34 The Beatles 31 Rihanna 29 Michael Jackson 28 Stevie Wonder 27 Elton John Janet Jackson Mariah Carey 23 The Rolling Stones Whitney Houston Paul McCartney † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 Source : Note : If Paul McCartney 's solo work and work with the Beatles were combined , he would top this list with 57 top ten hits Most consecutive weeks in the Top 10 Number of weeks Artist Years charted Singles 69 Katy Perry 2010 -- 11 `` California Gurls '' ( featuring Snoop Dogg ) `` Teenage Dream '' `` Firework '' `` E.T. '' ( featuring Kanye West ) `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' 61 The Chainsmokers 2016 -- 17 `` Do n't Let Me Down '' ( featuring Daya ) `` Closer '' ( featuring Halsey ) `` Paris '' `` Something Just Like This '' ( with Coldplay ) 51 Drake 2015 -- 16 `` Hotline Bling '' `` Work '' ( Rihanna featuring Drake ) `` Summer Sixteen '' `` One Dance '' ( featuring Wizkid and Kyla ) 48 Ace of Base 1993 -- 94 `` All That She Wants '' `` The Sign '' `` Do n't Turn Around '' 46 Rihanna 2010 -- 11 `` Love the Way You Lie '' ( Eminem featuring Rihanna ) `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' `` What 's My Name ? '' ( featuring Drake ) `` S&M '' Source : Most top 40 singles 114 -- Elvis Presley ( Pre -- Hot 100 charts included ) 69 -- Lil Wayne 57 -- Elton John 56 -- Drake 52 - Taylor Swift 51 -- Glee Cast 50 -- The Beatles 49 -- Madonna 47 -- Rihanna 46 -- Stevie Wonder 45 -- Jay Z Source : Notes : Presley is credited by Billboard for having 80 Top 40 chart entries which still ranks him first . However , if including his career before the Hot 100 inception , Presley is credited with 114 Top 40 entries . Most Hot 100 entries 207 -- Glee Cast 157 -- Drake 149 -- Elvis Presley ( Pre-Hot 100 and Hot 100 included ) 136 -- Lil Wayne 96 -- Jay Z 91 -- James Brown 85 -- Chris Brown 81 -- Kanye West 80 -- Nicki Minaj 75 -- Ray Charles Source : Notes : Elvis Presley has charted 149 singles on Billboard if tracking his entire career which predates the 1958 Hot 100 . If tracking begins after the 1958 inception of the Hot 100 , Presley only has 108 . Most consecutive weeks on Hot 100 431 -- Drake 326 -- Lil Wayne 216 -- Rihanna 207 -- Nicki Minaj 161 -- Chris Brown 159 -- Jay - Z 152 -- Nelly 141 -- Kenny Chesney 139 -- Destiny 's Child 139 -- Taylor Swift 139 -- Katy Perry Source : Self - replacement at number one Elvis Presley -- `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' → `` Love Me Tender '' ( October 27 , 1956 ) ( `` Best Sellers in Stores '' and `` Most Played by Jockeys '' charts ) The Beatles † -- `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' → `` She Loves You '' ( March 21 , 1964 ) ; `` She Loves You '' → `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' ( April 4 , 1964 ) Boyz II Men -- `` I 'll Make Love to You '' → `` On Bended Knee '' ( December 3 , 1994 ) Puff Daddy -- `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 ) → `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Puff Daddy and Mase ) ( August 30 , 1997 ) Ja Rule -- `` Always on Time '' ( Ja Rule featuring Ashanti ) → `` Ai n't It Funny '' ( Jennifer Lopez featuring Ja Rule ) ( March 9 , 2002 ) Nelly -- `` Hot in Herre '' → `` Dilemma '' ( Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland ) ( August 17 , 2002 ) OutKast -- `` Hey Ya ! '' → `` The Way You Move '' ( OutKast featuring Sleepy Brown ) ( February 14 , 2004 ) Usher -- `` Yeah ! '' ( Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris ) → `` Burn '' ( May 22 , 2004 ) ; `` Burn '' → `` Confessions Part II '' ( July 24 , 2004 ) T.I. -- `` Whatever You Like '' → `` Live Your Life '' ( T.I. featuring Rihanna ) ( October 18 , 2008 ) ; `` Whatever You Like '' → `` Live Your Life '' ( November 15 , 2008 ) The Black Eyed Peas -- `` Boom Boom Pow '' → `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( July 11 , 2009 ) Taylor Swift -- `` Shake It Off '' → `` Blank Space '' ( November 29 , 2014 ) The Weeknd -- `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' → `` The Hills '' ( October 3 , 2015 ) Justin Bieber -- `` Sorry '' → `` Love Yourself '' ( February 13 , 2016 ) ; `` I 'm the One '' ( DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne ) → `` Despacito '' ( Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ) ( May 27 , 2017 ) † The Beatles are the only act in history to have three consecutive , self - replacing # 1s . Source : Simultaneously occupying the top two positions Elvis Presley : October 20 -- November 3 , 1956 ( Pre-Hot 100 charts ) `` Hound Dog '' / `` Do n't Be Cruel '' `` Love Me Tender '' ( `` Best Sellers in Stores '' and `` Most Played by Jockeys '' charts ) The Beatles : From February 22 , 1964 until April 25 , 1964 the Beatles held the top two positions , with various singles . In some of the weeks , the band held the top three or top four slots , the only act in chart history to do so . On April 4 , 1964 , The Beatles occupied the entire top five . `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' `` Twist and Shout '' `` She Loves You '' `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` Please Please Me '' Bee Gees : March 18 -- April 15 , 1978 `` Night Fever '' `` Stayin ' Alive '' Puff Daddy : August 9 -- 30 , 1997 `` I 'll Be Missing You '' ( Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 ) `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Puff Daddy and Mase ) Ja Rule : March 9 -- 23 , 2002 `` Ai n't It Funny '' ( Jennifer Lopez featuring Ja Rule ) `` Always on Time '' ( Ja Rule featuring Ashanti ) Ashanti : April 20 -- May 18 , 2002 `` Foolish '' `` What 's Luv ? '' ( Fat Joe featuring Ashanti ) Nelly : August 10 -- 31 , 2002 `` Hot in Herre '' `` Dilemma '' ( Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland , songs switched positions on August 17 , 2002 ) OutKast : December 20 , 2003 -- February 7 , 2004 `` Hey Ya ! '' `` The Way You Move '' ( OutKast featuring Sleepy Brown ) Usher : June 26 -- July 3 , 2004 ; July 17 , 2004 `` Burn '' `` Confessions Part II '' 50 Cent : April 16 -- 30 , 2005 `` Candy Shop '' ( 50 Cent featuring Olivia ) `` Hate It or Love It '' ( The Game featuring 50 Cent ) Mariah Carey : September 10 , 2005 `` We Belong Together '' `` Shake It Off '' Akon : December 2 , 2006 `` I Wanna Love You '' ( Akon featuring Snoop Dogg ) `` Smack That '' ( Akon featuring Eminem ) April 14 , 2007 `` Do n't Matter '' `` The Sweet Escape '' ( Gwen Stefani featuring Akon ) T.I. : October 18 , 2008 ; November 1 -- 29 , 2008 `` Live Your Life '' ( T.I. featuring Rihanna ) `` Whatever You Like '' ( songs switched positions several times ) Black Eyed Peas : June 27 -- July 18 , 2009 `` Boom Boom Pow '' `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( songs switched positions on July 11 , 2009 ) Pharrell Williams : June 29 -- July 27 , 2013 `` Blurred Lines '' ( Robin Thicke featuring T.I. and Pharrell ) `` Get Lucky '' ( Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams ) Iggy Azalea : June 7 -- July 5 , 2014 `` Fancy '' ( Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX ) `` Problem '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea ) The Weeknd : September 26 , 2015 `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' `` The Hills '' Justin Bieber : February 6 -- 13 , 2016 `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' ( songs switched positions on February 13 , 2016 ) July 1 -- 22 , 2017 `` Despacito '' ( Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber ) `` I 'm the One '' ( DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber , Quavo , Chance the Rapper , and Lil Wayne ) Simultaneously three or more singles in the top 10 The Beatles : February 29 -- May 2 , 1964 ( Note : The Beatles had as many as five in the top ten April 4 -- 11 , 1964 ) `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' `` She Loves You '' `` Please Please Me '' `` Twist and Shout '' `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' The Bee Gees : February 25 -- March 4 , 1978 `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` Stayin ' Alive '' `` Night Fever '' Ashanti : March 30 -- April 6 , 2002 `` Always On Time '' ( Ja Rule featuring Ashanti ) `` What 's Luv ? '' ( Fat Joe featuring Ashanti ) `` Foolish '' 50 Cent : May 31 -- June 7 , 2003 `` In Da Club '' `` 21 Questions '' ( 50 Cent featuring Nate Dogg ) `` Magic Stick '' ( Lil ' Kim featuring 50 Cent ) February 19 -- April 30 , 2005 ; May 14 -- 21 , 2005 ( Note : 50 Cent had as many as four in the top ten April 2 -- 9 , 2005 ) `` Disco Inferno '' `` How We Do '' ( The Game featuring 50 Cent ) `` Candy Shop '' ( 50 Cent featuring Olivia ) `` Hate It or Love It '' ( The Game featuring 50 Cent ) `` Just a Lil Bit '' Usher : June 5 -- July 10 , 2004 `` Yeah ! '' ( Usher featuring Lil Jon & Ludacris ) `` Burn '' `` Confessions Part II '' Akon : May 5 , 2007 and May 19 , 2007 `` The Sweet Escape '' ( Gwen Stefani featuring Akon ) `` Do n't Matter '' `` I Tried '' ( Bone Thugs - n - Harmony featuring Akon ) T - Pain : November 3 -- December 29 , 2007 ( Note : All four titles below were in the top ten November 24 -- December 8 , 2007 ) `` Good Life '' ( Kanye West featuring T - Pain ) `` Cyclone '' ( Baby Bash featuring T - Pain ) `` Kiss Kiss '' ( Chris Brown featuring T - Pain ) `` Low '' ( Flo Rida featuring T - Pain ) Chris Brown : April 5 , 2008 and May 10 , 2008 ( Note : The first two titles below were in the top ten on both charts ) `` With You '' `` No Air '' ( Jordin Sparks & Chris Brown ) `` Shawty Get Loose '' ( Lil Mama featuring Chris Brown & T - Pain ) `` Forever '' Lil Wayne : September 27 , 2008 `` Got Money '' ( Lil Wayne featuring T - Pain ) `` Ca n't Believe It '' ( T - Pain featuring Lil Wayne ) `` Swagga Like Us '' ( Jay - Z & T.I. featuring Kanye West & Lil Wayne ) Adele : March 3 , 2012 `` Rolling in the Deep '' `` Someone Like You '' `` Set Fire to the Rain '' Iggy Azalea : August 30 , 2014 `` Fancy '' ( Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX ) `` Problem '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea ) `` Black Widow '' ( Iggy Azalea featuring Rita Ora ) Ariana Grande : August 30 , 2014 `` Problem '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea ) `` Bang Bang '' ( Jessie J , Ariana Grande & Nicki Minaj ) `` Break Free '' ( Ariana Grande featuring Zedd ) Justin Bieber : December 5 , 2015 -- February 6 , 2016 `` What Do You Mean ? '' `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' The Chainsmokers : March 18 , 2017 `` Closer '' ( The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey ) `` Paris '' `` Something Just Like This '' ( The Chainsmokers and Coldplay ) Posthumous number - ones Otis Redding ( d . December 10 , 1967 ) -- `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( March 16 , 1968 ) Janis Joplin ( d . October 4 , 1970 ) -- `` Me and Bobby McGee '' ( March 20 , 1971 ) Jim Croce ( d . September 20 , 1973 ) -- `` Time in a Bottle '' ( December 29 , 1973 ) John Lennon ( d . December 8 , 1980 ) -- `` ( Just Like ) Starting Over '' ( December 27 , 1980 ) The Notorious B.I.G. ( d . March 9 , 1997 ) -- `` Hypnotize '' ( May 3 , 1997 ) and `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( August 30 , 1997 ) Soulja Slim ( d . November 26 , 2003 ) -- `` Slow Motion '' ( Juvenile featuring Soulja Slim ) ( August 7 , 2004 ) Static Major ( d . February 25 , 2008 ) -- `` Lollipop '' ( Lil Wayne featuring Static Major ) ( May 3 , 2008 ) Source : Age records Louis Armstrong ( age 7004229240000000000 ♠ 62 years , 279 days ) is the oldest artist to top the Hot 100 . He set that record with `` Hello , Dolly ! '' on May 9 , 1964 . Cher ( age 7004192900000000000 ♠ 52 years , 297 days ) is the oldest female artist to top the Hot 100 . She set the record with `` Believe '' on March 13 , 1999 . The previous record holder was Grace Slick of Starship , who was 7004173230000000000 ♠ 47 years , 156 days old when their hit `` Nothing 's Gonna Stop Us Now '' began its two - week reign on April 4 , 1987 . Michael Jackson ( age 7003417300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 155 days ) is the youngest artist to top the Hot 100 . He achieved the record , as part of the Jackson 5 , with `` I Want You Back '' on January 31 , 1970 . Stevie Wonder ( age 7003483700000000000 ♠ 13 years , 89 days ) is the youngest solo artist to top the Hot 100 . He set the record with `` Fingertips Pt. 2 '' on August 10 , 1963 . Little Peggy March ( age 7003552800000000000 ♠ 15 years , 50 days ) is the youngest female artist to top the Hot 100 . The song which established this record for her was `` I Will Follow Him '' , which reached # 1 on April 27 , 1963 . Tony Bennett , at 7004311050000000000 ♠ 85 years , 59 days old , is the oldest living artist to chart . His song `` Body and Soul '' , a duet with Amy Winehouse , ranked at # 87 on October 1 , 2011 . French - born Jordy Lemoine ( age 7003198300000000000 ♠ 5 years , 156 days ) is the youngest artist to chart on the Hot 100 . He established the record when his song `` Dur dur d'être bébé ! ( It 's Tough to Be a Baby ) '' , where he is credited simply as Jordy , entered the chart on June 19 , 1993 . Gap Records The longest gap between # 1 hits on the Hot 100 for an artist is 7003912100000000000 ♠ 24 years , 355 days by Cher . Her single `` Believe '' hit # 1 on March 13 , 1999 , her first time on top since `` Dark Lady '' on March 23 , 1974 . Cher also holds the record gap between first and most recent # 1 on the Hot 100 over the longest period of time : 7004122850000000000 ♠ 33 years , 232 days . The first of three weeks at # 1 for `` I Got You Babe '' by Sonny & Cher was August 14 , 1965 . The last week at # 1 for Cher 's `` Believe '' was April 3 , 1999 . The record for the longest wait from an artist 's Hot 100 debut entry to its first # 1 belongs to Santana , with 30 years between the time he first cracked the Hot 100 with `` Jingo '' ( October 25 , 1969 ) and the first of 12 weeks at # 1 with `` Smooth , '' featuring Rob Thomas ( October 23 , 1999 ) . When the Tony Bennett and Amy Winehouse duet `` Body and Soul '' debuted at # 87 for the week of October 1 , 2011 , Bennett became the artist with the longest overall span of singles on the Hot 100 -- 7004194160000000000 ♠ 53 years , 58 days on account of his single `` Young and Warm and Wonderful '' which appeared at # 59 on the very first edition of the Hot 100 , dated August 4 , 1958 . Album achievements Most number - one singles from one album Number of Singles Artist Album Year 5 Michael Jackson Bad Katy Perry Teenage Dream Various artists Saturday Night Fever 1977 Whitney Houston Whitney George Michael Faith Paula Abdul Forever Your Girl 1988 Janet Jackson Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 1989 Mariah Carey Mariah Carey Usher Confessions Source : Saturday Night Fever generated number - one singles for two different artists : `` How Deep Is Your Love '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' and `` Night Fever '' by the Bee Gees ; and `` If I Ca n't Have You '' by Yvonne Elliman . Katy Perry 's Teenage Dream : The Complete Confection was a reissue of the Teenage Dream album , and featured an additional single , `` Part Of Me '' , which peaked at Number One on the Billboard Hot 100 . This brings her actual total to six . However , this does not count since the single comes from a reissue of the album and not the original release . Most Top ten singles from one album Number of singles Artist Album Year 7 Michael Jackson Thriller 1982 Bruce Springsteen Born in the U.S.A. 1984 Janet Jackson Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 1989 6 Michael Jackson Bad George Michael Faith Janet Jackson Janet . Katy Perry Teenage Dream 5 Lionel Richie Ca n't Slow Down Janet Jackson Control 1986 Genesis Invisible Touch Madonna True Blue Huey Lewis and the News Fore ! Whitney Houston Whitney Paula Abdul Forever Your Girl 1988 Bobby Brown Do n't Be Cruel New Kids on the Block Hangin ' Tough Bon Jovi New Jersey Milli Vanilli Girl You Know It 's True 1989 Various artists † Waiting to Exhale 1995 Fergie The Dutchess 2006 The Black Eyed Peas The E.N.D. 2009 Taylor Swift 1989 2014 Source : † Waiting to Exhale generated top ten singles for five different artists : `` Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) '' and `` Count on Me '' by Whitney Houston ( the latter with CeCe Winans ) , `` Not Gon ' Cry '' by Mary J. Blige , `` Sittin ' Up in My Room '' by Brandy , and `` Let It Flow '' by Toni Braxton . Other album achievements Janet Jackson 's Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 has the most top 5 singles , with 7 . Janet Jackson has the most albums with five or more Top 10 hits . Those albums are Control , Janet Jackson 's Rhythm Nation 1814 , and janet . Drake 's More Life places a record - breaking 22 entries to the Billboard Hot 100 at the same time , on the April 8 , 2017 chart , eclipsing his previous record of 18 from his album Views less than one year earlier , on May 21 , 2016 . NOTE : Numbers listed here are , per Billboard 's rules , over one release . Producer achievements Producers with the most number - one singles Number of singles Producer ( s ) Best known producing for Biggest number - one hit and date 23 George Martin The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' ( September 28 , 1968 ) 22 Max Martin Britney Spears , Katy Perry , Kelly Clarkson , Pink , Taylor Swift `` Dark Horse '' ( February 8 , 2014 ) 16 Steve Sholes † Elvis Presley `` Hound Dog / Do n't Be Cruel '' ( August 18 , 1956 ) Jimmy Jam , Terry Lewis Janet Jackson `` That 's the Way Love Goes '' ( May 15 , 1993 ) Dr. Luke Katy Perry , Kelly Clarkson , Kesha , Miley Cyrus `` Tik Tok '' ( January 2 , 2010 ) 14 Barry Gibb Bee Gees , Andy Gibb `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( December 24 , 1977 ) Mariah Carey Herself `` We Belong Together '' ( June 4 , 2005 ) † Pre-Hot 100 charts and Hot 100 Source : Songwriter achievements Songwriters with the most number - one singles Number of singles Songwriter Best known writing for Biggest number - one hit and date 32 Paul McCartney The Beatles `` Hey Jude '' ( September 28 , 1968 ) 26 John Lennon 22 Max Martin Katy Perry , Britney Spears , Kelly Clarkson , Pink , Taylor Swift `` Dark Horse '' ( February 8 , 2014 ) 17 Mariah Carey Herself `` We Belong Together '' ( June 4 , 2005 ) 16 Barry Gibb Bee Gees , Andy Gibb `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( December 24 , 1977 ) Dr. Luke Katy Perry , Kesha , Miley Cyrus `` Tik Tok '' ( January 2 , 2010 ) Source : Most number - one singles in a calendar year Number of singles Songwriter ( s ) Year Number - one hits ( in chronological order ) 7 John Lennon Paul McCartney 1964 The Beatles -- `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' † , `` She Loves You '' † , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' † , `` Love Me Do '' Peter and Gordon -- `` A World Without Love '' The Beatles -- `` A Hard Day 's Night '' , `` I Feel Fine '' † † † Barry Gibb † † 1978 Bee Gees -- `` How Deep Is Your Love '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' † Andy Gibb -- `` ( Love Is ) Thicker Than Water '' † Bee Gees -- `` Night Fever '' † Yvonne Elliman -- `` If I Ca n't Have You '' † Andy Gibb -- `` Shadow Dancing '' Frankie Valli -- `` Grease '' 5 Lamont Dozier Brian Holland Eddie Holland 1965 The Supremes -- `` Come See About Me '' , `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' , `` Back in My Arms Again '' † Four Tops -- `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' † The Supremes -- `` I Hear a Symphony '' John Lennon † † † Paul McCartney † † † 1965 The Beatles -- `` I Feel Fine '' , `` Eight Days a Week '' , `` Ticket to Ride '' , `` Help ! '' , `` Yesterday '' † † † Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb 1978 Bee Gees -- `` How Deep Is Your Love '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' , `` Night Fever '' † Yvonne Elliman -- `` If I Ca n't Have You '' † Andy Gibb -- `` Shadow Dancing '' † Chronologically sequential , replacing each other at # 1 † † Holds all - time record of writing the most consecutively charted ( self - replacing ) # 1 songs on the Hot 100 , with 4 . † † † Hold all - time record of writing the most consecutive # 1 A-side singles , with 6 . Record includes these five 1965 A-sides and `` We Can Work It Out '' , which hit # 1 in January 1966 . Source : Selected additional Hot 100 achievements The first # 1 song on the Hot 100 was `` Poor Little Fool '' by Ricky Nelson ( August 4 , 1958 ) . The # 1 song in the first week Billboard incorporated sales and airplay data from Nielsen SoundScan and Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems was `` Set Adrift on Memory Bliss '' by P.M. Dawn ( November 30 , 1991 ) . The # 1 song in the first week Billboard allowed songs without a commercial single release to chart on the Hot 100 was `` I 'm Your Angel '' by R. Kelly and Céline Dion ( December 5 , 1998 ) . Though the song was making its first appearance on the Hot 100 that week , Billboard did not consider it a debut at # 1 , since it appeared on unpublished test charts prior to the allowance of airplay - only songs on the main chart . `` I 'm Your Angel '' also entered the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart that week at # 1 , so it would have been ineligible to chart on the Hot 100 before then . The first `` airplay - only '' song to reach # 1 ( no points from a commercial single release ) was `` Try Again '' by Aaliyah ( June 17 , 2000 ) . Drake holds the record for the most entries in the Hot 100 during a one - week period , with 24 on the April 8 , 2017 chart . The Beatles had long held this record , occupying 14 positions on the Hot 100 dated April 11 , 1964 , a feat unmatched for nearly 51 years . On March 7 , 2015 , Drake tied the Beatles mark , and he equaled it again on October 17 that year . Justin Bieber then reset the record to 17 on December 5 , 2015 , before Drake reclaimed the record with 20 on May 21 , 2016 . Drake also holds the record for the most debuting entries on a Hot 100 chart by any artist , with 21 on April 8 , 2017 . Beyoncé is the record - holder among female artists for the most simultaneous entries in the Hot 100 , with 12 on the May 14 , 2016 chart . The Beatles are the only artists to simultaneously hold the top 2 spots on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and Billboard 200 albums chart . They achieved this feat for nine consecutive weeks , from February 29 , 1964 , to April 25 , 1964 . For the first five weeks of that run , through March 28 , 1964 , `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' and `` She Loves You '' were the # 1 and # 2 singles ( which swapped positions during March 1964 ) , while Meet the Beatles ! and Introducing ... The Beatles held the top 2 spots on the albums charts . For the remaining weeks of the run , `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' and their cover of `` Twist and Shout '' were the # 1 and # 2 singles , while Meet the Beatles ! and Introducing ... The Beatles continued their reign as the top 2 albums . Barry Gibb , Robin Gibb , John Lennon , and Paul McCartney hold the record of writing all of the Top 3 singles for one week . The Gibbs co-wrote the top 3 singles for the week of March 18 , 1978 -- # 1 `` Night Fever '' and # 2 `` Stayin ' Alive '' for the Bee Gees , and # 3 `` Emotion '' for Samantha Sang . Lennon and McCartney co-wrote the top 3 singles for the week of March 14 , 1964 -- # 1 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' , # 2 `` She Loves You '' , and # 3 `` Please Please Me '' , all for The Beatles . They continued this record the following week of March 21 , 1964 , when `` She Loves You '' switched places with `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' . The Black Eyed Peas hold the record for the longest uninterrupted time at # 1 on the Hot 100 , a total of 26 consecutive weeks from April to October 2009 . `` Boom Boom Pow '' spent the first 12 weeks on top , with `` I Gotta Feeling '' taking over for the remaining 14 weeks . Prior to August 2009 , Usher held this record , spending 19 consecutive weeks on top of the chart in 2004 with `` Yeah ! '' ( 12 weeks at # 1 ) and `` Burn '' ( first 7 of its 8 total weeks at # 1 ) . Taylor Swift holds the all - time record for most top ten debuts on the Hot 100 , with 14 . On December 4 , 2010 , Rihanna 's `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' reached the top spot two weeks after `` What 's My Name ? '' , becoming the first time in Hot 100 history that an album 's debut single hit # 1 after the second single did . Ed Sheeran became the first artist to debut more than one song in the top 10 for the same week . On the chart dated January 28 , 2017 , `` Shape of You '' debuted at # 1 , while `` Castle on the Hill '' entered at # 6 . Drake is the only other artist to have achieved this feat , doing so on April 8 , 2017 . Drake holds the record for being on the Hot 100 for the most consecutive weeks . He placed at least one song , either in a lead or featured role , on every chart from his debut on May 23 , 2009 , to August 19 , 2017 , for a total of 431 weeks in a row . See also List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements by decade List of number - one hits ( United States ) List of best - charting music artists in the U.S. List of artists who reached number one in the United States References Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Anniversary : Find Out The Top Songs Of All Time '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . October 10 , 2008 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . This contains the heading of the article only , no charts . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Chart : 50th Anniversary '' . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary Central '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . August 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Hot 100 Songs & Artists of All Time : Chubby Checker 's ' The Twist ' & The Beatles Reign '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greatest of All Time : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . November 12 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` All 12 of Beyoncé 's ' Lemonade ' Tracks Debut on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Historical Analysis : Adele Matches The Beatles , 50 Cent with Hot 100 , Billboard 200 Moves '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ask Billboard : How Historic Is Adele & Justin Bieber 's Current Chart Domination ? '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` This Week In Billboard Chart History : Black Eyed Peas Begin Record Six - Month Hot 100 Reign '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( August 19 , 2009 ) . `` Black Eyed Peas , Jason Mraz Streak To Hot 100 Records '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Extends Her Lead As The Artist With The Most Top 10 Debuts With New Song '' . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pietroluongo , Silvio ( November 25 , 2010 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Only Girl ' Rebounds to No. 1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 25 , 2010 ) . `` '' Ed Sheeran Debuts Atop Hot 100 With ' Shape of You ' & in Top 10 With ' Castle on the Hill ' `` . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Trevor ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Drake Is n't on the Billboard Hot 100 for the First Time Since 2009 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Additional sources Fred Bronson 's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits , 5th Edition ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 ) Christopher G. Feldman , The Billboard Book of No. 2 Singles ( ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7695 - 4 ) Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2008 ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 180 - 2 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Pop Charts , 1955 -- 1959 ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 092 - X ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Sixties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 074 - 1 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Seventies ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 076 - 8 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Eighties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 079 - 2 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The Nineties ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 137 - 3 ) Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts : The 2000s ( ISBN 0 - 89820 - 182 - 9 ) Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard 's online archive services and print editions of the magazine . 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solo artist with most #1 hits on us billboard
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[
"\n\nNumber of singles\nArtist\nBiggest number-one\n\n\n\n20\n\nThe Beatles\n\"Hey Jude\"[5]\n\n\n\n18\n\nElvis Presley †\n\"Don't Be Cruel\" / \"Hound Dog\"[67][68]\n\n\nMariah Carey\n\"We Belong Together\"[5]\n\n\n\n14\n\nRihanna\n\"We Found Love\"[5]\n\n\n\n13\n\nMichael Jackson\n\"Say Say Say\" (duet with Paul McCartney)[5]\n\n\n\n12\n\nThe Supremes\n\"Love Child\"[69]\n\n\nMadonna\n\"Like a Virgin\"[70]\n\n\n\n11\n\nWhitney Houston\n\"I Will Always Love You\"[5]\n\n\n\n10\n\nStevie Wonder\n\"Ebony and Ivory\" (duet with Paul McCartney)[5]\n\n\nJanet Jackson\n\"That's the Way Love Goes\"[71]\n\n",
"\n\nNumber of singles\nArtist\nBiggest number-one\n\n\n\n20\n\nThe Beatles\n\"Hey Jude\"[5]\n\n\n\n18\n\nElvis Presley †\n\"Don't Be Cruel\" / \"Hound Dog\"[67][68]\n\n\nMariah Carey\n\"We Belong Together\"[5]\n\n\n\n14\n\nRihanna\n\"We Found Love\"[5]\n\n\n\n13\n\nMichael Jackson\n\"Say Say Say\" (duet with Paul McCartney)[5]\n\n\n\n12\n\nThe Supremes\n\"Love Child\"[69]\n\n\nMadonna\n\"Like a Virgin\"[70]\n\n\n\n11\n\nWhitney Houston\n\"I Will Always Love You\"[5]\n\n\n\n10\n\nStevie Wonder\n\"Ebony and Ivory\" (duet with Paul McCartney)[5]\n\n\nJanet Jackson\n\"That's the Way Love Goes\"[71]\n\n"
] |
[
"Elvis Presley",
"Mariah Carey"
] |
8647302577900197236
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Feelings (Morris Albert song)
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Feelings ( Morris Albert song ) - wikipedia Feelings ( Morris Albert song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Feelings '' Single by Morris Albert from the album Feelings A-side `` Feelings '' B - side `` Christine '' ( original version ) `` This World Today Is a Mess '' ( RCA Victor version ) Released Format 7 '' Single Length 3 : 46 Label Copacabana BRA RCA Victor USA , CAN Ricordi International ITA Songwriter ( s ) Louis Gasté Morris Albert Producer ( s ) Morris Albert Morris Albert singles chronology `` String Module Error : Match not found '' ( String Module Error : Match not found ) `` Feelings '' ( 1974 ) `` String Module Error : Match not found '' ( String Module Error : Match not found ) The Throat Feelings Someone , Somehow `` Feelings '' is a 1974 song with lyrics written by Brazilian singer Morris Albert , set to the tune of `` Pour Toi '' separately composed by Louis `` Loulou '' Gasté in 1957 . Albert recorded `` Feelings '' as a single and later included it as the title track of his 1975 debut album . The song 's lyrics , recognizable by their `` whoa whoa whoa '' chorus , concern the singer 's inability to `` forget my feelings of love '' . Albert 's original recording of the song was very successful , performing well internationally . `` Feelings '' peaked at # 6 on the pop charts and # 2 on the Adult Contemporary charts in America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cover versions 2 Dispute over authorship 3 Certifications 4 Other versions 5 Appearances in other media 6 See also 7 References Cover versions ( edit ) Over the next few years `` Feelings '' was performed by many other vocalists including Ella Fitzgerald , Shirley Bassey , Nina Simone , Salena Jones , Angelica Maria , Petula Clark , José José , Caetano Veloso , Engelbert Humperdinck , Muslim Magomayev , Glen Campbell , The O'Jays , Sarah Vaughan , Walter Jackson , Sergey Penkin , Julio Iglesias , Dobie Gray and Johnny Mathis . It was also recorded by numerous easy listening bandleaders and ensembles such as Santo & Johnny , Percy Faith , Ferrante & Teicher , Franck Pourcel , 101 Strings and Herb Ohta whose ukulele rendition was recorded with André Popp 's orchestra for A&M Records . During a lecture at Chautauqua Institution , Julie Andrews stated that she considered this song too difficult to sing because it had no meaning behind it . Dispute over authorship ( edit ) At the time of `` Feelings '' 's greatest commercial success , it was solely credited to Albert himself . In 1981 , the French songwriter Loulou Gasté sued Morris Albert for copyright infringement , claiming that `` Feelings '' plagiarized the melody of his 1957 song `` Pour Toi '' . Gasté won the lawsuit ; they now share the credits of the song . Recordings of the song have credited authorship variously to Albert alone , to Albert and Gasté ( since the late 1980s ) , to Albert and Michel Jourdan ( because of the French lyrics Dis - Lui ) , and to Albert and `` Kaisermann '' . The last of these attributions is redundant , since the singer 's real name is Mauricio Alberto Kaisermann . Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 150,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Other versions ( edit ) José José recorded the song in Spanish entitled `` Sentimientos '' ; it was included in his album Tan Cerca ... Tan Lejos of 1975 . John Williams and Cleo Laine released a version in 1976 . Andy Williams released a version in 1975 on his album , The Other Side of Me . Lindsay Wagner performed the song on the American television science fiction action series The Bionic Woman episode `` Bionic Beauty '' in 1975 . Israeli - born French pop star Mike Brant recorded a French version of the song entitled `` Dis - lui '' in 1975 . In 1976 , Dutch comedian Andre van Duin recorded the song in his own language as the roadblock - themed `` File '' ( meaning ' traffic - jam ' ) . Although its parent album And 're Andre was meant to include serious songs only , `` File '' can be considered a compromise . Japanese vocal group Hi - Fi Set released a Japanese - language version of the same title in late 1976 and it became their breakthrough hit the next year . Also in 1976 , Italian singer Ornella Vanoni released an Italian - language version of the song , called Fili . The 1977 live album A Man and a Woman by Isaac Hayes and Dionne Warwick features the song in a medley version . Monty Alexander Trio recorded a live instrumental version at the 1977 Montreux Jazz Festival . The O'Jays released a version on their 1977 album , Travelin ' at the Speed of Thought . A cover of the song appears on the Sesame Street 1977 album , Let Your Feelings Show , sung by `` Marry Banilow and the Muppettones '' . The song is first sung as normal ( substituting ' girl ' with ' boy ' as it 's sung by a girl ) , then is redone in a style similar to Spike Jones with a bunch of sound effects and soundbytes in the background . The Dutch DJ Theo Vaness made a disco version of the song on his album , Back to Music in 1978 . Perry Como included the song in his 1978 album , Where You 're Concerned . Roger Whittaker recorded a version on his 1978 album , Imagine . A Dobie Gray version can be found on the 1981 compilation album , About Love . Tejano singer Selena Quintanilla - Pérez also recorded the song when she was a young girl . The song was only released in 1997 and included in her album Through the Years / A Traves de los Años . The released version is a remixed version of the original that was recorded in the 1970s . The American punk rock band The Offspring recorded a version of `` Feelings '' for their 1998 album , Americana , substituting the original lyrics about love with ones about hate . Greek singer Sakis Rouvas released a Greek - language version entitled `` Pes Tis '' in 2003 , while also covering `` Feelings '' and Brant 's `` Dis Lui '' French version . The Greek version of the song won two MAD Video Music Awards for `` Sexiest Appearance in a Video '' awarded to Sakis Rouvas , and one awarded to Gens for `` Best Direction '' . Todd Solondz sang the song in a short film he made while studying film at NYU called Feelings . In 2011 , the song was parodied by The Fringemunks to recap Fringe episode 3.14 , `` 6B '' . In 2013 , a bilingual English / French version of the song was released by the French international R&B musical trio Vigon Bamy Jay . Avant garde saxophonist Albert Ayler quoted the theme of `` Pour Toi '' in his song `` Children '' , which was published in 1964 . Enzo Stuarti released a version partly in English , mostly in Italian . Al Martino recorded the song . Universal Exposition of Seville : Rocío Jurado singing the song . Appearances in other media ( edit ) `` Feelings '' was sung by Jaime Sommers ( Lindsay Wagner ) in the `` Bionic Beauty '' episode of The Bionic Woman ( Season 1 , 1976 ) . An episode of The Gong Show aired in November 1976 featured the gag that every contestant sang `` Feelings '' . On The Carol Burnett Show in February 1977 , Eunice ( Carol Burnett ) sings `` Feelings '' on The Gong Show and gets `` gonged '' . `` Feelings '' was included on the soundtrack of the 1982 film An Officer and a Gentleman . On The Jeffersons in January 1983 , Hugo ( Irwin Keyes ) , serenades `` Feelings '' to Jenny Willis Jefferson ( Berlinda Tolbert ) from the street off key . On The Jeffersons in March 1983 , Florence ( Marla Gibbs ) , misunderstands when Louise , George , Tom and Helen plan a surprise party for Florence just to let her know how much they appreciate her friendship . However , when Florence walks in on the planning stages Tom makes an excuse and tells her she 's invited but only to serve the meal . This prompts Florence to drown her sorrows in a $500 bottle of wine George just bought . Then she sings ' Feelings ' while drunk . A short version of the song was sung by actress Nancy McKeon in a 1984 episode of the sitcom The Facts of Life . In the episode , McKeon 's character , Jo , and Mrs. Garrett ( Charlotte Rae ) go to a piano bar where Mrs. Garrett ends up going on a date with the piano man , resulting in Jo taking over for him . She sings a chorus of the song and gets the enthusiastic guests to sing along with her . `` Feelings '' was sung by Michelle Pfeiffer in the 1989 film The Fabulous Baker Boys . In the Family Matters episode `` Cousin Urkel '' ( November 2 , 1990 ) , Urkel ( Jaleel White ) sings the chorus of the song in an attempt to serenade Laura Winslow , and plays the accordion to accompany himself . Urkel 's rendition , off - key for comedic effect , is late at night ( at Eddie 's encouragement ) and wakes up the entire neighborhood . One sketch on the Canadian show The Red Green Show is `` The Possum Lodge Word Game '' ( a parody of Password ) . In one episode , from 1995 , Dalton Humphrey ( Bob Bainborough ) has to guess the word `` feelings '' to win a prize of an entire case of Quebec Nordiques hockey uniforms . Red ( Steve Smith ) successfully gets Dalton to say the word when he asks him , `` What is the most annoying song ever written ? '' `` Feelings '' was included on the soundtrack of the 2005 film Breakfast on Pluto . A version of the song appeared on an episode of The Muppet Show sung by Beaker in his `` mee - mee '' speaking . The crowd was unruly that night , and they booed Beaker halfway through . Animal , who was on drums for the song , told the crowd to pipe down . The B - side of the original single of `` Feelings '' was `` This World Today is a Mess '' , written by Donna Hightower and Danny Daniel . Albert 's version copies her style and although his version of the song did not meet much commercial interest , Hightower 's own recording has sold millions of copies , primarily in the Spanish - speaking world . MC Hammer sings it in a Pepsi commercial after he drinks a glass of cola not knowing it was replaced with Coke . Misty Oldland cited it during a live - performance in Japan as an indication to her own song `` Got a Feeling '' . Willie Colón cited it during a French festival - performance as an example of a non-English - speaking artist singing in English . In the premiere episode of The Jim Henson Hour in the `` MuppeTelevision '' segment , Kermit and a companion enter into the semi-robotic character , Digit , to repair him and work on an interior function for his feelings . When they do so , Digit starts singing the song . In an episode of SMTV Live , it was implied that one of the presenters at that time , Declan Donnelly ( one half of the duo Ant & Dec ) looks like Morris Albert , after which he performed the song ' Feelings ' . The song is also used in Bally / Midway 's pinball machine The Party Zone from 1991 , along with Purple Haze from Jimi Hendrix . The song is referenced in a Sunday comic strip in Bill Watterson 's Calvin and Hobbes , where Calvin prepares to eat a green blob of his mother 's cooking , before it comes to life and recites the famous `` To be , or not to be '' soliloquy from William Shakespeare 's Hamlet , after which it pauses briefly and then begins to sing `` Feelings '' . See also ( edit ) `` Everybody 's Got to Learn Sometime '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Plyler , Robert W. ( June 30 , 2012 ) . `` Practically Perfect in Every Way '' . The Post Journal . Jump up ^ Gaste v. Morris Kaiserman 863 F. 2d 1061 ( 2d Cir. 1988 ) , Music Copyright Infringement Resource , Columbia Law School and USC School of Law Jump up ^ Viglione , Joe . `` Feelings ( RCA ) '' . All Music . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Morris Albert -- Feelings '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Albert Morris -- Feelings '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Feelings in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Morris Albert -- Feelings '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` cinema16 : Todd Solondz - Feelings '' . cinema16 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Fringemunks Web site '' . Davidwumusic.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtracks for An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin and Hobbes by Bill Watterson for Mar 9 , 2014 '' . GoComics.com . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Surrender '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito Category Sakis Rouvas Discography Awards and nominations Tours Videography Filmography Studio albums Sakis Rouvas ( 1991 ) Min Andistekese ( 1992 ) Gia Sena ( 1993 ) Aima , Dakrya & Idrotas ( 1994 ) Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola ( 1996 ) Kati Apo Mena ( 1998 ) 21os Akatallilos ( 2000 ) Ola Kala ( 2002 ) To Hrono Stamatao ( 2003 ) S'eho Erotefthi ( 2005 ) Iparhi Agapi Edo ( 2006 ) Irthes ( 2008 ) Parafora ( 2010 ) Live albums Live Ballads ( 2006 ) This Is My Live ( 2007 ) EPs 8 Megales Epitihies ( 2006 ) Dance Mixes : Afiste Tin & Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola ( 2007 ) Monadikes Erminies ( 2007 ) Spase To Hrono ( 2009 ) CD Singles `` Theleis I Den Theleis '' ( 1998 ) `` Disco Girl '' ( 2001 ) `` Ola Kala '' ( 2002 ) `` Pes Tis '' ( 2003 ) `` Feelings '' ( 2003 ) `` Dis lui '' ( 2003 ) `` Shake It '' ( 2004 ) `` Hronia Polla '' ( 2004 ) `` Na M'agapas '' ( 2005 ) `` Zise Ti Zoi '' ( 2007 ) `` This Is Our Night '' ( 2009 ) Official compilations Me Kommeni Tin Anasa ( 1999 ) Sakis Rouvas ( 2001 ) Remixes ( 2003 ) The Ultimate Collection : Music + Video - 1991 -- 1996 ( 2005 ) Ta Erotika : Sakis Rouvas ( 2007 ) Ap'Tin Arhi : I Megaliteres Epitihies ( 2007 ) Soundtracks Alter Ego ( 2007 ) Stous 31 Dromous ( 2008 ) Video albums Remixes ( 2003 ) The Ultimate Collection ( 2005 ) Live Ballads ( 2006 ) This Is My Live ( 2007 ) Ap'Tin Arhi ( 2007 ) Best Video Clips Collection ( 2010 ) Tours Kalokairino Randevou me ton Saki Tour ( 2008 ) Sakis Live Tour ( 2009 ) Politia Live Clubbing summer 2010 Filmography Films I Panagia Ton Parision ( 1996 ) Aftokinita ( 2006 ) Alter Ego ( 2007 ) Planitis 51 : Episkeptis Apo Ti Gi ( 2009 ) Duress ( 2009 ) Television Eurovision Song Contest 2006 The X Factor ( Series 1 ) Series 2 ( 2008 -- present ) Assets EDO Mariella Nails Body and Mind Care Sakis Rouvas Collection Sakis Rouvas Kinematografos EPE The S Club Related topics Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004 Eurovision Song Contest 2006 Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 Katia Zygouli Minos EMI Vodafone Greece Categories Albums ( Video / Compilation ) Audio samples Images Songs Tours Book Category Portal Singles Sakis Rouvas singles Sakis Rouvas `` Par'ta '' ( 1991 ) `` 1992 '' ( 1992 ) `` Mia Vrohi '' ( 1992 ) Min Andistekese `` Gyrna '' ( 1992 ) `` Min Andistekese '' ( 1992 ) `` Gia Fantasou '' ( 1992 ) `` Me Kommeni Tin Anasa '' ( 1992 ) `` Na Ziseis Moro Mou '' ( 1992 ) Gia Sena `` Kane Me '' ( 1993 ) `` To Xero Ise Moni '' ( 1993 ) `` Paraisthiseis '' ( 1993 ) `` Spasmeni Klidaria '' ( 1993 ) `` Xehase To '' ( 1993 ) Aima , Dakrya & Idrotas `` Aima , Dakrya & Idrotas '' ( 1994 ) `` Ela Mou '' ( 1995 ) `` Xana '' ( 1995 ) `` Symplegma Idipodio '' ( 1995 ) `` Grothia '' ( 1995 ) `` Den To Vlepeis '' ( 1995 ) `` Mia Fora '' ( 1995 ) Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola `` Tora Arhizoun Ta Dyskola '' ( 1996 ) `` Afiste Tin '' ( 1996 ) `` Ase Me Na Fygo '' ( 1996 ) `` Mi M'agapiseis '' ( 1996 ) `` Pou Ke Pote '' ( 1996 ) `` Ime Hamenos '' ( 1996 ) `` Kapote Tha ' Maste Mazi '' ( 1996 ) Kati Apo Mena `` Theleis I Den Theleis '' ( 1998 ) `` I Kardia Mou '' ( 1998 ) `` Den Ehi Sidera I Kardia Sou '' ( 1999 ) `` Ipirhes Panda '' ( 1999 ) 21os Akatallilos `` Andexa '' ( 2000 ) `` Se Thelo San Trelos '' ( 2000 ) `` Askisi Ipotagis '' ( 2000 ) `` Delfinaki '' ( 2000 ) `` Kanoume Onira '' ( 2000 ) `` Andexa ( Club Mix ) '' ( 2001 ) Ola Kala `` Disco Girl '' ( 2001 ) `` Ola Kala '' ( 2002 ) `` Mia Zoi Mazi '' ( 2002 ) `` Disco Girl '' ( English Version ) ( 2002 ) `` Ola Kala '' ( English Version ) ( 2002 ) `` The Light '' ( 2003 ) `` Feelings '' ( 2003 ) `` Dis Lui '' ( 2003 ) To Hrono Stamatao `` Pes Tis '' ( 2003 ) `` To Hrono Stamatao '' ( 2003 ) `` Hronia Polla '' ( 2003 ) `` Thelo Na Kitao '' ( 2004 ) `` Shake It '' ( 2004 ) S'eho Erotefthi `` Cairo '' ( 2005 ) `` S'eho Erotefthi '' ( 2005 ) `` Na M'agapas '' ( 2004 ) `` Hartini Zoi '' ( 2005 ) `` 1000 Milia '' ( 2005 ) `` Mila Tis '' ( 2005 ) Live Ballads `` Horis Kardia '' ( 2006 ) `` I 'm in Love With You '' ( 2006 ) `` Without You / Dodeka '' ( 2006 ) `` Agapa Me '' ( 2006 ) `` O , ti Onirevomoun '' ( 2006 ) `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' ( 2006 ) Iparhi Agapi Edo `` 18 ( Iparhi Agapi Edo '' ( 2006 ) `` Ego Travao Zori '' ( 2006 ) `` Ola Gyro Sou Gyrizoun '' ( 2007 ) `` Mikros Titanikos ( Se Latrevo ) '' ( 2007 ) Alter Ego `` One With This World '' ( 2007 ) `` Zise Ti Zoi '' ( 2007 ) `` Suspicious Minds '' ( 2007 ) `` Nothing '' ( 2007 ) `` Mi Mou Xanafygeis Pia '' ( 2007 ) This Is My Live `` Stous 31 Dromous '' Irthes `` + Se Thelo '' ( 2008 ) `` Irthes '' ( 2008 ) `` This Is Our Night '' ( 2009 ) Parafora `` Spase To Hrono '' ( 2009 ) `` Emena Thes '' ( 2010 ) `` Parafora '' ( 2010 ) I Dio Mas Other soundtracks `` Birgün / Otan '' ( feat . Burak Kut ) ( 1996 ) `` Rock ' N Roll Ke Ihos Mihanis '' ( 2006 ) Collaborations and other notable tracks `` Se Thelo , Me Theleis '' ( with Anna Vissi ) ( 1997 ) `` Se Thelo San Trelos '' ( feat . Philip Kirkorov ) ( 2004 ) `` Se Thelo San Trelos / Kak Sumacheshkidij Ya '' ( feat . Philip Kirkorov ) ( 2004 ) `` Kak Sumacheshkidij Ya '' ( feat . Philip Kirkorov ) ( 2004 ) `` Tharros I Alitheia '' ( with Tamta ) ( 2009 ) Book Category Portal Template Julio Iglesias Discography Studio albums Yo canto ( 1969 ) Un canto a Galicia ( 1972 ) Soy ( 1973 ) A flor de piel ( 1974 ) Viens m'embrasser ( 1974 ) A México ( 1975 ) El amor ( 1975 ) America ( 1976 ) A mis 33 años ( 1977 ) Emociones ( 1978 ) Sono un pirata , sono un signore ( 1978 ) À vous les femmes ( 1979 ) Hey ! ( 1980 ) De niña a mujer ( 1981 ) Zartlichkeiten ( 1981 ) Momentos ( 1982 ) Momenti ( 1982 ) Et l'amour crea la femme ( 1982 ) 1100 Bel Air Place ( 1984 ) Libra ( 1985 ) Un hombre solo ( 1987 ) Tutto l'amore che ti manca ( 1987 ) Non Stop ( 1988 ) Raíces ( 1989 ) Starry Night ( 1990 ) Calor ( 1992 ) Crazy ( 1994 ) La carretera ( 1995 ) Tango ( 1996 ) Noche de cuatro lunas ( 2000 ) Ao Meu Brasil ( 2001 ) Divorcio ( 2003 ) Romantic Classics ( 2006 ) 1 ( 2011 ) México ( 2015 ) Live albums En concierto ( 1983 ) Compilation albums Da Manuela a Pensami ( 1978 ) Minhas canções preferidas ( 1981 ) Julio ( 1983 ) My Life : The Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) Mi vida : Grandes éxitos ( 1998 ) Love Songs ( 2003 ) 1 : The Collection ( 2014 ) Singles `` Chiquilla '' ( 1970 ) `` Gwendolyne '' ( 1970 ) `` Cucurrucucú paloma '' ( 1975 ) `` Pauvres Diables '' ( 1979 ) `` Begin the Beguine '' ( 1981 ) `` Yours ( Quiéreme Mucho ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Amor '' ( 1984 ) `` All of You '' ( 1984 ) `` The Air That I Breathe '' ( 1984 ) `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' ( 1984 ) `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' ( 1985 ) `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' ( 1987 ) `` Que No Se Rompa la Noche '' ( 1987 ) `` Bamboléo '' ( 1989 ) `` Vincent '' ( 1990 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Crazy '' ( 1994 ) `` Oye Como Va '' ( 1994 ) `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' ( 1994 ) `` El Choclo '' ( 1996 ) `` La Gota Fría '' ( 1998 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' ( 2006 ) Non-single covers `` ¡ Ay , Jalisco , no te rajes ! '' `` Feelings '' `` Grande grande grande '' `` Guantanamera '' `` Hier Encore '' `` Historia de un Amor '' `` If '' `` La Flor de la Canela '' `` La Vie en rose '' `` Mamy Blue '' `` Mi Buenos Aires querido '' `` My Sweet Lord '' `` Puedes Llegar '' `` Quando m'innamoro '' `` Something '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` You Belong to My Heart '' `` Dulce Carolina '' ( 1972 ) `` La Mer '' ( 1976 ) `` Obsesión '' ( 1976 ) `` Ron y Coca - Cola '' ( 1980 ) `` Moon Over Naples '' ( 1988 ) `` And I Love Her '' ( 1990 ) `` If You Go Away '' ( 1990 ) `` 99 Miles from L.A. '' ( 1990 ) `` Caruso '' ( 1994 ) `` Crazy in Love '' ( 1998 ) `` Mi Manera '' ( 1998 ) `` Corazón Partío '' ( 2000 ) `` Quizás , Quizás , Quizás '' ( 2004 ) `` Careless Whisper '' ( 2006 ) `` Right Here Waiting '' ( 2006 ) `` Somos Novios '' ( 2006 ) `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' ( 2006 ) Usage `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' in `` Moonlight Lady '' `` Dark Eyes '' in `` Nostalgie ( Nathalie ) '' Family Julio Iglesias Sr. ( father ) Julio Iglesias Jr. ( son ) Enrique Iglesias ( son ) Chabeli Iglesias ( daughter ) Isabel Preysler ( 1st wife ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feelings_(Morris_Albert_song)&oldid=810813393 '' Categories : 1974 songs 1974 singles 2003 singles Sakis Rouvas songs Engelbert Humperdinck songs Ella Fitzgerald songs Shirley Bassey songs Glen Campbell songs Frank Sinatra songs The O'Jays songs Percy Faith songs José José songs Caetano Veloso songs Nina Simone songs Johnny Mathis songs Dobie Gray songs Perry Como songs The Offspring songs Andy Williams songs RCA Records singles Songs involved in plagiarism controversies English - language Brazilian songs English - language Greek songs Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 16 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who sang the song feelings nothing more than feelings
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"\"Feelings\" is a 1974 song with lyrics written by Brazilian singer Morris Albert, set to the tune of \"Pour Toi\" separately composed by Louis “Loulou” Gasté in 1957. Albert recorded \"Feelings\" as a single and later included it as the title track of his 1975 debut album. The song's lyrics, recognizable by their \"whoa whoa whoa\" chorus, concern the singer's inability to \"forget my feelings of love\". Albert's original recording of the song was very successful, performing well internationally. \"Feelings\" peaked at #6 on the pop charts and #2 on the Adult Contemporary charts in America.[1]"
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"Morris Albert"
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-8975923053806393716
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You've Got Another Thing Comin'
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You 've Got Another Thing Comin ' - wikipedia You 've Got Another Thing Comin ' Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` You 've Got Another Thing Comin ' '' Single by Judas Priest from the album Screaming for Vengeance B - side `` Exciter ( live ) '' Released August 1982 Format 7 '' Recorded 1982 Studio Beejay Studios , Coconut Grove , Florida Genre Heavy metal Length 5 : 07 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Rob Halford K.K. Downing Glenn Tipton Producer ( s ) Tom Allom Judas Priest singles chronology `` Hot Rockin ' '' ( 1981 ) `` You 've Got Another Thing Comin ' '' ( 1982 ) `` ( Take These ) Chains '' ( 1982 ) `` Hot Rockin ' '' ( 1981 ) `` You 've Got Another Thing Comin ' '' ( 1982 ) `` ( Take These ) Chains '' ( 1982 ) Screaming for Vengeance track listing `` Screaming for Vengeance '' ( 7 ) `` You 've Got Another Thing Comin ' '' ( 8 ) `` Fever '' ( 9 ) `` You 've Got Another Thing Comin ' '' is a song by British heavy metal band Judas Priest . It was originally released on their 1982 album Screaming for Vengeance and released as a single later that year . In May 2006 , VH1 ranked it fifth on their list of the 40 Greatest Metal Songs . It became one of Judas Priest 's signature songs along with `` Electric Eye '' and `` Breaking the Law '' , and a staple of the band 's live performances . `` You 've Got Another Thing Comin '' was first performed on the opening concert of the Vengeance World Tour at the Stabler Center in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania , on 26 August 1982 and had been played a total of 673 times through the 2012 Epitaph Tour . The song reached No. 67 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts , making it Judas Priest 's only charting song in the United States . The song is written in the key of F - sharp minor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Charting 2 Reception 3 In other media 4 Personnel 5 References 6 External links Charting ( edit ) `` You 've Got Another Thing Comin ' '' has charted in two countries in United Kingdom and in United States . In the United Kingdom it peaked at No. 66 in the UK Singles Chart and in the US , it reached No. 4 on the Billboard rock chart . Reception ( edit ) Wayne Parry of the Associated Press called it , along with `` Hell Bent for Leather '' and `` Living After Midnight '' , one of the `` standards against which other metal tracks are measured '' . Greg Prato of AllMusic wrote that the song was what finally broke Judas Priest into the mainstream in the United States . In other media ( edit ) The song shows up on several video games , for example , it is featured on the jukebox of the first level of Prey ; in Grand Theft Auto : Vice City 's radio station V - Rock ; as downloadable content for Rock Band series ( alongside the rest of the album Screaming for Vengeance ) , Rock Band Track Pack Volume 2 ; and a cover version is featured in Guitar Hero . It is now featured in EA Sports ' NHL 12 . It is also in 2K Sports ' Major League Baseball 2K9 . The original song is also featured in the 2011 comedy film , Bad Teacher . The song was featured in a 2013 episode of Californication . Personnel ( edit ) Rob Halford -- vocals Glenn Tipton -- lead guitar K. K. Downing -- rhythm guitar Ian Hill -- bass Dave Holland -- drums References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Judas Priest : You 've Got Another Thing Comin ' '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 24 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 40 Greatest Metal Songs '' , 1 -- 4 May 2006 , VH1 Channel , reported by VH1.com Archived 18 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine. ; last accessed 10 September 2006 . Jump up ^ White , Emily ( 18 July 2014 ) . `` Judas Priest Debut At No. 1 On Top Rock Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 291 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Parry , Wayne ( 26 July 2002 ) . `` Five Questions With Rob Halford '' . Associated Pres . Retrieved 24 August 2014 -- via Highbeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Judas Priest Ian Hill Glenn Tipton Scott Travis Rob Halford Richie Faulkner K.K. Downing Tim `` Ripper '' Owens Dave Holland Les Binks Alan Moore John Hinch Al Atkins Studio albums Rocka Rolla Sad Wings of Destiny Sin After Sin Stained Class Killing Machine British Steel Point of Entry Screaming for Vengeance Defenders of the Faith Turbo Ram It Down Painkiller Jugulator Demolition Angel of Retribution Nostradamus Redeemer of Souls Firepower Live albums Unleashed in the East Priest ... Live ! Priest , Live and Rare ' 98 Live Meltdown Live in London A Touch of Evil : Live British Steel : 30th Anniversary Live Battle Cry Compilations The Best of Judas Priest Hero , Hero Metal Works ' 73 -- ' 93 The Best of Judas Priest : Living After Midnight Genocide Metalogy The Essential Judas Priest Single Cuts The Chosen Few Videos Live in London Electric Eye Rising in the East Live Vengeance ' 82 Epitaph Battle Cry Singles `` Rocka Rolla '' `` The Ripper '' `` Diamonds and Rust '' `` Better by You , Better than Me '' `` Take On the World '' `` Evening Star '' `` Rock Forever '' `` Living After Midnight '' `` Breaking the Law '' `` United '' `` Heading Out to the Highway '' `` You 've Got Another Thing Comin ' '' `` Electric Eye '' `` The Green Manalishi ( With the Two Prong Crown ) '' `` Freewheel Burning '' `` Some Heads Are Gonna Roll '' `` Turbo Lover '' `` Locked In '' `` Parental Guidance '' `` Ram It Down '' `` Johnny B. Goode '' `` Painkiller '' `` A Touch of Evil '' `` Bullet Train '' `` Revolution '' Other songs `` Run of the Mill '' `` Victim of Changes '' `` Dreamer Deceiver '' `` Dissident Aggressor '' `` Exciter '' `` Beyond the Realms of Death '' `` Burn in Hell '' `` Judas Rising '' Tours and concerts Judas Priest Tour The Return of the Priest Tour Whiskey Woman Tour Rocka Rolla Tour Sad Wings of Destiny Tour Sin After Sin Tour Stained Class Tour X Certificate Tour Hell Bent for Leather Tour Unleashed in the East Tour British Steel Tour World Wide Blitz Tour World Vengeance Tour Metal Conqueror Tour Fuel for Life Tour Mercenaries of Metal Tour Painkiller Tour Operation Rock & Roll Reunited Tour Retribution Tour Nostradamus World Tour Metal Masters Tour Epitaph World Tour Redeemer of Souls Tour Firepower World Tour Related articles Discography Members A Tribute to Judas Priest : Legends of Metal Hell Bent Forever : A Tribute to Judas Priest A Tribute to the Priest Book : Judas Priest Category : Judas Priest Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27ve_Got_Another_Thing_Comin%27&oldid=820574325 '' Categories : Judas Priest songs 1982 singles 1988 singles Songs written by Rob Halford Songs written by Glenn Tipton Songs written by K.K. Downing 1982 songs Columbia Records singles Music videos directed by Julien Temple Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references Use British English from February 2012 Use dmy dates from February 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Italiano Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 12 : 07 . About Wikipedia
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who sings the song you got another thing coming
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"\"You've Got Another Thing Comin'\" is a song by British heavy metal band Judas Priest. It was originally released on their 1982 album Screaming for Vengeance and released as a single later that year. In May 2006, VH1 ranked it fifth on their list of the 40 Greatest Metal Songs.[2] It became one of Judas Priest's signature songs along with \"Electric Eye\" and \"Breaking the Law\", and a staple of the band's live performances. \"You've Got Another Thing Comin\" was first performed on the opening concert of the Vengeance World Tour at the Stabler Center in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, on 26 August 1982 and had been played a total of 673 times through the 2012 Epitaph Tour."
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"Judas Priest"
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San Antonio Spurs
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San Antonio Spurs - wikipedia San Antonio Spurs Jump to : navigation , search San Antonio Spurs 2017 -- 18 San Antonio Spurs season Conference Western Division Southwest Founded 1967 History Dallas Chaparrals 1967 -- 1970 , 1971 -- 1973 ( ABA ) Texas Chaparrals 1970 -- 1971 ( ABA ) San Antonio Spurs 1973 -- 1976 ( ABA ) 1976 -- present ( NBA ) Arena AT&T Center Location San Antonio , Texas Team colors Silver , black President Gregg Popovich General manager R.C. Buford Head coach Gregg Popovich Ownership Spurs Sports & Entertainment ( Julianna Hawn Holt , Chairman and CEO ) Affiliation ( s ) Austin Spurs Championships 5 ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) Conference titles 6 ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2013 , 2014 ) Division titles 22 ( 1978 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1990 , 1991 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) Retired numbers 8 ( 00 , 6 , 12 , 13 , 21 , 32 , 44 , 50 ) Website www.nba.com/spurs Uniforms Home Away Third The San Antonio Spurs are an American professional basketball team based in San Antonio , Texas . The Spurs compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the AT&T Center in San Antonio . The Spurs are one of four former American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams to remain intact in the NBA after the 1976 ABA -- NBA merger and the only former ABA team to have won an NBA championship . The Spurs ' five NBA championships are the fourth most in history ( tied with the Golden State Warriors ) behind only the Boston Celtics ( 17 ) , Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) , and Chicago Bulls ( 6 ) . The Spurs currently rank first among active franchises for the highest winning percentage in NBA history , and have a winning head - to - head regular season record against every active NBA franchise . In their 40 NBA seasons since 1976 -- 77 , the Spurs have won 22 division titles . They have made the playoffs in 27 of the last 28 seasons ( since 1989 -- 90 ) and have only missed the playoffs four times since entering the NBA ; they have not missed the playoffs in the 20 seasons since Tim Duncan was drafted by the Spurs in 1997 . With their 50th win in the 2016 -- 17 season , the Spurs extended their record for most consecutive 50 - win seasons to 18 ( the Spurs did not win 50 games in the strike - shortened 1998 -- 99 season , which lasted only 50 games ) . Since the 1997 -- 98 season , the Spurs have had 20 consecutive seasons with a winning percentage of . 610 or greater during the regular season , which is also an NBA record . The team 's success during this period coincides with the tenure of current head coach Gregg Popovich , who had been the team 's general manager before replacing Bob Hill as coach in 1996 . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Spurs in San Antonio 2 Franchise history 2.1 1967 -- 1973 : Dallas Chaparrals / Texas Chaparrals 2.2 1973 -- 1976 : Coming to San Antonio 2.3 1976 -- 1985 : The George Gervin era 2.4 1985 -- 1989 : Difficult years 2.5 1989 -- 1997 : Arrival of The Admiral 2.6 1997 -- 2016 : Tim Duncan era 2.6. 1 1997 -- 2003 : The `` Twin Towers '' 2.6. 2 2003 -- 2004 : Bridging the Gap 2.6. 3 2004 -- 2013 : The `` Big Three '' 2.6. 4 2013 -- 2016 : Fifth championship and Duncan 's retirement 2.7 2016 -- present : Kawhi Leonard era 3 Rivalries 3.1 Los Angeles Lakers 3.2 Dallas Mavericks 3.3 Houston Rockets 3.4 Phoenix Suns 4 Logo and uniforms 5 Season - by - season record 6 Arena history 7 Players 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retained draft rights 7.3 Retired numbers 7.4 Basketball Hall of Famers 7.5 FIBA Hall of Famers 7.6 Franchise leaders 8 Individual awards 8.1 NBA individual awards 8.2 ABA individual awards 8.3 NBA All - Star Weekend 9 Head coaches 10 References 11 External links The Spurs in San Antonio The Spurs are the city 's only team in any of the four major U.S. professional sports leagues and the only major - league team in the city 's history to have lasted more than five years . Spurs players are active members of the San Antonio community , and many former Spurs are still active in San Antonio including David Robinson with the Carver Academy and George Gervin with the George Gervin Youth Center . The Spurs set several NBA attendance records while playing at the Alamodome including the largest crowd ever for a NBA Finals game in 1999 , and the Spurs continue to sell out the smaller AT&T Center ( formerly SBC Center ) on a regular basis . Since 2003 , the team has been forced on an extended road trip for much of February since the AT&T Center hosts the San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo . This is informally known as the `` Rodeo Road Trip '' . The Spurs have consistently posted winning road records during this period , including an NBA - record longest single road trip winning streak ( eight games out of nine , achieved in 2003 ) . When the Spurs have won the NBA title , the team 's victory parades have been boat trips on the San Antonio River Walk . Franchise history 1967 -- 1973 : Dallas Chaparrals / Texas Chaparrals Main article : Dallas Chaparrals The San Antonio Spurs started out as the Dallas Chaparrals of the original version of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) . Coached by player / coach Cliff Hagan the Dallas Chaparrals were one of 11 teams to take the floor in the inaugural season of the upstart ABA . The Chaps ' second season was a bit of a disappointment , as the team finished in 4th place with a mediocre 41 -- 37 record . In the playoffs the Chaparrals quickly fell to the New Orleans Buccaneers . The team suffered from poor attendance and general disinterest in Dallas . In fact , during the 1970 -- 71 season , the name `` Dallas '' was dropped in favor of `` Texas '' and an attempt was made to make the team a regional one , playing games in Fort Worth , Texas , at the Tarrant County Convention Center , as well as Lubbock , Texas , at the Lubbock Municipal Coliseum , but this proved a failure and the team returned full - time to Dallas in time for the 1971 -- 72 season , splitting their games at Moody Coliseum and Dallas Convention Center Arena . 1973 -- 1976 : coming to San Antonio While the Chaparrals had been modestly successful on the court , they were sinking financially by their third season , largely because the ownership group refused to spend much money on the team . After missing the playoffs for the first time in their existence in the 1972 -- 73 season , nearly all of the owners wanted out . A group of 36 San Antonio businessmen , led by Manager / Angelo Drossos , Chairman of the Board / John Schaefer and President / Red McCombs , worked out a `` lend - lease '' deal with the Dallas ownership group . Drossos and his group would lease the team for three years and move it to San Antonio , and agreed to return the team to Dallas if no purchase occurred by 1975 . After the deal was signed , the team was renamed the San Antonio Gunslingers . However , before they even played a game the name was changed to Spurs . The team 's primary colors were changed from the red , white , and blue of the Chaparrals to the now familiar black , silver and white motif of the Spurs . The team 's name derives from a spur , a metal tool designed to be worn on the heels of cowboy boots for the purpose of controlling a horse 's movement and direction In the first game at the HemisFair Arena the Spurs lost to the San Diego Conquistadors , despite attracting a noisy crowd of 6,000 fans . A smothering defense was the team 's image , as they held opponents less than 100 points an ABA record 49 times . The early Spurs were led by ABA veteran James Silas , and the team would get stronger as the season went on as they twice took advantage of the Virginia Squires , acquiring Swen Nater , who would go on to win Rookie of the Year , in November , and `` The Iceman '' George Gervin in January . The ABA tried to halt the Gervin deal , claiming it was detrimental to the league , but a judge would rule in the Spurs ' favor , and Gervin made his Spurs debut on February 7 . The Spurs would go on to finish with a 45 -- 39 record , good for 3rd place in the Western Division . In the playoffs , the Spurs would battle the Indiana Pacers to the bitter end before falling in seven games . San Antonio embraced the Spurs with open arms ; the Spurs drew 6,303 fans per game , surpassing the Chaparrals ' entire total attendance in only 18 games . Schaefer , Drossos and McCombs knew a runaway hit when they saw it . After only one year , they exercised their option to tear up the lease agreement , buy the franchise outright and keep the team in San Antonio for good . The team quickly made themselves at home at HemisFair Arena , playing to increasingly large and raucous crowds . Despite a respectable 17 -- 10 start during the 1974 -- 75 season , Coach Tom Nissalke was fired as owners become tired of the Spurs ' slow defensive style of games . He would be replaced by Bob Bass , who stated that the Spurs would have an entirely new playing style : `` It is my belief that you can not throw a set offense at another professional team for 48 minutes . You 've got to let them play some schoolyard basketball . '' George Gervin and James Silas took that style to heart , as the Spurs became an exciting fast breaking team on the way to a solid 51 -- 33 record , good enough for second place in the West . Gervin said , `` Our whole theory was that you shoot 100 times , we 'll shoot 107 . '' However , in the playoffs the Spurs would fall to the Indiana Pacers in six games . Even though playoff success would elude the team , the Spurs had suddenly found themselves among the top teams in the ABA . Moreover , their gaudy attendance figures made them very attractive to the NBA , despite the size of the market . Although San Antonio had over 650,000 people at the time ( and has since grown to become the seventh - largest city in the United States ) , it has always been a medium - sized market because the surrounding suburban and rural areas are not much larger than the city itself . In June 1976 , the ABA -- NBA merger took place , moving San Antonio 's sole professional sports franchise into a new league . The Spurs , Denver Nuggets , Indiana Pacers and New York Nets moved to the NBA for the 1976 -- 77 season . The Spurs and the other three ABA teams agreed to pay the owners of two other strong ABA teams that folded instead of joining the NBA . John Y. Brown , Jr. , the owner of the Kentucky Colonels , received $3 million , which he used to purchase the NBA 's Buffalo Braves and later the Boston Celtics , after selling star guard Louie Dampier to the Spurs . The owners of the Spirits of St. Louis received a portion of all television profits during their NBA tenure , which amounted to roughly 1 / 7 of the Spurs ' television profit every year . This agreement placed particular financial pressure on the Spurs and the other three former ABA teams . In 2014 , the Spirits ' owners reached agreement with the NBA to end the perpetual payments and take a lump sum of $500 million instead . 1976 -- 1985 : the George Gervin era Although there was some initial skepticism in league circles regarding the potential success and talent levels of the incoming ABA teams , the Spurs would prove worthy of NBA inclusion during the 1976 -- 77 season with a record of 44 -- 38 , good for a tie for fourth place overall in the Eastern Conference . This was done in spite of significant handicaps the NBA imposed on the incoming ABA teams , limiting their draft picks and television revenues during their early time in the merged league . They gained a new rival in the form of the Houston Rockets , who had played in Texas for five years prior to the merger . During the 1977 -- 78 season , George Gervin and David Thompson of the Denver Nuggets battled all season for the NBA scoring title . On the final day of the season , Thompson took the lead by scoring 73 points in an afternoon game against the Detroit Pistons . That night Gervin knew that he needed 58 points against the Jazz in New Orleans . Gervin got off to a good start by scoring 20 points in the 1st quarter . In the 2nd , The Iceman was even better , setting a single period record with 33 points . Early on in the 3rd period Gervin scored his 58 points on the way to 63 capturing the scoring title . While Gervin was lighting up the scoreboard the Spurs were winning the Central Division with a 52 -- 30 record . However , in the playoffs the Spurs would be stunned in six games by the Washington Bullets despite an outstanding series from Gervin who averaged 33.2 ppg . The following season in the 1979 Conference Finals the Spurs led the series 3 -- 1 but the Bullets came back to win the last three games and came from behind to win the 7th game 107 -- 105 handing the Spurs a heartbreaking loss . The Spurs would have to wait another 20 years to make it to their first NBA finals . The Spurs would go on to capture five division titles in their first seven years in the NBA and became a perennial playoff participant . However , in the playoffs , the Spurs would never find a break , losing to teams like the Washington Bullets , the Boston Celtics , the Houston Rockets , and the Los Angeles Lakers . As the 1980s progressed , the Spurs would see their shares of highs and lows . For the first few seasons of the decade , the Spurs continued their success of the 1970s with records of 52 -- 30 in 1980 -- 81 , 48 -- 34 in 1981 -- 82 , and 53 -- 29 in 1982 -- 83 ( it was during this period that the Spurs were moved to the Western Conference ) . Despite their regular season success , the Spurs were unable to win any NBA championships , losing in the Western Conference playoffs to the Houston Rockets in the first round of the 1981 and the Los Angeles Lakers in four games 1982 and in six games in the 1983 Western Finals despite getting both wins at the Forum in the 1983 series . They lost every home game in both series in 1982 and 1983 vs the Lakers as Magic Johnson , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar and co . were too strong . The Spurs did not make the conference finals until 1995 . After the 1984 -- 85 season , Gervin , who had been the Spurs ' biggest star , was traded to the Chicago Bulls in what effectively signaled the end of the era that began when the Spurs first moved to San Antonio . 1985 -- 1989 : difficult years The next four seasons were a dark time in Spurs ' history with the team having a combined record of 115 -- 213 from 1985 -- 86 until 1988 -- 89 . The losing seasons and dwindling attendance often caused the Spurs to be mentioned as a potential candidate for relocation to another city . The lone bright spot during this period was the Spurs being awarded the top pick in the 1987 NBA draft through NBA Draft Lottery . The Spurs used this selection on United States Naval Academy standout David Robinson . Although drafted in 1987 , the Spurs would have to wait until the 1989 -- 90 season to see Robinson actually play , due to a two - year commitment he had to serve with the United States Navy . The Spurs seemingly bottomed out in 1988 -- 89 with a record of 21 -- 61 , the worst in franchise history at the time . However , the 1989 -- 90 season was notable for several reasons . It was the first season of full ownership for Red McCombs , who was an original investor in the team and helped solidify local ownership for the team . Additionally , the 1988 -- 89 season featured the debut of Larry Brown as the Spurs head coach who moved to San Antonio after winning the NCAA National Championship with Kansas in 1988 . 1989 -- 1997 : arrival of the Admiral Although there was speculation that Robinson might choose not to sign with the Spurs and to become a free agent once his Navy commitment ended , Robinson decided in the end to come to San Antonio for the 1989 -- 90 season . While it was thought his arrival would make the Spurs respectable again , no one expected what happened in his rookie season . Led by Robinson , 1989 draftee Sean Elliott from Arizona , and trade acquisition Terry Cummings from the Milwaukee Bucks , the Spurs achieved the biggest one - season turnaround in NBA history , finishing with a record of 56 -- 26 . They also jumped all the way to first place in the Midwest Division , their first division title in seven years . Robinson had one of the most successful rookie seasons for a center in NBA history , finishing the season as the unanimous Rookie of the Year while averaging 24.3 points and 12.0 rebounds . The Spurs began the 1990s with great optimism . The team became a perennial playoff presence , although unable to advance further than the second round of the NBA Playoffs under Brown 's tutelage . Late in the 1991 -- 92 season , McCombs fired Brown and replaced him with Bob Bass for the remainder of the season . Without a healthy David Robinson , the Spurs were swept out of the first round of the playoffs by the Phoenix Suns . McCombs made national headlines during the summer of 1992 with the hiring of former UNLV head coach Jerry Tarkanian . The Tarkanian experiment proved a flop , as the coach was fired 20 games into the 1992 -- 93 season with the Spurs record at 9 -- 11 . After Rex Hughes filled the coaching shoes for one game , NBA veteran John Lucas was named head coach . It was Lucas ' first NBA coaching assignment , although he had gained recognition in league circles for his success in helping NBA players rehab from drug abuse . The Lucas era started out successfully . His coaching propelled the team to a 39 -- 22 finish over the rest of the regular season , and the team reached the Western Conference semi-finals . The Alamodome , home to the Spurs from 1993 to 2002 . In 1993 , local businessman Peter M. Holt and a group of 22 investors purchased the Spurs from Red McCombs for $75 million . In the 1993 -- 94 season , the Spurs ' first in the newly built Alamodome , Lucas led the team to a 55 -- 27 record but the team suffered a loss in the first round of the playoffs , which led to the immediate firing of Lucas as head coach . Prior to the season the Spurs traded fan - favorite Elliott to the Detroit Pistons in return for rebounding star Dennis Rodman . Lucas was replaced by former Pacers coach Bob Hill for the 1994 -- 95 season . Elliott returned to the team after an uneventful season with the Pistons , and the team finished with the NBA 's best record at 62 -- 20 , cracking the 60 - win mark for the first time in franchise history . Robinson was named the league 's Most Valuable Player . The Spurs reached the Western Conference Finals , but lost to the eventual NBA Champion Houston Rockets . Throughout the season , and particularly in the playoffs , there appeared to be friction developing between Rodman and several Spurs ' teammates , most notably Robinson . Rodman was traded to the Chicago Bulls after the season , and helped the Bulls win three titles from 1996 to 1998 . The Spurs finished the 1995 -- 96 season under Hill at 59 -- 23 and lost in the Western Conference semi-finals . Few observers could have predicted how far the Spurs would fall during the 1996 -- 97 season , especially with the signing of Dominique Wilkins . Robinson missed the first month of the season due to a back injury . He returned in December , but played only six games before a broken foot sidelined him for the rest of the season . Elliott also missed more than half the season due to injury . Without Robinson and Elliott , the Spurs were a rudderless team . The lone bright spot was Wilkins , leading the team in scoring with an average of 18.2 ppg . The Spurs ended the season with a 20 -- 62 record , the worst in franchise history -- and to date , the last time they have missed the playoffs . Hill only lasted 18 games as coach that season , eventually being fired and replaced by general manager Gregg Popovich , who had also served a stint under Brown as an assistant coach . Wilkins would play his lone season in 1996 -- 97 for San Antonio , knowing his minutes and playing time would greatly diminish next season . As disastrous as the 1996 -- 97 season was for the Spurs , the offseason proved to be the opposite . With the third - worst record in the league , the Spurs won the NBA 's draft lottery , which gave them the top pick in the 1997 draft . The Spurs used their pick to select Wake Forest product and consensus All - American Tim Duncan . The drafting of Tim Duncan in 1997 was a turning point in the history of the Spurs . 1997 -- 2016 : Tim Duncan era 1997 -- 2003 : the `` twin towers '' Further information : Twin Towers ( San Antonio Spurs ) Gregg Popovich watched Tim Duncan play in summer league and immediately noted that , `` If I try to coach this guy , the only thing I can do is screw him up '' , effectively saying that Duncan was very gifted , very intelligent , and had a keen knowledge of the game . Duncan quickly emerged as a dominant force in the NBA during the 1997 -- 98 season , averaging 21.1 points and 11.9 rebounds per game as a power forward . He was named First Team All - NBA while winning Rookie of the Year honors . The team ended up at 56 -- 26 , breaking their own record from 1989 -- 90 for the biggest single - season improvement for wins , but once again lost to the Jazz in the Western Conference semi-finals . While both Duncan and Robinson played low - post roles , the two seamlessly meshed on the court . With a healthy Robinson and Duncan and the additions of playoff veterans such as Mario Elie and Jerome Kersey , the Spurs looked forward to the 1998 -- 99 season . Prior to the beginning of training camps , however , the NBA owners , led by commissioner David Stern , locked out the players in order to force a new collective bargaining agreement with the National Basketball Players Association ( NBPA ) . The season was delayed for over three months until resolution on a new labor agreement was reached in January 1999 . The Spurs won five championships , all with Duncan and Popovich . Playing a shortened 50 - game season , the Spurs earned an NBA - best 37 -- 13 record (. 740 win percentage , and only season since Duncan was drafted the Spurs did not win at least 50 games in a season as of 2016 ) . The team was just as dominant in the playoffs , rolling through the Western Conference with a record of 11 -- 1 . In the NBA Finals , they faced the New York Knicks , who had made history by becoming the first eighth seed to ever make the NBA Finals . The Spurs won the series and the franchise 's first NBA Championship in Game 5 at the Knicks ' home arena , Madison Square Garden . Duncan was named the NBA Finals MVP . The Spurs became the first former ABA team to reach and to win the NBA Finals . They also won the 1999 McDonald 's Championship in the off - season and were the last champions of that tournament as it was disbanded right after . Coming off their first NBA Championship , the Spurs were still among the best teams in the West and battling for first place in the Midwest Division during the 1999 -- 2000 season . On March 14 , the Spurs playoff spirits got a lift when Sean Elliott , who received a kidney transplant from his brother prior to the season , returned and played in the last 19 games . As the season wound down , Duncan suffered a knee injury and the Spurs finished in second place with a 53 -- 29 record . Without Duncan , the Spurs were knocked out of the playoffs by the Phoenix Suns in four games . The long - term viability of the Spurs franchise in San Antonio was , however , achieved during the 1999 -- 2000 season , as Bexar County voters approved increases in car rental and hotel taxes which would allow for the construction of a new arena next to the Freeman Coliseum . The Spurs finished with 58 -- 24 records for both the 2000 -- 01 and 2001 -- 02 seasons but found themselves suffering playoff ousters in both seasons from the eventual NBA Champion Los Angeles Lakers , getting swept from the 2001 Conference Finals and losing in five games during the second round in 2002 . The Spurs visit the White House after their championship in 2003 . Entering the 2002 -- 03 season , the team knew it would be memorable for at least two reasons , as David Robinson announced that it would be his last in the NBA and the Spurs would begin play at their new arena , the SBC Center , named after telecommunications giant SBC , whose corporate headquarters were located in San Antonio ( SBC became AT&T after its acquisition of its former parent company ) . To mark this occasion , the Spurs revamped their `` Fiesta Colors '' logo and reverted to the familiar silver and black motif ( though , during the time of the Fiesta logo , the uniform remained silver and black ) . This version of the Spurs was very different from the team that had won the title a few years earlier . Second - year French star Tony Parker , drafted by the Spurs in the first round of the 2001 NBA draft , was now the starting point guard for the Spurs . The squad featured a variety of newly acquired three - point shooters , including Stephen Jackson , Danny Ferry , Bruce Bowen , Steve Kerr , Steve Smith and Argentine product Manu Ginóbili , a 1999 second - round draft choice playing in his first NBA season . The Spurs christened the SBC Center in style on November 1 , 2002 by defeating the Toronto Raptors 91 -- 72 . The Spurs would not get off to a flying start as they had just a 19 -- 13 record heading into January . In January the Spurs began to gel and seemed prepped to make a run , when they embarked on their annual Rodeo Road Trip , a nine - game road trip from January 25 to February 16 . However , it would be hardly a bump in the road for the charging Spurs , who won eight of the nine and began to climb their way to first place . The Spurs went on to erase their seven - game deficit and finished the season in a tie with the Dallas Mavericks for the best record in the NBA ( 60 -- 22 ) . Thanks to a tiebreaker , the Spurs won their third straight Division title as Tim Duncan claimed his second straight NBA MVP . In the playoffs , the Spurs defeated the Suns , Lakers and Mavericks en route to facing the New Jersey Nets in the NBA Finals . The series against the Nets marked the first time two former ABA teams played each other for the NBA Championship . The Spurs won the series 4 -- 2 , giving them their second NBA Championship in franchise history . Duncan , after having been named NBA MVP , was also named Finals MVP . 2003 -- 2004 : bridging the gap The San Antonio Spurs hosting the Los Angeles Lakers in Game 1 of the 2004 Western Conference Semi-finals at the SBC Center . Coming off their second NBA Championship , the retirement of David Robinson left a void in San Antonio 's daunting defense , while playoff hero Steve Kerr and veteran forward Danny Ferry also retired . Meanwhile , backup point guard Speedy Claxton was left for the Warriors , and Stephen Jackson left for Atlanta . With several holes to fill in their rotation , the Spurs would make several key signings in the off - season . Rasho Nesterovic and Hedo Türkoğlu were brought in to replace Robinson and Jackson , respectively . What proved to be the most important off - season acquisition would be the signing of veteran Robert Horry . The Spurs , playing with nine new players , struggled early as they missed the presence of Robinson while the new players struggled to fit in , as they held a 9 -- 10 record on December 3 . However , the Spurs would turn it around , as they ended December on a 13 - game winning streak and quickly climbed back to the top of the NBA standings . They would battle all year for the top spot in the Western Conference , as they ended the season on another strong note winning their final 11 games . However , they would fall one game short of a division title and the best record in the West , posting a record of 57 -- 25 . In the second round of the playoffs , the Spurs found themselves in another showdown with the Los Angeles Lakers . The Spurs would win Games 1 and 2 at home , but drop the next two in the Los Angeles . In Game 5 back in San Antonio , Duncan seemingly delivered the Spurs a 73 -- 72 win as he hit a dramatic shot with just 0.4 seconds remaining . However , the Lakers ' Derek Fisher would launch a game - winner as time expired , giving the Lakers a stunning 74 -- 73 win to take a 3 -- 2 series lead . The Spurs would eventually lose the series in six games . 2004 -- 2013 : the `` big three '' Further information : Big Three ( San Antonio Spurs ) `` The Big Three '' Tim Duncan Tony Parker Manu Ginóbili After their disappointing second round collapse , the Spurs looked to regain the NBA crown . With the acquisition of guard Brent Barry from Seattle , the Spurs would get off to a quick start , posting a 12 -- 3 record in November . The Spurs would stay hot through December as they established a 25 -- 6 record entering the New Year . With the later additions of center Nazr Mohammed from New York ( acquired in a midseason trade of Malik Rose ) , and veteran forward Glenn Robinson from free agency , alongside regulars Bruce Bowen , Robert Horry , Tony Parker , Manu Ginóbili , and Tim Duncan , the Spurs would be near the top in the Western Conference all season , battling the Phoenix Suns for the best record in the NBA . Just as it appeared the Spurs would cruise toward the playoffs their season suddenly hit a bump in the road when Tim Duncan suffered an ankle injury . The Spurs struggled the rest of the season , finishing just 59 -- 23 . However , by the time the playoffs rolled around , Duncan was ready to return . In the postseason , The Spurs went through the West relatively easily , culminating with a 5 - game victory in the Conference Finals over the Phoenix Suns . In the NBA Finals , the Spurs would face the defending champion Detroit Pistons . The first two games in San Antonio were both Spurs victories as Ginóbili led the way with 26 and 27 points , in blow out wins by the Spurs . However , as the series shifted to Detroit , the Spurs were the ones who were blown out , losing Games 3 and 4 by big margins as the Pistons evened the series . Faced with a third straight loss in Detroit , the Spurs would play tougher in Game 5 , which would go into overtime . After going scoreless in the first half , Robert Horry hit a clutch three - point shot with nine seconds remaining to give the Spurs a dramatic 96 -- 95 win . The series moved back to San Antonio for game six , but the Spurs were unable to close out the series , setting up a deciding Game 7 . In Game 7 , Duncan had 25 points as the Spurs pulled away late to win their third NBA Title in seven years with an 81 -- 74 win . Duncan was named Finals MVP , becoming the fourth player to win the MVP award three times ( joining Magic Johnson , Shaquille O'Neal , and Michael Jordan ) . AT&T Center at night , the home of the Spurs . Coming off their third NBA Championship in seven years , there was a sense that the Spurs were the class of the NBA , and once again would be the team to beat in the NBA for the Championship . For the 2005 -- 06 season , the Spurs acquired the two - time All - Star Michael Finley and one - time All Star Nick Van Exel . Not surprisingly , the Spurs would come flying out of the gate , winning 16 of their first 19 games . Once again , the Spurs would get challenged within their own division by the Dallas Mavericks as they held the two best records in the Western Conference all season , battling for first place . In the end , the experience of the Spurs would be the difference as they won the Southwest Division again with a new franchise best record of 63 -- 19 . The Spurs met the Mavericks in the second round of the playoffs , but it would be Dallas coming out on top 4 -- 3 , including a 119 -- 111 overtime victory in Game 7 . The Spurs struggled during the first half of the 2006 -- 07 season , which led to discussions of trading away veteran players to build for the future . The team remained intact , and the Spurs would win 13 games in a row during February and March , and were an NBA - best 25 -- 6 in the final 31 games , as the Spurs were able to claim the 3 - seed in the West . The Spurs cruised through the first round , while the # 1 - seeded Dallas Mavericks were upset . This set up a second - round series with the Phoenix Suns as the key series in the entire NBA Playoffs , as this series featured the teams with the two best records remaining in the NBA . The Spurs went on to win 4 -- 2 in the contentious and controversial series versus the Suns . The series featured a Robert Horry foul on Steve Nash toward the end of Game 4 which resulted in Horry being suspended for two games . Those who said the second - round series against the Suns was the true NBA Finals would be proven right , as the Spurs easily dispatched the Utah Jazz in five games to reach the NBA Finals . In the Finals , the Spurs swept the Cleveland Cavaliers and captured their fourth title in nine years . Tony Parker , who dominated in the Finals averaging 24.5 ppg on 57 % shooting , was named Finals MVP and became the first European - born player to win the award . The 2007 -- 2008 season saw the Spurs go 56 -- 26 and finish 3rd in the Western Conference . The Spurs faced hurdles but would make it to the Western Conference Finals , but lose to the Lakers in five games . The next season would see the Spurs drop off in wins to 54 -- 28 and lose to the Dallas Mavericks in the first round of the playoffs . Two days before the 2009 NBA draft , general manager R.C. Buford acted to address the team 's age and health concerns by acquiring 29 - year - old swingman Richard Jefferson from the Milwaukee Bucks . The Spurs sent 38 - year - old Bruce Bowen , 36 - year - old Kurt Thomas , and 34 - year - old Fabricio Oberto to the Bucks , who swapped Oberto to the Detroit Pistons for Amir Johnson . The Spurs held three 2nd - round picks in the 2009 draft . Their selection of Pittsburgh Panthers forward DeJuan Blair with the # 37 pick was described as a `` steal '' by analysts ; the Spurs later drafted two guards they had been targeting with the No. 37 pick , taking Miami Hurricanes shooting guard Jack McClinton and point / shooting guard Nando de Colo from France with the No. 51 and No. 53 picks , respectively . On July 10 , 2009 , the Spurs signed Detroit Pistons power forward Antonio McDyess to a three - year deal worth approximately $15 million in guaranteed money . The Spurs struggled with injuries during the 2009 -- 10 regular season , but managed another 50 - win season , finishing at 50 -- 32 . The seventh - seeded Spurs would once again battle the Mavericks in the first round of the playoffs . After falling to the Mavericks in Game 1 , the Spurs went on to avenge their 2009 defeat to Dallas by winning the series in six games . The Spurs however , were swept out of the playoffs in the following round by the Phoenix Suns . Spanish League MVP Tiago Splitter was the Spurs ' biggest addition in 2010 . During the 2010 NBA draft , the Spurs management held the highest draft pick since the Tim Duncan draft a decade earlier . They drafted rookie James Anderson from Oklahoma State at # 20 . However , Anderson was soon sitting out of the first half of the season due to injuries . In 2010 -- 11 , the Spurs finished 61 -- 21 to be the # 1 seed , but an injury to Ginóbili in the final regular season game took a toll on the team , and they were upset by the # 8 seeded Memphis Grizzlies . 2011 brought a change to the Spurs ' philosophy that set the stage for the next successful run in the club 's history . Out went the stream of last - legs , wizened veterans that the Spurs had relied on to fill out the rotation behind the Big Three . Minutes went to younger and more athletic talent like Danny Green , Gary Neal , and Tiago Splitter , to whom Popovich would teach The Spurs ' Way -- a fast pace , unselfish passing , and accountability on defense . The biggest personnel move of the Spurs ' off - season had the club sending the beloved guard George Hill to his hometown Indiana Pacers for San Diego State 's Kawhi Leonard , a hyper - athletic forward selected # 15 overall by the Pacers in the 2011 NBA draft . The team also selected Texas Longhorns ' Cory Joseph as the # 29 overall pick . After the lockout that delayed the 2011 -- 2012 season , the Spurs signed T.J. Ford , who would eventually retire in the middle of the season after playing only 14 games due to a stinger . Before the trade deadline , the Spurs decided to part ways with Richard Jefferson and sent him to the Golden State Warriors for Stephen Jackson , who had been a member of the 2003 championship team . Leonard then became the starting small forward . In the week following the trade deadline , the Spurs also signed forward Boris Diaw after his contract was bought out by the Charlotte Bobcats , and former Portland Trail Blazers guard Patrick Mills who played for the Xinjiang Flying Tigers in the CBA during the lockout . This gave the Spurs a deeper bench for their playoff run . Kawhi Leonard was acquired by the Spurs in 2011 . Despite the shortened 66 - game NBA season due to the NBA lockout , the Spurs won 50 games and tied the Chicago Bulls for the best record in the league . They extended their streak of 50 + win seasons to 13 since the 1999 -- 2000 season , an NBA record . Popovich won his second Coach of the Year . The Spurs swept the first two rounds of the Playoffs . With those two sweeps , a 10 - game win streak to end the season , and wins in Games 1 and 2 of the Western Conference Finals , the Spurs would win 20 straight games . However , the Oklahoma City Thunder would end up winning the next four games in the West Finals , to take the series 4 -- 2 . During the 2012 off - season , the Spurs re-signed swingman Danny Green , who was a welcome surprise for them from the previous season , and Tim Duncan , both for three years . The Spurs would have a strong 2012 -- 13 season , going 58 -- 24 and earning the # 2 seed in the West . The Spurs clinched the playoffs for a 16th consecutive season , as well as extended the NBA record with 50 + games for 14 consecutive seasons . On April 16 , the Spurs signed two - time scoring champion , and seven - time All - Star Tracy McGrady to help in the playoffs after waiving Stephen Jackson . The Spurs finished the regular season second in the Western Conference behind the Oklahoma City Thunder with a record of 58 -- 24 , and swept the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round , 4 -- 0 . In the second round of the 2013 playoffs , the Spurs faced Stephen Curry and the Golden State Warriors . They beat the Warriors four games to two . In the conference finals , the Spurs swept the Memphis Grizzlies , with Tony Parker having an 18 - assist performance in Game 2 and a 37 - point performance in Game 4 . The Spurs would meet the defending champion Miami Heat in the NBA Finals . The Spurs and Heat would alternate wins the first six games in the series . In Game 6 , the Spurs were on the verge of winning their fifth NBA title . San Antonio was up five points with 28 seconds to go in regulation . An unlikely and uncharacteristic series of mishaps would doom the Spurs down the stretch , including the benching of Duncan by Popovich at the end of regulation with the Spurs on defense . The Heat missed their field goal attempt , but the undersized Spurs could not grab the defensive rebound . Chris Bosh rebounded the ball and Ray Allen then hit a 3 - pointer to tie the game with five seconds left in regulation to send it to overtime , during which the Spurs were defeated 103 -- 100 . In Game 7 , San Antonio jumped out to a lead early and kept the game close the entire way . Toward the end of the game , however , and despite a 24 - point , 12 rebound effort , Duncan failed to convert on two attempts to tie the game : a missed layup and missed tip - in that allowed LeBron James to hit a jumper and increase the Heat 's lead to 92 -- 88 . After a steal from Ginóbili , James hit two free throws after being fouled by Duncan , and when Ginóbili missed a subsequent 3 - pointer , Dwyane Wade hit one out of two from the free throw line to put the game on ice , as the Heat would win their second straight championship . 2013 -- 2016 : fifth Championship and Duncan 's retirement The Spurs returned with their core roster largely intact , adding free agents Marco Belinelli and Jeff Ayres ( formerly Jeff Pendergraph ) while losing Gary Neal to the Milwaukee Bucks . The Spurs clinched the best record in the NBA with 62 wins , which included a franchise record 19 straight wins in February and March . In the first round of the playoffs , the eighth - seeded Dallas Mavericks surprised the Spurs by taking the series to 7 games , but the Spurs prevailed in convincing fashion in the deciding Game 7 . In the second round , Tim Duncan surpassed Karl Malone for fifth place in NBA Playoffs all - time points scored while the Spurs cruised past the Portland Trail Blazers in 5 games . San Antonio played the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Western Conference Finals , which marked the third straight appearance in the Western Conference Finals for the Spurs , and defeated them in 6 games to advance to the Finals for a second straight year for a rematch with the Miami Heat . It was also the first time that they had advanced to the Finals in consecutive years . This made it the first time since 1998 NBA Finals that the same two teams faced off in the Finals in consecutive years . With a victory in the second game of the series , Duncan , Ginóbili , and Parker won more playoff games together than any other three players on the same team in NBA history . The Spurs would go on to win the 2014 NBA Championship , 4 games to 1 . The Spurs blew out Miami in all of their wins , each of them by 15 or more points . Kawhi Leonard had a breakout performance and was named NBA Finals MVP for his big game performance and is the third youngest to win it , behind Magic Johnson and teammate Duncan . In the 2014 NBA draft , they selected Kyle Anderson out of UCLA as the 30th overall pick . During the 2014 offseason , the Spurs made headlines when they announced that they had hired Becky Hammon as an assistant coach , effective with her retirement as a player at the end of the 2014 WNBA season . Hammon became the first full - time female coach in any of the four major U.S. professional leagues . The 2014 -- 15 season was an up - and - down season , but finishing strong with a 55 -- 27 regular season record and 6th seed in the West , they qualified for the playoffs . They faced the Los Angeles Clippers in the first round of the playoffs . The Spurs went up 3 -- 2 heading into Game 6 at San Antonio . However , the Clippers would win that game and go on to win Game 7 at home . The San Antonio Spurs became the first defending champions since the 2011 -- 12 Dallas Mavericks to be eliminated in the first round of the NBA playoffs . With the acquisitions of David West and LaMarcus Aldridge during the offseason , the Spurs finished with a 67 -- 15 record , their best winning percentage in franchise history , earning them the Southwest Division title . They also set a franchise record for most wins in a season with 67 and a NBA record for most home wins in a season with 40 ( tying the 1985 -- 86 Boston Celtics 40 -- 1 home record ) . The Spurs also had the league 's best defense . During the playoffs they swept the shorthanded Memphis Grizzles in the first round before losing to the Oklahoma City Thunder in 6 games in the second round . They would become the first team since the 2006 -- 07 Dallas Mavericks to finish with 67 wins and be eliminated before the conference finals . On July 11 , 2016 , Duncan announced his retirement from the NBA after 19 seasons with the Spurs . 2016 -- present : Kawhi Leonard era Despite the loss of longtime captain Tim Duncan , the Spurs , now led by Kawhi Leonard , remained a perennial playoff contender and finished with a record of 61 -- 21 . After defeating the Grizzlies and the Rockets in the first two rounds , the Spurs ended the season with a four - game sweep to the eventual champions Golden State Warriors , with injuries to Leonard , Parker , and David Lee in the playoffs . In the following offseason , the Spurs re-signed Aldridge and Pau Gasol , signed Rudy Gay , but lost Dewayne Dedmon and Jonathon Simmons to free agency . On April 3 , 2018 , the Los Angeles Clippers defeated the Spurs 113 -- 110 , handing San Antonio their 33rd loss of the season . This loss ended the Spurs ' record streak of eighteen 50 - win seasons that had stretched back to 2000 , including the 2011 -- 12 season , which was shortened by a lockout ( San Antonio finished 50 -- 16 ) , as the best possible finish for the Spurs was now 49 -- 33 . The Spurs eventually finished the season with a record of 47 -- 35 . Rivalries Los Angeles Lakers Main article : Lakers -- Spurs rivalry Starting in 1999 , the Spurs and Lakers combined to win 7 straight Western Conference titles . Although the rivalry cooled off recently , the teams still retain many players who were part of the championship clubs . The rivalry between the San Antonio Spurs and the Los Angeles Lakers started in the late 1970s and peaked in the late 1990s and early 2000s . Since 1999 , the teams have met in the NBA Playoffs 7 times , with the clubs combining to appear in seven straight NBA Finals from 1999 to 2005 . Additionally , the teams won each NBA Title from 1999 to 2003 ( the Spurs won in 1999 and 2003 , while the Lakers won in 2000 , 2001 , and 2002 ) . From 1999 to 2004 , the rivalry was considered as the NBA 's best , as each time the clubs faced each other in the playoffs , the winner advanced to the NBA Finals . The rivalry fell off from 2005 to 2007 , with the Lakers missing the playoffs in 2005 and losing in the first round to the Phoenix Suns in 2006 and 2007 , but intensified again in 2008 when they met in the Western Conference Finals . Both teams met once again for the 12th time in 2013 in the first round , with the Spurs winning in four games . Dallas Mavericks The rivalry between the San Antonio Spurs and the Dallas Mavericks features two teams with Dallas roots . The Spurs began their life in the ABA as the Dallas Chaparrals and did not move to San Antonio until 1973 . On October 11 , 1980 , the Mavs made their NBA debut by defeating the Spurs 103 -- 92 . In the playoffs the Spurs defeated the Mavericks in 2001 , 2003 , 2010 , and 2014 ; while the Mavericks defeated the Spurs in 2006 and 2009 . The Spurs have won five championships and six conference titles , while the Mavericks have won one championship and two conference titles . The Spurs have won 18 division titles , while the Mavericks have won 3 . The Mavericks have three 60 - win seasons , while the Spurs have five . The two teams met in the playoffs during the 2000 -- 2001 season with the Spurs winning in five games . Little was made during this series , as the Spurs won their first NBA championship only two years before . The Mavericks , run by a trio of Steve Nash , Michael Finley , and Dirk Nowitzki , had just defeated the Utah Jazz , despite not having home court advantage , and were only starting to meld into a title contender . The rivalry took on a new meaning in 2005 when , near the end of the regular season , Don Nelson resigned as Dallas ' head coach , apparently dissatisfied with the state of the team , and handed the coaching reins to former Spur Avery Johnson , the point guard of the 1999 NBA champion Spurs team who hit the game - winning shot against the New York Knicks . Since Johnson was coached under Spurs Head Coach Gregg Popovich , he would be familiar with most , if not all , of Popovich 's coaching style and philosophy . During the 2005 offseason , Michael Finley , waived by the Mavericks under the amnesty clause , joined the Spurs in search for an elusive title victory , that he finally was part of with the Spurs in 2007 . Ironically , part of his salary was being paid for by the Mavericks during that season to allow for cap room . The Mavericks were swept in the 2012 -- 13 season by the Spurs for the first time since the 1998 season , Tim Duncan 's rookie season . In their last match up of the season , San Antonio escaped with a 95 -- 94 victory over Dallas when a Vince Carter 3 - point attempt bounced off the rim at the buzzer . With that win , the Spurs clinched a playoff spot for a 16th straight season , currently the longest streak in the NBA . San Antonio also reached 50 wins for a 14th consecutive season , the longest streak in NBA history . In the 2013 -- 14 season , the Spurs once again swept the Mavs in the regular season , giving them nine straight victories . In addition , an overtime loss to the Memphis Grizzlies on April 16 , 2014 ensured that the Mavericks would face the Spurs once again in the 2014 NBA Playoffs , where the Mavs would be the eighth seed and San Antonio the first . In Game 1 in San Antonio , the game was relatively close . Dallas managed to reach an 81 -- 71 lead in the fourth quarter , but the Spurs rallied back and took Game 1 at home , 90 -- 85 . However , the Mavs managed to force 22 turnovers in Game 2 to rout the Spurs 113 -- 92 , splitting the first two games before the series went to Dallas . In Game 3 , Manu Ginóbili managed to hit a shot that put the Spurs up 108 -- 106 with 1.7 left , but a buzzer - beating three - pointer by Vince Carter gave the Mavs the victory , putting them up 2 -- 1 in the series . The Spurs took Game 4 in Dallas 93 -- 89 and later Game 5 at home 109 -- 103 , giving them a 3 -- 2 lead . The Mavs avoided elimination in Game 6 at home by rallying in the fourth quarter , winning 111 -- 113 . The Spurs would then advance to the second round with a Game 7 blowout , winning 119 -- 96 . Houston Rockets Main article : Rockets -- Spurs rivalry Also known as the I - 10 Rivalry since San Antonio and Houston both lie on the path of the Interstate 10 freeway . The rivalry between the San Antonio Spurs and the Houston Rockets began in 1976 when the Spurs were absorbed into the NBA from the American Basketball Association , along with the Denver Nuggets , the New York Nets , and the Indiana Pacers . The Rockets and Spurs competed for the division title , with the Rockets winning it first in 1977 and the Spurs in 1978 and 1979 . In 1980 , they met in the playoffs for the first time as the Rockets led by Moses Malone and Calvin Murphy beat the Spurs led by George Gervin and James Silas 2 -- 1 . The rivalry grew intense as both teams moved from the East to the West . They met again in 1981 , this time in the second round . The Spurs had home - court advantage , and were heavily favored , winning the Midwest Division Title and the Rockets only 40 -- 42 . The Rockets and Spurs fought to the bitter end before the Rockets held on to win Game 7 capped by Murphy 's 42 points . The Rockets would advance to the Finals in a losing cause to the Boston Celtics . The rivalry continued in 1995 when the defending champion Rockets led by Hakeem Olajuwon beat the top - seeded Spurs led by MVP David Robinson in the Western Conference Finals , despite only being the sixth seed , with Olajuwon , who had won the previous year 's MVP , being widely regarded as having outplayed Robinson . In a regular season game early in the 2005 season , the Spurs were leading the Rockets very late in the fourth quarter by eight points . Houston 's Tracy McGrady went on a personal 13 -- 4 run in the final 35 seconds to miraculously steal the game away from San Antonio , including the game winning 3 pointer with one second remaining to the delight of the Toyota Center crowd . The rivalry was renewed in the 2017 Playoffs , in which the two teams met in the Western Conference Semifinals . The match - up was the first between the two teams in the playoffs since the 1995 Western Conference Finals . Five of the six games in the series resulted in blowouts . In game 2 of the series , starting point guard Tony Parker suffered a ruptured quadriceps tendon , forcing him to miss the remainder of the playoffs . In game 5 , all - star small forward Kawhi Leonard suffered an injury to his right ankle in the third quarter , resulting in him sitting out for the closing portions of the game . Despite the injury issues , the Spurs were able to send game 5 to overtime . In the overtime period , Manu Ginóbili blocked James Harden 's three - point attempt in the final seconds to secure the 110 -- 107 victory for the Spurs . The Spurs would close out the series in a game 6 blowout , 114 -- 75 . Phoenix Suns Main article : Spurs -- Suns rivalry The rivalry between the Spurs and the Phoenix Suns began in the 1990s when the Spurs were led by `` The Admiral '' , David Robinson , and the Suns were propelled by a number of players including Dan Majerle , Kevin Johnson , and Tom Chambers . The rivalry continued into the next decade with Tim Duncan leading the Spurs and with the Suns headed by Steve Nash . In 2003 , the Spurs beat the Suns 4 -- 2 in the first round . In 2005 , the Spurs beat the Suns 4 -- 1 in the Conference Finals . In 2007 , the Spurs beat the Suns 4 -- 2 in a Conference Semi-finals series that was notable for putting the two best teams remaining in the NBA against each other . There was a controversial ruling in game 4 when Diaw and Stoudemire left the bench during an altercation and were suspended for game 5 . In 2008 , the Spurs beat the Suns 4 -- 1 in the first round . Tim Duncan hit a three - pointer to force overtime and win the series . In 2010 , the Suns swept the Spurs in four games in the playoffs , including a big time performance by Goran Dragic in game 3 , against the team who originally drafted him , scoring 23 fourth quarter points , which amounted to 26 points in thirteen minutes . The rivalry has cooled off , with the Spurs winning most of the meetings , but that was not the case on February 21 , 2014 , where the Suns blew out the road - weary Spurs , who were ending the Rodeo Road Trip in Phoenix , 106 -- 85 . Markieff Morris of the Suns lead all scorers with 26 points . Danny Green lead the Spurs with a low 15 points . On April 11 , 2014 , the Spurs clinched the league - best record , and at the same time , handing the Suns a loss that would keep them out of the postseason , winning 112 -- 104 , with Danny Green setting a career high 33 points . In a pre-season game on October 16 , 2014 , Suns owner Robert Sarver apologized to the Phoenix crowd for the game , where the Spurs rested 5 people , including Popovich . Pop would only end his statement about the incident with , `` The only thing that surprises me is that he did n't say it in a chicken suit . '' Logo and uniforms The San Antonio Spurs ' current wordmark logo . The Spurs sported radially - arched black and white letters on their uniforms during much of the 1980s . Since becoming the San Antonio Spurs in 1973 , the team colors have been black , silver and white . The distinctive logo of the word Spurs in Eurostile font , with the stylized spur substituting for the letter U , has been a part of the team 's identity since their move to San Antonio . The logo incorporated ' Fiesta colors ' of pink , orange and teal , used from 1989 to 2002 ( though the uniforms remained the same ) , and alignment from straight to arched beginning with the 2002 -- 03 NBA season . The Spurs have always worn black on the road and white at home , except during the 1973 -- 76 ABA seasons and their first NBA season when the home uniform was always silver . Until the 1988 -- 89 NBA season , the road uniform had `` San Antonio '' on the front while the home uniform featured the team nickname adopted from the Spurs logo ; from 1973 to 1982 , the road uniform lettering was black with silver trim . In addition , from 1977 to 1981 a saddle - like striping was featured on the back of the home shorts . Since the 1989 -- 90 NBA season the Spurs uniform has remained practically the same , with the road uniform now using the team nickname from their logo ; a minor change included the addition of another black ( road ) and white ( home ) trim to the already silver - trimmed block numbers in the 2002 -- 03 season . The Spurs wear black sneakers and socks on the road , and white sneakers and socks at home ( except for select games with the silver alternates ) , a practice that began in the 2002 -- 03 season . When the NBA moved to the Adidas Revolution 30 technology for the 2010 -- 11 season , the Spurs changed to V - neck jerseys and eliminated striping on the shorts ' beltline . On September 19 , 2012 , the Spurs unveiled a silver alternate uniform . In breaking from the traditional practice of placing the team or city name in front , the Spurs ' new uniform features only the stylized spur logo , with the black number trimmed in white and silver on the upper right . The Spurs primary logo is atop the player name and number on the back ( replaced by the NBA logo prior to the 2014 -- 15 season ) , while the Eurostile ' SA ' initials ( for San Antonio ) are on the left leg of the shorts . Black , silver and white side stripes are also featured on the uniform . The uniforms are worn for select home games . A variation of this uniform , featuring military camouflage patterns instead of the usual silver , was used for two games in the 2013 -- 14 season ; a sleeved version was used the next season . Another variation , this time in black , was unveiled for the 2015 -- 16 season . At times throughout the season , the Spurs wear a jersey that says `` Los Spurs '' on the front , in recognition of Latino fans both at home and across the US and Latin America . The Spurs were one of the first NBA teams to wear these branded jerseys . In 2014 , the jerseys were sleeved . These events are called `` Noches Latinas '' , first launched during the 2006 -- 07 NBA season , part of an Hispanic marketing campaign known as `` éne - bé - a '' . Six teams in the NBA participate in these events . The Spurs have had the most players from Latin America and are one of only three NBA teams who have had at least five players on their rosters who originate from Latin America and Spain ( if one includes Puerto Rico as part of Latin America , although it is a U.S. territory ) , the others being the Memphis Grizzlies and the Portland Trail Blazers . The switch to Nike as the uniform provider in 2017 eliminated the `` home '' and `` away '' uniform designations . The Spurs ' black `` Icon '' , silver `` Statement '' and white `` Association '' uniform remained identical to the previous set save for the manufacturer 's logo and updated lettering on the team name . Season - by - season record List of the last five seasons completed by the Spurs . For the full season - by - season history , see List of San Antonio Spurs seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , % = Winning Percentage Season GP % Finish Playoffs 2013 -- 14 82 62 20 . 756 1st , Southwest NBA Champions , 4 -- 1 ( Heat ) 2014 -- 15 82 55 27 . 671 3rd , Southwest Lost in First Round , 3 -- 4 ( Clippers ) 2015 -- 16 82 67 15 . 817 1st , Southwest Lost in Conference Semifinals , 2 -- 4 ( Thunder ) 2016 -- 17 82 61 21 . 744 1st , Southwest Lost in Conference Finals , 0 -- 4 ( Warriors ) 2017 -- 18 82 47 35 . 573 2nd , Southwest Lost in First Round , 1 -- 4 ( Warriors ) Arena history Dallas ( Texas ) Chaparrals State Fair Coliseum ( 1967 -- 1973 ) Moody Coliseum ( 1967 -- 1973 ) Tarrant County Coliseum ( 1970 -- 1971 ) Lubbock Municipal Coliseum ( 1970 -- 1971 ) San Antonio Spurs HemisFair Arena ( 1973 -- 1993 ) Alamodome ( 1993 -- 2002 ) AT&T Center ( formerly SBC Center ) ( 2002 -- present ) Players See also : San Antonio Spurs all - time roster and San Antonio Spurs draft history Current roster San Antonio Spurs roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 4.0 ! F 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Aldridge , LaMarcus 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1985 -- 07 -- 19 Texas 4.0 ! F 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Anderson , Kyle 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1993 -- 09 -- 20 UCLA 5.5 ! F / C 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Bertāns , Dāvis 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1992 -- 11 -- 12 Latvia 5.5 ! F / C 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Costello , Matt ( TW ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1993 -- 08 -- 05 Michigan State 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Forbes , Bryn 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1993 -- 07 -- 23 Michigan State 6.0 ! C 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Gasol , Pau 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1980 -- 07 -- 06 Spain 4.0 ! F 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Gay , Rudy 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1986 -- 08 -- 17 Connecticut 1.5 ! G 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Ginóbili , Manu ( C ) 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1977 -- 07 -- 28 Argentina 2.5 ! G / F 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Green , Danny 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1987 -- 06 -- 22 North Carolina 1.5 ! G 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Hilliard , Darrun ( TW ) 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1993 -- 04 -- 13 Villanova 6.0 ! C 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Lauvergne , Joffrey 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1991 -- 09 -- 30 INSEP ( FRA ) 4.0 ! F 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Leonard , Kawhi ( C ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1991 -- 06 -- 29 San Diego State 1.5 ! G 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Mills , Patty 7000182880000000000 ♠ 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1988 -- 08 -- 11 Saint Mary 's 1.5 ! G 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Murray , Dejounte 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 170 lb ( 77 kg ) 1996 -- 09 -- 19 Washington 1.5 ! G 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Parker , Tony ( C ) 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1982 -- 05 -- 17 INSEP ( FRA ) 1.5 ! G 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Paul , Brandon 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1991 -- 04 -- 30 Illinois 1.5 ! G 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 White , Derrick 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1994 -- 07 -- 02 Colorado Head coach Gregg Popovich Assistant coach ( es ) Chip Engelland Becky Hammon Will Hardy Ettore Messina Ime Udoka Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2018 -- 05 -- 10 Retained draft rights The Spurs own the NBA rights to the players listed in the table below . The typical pattern is to allow the player to develop in leagues outside the United States . The player is free to negotiate contracts in other leagues and is not obligated to play in the NBA . Sometimes , a player 's overseas contract may have an expensive buyout clause that would discourage the Spurs from seeking to bring him in . The Spurs have had past success in finding foreign talent ; some examples of this success include the selections of second rounder Manu Ginóbili ( 57th overall in 1999 ) and first rounder Tony Parker ( 28th overall in 2001 ) , who both went on to become All - Stars . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref 2017 59 Blossomgame , Jaron Jaron Blossomgame United States Austin Spurs ( G League ) 2015 26 Milutinov , Nikola Nikola Milutinov Serbia Olympiacos Piraeus ( Greece ) 2015 42 Hanlan , Olivier Olivier Hanlan Canada Austin Spurs ( G League ) Acquired from the Utah Jazz 2015 55 Lalanne , Cady Cady Lalanne Haiti Beşiktaş Sompo Japan ( Turkey ) 2014 54 Dangubić , Nemanja Nemanja Dangubić G / F Serbia Crvena zvezda mts ( Serbia ) Acquired from the Philadelphia 76ers 2011 59 Hanga , Ádám Ádám Hanga G / F Hungary FC Barcelona Lassa ( Spain ) 2007 58 Printezis , Georgios Georgios Printezis Greece Olympiacos Piraeus ( Greece ) Re-acquired from the Atlanta Hawks ( via Toronto , Dallas , New York , Portland , and Oklahoma City ) 2005 46 Lorbek , Erazem Erazem Lorbek F / C Slovenia Petrol Olimpija ( Slovenia ) Acquired from the Indiana Pacers 42 Sanikidze , Viktor Viktor Sanikidze Georgia Free agent Acquired from the Atlanta Hawks 58 Karaulov , Sergei Sergei Karaulov Uzbekistan Temp - SUMZ - UGMK Revda ( Russia ) Retired numbers San Antonio Spurs retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure Date 00 Johnny Moore 1980 -- 1988 1989 -- 1990 March 20 , 1998 6 Avery Johnson 1991 1992 -- 1993 1994 -- 2001 December 22 , 2007 12 Bruce Bowen 2001 -- 2009 March 21 , 2012 13 James Silas 1972 -- 1981 February 28 , 1984 21 Tim Duncan F / C 1997 -- 2016 December 18 , 2016 32 Sean Elliott 1989 -- 1993 1994 -- 2001 March 6 , 2005 44 George Gervin 1974 -- 1985 December 5 , 1987 50 David Robinson 1989 -- 2003 November 10 , 2003 Notes : On July 9 , 2015 , the Spurs `` unretired '' and reissued the number 12 to LaMarcus Aldridge with the blessing of Bruce Bowen . Basketball Hall of famers San Antonio Spurs Basketball Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 16 Cliff Hagan F / G 1967 -- 1969 1978 44 George Gervin G / F 1974 -- 1985 Moses Malone C / F 1994 -- 1995 2001 21 Dominique Wilkins 1996 -- 1997 2006 50 David Robinson 1989 -- 2003 2009 53 Artis Gilmore 1982 -- 1987 2011 10 Dennis Rodman 1993 -- 1995 2011 10 Louie Dampier 1976 -- 1979 2015 Tracy McGrady G / F 2013 2017 10 Maurice Cheeks 1989 -- 1990 2018 Coaches Name Position Tenure Inducted Larry Brown Coach 1988 -- 1992 2002 Jerry Tarkanian Coach 1992 2013 Notes : Played and coached ( 1967 -- 1970 ) for the team when they were known as Dallas Chaparrals ( ABA ) . Started playing for the team during its time in ABA . In total , Robinson was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice -- as player and as a member of the 1992 Olympic team . FIBA Hall of Famers San Antonio Spurs Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 50 David Robinson 1989 -- 2003 2013 10 Andrew Gaze 1999 2013 Franchise leaders Bold denotes still active with team . `` Name * '' includes points scored for the team while in the ABA . Italics denotes still active but not with team . Points scored ( regular season ) as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season 1 . Tim Duncan ( 26,496 ) 2 . George Gervin * ( 23,602 ) 3 . David Robinson ( 20,790 ) 4 . Tony Parker ( 18,943 ) 5 . Manu Ginóbili ( 14,043 ) 6 . James Silas * ( 10,290 ) 7 . Mike Mitchell ( 9,799 ) 8 . Sean Elliott ( 9,659 ) 9 . Larry Kenon * ( 8,428 ) 10 . Kawhi Leonard ( 6,654 ) 11 . Avery Johnson ( 6,486 ) 12 . Rich Jones * ( 6,466 ) 13 . Alvin Robertson ( 6,285 ) 14 . Artis Gilmore ( 6,127 ) 15 . John Beasley * ( 5,983 ) 16 . Willie Anderson ( 5,946 ) 17 . Mark Olberding * ( 5,626 ) 18 . Billy Paultz * ( 5,297 ) 19 . Terry Cummings ( 5,181 ) 20 . Johnny Moore ( 4,890 ) 21 . Vinny Del Negro ( 4,844 ) 22 . Danny Green ( 4,715 ) 23 . Cincinnatus Powell * ( 4,392 ) 24 LaMarcus Aldridge ( 4,309 ) 25 . Bruce Bowen ( 4,061 ) 26 . Donnie Freeman * ( 3,920 ) 27 . Patty Mills ( 3,904 ) 28 . Coby Dietrick * ( 3,857 ) 29 . Glen Combs * ( 3,839 ) 30 . Malik Rose ( 3,815 ) Other statistics ( regular season ) as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season Most minutes played Player Minutes Tim Duncan 47,368 Tony Parker 37,276 David Robinson 34,271 George Gervin * 31,115 Manu Ginóbili 26,859 Most rebounds Player Rebounds Tim Duncan 15,091 David Robinson 10,497 George Gervin * 4,841 Larry Kenon * 4,114 Manu Ginóbili 3,697 Most assists Player Assists Tony Parker 6,829 Avery Johnson 4,474 Tim Duncan 4,225 Manu Ginóbili 4,001 Johnny Moore 3,865 Most steals Player Steals Manu Ginóbili 1,392 David Robinson 1,388 George Gervin * 1,159 Alvin Robertson 1,128 Tony Parker 1,032 Most blocks Player Blocks Tim Duncan 3,020 David Robinson 2,954 George Gervin * 938 Billy Paultz * 796 Artis Gilmore 700 Individual awards NBA individual awards NBA Most Valuable Player David Robinson -- 1995 Tim Duncan -- 2002 , 2003 NBA Finals MVP Tim Duncan -- 1999 , 2003 , 2005 Tony Parker -- 2007 Kawhi Leonard -- 2014 NBA Rookie of the Year David Robinson -- 1990 Tim Duncan -- 1998 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Alvin Robertson -- 1986 David Robinson -- 1992 Kawhi Leonard -- 2015 , 2016 NBA Sixth Man of the Year Manu Ginóbili -- 2008 NBA Most Improved Player Award Alvin Robertson -- 1986 NBA Coach of the Year Gregg Popovich -- 2003 , 2012 , 2014 NBA Executive of the Year Angelo Drossos -- 1978 Bob Bass -- 1990 R.C. Buford -- 2014 , 2016 NBA Sportsmanship Award Avery Johnson -- 1998 David Robinson -- 2001 Steve Smith -- 2002 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award David Robinson -- 2003 Twyman -- Stokes Teammate of the Year Award Tim Duncan -- 2015 NBA scoring champion George Gervin -- 1979 , 1980 , 1982 David Robinson -- 1994 NBA rebounding leader David Robinson -- 1991 Dennis Rodman -- 1994 , 1995 NBA assists leader Johnny Moore -- 1982 NBA blocks leader George T. Johnson -- 1981 , 1982 David Robinson -- 1992 NBA steals leader Alvin Robertson -- 1986 , 1987 Kawhi Leonard -- 2015 All - NBA First Team George Gervin -- 1978 -- 1982 David Robinson -- 1991 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 Tim Duncan -- 1998 -- 2005 , 2007 , 2013 Kawhi Leonard -- 2016 , 2017 All - NBA Second Team George Gervin -- 1977 , 1983 Alvin Robertson -- 1986 David Robinson -- 1994 , 1998 Tim Duncan -- 2006 , 2008 , 2009 Tony Parker -- 2012 -- 2014 LaMarcus Aldridge -- 2018 All - NBA Third Team David Robinson -- 1990 , 1993 , 2000 , 2001 Dennis Rodman -- 1995 Tim Duncan -- 2010 , 2015 Manu Ginóbili -- 2008 , 2011 Tony Parker -- 2009 LaMarcus Aldridge -- 2016 NBA All - Defensive First Team Alvin Robertson -- 1987 David Robinson -- 1991 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 Dennis Rodman -- 1995 Tim Duncan -- 1999 -- 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 Bruce Bowen -- 2004 -- 2008 Kawhi Leonard - 2015 -- 2017 NBA All - Defensive Second Team Alvin Robertson -- 1986 , 1988 , 1989 David Robinson -- 1990 , 1993 , 1994 , 1998 Dennis Rodman -- 1994 Tim Duncan -- 1998 , 2004 , 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 Bruce Bowen -- 2002 , 2003 Kawhi Leonard -- 2014 Danny Green -- 2017 Dejounte Murray -- 2018 NBA All - Rookie First Team Greg Anderson -- 1988 Willie Anderson -- 1989 David Robinson -- 1990 Tim Duncan -- 1998 Tony Parker -- 2002 Gary Neal -- 2011 Kawhi Leonard -- 2012 NBA All - Rookie Second Team Sean Elliott -- 1990 Manu Ginóbili -- 2003 DeJuan Blair -- 2010 ABA individual awards ABA Rookie of the Year Award Swen Nater -- 1974 ABA Coach of the Year Award Tom Nissalke -- 1972 ABA Executive of the Year award Jack Ankerson -- 1974 ABA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award John Beasley -- 1969 All - ABA First Team Donnie Freeman -- 1972 James Silas -- 1976 All - ABA Second Team John Beasley -- 1968 , 1969 Cincinnatus Powell -- 1968 Donnie Freeman -- 1971 Swen Nater -- 1974 , 1975 George Gervin -- 1975 , 1976 James Silas -- 1975 ABA All - Rookie Team Ron Boone - 1969 Joe Hamilton - 1971 James Silas - 1973 Swen Nater - 1974 Mark Olberding - 1976 NBA All - Star Weekend NBA All - Star selections John Beasley -- 1968 -- 1970 Cliff Hagan -- 1968 Glen Combs -- 1970 Cincinnatus Powell -- 1970 Donnie Freeman -- 1971 , 1972 Steve Jones -- 1972 Rich Jones -- 1973 , 1974 Swen Nater -- 1974 , 1975 George Gervin -- 1975 -- 1985 James Silas -- 1975 , 1976 Larry Kenon -- 1976 , 1978 , 1979 Billy Paultz -- 1976 Artis Gilmore -- 1983 , 1986 Alvin Robertson -- 1986 -- 1988 David Robinson -- 1990 -- 1996 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 Sean Elliott -- 1993 , 1996 Tim Duncan -- 1998 , 2000 -- 2011 , 2013 , 2015 Manu Ginóbili -- 2005 , 2011 Tony Parker -- 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012 -- 2014 LaMarcus Aldridge -- 2016 , 2018 Kawhi Leonard -- 2016 , 2017 NBA All - Star Game head coaches Gregg Popovich -- 2005 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award George Gervin -- 1980 Tim Duncan -- 2000 Head coaches See also : List of San Antonio Spurs head coaches Years active Name Record ( W -- L ) Winning percentage Playoff record ( W -- L ) Playoff percentage Playoff appearances Division titles Conference titles NBA championships 1976 -- 1980 Doug Moe 177 -- 135 . 567 9 -- 13 . 409 0 0 1980 Bob Bass 8 -- 8 . 500 1 -- 2 . 333 0 0 0 1980 -- 1983 Stan Albeck 153 -- 93 . 622 13 -- 14 . 481 0 0 Morris McHone 11 -- 20 . 355 -- -- 0 0 0 0 1983 -- 1984 Bob Bass 26 -- 25 . 510 -- -- 0 0 0 0 1984 -- 1986 Cotton Fitzsimmons 76 -- 88 . 463 2 -- 6 . 250 0 0 0 1986 -- 1988 Bob Weiss 59 -- 105 . 360 0 -- 3 . 000 0 0 0 1988 -- 1992 Larry Brown 153 -- 131 . 539 7 -- 7 . 500 0 0 1992 Bob Bass 26 -- 18 . 591 0 -- 3 . 000 0 0 0 1992 Jerry Tarkanian 9 -- 11 . 450 -- -- 0 0 0 0 1992 -- 1994 John Lucas 94 -- 49 . 657 6 -- 8 . 429 0 0 0 1994 -- 1996 Bob Hill 124 -- 58 . 681 14 -- 11 . 560 0 0 1996 -- present Gregg Popovich 1197 -- 541 . 689 167 -- 110 . 603 21 14 6 5 Notes : During the 1979 -- 80 season , Doug Moe coached 66 regular season games . Moe was fired on March 1 , 1980 , and Bob Bass coached the remaining 16 regular season games as well as the playoffs . During the 1983 -- 84 season , Morris McHone coached 31 regular season games . McHone was fired on December 28 , 1983 , and Bob Bass coached the remaining 51 regular season games . During the 1991 -- 92 season , Larry Brown coached 38 regular season games . Brown was fired on January 21 , 1992 , and Bob Bass coached the remaining 44 regular season games as well as the playoffs . During the 1992 -- 93 season , Jerry Tarkanian coached 20 regular season games . Tarkanian was fired on December 18 , 1992 . Rex Hughes then coached one regular season game , and John Lucas coached the remaining 61 regular season games as well as the playoffs . During the 1996 -- 97 season , Bob Hill coached 18 regular season games . Hill was fired on December 10 , 1996 , and Gregg Popovich coached the remaining 64 regular season games . References Jump up ^ `` Spurs Won - Loss Record By Year '' ( PDF ) . San Antonio Spurs 2017 -- 2018 Media Guide . NBA Properties , Inc . October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2017 -- 18 . National Basketball Association . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- San Antonio Spurs seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANTONIO SPURS CONTINUE CLASSIC LOOK WITH 2017 - 18 NIKE JERSEYS '' . NBA.com/Spurs . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . The San Antonio Spurs unveiled today the Nike Association Edition and Icon Edition uniforms that will be worn by the Silver and Black during the 2017 - 18 NBA season . Jump up ^ `` San Antonio Spurs Reproduction and Usage Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Tom Orsborn. 14 , 2015 % 2011 : 59 % 20PM&s_username = safree&s_accountid = AC0106020315182914953&s_upgradeable = no ? p_action = doc&p_theme = saec&p_topdoc = 1&p_docnum = 1&p_sort = YMD_date : D&p_product = SAEC&p_docid = 11944F93C77C7D18&p_text_direct - 0 = document_id = ( % 2011944F93C77C7D18 % 20 ) &&s_dlid = DL0107060621382819968&s_ecproduct = SUB-FREE&s_subterm = Subscription % 20until : % 2012 / 14 / 2015 % 2011 : 59 % 20PM&s_subexpires = December 14 , 2015 % 2011 : 59 % 20PM&s_username = safree&s_accountid = AC0106020315182914953&s_upgradeable = no&mysa_login = 1 The Summer Our Ship Came In San Antonio Express - News , May 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . , databasebasketball.com , accessed May 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) , sportsecyclopedia.com , April 23 , 2009 , accessed May 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Parker perplexed once again '' , San Antonio Express - News , May 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` S.A. is heartbreak city '' , San Antonio Express - News , May 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Fisher 's Jumper Gives Lakers Dramatic Game 5 Win , NBA.com , May 13 , 2004 . Retrieved February 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , sports.yahoo.com , June 20 , 2005 , accessed May 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lee , Michael ( June 15 , 2007 ) . `` For Spurs , a Familiar Ring '' . The Washington Post . pp. E01 . Retrieved July 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ford , Chad ( June 24 , 2009 ) . `` San Antonio Spurs get Richard Jefferson from Milwaukee Bucks for 3 players -- ESPN '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Arnovitz , Kevin ( July 9 , 2009 ) . `` The Back of the ( Really Large Manila ) Envelope Guide to the Las Vegas Summer League -- TrueHoop By Henry Abbott -- ESPN '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Flores , David ( July 9 , 2009 ) . `` Spurs fans are going to enjoy watching Blair work under the boards '' . mysanantonio.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Jeff ( June 25 , 2009 ) . `` Spurs see Blair as steal '' . mysanantonio.com . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Monroe , Mike ( July 11 , 2009 ) . `` Spurs ' low - key tactics land McDyess '' . mysanantonio.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs Sign 2010 Draft Pick James Anderson THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE SAN ANTONIO SPURS '' . Nba.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Official Release . `` Spurs ' Popovich named Coach of the Year '' . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs Sign Tracy McGrady '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs at Warriors '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs at Grizzlies '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs at Heat '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Becky Hammon hired to Spurs ' staff '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . August 5 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fagan , Kate ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Becky Hammon was born to coach '' . ESPNW.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Alec . `` Spurs Tie All - Time NBA Record for Most Home Wins in a Regular Season '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schuhmann , John . `` Spurs playing good defense '' . NBA . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Casciaro , Joseph . `` Spurs join 2007 Mavs to win 67 games and be eliminated before the conference finals '' . thescore.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TIM DUNCAN ANNOUNCES RETIREMENT '' . NBA.com . July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aparicio , Ricardo ( April 23 , 2004 ) . `` Glamour vs. Grit : The perfect NBA rivalry '' . InsideHoops.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs edge Mavericks to sweep season series '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Houston Rockets vs. San Antonio Spurs All - Time Head - to - Head Record in the NBA . Land of Basketball.com . Retrieved on August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 2017 NBA Western Conference Semifinals : Rockets vs. Spurs Basketball Reference . Retrieved on August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spurs ' Tony Parker has ruptured quadriceps tendon . ESPN : May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved on August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Manu Ginóbili Blocks Harden to Give Spurs OT Victory and Series Lead . The New York Times : May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved on August 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Going Retro : San Antonio Spurs '' . National Basketball Association . July 4 , 2015 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Antonio Spurs Primary Logo ( 1976 / 77 - 1988 / 89 ) '' . SportsLogos.net . July 4 , 2015 . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Antonio Spurs Unveil New Alternate Jersey '' . San Antonio Spurs . September 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs Unveil New Military - Inspired Uniforms '' . San Antonio Spurs . October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Antonio Unveils Black Signature Spur Jerseys '' . San Antonio Spurs . October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : All - Time List of NBA Latino Players '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANTONIO SPURS CONTINUE CLASSIC LOOK WITH 2017 - 18 NIKE JERSEYS '' . San Antonio Spurs . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SPURS SELECT DERRICK WHITE AND JARON BLOSSOMGAME IN 2017 NBA DRAFT '' . NBA.com . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spurs select Nikola Milutinov and Cady Lalanne in NBA Draft '' . NBA.com . June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANTONIO TRADES BORIS DIAW TO UTAH '' . NBA.com . July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAN ANTONIO SELECTS KYLE ANDERSON IN 2014 NBA DRAFT ACQUIRE RIGHTS TO NEMANJA DANGUBIC FROM 76ERS '' . NBA.com . June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs Select Joseph And Hanga in 2011 NBA Draft '' . NBA.com . June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs Trade Tiago Splitter To Atlanta Hawks '' . NBA.com . July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs Obtain Draft Rights To Kawhi Leonard '' . NBA.com . June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trades Between San Antonio Spurs and Atlanta Hawks '' . NBA.com . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Draft : Howard goes first '' . onlineathens.com/ . June 25 , 2004 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` With Bowen 's blessing , Spurs to give No. 12 to Aldridge '' . MySA . July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tracy McGrady , Bill Self , Rebecca Lobo and Muffet McGraw Headline Class '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Official Website . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` San Antonio Spurs : Players '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . All facts and records taken from the San Antonio Spurs ' history section . External links Texas portal Basketball portal National Basketball Association portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Antonio Spurs . Official website San Antonio Spurs Founded in 1967 Formerly the Dallas Chaparrals ( 1967 -- 1970 , 1971 -- 1973 ) and the Texas Chaparrals ( 1970 -- 1971 ) Based in San Antonio , Texas Franchise Franchise ABA -- NBA merger All - time roster Draft history Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas State Fair Coliseum Moody Coliseum Tarrant County Coliseum Lubbock Municipal Coliseum HemisFair Arena Alamodome AT&T Center Personnel Owner Spurs Sports & Entertainment President Gregg Popovich General manager R.C. 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how many times have the spurs made the playoffs
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"In their 40 NBA seasons since 1976–77, the Spurs have won 22 division titles. They have made the playoffs in 27 of the last 28 seasons (since 1989–90) and have only missed the playoffs four times since entering the NBA; they have not missed the playoffs in the 20 seasons since Tim Duncan was drafted by the Spurs in 1997. With their 50th win in the 2016–17 season, the Spurs extended their record for most consecutive 50-win seasons to 18 (the Spurs did not win 50 games in the strike-shortened 1998–99 season, which lasted only 50 games). Since the 1997–98 season, the Spurs have had 20 consecutive seasons with a winning percentage of .610 or greater during the regular season, which is also an NBA record.[original research?] The team's success during this period coincides with the tenure of current head coach Gregg Popovich, who had been the team's general manager before replacing Bob Hill as coach in 1996."
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Dolly (sheep)
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Dolly ( sheep ) - wikipedia Dolly ( sheep ) Jump to : navigation , search Dolly Dolly 's taxidermied remains Other name ( s ) 6LLS ( code name ) Species Domestic sheep , Finn - Dorset Sex Female 5 July 1996 Roslin Institute , Edinburgh , Scotland 14 February 2003 ( aged 6 ) Roslin Institute , Edinburgh , Scotland Resting place National Museum of Scotland ( remains on display ) . Nation from United Kingdom ( Great Britain ) Known for First mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell Offspring Six lambs ( Bonnie ; twins Sally and Rosie ; triplets Lucy , Darcy and Cotton ) Named after Dolly Parton Cause of death Lung disease and severe arthritis Dolly ( 5 July 1996 -- 14 February 2003 ) was a female domestic sheep , and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell , using the process of nuclear transfer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Genesis 2 Birth 3 Life 4 Death 5 Legacy 6 References 7 External links Genesis Dolly was cloned by Keith Campbell , Ian Wilmut and colleagues at the Roslin Institute , part of the University of Edinburgh , Scotland , and the biotechnology company PPL Therapeutics , based near Edinburgh . The funding for Dolly 's cloning was provided by PPL Therapeutics and the UK 's Ministry of Agriculture . She was born on 5 July 1996 and died from a progressive lung disease five months before her seventh birthday . She has been called `` the world 's most famous sheep '' by sources including BBC News and Scientific American . The cell used as the donor for the cloning of Dolly was taken from a mammary gland , and the production of a healthy clone therefore proved that a cell taken from a specific part of the body could recreate a whole individual . On Dolly 's name , Wilmut stated `` Dolly is derived from a mammary gland cell and we could n't think of a more impressive pair of glands than Dolly Parton 's '' . Birth Dolly was born on 5 July 1996 and had three mothers ( one provided the egg , another the DNA and a third carried the cloned embryo to term ) . She was created using the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer , where the cell nucleus from an adult cell is transferred into an unfertilized oocyte ( developing egg cell ) that has had its cell nucleus removed . The hybrid cell is then stimulated to divide by an electric shock , and when it develops into a blastocyst it is implanted in a surrogate mother . Dolly was the first clone produced from a cell taken from an adult mammal . The production of Dolly showed that genes in the nucleus of such a mature differentiated somatic cell are still capable of reverting to an embryonic totipotent state , creating a cell that can then go on to develop into any part of an animal . Dolly 's existence was announced to the public on 22 February 1997 . It gained much attention in the media . A commercial with Scottish scientists playing with sheep was aired on TV , and a special report in TIME Magazine featured Dolly the sheep . Science featured Dolly as the breakthrough of the year . Even though Dolly was not the first animal cloned , she received media attention because she was the first cloned from an adult cell . Life The cloning process that produced Dolly Dolly lived her entire life at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh . There she was bred with a Welsh Mountain ram and produced six lambs in total . Her first lamb , named Bonnie , was born in April 1998 . The next year Dolly produced twin lambs Sally and Rosie , and she gave birth to triplets Lucy , Darcy and Cotton in the year after that . In late 2001 , at the age of four , Dolly developed arthritis and began to walk stiffly . This was treated with anti-inflammatory drugs . Death On 14 February 2003 , Dolly was euthanised because she had a progressive lung disease and severe arthritis . A Finn Dorset such as Dolly has a life expectancy of around 11 to 12 years , but Dolly lived 6.5 years . A post-mortem examination showed she had a form of lung cancer called ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma , also known as Jaagsiekte , which is a fairly common disease of sheep and is caused by the retrovirus JSRV . Roslin scientists stated that they did not think there was a connection with Dolly being a clone , and that other sheep in the same flock had died of the same disease . Such lung diseases are a particular danger for sheep kept indoors , and Dolly had to sleep inside for security reasons . Some in the press speculated that a contributing factor to Dolly 's death was that she could have been born with a genetic age of six years , the same age as the sheep from which she was cloned . One basis for this idea was the finding that Dolly 's telomeres were short , which is typically a result of the aging process . The Roslin Institute stated that intensive health screening did not reveal any abnormalities in Dolly that could have come from advanced aging . In 2016 scientists reported no defects in thirteen cloned sheep , including four from the same cell line as Dolly . The first study to review the long - term health outcomes of cloning , the authors found no evidence of late - onset , non-communicable diseases other than some minor examples of osteoarthritis and concluded `` We could find no evidence , therefore , of a detrimental long - term effect of cloning by SCNT on the health of aged offspring among our cohort . '' Legacy After cloning was successfully demonstrated through the production of Dolly , many other large mammals were cloned , including pigs , deer , horses and bulls . The attempt to clone argali ( mountain sheep ) did not produce viable embryos . The attempt to clone a banteng bull was more successful , as were the attempts to clone mouflon ( a form of wild sheep ) , both resulting in viable offspring . The reprogramming process that cells need to go through during cloning is not perfect and embryos produced by nuclear transfer often show abnormal development . Making cloned mammals was highly inefficient -- in 1996 Dolly was the only lamb that survived to adulthood from 277 attempts . By 2014 Chinese scientists were reported to have 70 -- 80 % success rates cloning pigs and in 2016 , a Korean company , Sooam Biotech , was producing 500 cloned embryos a day . Wilmut , who led the team that created Dolly , announced in 2007 that the nuclear transfer technique may never be sufficiently efficient for use in humans . Cloning may have uses in preserving endangered species and may become a viable tool for reviving extinct species . In January 2009 , scientists from the Centre of Food Technology and Research of Aragon , in northern Spain announced the cloning of the Pyrenean ibex , a form of wild mountain goat , which was officially declared extinct in 2000 . Although the newborn ibex died shortly after birth due to physical defects in its lungs , it is the first time an extinct animal has been cloned , and may open doors for saving endangered and newly extinct species by resurrecting them from frozen tissue . In July 2016 , four identical clones of Dolly ( Daisy , Debbie , Dianna , and Denise ) were alive and healthy at nine years old . Scientific American concluded in 2016 that the main legacy of Dolly the sheep has not been cloning of animals but in advances into stem cell research . After Dolly , researchers realised that ordinary cells could be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells which can be grown into any tissue . References ^ Jump up to : `` 1997 : Dolly the sheep is cloned '' . BBC News . 22 February 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , J. ( 1999 ) . `` Why dolly matters : Kinship , culture and cloning '' . Ethnos. 64 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 301 -- 324 . doi : 10.1080 / 00141844.1999. 9981606 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dolly the sheep clone dies young '' . BBC News . 14 February 2003 Jump up ^ `` Is Dolly old before her time ? '' . BBC News . London . 27 May 1999 . Retrieved 4 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Lehrman , Sally ( July 2008 ) . `` No More Cloning Around '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 21 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , N. ( 2003 ) . `` Death of Dolly marks cloning milestone '' . Current Biology . 13 ( 6 ) : 209 -- 210 . PMID 12646139 . doi : 10.1016 / S0960 - 9822 ( 03 ) 00148 - 9 . Jump up ^ Campbell KH ; McWhir J ; Ritchie WA ; Wilmut I ( 1996 ) . `` Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line '' . Nature . 380 ( 6569 ) : 64 -- 6 . Bibcode : 1996Natur. 380 ... 64C . PMID 8598906 . doi : 10.1038 / 380064a0 . Jump up ^ McLaren A ( 2000 ) . `` Cloning : pathways to a pluripotent future '' . Science . 288 ( 5472 ) : 1775 -- 80 . PMID 10877698 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 288.5472. 1775 . Jump up ^ Wilmut I ; Schnieke AE ; McWhir J ; Kind AJ ; et al. ( 1997 ) . `` Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells '' . Nature . 385 ( 6619 ) : 810 -- 3 . Bibcode : 1997Natur. 385 ... 810W . PMID 9039911 . doi : 10.1038 / 385810a0 . Jump up ^ Niemann H ; Tian XC ; King WA ; Lee RS ( February 2008 ) . `` Epigenetic reprogramming in embryonic and foetal development upon somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning '' . Reproduction. 135 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 63 . PMID 18239046 . doi : 10.1530 / REP - 07 - 0397 . Jump up ^ McKinnell , Robert G. ; Di Berardino , Marie A. ( November 1999 ) . `` The Biology of Cloning : History and Rationale '' . BioScience. 49 ( 11 ) : 875 -- 885 . JSTOR 1313647 . doi : 10.2307 / 1313647 . Jump up ^ Kolata , Gina ( 2003 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Dolly , the First Cloned Mammal , Is Dead '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Dolly 's family . Roslin Institute , UK Jump up ^ Dolly 's arthritis . Roslin Institute , Accessed 21 February 2008 ^ Jump up to : Dolly 's final illness Archived 27 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Roslin Institute , Accessed 21 February 2008 Cached version Jump up ^ Bridget M. Kuehn Goodbye , Dolly ; first cloned sheep dies at six years old Archived 4 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine . American Veterinary Medical Association , 15 April 2003 Jump up ^ Palmarini M ( 2007 ) . `` A Veterinary Twist on Pathogen Biology '' . PLoS Pathog. 3 ( 2 ) : e12 . PMC 1803002 . PMID 17319740 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. ppat. 0030012 . ^ Jump up to : Was Dolly already ' old ' at birth ? Roslin Institute , Accessed 4 April 2010 Jump up ^ Shiels PG ; Kind AJ ; Campbell KH ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Analysis of telomere length in Dolly , a sheep derived by nuclear transfer '' . Cloning. 1 ( 2 ) : 119 -- 25 . PMID 16218837 . doi : 10.1089 / 15204559950020003 . Jump up ^ Shiels PG ; Kind AJ ; Campbell KH ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Analysis of telomere lengths in cloned sheep '' . Nature . 399 ( 6734 ) : 316 -- 7 . Bibcode : 1999Natur. 399 ... 316H . PMID 10360570 . doi : 10.1038 / 20580 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , K.D. ; Corr , S.A. ; Gutierrez , C.G. ; Fisher , P.A. ; Lee , J. - H. ; Rathbone , A.J. ; Choi , I. ; Campbell , K.H.S. ; Gardner , D.S. ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` Healthy ageing of cloned sheep '' . Nature Communications . p. 12359 . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms12359 . Jump up ^ Klein , Joanna ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` Dolly the Sheep 's Fellow Clones , Enjoying Their Golden Years '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Grisham , Julie ( April 2000 ) . `` Pigs cloned for first time '' . Nature Biotechnology . 18 ( 4 ) : 365 . doi : 10.1038 / 74335 . ^ Jump up to : Shukman , David ( 14 January 2014 ) China cloning on an ' industrial scale ' BBC News , Retrieved 14 January 2014 Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M scientists clone world 's first deer '' . Innovations Report . 23 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 11 November 2006 . Retrieved 1 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Haley ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` How Champion - Pony Clones Have Transformed the Game of Polo '' . VFNews . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Lozano , Juan A. ( 27 June 2005 ) . `` A&M Cloning project raises questions still '' . Bryan - College Station Eagle . Retrieved 30 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Endangered sheep cloned '' . BBC News . London . 1 October 2001 . Retrieved 12 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Jaenisch R ; Hochedlinger K ; Eggan K ( 2005 ) . `` Nuclear cloning , epigenetic reprogramming and cellular differentiation '' . Novartis Found . Symp . Novartis Foundation Symposia. 265 : 107 -- 18 ; discussion 118 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 09145 - 6 . PMID 16050253 . doi : 10.1002 / 0470091452. ch9 . Jump up ^ Rideout WM ; Eggan K ; Jaenisch R ( August 2001 ) . `` Nuclear cloning and epigenetic reprogramming of the genome '' . Science . 293 ( 5532 ) : 1093 -- 8 . PMID 11498580 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1063206 . Jump up ^ Zastrow , Mark ( 8 February 2016 ) . `` Inside the cloning factory that creates 500 new animals a day '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Roger Highfield `` Dolly creator Prof Ian Wilmut shuns cloning '' . Daily Telegraph 16 November 2007 Jump up ^ Trounson AO ( 2006 ) . `` Future and applications of cloning '' . Methods Mol. Biol. Methods in Molecular Biology . 348 : 319 -- 32 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58829 - 280 - 3 . PMID 16988390 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 59745 - 154 - 3_22 . Jump up ^ Gray , Richard ; Dobson , Roger ( 31 January 2009 ) . `` Extinct ibex is resurrected by cloning '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 1 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Jabr , Ferris ( 11 March 2013 ) Will Cloning Ever Save Endangered Animals ? Scientific American , Retrieved 15 January 2014 Jump up ^ `` Clones da ovelha Dolly envelheceram com boa saúde , diz estudo '' ( in Portuguese ) . Rede Globo. 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dolly the sheep 's siblings ' healthy ' '' . News -- Science and Environment . BBC . 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Karen . `` 20 Years after Dolly the Sheep Led the Way -- Where Is Cloning Now ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Sample , Ian ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Dolly 's clones ageing no differently to naturally - conceived sheep , study finds '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 02 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dolly ( sheep ) . Dolly the Sheep on display The real Dolly at the National Museum of Scotland , Edinburgh Cloning Dolly the Sheep Dolly the Sheep and the importance of animal research Animal cloning & Dolly ( hide ) Breakthrough of the Year Science journal 1996 : HIV understanding 1997 : Dolly the sheep 1998 : Accelerating universe 1999 : Stem cell 2000 : Whole genome sequencing 2001 : Nanocircuits or Molecular circuit 2002 : RNA interference 2003 : Dark energy 2004 : Spirit rover 2005 : Evolution in action 2006 : Poincaré conjecture proof 2007 : Human genetic variation 2008 : Cellular reprogramming 2009 : Ardipithecus ramidus 2010 : First quantum machine 2011 : HPTN 052 clinical trial 2012 : Higgs boson discovery 2013 : Cancer immunotherapy 2014 : Rosetta comet mission 2015 : CRISPR genome - editing method 2016 : First observation of gravitational waves GND : 7576882 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolly_(sheep)&oldid=803616814 '' Categories : 1996 animal births 2003 animal deaths 1996 in Scotland Cloned sheep Cloning Individual sheep Collections of the National Museums of Scotland History of Midlothian Dolly Parton Individual animals in the United Kingdom 1996 in biotechnology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 16 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how long did the cloned sheep dolly live
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"On 14 February 2003, Dolly was euthanised because she had a progressive lung disease and severe arthritis.[15] A Finn Dorset such as Dolly has a life expectancy of around 11 to 12 years, but Dolly lived 6.5 years. A post-mortem examination showed she had a form of lung cancer called ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, also known as Jaagsiekte,[16] which is a fairly common disease of sheep and is caused by the retrovirus JSRV.[17] Roslin scientists stated that they did not think there was a connection with Dolly being a clone, and that other sheep in the same flock had died of the same disease.[15] Such lung diseases are a particular danger for sheep kept indoors, and Dolly had to sleep inside for security reasons."
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"6.5 years"
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Munster, Go Home!
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Munster , Go Home ! - Wikipedia Munster , Go Home ! This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( June 2015 ) Munster , Go Home ! Directed by Earl Bellamy Produced by Joe Connelly Bob Mosher Written by Joe Connelly Bob Mosher George Tibbles Earl Bellamy Starring Fred Gwynne Yvonne De Carlo Al Lewis Butch Patrick Debbie Watson Robert Pine Terry - Thomas Hermione Gingold Jeanne Arnold John Carradine Music by Jack Marshall Distributed by Universal Studios Release date June 15 , 1966 ( 1966 - 06 - 15 ) Running time 96 mins Country United States Language English Budget $600,000 Munster , Go Home ! is a 1966 American film based on the hit 1960s family television sitcom The Munsters . It was directed by Earl Bellamy , who also directed a number of episodes in the series . The film was produced immediately after the television series completed filming for its original run , and included the original cast with the exception of Marilyn , who was played by Debbie Watson replacing Pat Priest from the series . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.3 Uncredited 3 Production 3.1 Development 4 Home media 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Herman Munster ( Fred Gwynne ) and his wife , Lily ( Yvonne De Carlo ) learn from Cavanaugh Munster 's will that they have inherited an English manor known as Munster Hall in Shroudshire , England , and that Herman has inherited the designation Lord of the Manor as `` Lord Munster '' . The family boards the famous American transatlantic passenger ocean liner SS United States ( in its last years ) to England . Herman gets seasick , Marilyn ( Debbie Watson , replacing TV series original player Pat Priest in a controversial move ) encounters a new love and suitor Roger Moresby ( Robert Pine ) . Grandpa ( Al Lewis ) gets turned into a grey wolf upon accidentally consuming a wolf pill . Grandpa has to be sneaked through British immigration and customs . Cousins Grace ( Jeanne Arnold ) and Freddie ( Terry - Thomas ) are furious that the American Munsters are getting the manor , and that Herman will be Lord Munster instead of Freddie . Grace and Freddie , with the help of Lady Effigie ( Hermione Gingold ) , try to get rid of the Munsters , so the estate can be theirs . The American Munster couple feels right at home when Herman 's English relatives try to scare them . Freddie disguises himself as a ghost , but screams and runs away when he encounters Herman . Grandpa sneaks out of bed to find out the secret of Munster Hall : a counterfeiting operation is at work in the basement . Later , Herman enters a race , driving Grandpa 's custom dragster , the `` DRAG - U-LA '' . Grace and Freddie attempt to interfere with him winning the race , by setting up a plot to kill him . Herman wins the race with the help of Lily . The British Munsters , including their butler , Cruikshank ( John Carradine ) are all exposed and apprehended by the police authorities . Herman captures Freddie and Grace by tossing tires on them . Lady Effigie is sent to Shroudshire 's police station with her butler by Lily and Eddie ( Butch Patrick ) . Herman and his family donate the land and Munster Hall to the city for historic preservation . Roger and Marilyn get together and hope to see each other again . Herman and his family head for their American home . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Fred Gwynne -- Herman Yvonne De Carlo -- Lily Al Lewis -- Grandpa Butch Patrick -- Eddie Debbie Watson -- Marilyn Guest cast ( edit ) Hermione Gingold -- Lady Effigie Munster Robert Pine -- Roger Moresby Bernard Fox - Squire Moresby Terry - Thomas -- Cousin Freddie Munster Jeanne Arnold -- Cousin Grace Munster John Carradine -- Cruikshank Ben Wright -- Hennesy Richard Dawson -- Joey Arthur Malet -- Alfie Maria Lennard -- Millie Cliff Norton -- Herbert Diana Chesney -- Mrs. Moresby Uncredited ( edit ) Dick Crockett -- ( uncredited ) Jack Dodson -- Shipmate ( uncredited ) Helen Kleeb -- Emily ( uncredited ) Don Knight -- ( uncredited ) Laurie Main -- ( uncredited ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) This film offered audiences an opportunity to see the Munsters in Technicolor rather than the black - and - white format of the television series , but was not a commercial success upon its original theatrical release . It was produced and released at least partly in order to introduce the characters and concept to foreign audiences , as it came in advance of international syndication for the film 's source material ( the television series 70 - episodes ) . For the Transatlantic crossing , stock footage of the American passenger ocean liner , the SS United States , near the end of its active career , was utilized . Although most of the film is set in fictional `` Shroudshire , England '' the automobile racing scenes were shot at the Paramount Ranch Racetrack in Agoura , California . They featured the `` DRAG - U-LA '' custom dragster designed by famous auto customizer George Barris . Home media ( edit ) In 1997 , GoodTimes Entertainment released Munster , Go Home ! on VHS alongside the 1981 made - for - TV reunion movie The Munsters ' Revenge . The VHS version of Munster , Go Home ! is presented in an open matte 1 : 33 : 1 aspect ratio . In 2001 , GoodTimes Entertainment released a DVD version of the film using the same transfer . In 2006 , Universal Home Entertainment released a two - feature DVD featuring Munster , Go Home ! and The Munsters ' Revenge . The Universal transfer is sourced from an original print and presented in its original theatrical 1.85 : 1 aspect ratio . It was made available in Region 4 on DVD in September 2016 . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1966 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Munsters : Two Movie Fright Fest : DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video '' . Dvdtalk.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ https://www.jbhifi.com.au/movies-tv-shows/movies-tv-shows-on-sale/comedy/munster-go-home/973205/ External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Munster , Go Home ! Munster , Go Home ! on IMDb Munster , Go Home ! at the TCM Movie Database The Munsters TV series The Munsters episodes The Mini-Munsters The Munsters Today Mockingbird Lane Films Munster , Go Home ! The Munsters ' Revenge Here Come the Munsters The Munsters ' Scary Little Christmas Characters Herman Munster Lily Munster Grandpa Eddie Munster Marilyn Munster Other Munster Koach DRAG - U-LA Munster Mansion Universal monsters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munster,_Go_Home!&oldid=852684924 '' Categories : 1966 films English - language films 1960s comedy films American films The Munsters films Films based on television series Films set in England Universal Pictures films Films set in country houses Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 17 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when was the movie munster go home made
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"Munster, Go Home! is a 1966 American film based on the hit 1960s family television sitcom The Munsters. It was directed by Earl Bellamy, who also directed a number of episodes in the series. The film was produced immediately after the television series completed filming for its original run, and included the original cast with the exception of Marilyn, who was played by Debbie Watson replacing Pat Priest from the series.\n"
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5315509362032768241
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The Weather Channel
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The Weather Channel - Wikipedia The Weather Channel Jump to : navigation , search For the Australian Weather Channel that formerly went by the same name as the U.S. channel , see Sky News Weather Channel . For the former parent company of the Weather Channel now owned by IBM , see The Weather Company . The Weather Channel Launched May 2 , 1982 ; 35 years ago ( 1982 - 05 - 02 ) Owned by Landmark Communications ( 1982 -- 2008 ) Consortium made up of The Blackstone Group , Bain Capital , and NBCUniversal ( 2008 -- ) Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) 480i ( SDTV ; letterboxed with weather information ) Slogan It 's Amazing Out There ( main ) Where You Get Your Weather Matters ( current promotional campaign ) Country United States Language English Broadcast area United States , US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico and The Bahamas Headquarters Atlanta , Georgia Sister channel ( s ) Weatherscan Local Now Website weather.com Availability Terrestrial UHF - TV Inc . ( Willmar , Minnesota ) K34HO - D ( channel 34 ) Selective TV , Inc . ( Alexandria , Minnesota ) K50DB - D ( channel 50 ) Satellite Dish Network 214 ( HD / SD ) DirecTV 362 ( HD / SD ) 1362 ( On Demand ) Cable Available on most US cable providers Contact your provider for information . IPTV AT&T U-verse 225 ( SD ) 1225 ( HD ) Sky Angel 320 CenturyLink PrismTV 225 ( SD ) 1225 ( HD ) Streaming media OneLink Communications 96 Sling TV Local Now service only The Weather Channel is an American basic cable and satellite television channel , owned by a consortium made up of The Blackstone Group , Bain Capital , and NBCUniversal . Its headquarters are located in Atlanta , Georgia . Launched on May 2 , 1982 , the channel broadcasts weather forecasts and weather - related news and analysis , along with documentaries and entertainment programming related to weather . A sister network , Weatherscan , is a digital cable and satellite service that offers 24 - hour automated local forecasts and radar imagery . In addition to its programming on the cable channel , TWC also provided forecasts for terrestrial and satellite radio stations , newspapers and websites , and maintained an extensive online presence at weather.com and through a set of mobile applications for smartphones and tablet computers . These services are now administered by The Weather Channel 's former parent company , The Weather Company , which was sold to IBM in 2016 . The Weather Channel continues to license its brand assets and weather data from IBM . As of January 2016 , The Weather Channel is received by 88.0 million households in America . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Current 1.1. 1 Sale to NBCUniversal , Bain , and Blackstone 1.1. 2 Later years 1.1. 3 International versions 2 Local on the 8s 3 Related services 3.1 Television 3.2 Radio and newspaper presence 3.3 Online services 4 Programming 4.1 Movies 5 Notable current personalities 5.1 On - camera meteorologists 5.2 Specialists 5.3 Reporters 5.4 Former personalities 6 Branding 6.1 Logos 6.1. 1 Slogans 7 Controversy 7.1 Cable and satellite carriage disputes 7.1. 1 Dish Network carriage dispute 7.1. 2 DirecTV carriage dispute 7.1. 3 Removal by Verizon FiOS 7.2 Winter storm naming 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of The Weather Channel The Weather Channel was founded on July 18 , 1980 , by veteran television meteorologist John Coleman ( who , at the time of the channel 's founding , had formerly served as a chief meteorologist at ABC owned - and - operated station WLS - TV in Chicago and as a forecaster for Good Morning America ) and Frank Batten , then - president of the channel 's original owner Landmark Communications ( now Landmark Media Enterprises ) . The channel launched at 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time on May 2 , 1982 . Originally , regional and local information was obtained by the National Weather Service for broadcast . Since 2002 , all forecasting has been done on - site in Atlanta . Current ( edit ) The Weather Channel uses special proprietary equipment that inserts information on current and future local weather conditions , and weather alerts issued by the National Weather Service and the Storm Prediction Center and National Hurricane Center , if it is viewed on a cable television provider . The original WeatherStar technology has been upgraded on larger cable systems to the IntelliStar , which incorporates `` Vocal Local '' to announce current conditions , weather bulletins and detailed local forecasts . Subscribers of satellite , IPTV and some smaller cable providers originally saw only a roundup of local TWC - sourced forecasts for major cities across the U.S. , as well as national and regional satellite and radar images , and severe weather watch and warning maps when active . However , satellite customers with newer systems or interactive TV receivers have the choice of `` roundups '' or localized forecasts . For both cable and satellite viewers , popular music ( formerly smooth jazz ) plays in the background during these segments . Some older WeatherStar units were still in use by small cable companies that could n't afford to upgrade to the IntelliStar . The WeatherStar units are also able to overlay text - based local contact information over the national feed during certain business advertisements aired on the channel . The Weather Channel operates a service based on modified versions of the WeatherStar technology called Weatherscan , a separate non-network TV channel which constantly displays local and regional conditions , and forecasts , along with The Weather Channel 's logo , and on some cable systems , advertisements . The Weather Channel also runs websites in Latin America ( Canal de Tiempo ) , Brazil ( Canal do Tempo ) , the United Kingdom ( Weather Channel ) , France ( Météo 123 ) and Germany ( Wetter 123 ) . TWC only runs its U.S. channel , although it does produce international forecasts . The Weather Channel also has Weather stations in national universities of the USA ( MIT , University of California ) , UK ( University of Oxford , Lancaster University ) and Global Meteo Station at the North Pole and International Space Station . A definitive history of the network , The Weather Channel : The Improbable Rise of a Media Phenomenon , by Jeffrey L. Cruikshank and network co-founder Frank Batten , was published by Harvard Business Press in May 2002 , in honor of TWC 's 20th anniversary . Sale to NBCUniversal , Bain , and Blackstone ( edit ) On January 3 , 2008 , Landmark Communications put The Weather Channel and its assets up for sale . On July 6 , 2008 , NBC Universal , Bain Capital and Blackstone Group agreed to jointly purchase The Weather Channel from Landmark , making it the channel 's first ownership change in 26 years . The sale was finalized on September 12 , 2008 . NBC Universal also owned NBC Weather Plus , a rival service which was carried by and featured content from the NBC television network 's local network affiliates ; that service announced its discontinuation three months later . Over-the - air digital subchannels carrying Weather Plus have since switched to the similarly formatted The Local AccuWeather Channel , kept the Weather Plus engine , or switched affiliations to other networks such as This TV or the Retro Television Network ; some have shut down entirely . From November 2008 to February 2009 , The Weather Channel laid off seven long - time on - camera meteorologists : Kristina Abernathy , Eboni Deon , Kristin Dodd , Rich Johnson , Cheryl Lemke , Mark Mancuso and Dave Schwartz ( Schwartz would return to TWC in April 2014 , but died of cancer on July 30 , 2016 ) . With the exception of Deon , all had been on the air for more than ten years , and three of them had been employed by the network for more than twenty years . In July 2010 , The Weather Channel terminated Bill Keneely , the last of the original on - camera meteorologists who appeared on the network 's first broadcasts in 1982 . In December of that year , the network also laid off on - camera meteorologist Nicole Mitchell , who later would file a lawsuit against The Weather Channel in 2012 , alleging that she had been terminated because the channel 's new owners disapproved of the time required by her simultaneous duties as a Captain in the U.S. Air Force Reserve as one of the `` Hurricane Hunters '' team ; such reserve duties are protected by U.S. law ( Mitchell later served as the chief meteorologist at Al Jazeera America , which for a time also employed Eboni Deon ) . Inevitably , the merger of NBC on - air meteorologists began in May 2009 . Former NBC Weather Plus meteorologist Todd Santos joined The Weather Channel on May 2 of that year . Al Roker of NBC 's Today began hosting a one - hour morning program called Wake Up With Al , alongside meteorologist Stephanie Abrams later in the summer . However , for New York City - based forecasting operations ( those utilized for forecasts on MSNBC and CNBC , for instance ) , the former NBC Weather Plus forecasting , radar and graphics systems remain in place , with banners changed to fit The Weather Channel 's graphics scheme . On September 10 , 2009 , The Weather Channel co-founder Frank Batten died . Later years ( edit ) In January 2012 , David Kenny took over as chief executive officer of The Weather Channel , replacing former AOL executive Mike Kelly , who had been appointed as the company 's CEO in the summer of 2009 . Although all operations , sales support and marketing and the bulk of employees are located in the headquarters in Atlanta , Kenny declined to move there , and continues to live and work from his home in Boston , visiting Atlanta once or twice per quarter . This is counter to general company policy which discourages telecommuting for the majority of employees . Later in 2012 , The Weather Channel 's holding company changed its name from The Weather Channel Companies to The Weather Company . The company also purchased competing weather service and website Weather Underground the same year . On March 10 , 2015 Verizon FiOS dropped The Weather Channel and WeatherScan for their rival , AccuWeather . On September 9 , 2015 , the channel announced a phased overhaul of its programming schedule during 2016 , in which the channel would gradually shift its focus back towards a forecast - based lineup ; the channel cancelled Wake Up with Al ( citing high production costs as it was produced in New York city rather than Atlanta ) and announced that AMHQ would be reformatted as a weather - focused program ( eliminating lifestyle segments ) , with Stephanie Abrams taking over as host while original host Sam Champion would become a contributor for its prime time schedule starting November 2 . The network also announced it would no longer greenlight original long - form programming , and expand live forecast programming on its schedule throughout 2016 once all remaining long - form programs already in development conclude their runs . In a memo sent out to network staff by Weather Company CEO David Kenny , it cited the refocusing towards weather - based programs was done on the basis that `` our most passionate fans come to us for the weather and the science behind the weather , not our original shows . '' Around 50 TWC employees -- including production , engineering and financial staff -- were laid off , and the television channel 's budget was reduced to focus investments on the company 's Internet and mobile properties . The channel 's original format was akin to that of a news and information cable network . Since the creation of the series Atmospheres in 2000 and Storm Stories in 2003 , The Weather Channel had seen a gradual transition toward a mix of weather forecast programming and weather - related entertainment programming that paralleled the launch of sister network Weatherscan , the evolution of the always - on `` L '' bar / weather ticker , the development of weather.com and popular branded mobile phone applications , and the increased viewing and interest in documentary programs on the topic of weather . In November 2013 , the channel introduced a new initiative of `` weather all the time '' in response to the criticism ; all original programming -- which was rebranded under the tagline Natural Drama -- now had direct relevance to weather - related subjects , and the network reemphasized its promise to interrupt original programming either regionally or nationally during major weather events ; in addition , The Weather Channel extended the display of its lower display line ( which also experienced a design revamp as part of the introduction of a new graphics package ) to commercial breaks and through entire broadcasts of its original programs . In August 2015 , reports surfaced that The Weather Company 's owners were considering a sale of all or part of the venture , having hired Morgan Stanley and PJT Partners to explore their options . On October 28 , 2015 , it was announced that IBM would acquire most of The Weather Company 's assets , including weather.com , Weather Underground , the related mobile applications , and their underlying data platforms , for an undisclosed amount . IBM plans to leverage its Watson technology as part of the acquisition , foreseeing its use for weather analytics and predictions . The deal , which closed the following January , does not include The Weather Channel itself , which remains owned by the Bain / Blackstone / NBCUniversal consortium , and entered into a long - term licensing agreement with IBM for use of its weather data and `` The Weather Channel '' name and branding . In August 2016 , reports surfaced that Sinclair Broadcast Group expressed interest in acquiring ownership of The Weather Channel . International versions ( edit ) Main article : The Weather Channel internationally Over the years , attempts to broadcast international versions of TWC -- apart from the Australian version of The Weather Channel ( now Sky News Weather Channel ) -- have failed . TWC also operates websites that provide localized forecasts in Brazil , France , Germany , India , Latin America and the United Kingdom , but some of these sites apparently have not been developed further since 2003 . The Weather Channel also shares radar imagery and forecasts with The Weather Network in Canada , particularly for The Weather Channel 's Canadian forecasts . A U.K. version of The Weather Channel operated from September 1 , 1996 to January 30 , 1998 , when it was shut down due to low viewership . It shared channel space with Sky Movies Gold / Sky Box Office 2 , The Racing Channel and Galavision , airing for five hours a day . It was designed for cable as it had local weather information for specific regions ; in some areas , it was carried on cable providers 24 hours a day . TWC also operated The Weather Channel Latin America , a Spanish language network serving Mexico , Puerto Rico and South America . This network launched in 1996 and existed until December 20 , 2002 , when it ceased operations due to budget cuts . The channel 's three original on - camera weather presenters were Paola Elorza , Sal Morales and Mari Carmen Ramos ; all three left the channel within a year of its launch and respectively went on to work for Univision in Miami , Telemundo in Los Angeles , and CNN International in Atlanta . In 1998 , a Portuguese version was launched in Brazil , which ceased operations on the same date due to low ratings . Local on the 8s ( edit ) Main article : Local on the 8s Since its inception , The Weather Channel has broadcast segments providing local weather observations and forecasts generated by WeatherStar systems ( `` STAR '' being an acronym for Satellite Transponder Addressable Receiver ) , proprietary computer units that are installed at the headends of individual cable providers . Until 1995 , the forecast segments aired at various times each hour , but are currently shown at times ending in `` 8 '' -- as such , in 1996 ( although it would not be used full - time until 2002 ) , the channel adopted `` Local on the 8s '' as the title for the segments ( though local forecast segments aired on the channel are reduced to once per half - hour whenever non-forecast programs air ) . With the introduction of the IntelliStar system ( the sixth - generation STAR system , which was introduced in 2002 ) , traffic information was also generated that provided roadway flow , construction and accident information for metropolitan areas where traffic.com ( via its TrafficPulse service ) provides traffic data ; however , this feature was eliminated from the IntelliStar 's programmed `` flavors '' ( the arrangements of specialized segments played during individual local forecasts ) when traffic.com ended its content agreement with TWC in 2010 . The WeatherStar systems also utilize a Lower Display Line ( LDL ) that appears at the bottom of the screen during all programming ( until November 2013 , it had been limited to only local forecasts and national programming , while being removed from the screen during commercial breaks ) , providing current conditions for a specific location and two or three towns within 15 miles , almanac data and forecasts on cable headends using the IntelliStar system , and only current conditions and forecasts on cable headends using STAR models from WeatherStar XL and older . WeatherStar units also allow cable providers to scroll text messages when in use , including the capability to broadcast severe weather advisories and warnings in effect for the jurisdiction in which the WeatherStar system 's cable headend is located and its immediate surrounding area . Related services ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Service Description The Weather Channel HD The Weather Channel launched a high definition simulcast feed -- which broadcasts in the 1080i resolution format -- on September 26 , 2007 , initially available on DirecTV . As of 2014 , all of the network 's programming is currently produced in high definition ( with the exception of It Could Happen Tomorrow , Full Force Nature and older episodes of Storm Stories ) , which is presented on the standard definition channel in a modified letterboxed format that fills space that would usually be filled by black bars with weather information provided by the Lower Display Line at the bottom of the screen . The Weather Channel HD is carried on most major cable and satellite providers ( such as Comcast Xfinity , Time Warner Cable , Cox Communications , Cablevision , AT&T U-verse , Charter Communications , DirecTV and Dish Network ) , many of which added the HD feed throughout the fourth quarter of 2007 and the first quarter of 2008 . When the HD feed was launched , none of the channel 's programming was actually presented in high definition , outside of a national `` satellite '' version of the `` Local on the 8s '' segment ; Epic Conditions and WeatherVentures became the channel 's first two programs to be presented in HD , when they premiered on October 1 , 2007 . TWC began broadcasting studio programming in high definition on June 2 , 2008 , with the introduction of a new studio that features various environmentally friendly technologies . The IntelliStar 2 , the seventh - generation STAR system and the first to generate graphical weather data in HD , was officially released in July 2010 ( although similar to previous recent STAR systems , among its modifications include an animated Lower Display Line and a Vocal Local narration track recorded by TWC meteorologist Jim Cantore ) . The system was gradually rolled out to major U.S. cable providers strictly for use on the HD feed , and would not replace existing operational STAR units from IntelliStar and older used on TWC 's standard definition feed or Weatherscan , making it one of the few channels which by necessity does not have an `` autotune to HD '' version for providers that utilize set - top boxes allowing HD tuning to standard definition channel positions , unless the HD version has local forecast capabilities . As of August 2015 , some providers ( such as Comcast ) are using the IntelliStar 2 on the standard definition channel in some locations . DirecTV began carrying the `` Local on the 8s '' segment in HD via an app on set - top boxes on September 29 , 2009 . The Weather Channel on Demand The Weather Channel on Demand is the channel 's video - on - demand service , offering a selection of episodes of its original series and original specials to digital cable and IPTV providers . Unlike the linear television channel and its sister website , the service does not provide national or local weather forecasts . Weatherscan Weatherscan ( originally called Weatherscan Local until 2003 ) is a companion digital cable and satellite channel that was launched in 1999 , which maintains a format consisting of local weather forecasts in a continuous loop uninterrupted by commercials . Available in fewer markets than The Weather Channel , it is primarily available on the digital tiers of some cable providers ( however , certain systems carry Weatherscan on a basic tier , where The Weather Channel is traditionally carried ) ; a separate feed for satellite subscribers launched on Dish Network in the summer of 2010 . Weatherscan 's forecast products are generated by an IntelliStar unit at the cable provider 's headend , which is configured differently than those systems used by The Weather Channel ; the systems feature different graphics and include additional weather products . Weatherscan displays an `` L '' - bar ( similar to that used by the now - defunct NBC Weather Plus ) that provides current conditions and weather forecasts for a particular location and its surrounding area at all times during programming , with weather information also being shown on the top right two - thirds of the screen . Local Now Local Now is an companion over-the - top channel that launched in late 2015 . Similar in format to Weatherscan , the service maintains a format consisting of local weather forecasts , traffic reports and news headlines as well as local news and sports in a continuous loop . The service is distributed to over-the - top streaming services modeled similarly to traditional pay television providers as well as on an app for iOS and Android for those who subscribe to The Weather Channel through pay - TV . Radio and newspaper presence ( edit ) The Weather Channel provides forecasts for satellite radio provider Sirius XM Radio in the United States . Both services run regional forecasts on a single station , and operate several individual stations providing combined local weather and traffic information for major metropolitan areas . TWC also maintains content partnerships with a number of local U.S. radio stations to provide local forecasts , using announcers separate from the meteorologists seen on the television channel . For some affiliates , The Weather Channel provides a limited amount of live coverage during local severe weather events ( with the Georgia - based announcers connected via ISDN ) . Distribution of TWC radio content is currently handled by Westwood One . Similarly , The Weather Channel also provides weather reports for a number of newspapers around the United States . This included a half - page national forecast for USA Today , which TWC provided content for until September 2012 , when rival AccuWeather replaced The Weather Channel as the paper 's forecast provider with TWC 's forecasts being replaced with AccuWeather 's on the USAToday.com website one month later . Online services ( edit ) See also : weather.com TWC provided numerous customized forecasts for online users through its website , weather.com , including home and garden , and event planning forecasts . Third - party web analytics providers Alexa and SimilarWeb rated the site as the 146th and 244th most visited website in the world respectively , as of July 2015 . SimilarWeb rates the site as the second most visited weather website globally , attracting more than 126 million visitors per month . It also provided WAP access for mobile phone users , desktop widgets for quick reference by computer users , and customized weather feeds for individual websites . Cell phone customers could also receive local forecasts from TWC sent to their mobile handsets via SMS by sending a text message with their ZIP code to 42278 ( which spells `` 4cast '' ) . The Weather Channel also provided weather forecasts for other online services including Yahoo ! . In addition , The Weather Channel maintained apps for the iPhone , iPad , Android , Apple TV , Kindle Fire , and Windows mobile and tablet platforms . TWC formerly maintained two versions of its mobile applications : a free version that incorporates advertising and a pay version called `` TWC Max '' that does not feature advertising , the latter was discontinued in favor of an all ad - supported model on January 6 , 2014 . Aside from location - based weather forecast information , the apps provided radar maps , and tropical and seasonal updates , as well as social media related functions that track weather - related Twitter messages and allow users to send Facebook friends severe weather alerts . The channel also disseminated severe weather information , and photos and videos submitted by meteorologists and viewers , on its Twitter feed ( @ TWCBreaking , which also served as a hashtag usable for posts ) . In July 2012 , The Weather Company ( former owner of The Weather Channel ) purchased competing weather website Weather Underground . While The Weather Channel already had success with its own mobile apps , it planned to use Weather Underground 's large network of digital forecasting and tracking websites to bolster its digital growth . Weather Underground operates separately from The Weather Channel and continues to provide its own forecasts , though its website incorporates some weather news and video content from TWC . The website weather.com and most of The Weather Channel 's digital assets were sold to IBM in January 2016 . Programming ( edit ) Main article : List of programs broadcast by The Weather Channel Weather forecast programming made up TWC 's entire schedule prior to its incorporation of weather - related original programming -- referred in network promotional materials and press releases as `` long - form programming '' -- in 2000 ( with few breakaways from its forecast programs prior to then , outside of educational program The Weather Classroom , an original program produced as part of the cable television industry 's Cable in the Classroom initiative ) . The number of hours devoted to TWC 's in - studio forecast programs have steadily eroded since then . The network 's live studio programs air regularly from 5 : 00 a.m. to 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time on weekdays and 5 : 00 a.m. to 12 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time on weekends and holidays . AMHQ airs weekdays between 5 : 00 and 9 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time ; these are followed by The Weather Channel 's flagship program , Weather Center Live which airs from 9 : 00 a.m. to 6 : 00 p.m. Eastern. , and the network 's evening program , Weather Underground which airs from 6 : 00 p.m. to 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern . On weekends , AMHQ airs from 5 : 00 a.m. to 9 : 00 a.m. , followed by Weekend Recharge from 9 : 00 am to 12 : 00 p.m. The Weather Channel also broadcasts original weather - related documentary / entertainment series and specials . These programs run from 8 : 00 p.m. to 5 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time on weekdays and 12 : 00 p.m. to 5 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time on weekends and holidays ( they also run from 12 : 00 p.m. to 5 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time on Mondays ) . During severe weather events affecting portions of the United States , The Weather Channel may preempt original programming in favor of airing special extended editions of Weather Center Live ( which move the color of the word `` LIVE '' from blue to red ) to provide long - form coverage and analysis until it stops ; in some events , the on - air graphics ( including Lower Display Line ) can go black - and - red ( similar to colors that WCL uses ) ; pre-emptions vary between local ( isolated to viewers in the region affected by a particular weather event ) and nationwide , depending upon the impact of the weather phenomenon / story and if a local provider utilizes a later model WeatherStar unit that allows the use of dual feeds that can substitute programming with long - form weather coverage in a given area . And also , during all of these events , the jingles that WCL uses is used to replace the normal one on Local on the 8 's . Movies ( edit ) In a move that caused controversy with many longtime viewers , The Weather Channel began airing weather - related movies on Friday nights on October 30 , 2009 . The first feature to be broadcast by the channel was the 2000 film The Perfect Storm . After December 2009 , these weekly movies were discontinued for the time being in favor of running Weather Center , which already aired throughout primetime during the rest of the work week . Despite the controversy , the Friday night film block resumed on March 26 , 2010 under the title `` Flick and a Forecast , '' co-hosted by The Weather Channel meteorologist Jen Carfagno and MSNBC contributor Touré , with the documentary Into Thin Air : Deaths on Everest . During the broadcasts , the Lower Display Line that normally appears on TWC shows to provide local weather information ( with breakaways during forecast and most long - form programs only for commercial breaks ) was removed , appearing only a few times each hour during the film as a substitute for the standard `` Local on the 8s '' segments , with a translucent TWC logo bug appearing at other times during the film when the LDL was not on - screen . While the films shown within the `` Flick and a Forecast '' block were weather - related in some form , some films featured ( such as Misery and Deep Blue Sea ) had only a minimal tie to weather . On May 31 , 2010 , NewsBlues reported The Weather Channel 's decision to cancel the movie block , due in part to viewer criticism of movies being shown on what is intended as a news and information channel , as well as a snafu that occurred during an April 2010 tornado outbreak that led to a scheduled movie being aired instead of wall - to - wall severe weather coverage . The `` Flick and a Forecast '' presentations were then replaced by an additional hour of Weather Center and a two - hour block of long - form original programs . Notable current personalities ( edit ) On - camera meteorologists ( edit ) Stephanie Abrams : AMHQ ( 2003 -- present ) Mike Bettes : Meteorologist , anchor of Weather Underground and lead tornado tracker ( 2003 -- present ) Jen Carfagno : AMHQ ( 2003 -- present ) Kelly Cass : AMHQ Weekend ( 2000 -- present ) Paul Goodloe : Weekend Recharge ( 1999 -- present ) Maria LaRosa : Weekend Recharge ( 2010 -- present ) Reynolds Wolf : AMHQ Weekend ( 2012 -- present ) Specialists ( edit ) Jim Cantore : Storm specialist , AMHQ co-anchor ( 1986 -- present ) Greg Forbes : Severe Weather Expert ( 1999 -- present ) Bryan Norcross : Tropical Weather specialist ( 2010 -- present ) Reporters ( edit ) Dave Malkoff : Field / Feature reporter ( 2012 -- present ) Mike Seidel : Meteorologist , field reporter ( 1992 -- present ) Former personalities ( edit ) John Coleman : Founder of The Weather Channel ; retired John Hope : Meteorologist / hurricane expert 1982 -- 1998 ; deceased Vivian Brown : 1986 -- 2015 Crystal Egger : 2010 -- 2013 ; now with KNBC in Los Angeles Al Roker : 2009 -- 2015 ; current co-host of Today Dave Schwartz : 1991 -- 2008 , 2014 -- 2016 ; deceased Sam Champion : 2014 -- 2016 Anaridis Rodriguez : 2014 -- 2017 ; now at WBZ - TV Branding ( edit ) Logos ( edit ) The Weather Channel 's first and most recognized logo was a blue rectangular box with rounded edges that debuted with The Weather Channel 's first broadcast on May 2 , 1982 . This logo was revised in 1996 , with the corners becoming less rounded and the logo becoming slightly flat . The weather.com URL text was permanently added underneath the logo in 1999 . On August 15 , 2005 , the logo was overhauled again ; the logo became a straight - edged square with no white trim on the edge and `` The Weather Channel '' text became oriented in title - case and left - justified , similar to its Canadian sister channel The Weather Network . A 25th anniversary logo used in 2007 featured a white square edged in blue connected to the current logo with the text `` 25 YEARS '' inside it in blue . When NBCUniversal acquired the network in 2008 , the network has participated in the `` Green is Universal '' campaign , which occurs twice a year , usually during April and November . The network 's logo changes to a shade of green as part of the campaign promoting environmental conservation . May 2 , 1982 -- October 1996 October 1996 -- August 15 , 2005 August 15 , 2005 -- present Green is Universal / Earth Week logo The Weather Channel HD logo , 2008 -- present Slogans ( edit ) 1982 -- 1983 : We Take the Weather Seriously , But Not Ourselves . 1983 -- 1984 : The Cable Television Network for America 's Lifestyle . 1984 -- 1986 : Weatherproofing America . 1986 -- 1991 : You Need Us , The Weather Channel , for Everything You Do . 1991 -- 1996 : Weather You Can Always Turn To . 1996 -- 1998 : No Place on Earth Has Better Weather . 1998 - 2001 : Keeping you ahead of the Storm 2001 -- 2005 : Live By It . 2005 -- 2008 : Bringing Weather to Life . June 2 -- late 2008 : The Weather Has Never Looked Better . 2009 -- early 2010 : The Sounds of Weather . Hear It , See It , Live It . 2013 -- present : It 's Amazing Out There . 2015 -- present : Where You Get Your Weather Matters ( current promotional campaign ) . Controversy ( edit ) Cable and satellite carriage disputes ( edit ) Dish network carriage dispute ( edit ) On May 20 , 2010 , Dish Network announced that it was dropping The Weather Channel at 12 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time that day in favor of its own similar weather information channel , The Weather Cast . The carriage dispute was over the rates that The Weather Channel asked Dish Network to pay : from 11 ¢ per subscriber per month to 12 ¢ , a 9 % increase , totaling $140,000 per month . The dispute was also over The Weather Channel 's programming format shifting from an information - based channel to an entertainment - based service . The Weather Channel said in a statement , `` Dish has chosen to be the first distributor to drop The Weather Channel rather than pay the standard industry rates others in the industry have already agreed to pay '' , and encouraged Dish Network customers to switch to other pay television providers . Dave Shull , senior vice president for programming for Dish Network said The Weather Channel 's fees were harder for the satellite provider to justify paying as more people receive weather information through the internet and mobile services : `` They 're looking for bid increases when I feel like there 's a real migration to the Web , and it 's difficult to really justify those rate increases at this time . '' On May 24 , 2010 , The Weather Channel announced that it had reached a new multi-year carriage agreement with Dish Network , the financial terms of which were not disclosed . Despite the earlier announcement that The Weather Channel would be dropped , the channel was never officially removed from Dish Network . The Weather Cast ceased operations in anticipation of the launch of a Weatherscan - based service announced as part of the agreement that would provide local weather information for Dish Network customers . The proposed movie scheduled for the Friday after the deal was struck ( May 28 ) , Gorillas in the Mist , was dropped in favor of a six - hour marathon of Tornado Road . DirecTV carriage dispute ( edit ) DirecTV removed The Weather Channel from its lineup at 12 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time on January 14 , 2014 , after the two parties were unable to come to terms on a new carriage agreement ; as a result , DirecTV became the first major pay television provider to drop the channel in its history . Two weeks before the channel 's carriage agreement was set to expire on December 31 ( after which the deadline for a new carriage deal was extended by two weeks ) , the satellite provider began carrying WeatherNation TV ( the successor to The Weather Cast and owned by WeatherNation , LLC ) on channel 361 on December 16 , 2013 -- placing the channel next to The Weather Channel 's slot on channel 362 ; WeatherNation replaced The Weather Channel on channel 362 -- while still being carried on channel 361 -- when TWC was pulled . The Weather Channel 's chief executive officer David Kenny stated that it offered DirecTV the best rate for its programming ( according to SNL Kagan , The Weather Channel 's average carriage fee at the time was 13 ¢ per subscriber ) , and blasted the satellite provider 's removal of the channel by stating that it was putting profits ahead of public safety . Representatives for DirecTV stated that it added WeatherNation TV in response to subscriber complaints regarding the number of reality programs on The Weather Channel , which it estimated had amounted to 40 % of its daily schedule ( WeatherNation TV , which outside of its carriage by DirecTV is primarily carried on broadcast television stations as a main channel affiliation or a digital multicast service , does not run programming outside of forecasts with the only interruption in its weather coverage coming from affiliates that carry children 's programs to fulfill FCC educational programming requirements ; however , WeatherNation has been criticized for its absence of live programming , which TWC does provide , especially during significant weather events ) . DirecTV stated that weather information is also available through broadcast television stations carried as part of its local channel tier , as well as the provider 's designated emergency channels . The Weather Channel fought back by airing commercials encouraging people to not subscribe to DirecTV by parodying the provider 's popular `` When You ... '' ad campaign , which is this : `` When you get DIRECTV , you get a lot of channels . When you get a lot of channels , you expect TWC . When you do n't get TWC , you call and cancel DIRECTV . When you call to cancel , they threaten you with huge cancellation fees . When you feel threatened , you take matters into your own hands . And when you take matters into your own hands , you do things that terrify your neighborhood children . Are n't you glad you do n't have DIRECTV ? '' On April 8 , 2014 , The Weather Channel and DirecTV both settled on a new agreement ( TWC decided to alter its programming lineup by trimming the amount of reality programming on weekdays in half , restricting them to its nighttime schedule , in response to complaints from DirecTV subscribers ) , with the provider restoring the channel on channel 362 the following day . Access to local weather content using the red button feature did not return until May 2 , 2014 . Removal by Verizon FiOS ( edit ) Verizon FiOS dropped The Weather Channel and its sister network Weatherscan from its lineup at 12 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time on March 10 , 2015 after the two parties were unable to come to terms on a new carriage agreement . The services have respectively been replaced by the AccuWeather Network ( which launched on March 10 ) and a widget provided by FiOS featuring forecast content provided by WeatherBug . No public announcement was made regarding the removal until over 12 hours after TWC and Weatherscan were pulled . The Weather Channel offered a less expensive deal to Verizon FiOS , which rejected the offer . Verizon cited the wide availability of the internet and mobile apps for consumers to access weather content any time of day as the reason for dropping TWC and its services . It is unknown if Frontier FiOS customers in clusters formerly served by Verizon are affected , including ( as of April 1 , 2016 ) the recently acquired clusters from California , Texas , and Florida . A representative for the network said in a statement , `` We were disappointed when , without warning late yesterday , March 9 , Verizon FiOS dropped The Weather Channel from their lineup while our companies continued to be in active conversations regarding a contract renewal . FiOS customers have enjoyed a bundle of services from The Weather Channel including the network , Weatherscan , On - Demand , a Weather Widget and streaming on mobile devices . During a winter with record - breaking storms and severe weather , The Weather Channel responded with non-stop live coverage , including the ongoing presence of our crews reporting live from hard - hit communities within the Verizon FiOS footprint . This coverage resulted in The Weather Channel being the only major cable network to grow in February . '' The Weather Channel had earlier signed renewal agreements with major providers that are members of the National Cable Television Cooperative ( NCTC ) , including Time Warner Cable and Cox Communications . However , representatives for the channel were shocked that `` Verizon FiOS would deny their subscribers access to the best live weather coverage and expertise that only The Weather Channel can provide . '' While Verizon claimed it was a long - term business decision ( instead of a carriage dispute ) that it made , The Weather Channel launched a campaign , originally urging viewers to contact FiOS about restoring the cable channel and its services . But , seeing that Verizon is not planning on bringing the channel and its services back in the near future , The Weather Channel now urges its viewers to switch providers . Winter Storm naming ( edit ) See also : Winter storm naming in the United States In the fall of 2012 , The Weather Channel began to assign names to major winter storm systems . The channel 's management stated the decision to start naming notable winter storms came as a way to more easily spread knowledge and raise awareness . By naming winter storms , TWC stated that the public would find it easier to follow storm information , social media will be able to refer to and discuss the storm , and people will have an easier time referring to the storm after it occurs . Most independent sources identify the use of winter storm names by The Weather Channel as a form of SEO - friendly branding . The first winter storm to be named by TWC was a nor'easter that hit the East Coast of the United States in November 2012 , which it named after the Greek goddess Athena . During the 2012 -- 13 season , The Weather Channel named 27 winter storms ( Athena , Brutus , Caesar , Draco , Euclid , Freyr , Gandolf , Helen , Iago , Jove , Khan , Luna , Magnus , Nemo , Orko , Plato , Q , Rocky , Saturn , Triton , Ukko , Virgil , Walda , Xerxes , Yogi , Zeus and Achilles ) . During the 2013 - 14 season , The Weather Channel named 26 winter storms ( Atlas , Boreas , Cleon , Dion , Electra , Falco , Gemini , Hercules , Ion , Janus , Kronos , Leon , Maximus , Nika , Orion , Pax , Seneca , Titan , Ulysses , Vulcan , Wiley , Xenia , Yona and Zephyr ) . Multiple factors are taken into consideration when deciding whether to name a winter storm . This includes , but is not limited to , predicted snowfall and other precipitation , wind speeds , and the timing of the storm . The Weather Channel has provided the reasoning behind their decision to name certain storms , in particular Athena , Brutus , Gandolf , Iago , Khan , Luna , Magnus , Nemo , Saturn , and Virgil . In response , the National Weather Service announced on November 7 , 2012 , that it would not recognize The Weather Channel 's names for winter storms , stating in a press release that it `` does not use the name of winter storms in its products . '' Similarly , references to the names are generally limited on TWC - provided forecasts seen on NBC 's news programs . In popular culture ( edit ) The film Back to the Future Part II has a futuristic version of The Weather Channel that looks similar to the present day logo in the year 2015 ( but centered , in Italic and without the blue box and with the planet Earth ) . In the film The Day After Tomorrow , The Weather Channel shows a tornado warning for Los Angeles . In the film Home Alone 3 , The Weather Channel shows a forecast for Chicago while a kid is watching The Weather Channel . In the Season 9 finale of the sitcom Friends , Rachel Green ( played by Jennifer Aniston ) tunes into The Weather Channel in her hotel room in Barbados , as TWC on - camera meteorologist Alexandra Steele says it is sunny in New York City ( the regular setting for the series ) ; Rachel , as a result , frustratedly calls her a `` weather bitch '' . The Weather Channel was featured in the film Sharknado 2 : The Second One , which aired on sister property ( through NBCUniversal ) Syfy . The Weather Channel was mentioned on a Ziggy comic for November 25 , 2015 . See also ( edit ) Weather portal Weather media in the United States The Weather Network -- A Canadian Category A cable and satellite channel devoted to weather forecasts . WeatherStar -- A series of proprietary computer units installed at the head end of cable television providers that disseminate weather data . The Weather Company -- The former parent company of The Weather Channel . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` IBM Finalizes Deal for Weather Channel Product and Tech Business '' . The Wrap . January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nassau ( Bahamas ) Intellistar I : 8 / 5 / 11 1 : 48 A.M '' . YouTube . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` The Weather Channel 's Parent Company is Renamed '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Cable Network Coverage Area Household Universe Estimates : January 2016 '' . Jump up ^ USPTO filings : First Use ( not First Use in Commerce date on various filings , including filing w / serial number 73369821 ) Jump up ^ Christopher H. Sterling , ed. ( 2009 - 09 - 25 ) . Encyclopedia of Journalism . SAGE Publications . p. 1456 . ISBN 1452261520 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 11 . 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Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No local information on The Weather Channel '' . Comcast ( official forum ) . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Todd Spangler ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` Multichannel News October 6 , 2009 DirecTV Goes HD With Weather Channel 's Interactive Apps -- Operator Says SD Version Has Generated Almost 1 billion Impressions In One Year '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AccuWeather Announces New Partnership With USA Today '' . AccuWeather . September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weather.com Site Overview '' . Alexa . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weather.com Analytics '' . SimilarWeb . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 sites in the world for News And Media > Weather '' . SimilarWeb . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kristi E. Swartz . `` CNN , Weather Channel win on the Web '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Jeff Masters ' WunderBlog : Wunderground.com sold to The Weather Channel Companies Weather Underground '' . Wunderground . July 2 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` October 21 , 2009 It 's Always Fair Weather ... on The Weather Channel '' . TVWeek . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.adweek.com/tvspy/boston-cbs-station-adds-weekend-morning-anchor/187507 Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( 2010 - 05 - 22 ) . Weather Channel 's Move Beyond Forecasts May Be Costly . The New York Times . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dish Network is dropping The Weather Channel . The Weather Channel news release ( 2010 - 05 - 20 ) . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wall Street Journal : `` DISH To Replace Weather Channel With Its Own ' Weather Cast ' '' , May 20 , 2010 . Archived May 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . 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Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Niziol , Tom . `` Why The Weather Channel is Naming Winter Storms '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cameron Scott . `` Why the Weather Channel is Naming Winter Storms '' . Jump up ^ `` Winter 2012 - 13 : Named Storms from ' A ' to ' Z ' ( and ' A ' Again ) '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Niziol , Tom . `` Winter Storm Athena : Why We Named It '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Storm Brutus : Why We Named It '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Niziol , Tom . `` Winter Storm Gandolf : Why We Named It '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Niziol , Tom . `` Winter Storm Iago : Why We Named It '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Niziol , Tom . `` Winter Storm Khan : Why We Named It '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Niziol , Tom . `` Winter Storm Luna : Why We Named It '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Niziol , Tom . `` Winter Storm Magnus : Why We Named It '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Niziol , Tom . `` Winter Storm Nemo : Why We Named It '' . weather.com . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Storm Saturn : Eastern Beast '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Niziol , Tom . `` Winter Storm Virgil : Why We Named It '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Samenow , Jason ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` National Weather Service : Just say no to Athena '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Channel names nor'easter , National Weather Service says not so fast '' . FNC . November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Storm Athena Forecast Impacts '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Weather Channel . 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Asia Australia Europe NBC Entertainment NBC DreamWorks Animation Television Stamford Media Center Universal Television NBC Broadcasting Affiliate Relations NBCUniversal Television Distribution NBCU Owned TV Stations O&Os NBC Owned TV Stations KNBC KNSD KNTV KXAS - TV WBTS - LD WCAU WMAQ - TV WNBC WRC - TV WTVJ WVIT Other properties : Cozi TV K15CU - D LXTV New England Cable News Telemundo Station Group KBLR KDEN - TV KEJT - LP KHRR KNSD - DT20 KNSO KSTS KTAZ KTLM KTMD KVDA KVEA KXTX - TV WKAQ - TV WNEU WNJU WSCV WSNS - TV WWSI Other properties : TeleXitos Other assets : EMKA , Ltd . International Media Distribution PictureBox Films Former / Defunct properties and predecessors : Castle Films Chapman Entertainment CIC Video Cloo Comcast Network Esquire Network FilmDistrict Filmation G4 Good Machine Gramercy Pictures Harvey Films / Harvey Comics ITC Entertainment Interscope Communications Miss Universe Multimedia Entertainment MCA Inc . October Films Kitty Films Pacific Data Images PolyGram Filmed Entertainment Propaganda Films Seagram Company Ltd . Shift Total Television Universal HD Jump up ^ Co-owned with The Amblin Group , Participant Media , Reliance Entertainment , Entertainment One and Alibaba Pictures . Jump up ^ Co-owned with China Media Capital , Shanghai Media Group and Shanghai Alliance Investment . Jump up ^ Co-owned with Hearst Communications and Verizon Communications . Jump up ^ 50 % , with Viacom 's Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Co-owned with 21st Century Fox , The Walt Disney Company and Time Warner . NBCUniversal has no involvement with Hulu operations . Jump up ^ Co-owned with The Blackstone Group and Bain Capital . Jump up ^ Co-owned with Media Globe Networks and European public broadcasters . Jump up ^ Co-owned with Mediaset . Jump up ^ The station is owned by NBCUniversal , but is controlled by Serestar Communications . Jump up ^ Co-owned with The Trump Organization before September 2015 sale to WMG / IMG . The Blackstone Group Founders Peter George Peterson Stephen A. Schwarzman Business Services CMS Computers RGIS SunGard ( minority shareholder ) Consumer / Retail Michaels ( Joint Control ) Performance Food Group Pinnacle Foods United Biscuits Financial Services BankUnited ( minority stake ) HealthMarkets ( minority stake ) FGIC ( minority stake ) Healthcare Biomet Emcure Pharmaceuticals ( investment ) Vanguard Health Systems Industrial Freescale ( Joint Control ) Klöckner Pentaplast TRW Automotive ( Control ) Media / Telecommunications eAccess ( investment ) Nielsen Holdings ( minority stake ) Axtel ( minority stake ) Deutsche Telekom ( minority stake ) TDC ( minority stake ) The Weather Channel ( minority stake ) Travel & Leisure Hilton Worldwide Center Parcs Europe ( freehold ) Caesars Entertainment Corporation ( minority stake ) Merlin Entertainments ( minority stake ) SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment Tragus Group Travelport Real estate Extended Stay America ( minority stake ) Equity Office Luxury Resorts ( LXR ) La Quinta Inns & Suites Bain Capital People Bill Bain Eric Kriss Mitt Romney Portfolio Companies Aleris Bain & Company Bain Capital Ventures Bavaria Yachtbau Bombardier Recreational Products Brake Bros Brookstone Burger King Burlington Coat Factory D&M Holdings Dollarama Domino 's Pizza DoubleClick Edcon GOME Electrical Appliances Guitar Center Gymboree HD Supply iHeartMedia Hospital Corporation of America Kansas City Bolt and Nut Company plant Michaels New Life Lodge NXP Semiconductors Sealy Corporation Staples Inc . Toys `` R '' Us Warner Music Group The Weather Channel Worldpay Aspen Education Group Aspen Achievement Academy Academy at Swift River Bromley Brook School Excel Academy Mount Bachelor Academy New Leaf Academy NorthStar Center Oakley School Wellspring Academies Atlanta companies Aaron 's , Inc . AGCO ( Duluth ) American Megatrends ( Gwinnett County ) Arby 's ( Sandy Springs ) AT&T Mobility Atlanta Bread Company ( Smyrna ) Atlanta Gas Light BellSouth Chick - fil - A ( College Park ) Church 's Chicken ( Sandy Springs ) Coca - Cola Cox Enterprises Delta Air Lines EarthLink Equifax ExpressJet ( College Park ) Georgia Natural Gas Georgia - Pacific Georgia Power Holiday Inn Holiday Inn Express The Home Depot ( Cobb County ) Hooters Intercontinental Exchange Krystal Kool Smiles ( Marietta ) Merial ( Duluth ) NCR Corporation ( Gwinnett County ) Newell Brands Popeyes ( Sandy Springs ) RaceTrac Rheem Scientific Atlanta ( Lawrenceville ) Simmons Bedding Company Southern Company SunTrust Banks Turner Broadcasting System United Parcel Service ( Sandy Springs ) Waffle House ( Gwinnett County ) The Weather Channel ( Cobb County ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Weather_Channel&oldid=809322620 '' Categories : The Weather Channel 1982 meteorology American television networks Bain Capital companies Blackstone Group companies Cobb County , Georgia English - language television stations in the United States Weather television networks American news websites Meteorological data and networks NBCUniversal networks NBCUniversal Private equity portfolio companies Television channels and stations established in 1982 Companies based in Atlanta Universal Windows Platform apps Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from July 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Português Scots Simple English Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 12 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the weather channel station on directv
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[
"\n\nThe Weather Channel\n\n\n\n\n\nLaunched\nMay 2, 1982; 35 years ago (1982-05-02)\n\n\nOwned by\nLandmark Communications (1982–2008)\nConsortium made up of The Blackstone Group, Bain Capital, and NBCUniversal (2008–)[1]\n\n\nPicture format\n1080i (HDTV)\n480i (SDTV; letterboxed with weather information)\n\n\nSlogan\nIt's Amazing Out There (main)\nWhere You Get Your Weather Matters (current promotional campaign)\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBroadcast area\nUnited States, US Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico and The Bahamas[2]\n\n\nHeadquarters\nAtlanta, Georgia\n\n\nSister channel(s)\nWeatherscan\nLocal Now\n\n\nWebsite\nweather.com\n\n\n\nAvailability\n\n\n\nTerrestrial\n\n\n\n\n\nUHF-TV Inc.\n(Willmar, Minnesota)\n\n\n\nK34HO-D (channel 34)\n\n\n\n\n\nSelective TV, Inc.\n(Alexandria, Minnesota)\n\n\n\nK50DB-D (channel 50)\n\n\nSatellite\n\n\nDish Network\n214 (HD/SD)\n\n\nDirecTV\n\n\n\n362 (HD/SD)\n1362 (On Demand)\n\n\n\n\n\nCable\n\n\nAvailable on most US cable providers\nContact your provider for information.\n\n\nIPTV\n\n\nAT&T U-verse\n\n\n\n225 (SD)\n1225 (HD)\n\n\n\n\n\nSky Angel\n320\n\n\nCenturyLinkPrismTV\n\n\n\n225 (SD)\n1225 (HD)\n\n\n\n\n\nStreaming media\n\n\nOneLink Communications\n96\n\n\nSling TV\nLocal Now service only\n\n"
] |
[
"362 (HD/SD)\n1362 (On Demand)"
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-4403363030425051444
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Allahabad High Court
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Allahabad High Court - wikipedia Allahabad High Court This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Allahabad High Court High Court Building Established 1866 ( in Agra ) 1869 ( in Allahabad ) Country India Location Principal Seat : Allahabad , U.P. Circuit Bench : Lucknow Coordinates 25 ° 27 ′ 11 '' N 81 ° 49 ′ 14 '' E / 25.45306 ° N 81.82056 ° E / 25.45306 ; 81.82056 Coordinates : 25 ° 27 ′ 11 '' N 81 ° 49 ′ 14 '' E / 25.45306 ° N 81.82056 ° E / 25.45306 ; 81.82056 Composition method Presidential with confirmation of Chief Justice of India and Governor of respective state . Authorized by Constitution of India Decisions are appealed to Supreme Court of India Judge term length mandatory retirement by age of 62 No. of positions 160 Website www.allahabadhighcourt.in Chief Justice Currently Dilip Babasaheb Bhosale Since July 2016 The Allahabad High Court or the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad is a high court based in Allahabad that has jurisdiction over the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . It was established in 1869 , making it one of the first high courts to be established in India . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Principal seat and benches 3 Chief Justice 3.1 List of Chief Justices 4 Reporting and citation 5 High Court Service 5.1 ( Organizational structure ) 5.2 BS Cadre 5.3 PS Cadre 5.4 Computer Cadre 6 Notes 7 External links History ( edit ) Allahabad became the seat of Government of North - Western Provinces and a High Court was established in 1834 but was shifted to Agra within a year . In 1868 it shifted back to Allahabad . The former High Court was located at the Accountant General 's office at the University of Allahabad complex . It was founded as the High Court of Judicature for the North - Western Provinces at Agra on 17 March 1866 by the Indian High Courts Act 1861 replacing the old Sadr Diwani Adalat . Sir Walter Morgan , Barrister - at - Law and Mr. Simpson were appointed the first Chief Justice and the first Registrar respectively of the High Court of North - Western Provinces . The location High Court for the North - Western Provinces was shifted from Agra to Allahabad in 1869 and the name was correspondingly changed to the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad from 11 March 1919 . On 2 November 1925 , the Oudh Judicial Commissioner 's Court was replaced by the Oudh Chief Court at Lucknow by the Oudh Civil Courts Act of 1925 , enacted by the United Provinces Legislature with the previous sanction of the Governor General the passing of this Act . On 25 February 1948 , the Chief Court of Oudh was amalgamated with the High Court of Allahabad . When the state of Uttaranchal , now known as Uttarakhand , was carved out of Uttar Pradesh in 2000 , this high court ceased to have jurisdiction over the districts falling in Uttaranchal . Allahabad High court was built by Khan saheb Nizamuddin of Loha Mundi , Agra , India . He also donated the water fountain to the High court . Principal seat and benches ( edit ) The seat of the court is at Allahabad . Allahabad High Court maintains a permanent circuit bench at Lucknow , the administrative capital of the state . The maximum number of serving judges is 160 , the highest in India . Chief Justice ( edit ) Justice Dilip Babasaheb Bhosale is the Chief Justice of the Court . List of Chief Justices ( edit ) # Chief Justice Term Walter Morgan ( judge ) 1866 -- 1871 Robert Stuart 1871 -- 1884 William Comer Petheram 1884 -- 1886 John Edge 1886 -- 1898 5 Louis Addin Kershaw 1898 6 Arthur Strachey 1898 -- 1901 7 John Stanley 1901 -- 1911 8 Henry George Richards 1911 -- 1919 9 Edward Grimwood Mears 1919 -- 1932 10 Shah Muhammad Sulaiman 1932 -- 1937 11 John Gibb Thom 1937 -- 1941 12 Iqbal Ahmad 1941 -- 1946 13 Kamala Kanta Verma 1946 -- 1947 14 Bidhu Bhushan Malik 1947 -- 1955 15 O.H. Mootham 1955 -- 1961 16 Manulal Chunilal Desai 1961 -- 1966 17 Vashishtha Bhargava 25 February 1966 -- 7 August 1966 18 Nasirullah Beg 1966 -- 1967 19 Vidyadhar Govind Oak 1967 -- 1971 20 Shashi Kanta Verma 1971 -- 1973 21 Dhatri Saran Mathur 1973 -- 1974 22 Kunwar Bahadur Asthana 1974 -- 1977 23 D.M. Chandrashekhar 1977 -- 1978 24 Satish Chandra 1978 -- 1983 25 Mahesh Narain Shukla 1983 -- 1985 26 Hriday Nath Seth 1986 27 Kalmanje Jagannatha Shetty 1986 -- 1987 28 Dwarka Nath Jha 29 Amitav Banerji 1987 -- 1988 30 Brahma Nath Katju 1988 -- 1989 31 B.P. Jeevan Reddy 1990 -- 1991 32 Manoj Kumar Mukherjee 1991 -- 1993 33 S.S. Sodhi 1994 -- 1995 34 A. Lakshman Rao 1995 -- 1996 35 D.P. Mohapatra 1996 -- 1998 36 N.K. Mitra 1999 -- 2000 37 Shyamal Kumar Sen 8 May 2000 -- 24 November 2002 38 Tarun Chatterjee 31 January 2003 -- 26 August 2004 39 Ajoy Nath Ray 11 January 2005 -- 26 January 2007 40 Hemant Laxman Gokhale 7 March 2007 -- 8 March 2009 41 Chandramauli Kumar Prasad 20 March 2009 -- 7 February 2010 42 Ferdino Rebello 26 June 2010 -- 30 July 2011 43 Syed Rafat Alam 4 August 2011 -- 8 August 2012 44 Shiva Kirti Singh 17 October 2012 -- 18 September 2013 45 Dhananjaya Y . Chandrachud 31 October 2013 -- 12 May 2016 46 Dilip Babasaheb Bhosale 30 July 2016 - Incumbent Reporting and citation ( edit ) Private journals that report Allahabad High Court Judgements include 1 . Allahabad Criminal Cases , 2 . Allahabad Law Journal 3 . Allahabad Daily Judgements 4 . Allahabad Civil Journal 5 . Allahabad Weekly Cases 6 . Allahabad Rent Cases 7 . Revenue Decisions 8 . U.P. Local Bodies and Education Cases 9 . Lucknow Civil Decisions ( LCD ) 10 . Judicial Interpretation on Crimes ( JIC ) High Court Service ( edit ) The Office staff at High Court of Judicature at Allahabad is broadly divided into four Cadres : General office Cadre BS Cadre PS Cadre Computer Cadre . General Office cadre is the nodal cadre for handling all the administrative and judicial work in the hon'ble court and ensuring judicial work is carried out in a streamlined and time - bound manner . BS ( Bench Secretary ) and PS ( Private Secretary ) cadres are specialised cadres and are attached to hon'ble judges to assist them in judicial proceedings and other miscellaneous work . ( Organizational structure ) ( edit ) It consists of the officers and officials of Registry with the following hierarchy . The apex two posts Registrar General and Senior Registrar are reserved for HJS ( Higher Judicial Service ) officers and both the posts are filled up from amongst one of the senior most HJS officers . Designation / Grade Pay / Group 11 ) Registrar General / A 10 ) Senior Registrar / A General Office Cadre Gazetted Officers 9 ) Registrar / 8900 ( Level 13A ) / A 8 ) Joint Registrar / 8700 ( Level 13 ) / A 7 ) Deputy Registrar / 7600 ( Level 12 ) / A 6 ) Assistant Registrar / 6600 ( Level 11 ) / A 5 ) Section Officer / 5400 ( Level 10 ) / B 4 ) Review Officer / 4800 ( Level 8 ) / B Non-Gazetted Officials 3 ) Asst . Review Officer / 4600 ( Level 7 ) 2 ) Routine grade Clerk 1 ) Peon / Bundle Lifter Bs Cadre ( edit ) It consists of Bench Secretaries of different grades . These post are filled through departmental examination . PS Cadre ( edit ) It consists of personal secretaries of various grades and personal assistants . Computer Cadre ( edit ) It consists of officers and officials in following hierarchy : System Manager Senior System Analyst System Analyst Programmer Gr. 1 Programmer Gr. 2 Computer Operator A , B & C Registrar General is the head of all the Officers and Officials working in the High Court . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ashutosh Joshi ( 1 January 2008 ) . Town Planning Regeneration of Cities . New India Publishing . p. 93 . ISBN 8189422820 . Jump up ^ Ashutosh Joshi ( 1 January 2008 ) . Town Planning Regeneration of Cities . New India Publishing . p. 122 . ISBN 8189422820 . ^ Jump up to : Ashutosh Joshi ( 1 January 2008 ) . Town Planning Regeneration of Cities . New India Publishing . p. 118 . ISBN 8189422820 . Jump up ^ http://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/justice-dilip-babasaheb-bhosale-sworn-chief-justice-allahabad-hc-07201634804.html Jump up ^ `` DB Bhosale takes over as Chief Justice of Allahabad HC '' . Business Standard . 2016 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Allahabad High Court . Official website History of Allahabad High Court Allahabad landmarks Buildings and structures Bridges New Yamuna Bridge Old Naini Bridge Government Allahabad High Court State Police Headquarters Museums and libraries Allahabad Museum Anand Bhavan Thornhill Mayne Memorial Parks and Gardens Alfred Park Khusro Bagh Minto Park Places of worship Triveni Sangam Saraswati Ghat All Saints Cathedral St. Joseph 's Cathedral Shopping centers and Markets Civil Lines Chowk Sports Madan Mohan Malviya Stadium Structures Swaraj Bhavan Mayo Memorial Hall University of Allahabad Jawahar Planetarium Allahabad Fort Transport Allahabad Junction Allahabad Airport Allahabad Metro Fests and Events Kumbh Mela Indira Marathon International Film Festival of Prayag History History Timeline Treaty of Allahabad Indian Rebellion of 1857 Capital of India Allahabad Address 1954 Kumbh Mela stampede 2013 Kumbh Mela stampede People List of people Roads and Streets MG Marg High courts of India Allahabad High Court Bombay High Court Calcutta High Court Chhattisgarh High Court Delhi High Court Gujarat High Court Gauhati High Court Himachal Pradesh High Court Hyderabad High Court Jammu and Kashmir High Court Jharkhand High Court Karnataka High Court Kerala High Court Madhya Pradesh High Court Madras High Court Manipur High Court Meghalaya High Court Odisha High Court Patna High Court Punjab and Haryana High Court Rajasthan High Court Sikkim High Court Tripura High Court Uttarakhand High Court Allahabad division topics General Allahabad High Court University of Allahabad Doab Triveni Sangam Kumbh Mela 1954 Kumbh Mela stampede 2013 Kumbh Mela stampede The Leader ( Allahabad newspaper ) The Pioneer ( newspaper ) Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture , Technology and Sciences Mythology , history History of Allahabad Nehru -- Gandhi family Sam Higginbottom Districts Allahabad Fatehpur Kaushambi Pratapgarh Rivers , dams , lakes Ganges Yamuna Languages , people Standard Hindi Awadhi Hindustani Khariboli Urdu Transport National Highway 2 Grand Trunk Road Howrah -- Delhi main line Allahabad Monorail Allahabad Bypass Expressway Lok Sabha constituencies Allahabad Phulpur Fatehpur Pratapgarh See also Cities and towns in Allahabd district Cities and towns in Fatehpur district Cities and towns in Kaushambi district Cities and towns in Pratapgarh district Villages in Allahabad district Villages in Fatehpur district Villages in Kaushambi district Villages in Pratapgarh district People from Allahabad Allahabad University alumni People from Fatehpur People from Kaushambi People from Pratapgarh Other divisions Agra Aligarh Azamgarh Bareilly Basti Chitrakoot Devipatan Faizabad Gorakhpur Jhansi Kanpur Lucknow Meerut Mirzapur Moradabad Saharanpur Varanasi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allahabad_High_Court&oldid=845851944 '' Categories : High Courts of India Allahabad High Court Advocate General Uttar Pradesh Government agencies established in 1866 1950 establishments in India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Deutsch हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी ଓଡ଼ିଆ संस्कृतम् தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 15 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who is the chief judge of allahabad high court
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"Justice Dilip Babasaheb Bhosale is the Chief Justice of the Court.[4][5]"
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"Dilip Babasaheb Bhosale"
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1486816661541440083
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Laudato si'
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Laudato si ' - wikipedia Laudato si ' Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Laudato si ( disambiguation ) . Laudato si ' Central Italian : Praise Be to You Encyclical letter of Pope Francis Date 24 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 24 ) Argument On the environment and sustainable development Pages 184 Encyclical number 2 of 2 of the pontificate Text In Latin In English ← Lumen fidei -- → Part of a series on the Catholic social teaching Emblem of the Holy See Overview Social teachings of the Popes Distributism Solidarity Subsidiarity Tranquillitas ordinis Pope Leo XIII ( show ) Rerum novarum Pope Pius XI ( show ) Divini redemptoris Mit brennender Sorge Non abbiamo bisogno Quadragesimo anno Pope Pius XII ( show ) Social teachings Pope John XXIII ( show ) Mater et magistra Pacem in terris Vatican II ( show ) Dignitatis humanae Gaudium et spes Pope Paul VI ( show ) Octogesima adveniens Populorum progressio Pope John Paul II ( show ) Laborem exercens Sollicitudo rei socialis Centesimus annus Evangelium vitae Pope Benedict XVI ( show ) Caritas in veritate Pope Francis ( show ) Evangelii Gaudium Laudato si ' Other figures ( show ) Gaspard Mermillod René de La Tour du Pin Heinrich Pesch Dorothy Day Óscar Romero Joseph Bernardin Hilaire Belloc G.K. Chesterton Catholicism portal Laudato si ' ( Medieval Central Italian for `` Praise be to you '' ) is the second encyclical of Pope Francis . The encyclical has the subtitle `` On Care For Our Common Home '' . In it , the Pope critiques consumerism and irresponsible development , laments environmental degradation and global warming , and calls all people of the world to take `` swift and unified global action '' . The encyclical , dated 24 May 2015 , was officially published at noon on 18 June 2015 accompanied by a news conference . The Vatican released the document in Italian , German , English , Spanish , French , Polish , Portuguese and Arabic alongside the original Latin . The encyclical is the second published by Francis , after Lumen fidei ( `` Light of Faith '' ) which was released in 2013 . Since Lumen fidei was largely the work of Francis 's predecessor Benedict XVI , Laudato si ' is generally viewed as the first encyclical that is entirely the work of Francis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 1.1 Environmentalism 1.2 Poverty 1.3 Science and modernism 1.4 Technology 1.5 Other topics 1.6 Sources 2 History 2.1 Early stages 2.2 Leak 2.3 Release 3 Reception 3.1 Within Roman Catholic Church 3.1. 1 Criticism 3.2 From other faiths 3.3 From world leaders 3.4 From the scientific community 3.5 Impact on the United States political system 3.5. 1 Neoconservative critique and counterarguments 3.6 From industry 3.7 From other groups 4 In music 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Ecological consciousness 7.2 Global climate change 7.3 Life of St. Francis 7.4 Technocratic paradigm 8 External links Content ( edit ) Play media John Zizioulas , Eastern Orthodox metropolitan of Pergamon , presents the encyclical Laudato si ' at the Press conference in Rome The title of the social encyclical is an Umbrian phrase from Saint Francis of Assisi 's 13th - century `` Canticle of the Sun '' ( also called the Canticle of the Creatures ) , a poem and prayer in which God is praised for the creation of the different creatures and aspects of the Earth . The tone of the Pope 's phrasing has been described as `` cautious and undogmatic , and he specifically calls for discussion and dialogue . '' For example , he states in the encyclical ( # 188 ) : There are certain environmental issues where it is not easy to achieve a broad consensus . Here I would state once more that the Church does not presume to settle scientific questions or to replace politics . But I am concerned to encourage an honest and open debate so that particular interests or ideologies will not prejudice the common good . He adds that `` Although the post-industrial period may well be remembered as one of the most irresponsible in history , nonetheless there is reason to hope that humanity at the dawn of the twenty - first century will be remembered for having generously shouldered its grave responsibilities . '' Francis does state that concern for the natural world is no longer `` ' optional ' but is an integral part of the Church teaching on social justice . '' Francis reportedly has said that the encyclical was not really an environmental document at all . The warming of the planet is a symptom of a greater problem : the developed world 's indifference to the destruction of the planet as they pursue short - term economic gains . This has resulted in a `` throwaway culture '' in which unwanted items and unwanted people , such as the unborn , the elderly , and the poor , are discarded as waste . This subtext makes the document `` more profoundly subversive '' than it appears on the surface . The real problem , according to Francis , lies in the fact that humans no longer see God as the Creator . Thus we see `` other living beings as mere objects subjected to arbitrary human domination '' and do not realize that `` the ultimate purpose of other creatures is not found in us . '' Francis says that instead of viewing humanity as having `` dominion '' over the earth , we must see that everything is interconnected and that all of creation is a `` kind of universal family '' . Nature can not be seen as something apart from humanity , or merely the place where we live . He says that our social and environmental crises are thus one complex crisis that must be solved holistically . Environmentalism ( edit ) Francis `` pulls no punches '' when lamenting pollution , climate change , a lack of clean water , loss of biodiversity , and an overall decline in human life and a breakdown of society . `` Never have we so hurt and mistreated our common home as we have in the last two hundred years , '' he states . He `` describe ( s ) a relentless exploitation and destruction of the environment , for which he blamed apathy , the reckless pursuit of profits , excessive faith in technology and political shortsightedness . '' Laudato si ' `` unambiguously accepts the scientific consensus that changes in the climate are largely man - made '' and states that `` climate change is a global problem with grave implications : environmental , social , economic , political and for the distribution of goods . It represents one of the principal challenges facing humanity in our day '' and warns of `` unprecedented destruction of ecosystems , with serious consequence for all of us '' if prompt climate change mitigation efforts are not undertaken . The encyclical highlights the role of fossil fuels in causing climate change . `` We know that technology based on the use of highly polluting fossil fuels -- especially coal , but also oil and , to a lesser degree , gas -- needs to be progressively replaced without delay , '' Francis says . `` Until greater progress is made in developing widely accessible sources of renewable energy , it is legitimate to choose the less harmful alternative or to find short - term solutions . '' The encyclical 's comments on climate change are consistent with the scientific consensus on climate change . Poverty ( edit ) The encyclical states that developed nations are morally obligated to assist developing nations in combating the climate - change crisis . Poor nations , the pontiff says , are ill - prepared to adapt to the effects of climate change and will bear the brunt of its effects . Linking the issues of poverty , which has been a major issue in his papacy , and the environment , he insists that the world must `` hear both the cry of the earth and the cry of the poor . '' He does not believe , according to R.R. Reno , that `` for all our flaws , Western societies are more democratic , more egalitarian , and more inclusive than any in history . '' Citing the New Zealand Bishops Conference Statement on Environmental Issues , Francis asks `` what the commandment ' Thou shall not kill ' means when ' twenty percent of the world 's population consumes resources at a rate that robs the poor nations and future generations of what they need to survive . ' '' Science and modernism ( edit ) `` Science and religion , with their distinctive approaches to understanding reality , can enter into an intense dialogue fruitful for both , '' according to the pontiff . Religions , including Christianity , can make `` rich contributions ... towards an integral ecology and the full development of humanity , '' However , `` the scientific and experimental method '' itself can be part of the problem when it decouples creation from the Creator . The editor of First Things R.R. Reno critiques the encyclical , writing Laudato si ' makes `` many fierce denunciations of the current global order . '' This global order `` destroys the environment , oppresses the multitudes , and makes us blind to the beauty of creation . '' According to Reno , the critiques of the scientific and technocratic present contained in the encyclical make this `` perhaps the most anti-modern encyclical since the Syllabus of Errors , Pius IX 's haughty 1864 dismissal of the conceits of the modern era . '' He adds that the encyclical 's tone lacks elements commonly found in the works of John Paul II and Benedict XVI that , in the tradition of Gaudium et Spes , would have affirmed the modern world while correcting its errors . Technology ( edit ) Modern technology , the `` dominant technological paradigm '' , is seen as a key contributor to the environmental crisis and human suffering . `` The technological paradigm has become so dominant that it would be difficult to do without its resources and even more difficult to utilize them without being dominated by their internal logic . It has become countercultural to choose a lifestyle whose goals are even partly independent of technology ... Technology tends to absorb everything into its ironclad logic , and those who are surrounded with technology ' know full well that it moves forward in the final analysis neither for profit nor for the well - being of the human race . ' '' Technology is not value neutral and technological developments are directed by the profit motive , according to Pope Francis . This is a form of institutionalized greed , generally with little regard for environmental and social consequences . `` The economy accepts every advance in technology with a view to profit , without concern for its potentially negative impact on human beings '' . The encyclical warns against `` blind confidence in technical solutions , '' particularly in view of the fact that `` the specialization which belongs to technology makes it difficult to see the large picture , '' which `` can actually become a form of ignorance . '' As a result , many technological solutions are nothing more than short - term techno - fixes attempting to remove symptoms rather than addressing the underlying environmental , social , economic , and even moral and spiritual problems : `` Technology , which , linked to business interests , is presented as the only way of solving these problems , in fact proves incapable of seeing the mysterious network of relations between things and so sometimes solves one problem only to create others . '' Given these significant short - comings of technology , `` scientific and technological progress can not be equated with progress of humanity and history , '' and we are deluded by the myth of progress to believe that `` ecological problems will solve themselves simply with the application of new technology and without need for ethical consideration or deep change . '' A profound redefinition of progress and `` liberation from the dominant technocratic paradigm '' are needed , i.e. , `` we have the freedom needed to limit and direct technology ; we can put it at the service of another type of progress , one which is healthier , more human , more social , more integral . '' More fundamentally , according to the pontiff , we need to recognize that `` technology severed from ethics will not easily be able to limit its own power , '' and that `` the most extraordinary scientific advances , the most amazing technical abilities , the most astonishing economic growth , unless they are accompanied by authentic social and moral progress , will definitively turn against man . '' Pope Francis adds that the environmental crisis can ultimately only be solved if our immense technological developments are accompanied by a `` development in human responsibility , values , and conscience . '' Other topics ( edit ) According to a New York Times summary , the encyclical is `` sweeping '' in scope and is wide - ranging ( 80 pages / 45,000 words ) , including mentions of such topics as urban planning , agricultural economics , and biodiversity . The encyclical also gives voice to the Pope 's opposition to abortion , embryonic stem cell research and population control -- saying that respect for creation and human dignity go hand in hand . `` Since everything is interrelated , '' Francis says , `` concern for the protection of nature is also incompatible with the justification of abortion . '' According to the Pope , we ca n't in fact `` genuinely teach the importance of concern for other vulnerable beings , however troublesome or inconvenient they may be , if we fail to protect a human embryo , even when its presence is uncomfortable and creates difficulties . '' Laudato si ' opposes gender theory and supports `` valuing one 's own body in its femininity or masculinity . '' In acknowledging differences , the Pope states `` we can joyfully accept the specific gifts of another man or woman , the work of God the Creator , and find mutual enrichment . '' Sources ( edit ) The encyclical has 172 footnoted citations , many to Francis 's immediate predecessors , John Paul II and Benedict XVI . The encyclical also `` draws prominently from '' Bartholomew I of Constantinople , the patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church of Constantinople and an ally of the pope . It is highly unusual to quote an Orthodox bishop in a papal document . More than 10 % of the footnotes , 21 , cite documents from 16 bishops ' conferences around the world , mostly from the global south . This is the first encyclical to cite bishops ' conferences . This was an effort , experts believe , to build alliances on a controversial topic . The encyclical also cites Saint Thomas Aquinas ; Ali al - Khawas , a 9th - century Sufi mystic ; Pierre Teilhard de Chardin ; and Romano Guardini . History ( edit ) Early stages ( edit ) Speculation about an `` environmental encyclical '' to be issued by Pope Francis first began in November 2013 . On 24 January 2014 , the Vatican confirmed that drafting had begun . The Rev. Federico Lombardi , the Holy See Press Office director , said that the document was in its very early stages , that no publication date had been set , and that the encyclical would be about ecology ( and specifically the `` ecology of man '' ) . Cardinal Peter Turkson , the president of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace , and his team wrote the first draft of the encyclical . The draft was later reviewed by several theologians as well and sent ( about three weeks before the encyclical 's release ) to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith , the second section of the Secretariat of State , and the theologian of the Papal Household . Edits were made based on their responses . In drafting the encyclical , the Vatican consulted with leading scientific experts for months . One of the experts consulted was Hans Joachim Schellnhuber , the founder and head of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research and chair of the German Advisory Council on Global Change . On 28 April 2015 , in advance of the encyclical 's release , the Vatican hosted a one - day conference on climate change , featuring Turkson , United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon ( who delivered the keynote address ) , Ecuadorian president Rafael Correa and American economist Jeffrey Sachs . The title and subtitle of the encyclical were first reported on in a Twitter message by Spanish - language journalist Mercedes De La Torre on 30 May 2015 . The Vatican confirmed that the title would be Laudato si ' on 10 June . While some initial reports said the encyclical would be called Laudato Sii , this was incorrect ; the pope chose to use the original Umbrian form and spelling of the poem , with a single i . On 4 June , the Vatican press office announced that the encyclical -- which was `` already attracting global attention for its expected discourses on Catholic theology on ecology , current environmental destruction , and climate change '' -- would be released on 18 June . Leak ( edit ) Four days before the encyclical 's release , the Italian magazine L'Espresso posted a leaked draft of the document online . The leaked document `` almost exactly matched '' the final document . The leak angered Vatican officials who called it a `` heinous act '' and revoked the press credentials of the longtime L'Espresso Vatican correspondent Sandro Magister . The New York Times and the Italian newspaper La Stampa both noted suggestions that the leak came from conservatives inside the Vatican who wished to embarrass the pope and hinder the rollout of the encyclical . Release ( edit ) The encyclical letter was officially released at an event in the New Synod Hall of the Vatican City . Speaking at the press conference were Turkson , Schellnhuber , and John Zizioulas ( the metropolitan of Pergamon , representing the Orthodox Church ) . On the day of the encyclical 's official release , Pope Francis issued two messages about it on his official Twitter account , @ Pontifex . It has been suggested that the encyclical 's release was timed to influence three summits being held at the United Nations on financial aid , sustainable development and climate change later in 2015 . Reception ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the English - speaking world and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After the encyclical was released , the Vatican 's website was briefly inaccessible as many people tried to read it . It has been described as `` one of the shrewdest documents issued by the Vatican during the past century '' and `` has revealed Francis as a wily and sophisticated politician of the first order . '' It contains , according to Paul Vallely , `` a raft of defenses against critics who dismiss it as the work of some kind of left - wing maverick . '' Within roman Catholic Church ( edit ) The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops , led by its president Joseph Edward Kurtz , the archbishop of Louisville , described the encyclical as `` our marching orders for advocacy '' and planned briefings on the encyclical with both chambers of Congress and with the White House . Cardinal Sean O'Malley of Boston said that the `` constant linkage throughout the encyclical of the dual need to respect and protect `` Our Common Home '' and the need to respect and protect the dignity and lives of the poor may be regarded as the distinctive characteristic of this powerful message of Pope Francis . '' Filipino Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle , the Archbishop of Manila , wrote that `` In Laudato si ' Pope Francis reminds us to replace consumption with a sense of sacrifice , greed with generosity and wastefulness with a spirit of sharing . We must `` give , and not simply give up . '' We are called to free ourselves from all that is heavy and negative and wasteful and to enter into dialogue with our global family . '' The three bishops of Northern and Central California , Stephen Blaire , Armando Xavier Ochoa , and Jaime Soto , issued a joint statement that highlighted how climate change disproportionately affects the poor . `` The Catholic perspective is that human and natural ecology go hand in hand , '' the trio said . `` We are called to solidarity with the poor as well as stewardship of the Earth . Our deep regard for the dignity of every person commands us to cultivate a climate of life where each of God 's children thrive and join with creation in praising our Creator . This is the ' integral ecology ' of which Pope Francis speaks . '' Bishop Richard Pates of Des Moines , Iowa , which has the first major presidential primary contest in the United States , called on candidates to show courage and leadership on the issue , saying `` With presidential candidates already visiting us regularly , I encourage Catholics across our state , and all people of good will , to talk to them and ask not if , but how , they plan to work toward solutions to climate change . '' German Archbishop of Hamburg Stefan Heße praised the encyclical , calling it `` valuable momentum for a worldwide ecological reorientation . '' He commented further , saying : He makes it clear that urgent issues of the future for the whole world and for all human beings have to be solved . Without a radical change of mentality , it will not do . Thus he underlines that the problems that concern all can be solved only by all . Vaticanologist John L. Allen , Jr. , said in an analysis , `` Laudato si ' seems destined to go down as a major turning point , the moment when environmentalism claimed pride of place on a par with the dignity of human life and economic justice as a cornerstone of Catholic social teaching . It also immediately makes the Catholic Church arguably the leading moral voice in the press to combat global warming and the consequences of climate change . '' Catholic Millennials have written widely giving their opinions of the encyclical . Criticism ( edit ) Samuel Gregg , director of research at the libertarian Acton Institute , has criticized `` the sheer overreach that plagues '' Laudato si ' . RealClearReligion editor Nicholas Hahn has said that `` Good Catholics can disagree on how to combat climate change and should n't worry about being sent to the confessional if they drive a SUV . '' This criticism comes despite the fact that Francis took `` care to locate his text firmly in the substantial body of teaching set out by previous popes , '' especially John Paul II and Benedict XVI , who are especially admired by conservative Catholics . From other faiths ( edit ) Three days before the encyclical was released , the 14th Dalai Lama issued a Twitter message stating : `` Since climate change and the global economy now affect us all , we have to develop a sense of the oneness of humanity . '' Two days before the encyclical was released , Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby , head of the Anglican Communion , issued a `` green declaration '' ( also signed by the Methodist Conference as well as representatives of the Catholic Church in England and Wales and the British Muslim , Sikh and Jewish communities ) urging a transition to a low - carbon economy and fasting and prayer for success at the December 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris . The same day , the Lausanne Movement of global evangelical Christians said it was anticipating the encyclical and was grateful for it . The encyclical was also welcomed by the World Council of Churches and the Christian Reformed Church in North America . Play media Pope Francis 's environmental encyclical Laudato si ' has been welcomed by many environmental organisations of different faiths -- Interfaith march in Rome to call for climate action From world leaders ( edit ) The Secretary - General of the United Nations , Ban Ki - moon , welcomed the encyclical in a statement on the day it was released . Kofi Annan , the former UN secretary - general and current chair of the Africa Progress Panel , also issued a statement in support of the encyclical , stating `` As Pope Francis reaffirms , climate change is an all - encompassing threat. ... I applaud the Pope for his strong moral and ethical leadership . We need more of such inspired leadership . Will we see it at the climate summit in Paris ? '' Christiana Figueres , the executive secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change , said : `` Pope Francis is personally committed to this issue like no other pope before him . I do think the encyclical is going to have a major impact . It will speak to the moral imperative of addressing climate change in a timely fashion in order to protect the most vulnerable . '' On the same day , Jim Yong Kim , the president of the World Bank Group , also praised the encyclical . From the scientific community ( edit ) Science historian Naomi Oreskes observes that Laudato si ' `` insists we embrace the moral dimensions of problems that have heretofore been viewed primarily as scientific , technological , and economic . '' The encyclical gave a boost to the fossil fuel divestment movement . Hans Joachim Schellnhuber , the founding director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research ( PIK ) and chair of the German Advisory Council on Global Change , who advised the Vatican on the drafting of the encyclical , said that `` the science of Laudato si ' is watertight '' and gave the pontiff an `` A '' for command of the subject . An editorial in Nature praised the encyclical for its statements about sustainability and global poverty and the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources : `` The papal calls to end poverty and share the world 's ecological space in a fair way are objectives that mirror the United Nations ' Sustainable Development Goals , to be released in September . The Pope 's letter adds an important facet to the discussion : it is not merely conceivable to secure a sound future for human civilization without relying on coal , oil and gas -- it is a prerequisite . '' However it criticized Francis for ignoring important issues like family planning and birth control . `` Alas , he remained silent on issues of contraception . With a world population heading towards a possible 10 billion , the importance of family planning is clear . The Vatican has been brave on climate change . If it is serious about the fate of the planet and the welfare of its inhabitants , then it must be braver still on the issue of contraception . '' A review by nine climate scientists under the Climate Feedback project concluded the encyclical `` rather accurately depicts the current reality of climate change '' and `` fairly represents the present concerns raised by the scientific community . '' Nicholas Stern , chair of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and author of an influential report on climate change , stated that `` The publication of the Pope 's encyclical is of enormous significance . He has shown great wisdom and leadership . Pope Francis is surely absolutely right that climate change raises vital moral and ethical issues ... Moral leadership on climate change from the Pope is particularly important because of the failure of many heads of state and government around the world to show political leadership . '' Leading ecological economist and steady - state theorist Herman Daly praised the Pope 's encyclical on the grounds that it `` ... unifies the main divisions of Christianity on at least the fundamental recognition that we have a shamefully neglected duty to care for the Earth out of which we evolved , and to share the Earth 's life support more equitably with each other , with the future , and with other creatures . '' Daly even believes that the Pope `` skates fairly close to the idea of steady - state economics , '' although the important issues of population stabilization , responsible family planning and contraception were `` conspicuously near - absent '' in the encyclical . Impact on the United States political system ( edit ) Stephen F. Schneck , the director of Institute for Policy Research & Catholic Studies at The Catholic University of America , has said that `` Something 's going to come out of this and it 's definitely going to have an impact on public policy in the US . '' However , Kathy Saile , the former long time director of the US bishops ' office for domestic social justice , does not believe that `` it will spark a climate change bill , but someday when negotiations are happening on a bill or a treaty , these kinds of moral teachings could have an influence . '' Nonetheless , she added , `` Pope Francis 's tone , his honesty , how he talks about mercy and care for the poor , and his genuine desire to be a bridge , '' could influence political culture in Washington . `` If he could change the tone of the debate , that would be an amazing gift . '' Miami Archbishop Thomas Wenski , chairman of the US bishops ' committee on domestic peace and justice , wrote a letter to Congress letting them know that `` The U.S. bishops stand united with the Holy Father in his call to protect creation . '' He also asked them to `` resist any effort to impair the development of a national carbon standard and instead to support our nation 's ability to address this urgent global challenge confronting the human family . '' Schneck opined that `` This is different than the normal letters that the USCCB sends over all the time on a variety of issues . It really transcends the fault lines of both US politics and politics around the world . '' Cornell anthropologists Annelise Riles and Vincent Ialenti told NPR.org : `` We find Laudato Si ' important because it defies the United States ' political imagination at every turn . In some moments , the pope reads like an archconservative , in other moments an archliberal . Sometimes he defers to scientists , other times he quotes scripture and , still other times , he criticizes the very foundations of economics . Mixing together ideas many see as incompatible , he forces us to think . '' The New York Times reported that the encyclical put pressure on Catholics seeking the Republican Party nomination for president of the United States in 2016 , including Jeb Bush , Marco Rubio , and Rick Santorum , who `` have questioned or denied the established science of human - caused climate change , and have harshly criticized policies designed to tax or regulate the burning of fossil fuels . '' Jeb Bush said : `` I hope I 'm not going to get castigated for saying this by my priest back home , but I do n't get economic policy from my bishops or my cardinal or my pope . '' Neoconservative critique and counterarguments ( edit ) Neoconservative circles in the United States have criticized the encyclical right from its publication in Rome , sometimes in very harsh terms . Writing in the Weekly Standard , Irwin M. Stelzer has argued that Pope Francis is unambiguously opposed to the American system of `` savage capitalism '' . He has famously quoted a fourth century Doctor of the Church , St. Basil of Caesarea , who called money `` the devil 's dung '' , has railed against the `` anonymous influences of mammon '' and a `` new colonialism '' that includes `` free trade treaties ... ( and ) imposition of austerity , '' and stated a preference for `` cooperatives '' . Throw in Francis ' views that we are witnessing `` a disturbing warming of the climatic system ... due to the great concentration of greenhouse gasses , '' and that `` there is an urgent need of a true world political authority , '' and you have positions that it will take more than a spoonful of the Pontiff 's charm to make go down the throats of many Americans . From industry ( edit ) A lobbyist of Arch Coal sent an email to Republican lawmakers stating the pope `` does not appear to address the tragedy of global energy poverty . '' The lobbyist argued the church should promote fossil fuels instead if he really cared about the poor . The email suggested `` talking points '' to the legislators for defending the coal industry and rejecting the arguments of the pope . The lobbyist wrote : `` Billions of people around the globe are living without electrification and suffering through untold poverty and disease as a result . '' In contrast to these arguments the encyclical argues that fossil fuels in general and coal in particular threaten the poor : Fossil fuels are a threat to prosperity for the poor . They would suffer even more in particular from sea level rise , droughts , warming and extreme weather caused by burning fossil fuels . From other groups ( edit ) The LGBT - interest magazine The Advocate noted that the encyclical contains passages which reinforce the church 's position against the transsexuality movement , calling for `` the acceptance of our bodies as God 's gift . '' Nivien Saleh of SweetOnion.Net analyzed the encyclical 's stance on the way society produces , trades and consumes food . She found that Laudato si ' strongly favors a plant - based lifestyle as it minimizes cruelty towards factory livestock , supports biodiversity and stems global warming . Bill McKibben in The New York Review of Books reviewed the encyclical . In music ( edit ) On behalf of the Diocese of Limburg , Peter Reulein wrote the music for the oratorio Laudato si ' -- a Franciscan Magnificat to the libretto by Helmut Schlegel OFM . This work is based on the Latin version of the Magnificat , corresponds to the Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy , and includes texts from the apostolic exhortation Evangelii gaudium and the encyclical Laudato si ' . The premiere of the oratorio took place in the Limburg Cathedral on 6 November 2016 . See also ( edit ) Climate change and poverty Saints and animal / plant life Synod of Bishops for the Pan-Amazon region References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Encyclical Letter Laudato Si ' Of The Holy Father Francis On Care For Our Common Home ( official English - language text of encyclical ) '' . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Yardley , Jim ; Goodstein , Laurie ( 18 June 2015 ) . `` Pope Francis , in Sweeping Encyclical , Calls for Swift Action on Climate Change '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rocca , Francis X . ( 18 June 2015 ) . `` Pope Delivers Strong Message on Climate Change in Encyclical ' Laudato Si '' . Wall Street Journal . The languages were Arabic , English , French , German , Italian , Polish , Portuguese , and Spanish . ^ Jump up to : San Martín , Inés ( 17 June 2015 ) . `` ' Laudato Si ' will be an encyclical for the ages '' . Crux . Jump up ^ Rocca , Francis X. ; Nakrosis , Stephen ( 18 June 2015 ) . `` 5 Things to Know About Pope Francis ' Encyclical ' Laudato Si ' '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Avviso di Conferenza Stampa , 10 June 2015 '' . Vatican Bulletin . 10 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Longenecker , Dwight ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Can a good Catholic dissent from Laudato Si ' ? '' . Crux . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` On Care for Our Common Home : Laudato Si Pamphlet '' ( pdf ) . Our Sunday Visitor. 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Vallely , Paul ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` The Pope 's Ecological Vow '' . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Reno , R.R. ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` The Return of Catholic Anti-Modernism '' . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Jr. , John L. ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Pope 's eco-manifesto looks like a game - changer in the US '' . Crux . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gillis , Justin ( 18 June 2015 ) . `` Pope Francis Aligns Himself With Mainstream Science on Climate '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Pope Francis blasts abortion , population control in new encyclical '' . Catholic News Agency . 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Rose Troup ( 18 June 2015 ) . `` Pope Francis links saving the planet to ending abortion '' . The Independent . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Jr. , John L. ( June 20 , 2015 ) . `` The encyclical 's footnotes say a lot about this pope '' . Crux . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aisha Bhoori . `` Meet the Muslim Mystic Pope Francis Cited in His Encyclical '' . TIME . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Faggioli , Massimo ( 18 June 2015 ) . `` Global Warning : Pope Francis 's Environmental Encyclical '' . Commonweal . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Roewe , Brian ( 24 January 2014 ) . `` Papal encyclical on environment in process '' . National Catholic Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Kaleem , Jaweed ( 18 June 2015 ) . `` Pope Francis Releases ' Laudato Si ' Encyclical and Lays Out Moral Case for Addressing Climate Change '' . Huffington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` Cardinal Turkson : Laudato si ' inspired by St. Francis of Assisi '' . Vatican Radio . 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Gibson , David ( 15 April 2015 ) . `` Pope Francis throws the weight of his office behind tackling climate change '' . Religion News Service . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador 's President Presents Climate Change Policies at Vatican '' . Telesur. 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirchgaessner , Stephanie ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` Vatican official calls for moral awakening on global warming '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ McElwee , Joshua J. ( 30 May 2015 ) . `` Report : Francis ' environmental encyclical titled ' Laudato Sii ' ( Praised Be ) '' . National Catholic Reporter . Jump up ^ McElwee , Joshua J. ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` Vatican confirms title of environmental encyclical : Laudato Si ' '' . National Catholic Reporter . Jump up ^ McElwee , Joshua J. ( 4 June 2015 ) . `` Francis ' encyclical on the environment to be released June 18 '' . National Catholic Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Koffler , Jacob ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Pope Francis ' Climate - Change Encyclical Leaked Four Days Early by Italian Magazine '' . Time . ^ Jump up to : Winfield , Nicole ( 16 June 2015 ) . `` Pope Francis ' Encyclical Leaked , Now Fallout Begins '' . U.S. News & World Report . Associated Press . ^ Jump up to : San Martín , Inés ( 18 June 2015 ) . `` Expert calls the science behind the papal encyclical ' watertight ' '' . Crux . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Vaughan , Adam ( 18 June 2015 ) . `` The Pope 's encyclical on climate change -- live reaction and analysis '' . Jump up ^ Cama , Timothy ( 18 June 2015 ) . `` Catholic bishops to meet with Congress , White House on climate change '' . The Hill . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Cardinal Sean O'Malley on `` Laudato Si '' `` . Archdiocese of Boston . June 18 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinal Tagle writes Caritas a letter on Laudato Si ' '' . Vatican Radio . July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blaire , Stephen E. ; Ochoa , Armando Xavier ; Soto , Jaime ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Climate change is a moral issue '' . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pates , Richard ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Candidates should show honesty , courage on climate change '' . Des Moines Register . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Erzbischof würdigt Umwelt - Enzyklika des Papstes '' ( Archbishop commends environmental papal encyclical ) . Erzbistum Hamburg ( in German ) . 18 June 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ de Vries , Mark ( 19 June 2015 ) . `` Bishops react to Laudato si ' '' . In Caelo et in Terra . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Allen , Jr. , John L. ( 18 June 2015 ) . `` If ' Laudato Si ' is an earthquake , it had plenty of early tremors '' . Crux . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Millennial Catholics on Pope Francis ' Laudato Si ( Praised Be ) '' . Millennial . June 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : O'Loughlin , Michael ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Pope Francis has spoken on the environment . Will the US Congress listen ? '' . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archbishop joins faith leaders calling for action on climate change '' . Archbishop of Canterbury. 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statement attributable to the Spokesman for the Secretary - General on the Papal Encyclical by His Holiness Pope Francis , New York '' . 18 June 2015 . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kofi Annan 's Statement in Support of the Encyclical on Climate Change by His Holiness Pope Francis '' . 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Vidal , John ( 13 June 2015 ) . `` Explosive intervention by Pope Francis set to transform climate change debate '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Heald , seth . `` The Pope 's Climate Message in the United States : Moral Arguments and Moral Disengagement '' . Environment . Taylor & Francis ( May -- June 2016 ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Encyclical on Climate Change and Inequality : On Care for Our Common Home , P. Francis , introduction by Naomi Oreskes , ( Brooklyn , NY : Melville House , 2015 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 612 - 19528 - 5 Jump up ^ Schwartz , John ( 18 June 2015 ) . `` Papal Encyclical Heartens Proponents of Fossil - Fuel Divestment '' . New York Times . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hope from the Pope . In : Nature 522 , ( 2015 ) , 391 , doi : 10.1038 / 522391a . Jump up ^ `` Analysis of Pope Francis ' Encyclical Laudato Si '' . 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Herman E. Daly ( 23 June 2015 ) . `` Thoughts on Pope Francis ' Laudato Si '' . Center for the Advancement of the Steady State Economy . Jump up ^ * `` Excited About The Pope 's Visit ? Read ' Laudato Si ' '' Cosmos & Culture , NPR.org ( 26 September 2015 ) Jump up ^ Davenport , Caral ( 16 June 2015 ) . `` Pope 's Views on Climate Change Add Pressure to Catholic Candidates '' . New York Times . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jeb Bush joins Republican backlash against pope on climate change '' . The Guardian . 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ M. Nicolas J. Firzli : ' Climate Change : Renewed Sense of Urgency in Washington and Beijing ' , Revue Analyse Financière , Q3 2015 -- Issue N ° 56 Jump up ^ Irwin M. Stelzer : ' Francis in the Land of Savage Capitalism ' , Weekly Standard / The Blog , Sept 12 2015 -- Online issue Jump up ^ Climate Deniers Say Nope to `` Red Pope '' , The New Republic , 17 June 2015 Jump up ^ Ring , Trudy ( 18 June 2015 ) . `` Is the Pope 's Environmental Encyclical Anti-transgender ? '' . The Advocate . Jump up ^ Saleh , Nivien ( 21 August 2015 ) . `` Why Pope Francis Wants You to Eat Veggies : A Look at the Encyclical Laudato Si ' '' . SweetOnion.Net . Jump up ^ McKibben , Bill ( 13 August 2015 ) . `` The Pope and the Planet '' . The New York Review of Books . Jump up ^ Reulein , Peter ; Schlegel , Helmut ( 2016 ) . Laudato si ' / Ein franziskanisches Magnificat . Limburg an der Lahn : Dehm Verlag . p. 230 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 943302 - 34 - 9 . ISMN 979 - 0 - 50226 - 047 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Festkonzert zum Jubiläum des Referates Kirchenmusik / Laudato si ' -- Oratorium von Peter Reulein ( Uraufführung ) '' ( in German ) . Liebfrauen , Frankfurt . 2016 . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Annett , Anthony , Jeffrey Sachs , and William Vendley ( 2017 ) . The Significance of Laudato si ' . Mahwah , NJ : Paulist Press . Ecological consciousness ( edit ) Devall , Bill , and George Sessions ( 2001 ) . Deep Ecology : Living as if Nature Mattered . Gibbs Smith , ISBN 0879052473 , 267 pp . Ialenti , Vincent ( Forthcoming ) . `` Alter - Ecologies : Envisioning Papal & Ecomodernist Nuclear Energy Policy Futures . '' In Laudato si ' : Reflections on the Legal , Political and Moral Authority of Catholic Social Thought in an Era of Climate Crisis ( ed . Frank Pasquale ) . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . Sessions , George ( 1995 ) . Deep Ecology for the Twenty - First Century . Shambala Press , ISBN 1570620490 , 520 pp . Global climate change ( edit ) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) . United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ( 2001 ) . Global Climate Change : A Plea for Dialogue , Prudence and the Common Good ... Life of St. Francis ( edit ) Brown , Raphael ( 1958 ) , The Little Flowers of St. Francis , Image Books , ISBN 0385075448 , 357 pp . Thomas of Celano ( 1988 ) , St. Francis of Assisi : First and Second Life of St. Francis With Selections from the Treatise on the Miracles of Blessed Francis , 1st edition , Franciscan Herald Press , ISBN 0819905542 , 405 pp . Technocratic paradigm ( edit ) Barbour , Ian G. ( 1980 ) , Technology , Environment , and Human Values , Praeger , ISBN 0275914836 , 342 pp . Huesemann , Michael H. , and Joyce A. Huesemann ( 2011 ) . Technofix : Why Technology Wo n't Save Us or the Environment , New Society Publishers , Gabriola Island , British Columbia , Canada , ISBN 0865717044 , 464 pp. ( Note : This book is endorsed by Vandana Shiva , who met with Pope Francis in 2014 to discuss the state of the environment and the need for a new technological paradigm ) . Mander , Jerry ( 1992 ) , In the Absence of the Sacred , Sierra Club Books , ISBN 0871565099 , 458 pp . External links ( edit ) Laudato si ' in English -- official text of the encyclical from the official website of the Holy See Laudato si ' -- The Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace The Ecumenical Laudato si ' Framework Video of the presentation of the encyclical -- from the Vatican Television Center / Vatican Radio 's official YouTube channel ( hide ) Pope Francis Born Jorge Mario Bergoglio , 17 December 1936 Archbishop of Buenos Aires ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Pope ( 2013 -- present ) Events Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI 2013 conclave Inauguration People declared venerable People beatified Canonizations Meeting with Patriarch Kirill Cardinals created U.S. -- Cuban Thaw Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy Women 's Diaconate Order of Malta leadership Constitutions Vultum Dei quaerere ( Seeking the Face of God ) Exhortations Evangelii gaudium ( The Joy of the Gospel ) Amoris laetitia ( The Joy of Love ) Letters Magnum principium ( The Great Principle ) Misericordia et misera ( Mercy and Misery ) Encyclicals Lumen fidei ( The Light of Faith ) Laudato si ' ( Praise Be to You ) Related books Pope Francis : Conversations with Jorge Bergoglio : His Life in His Own Words On Heaven and Earth Pope Francis : Life and Revolution Visits Philippines North America Kenya People Benedict ( Pope emeritus ) Alfred Xuereb ( former first personal secretary ) Fabián Pedacchio ( first personal secretary ) Yoannis Lahzi Gaid ( second personal secretary ) Guido Marini ( Master of Pontifical Liturgical Celebrations ) Georg Gänswein ( Prefect of the Papal Household ) Sergio Rubin ( biographer ) Antonio Quarracino ( preceding Archbishop of Buenos Aires ) Related Coat of arms Eponyms Theology Domus Sanctae Marthae ( residence ) Wake Up ! ( 2015 album ) Francis : Pray for Me ( 2015 film ) Chiamatemi Francesco ( 2015 film ) Pope portal Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laudato_si%27&oldid=806787953 '' Categories : 2015 documents 2015 in Christianity 2015 in Vatican City Christianity and environmentalism Documents of Pope Francis Documents of the Catholic Social Teaching tradition Environmental justice Environmental reports Environmentalism and religion Multilingual texts Papal encyclicals International sustainable development 2015 in the environment May 2015 events Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles with limited geographic scope from July 2015 Pages in non-existent country centric categories Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Tagalog Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 04 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what are the issues discussed by the encyclical laudato si
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"Laudato si' (Medieval Central Italian for \"Praise be to you\") is the second encyclical of Pope Francis. The encyclical has the subtitle \"On Care For Our Common Home\".[1] In it, the Pope critiques consumerism and irresponsible development, laments environmental degradation and global warming, and calls all people of the world to take \"swift and unified global action\".[2]"
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"critiques consumerism and irresponsible development, laments environmental degradation and global warming"
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You're Gonna Ruin My Bad Reputation
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You 're Gonna Ruin My Bad Reputation - Wikipedia You 're Gonna Ruin My Bad Reputation `` You 're Gonna Ruin My Bad Reputation '' Single by Ronnie McDowell from the album Personally B - side `` I Should 've Lied '' Released May 1983 Genre Country Length 3 : 07 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Jeff Crossan Producer ( s ) Buddy Killen Ronnie McDowell singles chronology `` Personally '' ( 1983 ) `` You 're Gonna Ruin My Bad Reputation '' ( 1983 ) `` You Made a Wanted Man of Me '' ( 1983 ) `` Personally '' ( 1983 ) `` You 're Gonna Ruin My Bad Reputation '' ( 1983 ) `` You Made a Wanted Man of Me '' ( 1983 ) `` You 're Gonna Ruin My Bad Reputation '' is a song written by Jeff Crossan , and recorded by American country music artist Ronnie McDowell . It was released in May 1983 as the second single from the album Personally . `` You 're Gonna Ruin My Bad Reputation '' was Ronnie McDowell 's second and final number one on the country chart . The single went to number one for a single week and spent twelve weeks on the country chart . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 224 . Jump up ^ `` Ronnie McDowell Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Ronnie McDowell Notable singles `` Wandering Eyes '' `` Older Women '' `` Watchin ' Girls Go By '' `` I Just Cut Myself '' `` Step Back '' `` Personally '' `` You 're Gonna Ruin My Bad Reputation '' `` You Made a Wanted Man of Me '' `` I Dream of Women Like You '' `` I Got a Million of ' Em '' `` In a New York Minute '' `` Love Talks '' `` All Tied Up '' `` It 's Only Make Believe '' `` Suspicion '' `` Sea of Heartbreak '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Love Me Tender '' Related articles Discography This 1983 country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27re_Gonna_Ruin_My_Bad_Reputation&oldid=847198106 '' Categories : 1983 singles 1983 songs Ronnie McDowell songs Song recordings produced by Buddy Killen Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Epic Records singles 1983 country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 16 : 15 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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who sings you're gonna ruin my bad reputation
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"\"You're Gonna Ruin My Bad Reputation\" is a song written by Jeff Crossan, and recorded by American country music artist Ronnie McDowell. It was released in May 1983 as the second single from the album Personally. \"You're Gonna Ruin My Bad Reputation\" was Ronnie McDowell's second and final number one on the country chart. The single went to number one for a single week and spent twelve weeks on the country chart.[1]\n"
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"Ronnie McDowell"
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The Talk (talk show)
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The Talk ( Talk show ) - Wikipedia The Talk ( Talk show ) The Talk Genre Talk show Created by Sara Gilbert Presented by Julie Chen Sara Gilbert Sharon Osbourne Marissa Jaret Winokur Leah Remini Holly Robinson Peete Aisha Tyler Sheryl Underwood Eve Theme music composer Gregg Wattenberg Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 1,385 ( as of 20 January 2017 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Sara Gilbert Brad Bessey ( 2010 -- 11 ) Susan Winston ( 2011 ) John Redmann ( 2011 -- ) Production location ( s ) CBS Studio Center Studio City , California Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) CBS Television Studios Release Original network CBS Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Original release October 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 18 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Loose Women External links Website The Talk is an American talk show that debuted on October 18 , 2010 , as part of CBS 's daytime programming block . The show was created by actress Sara Gilbert , who also serves as an executive producer alongside John Redmann . The show is based on the British daily women 's panel show Loose Women , which has been running regularly in the United Kingdom since 1999 . Along with Gilbert , the show features Julie Chen ( who serves as the program 's moderator ) , Eve , Sharon Osbourne and Sheryl Underwood discussing the day 's latest headlines , while usually tying in the show 's theme of motherhood or at least parenthood , such as by giving their opinions `` through the eyes of mothers . '' It also contains celebrity interviews and segments for mothers and parents in general . The Talk is broadcast before a live studio audience at the CBS Studio Center in Studio City , California each Monday through Friday at 11 am Pacific Time , and airs live on most CBS owned - and - operated stations and affiliates in the Eastern and Central United States at 2 pm Eastern Time ; the program is broadcast on tape delay elsewhere from the Mountain Time Zone westward . The Friday shows are recorded on Thursday afternoons at 1 pm Pacific Time for broadcast the next day , and is taped before the studio audience in attendance for the earlier live Thursday broadcast . Contents 1 Format 2 Development 3 Co-hosts 3.1 Timeline 3.2 Season 1 3.3 Seasons 2 -- 8 4 Notable events 4.1 Season premieres 4.2 On - location editions 4.3 The Talk After Dark 4.4 The Talk : Keep Talking 5 Appearances in other media 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Criticism 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 International broadcasts 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) Similar in format to The View , the opening segment of the broadcast -- known as `` Everybody Talks '' and usually running a combined 12 to 25 minutes over multiple segments , depending on the number of stories featured and the number of guests following the topical discussion segments -- involves the five - female host panel discussing current news items , typically focusing on tabloid headlines , offbeat stories and celebrity news . The program also actively incorporates social media to allow viewers to provide their opinions on the stories discussed through Twitter ( using the hashtag # EverybodyTalks , or alternately the abbreviated # EVBT ) , however in season five , the program began allowing viewers to use Instagram to record and upload videos using the aforementioned hashtags , with one or two videos being selected to air on the live broadcasts . Twitter comments from viewers are shown on the Monday through Thursday live broadcasts in the form of a ticker at the bottom of the screen ; comments from Twitter and Instagram are not featured on - air during the pre-recorded Friday broadcasts . On most editions , the `` Top Talker '' serves as the final segment of the topical discussion , featuring a rotating set of contributors -- most of which are correspondents / hosts of entertainment - related newsmagazine programs or magazines or hosts of local or syndicated radio programs -- providing detailed analysis of a single trending , usually celebrity - related , story . Following the `` Everybody Talks '' segment , all five hosts interview one or two featured celebrity guests ; most of these interviews are conducted at the set 's roundtable , however the program does occasionally feature group interviews with multiple cast members from a promoted film or television project that are not conducted at the roundtable , and are instead conducted with the hosts and guests seated face to face on - set . Musical performances are also occasionally featured . The show also regularly features a cooking segment two to four times each week , with two of the panelists -- rotating between any combination of Chen , Underwood , Gilbert or Osbourne -- assisting in the preparation of the featured recipes with the guest chef ( the remaining hosts not actively participating in the preparation of the item are seated on the right end of the kitchen island , typically trying the dishes prepared during or before the segment ) . Product giveaways are also done once per week , as part of a segment showcasing fashion / beauty products and electronics that are given away to studio audience members for attending the show , with the products also being made available for purchase through the show 's website at a discounted offer . Each episode is concluded by one of the co-hosts , primarily the moderator , with the sign - off `` Remember , it 's always the right time to have The Talk ! '' ( the program 's title is usually said in unision with the studio audience ) . Development ( edit ) In December 2009 , CBS announced the cancellation of As the World Turns after 54 years , and was looking for a program to replace the long - running soap opera in its time slot . Sara Gilbert approached CBS about producing a pilot that would feature six women talking about the day 's headlines with opinions told through `` the eyes of mothers . '' On July 21 , 2010 , CBS announced that it had picked up the show ( by then , given the title The Talk ) , beating out several other contenders , including a cooking show featuring Emeril Lagasse ; Say It Now , a talk show featuring Valerie Bertinelli and Rove McManus ; and a revamped version of the classic game show Pyramid , hosted by Andy Richter . In the four weeks prior to the show 's debut , new episodes of The Price Is Right and Let 's Make a Deal ( a show that replaced Guiding Light ) as well as repeats of The Young and the Restless aired in the time slot vacated by As the World Turns . Co-hosts ( edit ) Timeline ( edit ) Co-host Seasons 5 6 7 8 Julie Chen Sara Gilbert Sharon Osbourne Holly Robinson Peete Leah Remini Aisha Tyler Sheryl Underwood Eve Season 1 ( edit ) The original panel consisted of Sara Gilbert ; Holly Robinson Peete , best known for her roles on the TV series 21 Jump Street and Hangin ' with Mr. Cooper ; Leah Remini , known for her role as Carrie Heffernan in the 1998 -- 2007 CBS sitcom The King of Queens ; Big Brother hostess Julie Chen ; and former talk show hostess / X Factor judge Sharon Osbourne , the wife of rocker Ozzy Osbourne . Marissa Jaret Winokur was featured in an out - of - the studio position as the `` mother on the street , '' dealing with issues like taking her toddler on an airplane , talking with kids about sex , talking to parents about the `` terrible twos '' and other parental issues . On January 14 , 2011 , Marissa Jaret Winokur reported that she would not be returning to the show in 2011 . In an exclusive statement to People , original executive producer Brad Bessey said of Winokur 's departure , `` We think the world of Marissa as a creative talent , on - air personality and super mom . This is a mutual decision based on time , not talent . '' When America 's Got Talent resumed filming on March 2 , 2011 , Osbourne 's daughter Kelly Osbourne began filling in for her on a substitute basis , as the show 's first substitute host . On August 26 , 2011 , it was announced that original co-host Leah Remini had been released from the show . On September 2 , 2011 , it was confirmed that Holly Robinson Peete had also been released from the show . Sharon Osbourne eventually gave opinion on their dismissals in December 2011 on The Howard Stern Show , stating : `` Some people do n't really know who they are , and you have to know who you are when you 're in something like this . You ca n't pretend to be something you 're not . You have to know your brand . You ca n't be all things to everyone . '' Seasons 2 -- 8 ( edit ) On August 26 , 2011 , CBS announced that comedian Sheryl Underwood would join the panel as a co-host at the start of its second season ; Underwood was officially added to the program on September 6 , 2011 , beginning with that season 's premiere episode . Molly Shannon served as the ( guest ) co-host during the month of September 2011 . Actress and comedian Aisha Tyler 's addition to the panel was announced on October 23 , 2011 . On October 12 , 2016 , the episode of The Talk aired special tributes to four CBS soap operas such as The Young and the Restless ( March 26 , 1973 -- present ) , The Bold and the Beautiful ( March 23 , 1987 -- present ) , As the World Turns ( April 2 , 1956 -- September 17 , 2010 ) , and Guiding Light ( June 30 , 1952 -- September 18 , 2009 ) . On June 15 , 2017 , Aisha Tyler announced she would leave the series following the completion of the series ' seventh season . She said she would return as a guest host and to promote her various projects . Her last show aired on August 4 , 2017 . The current hosts of The Talk auditioned ladies on air as `` dates '' to fill in Aisha 's seat . At the start of Season 8 , some of the guest hosts included Carrie Ann Inaba , Garcelle Beauvais , Michelle Williams , Sasheer Zamata and Eve . On November 14 , 2017 , Eve was revealed as the fifth co-host . Carnie Wilson and Leeza Gibbons were the primary substitute hosts that filled in for members of the panel in seasons 4 - 6 . Notable events ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : some events are not notable Please help improve this section if you can . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season premieres ( edit ) The first week of shows featured several celebrity guests , including model Christie Brinkley , singer / actress Jennifer Lopez , actress / director Chandra Wilson , actress / author Jamie Lee Curtis , and former South Carolina first lady Jenny Sanford . The third - season premiere ( aired on September 10 , 2012 ) featured all five co-hosts , as well as members of the studio audience , without their make - up and dressed in robes during the broadcast ; all of the co-hosts were also shown beside pictures of themselves with make - up . The guests for that edition , who also participated in the stunt , were Jamie Lee Curtis ; Michelle Stafford and Melody Thomas Scott of The Young and the Restless ; and Katherine Kelly Lang of The Bold and the Beautiful . The premiere weeks of the fourth and fifth seasons ( September 9 to 13 , 2013 and September 8 to 12 , 2014 ) featured `` The Talk Tells All '' , a daily feature on the season 's first week of shows in which co-hosts Chen , Gilbert , Osbourne , Tyler and Underwood revealed never - before - disclosed personal secrets on - air . Season six premiered on September 14 , 2015 with a slightly new set design featuring 3 new large monitors with backdrops including palm trees and the Los Angeles skyline . Season seven premiered on September 12 , 2016 with the same set . The hosts kicked off premiere week by unveiling answers to the viewers ' biggest questions with a theme they called `` The 7 Wonders of The Talk . '' On - location editions ( edit ) The show made two trips to New York City during its second season , broadcasting live for one week on each trip . The first trip placed some audience members inside and some outside the studio . Beginning with the second trip , the show began to tape its New York City - based episodes in a studio at the CBS Broadcast Center , similar in structure to its Los Angeles studio , with the audience members based within the soundstage . The Talk has done week - long broadcasts from New York City twice per season since then ( usually during the February and May sweeps periods and in December ) , with the Thursday and Friday episodes being recorded on the same day as the Tuesday and Wednesday live broadcasts . The program 's first set of New York City episodes in the third season ( from December 10 to 14 , 2012 ) , featured a partnership with Toys for Tots , asking all guests and audience members to bring a new unwrapped toy to donate to the charity . During the third season , The Talk broadcast a week of episodes from New Orleans , Louisiana -- site of Super Bowl XLVII -- from January 28 to February 1 , 2013 , to help promote CBS 's coverage of the National Football League championship game . The Talk after Dark ( edit ) From January 12 to 16 , 2015 , CBS broadcast a special second `` late night '' edition of The Talk -- unofficially titled The Talk After Dark -- which filled the 12 : 37 a.m. Eastern timeslot normally occupied by The Late Late Show ( which itself utilized guest hosts on most other weeks in the four - month period between Craig Ferguson 's departure from The Late Late Show in December 2014 and the start of James Corden 's tenure as host of that program in March 2015 ) . Recorded each afternoon that week before the studio audience in attendance for the earlier live daytime broadcasts for broadcast each night , the episodes featured a separate slate of guests and featured topics from the daytime editions , and featured a special house band exclusive to the late - night editions led by rock musician / songwriter Linda Perry ( wife of series creator and co-host Sara Gilbert ) . The Talk : Keep Talking ( edit ) From March 15 to 16 , 2018 The Talk aired two exclusive episodes on their Facebook page entitled Keep Talking as CBS broadcast the NCAA March Madness games on the aforementioned dates . This special edition featured all five co-hosts communicating with their Facebook fans asking them personal questions and advice for their own personal problems . Unlike a normal episode the topics are decided entirely by the fans . Both episodes are similar to The Real 's online exclusive segments and both episodes are around four minutes . Appearances in other Media ( edit ) On March 14 , 2016 ; all of The Talk hosts ( including then host Aisha Tyler ) made a cameo on Supergirl in the episode `` Falling '' when Cat Grant ( played by Calista Flockhart ) made a guest appearance on The Talk . On December 15 , 2017 ; Julie Chen revealed that all of the current hosts of The Talk ( including new co-host Eve ) will be featured on an episode of Jane the Virgin as themselves which will be directed by Gina Rodriguez . On January 10 , 2018 ; The Talk revealed on their Instagram and Snapchat stories they filmed their episode of Jane the Virgin on the set of The Talk right after filming the show for the aforementioned date . On February 9 , 2018 ; Rodriguez made a guest appearance on the show to announce the episode featuring the ladies of The Talk , called `` Chapter Seventy - Four '' would air that night . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The debut episode of The Talk was number one in its timeslot in 20 of the 56 markets . As of October 2011 , The Talk averaged 1.83 million viewers per episode , a 25 % decrease from As the World Turns 's ratings the previous year . By June 2012 , The Talk averaged 1.7 / 6 in households , 2.29 million viewers , 1.1 / 7 in women 25 -- 54 and 0.8 / 5 in women 18 -- 49 . The women 25 -- 54 rating was The Talk 's highest since the week ending February 17 , while the women 18 -- 49 rating was the best since the week ending May 4 . Compared to the same week last year , The Talk was up + 21 % in households ( from 1.4 / 4 ) , + 24 % in viewers ( from . 1.85 m ) , + 38 % in women 25 -- 54 ( from 0.8 / 5 ) and + 33 % in women 18 -- 49 ( from 0.6 / 4 ) . Criticism ( edit ) The Talk was criticized for a segment where some panelists made light of male genital mutilation . Osbourne said , `` However , I do think it is quite fabulous '' in response to a story where a wife had drugged her husband , cut off his penis , and put it in the garbage disposal due to his filing for divorce . An apology was made during a subsequent show . The failure to disclose on - air as to why Remini and Robinson Peete were released or even mention them brought about criticism of the show from some viewers , with some fans of the two stars protesting their dismissals . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Recipients Result 2012 Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Talk Show / Entertainment Nominated 2013 Nominated 2014 Nominated Outstanding Talk Show Host ( s ) Chen , Gilbert , Osbourne , Tyler , Underwood Nominated 2015 Outstanding Talk Show / Entertainment Nominated Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host Chen , Gilbert , Osbourne , Tyler , Underwood Nominated 2016 Outstanding Talk Show / Entertainment Won Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host Chen , Gilbert , Osbourne , Tyler , Underwood Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Daytime TV Hosting Team Won 2017 Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Talk Show / Entertainment Nominated Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host Chen , Gilbert , Osbourne , Tyler , Underwood Won International broadcasts ( edit ) In Australia , The Talk began broadcasting on August 6 , 2012 on Network Ten , as a replacement for controversially axed local talk show The Circle . The Talk rates lower than the former local offering , achieving just 29,000 viewers on August 15 compared to the axed show 's 39,000 two months earlier , and well below rival programs Channel Seven 's The Morning Show and Channel Nine 's Mornings which rated 200,000 and 119,000 viewers respectively . In Canada , The Talk airs simultaneously on Global TV and on NTV in Newfoundland and Labrador . In the UK , The Talk began been broadcasting on July 4 , 2011 on Diva TV . In South Africa , The Talk began broadcasting on April 1 , 2011 in the 1 pm timeslot on MNet . In the Philippines , the program was formerly aired on Solar News Channel , but they discontinued airing in September 2013 after season 4 is aired . Season 5 is aired of March 2015 on CT . In the Czech Republic , The Talk airs on Prima Love . In New Zealand , The Talk began broadcasting on January 23 , 2012 on TV3 . In the Arab world , The Talk airs on MBC 4 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Talk Episodes on CBS '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg ( April 22 , 2011 ) . `` Susan Winston Joins CBS ' ' The Talk ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sofia M. Fernandez ( May 28 , 2011 ) . `` New Exec Producer of CBS ' ' The Talk ' Out After Two Weeks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Orders New Daytime Talk Show for Fall '' . CBS PressExpress . CBS . July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CBS 's `` The Talk '' Kicks Off Season 5 Monday , Sept. 8 ! '' ( Press release ) . CBS . September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 -- via The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : Georg Szalai ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Sara Gilbert talk show to replace veteran CBS soap '' . Reuters . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Adam Hetrick ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` Hairspray 's Marissa Jaret Winokur Exits CBS ' `` The Talk '' `` . Playbill . Philip S Birsh ( Rights and Permissions ) . Jump up ^ Christine Fenno ( January 15 , 2011 ) . `` Marissa Jaret Winokur Leaves ' The Talk ' '' . PopEater . The Huffington Post ( AOL ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Leah Remini Is Leaving The Talk '' . Us Magazine . Wenner Media . August 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandi Fowler ( September 2 , 2011 ) . `` Enough Talk : Holly Robinson Peete `` Officially '' Not Returning to Chatfest `` . E ! Online . Comcast Entertainment Group . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Stern Gets The Talk Hosts To Finally Talk About Holly Robinson Peete Leah Remini Diss '' . E ! Online . Comcast Entertainment Group . December 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joyce Chen ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne , Leah Remini in Twitter feud about ' King of Queens ' actress ' dismissal from ' The Talk ' ? '' . New York Daily News . Daily News , L.P. Jump up ^ Ann Oldenburg ( August 26 , 2011 ) . `` Kris Jenner to guest co-host ' The Talk ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ Kimberly Nordyke ( October 23 , 2011 ) . `` Aisha Tyler to Co-Host CBS ' ' The Talk ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/06/15/aisha-tyler-leaving-talk/ Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/aisha-tyler-leaving-cbs-talk-1013879 Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Aisha Tyler Leaving CBS ' The Talk -- Watch Her Emotional Announcement '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy Phillips . `` CBS ' ' The Talk ' Unveils First Week of High - Profile Guests '' . Fancast . Comcast Interactive Media , LLC . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sadie Gennis ( September 11 , 2012 ) . `` The Women of The Talk Go Makeup - Free '' . TV Guide . Open Gate Capital . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lynette Rice ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Women of ' The Talk ' go makeup - free -- VIDEO '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sara Bibel ( September 5 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Talk ' Announces Season 4 Premiere Week Line - Up '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Talk 's Seventh Season Promises Laughter , Friendship , And Wonder '' . cbs.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBS 's `` The Talk '' Heads To New York City For A Week Of Shows To Air Dec. 12 - 16 `` . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBS ' ' The Talk ' will move to New York for a week in May and compete with Barbara Walters ' ' The View ' '' . New York Daily News . Daily News , L.P. April 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brian Steinberg ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` CBS Taps ' The Talk ' and Guest Hosts To Fill ' Late Late Show ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Guests Announced for `` The Late Late Show '' with Guest Host Drew Carey ( 1 / 5 - 1 / 9 ) and After - Dark Edition of `` The Talk '' ( 1 / 12 - 1 / 16 ) `` . The Futon Critic . December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` You 're Invited To `` Keep Talking ! '' `` . Facebook . March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Keep Talking : The Hosts ' Pre-Show Rituals '' . Facebook . March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Keep Talking : Dating Advice '' . Facebook . March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` Premiere of CBS 's ' The Talk ' 24 % Better than October 2009 Avg for ' As the World Turns ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` CBS Renews ' The Talk ' for the 2011 -- 2012 season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott . `` CBS makes lower ratings roll the right way for Julie Chen and ' The Talk ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` The Talk ' Delivers Its Highest Rating Since February '' . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Sarah . `` ' The Talk ' ladies under fire for laughing at Catherine Kieu story ( Video ) '' . The Washington Post . Adams Publishing Group . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jethro Nede ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Talk ' Debuts Without Leah Remini and Holly Robinson Peete : What the Viewers Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Jump up ^ Jethro Nede ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Talk ' Without Leah Remini and Holly Robinson Peete : What THR Readers Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( July 30 , 2012 ) . `` Axed : The Circle '' . TV tonight . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` Puberty Blues hits sweet spot for TEN '' . TV tonight . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` 3.1 m as Karise is announced as The Voice '' . TV tonight . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Talk on IMDb The Talk at TV.com Daytime television in the United States Broadcast ABC The View GMA Day CBS The Talk NBC Today with Kathie Lee and Hoda Megyn Kelly Today Univision El Gordo y la Flaca UniMás ¿ Quién Tiene la Razón ? Casos de Família Laura Syndication Access Live Daily Blast Live The Doctors The Dr. Oz Show Dr. Phil The Ellen DeGeneres Show Live with Kelly and Ryan Maury Pickler & Ben Rachael Ray The Real Sister Circle Steve The Steve Wilkos Show TMZ Live The Wendy Williams Show Cable E ! Daily Pop Streaming Ora TV Larry King Now Politicking with Larry King See also Morning Daytime talk Evening news Late night Overnight news Sunday talk Newsmagazines Tabloid CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Celebrity Big Brother ( since 2018 ) Celebrity Undercover Boss ( since 2018 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Hunted ( since 2017 ) Instinct ( since 2018 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T. ( since 2017 ) TKO : Total Knock Out ( since 2018 ) Undercover Boss ( since 2010 ) Whistleblower ( since 2018 ) Young Sheldon ( since 2017 ) Daytime The Bold and the Beautiful ( since 1987 ) Let 's Make a Deal ( since 2009 ) The Price Is Right ( since 1972 ) The Talk ( since 2010 ) The Young and the Restless ( since 1973 ) Late night The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( since 2015 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( since 2015 ) News 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) CBSN : On Assignment ( since 2017 ) CBS Evening News ( since 1948 ) CBS Morning News ( since 1982 ) CBS News Sunday Morning ( since 1979 ) CBS Overnight News ( since 2015 ) CBS This Morning ( 1987 -- 1999 ; since 2012 ) Face the Nation ( since 1954 ) Sports CBS Sports Spectacular ( since 1960 ) NCAA Basketball / Road to the Final Four ( since 1981 ) NFL on CBS / The NFL Today ( 1956 -- 1993 ; since 1998 ) PGA Tour on CBS SEC on CBS NCAA March Madness ( co-produced with Turner Sports ) ( since 2011 ) Premier Boxing Champions ( since 2015 ) Saturday morning Dr. Chris : Pet Vet ( since 2013 ) The Inspectors ( since 2015 ) Upcoming FBI ( 2018 ) God Friended Me ( 2018 ) Happy Together ( 2018 ) Magnum P.I. ( 2018 ) Murphy Brown ( 1988 -- 1998 ; 2018 ) The Neighborhood ( 2018 ) Blood & Treasure ( 2019 ) The Code ( 2019 ) Fam ( 2019 ) The Red Line ( 2019 ) Million Dollar Mile ( TBA ) The World 's Best ( TBA ) Love Island USA ( TBA ) Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show -- Entertainment Rachael Ray ( 2008 ) Rachael Ray ( 2009 ) The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( 2010 ) The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( 2011 ) Live ! with Regis and Kelly ( 2012 ) The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( 2013 ) The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( 2014 ) The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( 2015 ) The Talk ( 2016 ) The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( 2017 ) The Talk ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Talk_(talk_show)&oldid=852830883 '' Categories : 2010 American television series debuts 2010s American television series American television talk shows CBS network shows English - language television programs Television series by CBS Television Studios Television shows set in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles needing cleanup from May 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 17 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who is the current cast of the talk
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[
"\n\nCo-host\nSeasons\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n\n\nJulie Chen\n\n\n\nSara Gilbert\n\n\n\nSharon Osbourne\n\n\n\nHolly Robinson Peete\n\n\n\n\nLeah Remini\n\n\n\n\nAisha Tyler\n\n\n\n\n\nSheryl Underwood\n\n\n\n\nEve\n\n\n",
"\n\nCo-host\nSeasons\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n\n\nJulie Chen\n\n\n\nSara Gilbert\n\n\n\nSharon Osbourne\n\n\n\nHolly Robinson Peete\n\n\n\n\nLeah Remini\n\n\n\n\nAisha Tyler\n\n\n\n\n\nSheryl Underwood\n\n\n\n\nEve\n\n\n",
"\n\nCo-host\nSeasons\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n\n\nJulie Chen\n\n\n\nSara Gilbert\n\n\n\nSharon Osbourne\n\n\n\nHolly Robinson Peete\n\n\n\n\nLeah Remini\n\n\n\n\nAisha Tyler\n\n\n\n\n\nSheryl Underwood\n\n\n\n\nEve\n\n\n",
"\n\nCo-host\nSeasons\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n\n\nJulie Chen\n\n\n\nSara Gilbert\n\n\n\nSharon Osbourne\n\n\n\nHolly Robinson Peete\n\n\n\n\nLeah Remini\n\n\n\n\nAisha Tyler\n\n\n\n\n\nSheryl Underwood\n\n\n\n\nEve\n\n\n",
"\n\nCo-host\nSeasons\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n\n\nJulie Chen\n\n\n\nSara Gilbert\n\n\n\nSharon Osbourne\n\n\n\nHolly Robinson Peete\n\n\n\n\nLeah Remini\n\n\n\n\nAisha Tyler\n\n\n\n\n\nSheryl Underwood\n\n\n\n\nEve\n\n\n"
] |
[
"Julie Chen",
"Sara Gilbert",
"Sharon Osbourne",
"Sheryl Underwood",
"Eve"
] |
-8041113939414363929
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Fifty Shades (novel series)
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Fifty Shades ( novel series ) - wikipedia Fifty Shades ( novel series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the film series , see Fifty Shades ( film series ) . Fifty Shades Trilogy pack set Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Grey Author E.L. James Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Erotic romance Publisher Vintage Books Published 2011 -- 2015 Media type Print ( Paperback ) The Fifty Shades trilogy is a series of erotic novels by E.L. James . The trilogy consists of Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2011 ) , Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed ( 2012 ) . The trilogy traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate , Anastasia Steele , and a young business magnate , Christian Grey . Fifty Shades of Grey , Darker and Freed follow the relationship between the protagonist , Ana , and Christian Grey . Grey introduces Ana to the world of BDSM . James has spoken of her shock at the success of the book , `` The explosion of interest has taken me completely by surprise '' she said . James has described the Fifty Shades trilogy as `` my midlife crisis , writ large . All my fantasies in there , and that 's it . '' She did not start to write until January 2009 , as she revealed while still active on FanFiction.Net : `` I started writing in January 2009 after I finished the Twilight saga , and I have n't stopped since . I discovered Fan Fiction in August 2009 . Since then I have written my two fics and plan on doing at least one more . After that ... who knows ? '' In August 2013 , sales of the trilogy saw James top the Forbes ' list of the highest - earning authors with earnings of $95 m which included $5 m for the film rights to Fifty Shades of Grey . However , the books have also been largely panned by critics , with the first entry in particular `` being ridiculed by virtually every critic who has read it . '' An additional fourth book in the series entitled Grey was released on June 18 , 2015 . The book follows the events of Fifty Shades of Grey but from the perspective of Christian Grey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot overview 1.1 The Fifty Shades Trilogy 1.1. 1 Fifty Shades of Grey 1.1. 2 Fifty Shades Darker 1.1. 3 Fifty Shades Freed 1.2 Grey 2 Main characters 3 Critical reception 3.1 Depiction of BDSM 3.2 Censorship or removal of books 4 Film adaptations 5 See also 6 Further reading 7 References 8 External links Plot overview ( edit ) The Fifty Shades Trilogy ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Grey ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades Freed Grey ( edit ) Main article : Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Main characters ( edit ) Christian Grey : 27 - year - old incredibly successful , wealthy entrepreneur and CEO of Grey Enterprises Holdings , Inc . Anastasia `` Ana '' Steele : College graduate , PA to Jack Hyde and primary love interest and wife of Christian Grey . Elena Lincoln : Christian 's longtime friend and business partner . She is described as a tall , elegant , sexy , regal platinum blonde and appears to be in her late 30s or early 40s . Elliot Grey : Adopted son of Carrick Grey and Dr. Grace Trevelyan - Grey , and elder brother to Christian Grey and Mia Grey . Mia Grey : Adopted daughter of Carrick Grey and Dr. Grace Trevelyan Grey and younger sister of Christian Grey and Elliot Grey . Katherine ' Kate ' Kavanagh : Ana 's best friend and roommate . Jack Hyde : Commissioning Editor at Seattle Independent Publishing ( SIP ) . Leila Williams : A former submissive of Christian . Jason Taylor : Christian 's most trusted bodyguard and the head of Christian 's security team . Dr. Grace Trevelyan - Grey : Christian 's adoptive mother . Carrick Grey : Christian 's adoptive father . Carla May Wilks : Ana 's mother . Ethan Kavanagh : Kate Kavanagh 's older brother . Critical reception ( edit ) Salman Rushdie said about the book : `` I 've never read anything so badly written that got published . It made Twilight look like War and Peace . '' Maureen Dowd described the book in The New York Times as being written `` like a Brontë devoid of talent , '' and said it was `` dull and poorly written . '' Jesse Kornbluth of The Huffington Post said : `` As a reading experience , Fifty Shades ... is a sad joke , puny of plot '' . Princeton professor April Alliston wrote , `` Though no literary masterpiece , Fifty Shades is more than parasitic fan fiction based on the recent Twilight vampire series . '' Entertainment Weekly writer Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the book a `` B + '' rating and praised it for being `` in a class by itself . '' British author Jenny Colgan in The Guardian wrote `` It is jolly , eminently readable and as sweet and safe as BDSM ( bondage , discipline , sadism and masochism ) erotica can be without contravening the trade descriptions act '' and also praised the book for being `` more enjoyable '' than other `` literary erotic books '' . However , The Telegraph criticized the book as `` treacly cliché '' but also wrote that the sexual politics in Fifty Shades of Grey will have female readers `` discussing it for years to come . '' A reviewer for the Ledger - Enquirer described the book as guilty fun and escapism , but that it `` also touches on one aspect of female existence ( female submission ) . And acknowledging that fact -- maybe even appreciating it -- should n't be a cause for guilt . '' The New Zealand Herald stated that the book `` will win no prizes for its prose '' and that `` there are some exceedingly awful descriptions , '' but it was also an easy read ; `` ( If you only ) can suspend your disbelief and your desire to -- if you 'll pardon the expression -- slap the heroine for having so little self respect , you might enjoy it . '' The Columbus Dispatch stated that , `` Despite the clunky prose , James does cause one to turn the page . '' Metro News Canada wrote that `` suffering through 500 pages of this heroine 's inner dialogue was torturous , and not in the intended , sexy kind of way '' . Jessica Reaves , of the Chicago Tribune , wrote that the `` book 's source material is n't great literature '' , noting that the novel is `` sprinkled liberally and repeatedly with asinine phrases '' , and described it as `` depressing '' . The book garnered some accolades . In December 2012 , it won both `` Popular Fiction '' and `` Book of the Year '' categories in the UK National Book Awards . In that same month , Publishers Weekly named E.L. James the ' Publishing Person of the Year ' , causing an `` outcry from the literary world '' . For example , `` What was Publishers Weekly thinking ? '' asked Los Angeles Times writer Carolyn Kellogg , while a New York Daily News headline read , `` Civilization ends : E.L. James named Publishers Weekly 's ' Person of the Year ' . '' Depiction of BDSM ( edit ) Fifty Shades trilogy has also attracted criticism due to its depictions of BDSM , with Katie Roiphe of Newsweek asking `` But why , for women especially , would free will be a burden ? ... It may be that power is not always that comfortable , even for those of us who grew up in it ; it may be that equality is something we want only sometimes and in some places and in some arenas ; it may be that power and all of its imperatives can be boring . '' Zap2it 's Andrea Reiher expressed frustration at Roiphe 's depiction of the series , stating that `` ( b ) eing submissive sexually is not tantamount to being the victim of abuse '' or that they 're `` giving up their power or their equality with their partner '' . Other sites such as Jezebel have responded to the article , with Jezebel listing reasons for Fifty Shades of Grey 's popularity , stating that `` the vast majority of fans fawn over the emotional relationship Anastasia and Christian have , not about the sex . '' In an interview with Salon , several dominatrices have responded that while submission can be an escape from daily stresses , they also frequently have male clients and that trust is a big factor in dominant / submissive relationships . One interviewed former dominatrix and author , Melissa Febos , stated that even if the book 's popularity was a result of women 's `` current anxieties about equality '' that it `` does n't mean that it 's ' evidence of unhappiness , or an invalidation of feminism , ' ... it might actually be a sign of progress that millions of women are so hungrily pursuing sexual fantasies independent of men . '' Writing in The Huffington Post , critic Soraya Chemaly argued that interest in the series was not a trend , but squarely within the tradition and success of the romance category which is driven by tales of virgins , damaged men and submission / dominance themes . Instead , she wrote , the books are notable not for transgressive sex but for how women are using technology to subvert gendered shame by exploring explicit sexual content privately using e-readers . Instead of submission fantasies representing a post-feminist discomfort with power and free will , women 's open consumption , sharing and discussion of sexual content is a feminist success . At the beginning of the media hype , Dr. Drew and sexologist Logan Levkoff discussed the book on The Today Show , about whether Fifty Shades perpetuated violence against women ; Levkoff said that while that is an important subject , this trilogy had nothing to do with it -- this was a book about a consensual relationship . Dr. Drew commented that the book was `` horribly written '' in addition to being `` disturbing '' but stated that `` if the book enhances women 's real - life sex lives and intimacy , so be it . '' Amy Bonomi , a Human Development and Family Studies professor argues that the relationship portrayed is non-consensual : `` Unable to bear the thought of being alone , Christian employs strategies to `` trap '' Anastasia , including keeping his violent tendencies private , limiting Anastasia 's availability of help and support from her friends and family through his nondisclosure agreement and through verbal and nonverbal intimidation , and attempts to convince Anastasia that she finds his punishments pleasurable '' Censorship or removal of books ( edit ) In March 2012 , branches of the public library in Brevard County , Florida , removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves , with an official stating that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor . A representative for the library stated that it was due to the book 's sexual content and that other libraries had declined to purchase copies for their branches . Deborah Caldwell - Stone of the American Library Association commented that `` If the only reason you do n't select a book is that you disapprove of its content , but there is demand for it , there 's a question of whether you 're being fair . In a public library there is usually very little that would prevent a book from being on the shelf if there is a demand for the information . '' Brevard County public libraries later made their copies available to their patrons due to public demand . In Macaé , Brazil , Judge Raphael Queiroz Campos ruled in January 2013 that bookstores throughout the city must either remove the series entirely from their shelves or ensure that the books are wrapped and placed out of the reach of minors . The judge stated that he was prompted to make such an order after seeing children reading them , basing his decision on a law stating that `` magazines and publications whose content is improper or inadequate for children and adolescents can only be sold if sealed and with warnings regarding their content '' . Film adaptations ( edit ) Main articles : Fifty Shades ( film series ) , Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) , Fifty Shades Darker ( film ) , and Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) A film adaptation of the book was produced by Focus Features , Michael De Luca Productions , and Trigger Street Productions , with Universal Pictures and Focus Features securing the rights to the trilogy in March 2012 . Universal is also the film 's distributor . Charlie Hunnam was originally cast in the role of Christian Grey alongside Dakota Johnson in the role of Anastasia Steele , but Hunnam gave up the part in October 2013 , with Jamie Dornan announced for the role on 23 October . The film was released on 13 February 2015 , and became an immediate success , making it to # 1 at the box office with $558.5 million . However , critical reactions were generally negative . After the first film premiered at a special fan screening in New York City on 6 February 2015 , director Sam Taylor - Johnson confirmed two sequels to be succeeded after the first film , with Fifty Shades Darker to be released February 10 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fifty Shades ( franchise ) . BDSM in culture and media Sadism and masochism in fiction Further reading ( edit ) Upstone , Sara ( 2016 ) . `` Beyond the bedroom : motherhood in E.L. James 's Fifty Shades of Grey Trilogy '' . Frontiers : A Journal of Women Studies . University of Nebraska Press . 37 ( 2 ) : 138 -- 164 . JSTOR 10.5250 / fronjwomestud. 37.2. 0138 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bentley , Paul ( 17 June 2012 ) . `` ' Mummy porn ' Fifty Shades Of Grey outstrips Harry Potter to become fastest selling paperback of all time '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ Julie Bosman ( 21 May 2012 ) . `` Libraries Debate Stocking ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Trilogy '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Shy British Mum Behind 50 Shades of Grey '' . Time Magazine . 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan James Girdusky ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' is not going to ruin your daughters '' . Fox News . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey author EL James -- Exclusive interview '' ( 16 July 2012 ) Shropshire Star . Retrieved 16 July 2012 Jump up ^ ' Fifty Shades ' author ' stunned ' at success of erotic trilogy Archived 2012 - 04 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . TODAY MSNBC Jump up ^ The Lost History of Fifty Shades of Grey Jump up ^ `` E.L. James Seals A Spot On List of Britain 's Richest Authors '' . Lia . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades makes EL James top - earning author '' . BBC News . 13 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` First ' Fifty Shades Darker ' trailer filled with lots of plot , little kissing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . `` The books were critically savaged hot messes that sold over 100 million copies for the sex . '' Jump up ^ Lyall , Sarah ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey , ' the Movie , as a Fairy Tale '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Chris ( 9 October 2012 ) . `` Sir Salman Rushdie : ' Fifty Shades of Grey makes Twilight look like War and Peace ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dowd , Maureen ( 31 March 2012 ) . `` She 's Fit to Be Tied '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Kornbluth , Jesse ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' : Is The Hottest - Selling Book In America Really Just ' S&M For Dummies ? ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mommy porn ' novel has retro message '' . CNN . 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( 21 March 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Colgan , Jenny ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Laura ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` Mommy porn ? : Fifty Shades of Grey by EL James : review '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Sorich , Sonya ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey : The undressed review '' . Ledger - Enquirer . Jump up ^ Sheehy , Christine ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` The ' mommy porn ' seducing women '' . The New Zealand Herald . Jump up ^ Osterheldt , Jenee ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Book Review -- Fifty Shades of Grey : Sultry subject spells success '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Jump up ^ Napier , Jessica ( 16 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey as dull as a razor blade commercial '' . Metro News Canada . Jump up ^ Reaves , Jessica ( 14 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty shades of retrograde '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` EL James comes out on top at National Book awards '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 26 December 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey voted the most popular book of 2012 '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Driscoll , Molly ( 3 December 2012 ) . `` EL James as ' Publishing Person of the Year ' draws outcry from literary world '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Roiphe , Katie ( 15 April 2012 ) . `` Spanking Goes Mainstream '' . The Daily Beast . Newsweek . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( 16 April 2012 ) . `` Katie Roiphe 's Fifty Shades of Grey diatribe misses several points '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey 's Success Has Nothing to Do with Repressed Feminist Fantasies '' . Jezebel. 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Tomazos , Kostas ; O'Gorman , Kevin ; MacLaren , Andrew C ( June 2017 ) . `` From leisure to tourism : How BDSM demonstrates the transition of deviant pursuits to mainstream products '' . Tourism Management . 60 : 30 -- 41 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tourman. 2016.10. 018 . Jump up ^ Clark - Flory , Tracy ( 20 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey : Dominatrixes ( sic ) take on Roiphe '' . Salon . Jump up ^ Chemaly , Soraya ( 20 April 2012 ) . `` Virgins , Bondage and A Shameful Media Fail '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Logan Levkoff on The Today Show -- Fifty Shades of Grey on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Dr. Drew : 50 Shades of Grey pathological , poorly written '' . WTOP - FM . 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Bonomi , Amy E. , Lauren E. Altenburger , and Nicole L. Walton . `` ' Double Crap ! ' Abuse And Harmed Identity In Fifty Shades Of Grey . '' Journal of Women 's Health ( 15409996 ) 22.9 ( 2013 ) : 733 - 744 . SocINDEX with Full Text . Web . 20 Apr. 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Meredith ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` Florida County Pulls Fifty Shades of Grey From Shelves '' . Library Journal . Jump up ^ Clarke , Suzan ( 30 May 2012 ) . `` Florida County Library Lifts Ban on 50 Shades of Grey '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` BRAZIL JUDGE ORDERS ' 50 SHADES OF GREY ' SEALED '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil judge orders ' 50 Shades of Grey ' removed '' . USA Today . 18 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian bondage browsers tied down by court order '' . Global Legal Post . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( 10 July 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Film Gets Oscar - Nominated Producers , Christian Grey -- Casting Inspiration '' . Vanity Fair ( online ) . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Of Grey Movie Casts Dakota Johnson In a Lead Role '' . EntertainmentWise ( Yahoo ! UK ) . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2015 . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' casts Dakota Johnson and Charlie Hunnam '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam : Quitting Fifty Shades of Grey Was `` Heartbreaking '' - Us Weekly `` . usmagazine.com. 21 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Will Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( 6 February 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels Confirmed ; Fans React to ' Fifty Shades Darker ' and ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Movie Announcement '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official author page ( hide ) Fifty Shades trilogy by E.L. James Novels Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Film series Films Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Music Fifty Shades of Grey `` Earned It '' `` Love Me like You Do '' Fifty Shades Darker `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Not Afraid Anymore '' Parodies Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody Spank ! The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifty_Shades_(novel_series)&oldid=806430738 '' Categories : BDSM literature British erotic novels Fan fiction works Novels set in Seattle Women 's erotica and pornography Works based on Twilight series Fifty Shades Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Latviešu ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 00 : 16 . 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how many books in the fifty shades of grey series
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"The Fifty Shades trilogy is a series of erotic novels by E. L. James.[1] The trilogy consists of Fifty Shades of Grey (2011), Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed (2012).[2][3] The trilogy traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey."
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List of High School Musical characters
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List of High School Musical characters - wikipedia List of High School Musical characters The main characters of the High School Musical film series . From left to right : Lucas Grabeel as Ryan Evans ; Ashley Tisdale as Sharpay Evans ; Vanessa Hudgens as Gabriella Montez ; Zac Efron as Troy Bolton ; Monique Coleman as Taylor McKessie ; and Corbin Bleu as Chad Danforth . The following article is a list of characters appearing in the High School Musical film series . Currently , the characters who appear in High School Musical , High School Musical 2 , and High School Musical 3 : Senior Year are listed . The first three films focus on the six main characters . The first film chronicles events occurring over several weeks in their junior year of high school , with the second film taking place the following summer . The third film is set in the final semester of senior year . Classmates and parents of these characters , as well as various other characters , are also featured . Contents 1 Main cast 1.1 Troy Bolton 1.1. 1 In other media 1.2 Gabriella Montez 1.3 Sharpay Evans 1.4 Ryan Evans 1.5 Chad Danforth 1.6 Taylor McKessie 2 Other East High students 2.1 Kelsi Nielsen 2.2 Zeke Baylor 2.3 Jason Cross 2.4 Martha Cox 2.5 Tiara Gold 2.6 Jimmie Zara 2.7 Donny Dion 2.8 Susan 2.9 Alan 2.10 Cyndra 3 Other characters 3.1 Peyton Leverett 3.2 Roger Elliston 3.3 Amber Lee Adams 3.4 Parents and adults 3.5 Others 4 References 5 External links Main cast Troy Bolton Troy Bolton High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Zac Efron First appearance High School Musical Last appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Caddy / Waiter Assistant Golf Instructor show Family Parents Jack Bolton ( father ) Lucille Bolton ( mother ) Troy Bolton is the main protagonist of the first three films . Depicted as one of East High 's most popular students , Troy is also the captain of the school 's varsity basketball team , a position he earned in his junior year after joining the team as a sophomore . The majority of the student body , especially Troy 's best friend , Chad Danforth , expects Troy to lead East High to victory . Troy is the only child of Jack and Lucille Bolton ; Jack is also the coach of the East High basketball team and puts additional pressure on Troy to excel . Troy is also involved with the school 's golf team . In the first film , Troy meets Gabriella Montez at a ski lodge karaoke party on New Year 's Eve . When the school year resumes , Troy finds that Gabriella is a new student at East High . For fear of what his father , friends , and classmates would think , Troy asks Gabriella not to mention his singing performance to anybody else . However , the secret eventually gets out when Troy and Gabriella unintentionally audition for the winter musical after singing in the auditorium . The news throws East High 's social order out of balance . Troy finds himself having to choose between Gabriella and the musical callbacks or his team and the championship game . Although his friends initially try to thwart Troy 's chances of being cast as the musical 's lead , they help him make both the game and the callbacks , which had been scheduled on the same afternoon . Troy and Gabriella earn the lead roles , somewhat angering the drama department 's president , Sharpay Evans . In High School Musical 2 , Sharpay has her mind set on capturing Troy 's affections and coming between him and Gabriella . Troy , Gabriella , and their friends are hired at a local country club , Lava Springs , but are weary of their new - found employment when they learn the club is owned by Sharpay 's parents . Sharpay uses her wealth , power , and influence over Troy , tempting him with college opportunities in exchange for him singing with her at the club 's Midsummer Night Talent Show . Troy gives into Sharpay 's plot , causing Gabriella , Chad , and their friends to see Troy as a whole new person . Although Troy is being offered a college scholarship , he soon realizes he must not compromise his character while on the quest for his future , and returns to his old self . In the franchise 's third film , Troy once again feels uncertain about his future as high school graduation draws near . While Troy is set to attend the University of Albuquerque , he begins to have second thoughts about other schools he and his father talked about . Coach Bolton and Chad are both insistent on Troy attending the university , but he decides to attend University of California , Berkeley in order to pursue both basketball and theater and to be closer to Gabriella , who enrolls at Stanford University . In the first three films , Troy is portrayed by Zac Efron , with Drew Seeley providing his singing voice in the first film . The reason for this dubbing is still somewhat unclear , although Efron has told Rolling Stone that the songs for the first film were written prior to casting and out of his vocal range . Casting for the role was a multi-audition process , and candidates for the role included Hunter Parrish and Sterling Knight . Efron had previously audition for a Disney Channel pilot that was not picked up by the network a few years prior to casting for High School Musical . Although the franchise will continue with a fourth film , Efron and his character will not be returning . In other media Efron reprised the role in the short film High School Musical 4 on Saturday Night Live . In Life with Archie : Archie Love Veronica : Lodge -- A Complaint ! , when Betty Cooper is talking about how all the men she has dated have all been nothing but `` clone ( s ) of Archie '' , she lists Troy Bolton as one of those she has dated . Gabriella Montez Gabriella Montez High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Vanessa Hudgens First appearance High School Musical Last appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Other names Gabby Occupation Student Lifeguard show Family Parents Lisa Montez ( mother ) When the two settle in Albuquerque , New Mexico , Gabriella 's mother promises they will not relocate until she graduates high school . Gabriella begins attending East High mid-year in the first film . Hoping to escape the `` freaky genius girl '' reputation she had earned at her previous schools , she does not join any extracurricular activities . Her first friend at East High is Troy Bolton , whom she had met at a ski lodge karaoke party on New Year 's Eve , however she quickly makes friends with Taylor McKessie , who finds out about Gabriella 's various academic accomplishments and urges her to join the school 's nation decathlon team . Gabriella is hesitant , but eventually agrees . Having unearthed a passion for performing at the karaoke party , Gabriella decides to audition for the school musical , but is too late . It is only when the musical 's director , Ms. Darbus , overhears Gabriella singing with Troy that she gives them both a callback . Gabriella is uncertain about perusing the lead role , especially when Taylor and the other members of the decathlon team tell her that the musical will take her focus off the upcoming decathlon event . Taylor and her friends stage an intervention , which portrays Troy as not caring about Gabriella or the musical . Heartbroken , Gabriella drops out of the running for the lead role . However , Taylor eventually confesses what she did and helps Gabriella make the decathlon and the musical auditions . Gabriella and Troy earn the lead roles , beating out Sharpay Evans , who had previously tried to thwart her chances of making the callbacks . In the second film , Gabriella has maintained her romance with Troy , and the couple , along with their friends , get jobs at the Lava Springs country club . Seeking revenge , Sharpay lures Troy away from Gabriella and his friends , showering him with various luxuries , including promising college opportunities . After Troy repeatedly breaks his promises and backs out of his commitments , Gabriella breaks up with him , only for the couple to reunite . In High School Musical 3 : Senior Year , a Stanford - bound Gabriella is uneasy about the fast pace her life has taken . Before graduation , Gabriella briefly considers taking classes at the local university for a year and going to Stanford when she is ready , much to the dismay of Taylor and Ms. Montez . Troy urges Gabriella to accept an early orientation . Gabriella goes to Stanford but must drop out of the school musical ( allowing Sharpay to fill the lead role ) and miss prom . Wanting his last dance at East High to be with Gabriella , Troy drives to Stanford and the two share an intimate prom of their own . He convinces Gabriella to return to East High for opening night of the musical and for graduation . Gabriella will attend Stanford and study law . She was referenced by Sharpay in Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure . Gabriella , who was named for the daughter of High School Musical writer Peter Barsocchini but modeled after a girl Barsocchini met before his teenage years , is portrayed by Vanessa Hudgens in the first three films of the franchise . Hudgens had previously auditioned for other Disney Channel projects . During auditions , Hudgens was paired with Zac Efron , who landed the role of Troy , at each callback , with director Kenny Ortega saying `` We tried to separate them and try them with other partners but it did n't work . The magic was already there between them . '' Following Hudgens ' 2007 nude photo scandal , reports claimed that Adrienne Bailon and other actresses would replace Hudgens in the third film of the franchise . However , Disney had denied the reports and Hudgens returned for High School Musical 3 . Hudgens will not , however , reprise her role for High School Musical 4 . Sharpay Evans Sharpay Evans High School Musical film series , Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( spinoff ) character Portrayed by Ashley Tisdale First appearance High School Musical Last appearance Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Star on Broadway show Family Parents Vance Evans ( father ) Darby Evans ( mother ) Siblings Ryan Evans ( twin brother ) Sharpay Evans is the main antagonist of the films and the co-president of the East High drama department alongside her twin brother , Ryan , with whom she has starred in 17 school productions . Sharpay appears to have the most power in the drama department , leaving Ryan as her right - hand man . However , the sibling loyalty is not always mutual . Classmate Taylor McKessie suspects that if Sharpay `` could figure out how to play both Romeo and Juliet , her own brother would be aced out of a job . '' Sharpay 's family is very affluent ; their wealth stems from the country club , Lava Springs , her parents own . In High School Musical , Sharpay is shown as being somewhat popular . Students on campus seem to fear her , as they scour to make room for her in the hallways or cafeteria . Fear also appears to be the reason why other students , such as Kelsi Nielsen , remain a part of Sharpay 's posse . Sharpay is sometimes the victim of playful jokes and light teasing from the East High basketball team , despite the fact that one of their star players , Zeke Baylor , has a crush on Sharpay . Sharpay 's talents are challenged for the first time when Gabriella Montez and Troy Bolton are called back for the lead roles in the musical . To ensure that she and Ryan remain in the spotlight , Sharpay convinces Ms. Darbus , the musical 's director , to switch the date of the callbacks to the same day as Troy 's district championship basketball game and Gabriella 's national decathlon . However , Troy and Gabriella still manage to make the callbacks and are cast in the lead roles of Arnold and Minnie . In the second film , Sharpay seems to have gained more popularity , with adoring fans wanting her signature in their yearbooks at the end of the school year . Sharpay plans to steal Troy away from Gabriella during summer vacation . She has the manager of Lava Springs , Mr. Fulton , hire Troy to work at the country club , ordering him to do so , whatever it takes . The cost of Troy 's employment is the employment of Gabriella and their friends . Realizing that she must now try to win Troy 's affections with extreme measures , Sharpay brings Troy into the high class world of her family , which eventually leads to his promotion and college opportunities . Sharpay also convinces Troy to sing with her in the Midsummer Night Talent Show , abandoning plans to enter the show with Ryan . Ryan begins to step out of Sharpay 's shadow and Troy eventually begins to free himself from Sharpay 's grip . Sharpay is unable to perform at the talent show , but does join Troy and Gabriella 's duet in the background , along with their other friends . Despite having little involvement in the show , the fixed competition 's prize , the Star Dazzle Award , was going to be given to her , but she selflessly awards the prize to her brother , who arranged Troy and Gabriella 's duet . By the third film , Sharpay 's popularity seems to be limited among admiring boys . In her senior year , Sharpay meets Tiara Gold , a British transfer student eager to learn the ropes at East High by becoming Sharpay 's student . Tiara 's dedication is impressive , but it turns out to be a facade . On opening night of the spring musical , Tiara attempts to upstage Sharpay , but fails . Sharpay does not received a scholariship to the Juilliard School like she had hoped and will study the dramatic arts at the University of Albuquerque , but has agreed to return to East High to assist Ms. Darbus with the drama department and to continue her reign over Tiara . Sharpay becomes the main protagonist in her independent film , Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure , where she believes she is offered a role on Broadway and travels to New York with her dog , Boi . Her father agrees to give her a one - month limit to prove that she can stand on her own : if she fails , then she will work for him at the Lava Springs Country Club . While in New York , she meets Peyton Leverette , the son of her mom 's college friend , who takes her to a new apartment after she got thrown out of a penthouse for refusing to throw her dog out . After finding out that the agents really want her dog , not her , she befriends the star , Amber Lee Adams , who manipulates her into doing chores , being her manager in exchange for her dog 's role , until she sees Amber Lee 's true face . Roger , whose dog is on competition with Sharpay 's , helps expose Amber Lee to the world , almost causing the show to be cancelled . Peyton shows a video of Sharpay 's secret performance to convince the agents that she can save the show by replacing Amber Lee Adams . Sharpay 's performance turns her into a star on Broadway and she starts dating Peyton . Sharpay is portrayed by Ashley Tisdale in the four films of the series . Tisdale , who was previously known for her starring role on the Disney Channel series `` The Suite Life of Zack & Cody '' , insists that she was not offered the role of Sharpay and had to audition , also claiming that she almost did n't get the role because the Disney executives did not think she could play the `` mean girl '' role based on her performance in `` The Suite Life '' . Tisdale said that she went into the auditions at the last minute , but felt very comfortable in front of the Disney executives , as she already knew them . To ensure that viewers loved to hate her character , Tisdale looked to Rachel McAdams ' performance in Mean Girls . Ryan Evans Ryan Evans High School Musical film series , Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ' character Portrayed by Lucas Grabeel First appearance High School Musical Last appearance Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Star show Family Parents Vance Evans ( father ) Darby Evans ( mother ) Siblings Sharpay Evans ( twin sister ) Ryan Evans is the twin brother of Sharpay Evans . Like his sister , Ryan is very much involved with musical theater and performing . However , his interests do not end at theater , as he also enjoys playing baseball and won the junior league world series sometime before the film series . Ryan is well known for wearing different styles of hats . In the first film , Ryan is depicted as being dim - witted and completely submissive to Sharpay , though this could be because he likes Troy and Gabriella . When Troy Bolton and Gabriella Montez threaten Ryan and Sharpay 's chances of being cast as the leads at East High 's winter musical , Ryan assists Sharpay in making sure Troy and Gabriella 's scheduled conflict with the callback dates . The plan falls through and Troy is cast in the lead role . In High School Musical 2 , Ryan plans on enjoying the summer at his family 's country club , Lava Springs , and entering the Midsummer Night Talent Show with Sharpay . However , he begins to step out of his sister 's shadow when she decides to enter the talent show with Troy . Ryan decides to help Gabriella and her friends , who have felt abandoned by Troy , stage an act for the talent show . This causes a rift in his relationship with Sharpay , who still expects him to be at her side . In the end , Ryan is awarded the Star Dazzle Award at the talent show for his directional work . In the third film of the franchise , with more independence by himself and being less controlled by his sister , Ryan is a candidate for a scholarship to the Juilliard School for dance . He is competing for one scholarship with Sharpay , Troy , and shy composer Kelsi Nielsen . The school 's scouts will attend opening night of the East High spring musical to determine who will be the recipient . Ryan is the choreographer of the show while Kelsi is the composer . Through their work together , Ryan attend prom together with Kelsi , but only as friends . He receive a scholarship to Juilliard . At the end of Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure , Ryan is on a break from his musical tour around the country and pays a visit to his sister Sharpay after she became a star on Broadway to congratulate her . While Sharpay goes to chase Boi , Ryan enjoys her bed until it folds back into the closet , taking Ryan with it . Ryan is played by Lucas Grabeel in the first three installments of the franchise . Corbin Bleu , who was later cast as Chad Danforth , auditioned for the role of Ryan . Grabeel had previously appeared in Disney Channel 's Halloweentown High . Only after the end of the franchise , David Simpatico , one of the writers , revealed Ryan 's homosexuality , described he as a `` coded gay '' -- characters without revealed sexuality by the rules of the studios , a controversial topic when talking to children and teenagers . Ortega based the character on his own adolescence : `` I see a lot of myself in Ryan . Yeah , I knew I was gay in high school , but I did n't tell anybody '' . Chad Danforth Chad Danforth High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Corbin Bleu First appearance High School Musical Last appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Caddy / Waiter show Family Parents Charlie Danforth ( father ) Jenny Danforth ( mother ) Chad Danforth is Troy Bolton 's best friend and teammate . Chad is known for wearing shirts with eccentric phrases and messages on them . In the third film , those messages are all environment - friendly . In High School Musical , Chad is gearing up for the district championship basketball game and assumes Troy , also the team captain , is doing the same . However , news soon spreads around school that Troy and Gabriella Montez , a new student , have auditioned for the school musical and have been called back for the lead roles . Hoping to keep Troy 's head in the game , Chad and his teammates stage an intervention while Taylor McKessie and her friends , who want Gabriella to stay focused on the national decathlon team , do the same with Gabriella . The plan is successful , but Chad and Taylor soon realize that they hurt their close friends . After admitting their guilt , they help Troy and Gabriella make the callbacks , as well as the game and decathlon . At the end of the film , Chad asks Taylor on a date . In the second film , Chad and Taylor seem to have maintained a relationship . Hoping to save up for a car , Chad takes a job at the Lava Springs country club for the summer , alongside Troy , Gabriella , Taylor , and their friends . Chad reluctantly agrees to participate with the other employees in the Midsummer Night Talent Show at the club . His friendship with Troy also hits a wall when Troy compromises himself for luxuries at the country club . The two , however , make up . In High School Musical 3 : Senior Year , Chad is looking forward to playing basketball with Troy at the University of Albuquerque following high school graduation . He is initially upset when Troy decides to attend the University of California , Berkeley instead , but accepts the fact that he and Troy can not stay together forever . Chad also struggles with asking Taylor to prom , but finally succeeds after several tries . Corbin Bleu portrays Chad Danforth in the first three films of the franchise . Bleu originally auditioned for the role of Ryan Evans , but was suggested for the role of Chad instead . Bleu had auditioned for Disney Channel projects in the past . Taylor McKessie Taylor McKessie High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Monique Coleman First appearance High School Musical Last appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Event / Activities Coordinator show Family Siblings Unnamed older sister Taylor McKessie is the president of the science club at East High and a member of the school 's national decathlon team . Taylor is a feminist and admires many important women in history . She is also shown to have a wide range of knowledge , including anything from computers to the daily lunch special in the school cafeteria . In the first film , she is shown as finding the school 's athlete as tribal . She is also impressed at the intellect of new student Gabriella Montez . Articles of Gabriella 's academic achievements at her old schools are placed in Taylor 's locker . Although Gabriella did not slip the articles in the locker , she agrees to join the decathlon team at Taylor 's suggestion . However , when Gabriella 's interest begins to turn to the school musical and Troy Bolton , Taylor teams up with Troy 's best friend , Chad , to make sure they can keep their friends away from one another and focused on the prize . While Chad and his basketball teammates explain to Troy that they will not win the district championship game if he is involved with the musical , they film him saying that the musical and Gabriella are not important . Taylor show Gabriella the footage and she is left heartbroken . Realizing the magnitude of what they have done , Taylor and Chad work together again to make sure Troy and Gabriella make the musical callbacks . Taylor 's role in the plan is to set off a chemical reaction that would result in the evacuation of the national decathlon . At the end of the film , Taylor is asked out by Chad . In High School Musical 2 , Taylor , Gabriella , Chad , Troy , and their friends are hired at the Lava Springs country club , owned by the parents of Sharpay Evans , the school drama queen . Taylor is the first to notice that Troy is changing and being pulled into Sharpay 's world . She tries to convince Gabriella that Troy is no longer the nice guy she fell for . In High School Musical 3 : Senior Year , Taylor is editor of the school yearbook . While she will attend Yale University and study political science ( with the goal of becoming President of the United States ) , she pushes Gabriella to accept an early orientation at Stanford University while joining the others for a last spring musicale . Taylor is portrayed by Monique Coleman in the first three films of the series . Coleman had previously auditioned for Disney Channel . Other East High students Kelsi Nielsen Kelsi Nielsen High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Olesya Rulin First appearance High School Musical Last appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Pianist Kelsi Nielsen is a songwriter and composer and student at East High . She is very introverted and is very intimidated by Sharpay Evans , the president of the school 's drama department . In High School Musical , Ms. Darbus , the director of the school 's winter musical , allows Kelsi to compose the music . During the auditions , Sharpay and her brother , Ryan , perform one of Kelsi 's original songs , `` What I 've Been Looking For '' , but with an upbeat arrangement . When Kelsi tells Sharpay that she imagined the song to be much slower , Sharpay belittles her and Kelsi retreats . After auditions , Kelsi is approached by Troy and Gabriella , who tell her she does not have to be intimidated by Sharpay . She offers to show them how the song they sang is supposed to sound . Troy and Gabriella sing the duet ballad and Ms. Darbus , who had re-entered the auditorium , gives them a callback . Kelsi works with Troy and Gabriella to ensure that they beat out Sharpay and Ryan for the lead roles . The second film shows Kelsi , Troy , Gabriella , and their friends working at the Lava Springs country club , which is owned by Sharpay 's family . Kelsi 's job is playing the piano in the dining room . She is also the rehearsal pianist for Sharpay . She has a mutual love interest in Jason Cross , but never been shown a relationship . Although , in the third film he attends prom with Ryan when he invites her to work together , but only as friends . Kelsi receive scholarships for the Juilliard School , where she will study music . Kelsi is portrayed by Olesya Rulin in the first three films of the series . Rulin , who had previously starred in Disney Channel 's Halloweentown High alongside Lucas Grabeel , was cast in her High School Musical role immediately after her own high school graduation . Zeke Baylor Zeke Baylor High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Chris Warren , Jr . First appearance High School Musical Last appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Chef Zeke Baylor is one of East High 's most talented basketball players . He appears to be very close to Jason Cross , Troy Bolton , and Chad Danforth . He also is attracted to Sharpay Evans . In High School Musical , he is one of several students to reveal a secret passion following Troy Bolton 's audition for the school musical . Zeke 's passion is baking , which impresses Sharpay at the end of the film . In High School Musical 2 , Zeke is one of many East High students to be hired to work at Sharpay 's family 's country club , Lava Springs . He assists Chef Michael in the kitchen . His crush on Sharpay still remains , but the two are not seen together until the end of the film . In High School Musical 3 : Senior Year , Sharpay asks Zeke to prom and he joins his friends in a final musical , but also has to work hard to pass his Family Science Class . Chris Warren , Jr. portrays Zeke in the first three High School Musical films . Although his character graduates in the third film , Warren stated after High School Musical 2 that he planned to appear in two more sequels , indicating possible involvement in High School Musical 4 : East Meets West . Jason Cross Jason Cross High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Ryne Sanborn First appearance High School Musical Last appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Dishwasher Jason Cross is a member of the East High School boys ' varsity basketball team and one of Troy Bolton , Chad Danforth , and Zeke Baylor 's good friends . He tends to ask questions or make statements that make him come off as a kiss - up or unintelligent . In High School Musical , he works as a bus boy at Lava Springs country club . He has a mutual love interest in Kelsi Nielsen , but never been shown a relationship . In the third film he attends prom with Martha Cox , but only as good friends , when Kelsi goes with Ryan . While he joins his friends on a final musical before graduation , he also has to spend time to study for his finals . At the end of the movie , he finally earns enough scores to graduate . Jason is portrayed by Ryne Sanborn in the first three films of the series . Martha Cox Martha Cox High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Kaycee Stroh First appearance High School Musical Last appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Culinary Assistant Martha Cox is an East High School student and member of the national decathlon team . In wake of Troy 's audition for the winter musical in High School Musical , Martha confesses that she enjoys hip - hop dancing . In High School Musical 2 , Martha works at the Lava Springs country club as part of the kitchen staff . She becomes a cheerleader in the third film and participates in a final musical with her friends . Martha is portrayed by Kaycee Stroh in the first three films in the franchise . Stroh took some of her dance students to audition for High School Musical as background dancers . Director Kenny Ortega pulled her aside and asked her to audition for the role of Martha , choosing her . Tiara Gold Tiara Gold High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Jemma McKenzie - Brown First appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Personal Assistant Tiara Gold is a British transfer student who takes a job as Sharpay Evans ' assistant to learn the ropes at East High . She shows some initial interest in musical theater , but is careful not to upstage Sharpay . Due to her dedicated presence during rehearsals for the spring musical , Ms. Darbus casts Tiara as an understudy . Tiara later overhears Gabriella Montez talking to Taylor McKessie about an early orientation at Stanford University , which would make Gabriella unable to perform as the lead in the musical . Tiara informs Sharpay , who is impressed by her dedication . Gabriella leaves for the orientation , allowing Sharpay to take over her part . Tiara , in turn , takes over Sharpay 's former role . During opening night , Sharpay is embarrassed after having to perform with Jimmie Zara , Troy Bolton 's understudy . When she goes back to her dressing room , she finds Tiara in her costume . Tiara tells Sharpay that she is the new queen of the drama department and that it is time for Sharpay to move aside . Sharpay , in retaliation , upstages Tiara onstage . Later , Tiara learns that Sharpay will be returning occasionally to East High after graduation to help Ms. Darbus with the drama department and , undoubtedly , continue to upstage Tiara . Tiara is portrayed by Jemma McKenzie - Brown in High School Musical 3 : Senior Year . Disney star Selena Gomez has admitted to turning down the role , while Ali Lohan reportedly auditioned for the role . Although Brown was originally set to star in High School Musical 4 : East Meets West , it has since been confirmed that she will not reprise her role . Jimmie Zara Jimmie Zara High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Matt Prokop First appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Other names `` Rocketman '' , `` The Rocket '' Occupation Student Jimmie Zara , also known as `` the Rocket '' or `` Rocketman '' , is a member on the East High School boys ' varsity basketball team . In the final game of High School Musical 3 : Senior Year , he is used as somewhat of a secret weapon and scores the winning basket . He looks up to Troy Bolton and has a small crush on Sharpay Evans . He is Troy 's understudy for the spring musical and is able to perform with Sharpay on opening night . Matt Prokop portrays Jimmie in the third film of the series . Disney star Tony Oller auditioned for this role . Prokop has stated that he signed on for three potential films , including High School Musical 3 . However , Prokop has since confirmed that he will not be in the fourth film , as Disney wanted to go in a new direction . Donny Dion Donny Dion High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Justin Martin First appearance High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Created by Peter Barsocchini Profile Occupation Student Donny Dion is a member of the East High School boys ' varsity basketball team . It is unclear whether or not he is a player or an equipment manager or towel boy . Nevertheless , he looks up to Chad Danforth and evens asks to have Chad 's gym locker after he graduates . His best friend is Jimmie Zara . Donny is portrayed by Justin Martin in High School Musical 3 : Senior Year . Martin almost gave up on auditioning for the roll because the casting directors told him he was too little . Susan Susan is a girl who auditions for the winter musical but did not get the role even though Ms. Darbus was impressed with some hand gestures she made . She is portrayed by Anne Kathryn Parma . Alan Alan is a boy who auditions for the winter musical but did not get the role . He is portrayed by Nick Whitaker . Cyndra Cyndra is a girl who auditions for the winter musical and is not happy when she does not get the role . She is portrayed by Falcon Grace . Other characters Peyton Leverett Peyton Leverett High School Musical film series character Portrayed by Austin Butler First appearance Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure Profile Occupation Student of New York University show Family Parents Unnamed mother Peyton Leverett is the male protagonist and love interest of Sharpay Evans in Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure . He is a film student at New York University who is assigned by his mother to keep an eye on Sharpay while she 's in town , and immediately finds her interesting and decides to make her his filming subject of `` A special story in New York '' . He is the one who helps Sharpay locate a studio apartment , encourages her to pursue her dreams , adapt to her surroundings and reminds her of who she really is when she is about to lose herself . When Sharpay becomes Amber Lee Adam 's secretary , she loses time to spend with Peyton . Peyton becomes frustrated with her ignorance to Amber Lee 's ambitions , Boi and Countess 's newfound relationship and lack of time to spend with him . The two have an argument and Peyton drops her from his project until she apologizes to him the next day . After Amber Lee quit the show , Peyton shows the agents and producers a video of Sharpay 's secret rehearsal to prove that she can save the show . The producers are so impressed by her performance that they re-hire Sharpay as the lead of `` A Girl 's Best Friend '' . Sharpay expresses her worries and anxiety , but Peyton manages to help her maintain confidence and then kisses her . He is last seen greeting Sharpay 's parents seconds before the show starts . Peyton is portrayed by Austin Butler , who had also starred with Ashley Tisdale in Aliens in the Attic , where they played each other 's paternal cousins . Roger Elliston Roger Elliston is a young , wealthy boy who shares most of Sharpay 's personality and appears in Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure , where he and Sharpay compete each other to win a role for their dogs . He continuously attempts to win the role for his dog , Countess , by cheating . Eventually , he and Sharpay find out that Amber Lee Adams has forced to producers to remove the dogs from the show , and both are forced to come together to reveal Amber Lee Adams ' true image to the world . Although they manage to expose Amber Lee 's true self to the world , this results in Amber Lee quitting the show , Sharpay getting fired and almost causing the show to be cancelled . When the producers re-hire Sharpay , she demands that Boi and Countess share the role of Shelby equally , much to Roger 's pleasure . Roger is portrayed by Bradley Steven Perry . Amber Lee Adams Amber Lee Adams is a support character who appears in Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure . She is a famous film star who is about to hired as the main character on Broadway in a show called `` A Girl 's Best Friend '' . She is always sweet and kind to those around her , but that is only for her image . In truth , she is self - absorbed , demanding , mean , and manipulative , much like Sharpay in the previous films . She fires her secretary for being late and then hires Sharpay to do her chores and keep check of her schedules , and manipulates her to do her bidding by acting kind in front of her . In the end , she gets tired of the dogs , Boi and Countess , and demands the producers remove the dogs from the show . Sharpay hears this and works with Roger to expose Amber Lee 's true face to the world . Amber Lee Adams is played by Cameron Goodman . Parents and adults Jack Bolton is Troy Bolton 's father and the coach of the East High boys ' varsity basketball team . He is angry when he finds out that Troy auditioned for the school musical weeks before the district championship game in . He voices his disapproval but changes his mind when he sees how talented Troy is . When Troy begins working at the Lava Springs country club , Jack advises Troy to keep his eye on college . Jack is once again angry with Troy when he learns Troy is considering other schools besides the University of Albuquerque ; however , he comes to terms with Troy 's decision to enroll at the University of California , Berkeley . Coach Bolton is played by Bart Johnson in the first three films of the series . Ms. Darbus is the overly - dramatic musical director at East High . Her classroom serves as homeroom for Troy Bolton , Gabriella Montez , Sharpay Evans , Ryan Evans , Chad Danforth , Taylor McKessie , Kelsi Nielsen , and other students . She has an intense dislike of cell phones , particularly when they ring in the theater . She and coworker Coach Jack Bolton do not always see eye - to - eye . In the first film , Ms. Darbus is convinced that Troy and Gabriella only auditioned for the musical to mock it . In the end , she casts them as the leads . In High School Musical 3 : Senior Year , Ms. Darbus submits Troy 's name for a scholarship to the Juilliard School without his knowledge . Ms. Darbus is portrayed by Alyson Reed in the films . Lisa Montez is the single mother of Gabriella Montez . Gabriella has stated that she and her mother relocated several times . They move to Albuquerque halfway through Gabriella 's junior year , and she promises Gabriella that it is a permanent arrangement until she graduates . Lisa is very proud of Gabriella for being accepted to Stanford University and does not agree with her daughter when she suggests taking a year off after high school . As Gabriella 's graduation approaches , Lisa puts the house up for sale . It is unclear what happened to her husband ; he has only been mentioned once , by Gabriella as she recollects her childhood , and is presumably dead . Lisa is portrayed by Socorro Herrera in the first and third films . Vance Evans is the wealthy father of Sharpay and Ryan Evans and the owner of the Lava Springs country club . He holds the highest record on the club 's golf course , which he built himself . His alma mater is the University of Albuquerque . He is very impressed by Troy Bolton and offers him opportunities through his connections with the university . Vance is portrayed by Robert Curtis Brown in the second and third films . Darby Evans is the wealthy mother of Sharpay and Ryan Evans and the wife of Vance Evans . She approves the hiring of several East High students to the Lava Springs country club , much to the dismay of Sharpay , who only wanted Troy Bolton to work there . She is very interested in yoga , has a unique relationship with both students , and is unskilled at golf . She is portrayed by Jessica Tuck in the second and third films . Thomas Fulton is the manager of the Lava Springs country club . He is obligated to take Sharpay Evans ' orders . In doing so , he hires Troy Bolton to work at the club . He is uptight and prefers structure and discipline . He is portrayed by Mark L. Taylor in High School Musical 2 . Dave Matsui is the principal of East High . He is first seen welcoming Gabriella Montez to East High . He also seems to have to deal with the quarrels between Coach Jack Bolton and Ms. Darbus . He insists that they need to learn to work together , although he seems to have more interest in Coach Bolton 's side of the argument . Principal Matsui is portrayed by Joey Miyashima in High School Musical and High School Musical 3 : Senior Year . Lucille Bolton is Troy Bolton 's mother and Jack Bolton 's wife . She is depicted as being somewhat annoyed with Troy and Jack 's extreme dedication to basketball . Lucille is portrayed by Leslie Wing in the first three installments of the series . Charlie Danforth is the father of Chad Danforth and friend of Jack Bolton . He is portrayed by Corbin Bleu 's real - life father , David Reivers in the third film . His unnamed wife is portrayed by Yolanda Wood in the third film . An unnamed chemistry teacher at East High . She is portrayed by Irene Santiago - Baron . Ms. Falstaff is a librarian at East High . In the first film , she constantly reminds Chad to keep quiet in the library . She is portrayed by Joyce Cohen . Others Jackie , Lea , and Emma are Sharpay Evans ' friends , sometimes called the `` Sharpettes '' . The girls are sometimes collectively known as the Sharpettes , as they often act as back - up singers and dancers for Sharpay , but are never referred to as such in the film series . It is apparent that they do not attend East High School and spend the majority of their time with Sharpay during the summer at her family 's country club , Lava Springs . They seem to be equally as pampered as Sharpay , but always follow her every order . Jackie , Lea , and Emma are only portrayed in High School Musical 2 , by Tanya Chisholm , Kelli Baker , and McCall Clark , respectively . Baker had a role as a cheerleader and dancer in the first film . Boi is Sharpay 's dog who appears in High School Musical 2 , High School Musical 3 : Senior Year and Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure , Boi is taken to New York with Sharpay . He is given an opportunity to participate in a play called `` A Girl 's Best Friend '' on Broadway , which Sharpay initially believed was her opportunity until the casting agent clarified her mistake . Boi meets another dog called Countess and they fall in love with each other , but their owners initially fail to see their affections . He is portrayed by director Kenny Ortega 's dog , Manly `` Little Pickles '' Ortega . Countess is Roger Elliston 's well - trained dog who appears in Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure . Countess meets another dog called Boi and they fall in love with each other , but their owners initially fail to see their affections . Lupe , Tiffany and Dena are Sharpay 's friends in Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure who help her to show her father that she 's determined to take an offer for Broadway . They are portrayed by Alessandra Cannito , Lauren Collins and Shadia Ali , respectively . Jerry Taylor is a famous Broadway producer who offers Sharpay 's dog , Boi , the chance to star in his latest show . He is portrayed by Pat Mastroianni in Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure . Gill Samms is a producer of Jerry 's show . He is portrayed by Alec Mapa in Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure . Neal Roberts is another producer of Jerry 's show . He is portrayed by Jack Plotnick in Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure . References Jump up ^ High School Musical script , p. 61 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone , issue # 1033 , Aug. 23 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Man Off Campus '' Archived 2009 - 07 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . GQ . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Sterling Knight interview . The Bonnie Hunt Show . YouTube . Retrieved on 2010 - 02 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Child Stars : Casting Director Judy Taylor Backstage Casting . YouTube . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 Jump up ^ `` Zac Efron Says No to High School Musical 4 '' Waleg , Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ High School Musical script , p. 8 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ HSM writer Peter Barsocchini on his daughter Gabriella Archived 2009 - 08 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Big Pond . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Catching up with the cast of High School Musical '' Scholastic . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` High School Musical Cast : London Press Junket '' Gossip Center . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Adrienne Bailon Vanessa Hudgens ' High School Musical ' Replacement Pop Crunch . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ ' Musical ' star not dumped by Disney MSNBC . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 08 Jump up ^ Back to Junior Varsity for Disney 's `` High School Musical '' Franchise The New York Times . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ High School Musical script , p. 10 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ High School Musical script , p. 28 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ High School Musical script , p. 33 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Video of Ashley Tisdale on `` The View '' on September 3 , 2007 YouTube . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` High School Musical 3 's Ryan Evans still a coded gay character '' . New Now Next . October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The `` High School Musical '' Cast Reveals Facts You Probably Did n't Know `` . BuzzFeed . January 20 , 2008 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olesya Rulin official website : High School Musical 3 Archived 2010 - 01 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Olesya Rulin Official Website . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Report from Disney 's High School Musical 2 DVD Launch at El Capitan Theater UltimateDisney.com . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Dancing with Kaycee Stroh Scholastic . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Teen star Selena Gomez looks beyond Disney New York Daily News . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ali Lohan Auditions for ' High School Musical 3 ' Access Hollywood . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ High School Musical 's Jemma ' Tiara ' McKenzie - Brown was a star pupil in Yorkshire and is tipped to hit the bigtime in Hollywood Mirror.co.uk . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 Jump up ^ Jemma McKenzie Brown Will Not Be in High School Musical Show Hype . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Tony Oller Talks High School Musical 3 Tryout Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . PopLife . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Interview with Just Jared Jr . Jump up ^ Matt Prokop : Not Cast in High School Musical 4 The Hollywood Gossip . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Leon protege nearly misses ' Senior Year ' Archived 2009 - 08 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . Access Atlanta . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 09 . External links Disney 's High School Musical official site High School Musical Films High School Musical ( 2006 ) High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) High School Musical 3 : Senior Year ( 2008 ) Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 ) Soundtrack albums High School Musical High School Musical 2 High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure Other albums Hits Remixed Non-Stop Dance Party Songs High School Musical `` What I 've Been Looking For '' `` Stick to the Status Quo '' `` Breaking Free '' High School Musical 2 `` What Time Is It ? '' `` Fabulous '' `` Work This Out '' `` You Are the Music in Me '' `` I Do n't Dance '' High School Musical 3 : Senior Year `` Now or Never '' `` Right Here , Right Now '' `` I Want It All '' `` A Night to Remember '' Video games Makin ' the Cut ! Work This Out ! Senior Year Dance Senior Year DS Disney Sing It High School Musical High School Musical 3 : Senior Year Pop Hits Family Hits Party Hits Other productions Concert tour Stage production Sequel The Music in You Get in the Picture El Desafío Argentina A Seleção Brazil O Desafio Brazil High School Musical Jr Other media Discography Book series Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_High_School_Musical_characters&oldid=855670448 '' Categories : High School Musical Disney characters originating in film Lists of Disney characters Musical characters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 00 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who does zac efron play in high school musical
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"In the first three films, Troy is portrayed by Zac Efron, with Drew Seeley providing his singing voice in the first film. The reason for this dubbing is still somewhat unclear, although Efron has told Rolling Stone that the songs for the first film were written prior to casting and out of his vocal range.[2] Casting for the role was a multi-audition process, and candidates for the role included Hunter Parrish[3] and Sterling Knight.[4] Efron had previously audition for a Disney Channel pilot that was not picked up by the network a few years prior to casting for High School Musical.[5] Although the franchise will continue with a fourth film, Efron and his character will not be returning.[6]\n"
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"Zac Efron"
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List of One Day International cricket records
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List of One Day International cricket records - wikipedia List of One Day International cricket records Jump to : navigation , search Sachin Tendulkar is the leading run - scorer and century maker in ODI cricket Muttiah Muralitharan is the highest wicket - taker in ODI cricket One Day International ( ODI ) cricket is played between international cricket teams who are Full Members of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) as well as the top six Associate and Affiliate members . Unlike Test matches , ODIs consist of one innings per team , having a limit in the number of overs . The limit of overs is currently 50 overs per innings , although in the past this has been 55 or 60 overs . ODI cricket is List - A cricket , so statistics and records set in ODI matches also count toward List - A records . The earliest match now recognised as an ODI was played between England and Australia in January 1971 ; since then there have been over 3,000 ODIs played by 26 teams . The frequency of matches has steadily increased , partly because of the increase in the number of ODI - playing countries , and partly as the cricket boards of those nations seek to maximise their revenue and also due to increase of popularity of Cricket . The most successful team in ODI cricket , in terms of win percentage , barring the Asia XI cricket team , is Australia , having won 527 of their 854 ODIs ( 64.58 % ) . In contrast , four teams have failed to win a single ODI : East Africa , Hong Kong , Namibia , and the USA . Notable ODI records include longest winning sequence ( Australia , 21 ) , longest losing sequence ( Bangladesh , 23 ) , highest match by any player ( Sachin , 463 ) highest individual score ( Rohit Sharma , 264 ) , best bowling figures ( Chaminda Vaas , 8 -- 19 ) , most runs in an over ( Herschelle Gibbs , 36 ) and fastest century ( AB De Villiers , 31 deliveries ) . The trend of countries to increase the number of ODI matches they play means that the aggregate lists are dominated by modern players . Indian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar has scored the most runs in ODIs with a total of 18,426 . Sri Lankan spinner Muttiah Muralitharan is the highest ODI wicket - taker with a total of 534 wickets . The record for most dismissals by a wicket - keeper is held by Kumar Sangakkara of Sri Lanka while the record for most catches by a fielder is held by Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardene . Contents ( hide ) 1 Listing criteria 2 Listing notation 3 Team records 3.1 Team wins , losses , ties , and no results 3.2 Result records 3.2. 1 Greatest win margin ( by runs ) 3.2. 2 Greatest win margin ( by balls remaining ) 3.2. 3 Most consecutive wins 3.2. 4 Most consecutive defeats 3.3 Team scoring records 3.3. 1 Highest innings totals 3.3. 2 Highest match aggregate 3.3. 3 Highest runs in successful chasing 3.3. 4 Lowest innings totals 4 Individual records 4.1 Individual records ( batting ) 4.1. 1 Most career runs 4.1. 2 Most runs in each batting position 4.1. 3 Highest individual scores 4.1. 4 Highest individual score in chronological order ( Progressive Record ) 4.1. 5 Highest individual score at the position 4.1. 6 Highest career average 4.1. 7 Highest strike rates 4.1. 8 Most centuries 4.1. 9 Most fifties 4.1. 10 Fastest fifties 4.1. 11 Fastest centuries 4.1. 12 Fastest 150s 4.1. 13 Fastest double centuries 4.1. 14 Most sixes in career 4.1. 15 Most fours in career 4.1. 16 Most sixes in an innings 4.1. 17 Most fours in an innings 4.1. 18 Most runs in a calendar year 4.1. 19 Most runs in an over 4.1. 20 Most runs in a match on the losing side 4.1. 21 Most Number of innings before first duck 4.1. 22 Most Runs in an innings as captain 4.1. 23 Most Runs in an innings as wicketkeeper batsman 4.1. 24 Most Runs in a career without hundred 4.2 Individual records ( bowling ) 4.2. 1 Most wickets 4.2. 2 Best innings figures 4.2. 3 Most runs conceded in an innings 4.2. 4 Best career bowling average 4.2. 5 Best career economy rate 4.2. 6 Best career bowling strike rate 4.2. 7 Most 5 wickets in an innings 4.3 Individual records ( fielding ) 4.3. 1 Most catches in ODI career 4.4 Individual records ( wicket - keeping ) 4.4. 1 Most dismissals 4.4. 2 Most catches 4.4. 3 Most stumpings 4.5 Individual records ( other ) 4.5. 1 Most matches played 5 Partnership records 5.1 Highest partnerships 5.2 Highest partnership for each wicket 6 See also 7 References Listing criteria In general the top five are listed in each category ( except when there is a tie for the last place among the five , when all the tied record holders are noted ) . Listing notation Team notation ( 300 -- 3 ) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed , either due to a successful run chase or if no overs remained ( or are able ) to be bowled . ( 300 ) indicates that a team scored 300 runs and was all out , either by losing all ten wickets or by having one or more batsmen unable to bat and losing the remaining wickets . Batting notation ( 100 * ) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out . ( 175 ) indicates that a batsman scored 175 runs and was out after that . Bowling notation ( 5 -- 40 ) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while giving away 40 runs . ( 49.5 overs ) indicates that a team bowled 49 complete overs ( each of six legal deliveries ) , and one incomplete over of just five deliveries . Currently playing Record holders who are currently playing ODIs ( i.e. their record details listed could change ) are shown by ‡ . Seasons Cricket is played during the summer months in most countries . Domestic cricket seasons in Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Bangladesh , Zimbabwe and the West Indies may therefore span two calendar years , and are by convention said to be played in ( e.g. ) `` 2008 -- 09 '' . A cricket season in England is described as a single year . e.g. `` 2009 '' . An international ODI series or tournament may be for a much shorter duration , and Cricinfo treats this issue by stating `` any series or matches which began between May and September of any given year will appear in the relevant single year season and any that began between October and April will appear in the relevant cross-year season '' . In the record tables , a two - year span generally indicates that the record was set within a domestic season in one of the above named countries . Team records Team wins , losses , ties , and no results Team First ODI Matches Won Lost Tied No result Win Afghanistan 000000002009 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 2009 83 42 39 0 51.85 Africa XI 000000002005 - 08 - 17 - 0000 17 August 2005 6 0 20.00 Asia XI 000000002005 - 01 - 10 - 0000 10 January 2005 7 0 66.66 Australia 000000001971 - 01 - 05 - 0000 5 January 1971 902 554 305 9 34 64.34 Bangladesh 000000001986 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 March 1986 332 105 220 0 7 32.30 Bermuda 000000002006 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2006 35 7 28 0 0 20.00 Canada 000000001979 - 06 - 09 - 0000 9 June 1979 77 17 58 0 22.66 East Africa 000000001975 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 1975 0 0 0 0.00 England 000000001971 - 01 - 05 - 0000 5 January 1971 692 339 322 8 23 51.27 Hong Kong 000000002004 - 07 - 16 - 0000 16 July 2004 18 6 11 0 35.29 ICC World XI 000000002005 - 01 - 10 - 0000 10 January 2005 0 0 25.00 India 000000001974 - 07 - 13 - 0000 13 July 1974 923 471 405 7 40 53.73 Ireland 000000002006 - 06 - 13 - 0000 13 June 2006 123 51 62 7 45.25 Kenya 000000001996 - 02 - 18 - 0000 18 February 1996 154 42 107 0 5 28.18 Namibia 000000002003 - 02 - 10 - 0000 10 February 2003 6 0 6 0 0 0.00 Netherlands 000000001996 - 02 - 17 - 0000 17 February 1996 76 28 44 39.04 New Zealand 000000001973 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 February 1973 728 323 360 6 39 47.31 Pakistan 000000001973 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 February 1973 879 464 389 8 18 54.35 Papua New Guinea 000000002014 - 11 - 08 - 0000 8 November 2014 8 0 0 50.00 Scotland 000000001999 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 1999 91 30 55 0 6 35.29 South Africa 000000001991 - 11 - 10 - 0000 10 November 1991 580 358 200 6 16 64.00 Sri Lanka 000000001975 - 06 - 07 - 0000 7 June 1975 803 372 390 5 36 48.82 United Arab Emirates 000000001994 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 1994 35 9 26 0 0 25.71 United States 000000002004 - 09 - 10 - 0000 10 September 2004 0 0 0 0.00 West Indies 000000001973 - 09 - 05 - 0000 5 September 1973 762 380 347 9 26 52.24 Zimbabwe 000000001983 - 06 - 09 - 0000 9 June 1983 491 129 345 6 11 27.50 Last updated : 17 September 2017 The win percentage excludes no results ; a tie counts as half a win Result records Greatest win margin ( by runs ) Margin Teams Venue Date Scorecard 290 runs New Zealand ( 402 -- 2 ) beat Ireland ( 112 ) Mannofield Park , Aberdeen 1 July 2008 Scorecard 275 runs Australia ( 417 -- 6 ) beat Afghanistan ( 142 ) WACA , Perth 4 March 2015 Scorecard 272 runs South Africa ( 399 -- 6 ) beat Zimbabwe ( 127 ) Willowmoore Park , Benoni 22 October 2010 Scorecard 258 runs South Africa ( 301 -- 8 ) beat Sri Lanka ( 43 ) Boland Park , Paarl 11 January 2012 Scorecard 257 runs India ( 413 -- 5 ) beat Bermuda ( 156 ) Queen 's Park Oval , Port of Spain , Trinidad 19 March 2007 Scorecard South Africa ( 408 -- 5 ) beat West Indies ( 151 ) SCG , Sydney 27 February 2015 Scorecard Last updated : 2 September 2016 Greatest win margin ( by balls remaining ) Margin Teams Venue Date Scorecard 277 balls † England ( 46 -- 2 ) beat Canada ( 45 ) Old Trafford , Manchester 13 June 1979 Scorecard 274 balls Sri Lanka ( 40 -- 1 ) beat Zimbabwe ( 38 ) SSC , Colombo 8 December 2001 Scorecard 272 balls Sri Lanka ( 37 -- 1 ) beat Canada ( 36 ) Boland Park , Paarl 19 February 2003 Scorecard 264 balls New Zealand ( 95 -- 0 ) beat Bangladesh ( 93 ) Queenstown , New Zealand 31 December 2007 Scorecard 253 balls Australia ( 66 -- 1 ) beat United States ( 65 ) The Rose Bowl , Southampton 13 September 2004 Scorecard Last updated : 2 September 2016 † This match was played with 60 overs per innings Most consecutive wins Wins Team First win Last win 21 Australia England at Hobart , 11 January 2003 West Indies at Port of Spain , 24 May 2003 12 South Africa England at Centurion , 13 February 2005 New Zealand at Port Elizabeth , 30 October 2005 Pakistan India at Jaipur , 18 November 2007 Bangladesh at Dhaka , 8 June 2008 South Africa Ireland at Benoni , 25 September 2016 New Zealand at Hamilton , 19 February 2017 11 West Indies England at Lord 's , 4 June 1984 Sri Lanka at Perth , 2 February 1985 Australia Scotland at Basseterre , 14 March 2007 Sri Lanka at Bridgetown , 28 April 2007 No Results are treated the same as losses and ties in the above table . Last updated : 22 February 2017 Notes : ^ ( a ) This sequence began after a no - result , and was ended by a no - result . The first win was over England in the 7th and final ODI ( ODI 2226 ) of a seven - game series . The 6th ODI ( ODI 2225 ) was a no result , before which South Africa had won the 3rd ( ODI 2221 ) , 4th ( ODI 2223 ) , and 5th ( ODI 2224 ) ODIs . Ignoring this no result , the sequence lasted 15 matches . The last win came against New Zealand in the 3rd ODI ( ODI 2289 ) of a five - game series . The 4th ODI ( ODI 2292 ) was a no result and South Africa won the 5th ODI ( ODI 2293 ) as well as the 1st ODI ( ODI 2297 ) against India in their next series before losing to India in the 2nd ODI ( ODI 2298 ) . Ignoring this no result as well , South Africa 's winning streak is further extended to 17 matches . ^ ( b ) This sequence was ended by a no - result . The last win was the 2007 Cricket World Cup Final ( ODI 2581 ) . Australia 's next ODI ( ODI 2621 ) was the first game of a seven - game series against India ; there was no result . Australia won the next two ODIs of the series ( ODI 2623 and 2625 ) before losing the 4th ODI ( ODI 2627 ) . If this no result is ignored , the second and third ODIs would be included in Australia 's winning streak , extending it to 13 matches . Most consecutive defeats Defeats Team First defeat Last defeat 23 Bangladesh West Indies at Dhaka , 8 October 1999 South Africa at Kimberley , 9 October 2002 22 Bangladesh Pakistan at Moratuwa , 31 March 1986 India at Mohali , 14 May 1998 18 Zimbabwe India at Leicester , 11 June 1983 Australia at Hobart , 14 March 1992 Bangladesh South Africa at Bloemfontein , 22 September 2003 England at Dhaka , 12 November 2003 17 Zimbabwe Sri Lanka at Bulawayo , 20 April 2004 England at Bulawayo , 5 December 2004 No results are treated the same as wins and ties in the above table . Last updated : 15 February 2016 Notes : ^ ( a ) The 23 - game sequence was ended by a no result ( ODI 1904 ) . Another four defeats followed , then another no result ( ODI 1956 ) , and then Bangladesh 's 18 game losing sequence . Ignoring these no results , Bangladesh 's 23 game losing sequence and 18 game losing sequence combine with the intervening four defeats into a single losing streak of 45 matches . Team scoring records Highest innings Totals See also : List of 400 + innings scores in ODIs Score Team Opponent Venue Date Scorecard 444 -- 3 ( 50 overs ) England Pakistan Nottingham 30 August 2016 Scorecard 443 -- 9 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka Netherlands Amstelveen 4 July 2006 Scorecard 439 -- 2 ( 50 overs ) South Africa West Indies Johannesburg 18 January 2015 Scorecard 438 -- 9 ( 49.5 overs ) † South Africa Australia Johannesburg 12 March 2006 Scorecard 438 -- 4 ( 50 overs ) South Africa India Mumbai 25 October 2015 Scorecard Last updated : 31 August 2016 † See the match report for more details about this match , in which several records were set . Highest match aggregate Score Teams Venue Date Scorecard 872 -- 13 ( 99.5 overs ) † Australia ( 434 -- 4 ) v South Africa ( 438 -- 9 ) Johannesburg 12 March 2006 Scorecard 825 -- 15 ( 100 overs ) India ( 414 -- 7 ) v Sri Lanka ( 411 -- 8 ) Rajkot 15 December 2009 Scorecard 763 -- 14 ( 96.0 overs ) New Zealand ( 398 -- 5 ) v England ( 365 -- 9 ) London 12 June 2015 Scorecard 747 -- 14 ( 100 overs ) India ( 381 -- 6 ) v England ( 366 - 8 ) Cuttack 19 January 2017 Scorecard 743 -- 12 ( 99.2 overs ) Australia ( 371 -- 6 ) v South Africa ( 372 -- 6 ) Durban 5 October 2016 Scorecard Last updated : 13 September 2017 † See the match report for more details about this match , in which several records were set . Highest runs in successful chasing Score Team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 438 -- 9 ( 49.5 overs ) † South Africa Australia Johannesburg 12 March 2006 Scorecard 372 -- 6 ( 49.2 overs ) South Africa Australia Durban 5 October 2016 Scorecard 362 -- 1 ( 43.3 overs ) India Australia Jaipur 16 October 2013 Scorecard 356 -- 7 ( 48.1 overs ) India England Pune 15 January 2017 Scorecard 351 -- 4 ( 49.3 overs ) India Australia Nagpur 30 October 2013 Scorecard Last updated : 15 January 2017 † See the match report for more details . Lowest innings totals Score Team Opponent Venue Date Scorecard 35 ( 18 overs ) Zimbabwe Sri Lanka Harare 25 April 2004 Scorecard 36 ( 18.4 overs ) Canada Sri Lanka Paarl 19 Feb 2003 Scorecard 38 ( 15.5 overs ) Zimbabwe Sri Lanka Colombo 8 Dec 2001 Scorecard 43 ( 19.5 overs ) Pakistan West Indies Cape Town 25 Feb 1993 Scorecard 43 ( 20.1 overs ) Sri Lanka South Africa Paarl 11 Jan 2012 Scorecard Last updated : 15 February 2016 Individual records Individual records ( Batting ) Most career runs Runs Innings Player Period 18,426 452 Sachin Tendulkar 1989 -- 2012 14,234 404 Kumar Sangakkara 2000 -- 2015 13,704 365 Ricky Ponting 1995 -- 2012 13,430 433 Sanath Jayasuriya 1989 -- 2011 12,650 418 Mahela Jayawardene 1998 -- 2015 Last updated : 15 February 2016 Most career runs -- progression of record Runs Player Record held until Duration of record 82 John Edrich 24 August 1972 1 year , 232 days 113 Greg Chappell 26 August 1972 2 days 144 Ian Chappell 28 August 1972 2 days 302 Dennis Amiss 31 March 1974 1 year , 215 days 316 Ian Chappell 13 July 1974 104 days 322 Dennis Amiss 15 July 1974 2 days 400 Keith Fletcher 5 June 1975 325 days 509 Dennis Amiss 11 June 1975 6 days 599 Keith Fletcher 14 June 1975 3 days 859 Dennis Amiss 21 December 1979 4 years , 190 days 867 Greg Chappell 23 December 1979 2 days 883 Viv Richards 26 December 1979 3 days 953 Greg Chappell 16 January 1980 21 days 1,059 Viv Richards 28 May 1980 133 days 1,133 Gordon Greenidge 25 November 1980 181 days 1,154 Greg Chappell 5 December 1980 11 days 1,211 Viv Richards 7 December 1980 2 days 2,331 Greg Chappell 7 December 1983 3 years 6,501 Viv Richards 9 November 1990 6 years , 337 days 8,648 Desmond Haynes 8 November 1996 5 years , 365 days 9,378 Mohammad Azharuddin 15 October 2000 3 years , 342 days 18,426 Sachin Tendulkar Current 7003618100000000000 ♠ 16 years , 337 days Last updated : 21 January 2016 Notes : ^ ( a ) Dennis Amiss finished his career with 859 runs ^ ( b ) Greg Chappell finished his career with 2,331 runs ^ ( c ) Desmond Haynes finished his career with 8,648 runs ^ ( d ) Mohammad Azharuddin finished his career with 9,378 runs ^ ( e ) Sachin Tendulkar finished his career with 18,426 runs Most runs in each batting position Batting position Player Runs Average Opener Sachin Tendulkar 15310 48.30 Number 3 Ricky Ponting 12662 42.49 Number 4 Mahela Jayawardene 6946 35.26 Number 5 Arjuna Ranatunga 4675 38.64 Number 6 MS Dhoni 3739 46.74 Number 7 Chris Harris 2130 31.32 Number 8 Wasim Akram 1208 17.01 Number 9 Mashrafe Mortaza 643 12.61 Number 10 Waqar Younis 478 11.12 Number 11 Muttiah Muralitharan 170 5.48 Last updated : 03 September 2017 Highest individual scores See also : List of highest individual scores in ODIs Runs Player Match Venue Date Scorecard 264 Rohit Sharma India v Sri Lanka Kolkata 13 November 2014 Scorecard 237 * Martin Guptill New Zealand v West Indies Wellington 21 March 2015 Scorecard 219 Virender Sehwag India v West Indies Indore 8 December 2011 Scorecard 215 Chris Gayle West Indies v Zimbabwe Canberra 24 February 2015 Scorecard 209 Rohit Sharma India v Australia Bangalore 2 November 2013 Scorecard Last updated : 3 September 2016 Highest individual score in chronological order ( Progressive Record ) Date Runs Player Match Scorecard Opponent Notes 5 January 1971 82 John Edrich Scorecard Australia First ever ODI fifty Ended up in losing side 24 August 1972 103 Dennis Amiss Scorecard Australia First ever ODI Century Achieved while chasing target 7 September 1973 105 Roy Fredericks Scorecard England Achieved while chasing target 31 August 1974 116 * David Lloyd Scorecard Pakistan Lost the match 7 June 1975 137 Dennis Amiss Scorecard India World Cup Only player to reclaim the record 7 June 1975 171 * Glenn Turner Scorecard East Africa World Cup First ever ODI 150 Faced maximum number of balls ( 209 ) 18 June 1983 175 * Kapil Dev Scorecard Zimbabwe World Cup Fastest century as on date ( 18 June 1983 ) 31 May 1984 189 * Viv Richards Scorecard England Century stand for the last wicket 21 May 1997 194 Saeed Anwar Scorecard India 16 August 2009 194 * Charles Coventry Scorecard Bangladesh Equaled the record but was not out . Lost the match 24 February 2010 200 * Sachin Tendulkar Scorecard South Africa First ever ODI double century in men 's cricket 8 December 2011 219 Virendar Sehwag Scorecard West Indies 13 November 2014 264 Rohit Sharma Scorecard Sri Lanka Current Record Holder First ever ODI 250 First man to achieve two double hundreds in ODI Cricket history Last updated : 31 August 2016 Highest individual score at the position Batting position Player Score Opponent Venue Date Number 1 Martin Guptill 237 * West Indies Eden Gardens 21 March 2015 Number 2 Rohit Sharma 264 Sri Lanka Westpac Stadium 13 November 2014 Number 3 Charles Coventry 194 * Bangladesh Queens Sports Club 16 August 2009 Number 4 Vivian Richards 189 * England Old Trafford 31 May 1984 Number 5 AB de Villiers 162 * West Indies Sydney Cricket Ground 27 February 2015 Number 6 Kapil Dev 175 * Zimbabwe Nevill Ground 18 June 1983 Number 7 Luke Ronchi 170 * Sri Lanka University Oval 23 January 2015 Number 8 Chris Woakes 95 * Sri Lanka Trent Bridge 21 June 2016 Number 9 Andre Russell 92 * India Sir Vivian Richards Stadium 11 June 2011 Number 10 Ravi Rampaul 86 * India ACA - VDCA Stadium 2 December 2011 Number 11 Mohammad Amir 58 England Trent Bridge 30 August 2016 Last updated : 29 January 2017 Highest career average Average Innings Runs Player Period 67.00 32 1,541 Ryan ten Doeschate 2006 -- 2011 55.75 186 8,587 Virat Kohli ‡ 2008 -- present 53.88 31 1,455 Babar Azam ‡ 2015 -- present 53.58 196 6,912 Michael Bevan 1994 -- 2004 53.55 213 9,319 AB de Villiers ‡ 2005 -- present Qualification : 20 innings Last updated : 03 September 2017 Highest strike rates Strike rate Runs Balls faced Player Period 130.81 985 753 Andre Russell ‡ 2011 -- present 124.10 1,977 1,593 Glenn Maxwell ‡ 2012 -- present 117.98 2,460 2,085 Jos Buttler ‡ 2012 -- present 117.17 629 535 Kedar Jadhav ‡ 2014 -- present 117.06 590 504 Lionel Cann 2006 -- 2009 Qualification : 500 balls faced Last updated : 14 June 2017 Most centuries Centuries Innings Player Period 49 452 Sachin Tendulkar 1989 -- 2012 30 186 Virat Kohli ‡ 2008 -- present 365 Ricky Ponting 1995 -- 2012 28 433 Sanath Jayasuriya 1989 -- 2011 25 153 Hashim Amla ‡ 2008 -- present 380 Kumar Sangakkara 2000 -- 2015 Last updated : 03 September 2017 Most fifties Fifties Innings Player Period 96 452 Sachin Tendulkar 1989 -- 2012 93 380 Kumar Sangakkara 2000 -- 2015 86 314 Jacques Kallis 1996 -- 2014 83 318 Rahul Dravid 1996 -- 2011 350 Inzamam - ul - Haq 1991 -- 2007 Last updated : 15 February 2016 Fastest fifties Balls faced Player Match Venue Date Scorecard 16 AB de Villiers ‡ South Africa v West Indies Johannesburg 2014 -- 15 Scorecard 17 Sanath Jayasuriya Sri Lanka v Pakistan Singapore Scorecard Kusal Perera ‡ Sri Lanka v Pakistan Kandy 2015 Scorecard Martin Guptill ‡ New Zealand v Sri Lanka Christchurch 2015 -- 16 Scorecard 18 Brendon McCullum New Zealand v England Wellington 2014 -- 15 Scorecard Simon O'Donnell Australia v Sri Lanka Sharjah Scorecard Shahid Afridi Pakistan v Sri Lanka Nairobi Scorecard Shahid Afridi Pakistan v Netherlands Colombo 2002 Scorecard Glenn Maxwell ‡ Australia v India Bangalore 2013 Scorecard Shahid Afridi Pakistan v Bangladesh Dhaka 2014 Scorecard Aaron Finch ‡ Australia v Sri Lanka Dumbulla 2016 Scorecard Last updated : 31 August 2016 Fastest centuries Balls faced Player Match Venue Date Scorecard 31 AB de Villiers ‡ South Africa v West Indies Johannesburg 2014 -- 15 Scorecard 36 Corey Anderson ‡ New Zealand v West Indies Queenstown Events Centre 2013 -- 14 Scorecard 37 Shahid Afridi Pakistan v Sri Lanka Nairobi Gymkhana Club Scorecard 44 Mark Boucher South Africa v Zimbabwe Senwes Park 2006 Scorecard 45 Brian Lara West Indies v Bangladesh Dhaka 2006 Scorecard Shahid Afridi Pakistan v India Kanpur 2005 Scorecard Last updated : 31 August 2016 Fastest 150s Balls faced Player Match Venue Date Scorecard 64 AB de Villiers ‡ South Africa v West Indies Sydney 2015 Scorecard 83 Shane Watson ‡ Australia v Bangladesh Dhaka 2011 Scorecard 85 Sharjeel Khan ‡ Pakistan v Ireland Malahide 2016 Scorecard 92 Luke Ronchi ‡ New Zealand v Sri Lanka Dunedin 2014 -- 15 Scorecard 95 Sanath Jayasuriya Sri Lanka v England Leeds 2006 Scorecard Last updated : 31 August 2016 Fastest double centuries Balls faced Player Match Venue Season Scorecard 138 Chris Gayle ‡ West Indies v Zimbabwe Canberra 2014 -- 15 Scorecard 140 Virender Sehwag India v West Indies Indore 2011 -- 12 Scorecard 147 Sachin Tendulkar India v South Africa Gwalior 2009 -- 10 Scorecard 151 Rohit Sharma ‡ India v Sri Lanka Kolkata 2014 -- 15 Scorecard 152 Martin Guptill ‡ New Zealand v West Indies Wellington 2014 -- 15 Scorecard Last updated : 15 February 2016 Most sixes in career Sixes Player Innings 351 Shahid Afridi 369 270 Sanath Jayasuriya 433 238 Chris Gayle ‡ 264 212 MS Dhoni ‡ 260 200 Brendon McCullum 228 Last updated : 17 September 2017 Most fours in career Fours Player Innings 2016 Sachin Tendulkar 452 1500 Sanath Jayasuriya 433 1385 Kumar Sangakkara 380 1231 Ricky Ponting 365 1162 Adam Gilchrist 279 Last updated : 15 February 2016 Most sixes in an innings Sixes Runs Player Opposition Venue Match date Scorecard 16 209 Rohit Sharma ‡ Australia Bangalore 02 Nov 2013 Scorecard 149 AB de Villiers ‡ West Indies Johannesburg 18 Jan 2015 Scorecard 215 Chris Gayle ‡ Zimbabwe Canberra 24 Feb 2015 Scorecard 15 185 * Shane Watson Bangladesh Dhaka 11 Apr 2011 Scorecard 14 131 * Corey Anderson ‡ West Indies Queenstown 1 Jan 2014 Scorecard Last updated : 31 August 2016 Most fours in an innings Fours Runs Player Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 33 264 Rohit Sharma ‡ Sri Lanka Kolkata 13 November 2014 Scorecard 25 200 * Sachin Tendulkar South Africa Gwalior 24 February 2010 Scorecard 219 Virendar Sehwag West Indies Indore 8 December 2011 Scorecard 24 157 Sanath Jayasuriya Netherlands Amstelveen 4 July 2006 Scorecard 237 * Martin Guptill ‡ West Indies Wellington 21 March 2015 Scorecard 173 David Warner South Africa Cape Town 12 October 2016 Scorecard Last updated : 2 December 2016 Most runs in a calendar year Runs Innings Player Year 1894 33 Sachin Tendulkar 1998 1767 41 Sourav Ganguly 1999 1761 43 Rahul Dravid 1999 1611 32 Sachin Tendulkar 1601 30 Matthew Hayden 2007 Last updated : 15 February 2016 Most runs in an over Runs Sequence Batsman Bowler Venue Date Scorecard 36 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 Herschelle Gibbs Daan van Bunge St. Kitts 2006 -- 07 Scorecard 35 6 -- W -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 4 -- 6 Thisara Perera ‡ Robin Peterson Pallekele 2013 Scorecard 34 4 -- ( N + 6 ) -- 2 -- ( N + 4 ) -- 4 -- 4 -- 2 -- 6 AB de Villiers ‡ Jason Holder Sydney 2014 -- 15 Scorecard 32 4 -- 4 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 Shahid Afridi Malinga Bandara ‡ Abu Dhabi 2007 Scorecard 31 1 -- 6 -- 6 -- 4 -- 6 -- ( N + 4 ) -- W -- 2 Kane Williamson ‡ James Franklin ‡ Rizwan Cheema ‡ Harvir Baidwan ‡ Mumbai 2010 -- 11 Scorecard Last updated : 2 December 2016 Key : N -- No ball W -- Wide Notes : ^ ( a ) Kane Williamson faced the first ball of the over before turning over the strike to James Franklin . Rizwan Cheema was taken out of the bowling attack after bowling the no - ball , which was his second above - the - waist full toss bowled in the innings . He was replaced by Harvir Baidwan , who bowled the last two deliveries of the over . Most runs in a match on the losing side Innings Player Runs Opposition Year 1st Charles Coventry 194 * Bangladesh 2009 1st Matthew Hayden 181 * New Zealand 2007 2nd Sachin Tendulkar 175 Australia 2009 2nd David Warner 173 South Africa 2016 1st Rohit Sharma 171 * Australia 2016 Last updated : 1 March 2017 Most Number of innings before first duck Innings Player Year 72 Kumar Dharmasena 2001 70 Gordon Greenidge 1986 68 Craig McMillan 2001 67 Chris Cairns 67 Graeme Smith 2005 Last updated : 1 March 2017 Most Runs in an innings as captain Runs Player Opponents Year 219 Virender Sehwag West Indies 2011 189 Sanath Jayasuriya India 2000 186 * Sachin Tendulkar New Zealand 1999 181 Sir Vivian Richards Sri Lanka 175 * Kapil Dev Zimbabwe Last updated : 1 March 2017 Most Runs in an innings as wicketkeeper batsman Runs Player Opponents Year 183 * MS Dhoni Sri Lanka 2005 178 Quinton de Kock Australia 2016 172 Adam Gilchrist New Zealand 170 * Luke Ronchi Sri Lanka 2015 169 Kumar Sangakkara South Africa 2013 Last updated : 1 March 2017 Most Runs in a career without hundred Runs Player Best Span 5122 Misbah - ul - Haq 96 * 2002 -- 2015 3717 Wasim Akram 86 1984 -- 2003 3266 Moin Khan 72 * 1990 -- 2004 2943 Heath Streak 79 * 1993 -- 2005 2784 Andrew Jones 93 1987 -- 1995 Last updated : 1 March 2017 Individual records ( bowling ) Most wickets Wickets Matches Player Period 534 350 Muttiah Muralitharan 1993 -- 2011 502 356 Wasim Akram 1984 -- 2003 416 262 Waqar Younis 1989 -- 2003 400 322 Chaminda Vaas 1994 -- 2008 395 398 Shahid Afridi 1996 -- 2015 Last updated : 15 February 2016 Best innings figures Bowling figures Player Match Venue Date 8 / 19 Chaminda Vaas Sri Lanka v Zimbabwe Colombo 8 December 2001 7 / 12 Shahid Afridi Pakistan v West Indies Guyana 14 July 2013 7 / 15 Glenn McGrath Australia v Namibia Potchefstroom 27 February 2003 7 / 18 Rashid Khan Afghanistan v West Indies Gros Islet 9 June 2017 7 / 20 Andy Bichel Australia v England Port Elizabeth 2 March 2003 Last updated : 10 June 2017 Most runs conceded in an innings Runs Bowling figures Player Match Venue Year Scorecard 113 10 -- 0 -- 113 -- 0 Mick Lewis Australia v South Africa Johannesburg 2006 Scorecard 110 10 -- 0 -- 110 -- 0 Wahab Riaz Pakistan v England Nottingham 2016 Scorecard 106 10 -- 0 -- 106 -- 1 Bhuvneshwar Kumar ‡ India v South Africa Mumbai 2015 -- 16 Scorecard 105 12 -- 1 -- 105 -- 2 Martin Snedden New Zealand v England The Oval Scorecard 10 -- 0 -- 105 -- 0 Tim Southee ‡ New Zealand v India Christchurch 2009 Scorecard 9 -- 0 -- 105 -- 1 Brian Vitori ‡ Zimbabwe v New Zealand Napier 2012 Scorecard Last updated : 30 August 2016 Best career bowling average Bowling average Player Runs Wickets 14.74 Rashid Khan ‡ 929 63 18.84 Joel Garner 2,752 146 18.90 Ryan Harris 832 44 18.97 Tony Gray 835 44 19.45 Mike Hendrick 681 35 Qualification : 1000 balls bowled Last updated : 15 June 2017 Best career economy rate Economy rate Player Balls Runs 3.09 Joel Garner 5,330 2,752 3.25 Max Walker 1,006 546 3.27 Mike Hendrick 1,248 681 3.28 Bob Willis 3,595 1,968 3.30 Richard Hadlee 6,182 3,407 Qualification : 1000 balls bowled Last updated : 15 February 2016 Best career bowling strike rate Bowling strike rate Player Balls Wickets 22.2 Rashid Khan ‡ 1,401 63 23.4 Ryan Harris 1,031 44 24.2 Mustafizur Rahman ‡ 1,067 44 24.7 Corey Anderson ‡ 1,485 60 24.8 Hasan Ali ‡ 1,044 42 Qualification : 1000 balls bowled Last updated : 18 June 2017 . Most 5 wickets in an innings 5 wickets in an innings Player Matches 13 Waqar Younis 262 10 Muttiah Muralitharan 350 9 Brett Lee 221 Shahid Afridi 398 7 Lasith Malinga ‡ 194 Glenn McGrath 250 Last updated : 12 June 2017 Individual records ( Fielding ) Most catches in ODI career Catches Player Matches 218 Mahela Jayawardene 448 160 Ricky Ponting 375 156 Mohammed Azharuddin 334 140 Sachin Tendulkar 463 133 Stephen Fleming 280 Note : The list excludes catches made as wicket - keeper . Last updated : 15 February 2016 Individual records ( wicket - keeping ) Most dismissals Dismissals Player Innings 482 ( 383 catches + 99 stumpings ) Kumar Sangakkara 353 472 ( 417 catches + 55 stumpings ) Adam Gilchrist 281 424 ( 402 catches + 22 stumpings ) Mark Boucher 290 386 ( 285 catches + 101 stumpings ) MS Dhoni ‡ 297 287 ( 214 catches + 73 stumpings ) Moin Khan 209 Last updated : 17 September 2017 Note . Sangakkara also took 19 catches in 44 matches when he was not the designated wicket keeper . Most catches Catches Player Innings 417 Adam Gilchrist 281 402 Mark Boucher 290 383 Kumar Sangakkara 353 285 MS Dhoni ‡ 296 227 Brendon McCullum 183 Last updated : 17 September 2017 Note . Sangakkara also took 19 catches in 44 matches when he was not the designated wicket keeper . Most stumpings Stumpings Player Innings ODI Career Span 101 Mahendra Singh Dhoni ‡ 297 2004 -- present 99 Kumar Sangakkara 353 2000 -- 2015 75 Romesh Kaluwitharana 185 1990 -- 2004 73 Moin Khan 209 1990 -- 2004 55 Adam Gilchrist 281 1996 -- 2008 Last updated : 17 September 2017 Individual records ( other ) Most matches played Matches Player Period 463 Sachin Tendulkar 1989 -- 2012 448 Mahela Jayawardene 1998 -- 2015 445 Sanath Jayasuriya 1989 -- 2011 404 Kumar Sangakkara 2000 -- 2015 398 Shahid Afridi 1996 -- 2015 Last updated : 9 January 2016 Partnership records Highest partnerships Runs Players Opposition Venue Season 372 ( 2nd wicket ) † Chris Gayle ‡ ( 215 ) & Marlon Samuels ‡ ( 133 * ) v Zimbabwe Canberra 2014 -- 15 331 ( 2nd wicket ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 186 * ) & Rahul Dravid ( 153 ) v New Zealand Hyderabad 1999 -- 00 318 ( 2nd wicket ) ( first 300 + ) † Sourav Ganguly ( 183 ) & Rahul Dravid ( 145 ) v Sri Lanka Taunton 1999 286 ( 1st wicket ) Sanath Jayasuriya ( 152 ) & Upul Tharanga ‡ ( 109 ) v England Headingley 2006 284 ( 1st wicket ) David Warner ‡ ( 179 ) & Travis Head ‡ ( 100 ) v Pakistan Adelaide 2016 -- 17 Note : † indicate partnerships , made in the Cricket World Cup . Last updated : 26 January 2017 Highest partnership for each wicket Wicket Runs Players Opposition Venue Season 1st 286 Upul Tharanga ‡ & Sanath Jayasuriya v England Headingley 2006 2nd 372 Chris Gayle ‡ & Marlon Samuels ‡ v Zimbabwe Canberra 2014 -- 15 3rd 258 Darren Bravo ‡ & Denesh Ramdin ‡ v Bangladesh Basseterre 2014 4th 275 * Mohammad Azharuddin & Ajay Jadeja v Zimbabwe Cuttack 1998 5th 256 * David Miller ‡ & JP Duminy ‡ v Zimbabwe Hamilton 2014 -- 15 6th 267 * Grant Elliott ‡ & Luke Ronchi ‡ v Sri Lanka Dunedin 2015 7th 177 Jos Buttler & Adil Rashid v New Zealand Edgbaston 2015 8th 138 * Justin Kemp & Andrew Hall v India Cape Town 2006 9th 132 Angelo Mathews ‡ & Lasith Malinga ‡ v Australia Melbourne 10th 106 * Viv Richards & Michael Holding v England Manchester 1984 Last updated : 15 February 2016 See also Cricket portal List of batsmen who have scored over 10,000 One Day International cricket runs List of One Day International cricket hat - tricks List of Cricket World Cup records List of first - class cricket records List of List A cricket records List of Twenty20 cricket records List of Australia One Day International cricket records List of Bangladesh One Day International cricket records List of England One Day International cricket records List of India One Day International cricket records List of New Zealand One Day International cricket records List of Pakistan One Day International cricket records List of South Africa One Day International cricket records List of Sri Lanka One Day International cricket records List of West Indies One Day International cricket records List of Zimbabwe One Day International cricket records List of Test cricket records List of Twenty20 International records References Jump up ^ `` Classification of Official Cricket '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Batting records -- Most runs in an innings '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most runs in an innings ( progressive record holder ) '' . Cricinfo . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / One - Day Internationals / Batting records '' . Cricinfo . ESPNcrcinfo . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highest batting average in One Day International cricket '' . Cricinfo . ESPNcrcinfo . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highest strike rate in One Day International cricket '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Team records -- Most hundreds in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Team records -- Most hundreds in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Batting records -- Fastest fifties '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Batting records -- Fastest Hundreds '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Batting records -- Most sixes in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Batting records -- Most fours in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Batting records -- Most sixes in an innings '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Batting records -- Most fours in an innings '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Team records -- Most runs in a calendar year '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One - Day Internationals -- Batting records -- Most runs off one over '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 30th Match , Group A : Canada v New Zealand at Mumbai , March 13 , 2011 -- Cricket Commentary '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One - Day Internationals -- Batting records -- Most runs in a match in a losing side '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One - Day Internationals -- Batting records -- Most innings before first duck '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One - Day Internationals -- Batting records -- Most runs in an innings as captain '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One - Day Internationals -- Batting records -- Most runs in an innings as wicketkeeper '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One - Day Internationals -- Batting records -- Most runs in a career without a hundred '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Bowling records -- Most wickets in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Bowling records -- Best figures in an innings '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Bowling records -- Most runs condeded in an innings '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Bowling records -- Best career average '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Bowling records -- Best career economy rate '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Bowling records -- Best career strike rate '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Bowling records -- Most five - wickets - in - an - innings in a career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Fielding records -- Most catches in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Wicketkeeping records -- Most dismissals in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statsguru / KC Sangakkara / One - Day Internationals / Fielding not as wicket keeper '' . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Wicketkeeping records -- Most catches in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Wicketkeeping records -- Most stumpings in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Individual records ( captains , players , umpires ) -- Most matches in career '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Partnership records -- Highest partnerships for any wicket '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Partnership records -- Highest partnerships by wicket '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Miscellaneous records 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Special motorcycle Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_One_Day_International_cricket_records&oldid=801098899 '' Categories : One Day International cricket records Cricket - related lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from February 2013 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी پنجابی සිංහල தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 17 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who has made highest runs in one day cricket
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[
"\n438–9 (49.5 overs)†\n South Africa\n Australia\nJohannesburg\n12 March 2006\nScorecard\n"
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"South Africa"
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-1591644176466385080
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Automatic watch
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Automatic watch - wikipedia Automatic watch Jump to : navigation , search Backside view of an automatic watch with a transparent case back , showing its movement . The semicircular rotor which winds the mainspring is plainly visible . An automatic or self - winding watch is a mechanical watch in which the mainspring is wound automatically as a result of the natural motion of the wearer to provide energy to run the watch , making manual winding unnecessary . A mechanical watch which is neither self - winding nor electrically driven is called a manual watch . Most mechanical watches manufactured today are self - winding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Operation 1.1 Preventing overwinding 1.2 The slipping spring or `` bridle '' 2 History 2.1 Pocket watches 2.2 Wrist Watches 2.2. 1 Harwood `` Bumper '' wristwatches : 1923 2.2. 2 Rolex 2.2. 3 Eterna ball bearing 2.2. 4 Carl F. Bucherer Weighted geared ring 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Operation ( edit ) In a mechanical watch the watch 's gears are turned by a spiral spring called a mainspring . In a manual watch energy is stored in the mainspring by turning a knob , the crown on the side of the watch , winding the mainspring . Then the energy from the mainspring powers the watch movement until it runs down , requiring the spring to be wound again . A self - winding watch movement has a mechanism which winds the mainspring using the natural motions of the wearer 's body . The watch contains an eccentric weight that turns on a pivot . The normal movements of the watch in the user 's pocket or on the user 's arm cause the rotor to pivot on its staff , which is attached to a ratcheted winding mechanism . The motion of the watch is thereby translated into circular motion of the weight which , through a series of reverser and reducing gears , eventually winds the mainspring . There are many different designs for modern self - winding mechanisms . Some designs allow winding of the watch to take place while the weight swings in only one direction while other , more advanced , mechanisms have two ratchets and wind the mainspring during both clockwise and anti-clockwise weight motions . The fully wound mainspring in a typical watch can store enough energy reserve for roughly two days , allowing the watch to keep running through the night while stationary . In many cases automatic wristwatches can also be wound manually by turning the crown , so the watch can be kept running when not worn , and in case the wearer 's wrist motions are not sufficient to keep it wound automatically . Preventing overwinding ( edit ) Self - winding mechanisms continue working even after the mainspring is fully wound up . If a simple mainspring was used , this would put excessive tension on the mainspring . This could break the mainspring , and even if it did not , it can cause a problem called `` knocking '' or `` banking '' . The excessive drive force applied to the watch movement gear train can make the balance wheel rotate with excessive amplitude , causing the impulse pin to hit the back of the pallet fork horns . This will make the watch run fast , and could break the impulse pin . To prevent this , a slipping clutch device is used on the mainspring so it can not be overwound . The slipping spring or `` bridle '' ( edit ) The `` slipping mainspring '' device was patented by Adrien Philippe , one of the founders of Patek Philippe , on 16 June 1863 , long before self - winding wristwatches . In an ordinary watch mainspring barrel , the outer end of the spiral mainspring is attached to the inside of the barrel . In the slipping barrel , the mainspring is attached to a circular steel expansion spring , often called the ' bridle ' , which presses against the inside wall of the barrel , which has serrations or notches to hold it . As long as the mainspring is less than fully wound , the bridle holds the mainspring by friction to the barrel wall , allowing the mainspring to be wound . When the mainspring reaches full wind , its force is stronger than the bridle spring , and further winding pulls the bridle loose from the notches and it simply slides along the wall , preventing the mainspring from being wound further . The bridle must grip the barrel wall with just the right force to allow the mainspring to wind fully but not overwind . If it grips too loosely , the bridle will begin to slip before the mainspring is fully wound , a defect known as ' mainspring creep ' which results in a shortened reserve power time . A further advantage of this device is that the mainspring can not be broken by excessive manual winding . This feature is often described in watch company advertising as an `` unbreakable mainspring '' . History ( edit ) Pocket watches ( edit ) The earliest reference to self - winding watches is at the end of 1773 when a newspaper reported that Joseph Tlustos had invented a watch that did not need to be wound . But his idea was probably based on the myth of perpetual motion , and it is unlikely that it was a practical solution to the problem of self - winding watches . In 1776 Joseph Gallmayr also stated that he had made a self - winding watch , but there is no evidence to support this claim . The earliest credible evidence for a successful design is the watch made by the Swiss watchmaker Abraham - Louis Perrelet , who lived in Le Locle . In late 1776 or early 1777 , he invented a self - winding mechanism for pocket watches using an oscillating weight inside the watch that moved up and down . The Geneva Society of Arts , reporting on this watch in 1777 , stated that 15 minutes walking was necessary to fully wind the watch . In 1777 Abraham - Louis Breguet also became interested in the idea and his first attempts led him to make a self - winding mechanism with a barrel remontoir . Although a successful design , it was too complex and expensive for it to be manufactured and sold . About the end of 1777 or early 1778 , Hubert Sarton ( fr : Hubert Sarton ) designed a watch with a rotor mechanism . Towards the end of 1778 he sent a watch to the French Academy of Sciences and a report was written which , together with a drawing , gave a detailed description of the mechanism . Sarton 's design is similar to those used in modern wrist watches , although there is no evidence linking the 18th - century design to 20th - century developments . About the beginning of 1779 , Abraham - Louis Breguet became aware of Perrelet 's watches , probably through Louis Recordon , who travelled from Geneva to London via Le Locle and Paris . Breguet studied and improved the design , and made many self - winding watches from then to about 1810 . Although a few self - winding watches and patents for them were made from 1780 on , for more than one hundred years these watches were rare , until the advent of the wrist watch . 1780 drawing of an automatic watch with side weight . From English patent No. 1249 `` Recordon 's Specification '' . Circa 1778 automatic watch with rotor weight . Signed on the dial `` Mazzi à Locarno '' . During the years 1776 to 1810 four different types of weight were used : Side - weight The weight pivots at the edge of the movement and can oscillate up and down . The movement of the weight is limited to about 40 ° . This is the most common design produced by many makers including Breguet . These watches were called jerking watches because , even with buffers , when the weight hit the case the whole watch would jerk . Center - weight The weight pivots in the center of the movement and rotates clockwise and anti-clockwise . The weight is supported by a bridge that blocks the rotation and it is limited to about 180 ° . A few movements were made by different makers . Rotor - weight Again the weight pivots in the center of the movement and rotates clockwise and anti-clockwise . However there is no bridge and it can rotate 360 ° . Very few of these movements were made . Movement - weight Here the whole movement is pivoted in the case and acts as the weight . Only one example is known , made in 1806 . As noted above , some watches bidirectional winding and others used unidirectional winding . The latter is sufficient and all of Breguet 's watches used unidirectional winding . Before the invention of the slipping mainspring , automatic watches had a system for locking the weight . Most common , as in the 1780 drawing , when the mainspring was fully wound a lever K was raised that entered a hole N in the weight to prevent it from moving until the mainspring had unwound enough to lower the lever . Different methods were used in side - weight , rotor and center - weight mechanisms . Wrist watches ( edit ) The advent of the wrist watch after World War I led to renewed interest in self - winding mechanisms , and all four types listed above were used : 1922 : Léon Leroy , a side - weight system . This was almost certainly derived from Breguet 's design . 1923 : Harwood , a center - weight system ( invented ca 1917 ) . This is discussed below . It is not known if Harwood was influenced by earlier pocket watch designs . 1930 : Léon Hatot , Rolls watch , where the whole movement moves sideways . This was probably an independent re-invention . 1931 : Rolex , a rotor system with unidirectional winding . Harwood `` bumper '' wristwatches : 1923 ( edit ) First automatic wristwatch , Harwood , c. 1929 ( Deutsches Uhrenmuseum , Inv. 47 - 3543 ) Invented by John Harwood , a watch repairer from Bolton , England , who took out a UK patent with his financial backer , Harry Cutts , on 7 July 1923 , and obtained a corresponding Swiss patent on 16 October 1923 . The Harwood system used a pivoting weight which swung as the wearer moved , winding the mainspring . The ratchet mechanism wound the mainspring only when moving in one direction . The weight did not rotate a full 360 ° ; spring bumpers limited its swing to about 180 ° , to encourage a back and forth motion . This early type of self - winding mechanism is now referred to as a ' hammer ' or ' bumper ' . Like its 18th century counterparts , Harwood 's watch also had a problem with jerking because `` the brass weight hit too sharply against the banking pins as it pivoted '' . When fully wound , Harwood 's watch would run for 12 hours autonomously . It did not have a conventional stem winder , so the hands were moved manually by rotating a bezel around the face of the watch . The watches were first produced with the help of Swiss watch manufacturer Fortis and went on sale in 1928 . 30,000 were made before the Harwood Self - Winding Watch Company collapsed in 1931 in the Great Depression . ' Bumper ' watches were the first commercially successful automatic watches ; they were made by several high grade watch manufacturers during the 1930s and 1940s . Rolex ( edit ) The Rolex Watch Company improved Harwood 's design in 1930 and used it as the basis for the Rolex Oyster Perpetual , in which the centrally mounted semi-circular weight could rotate through a full 360 ° rather than the about 200 ° of the ' bumper ' winder . Rolex 's version also increased the amount of energy stored in the mainspring , allowing it to run autonomously for up to 35 hours . Information about 18th century rotor watches was not published until 1949 . Although the Oyster Perpetual was probably an original invention , the company may have known of Coviot 's 1893 patent that re-invented the 18th century design . Eterna ball bearing ( edit ) The next development for automatic watches came in 1948 from Eterna Watch . To wind a watch effectively , one of the chief requirements of a rotor is heft . Until this point , the best bearing used in any watch was a jewel bearing , which perfectly suits the small gears of a watch . A rotor , on the other hand , requires a different solution . In 1948 , Eterna introduced the solution that is still in use today : ball bearings . Ball bearings provide robust support for a heavy object to rotate smoothly and reliably even under abnormal stress , such as if the watch were dropped . Carl F. Bucherer weighted geared ring ( edit ) By the 1960s , automatic winding had become standard in quality mechanical watches . Because the rotor weight needed in an automatic watch takes up a lot of space in the case , increasing its thickness , some manufacturers of quality watches , such as Patek Philippe , continue to design manually wound watches , which can be as thin as 1.77 millimeters . However , in 2007 Carl F. Bucherer implemented a new approach without a rotor , a peripherally mounted power source , where a geared ring made of tungsten encircles the entire mechanism , rotating on carbon rollers whenever the watch moves . A system of clutch wheels captures power . No rotor means thinner watches and an ultradense weight swinging around a greater radius means a better chance of achieving a greater power reserve with same amount of arm movement . See also ( edit ) Jewel bearing Miyota 8215 ETA Movements References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Horologyzone . `` Automatic Watch Movement Disassembly '' . Horologyzone.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ A notable exception is Seiko 's wide range of watches based on the company 's 7S26 movement , which can not be hand - wound . Jump up ^ Patent No. 58921 Jump up ^ `` The Mainspring of an Automatic Watch '' . Glossary . TimeZone Watch School . Archived from the original on 6 April 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 11 . Diagram showing operation of slipping mainspring . Jump up ^ Watkins , Richard . `` The Origins of Self - Winding Watches , 1773 to 1779 '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . page 19 Jump up ^ Watkins , Origins , page 33 Jump up ^ Watkins , Origins , page 120 Jump up ^ Watkins , Origins , page 57 Jump up ^ Watkins , Origins , page 250 Jump up ^ Watkins , Origins , page 120 Jump up ^ Watkins , Origins , page 139 Jump up ^ Watkins , Origins , page 64 Jump up ^ Jean - Claude Sabrier , The Self - Winding Watch , ( Paris , 2011 , Éditions Cercle D'Art ) , pages 108 - 109 Jump up ^ `` Self - winding wrist watch clocks up 80 year anniversary '' ( PDF ) . The Patent Office . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wrist Watch Movement -- Harwood , England , 1958 '' . Museum Victoria . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . The self - winding system was invented by John Harwood in 1923 . It uses an oscillating weighted arm with two buffer springs . The wearer 's movement causes the oscilllating arm to bump a ratchet that winds the watch . Jump up ^ `` 16 October 1923 '' . Brainy History . 1923 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bumper Automatic vs. Full Rotor Automatic '' . FAQ . FinerTimes . Archived from the original on 19 April 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Wind Me Up , Wind Me Down '' ( PDF ) . Complication . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Sabrier , The Self - winding Watch , page 249 Jump up ^ Watkins , Origins , page 317 Jump up ^ `` Design : Evolution of the Self - Winding Wristwatch '' . Wired.com. 11 November 2009 . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carl F. Bucherer Introduces CFB A2000 '' . International Watch Magazine . 17 March 2016 . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Hampel , H. , Automatic Wristwatches from Switzerland , Schiffer , Atglen , 1994 . External links ( edit ) A visual guide to the gears that make bi-directional winding possible A detailed evaluation of the mechanics of the Seiko 7S26 automatic watch movement Ranfft , Roland . `` Automatics for Everyone '' . About watches . Ranfft Watches . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 17 . Photos of early automatic movements on German watch vendor site , including the Harwood GND : 4143697 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automatic_watch&oldid=790210353 '' Categories : Energy harvesting Transducers Watches Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2017 , at 08 : 52 . About Wikipedia
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how long does a self-winding watch stay wound
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[
"The fully wound mainspring in a typical watch can store enough energy reserve for roughly two days, allowing the watch to keep running through the night while stationary. In many cases automatic wristwatches can also be wound manually by turning the crown, so the watch can be kept running when not worn, and in case the wearer's wrist motions are not sufficient to keep it wound automatically.[2]"
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[
"roughly two days"
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-1258343848369367635
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Valley of the Kings
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Valley of the Kings - wikipedia Valley of the Kings Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Valley of the Kings ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 25 ° 44 ′ 27 '' N 32 ° 36 ′ 8 '' E / 25.74083 ° N 32.60222 ° E / 25.74083 ; 32.60222 Location of the valley in the Theban Hills , west of the Nile , October 1988 ( red arrow shows location ) The Valley of the Kings ( Arabic : وادي الملوك Wādī al Mulūk , Coptic : ϫⲏⲙⲉ ) , the Valley of the Gates of the Kings ( Arabic : وادي ابواب الملوك Wādī Abwāb al Mulūk ) , is a valley in Egypt where , for a period of nearly 500 years from the 16th to 11th century BC , rock cut tombs were excavated for the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom ( the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Dynasties of Ancient Egypt ) . The valley stands on the west bank of the Nile , opposite Thebes ( modern Luxor ) , within the heart of the Theban Necropolis . The wadi consists of two valleys , East Valley ( where the majority of the royal tombs are situated ) and West Valley . With the 2005 discovery of a new chamber and the 2008 discovery of two further tomb entrances , the valley is known to contain 63 tombs and chambers ( ranging in size from KV54 , a simple pit , to KV5 , a complex tomb with over 120 chambers ) . It was the principal burial place of the major royal figures of the Egyptian New Kingdom , as well as a number of privileged nobles . The royal tombs are decorated with scenes from Egyptian mythology and give clues as to the beliefs and funerary rituals of the period . Almost all of the tombs seem to have been opened and robbed in antiquity , but they still give an idea of the opulence and power of the Pharaohs . This area has been a focus of archaeological and egyptological exploration since the end of the eighteenth century , and its tombs and burials continue to stimulate research and interest . In modern times the valley has become famous for the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun ( with its rumours of the Curse of the Pharaohs ) , and is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world . In 1979 , it became a World Heritage Site , along with the rest of the Theban Necropolis . Exploration , excavation and conservation continues in the valley , and a new tourist centre has recently been opened . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 1.1 Hydrology 2 History 2.1 Royal Necropolis 3 Exploration of the valley 4 Tomb development 4.1 Tomb numbering 4.2 Eighteenth Dynasty 4.2. 1 Amarna Period 4.3 Nineteenth Dynasty 4.4 Twentieth Dynasty 4.5 Twenty - first Dynasty and the decline of the necropolis 4.6 Minor tombs in the Valley of the Kings 4.7 Tomb robbers 5 Tourism 6 See also 7 Notes and references 7.1 References 7.2 Bibliography 8 External links Geology ( edit ) Stratigraphy of the valley The types of soil where the Valley of the Kings is located are an alternating sandwich of dense limestone and other sedimentary rock ( which form the cliffs in the valley and the nearby Deir el - Bahri ) and soft layers of marl . The sedimentary rock was originally deposited between 35 -- 56 million years ago during a time when the precursor to the Mediterranean Sea covered an area that extended much further inland than it does today . During the Pleistocene the valley was carved out of the plateau by steady rains . There is currently little year - round rain in this part of Egypt , but there are occasional flash floods that hit the valley , dumping tons of debris into the open tombs . The quality of the rock in the Valley is inconsistent , ranging from finely - grained to coarse stone , the latter with the potential to be structurally unsound . The occasional layer of shale also caused construction and conservation difficulties , as this rock expands in the presence of water , forcing apart the stone surrounding it . It is thought that some tombs were altered in shape and size depending on the types of rock the builders encountered . Builders took advantage of available geological features when constructing the tombs . Some tombs were quarried out of existing limestone clefts , others behind slopes of scree , or were at the edge of rock spurs created by ancient flood channels . The problems of tomb construction can be seen with tombs of Ramesses III and his father Setnakhte . Setnakhte started to excavate KV11 but broke into the tomb of Amenmesse , so construction was abandoned and he instead usurped the tomb of Twosret , KV14 . When looking for a tomb , Ramesses III extended the partly - excavated tomb started by his father . The tomb of Ramesses II returned to an early style , with a bent axis , probably due to the quality of the rock being excavated ( following the Esna shale ) . Between 1998 and 2002 the Amarna Royal Tombs Project investigated the valley floor using ground - penetrating radar and found that , below the modern surface , the Valley 's cliffs descend beneath the scree in a series of abrupt , natural `` shelves '' , arranged one below the other , descending several metres down to the bedrock in the valley floor . Panorama of the valley , looking north Hydrology ( edit ) The area of the Theban hills is subject to infrequent violent thunder storms , causing flash floods in the valley . Recent studies have shown that there are at least seven active flood stream beds leading down into the central area of the valley . This central area appears to have been flooded at the end of the Eighteenth Dynasty , with several tombs buried under metres of debris . The tombs KV63 , KV62 , and KV55 are dug into the actual wadi bedrock rather than the debris , showing that the level of the valley was five meters below its present level . After this event later dynasties leveled the floor of the valley , making the floods deposit their load further down the valley , and the buried tombs were forgotten and only discovered in the early 20th century . This was the area that was the subject of the Amarna Royal Tombs Project ground scanning radar investigation , which showed several anomalies , one of which was proved to be KV63 . History ( edit ) al - Qurn dominates the valley . The Theban Hills are dominated by the peak of al - Qurn , known to the Ancient Egyptians as ta dehent , or ' The Peak ' . It has a pyramid - shaped appearance , and it is probable that this echoed the pyramids of the Old Kingdom , more than a thousand years prior to the first royal burials carved here . Its isolated position also resulted in reduced access , and special tomb police ( the Medjay ) were able to guard the necropolis . While the iconic pyramid complexes of the Giza plateau have come to symbolize ancient Egypt , the majority of tombs were cut into rock . Most pyramids and mastabas contain sections which are cut into ground level , and there are full rock - cut tombs in Egypt that date back to the Old Kingdom . After the defeat of the Hyksos and the reunification of Egypt under Ahmose I , the Theban rulers began to construct elaborate tombs that reflected their newfound power . The tombs of Ahmose and his son Amenhotep I ( their exact location remains unknown ) were probably in the Seventeenth Dynasty necropolis of Dra ' Abu el - Naga ' . The first royal tombs in the valley were those of Amenhotep I ( although this identification is also disputed ) , and Thutmose I , whose advisor , Ineni , notes in his tomb that he advised the king to place his tomb in the desolate valley ( the identity of this actual tomb is unclear , but it is probably KV20 or KV38 ) . `` I saw to the excavation of the rock - tomb of his majesty , alone , no one seeing , no one hearing . '' The Valley was used for primary burials from approximately 1539 BC to 1075 BC . It contains at least 63 tombs , beginning with Thutmose I ( or possibly earlier , during the reign of Amenhotep I ) and ending with Ramesses X or XI , although non-Royal burials continued in usurped tombs . Despite its name , the Valley of the Kings also contains the tombs of favorite nobles as well as the wives and children of both nobles and pharaohs . Therefore , only about 20 of the tombs actually contain the remains of kings . The remains of nobles and of the royal family , together with unmarked pits and embalming caches , make up the rest . Around the time of Ramesses I ( ca . 1301 BC ) construction commenced in the separate Valley of the Queens . Royal Necropolis ( edit ) The official name for the site in ancient times was The Great and Majestic Necropolis of the Millions of Years of the Pharaoh , Life , Strength , Health in The West of Thebes ( see below for the hieroglyphic spelling ) , or Ta - sekhet - ma'at ( the Great Field ) . At the start of the Eighteenth Dynasty , only kings were buried within the valley in large tombs . When a non-royal person was buried , it was in a small rock cut chamber , close to the tomb of their master . Amenhotep III 's tomb was constructed in the Western Valley , and while his son Akhenaten moved his tomb 's construction to Amarna , it is thought that the unfinished WV25 may have originally been intended for him . With the return to religious orthodoxy at the end of the Eighteenth Dynasty , Tutankhamun , Ay , and Horemheb returned to the royal necropolis . The Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties saw an increase in the number of burials ( both here and in the Valley of the Queens ) , with Ramesses II and later Ramesses III constructing a massive tomb that was used for the burial of their sons ( KV5 and KV3 respectively ) . There are some kings that are not buried within the valley or whose tomb has not been located : Thutmose II may have been buried in Dra ' Abu el - Naga ' ( although his mummy was in the Deir el - Bahri tomb cache ) , Smenkhkare 's burial has never been located , and Ramesses VIII seems to have been buried elsewhere . In the Pyramid Age , the tomb of the king was associated with a mortuary temple located close to the pyramid . As the tomb of the king was hidden , this mortuary temple was located away from the burial , closer to the cultivation facing toward Thebes . These mortuary temples became places visited during the various festivals held in the Theban necropolis . Most notable is the Beautiful festival of the valley , where the sacred barques of Amun - Re , his consort , Mut , and son , Khonsu , left the temple at Karnak in order to visit the funerary temples of deceased kings on the West Bank and their shrines in the Theban Necropolis . The tombs were constructed and decorated by the workers of the village of Deir el - Medina , located in a small wadi between this valley and the Valley of the Queens , facing Thebes . The workers journeyed to the tombs through various routes over the Theban hills . The daily lives of these workers are quite well known and are recorded in tombs and official documents . Amongst the events documented is perhaps the first recorded worker 's strike , detailed in the Turin strike papyrus . Exploration of the Valley ( edit ) Main article : Exploration of the Valley of the Kings View of the central East Valley , showing area around KV62 Entrance to a Royal Tomb , drawn in 1821 The area has been a major focus of modern Egyptological exploration for the last two centuries . Prior to this time it was a site for tourism in antiquity ( especially during Roman times ) . This area illustrates the changes in the study of ancient Egypt , starting as antiquity hunting , and ending as scientific excavation of the whole Theban Necropolis . Despite the exploration and investigation noted below , only eleven of the tombs have actually been completely recorded . Many of the tombs have graffiti written by these ancient tourists . Jules Baillet has located over 2,100 Greek and Latin instances of graffiti , along with a smaller number in Phoenician , Cypriot , Lycian , Coptic , and other languages . The majority of the ancient graffiti is found in KV9 , which contains just under a thousand of them . The earliest positively dated graffiti dates to 278 B.C. In 1799 , members of Napoleon 's expedition to Egypt ( especially Dominique Vivant ) drew maps and plans of the known tombs , and for the first time noted the Western Valley ( where Prosper Jollois and Édouard de Villiers du Terrage located the tomb of Amenhotep III , WV22 ) . The Description de l'Égypte contains two volumes ( out of a total of 24 ) on the area around Thebes . European exploration continued in the area around Thebes during the nineteenth century , boosted by Champollion 's translation of hieroglyphs . Early in the century , the area was visited by Belzoni , working for Henry Salt , who discovered several tombs , including those of Ay in the West Valley ( WV23 ) in 1816 and Seti I ( KV17 ) the following year . At the end of his visits , Belzoni declared that all of the tombs had been located and nothing of note remained to be found . Working at the same time ( and a great rival of Belzoni and Salt ) was Bernardino Drovetti , the French Consul - General . When Gaston Maspero was reappointed as head of the Egyptian Antiquities Service , the nature of the exploration of the valley changed again . Maspero appointed English archaeologist Howard Carter as the Chief Inspector of Upper Egypt , and the young man discovered several new tombs and explored several others , clearing KV42 and KV20 . Around the start of the 20th century American explorer Theodore M. Davis had the excavation permit in this valley . His team ( led mostly by Edward R. Ayrton ) discovered several royal and non-royal tombs ( including KV43 , KV46 and KV57 ) . In 1907 they discovered the possible Amarna Period cache in KV55 . After finding what they thought was all that remained of the burial of Tutankhamun ( items recovered from KV54 and KV58 ) , it was announced that the valley was completely explored and that no further burials were to be found . Davis 's 1912 publication , The Tombs of Harmhabi and Touatânkhamanou closes with the comment , `` I fear that the Valley of Kings is now exhausted . '' Entrance to Horemheb 's tomb , soon after discovery in 1908 After Davis 's death early in 1915 , Lord Carnarvon acquired the concession to excavate the valley , and he employed Howard Carter to explore it . After a systematic search , they discovered the actual tomb of Tutankhamun ( KV62 ) in November 1922 . Various expeditions have continued to explore the valley , adding greatly to the knowledge of the area . In 2001 the Theban Mapping Project designed new signs for the tombs , providing information and plans of the open tombs . Tomb Development ( edit ) Further information : List of burials in the Valley of the Kings KV1 KV2 KV3 KV4 KV5 KV6 KV7 KV8 KV9 KV10 KV11 KV12 KV13 KV14 KV15 KV16 KV17 KV18 KV19 KV20 KV21 WV22 WV23 WV24 WV25 KV26 KV28 KV29 KV30 KV31 KV32 KV34 KV35 KV36 KV37 KV38 KV39 KV40 KV41 KV42 KV43 KV44 KV45 KV46 KV47 KV48 KV54 KV55 KV56 KV57 KV58 KV59 KV61 KV62 KV63 A map of the Valley of the Kings with locations of tombs marked Location The earliest tombs were located in cliffs at the top of scree slopes , under storm - fed waterfalls ( KV34 and KV43 ) . As these locations were filled , burials descended to the valley floor , gradually moving back up the slopes as the valley bottom filled with debris . This explains the location of the tombs KV62 and KV63 buried in the valley floor . Architecture The tomb of Twosret and Setnakhte showing descending corridor The usual tomb plan consisted of a long inclined rock - cut corridor , descending through one or more halls ( possibly mirroring the descending path of the sun god into the underworld ) to the burial chamber . In the earlier tombs , the corridors turn 90 degrees at least once ( such as KV43 , the tomb of Thutmose IV ) , and the earliest ones had cartouche - shaped burial chambers ( for example , KV43 , the tomb of Thutmose IV ) . This layout is known as ' Bent Axis ' , After the burial the upper corridors were meant to be filled with rubble and the entrance to the tomb hidden . After the Amarna Period , the layout gradually straightened , with an intermediate ' Jogged Axis ' ( the tomb of Horemheb , KV57 is typical of this and is one of the tombs that is sometimes open to the public ) , to the generally ' Straight Axis ' of the late Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasty tombs ( Ramesses III 's and Ramesses IX 's tombs , KV11 and KV6 respectively ) . As the tombs ' axes straightened , the slopes also lessened . They almost disappeared in the late Twentieth Dynasty . Another feature that is common to most tombs is the ' well ' , which may have originated as an actual barrier intended to stop flood waters from entering the lower parts of the tomb . It seems to have developed a ' magical ' purpose later on as a symbolic shaft . In the later Twentieth Dynasty , the well itself was sometimes not excavated , but the well room was still present . Decoration Main article : Ancient Egyptian funerary texts Detail of decoration from KV2 The majority of the royal tombs were decorated with religious texts and images . The early tombs were decorated with scenes from Amduat ( ' That Which is in the Underworld ' ) , which describes the journey of the sun god through the twelve hours of the night . From the time of Horemheb , tombs were decorated with the Book of Gates , which shows the sun god passing through the twelve gates that divide the nighttime and ensures the tomb owner 's own safe passage through the night . These earliest tombs were generally sparsely decorated , and those of a non-royal nature were totally undecorated . Late in the Nineteenth Dynasty the Book of Caverns , which divided the underworld into massive caverns containing deities as well as the deceased waiting for the sun to pass through and restore them to life , was placed in the upper parts of tombs . A complete version appears in the tomb of Ramesses VI . The burial of Ramesses III saw the Book of the Earth , where the underworld is divided into four sections , climaxing in the sun disc being pulled from the earth by Naunet . The ceilings of the burial chambers were decorated ( from the burial of Seti I onwards ) with what became formalised as the Book of the Heavens , which again describes the sun 's journey through the twelve hours of night . Again from Seti I 's time , the Litany of Re , a lengthy hymn to the sun god began to appear . Pillar in Seti I 's tomb Tomb equipment Each burial was provided with equipment that would enable a comfortable existence in the afterlife . Also present in the tombs were items used to perform magic rituals , such as Shabtis and divine figurines . Some equipment was what the king may have used during his lifetime ( Tutankhamun 's sandals for example ) , and some was specially constructed for the burial . Tomb numbering ( edit ) The modern abbreviation `` KV '' stands for `` Kings ' Valley '' , and the tombs are numbered according to their order of ' discovery ' , from KV1 ( Rameses VII ) to KV64 ( discovered in 2012 ) . Since the early 19th century AD , antiquarians and archaeologists have cleared and recorded tombs , with a total of 61 sepulchers being known by the start of the 20th century . KV5 was only rediscovered in the 1990s after being dismissed as unimportant by previous investigators . The West Valley tombs often carry the prefix `` WV '' , but they follow the same numbering system . Some of the tombs are unoccupied , others remain unidentifiable as regards to their owners , and still others are merely pits used for storage . Most of the open tombs in the Valley of the Kings are located in the East Valley , and this is where most of the tourist facilities are located . Eighteenth Dynasty ( edit ) Decoration in KV34 Typical ' Bent axis ' early Eighteenth Dynasty tomb The Eighteenth Dynasty tombs within the valley vary quite a bit in decoration , style , and location . It seems that at first there was no fixed plan . The tomb of Hatshepsut has a unique shape , twisting and turning down over 200 metres from the entrance , so that the burial chamber is 97 metres below the surface . The tombs gradually became more regular and formalised , and those of Thutmose III and Thutmose IV , KV34 and KV43 , are good examples of Eighteenth Dynasty tombs , both with their bent axis , and simple decoration . Perhaps the most imposing tomb of this period is that of Amenhotep III , WV22 , located in the West Valley . It was re-investigated in the 1990s by a team from Waseda University , Japan , but it is not open to the public . At the same time , powerful and influential nobles began to be buried with the royal family ; the most famous of these tombs is the joint tomb of Yuya and Tjuyu , KV46 . They were possibly the parents of Queen Tiy . Until the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun , this was the best - preserved of the tombs that had been discovered in the Valley . Amarna period ( edit ) Typical ' Jogged axis ' post-Amarna tomb The return of royal burials to Thebes after the end of the Amarna period marks a change to the layout of royal burials , with the intermediate ' jogged axis ' gradually giving way to the ' straight axis ' of later dynasties . In the Western Valley , there is a tomb commencement that is thought to have been started for Akhenaten , but it is no more than a gateway and a series of steps . The tomb of Ay , Tutankhamun 's successor is close by . It is likely that this tomb was started for Tutankhamun ( its decoration is of a similar style ) but later usurped for Ay 's burial . This would mean that KV62 may have been Ay 's original tomb , which would explain the smaller size and unusual layout for a royal tomb . The other Amarna period tombs are located in a smaller , central area in the centre of the East Valley , with a possible mummy cache ( KV55 ) that may contain the burials of several Amarna Period royals -- Tiy and Smenkhkare or Akhenaten . Decoration of the burial chamber in KV62 In close proximity is the burial of Tutankhamun . This is perhaps the most famous discovery of modern Western archaeology . It was discovered here by Howard Carter on November 4 , 1922 , with clearance and conservation work continuing until 1932 . This was the first royal tomb to be discovered that was still largely intact , although tomb robbers had entered . And until the excavation of KV63 on 10 March 2005 , it considered the last major discovery in the valley . The opulence of his grave goods notwithstanding , Tutankhamun was a relatively minor king , and other burials probably had more numerous treasures . In the same central area as KV62 and KV63 , is KV64 , a radar anomaly believed to be a tomb or chamber announced on 28 July 2006 . It is not an official designation , and the actual existence of a tomb at all is dismissed by the Supreme Council of Antiquities . The nearby tomb of Horemheb , ( KV57 ) is rarely open to visitors . But it has many unique features and is extensively decorated . The decoration shows a transition from the pre-Amarna tombs to those of the 19th dynasty tombs that followed . Nineteenth Dynasty ( edit ) Typical ' Straight axis ' Nineteenth / Twentieth Dynasty tomb The Nineteenth Dynasty saw a further standardisation of tomb layout and decoration . The tomb of the first king of the dynasty , Ramesses I , was hurriedly finished due to the death of the king and is little more than a truncated descending corridor and a burial chamber . However , KV16 has vibrant decoration and still contains the sarcophagus of the king . Its central location makes it one of the more frequently visited tombs . It shows the development of the tomb entrance and passage and of decoration . His son and successor , Seti I 's tomb , KV17 ( also known as Belzoni 's tomb , the tomb of Apis , or the tomb of Psammis , son of Necho ) , is usually regarded as the finest tomb in the valley . It has extensive relief work and paintings . When it was rediscovered by Belzoni in 1817 , he referred to it as `` ... a fortunate day ... '' The son of Seti , Ramesses the Great , constructed a massive tomb , KV7 , but it is in a ruinous state . It is currently undergoing excavation and conservation by a Franco - Egyptian team led by Christian Leblanc . The tomb is vast in size , about the same length , and a larger area , of the tomb of his father . Merenptah 's stone sarcophagus in KV8 At the same time , and just opposite his own tomb , Ramesses enlarged the earlier small tomb of an unknown Eighteenth Dynasty noble ( KV5 ) for his numerous sons . With 120 known rooms , and excavation work still underway , it is probably the largest tomb in the valley . Originally opened ( and robbed ) in antiquity , it is a low - lying structure that has been particularly prone to the flash floods that sometimes hit the area . Tonnes of debris and material has washed in over the centuries , ultimately concealing its vast size . It is not currently open to the public . Ramesses II 's son and eventual successor , Merenptah 's tomb has been open since antiquity ; it extends 160 metres , ending in a burial chamber that once contained a set of four nested sarcophagi . Well decorated , it is typically open to the public most years . The last kings of the dynasty also constructed tombs in the valley , all of which follow the same general pattern of layout and decoration . Notable amongst these is the tomb of Siptah , which is well decorated , especially the ceiling . Twentieth Dynasty ( edit ) The first ruler of the dynasty , Setnakhte , actually had two tombs constructed for himself . He started excavating the eventual tomb of his son , Ramesses III , but broke into another tomb and abandoned it in order to usurp and complete the tomb of the Nineteenth Dynasty female pharaoh , Twosret . Therefore , this tomb has two burial chambers , the later extensions making the tomb one of the largest of the Royal tombs , at over 150 metres . Tomb of Ramesses III , KV11 The tomb of Ramesses III ( known as Bruce 's Tomb or The Harper 's Tomb due to its decoration ) is one of the largest tombs in the valley and is open to the public . It is located close to the central ' rest -- area ' , and its location and superb decoration make this one of the tombs most visited by tourists . The successors and offspring of Ramesses III constructed tombs that had straight axes . They all had similar decorations . Notable amongst these is KV2 , the tomb of Ramesses IV , which has been open since antiquity , containing a large amount of hieratic graffiti . The tomb is mostly intact and is decorated with scenes from several religious texts . The joint tomb of Ramesses V and Ramesses VI , KV9 ( also known as the Tomb of Memnon or La Tombe de la Métempsychose ) is decorated with many sunk - relief carvings , depicting illustrated scenes from religious texts . Open since antiquity , it contains over a thousand examples of graffiti written in ancient Greek , Latin and Coptic . The spoil from the excavation and later clearance of this tomb , together with later construction of workers huts , covered the earlier burial of KV62 and seems to have been what protected that tomb from earlier discovery and looting . Tomb of Ramesses IX , KV6 The tomb of Ramesses IX , KV6 , has been open since antiquity , as can be seen by the graffiti left on its walls by Roman and Coptic visitors . Located in the central part of the valley , it is between and slightly above KV5 and KV55 . The tomb extends a total distance of 105 metres into the hillside , including extensive side chambers that were neither decorated nor finished . The hasty and incomplete nature of the rock - cutting and decorations ( it is only decorated for a little over half its length ) within the tomb indicate that the tomb was not completed by the time of Ramesses ' death , with the completed hall of pillars serving as the burial chamber . Another notable tomb from this dynasty is KV19 , the tomb of Mentuherkhepshef ( son of Ramesses IX ) . This small tomb is simply a converted , unfinished corridor , but the decoration is extensive . The tomb has been newly restored and opened for visitors . Twenty - first Dynasty and the decline of the Necropolis ( edit ) By the end of the New Kingdom , Egypt had entered a long period of political and economic decline . The priests at Thebes grew more powerful , and they effectively administered Upper Egypt , while kings ruling from Tanis controlled Lower Egypt . Some attempt at using the open tombs was made at the start of the Twenty - first Dynasty , with the High Priest of Amun , Pinedjem I , adding his cartouche to KV4 . The Valley began to be heavily plundered , so during the Twenty - first Dynasty the priests of Amun opened most of the tombs and moved the mummies into three tombs in order to better protect them . They removed most of the treasure in order to further protect the bodies from robbers . Most of these were later moved to a single cache near Deir el - Bari ( known as TT320 ) . Located in the cliffs overlooking Hatshepsut 's famous temple , this mass reburial contained a large number of royal mummies . They were found in a great state of disorder , many placed in other 's coffins , and several are still unidentified . Other mummies were moved to the tomb of Amenhotep II , where over a dozen mummies , many of them royal , were later relocated . During the later Third Intermediate Period and later periods , intrusive burials were introduced into many of the open tombs . In Coptic times , some of the tombs were used as churches , stables , and even houses . Minor tombs in the Valley of the Kings ( edit ) Main article : Minor tombs in the Valley of the Kings The majority of the 65 numbered tombs in the Valley of the Kings can be considered as minor tombs , either because at present they have yielded little information or because the results of their investigations were only poorly recorded by their explorers . Some have received very little attention or were only cursorily noted . Most of these tombs are small , often consisting of only a single burial chamber accessed by a shaft or staircase with a corridor or a series of corridors leading to the chamber . But some are larger , multiple - chambered tombs . These minor tombs served various purposes : some were intended for burials of lesser royalty or private burials , some contained animal burials , and others apparently never received a primary burial . In many cases these tombs also served secondary functions , and later intrusive material has been found related to these secondary activities . While some of these tombs have been open since antiquity , the majority were discovered in the 19th and early 20th centuries during the height of exploration in the valley . Tomb robbers ( edit ) Almost all of the tombs have been ransacked . Several papyri have been found that describe the trials of tomb robbers . These date mostly from the late Twentieth Dynasty . One of these , Papyrus Mayer B , describes the robbery of the tomb of Ramesses VI and was probably written in Year Nine of Ramesses IX : The foreigner Nesamun took us up and showed us the tomb of King Ramesses VI ... And I spent four days breaking into it , we being present all five . We opened the tomb and entered it ... We found a cauldron of bronze , three wash bowls of bronze ... The valley also seems to have suffered an official plundering during the virtual civil war , which started during the reign of Ramesses XI . The tombs were opened , all the valuables were removed , and the mummies were collected into two large caches . One in the tomb of Amenhotep II , contained sixteen , and others were hidden within Amenhotep I 's tomb . A few years later most of them were moved to the Deir el - Bahri cache , containing no fewer than forty royal mummies and their coffins . Only tombs whose locations were lost ( KV62 , KV63 and KV46 , although both KV62 and KV46 were robbed soon after their actual closure ) were undisturbed during this period . Tourism ( edit ) Most of the tombs are not open to the public ( 18 of the tombs can be opened , but they are rarely open at the same time ) , and officials occasionally close those that are open for restoration work . The number of visitors to KV62 has led to a separate charge for entry into the tomb . The West Valley has only one open tomb -- that of Ay -- and a separate ticket is needed to visit this tomb . The tour guides are no longer allowed to lecture inside the tombs , and visitors are expected to proceed quietly and in single file through the tombs . This is to minimize time in the tombs and prevent the crowds from damaging the surfaces of the decoration . Photography is no longer allowed in the tombs . In 1997 , 58 tourists and four Egyptians were massacred at nearby Deir el - Bahri by Islamist militants from Al - Gama'a al - Islamiyya . This led to an overall drop in tourism in the area . On most days of the week an average of 4,000 to 5,000 tourists visit the main valley . On the days that the Nile Cruises arrive , the number can rise to over 9,000 . These levels are expected to rise to 25,000 by 2015 . The West Valley is much less visited , as there is only one tomb that is open to the public . See also ( edit ) Valley of the Queens -- Nearby burials of queens and offspring of kings . Royal Wadi and tombs -- Burial place of Akhenaten and his royal family . Naqsh - e Rustam -- Persian `` Valley of the Kings '' royal tombs . Ming and Qing Imperial Tombs -- Royal tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties . Notes and references ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Trismegistos '' . www.trismegistos.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) , p. 6 Jump up ^ Maspero ( 1913 ) , p. 182 Jump up ^ `` Theban Mapping Project '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Siliotti ( 1997 ) , p. 13 Jump up ^ Zahi Hawass . `` Spotlight Interview : 2008 '' . The Plateau : Official Website for Dr. Zahi Hawass . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Valley of the Kings '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt 's `` King Tut Curse '' Caused by Tomb Toxins ? `` . National Geographic . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Thebes and its necropolis '' . UNESCO Work Heritage Sites . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geography and Geology of the Valley '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sampsell ( 2003 ) , p. 78 Jump up ^ Weigall ( 1910 ) , p. 194 Jump up ^ `` KV 7 ( Rameses II ) '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Egypt Resource '' . NicholasReeves.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Cross ( 2008 ) p. 303 Jump up ^ Cross ( 2008 ) p. 307 Jump up ^ Cross ( 2008 ) p. 310 Jump up ^ Hirokatsu Watanabe , Masanori Ito and Nicholas Reeves ( 2000 ) . `` ARTP Radar Survey of the Valley of the Kings '' . Nicholas Reeves . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Development of the Valley of the Kings in the New Kingdom '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Dodson ( 1991 ) , pp. 5 - 7 Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Bierbrier ( 1993 ) p. 39 Jump up ^ `` Historical Development of Royal Cemeteries outside Thebes and inside Thebes ( Early Dynastic - Second Intermediate Period ) '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Baines and Malik ( 2000 ) , p. 99 Jump up ^ Strudwick and Strudwick ( 1999 ) p. 94 Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) , p. 89 ^ Jump up to : Weigall ( 1910 ) , p. 186 ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Valley of the Kings ( Third Intermediate Period - Byzantine Period ) '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Siliotti ( 1996 ) , p. 29 Jump up ^ Siliotti ( 1996 ) , p. 70 ^ Jump up to : Siliotti ( 1997 ) , pp. 12 - 13 Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) , p. 116 Jump up ^ `` Development of Tombs , Part I '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` KV 5 History '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` KV 3 ( Son of Rameses III ) '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cachette of the Royal Mummies , TT320 '' . Russian Academy of Sciences - Network of the Centre for Egyptological Studies . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Strudwick and Strudwick ( 1999 ) p. 78 Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Deir el - Medina Database '' . The Deir el - Medina Database . Leiden University . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Strudwick and Strudwick ( 1999 ) p. 187 Jump up ^ Pascal Vernus . `` Affairs and Scandals in Ancient Egypt '' . Bryn Mawr Classical Review . University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) , p. 51 Jump up ^ Siliotti ( 1997 ) , p. 16 Jump up ^ `` Description de l'Égypte -- text of the 2nd edition '' . Bibliotheque nationale de France ( in French ) . Gallicia . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Bernardino Drovetti '' . Travellers In Egypt . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 71 Jump up ^ Davis ( 2001 ) p. 37 Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 81 ^ Jump up to : `` Valley of the Kings '' . Egypt and the Nile . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Strudwick and Strudwick ( 1999 ) , p. 117 ^ Jump up to : Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 25 Jump up ^ Wilkinson ( 1993 ) , pp 10 - 20 Jump up ^ Strudwick and Strudwick ( 1999 ) , p. 98 Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) , p. 25 Jump up ^ Rossi ( 2001 ) , p. 75 Jump up ^ `` KV - 10 tomb diagram '' . Amenmesse Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 37 Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 160 Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 43 Jump up ^ Ruhli , Frank ( 2015 ) . `` New Ancient Egyptian Human Mummies from the Valley of the Kings , Luxor : Anthropological , Radiological , and Egyptological Investigations '' . BioMed Research International . 2015 : 530362 . doi : 10.1155 / 2015 / 530362 . PMC 4544442 . PMID 26347313 . Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 105 Jump up ^ El - Aref , Nevine ( 2004 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Sleuthing in a royal tomb '' ( 676 ) . Al - Ahram Weekly Online . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Interim Report on the Re-Clearance at the Royal Tomb of Amenophis III '' . Research in Egypt 1966 - 1991 . Institute of Egyptology at Waseda University . 1991 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 174 Jump up ^ Strudwick and Strudwick ( 1999 ) p. 104 Jump up ^ Davis ( 2001 ) , p. XV Jump up ^ `` Egypt offers first look at newly discovered tomb : First such discovery in Valley of the Kings since Tutankhamun 's in 1922 '' . MSNBC. 2006 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ El Mahdy ( 2001 ) , p. 131 Jump up ^ Vergano , Dan ( 2006 - 08 - 14 ) . `` Egyptian tomb digs up controversy '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` KV 57 ( Horemheb ) '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 134 Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 137 Jump up ^ Christian Leblanc . `` The Tomb of Ramesses II and Remains of His Funerary Treasure '' . Le Ramesseum : Temple de Millions d'Années de Ramsès II à Thèbes - Ouest . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Recherches et travaux dans la tombe de Ramsès II : Aujourďhui '' . Recherches et Travaux Tombe Ramsès ( in French ) . L'Institut d'Egyptologie Thébaine du Musée du Louvre . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` KV 5 Excavation '' . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Weigall ( 1910 ) , p. 202 Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 212 Jump up ^ Davis ( 2001 ) , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` KV 14 ( Tausert and Setnakht ) '' . Theban Mapping project . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Weigall ( 1910 ) , p. 206 Jump up ^ Weigall ( 1910 ) , p. 196 Jump up ^ `` KV 9 ( Rameses V and Rameses VI ) '' . Theban Mapping project . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 122 Jump up ^ Weigall ( 1910 ) , p. 198 Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) p. 168 Jump up ^ `` KV 19 ( Mentuherkhepeshef ) '' . Theban Mapping project . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Mark Andrews . `` KV19 , the Tomb of Prince Ramesses - Mentuherkhepshef '' . Tour Egypt . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) , p. 208 Jump up ^ `` The Finding of the Pharaohs '' . TravellersInEgypt.org . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Weigall ( 1910 ) , p. 221 Jump up ^ `` Valley of the Kings , finds in the Petrie Museum '' . Digital Egypt . UCL . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Reeves and Wilkinson ( 1996 ) , p. 192 Jump up ^ Weigall ( 1910 ) , p. 191 Jump up ^ `` Tomb Raiders of KV 46 ! '' . The Theban Royal Mummy Project . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` KV Condition Surveys '' ( PDF ) . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Visitor Management in KV '' ( PDF ) . Theban Mapping Project . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Ambros ( 2001 ) , p. 181 Jump up ^ `` Tourists massacred at temple '' . BBC News . 1997 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Valley Today '' . Theban Mapping Project . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ambros , Eva ( 2001 ) . Egypt : an up - to - date travel guide with 145 color photos and 21 maps . Hunter Publishing . ISBN 3 - 88618 - 140 - 5 . Baines , John ; Jaromir Malik ( 2000 ) . Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt . New York : Facts on file . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4036 - 2 . Baillet , Jules ( 1920 -- 1926 ) . Inscriptions grecques et latines des tombeaux des rois ou Syringes à Thèbes . Cairo : Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire , Mémoires publiés par les membres . M.L. Bierbrier ( 1993 ) . The Tomb - Builders of the Pharaohs . Cairo : American Univ in Cairo Press . ISBN 977 - 424 - 210 - 6 . Cross , Stephen W. ( 1993 ) . `` The Hydrology of the Valley of the Kings '' . JEA. 94 : 303 -- 310 . Davis , Theodore M. ( 2001 ) . The Tomb of Siphtah with The Tomb of Queen Tiyi . London : Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7156 - 3073 - 3 . Davis , Theodore M. ( 2001 ) . The Tombs of Harmhabi and Touatânkhamanou . London : Duckworth Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7156 - 3072 - 5 . Dodson , Aidan ( 1991 ) . Egyptian Rock - cut Tombs . Buckinghamshire : Shire Publications Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7478 - 0128 - 2 . El Mahdy , Christine ( 2001 ) . Tutankhamen : The Life and Death of the Boy - King . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 28064 - 5 . Maspero , Gaston ( 1913 ) . Manual of Egyptian Archaeology , Sixth English Edition . H. Grevel and Co . ISBN 1 - 4219 - 4169 - 4 . Reeves , Nicholas ( 1990 ) . Valley of the Kings : The Decline of a Royal Necropolis . Keegan Paul . ISBN 0 - 7103 - 0368 - 8 . Reeves , Nicholas ; Richard H. Wilkinson ( 1996 ) . The Complete Valley of the Kings . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05080 - 5 . -- Details of all the major tombs , their discovery , art and architecture Romer , John ( 1981 ) . Valley of the Kings . Henry Holt . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 0993 - 0 . -- Covers the history of the exploration of the Valley in chronological order Rossi , Corinna ( 2001 ) . `` Dimensions and Slope in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasty Royal Tombs '' . The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology . The Egyptian Exploration Society . 87 : 73 -- 80 . doi : 10.2307 / 3822372 . ISSN 0307 - 5133 . JSTOR 3822372 . Sampsell , Bonnie M. ( 2003 ) . A Traveler 's Guide to the Geology of Egypt . Cairo : American University Press . ISBN 977 - 424 - 785 - X . Siliotti , Alberto ( 1997 ) . Guide to the Valley of the Kings . Barnes and Noble . ISBN 88 - 8095 - 496 - 2 . -- A good introduction to the valley and surroundings Strudwick , Nigel ; Helen Strudwick ( 1999 ) . Thebes in Egypt . Cornell University . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8616 - 5 . Weeks , Kent R. ( 2001 ) . Valley of the Kings . Friedman / Fairfax . ISBN 88 - 8095 - 712 - 0 . -- Spectacular photography of the best tombs Weeks , Kent R. ( 2000 ) . KV 5 : A Preliminary Report on the Excavation of the Tomb of the Sons of Ramesses II in the Valley of the Kings . Cairo : American University Press . ISBN 977 - 424 - 574 - 1 . Weigall , Arthur ( 1910 ) . A Guide to the Antiquities of Upper Egypt . London : Mentheun & Co . ISBN 1 - 4253 - 3806 - 2 . Wilkinson , Richard H. ( 1994 ) . Valley of the Sun Kings : New Explorations in the Tombs of the Pharaohs . Tucson : University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition . ISBN 0 - 9649958 - 0 - 8 . -- chapters by archaeologists working in the valley from an international conference on the Valley of the Kings Wilkinson , Richard H. ( 1993 ) . `` The paths of Re : Symbolism in the royal tombs of Wadi Biban El Moluk '' . KMT. 4 ( 3 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Valley of the Kings . `` Theban Mapping Project '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . `` The Quest for Immortality , Treasures of Ancient Egypt , Virtual Tour : KV 34 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . `` Valley of the Kings photographs on GlobalAmity.net '' . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 04 . `` VOKF Foundation ( Origins , Aims , Objectives : The Amarna Royal Tombs Project '' . NicholasReeves.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09 . Valley of the Kings Tombs East Valley KV1 KV2 KV3 KV4 KV5 KV6 KV7 KV8 KV9 KV10 KV11 KV12 KV13 KV14 KV15 KV16 KV17 KV18 KV19 KV20 KV21 KV26 KV27 KV28 KV29 KV30 KV31 KV32 KV33 KV34 KV35 KV36 KV37 KV38 KV39 KV40 KV41 KV42 KV43 KV44 KV45 KV46 KV47 KV48 KV49 KV50 KV51 KV52 KV53 KV54 KV55 KV56 KV57 KV58 KV59 KV60 KV61 KV62 KV63 KV64 KV65 West Valley WV22 WV23 WV24 WV25 Exploration Theodore M. Davis Amarna Royal Tombs Project Theban Mapping Project John Romer See also List of burials in the Valley of the Kings Minor tombs in the Valley of the Kings Valley of the Queens Royal Mummy Cache Theban Necropolis Temple sites Deir el - Bahri Medinet Habu Mortuary Temple of Seti I Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III Ramesseum Royal Necropolis Valley of the Kings Valley of the Queens Other burials Deir el - Medina el - Assasif el - Khokha el - Tarif Dra ' Abu el - Naga ' Qurnet Murai Sheikh Abd el - Qurna Related List of Theban tombs Beautiful festival of the valley Landmarks of Luxor East Bank Luxor Temple Luxor International Airport Karnak Temple Luxor Museum Mummification Museum Winter Palace Hotel West Bank Valley of the Kings Valley of the Queens Medinet Habu The Ramesseum Deir al - Madinah Tombs of the Nobles Deir el - Bahri Malkata Colossi of Memnon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valley_of_the_Kings&oldid=813672382 '' Categories : Luxor Valley of the Kings Valleys of Egypt Rock - cut tombs Tourist attractions in Egypt Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Coptic - language text Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 17 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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map of tombs in valley of the kings
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"In 1799, members of Napoleon's expedition to Egypt (especially Dominique Vivant) drew maps and plans of the known tombs, and for the first time noted the Western Valley (where Prosper Jollois and Édouard de Villiers du Terrage located the tomb of Amenhotep III, WV22).[42] The Description de l'Égypte contains two volumes (out of a total of 24) on the area around Thebes.[43]"
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"Description de l'Égypte"
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England at the FIFA World Cup
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England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two - goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show England 's World Cup record First Match England 2 -- 0 Chile ( 25 June 1950 ; Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ) Biggest Win England 6 -- 1 Panama ( 24 June 2018 ; Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ) Biggest Defeat England 1 - 4 Germany ( 27 June 2010 ; Bloemfontein , South Africa ) Best Result Champions at the 1966 World Cup Worst Result Group stage in 1950 , 1958 and 2014 By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . 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Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Three Lions still left wondering how good they really are after deflating defeat '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England 's game v Colombia ' biggest knockout game for decade ' '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England still left wondering how good they really are after defeat to Belgium '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Colombia - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brashness of youth overcomes mental demons as England break penalty shoot - out hoodoo '' . ABC News . 4 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2018 . 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Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 2 England 1 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England set new records in 6 - 1 victory over Panama '' . BBC Sport . England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Germany Scotland Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856208693 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when was the last time england got to world cup quarter finals
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"England did not enter the competition until 1950, but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments.[a] They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions, 1974 (West Germany), 1978 (Argentina) and 1994 (United States), and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup, the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England, whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990, in Italy, and in 2018 in Russia. Other than that, the team have reached the quarter-finals on nine occasions, the latest of which were at the 2002 (South Korea/Japan) and the 2006 (Germany).[b]\n"
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"2006"
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Isaiah Thomas (basketball)
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Isaiah Thomas ( basketball ) - wikipedia Isaiah Thomas ( basketball ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Hall of Fame basketball player , see Isiah Thomas . Isaiah Thomas Thomas with the Boston Celtics in 2017 No. 3 -- Cleveland Cavaliers Position Point guard League NBA ( 1989 - 02 - 07 ) February 7 , 1989 ( age 28 ) Tacoma , Washington Nationality American Listed height 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Listed weight 185 lb ( 84 kg ) Career information High school Curtis ( University Place , Washington ) South Kent School ( South Kent , Connecticut ) College Washington ( 2008 -- 2011 ) NBA draft 2011 / Round : 2 / Pick : 60th overall Selected by the Sacramento Kings Playing career 2011 -- present Career history 2011 -- 2014 Sacramento Kings 2014 -- 2015 Phoenix Suns 2015 -- 2017 Boston Celtics 2017 -- present Cleveland Cavaliers Career highlights and awards 2 × NBA All - Star ( 2016 , 2017 ) All - NBA Second Team ( 2017 ) NBA All - Rookie Second Team ( 2012 ) AP honorable mention All - American ( 2011 ) 2 × First - team All - Pac - 10 ( 2010 , 2011 ) Second - team All - Pac - 10 ( 2009 ) 2 × Pac - 10 Tournament MVP ( 2010 , 2011 ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Isaiah Jamar Thomas ( born February 7 , 1989 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The 5 - foot - 9 - inch ( 1.75 m ) point guard played three years of college basketball for the Washington Huskies and was a three - time all - conference selection in the Pac - 10 . After electing to forgo his senior year in college , Thomas was selected by the Sacramento Kings with the final pick in the 2011 NBA draft . He spent three seasons with the Kings before joining the Phoenix Suns in 2014 . Thomas was acquired by the Boston Celtics in February 2015 and went on to earn NBA All - Star nods in 2016 and 2017 , as well as All - NBA Team honors in 2017 after leading the Celtics to the first seed in the Eastern Conference . In August 2017 , he was sent to the Cavaliers in a five - player trade . Contents ( hide ) 1 High school career 2 College career 2.1 College statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 Sacramento Kings ( 2011 -- 2014 ) 3.2 Phoenix Suns ( 2014 -- 2015 ) 3.3 Boston Celtics ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 3.3. 1 2014 -- 15 season 3.3. 2 2015 -- 16 season 3.3. 3 2016 -- 17 season 3.4 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- present ) 4 NBA career statistics 4.1 Regular season 4.2 Playoffs 5 Personal life 6 See also 7 References 8 External links High School career Thomas attended Curtis Senior High School in University Place , Washington , through 11th grade , and then transferred to South Kent School in South Kent , Connecticut , to repeat the 11th grade because of academic deficiencies . He graduated from South Kent School in 2008 . At Curtis , Thomas averaged 31.2 points as a junior . He called a news briefing on April 20 , 2006 to announce his intention to sign with the University of Washington . US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes Name Hometown High school / college Height Weight Commit date Isaiah Thomas PG South Kent , Connecticut South Kent School 5 ft 8 in ( 1.73 m ) 170 lb ( 77 kg ) Apr 19 , 2006 Recruiting star ratings : Scout : Rivals : 247Sports : ESPN grade : 76 Overall recruiting rankings : Scout : 2 ( PG ) ; 22 ( school ) Rivals : 14 ( PG ) ; 92 ( national ) Note : In many cases , Scout , Rivals , 247Sports , and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight . In these cases , the average was taken . ESPN grades are on a 100 - point scale . Sources : `` 2008 Washington Basketball Commitment List '' . Rivals.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . `` 2008 Washington College Basketball Team Recruiting Prospects '' . Scout.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . `` Washington Huskies 2008 Player Commits '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . `` Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings '' . Scout.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . `` 2008 Team Ranking '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . College career Thomas with the Washington Huskies in 2011 Thomas received blessings from Nate Robinson , the former Washington Huskies star , to wear his No. 2 jersey . In an exhibition game against Western Washington , Thomas scored 27 points on 9 - of - 12 field goals . He scored a season - high 27 points in an 81 -- 67 home win over Morgan State on December 30 , 2008 . This bettered his previous high of 19 points scored in a 74 -- 51 blowout over Florida International on November 20 . Thomas made an immediate impact upon arrival for the Washington Huskies during the 2008 -- 09 season as he averaged 15.5 points , 2.6 assists , and 3.0 rebounds per game as a true freshman . He was named Pac - 10 Freshman of the Year . As a sophomore , the scoring output continued as he raised his averages to 16.9 points , 3.2 assists and 3.9 rebounds per game . He was selected first team All - Pac - 10 . Thomas was again named first team All - Pac - 10 in his junior year . On March 12 , 2011 Thomas scored 28 points and hit a game - winning buzzer beater in overtime to lead the Huskies to victory over Arizona in the championship game of the Pac - 10 tournament . He was among the final ten candidates for the Bob Cousy Award in his junior season . On March 31 , 2011 , Thomas declared for the NBA draft , forgoing his final year of college eligibility . College statistics Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2008 -- 09 Washington 35 34 28.4 . 418 . 291 . 686 3.0 2.6 1.1 . 1 15.5 2009 -- 10 Washington 35 35 31.1 . 415 . 327 . 732 3.9 3.2 1.1 . 1 16.9 2010 -- 11 Washington 35 35 31.9 . 445 . 349 . 719 3.5 6.1 1.3 . 1 16.8 Career 105 104 30.5 . 426 . 322 . 736 3.5 4.0 . 1 16.4 Professional career Sacramento Kings ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Thomas with the Sacramento Kings in 2013 Before the 2011 NBA draft , Thomas participated in his own pre-draft documentary entitled `` Road To The NBA - The Isaiah Thomas Story '' . Thomas was drafted as the 60th pick by the Sacramento Kings in the second round of the 2011 NBA draft . He was the final pick in the draft . On February 19 , 2012 , Thomas recorded his first double - double with 23 points and 11 assists against the Cleveland Cavaliers . On March 1 , 2012 , Thomas was named the February Western Conference NBA Rookie of the Month after averaging 12.2 points and 4.4 assists per game in February . This was the first time someone who was picked last in the NBA draft won the Rookie of the Month award . On April 2 , 2012 Thomas was once again named Western Conference NBA Rookie of the Month after averaging 13.6 points and 4.9 assists per game in the month of March . Thomas was also named to the NBA All - Rookie Second Team and finished seventh in NBA Rookie of the Year voting . On January 19 , 2014 , he scored a then career - high 38 points in a loss to the Oklahoma City Thunder . Five days later , he tied this total against the Indiana Pacers . On March 18 , 2014 , he recorded his first career triple - double with 24 points , 11 assists and 10 rebounds in a 117 -- 111 overtime win over the Washington Wizards ; giving him status as the shortest player to ever record a triple - double in the NBA . During his last season with the Kings , Thomas joined the likes of Calvin Murphy ( twice ) , Dana Barros , Damon Stoudamire , and Michael Adams as the only players under 6'0 '' tall to average over 20 points per game and 6 assists per game in a season . Phoenix Suns ( 2014 -- 2015 ) On July 12 , 2014 , Thomas was acquired by the Phoenix Suns in a sign - and - trade deal that also sent the rights of Alex Oriakhi to the Kings . On August 14 , 2014 , Thomas underwent a successful arthroscopy of his left wrist , for an injury he sustained in the previous season . He went on to make his debut for the Suns in the team 's season - opener against the Los Angeles Lakers . He recorded 23 points , 3 assists and 1 rebound in an 119 -- 99 win . In the Suns ' next game on October 31 , Thomas again recorded 23 points in a 94 -- 89 win over the San Antonio Spurs , becoming just the fourth Sun , joining Tom Chambers , A.C. Green , and Tom Gugliotta , to score at least 23 points in his first two games with the team . After missing eight games with an ankle injury , Thomas returned to action on December 12 as he scored 10 points in the Suns ' 103 -- 105 loss to the Detroit Pistons . On January 21 , 2015 , He recorded a season - high 27 points off the bench in an 118 -- 113 victory over the Portland Trail Blazers . On February 5 , Thomas was announced as a contestant for the NBA Skills Challenge , making him the shortest contestant to ever participate in the event . Boston Celtics ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 2014 -- 15 season On February 19 , 2015 , Thomas was traded to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Marcus Thornton and a 2016 first - round pick . Three days later , he made his debut for the Celtics in a 118 -- 111 overtime loss to the Los Angeles Lakers , scoring 21 points off the bench . On March 2 , 2015 , he was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday , February 23 through Sunday , March 1 . He later missed eight games throughout March with a bruised lower back . On April 8 , 2015 , he scored a season - high 34 points in a 113 -- 103 win over the Detroit Pistons . He subsequently earned Eastern Conference Player of the Week honors for games played Monday , April 6 through Sunday , April 12 . In his first career playoff game on April 19 , Thomas recorded 22 points and 10 assists in a first - round Game 1 loss to the Cleveland Cavaliers . The Celtics went on to lose to the Cavaliers in a four - game clean sweep , as Thomas averaged 17.5 points and 7.0 assists per game over the series . As a result of his sixth - man role with both Phoenix and Boston in 2014 -- 15 , Thomas finished second in the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award voting with 324 points , including 33 first - place votes . 2015 -- 16 season On December 16 , 2015 , Thomas tied his then career high of 38 points in a 119 -- 116 loss to the Detroit Pistons . On January 28 , 2016 , he was named an Eastern Conference All - Star reserve for the 2016 NBA All - Star Game . Thomas became the lowest draft pick to be named an All - Star since the NBA draft was reduced to two rounds in 1989 . He also became just the ninth player under 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) to be named an All - Star , while also tying Calvin Murphy as the shortest player to be selected for the All - Star Game . On February 8 , 2016 , he was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday , February 1 through Sunday , February 7 . Thomas led the Celtics to a 4 -- 0 week , including a road victory against the Eastern Conference - leading Cleveland Cavaliers , and averaged 20.3 points ( 12th in the East ) , 7.0 assists ( tied for fourth in the conference ) and 4.5 rebounds . With the Celtics down 2 -- 0 to the Atlanta Hawks in the first round of the 2016 playoffs , Thomas scored a then career - high 42 points in Game 3 in Boston to lift the Celtics to a 111 -- 103 win . He became just the ninth Celtic to score 40 points in a playoff game . With 28 points in Game 4 , Thomas helped the Celtics even the series at 2 -- 2 with a 104 -- 95 overtime win . However , the Celtics went on to lose the series 4 -- 2 . 2016 -- 17 season Thomas attacking the basket in January 2017 Over the first 21 games of the 2016 -- 17 season , Thomas scored 20 points or more in every contest but one . After returning from a four - game absence in early December with a groin strain , Thomas continued to put up big numbers . On December 20 , he scored a then career - high 44 points , including 36 after halftime , in a 112 -- 109 overtime win over the Memphis Grizzlies . He also matched his career best for three - pointers , going 7 - of - 10 from outside the arc . He subsequently earned Eastern Conference Player of the Week honors for games played Monday , December 19 through Sunday , December 25 . On December 30 against Miami , he scored 29 of his career - high 52 points in the fourth quarter , setting a franchise record for points in a period and leading Boston to a 117 -- 114 victory over the Heat . Thomas hit six of his nine three - pointers in the fourth and broke the franchise record of 24 points in a quarter set by Larry Bird in 1983 and matched by Todd Day in 1995 . Thomas ' 52 points was the fourth - highest scoring total in Celtics history -- Bird holds the record with 60 points in March 1985 . On January 3 , 2017 , Thomas recorded 29 points and a career - high 15 assists in a 115 -- 104 win over the Utah Jazz . On January 21 , he had a 41 - point effort in a 127 -- 123 overtime loss to the Portland Trail Blazers , marking his 14th 30 - plus point game of the season . On January 26 , he was named an Eastern Conference All - Star reserve for the 2017 NBA All - Star Game . Thomas averaged 32.9 points in January , marking the third - highest monthly average in team history -- Paul Pierce averaged 33.5 in February 2006 , and Larry Bird averaged 33.1 points in February 1988 . On February 2 , he was named Eastern Conference Player of the Month for January . He led the NBA in scoring ( 32.9 ppg ) and tied for fifth in the East in assists ( 6.9 apg ) for the month as the Celtics went 10 -- 4 to take over first place in the Atlantic Division . On February 15 , he scored 33 points in a 116 -- 108 win over the Philadelphia 76ers . It was his 40th straight 20 - point game , tying the team record set by John Havlicek during the 1971 -- 72 season . The following day , he had 29 points in a 104 -- 103 loss to the Chicago Bulls , going 8 for 18 from the field in his 41st straight game with at least 20 points , breaking Havlicek 's team record . With just 19 points against the Atlanta Hawks on February 27 , Thomas ' franchise - record streak of consecutive 20 - point games ended at 43 . It was just the second time this season he did not register at least 20 points in a game . On March 12 against Chicago , Thomas hit his 200th three - point shot of the season , becoming the third Celtics player all - time to reach that mark along with Antoine Walker and Paul Pierce . With 32 points against the Milwaukee Bucks on March 29 , Thomas became just the sixth Celtic ever to score 2,000 points in a single season . He also extended his streak with at least one three - pointer to a franchise - best 50 straight games . Thomas led the Celtics to a first - round win over the Chicago Bulls in a haze after learning the day before the series began that his younger sister , Chyna Thomas , had died in a car accident outside of his native Tacoma , Washington . After defeating the Bulls 4 -- 2 , he flew cross-country to attend her funeral . He returned to Boston for Game 1 of the Eastern Conference semifinals and had 33 points and nine assists in helping the Celtics defeat the Washington Wizards 123 -- 111 . In Game 2 against Washington , Thomas scored 53 points -- the second - highest total in Celtics playoff history -- to help Boston win 129 -- 119 in overtime and take a 2 -- 0 lead in the series . He became just the fifth Celtic to score 50 or more points in a postseason game , missing John Havlicek 's team record by one point . In Game 7 against Washington , Thomas scored 29 points and had 12 assists to help the Celtics advance to the Eastern Conference Finals for the first time since 2012 with a 115 -- 105 win and a 4 -- 3 series victory . After losing the first two games of the conference finals to the Cleveland Cavaliers , Thomas was ruled out for the remainder of the postseason with a hip injury . Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- present ) On August 22 , 2017 , Thomas was traded , along with Jae Crowder , Ante Žižić , and the Brooklyn Nets ' unprotected 2018 first - round draft pick , to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Kyrie Irving . However , during the post-trade physical examination by Cleveland staff , concerns were raised about the health of Thomas ' previously injured hip . As a result , eight days after the deal was announced , the Celtics agreed to send the Cavaliers a 2020 second - round draft pick via the Miami Heat to complete the trade . It was later reported that Thomas had been playing with a number of secondary issues in his hip , such as a loss of cartilage and some arthritis , for a number of seasons . NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2011 -- 12 Sacramento 65 37 25.5 . 448 . 379 . 832 2.6 4.1 . 8 . 1 11.5 2012 -- 13 Sacramento 79 62 26.9 . 440 . 358 . 882 2.0 4.0 . 8 . 0 13.9 2013 -- 14 Sacramento 72 54 34.7 . 453 . 349 . 850 2.9 6.3 1.3 . 1 20.3 2014 -- 15 Phoenix 46 25.7 . 426 . 391 . 872 2.4 3.7 1.0 . 1 15.2 2014 -- 15 Boston 21 0 26.0 . 411 . 345 . 861 2.1 5.4 . 6 . 0 19.0 2015 -- 16 Boston 82 79 32.2 . 428 . 359 . 871 3.0 6.2 1.1 . 1 22.2 2016 -- 17 Boston 76 76 33.8 . 463 . 379 . 909 2.7 5.9 . 9 . 2 28.9 Career 441 309 30.0 . 443 . 367 . 876 2.6 5.2 1.0 . 1 19.1 All - Star 0 18.4 . 423 . 333 1.000 1.7 1.8 . 5 0 14.8 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2015 Boston 0 29.8 . 333 . 167 . 969 3.0 7.0 . 8 . 0 17.5 2016 Boston 6 6 36.7 . 395 . 283 . 809 3.0 5.0 . 7 . 8 24.2 2017 Boston 15 15 34.7 . 425 . 333 . 820 3.1 6.7 . 9 . 1 23.3 Career 25 21 34.4 . 406 . 302 . 842 3.1 6.3 . 8 . 3 22.6 Personal life Thomas was named after former Detroit Pistons Hall of Fame point guard Isiah Thomas when his father , James , bet his friend that his favorite team , the Los Angeles Lakers , would defeat the Pistons in the 1989 NBA Finals ( which the Pistons won in a four - game sweep ) . Even though the younger Thomas ended up being born months before the Finals took place , James had already warmed to the name . However , his mother , Tina Baldtrip , insisted on spelling it Isaiah , as she desired a biblical name . As a child , he had the nicknames `` Bighead '' ( or Head ) from his father and `` Zeke '' from his mother , after the other Isiah Thomas 's nickname . Isaiah was raised in Tacoma , Washington and attended Curtis Senior High School . Thomas 's sister , Chyna , died in a one - car accident on Interstate 5 in Federal Way , Washington on April 15 , 2017 . See also List of shortest players in National Basketball Association history References Jump up ^ `` Huskies -- Isaiah Thomas ready to play basketball for Huskies '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sports -- Curtis ' Isaiah Thomas likely to choose UW '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Huskies -- UW Men 's Basketball -- No. 2 man Isaiah Thomas expects big returns '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Morgan State vs. Washington -- Game Recap -- December 30 , 2008 -- ESPN '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Thomas Biography '' . GoHuskies.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BASKETBALL HALL OF FAME ANNOUNCES FINAL TEN CANDIDATES FOR 2011 BOB COUSY AWARD '' ( PDF ) . Bob Cousy Award . February 7 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Now '' . LA Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Percy Allen ( June 22 , 2011 ) . `` Husky Men 's Basketball Blog Road To The NBA -- The Isaiah Thomas Story '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CLEVELAND 'S KYRIE IRVING AND SACRAMENTO 'S ISAIAH THOMAS NAMED ROOKIES OF THE MONTH '' . March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Thomas Named NBA Western Conference Rookie of the Month for March '' . sacramentokings.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shiller , Drew . `` Thompson named to All - Rookie First Team , Thomas to Second Team '' . csnbayarea.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kings at Thunder '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wizards at Kings '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jim Coughenour ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` New Phoenix Suns PG Isaiah Thomas provides bang for the buck '' . Bright Side Of The Sun . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Complete Sign - and - Trade for Isaiah Thomas '' . Phoenix Suns . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Thomas Undergoes Successful Procedure '' . Phoenix Suns . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers at Suns '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas helps Suns surge past Spurs Jump up ^ `` Pistons at Suns '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Thomas to Compete in 2015 Skills Challenge '' . Phoenix Suns . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Acquire Thomas From Phoenix '' . NBA.com . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers stop 7 - game losing streak with OT win over Celtics '' . NBA.com . February 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Thomas Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cox , Zack ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Isaiah Thomas To Return For Celtics Vs. Heat After Eight - Game Absence '' . NESN.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics eliminate Pistons from race , 113 -- 103 '' . NBA.com. April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com. April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Big 3 '' lead Cavaliers past Celtics 113 -- 100 in Game 1 `` . NBA.com. April 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors ' Lou Williams wins 2014 -- 15 Kia NBA Sixth Man Award '' . NBA.com. April 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell - Pope scores 31 points , Pistons beat Celtics 119 -- 116 '' . NBA.com . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Amico , Marc ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` No Debate : Isaiah Thomas is an All - Star '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Forsberg , Chris ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Celtics guard Isaiah Thomas earns first All - Star nod '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . February 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas scores 42 , lifts Celtics over Hawks 111 -- 103 in Game 3 '' . NBA.com. April 22 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics beat Hawks 104 -- 95 in OT , series tied 2 -- 2 '' . NBA.com. April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Thomas 2016 -- 17 Game Log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas scores 26 points to lead Celtics over Hornets , 96 -- 88 '' . ESPN.com . December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas scores career - high 44 , Celtics beat Grizzlies in OT '' . ESPN.com . December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Thomas , Russell Westbrook named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thomas scores 52 for Celtics in 117 -- 114 win over Miami '' . ESPN.com . December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas ' 29 points , 15 assists send Celtics past Jazz 115 -- 104 '' . ESPN.com . January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lillard , McCollum carry Portland to OT win over Boston '' . ESPN.com . January 21 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Lang ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Warriors , Cavaliers dominate selections for NBA All - Star 2017 as reserves are revealed '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas scores 41 for Celtics in 113 -- 109 win over Pistons '' . ESPN.com . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas , Curry and Durant named players of month for January '' . NBA.com . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas scores 33 , Celtics hold off late push by 76ers '' . ESPN.com . February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Butler lifts Bulls to 104 -- 103 victory over Celtics '' . ESPN.com . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks prevail 114 -- 98 in scrappy showdown with Celtics '' . ESPN.com . February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas has 22 , does wave , Celtics hand Bulls 5th loss in row '' . ESPN.com . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bucks fend off late Celtics rally in 103 -- 100 win '' . ESPN.com . March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas ' 33 , Celtics ' 3s too much for Wizards in 123 -- 111 win '' . ESPN.com. April 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas scores 53 , Celtics beat Wizards 129 -- 119 in OT '' . ESPN.com . May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics power past Wizards in Game 7 , 115 -- 105 '' . ESPN.com . May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Thomas Ruled Out for Remainder of Playoffs '' . NBA.com . May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Acquire Four - Time All - Star Kyrie Irving '' . NBA.com . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers plan to seek additional compensation from Boston Celtics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Cavs add 2nd - round pick from Celtics to complete Kyrie Irving - Isaiah Thomas trade '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Jason ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Lloyd : So few answers raise even more questions about Isaiah Thomas ' health '' . theathletic.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Torre , Pablo S. ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Name of the Game '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Begley , Ian ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` Knicks fans boo Isaiah Thomas '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Layden , Tim ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Little Man , Big Shots '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miles , Todd ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Isaiah Thomas has a new home in Tacoma : His own basketball court '' . The News Tribune . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sailor , Craig ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` NBA star Isaiah Thomas ' sister killed in Federal Way accident on I - 5 '' . The News Tribune . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . External links Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com University of Washington bio Cleveland Cavaliers current roster 0 Love 1 Rose 3 Thomas 4 Shumpert 5 Smith 8 Frye 13 Thompson 20 Felder 23 James 24 Jefferson 26 Korver 32 Green 40 Tavares 41 Žižić 81 Calderón 99 Crowder -- Holland ( TW ) -- Osman Head coach : Lue Assistant coaches : Boylan Drew Handy Dam . Jones Longabardi Posey Potapenko 2011 NBA draft First round Kyrie Irving Derrick Williams Enes Kanter Tristan Thompson Jonas Valančiūnas Jan Veselý Bismack Biyombo Brandon Knight Kemba Walker Jimmer Fredette Klay Thompson Alec Burks Markieff Morris Marcus Morris Kawhi Leonard Nikola Vučević Iman Shumpert Chris Singleton Tobias Harris Donatas Motiejūnas Nolan Smith Kenneth Faried Nikola Mirotić Reggie Jackson MarShon Brooks Jordan Hamilton JaJuan Johnson Norris Cole Cory Joseph Jimmy Butler Second round Bojan Bogdanović Justin Harper Kyle Singler Shelvin Mack Tyler Honeycutt Jordan Williams Trey Thompkins Chandler Parsons Jeremy Tyler Jon Leuer Darius Morris Dāvis Bertāns Malcolm Lee Charles Jenkins Josh Harrellson Andrew Goudelock Travis Leslie Keith Benson Josh Selby Lavoy Allen Jon Diebler Vernon Macklin DeAndre Liggins Milan Mačvan E'Twaun Moore Chukwudiebere Maduabum Tanguy Ngombo Ater Majok Ádám Hanga Isaiah Thomas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Thomas_(basketball)&oldid=799713869 '' Categories : 1989 births Living people African - American basketball players American men 's basketball players Basketball players from Washington ( state ) Boston Celtics players National Basketball Association All - Stars Phoenix Suns players Point guards Sacramento Kings draft picks Sacramento Kings players South Kent School alumni Sportspeople from Tacoma , Washington Washington Huskies men 's basketball players Hidden categories : Wikipedia temporarily semi-protected biographies of living people Use mdy dates from April 2017 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Italiano עברית Latviešu Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Shqip Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Volapük 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 11 : 45 . About Wikipedia
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how tall is isiah thomas that plays for the boston celtics
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"\nListed height\n5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)\n"
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"5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)"
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Echogenic intracardiac focus
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Echogenic intracardiac focus - wikipedia Echogenic intracardiac focus This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Echogenic intracardiac focus ( EIF ) is a small bright spot seen in the baby 's heart on an ultrasound exam . This is thought to represent mineralization , or small deposits of calcium , in the muscle of the heart . EIFs are found in about 3 -- 5 % of normal pregnancies and cause no health problems . EIFs themselves have no impact on health or heart function . Often the EIF is gone by the third trimester . If there are no problems or chromosome abnormalities , EIFs are considered normal changes , or variants . Contents 1 Association with birth defects 2 A clue to chromosome problems 3 Options 4 Summary 5 References Association with birth defects ( edit ) Researchers have noted an association between an EIF and a chromosome problem in the baby . Types of chromosome problems that are occasionally seen include trisomy 13 ( Patau syndrome ) or trisomy 21 ( Down syndrome ) . In the case of an isolated EIF , and no other ultrasound findings , some studies show that the risk for a chromosome abnormality is approximately two times a woman 's background risk . Other studies report up to a 1 % risk for Down syndrome when an EIF is seen on a second trimester fetal ultrasound exam . A clue to chromosome problems ( edit ) An EIF is one clue which can contribute to the chances of a chromosome problem existing . Generally the risks are low if there are no other risk factors . Many babies with chromosome problems do not show any signs on ultrasound . Other factors are discussed in counseling include : Mother 's age at the expected date of delivery The results of the Expanded AFP blood triple test Evidence of other `` fetal findings '' seen at on the ultrasound that suggest a chromosome problem . Options ( edit ) The best available evidence suggests that an isolated echogenic intracardiac focus in the fetus of an otherwise low risk woman does not confer an increased risk of fetal aneuploidy . Although some studies have reported that the number or location of echogenic foci affects the risk of fetal aneuploidy ( higher risk with biventricular or right ventricular involvement ) , the general consensus is that these factors have not been proven to matter . When an echogenic intracardiac focus is identified in an otherwise normal second trimester fetus , a normal cell - free DNA test can be very reassuring and obviate the need for invasive testing . Amniocentesis is a test to check a baby 's chromosomes . A small amount of amniotic fluid , which contains some fetal cells , is removed and tested . Amniocentesis is very accurate ; however , there is a risk of miscarriage which occur in 0.5 - 1 % of women who have amniocentesis . Results take about two weeks . A normal amniocentesis result means the EIF is not significant and there would be no other concerns about it . That is usually done between 15 and 20 weeks of pregnancy ( during the second trimester ) . Summary ( edit ) An EIF in the fetal heart may indicate an increased chance of the baby having a chromosome problem . It does not affect the development of the baby or the function of the heart . If the baby has normal chromosomes , there would be no associated problems to be concerned about . No special treatment or tests are needed at delivery . It is important to remember that with an isolated EIF , chances are strongly in favor of a normal pregnancy outcome , but the patient is entitled to further counseling and testing options . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bromley B , Lieberman E , Shipp TD , Richardson M , Benacerraf BR ( February 1998 ) . `` Significance of an echogenic intracardiac focus in fetuses at high and low risk for aneuploidy '' . J Ultrasound Med. 17 ( 2 ) : 127 -- 31 . PMID 9527573 . Jump up ^ https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Amniocentesis/#what-are-the-risks-of-amniocentesis Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period / fetal disease ( P , 760 -- 779 ) Maternal factors and complications of pregnancy , labour and delivery placenta : Placenta praevia Placental insufficiency Twin - to - twin transfusion syndrome chorion / amnion : Chorioamnionitis umbilical cord : Umbilical cord prolapse Nuchal cord Single umbilical artery Length of gestation and fetal growth Small for gestational age / Large for gestational age Preterm birth / Postmature birth Intrauterine growth restriction Birth trauma scalp Cephalhematoma Chignon Caput succedaneum Subgaleal hemorrhage Brachial plexus lesion Erb 's palsy Klumpke paralysis By system Respiratory Intrauterine hypoxia Infant respiratory distress syndrome Transient tachypnea of the newborn Meconium aspiration syndrome pleural disease Pneumothorax Pneumomediastinum Wilson -- Mikity syndrome Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Cardiovascular Pneumopericardium Persistent fetal circulation Haemorrhagic and hematologic disease Vitamin K deficiency Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn HDN ABO Anti-Kell Rh c Rh D Rh E Hydrops fetalis Hyperbilirubinemia Kernicterus Neonatal jaundice Velamentous cord insertion Intraventricular hemorrhage Germinal matrix hemorrhage Anemia of prematurity Digestive Ileus Necrotizing enterocolitis Meconium peritonitis Integument and thermoregulation Erythema toxicum Sclerema neonatorum Nervous system Perinatal asphyxia Periventricular leukomalacia Musculoskeletal Gray baby syndrome muscle tone Congenital hypertonia Congenital hypotonia Infectious Vertically transmitted infection Neonatal infection Congenital rubella syndrome Neonatal herpes simplex Mycoplasma hominis infection Ureaplasma urealyticum infection Omphalitis Neonatal sepsis Group B streptococcal infection Neonatal conjunctivitis Other Miscarriage Perinatal mortality Stillbirth Infant mortality Neonatal withdrawal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Echogenic_intracardiac_focus&oldid=829390124 '' Categories : Obstetrics Vertebrate developmental biology Medical ultrasonography Midwifery Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 8 March 2018 , at 10 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is a echogenic focus on an ultrasound
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"Echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF) is a small bright spot seen in the baby’s heart on an ultrasound exam. This is thought to represent mineralization, or small deposits of calcium, in the muscle of the heart. EIFs are found in about 3–5% of normal pregnancies and cause no health problems.\n",
"Echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF) is a small bright spot seen in the baby’s heart on an ultrasound exam. This is thought to represent mineralization, or small deposits of calcium, in the muscle of the heart. EIFs are found in about 3–5% of normal pregnancies and cause no health problems.\n"
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[
"a small bright spot seen in the baby’s heart",
"mineralization, or small deposits of calcium, in the muscle of the heart"
] |
-2337151249848681753
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Tristan und Isolde
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Tristan und Isolde - wikipedia Tristan und Isolde Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Tristan and Iseult ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tristan und Isolde Music drama by Richard Wagner Ludwig and Malvina Schnorr von Carolsfeld as Tristan and Isolde in the first performance , conducted by Hans von Bülow Librettist Richard Wagner Language German Based on Tristan by Gottfried von Strassburg Premiere 10 June 1865 ( 1865 - 06 - 10 ) Königliches Hof - und Nationaltheater , Munich Tristan und Isolde ( Tristan and Isolde , or Tristan and Isolda , or Tristran and Ysolt ) is an opera , or music drama , in three acts by Richard Wagner to a German libretto by the composer , based largely on the romance by Gottfried von Strassburg . It was composed between 1857 and 1859 and premiered at the Königliches Hof - und Nationaltheater in Munich on 10 June 1865 with Hans von Bülow conducting . Wagner referred to the work not as an opera , but called it `` eine Handlung '' ( literally a drama , a plot or an action ) , which was the equivalent of the term used by the Spanish playwright Calderón for his dramas . Wagner 's composition of Tristan und Isolde was inspired by the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer ( particularly The World as Will and Representation ) , as well as by Wagner 's affair with Mathilde Wesendonck . Widely acknowledged as one of the peaks of the operatic repertoire , Tristan was notable for Wagner 's unprecedented use of chromaticism , tonal ambiguity , orchestral colour and harmonic suspension . The opera was enormously influential among Western classical composers and provided direct inspiration to composers such as Gustav Mahler , Richard Strauss , Karol Szymanowski , Alban Berg , Arnold Schoenberg and Benjamin Britten . Other composers like Claude Debussy , Maurice Ravel and Igor Stravinsky formulated their styles in contrast to Wagner 's musical legacy . Many see Tristan as the beginning of the move away from common practice harmony and tonality and consider that it lays the groundwork for the direction of classical music in the 20th century . Both Wagner 's libretto style and music were also profoundly influential on the Symbolist poets of the late 19th century and early 20th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition history 1.1 Premiere 2 Performance history 3 Significance in the development of romantic music 4 Roles 5 Instrumentation 6 Synopsis 6.1 Act 1 6.2 Act 2 6.3 Act 3 7 Influence of Schopenhauer on Tristan und Isolde 7.1 Opinion Against Schopenhauer Influence 8 Reactions to Tristan und Isolde 9 Recordings 10 Concert extracts and arrangements 11 References 12 External links Composition history ( edit ) Wagner was forced to abandon his position as conductor of the Dresden Opera in 1849 , as there was a warrant posted for his arrest for his participation in the unsuccessful May Revolution . He left his wife , Minna , in Dresden , and fled to Zürich . There , in 1852 , he met the wealthy silk trader Otto Wesendonck . Wesendonck became a supporter of Wagner and bankrolled the composer for several years . Wesendonck 's wife , Mathilde , became enamoured of the composer . Though Wagner was working on his epic Der Ring des Nibelungen , he found himself intrigued by the legend of Tristan and Iseult . The re-discovery of medieval Germanic poetry , including Gottfried von Strassburg 's version of Tristan , the Nibelungenlied and Wolfram von Eschenbach 's Parzival , left a large impact on the German Romantic movements during the mid-19th century . The story of Tristan and Isolde is a quintessential romance of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Several versions of the story exist , the earliest dating to the middle of the 12th century . Gottfried 's version , part of the `` courtly '' branch of the legend , had a huge influence on later German literature . According to his autobiography , Mein Leben , Wagner decided to dramatise the Tristan legend after his friend , Karl Ritter , attempted to do so , writing that : He had , in fact , made a point of giving prominence to the lighter phases of the romance , whereas it was its all - pervading tragedy that impressed me so deeply that I felt convinced it should stand out in bold relief , regardless of minor details . This influence , together with his discovery of the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer in October 1854 , led Wagner to find himself in a `` serious mood created by Schopenhauer , which was trying to find ecstatic expression . It was some such mood that inspired the conception of a Tristan und Isolde . '' Wagner wrote of his preoccupations with Schopenhauer and Tristan in a letter to Franz Liszt ( December 16 , 1854 ) : Never in my life having enjoyed the true happiness of love I shall erect a memorial to this loveliest of all dreams in which , from the first to the last , love shall , for once , find utter repletion . I have devised in my mind a Tristan und Isolde , the simplest , yet most full - blooded musical conception imaginable , and with the ' black flag ' that waves at the end I shall cover myself over -- to die . By the end of 1854 , Wagner had sketched out all three acts of an opera on the Tristan theme , based on Gottfried von Strassburg 's telling of the story . While the earliest extant sketches date from December 1856 , it was not until August 1857 that Wagner began devoting his attention entirely to the opera , putting aside the composition of Siegfried to do so . On 20 August he began the prose sketch for the opera , and the libretto ( or poem , as Wagner preferred to call it ) was completed by September 18 . Wagner , at this time , had moved into a cottage built in the grounds of Wesendonck 's villa , where , during his work on Tristan und Isolde , he became passionately involved with Mathilde Wesendonck . Whether or not this relationship was platonic remains uncertain . One evening in September of that year , Wagner read the finished poem of `` Tristan '' to an audience including his wife , Minna , his current muse , Mathilde , and his future mistress ( and later wife ) , Cosima von Bülow . By October 1857 , Wagner had begun the composition sketch of the first Act . During November , however , he set five of Mathilde 's poems to music known today as the `` Wesendonck Lieder '' . This was an unusual move by Wagner , who almost never set to music poetic texts other than his own . Wagner described two of the songs -- `` Im Treibhaus '' and `` Träume '' -- as `` Studies for Tristan und Isolde '' : `` Träume '' uses a motif that forms the love duet in Act 2 of `` Tristan '' , while `` Im Treibhaus '' introduces a theme that later became the Prelude to Act 3 . But Wagner resolved to write Tristan only after he had secured a publishing deal with the Leipzig - based firm Breitkopf & Härtel , in January 1858 . From this point on , Wagner finished each act and sent it off for engraving before he started on the next -- a remarkable feat given the unprecedented length and complexity of the score . In April 1858 Wagner 's wife Minna intercepted a note from Wagner to Mathilde and , despite Wagner 's protests that she was putting a `` vulgar interpretation '' on the note , she accused first Wagner and then Mathilde of unfaithfulness . After enduring much misery , Wagner persuaded Minna , who had a heart condition , to rest at a spa while Otto Wesendonck took Mathilde to Italy . It was during the absence of the two women that Wagner began the composition sketch of the second Act of Tristan . However , Minna 's return in July 1858 did not clear the air , and on August 17 , Wagner was forced to leave both Minna and Mathilde and move to Venice . Wagner would later describe his last days in Zurich as `` a veritable Hell '' . Minna wrote to Mathilde before departing for Dresden : I must tell you with a bleeding heart that you have succeeded in separating my husband from me after nearly twenty - two years of marriage . May this noble deed contribute to your peace of mind , to your happiness . Wagner finished the second Act of Tristan during his eight - month exile in Venice , where he lived in the Palazzo Giustinian . In March 1859 , fearing extradition to Saxony , where he was still considered a fugitive , Wagner moved to Lucerne where he composed the last Act , completing it in August 1859 . Premiere ( edit ) Tristan und Isolde proved to be a difficult opera to stage , and Wagner considered various possibilities for the venue . In 1857 he was invited by a representative of Pedro II , Emperor of Brazil , to stage his operas in Rio de Janeiro ( in Italian , the language of the Imperial Opera ) ; he told Liszt he was considering settling in Rio , and that that city would be given the honour of premiering Tristan . Wagner sent the Emperor bound copies of his earlier operas in expression of his interest , but nothing more came of the plan . He then proposed that the premiere take place in Strasbourg , following interest in the project shown by the Grand Duchess of Baden . Again , the project failed to eventuate . His thoughts then turned to Paris , the centre of the operatic world in the middle of the 19th century . However , after a disastrous staging of Tannhäuser at the Paris Opéra , Wagner offered the work to the Karlsruhe opera in 1861 . When he visited the Vienna Court Opera to rehearse possible singers for this production , the management at Vienna suggested staging the opera there . Originally , the tenor Alois Ander was employed to sing the part of Tristan , but later proved incapable of learning the role . Parallel attempts to stage the opera in Dresden , Weimar and Prague failed . Despite over 70 rehearsals between 1862 and 1864 , Tristan und Isolde was unable to be staged in Vienna , winning the opera a reputation as unperformable . It was only after King Ludwig II of Bavaria became a sponsor of Wagner ( he granted the composer a generous stipend , and supported Wagner 's artistic endeavours in other ways ) that enough resources could be found to mount the premiere of Tristan und Isolde . Hans von Bülow was chosen to conduct the production at the Nationaltheater in Munich , despite the fact that Wagner was having an affair with his wife , Cosima von Bülow . Even then , the planned premiere on 15 May 1865 had to be postponed until the Isolde , Malvina Schnorr von Carolsfeld , had recovered from hoarseness . The work finally premiered on 10 June 1865 , with Malvina 's husband Ludwig partnering her as Tristan . On 21 July 1865 , having sung the role only four times , Ludwig Schnorr von Carolsfeld died suddenly -- prompting speculation that the exertion involved in singing the part of Tristan had killed him . ( The stress of performing Tristan has also `` claimed '' the lives of conductors Felix Mottl in 1911 and Joseph Keilberth in 1968 . Both men died after collapsing while conducting the second Act of the opera . ) Malvina sank into a deep depression over her husband 's death , and never sang again , although she lived for another 38 years . For some years thereafter , the only performers of the roles were another husband - wife team , Heinrich Vogl and Therese Vogl . Performance history ( edit ) The next production of Tristan was in Weimar in 1874 . Wagner himself supervised another production of Tristan in Berlin in March 1876 , but the opera was only performed in his own theatre at the Bayreuth Festival after his death ; Cosima Wagner , his widow , oversaw this in 1886 , a production that was widely acclaimed . The first production outside of Germany was given at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane , London in 1882 ; Tristan was performed by Hermann Winkelmann , who later that year sang the title role of Parsifal at Bayreuth . It was conducted by Hans Richter , who also conducted the first Covent Garden production two years later . Winkelmann was also the first Vienna Tristan , in 1883 . The first American performance was held at the Metropolitan Opera in December 1886 , conducted by Anton Seidl . Significance in the development of Romantic music ( edit ) The score of Tristan und Isolde has often been cited as a landmark in the development of Western music . Throughout Tristan , Wagner uses a remarkable range of orchestral colour , harmony , and polyphony , doing so with a freedom rarely found in his earlier operas . The very first chord in the piece , the Tristan chord , is of great significance in the move away from traditional tonal harmony as it resolves to another dissonant chord : Sound sample Recording of these bars Problems playing this file ? See media help . The opera is noted for its numerous expansions of harmonic practice ; for instance , one significant innovation is the frequent use of two consecutive chords containing tritones ( diminished fifth or augmented fourth ) , neither of which is a diminished seventh chord ( F -- B , bar 2 ; E -- A-sharp , bar 3 ) . Tristan und Isolde is also notable for its use of harmonic suspension -- a device used by a composer to create musical tension by exposing the listener to a series of prolonged unfinished cadences , thereby inspiring a desire and expectation on the part of the listener for musical resolution . While suspension is a common compositional device ( in use since before the Renaissance ) , Wagner was one of the first composers to employ harmonic suspension over the course of an entire work . The cadences first introduced in the Prelude are not resolved until the finale of Act 3 , and , on a number of occasions throughout the opera , Wagner primes the audience for a musical climax with a series of chords building in tension -- only to deliberately defer the anticipated resolution . One particular example of this technique occurs at the end of the love duet in Act 2 ( `` Wie sie fassen , wie sie lassen ... '' ) where Tristan and Isolde gradually build up to a musical climax , only to have the expected resolution destroyed by the dissonant interruption of Kurwenal ( `` Rette Dich , Tristan ! '' ) . The deferred resolutions are frequently interpreted as symbolising both physical sexual release and spiritual release via suicide . The long - awaited completion of this cadence series arrives only in the final Liebestod ( `` Love - Death '' ) , during which the musical resolution ( at `` In des Welt - Atems wehendem All '' ) coincides with the moment of Isolde 's death . The tonality of Tristan was to prove immensely influential in western Classical music . Wagner 's use of musical colour also influenced the development of film music . Bernard Herrmann 's score for Alfred Hitchcock 's classic , Vertigo , is heavily reminiscent of the Liebestod , most evident concerning the resurrection scene . The Liebestod was incorporated in Luis Buñuel 's Surrealist film L'Age d'Or . Not all composers , however , reacted favourably : Claude Debussy 's piano piece `` Golliwog 's Cakewalk '' mockingly quotes the opening of the opera in a distorted form , instructing the passage to be played ' avec une grande emotion ' . However , Debussy was highly influenced by Wagner and was particularly fond of Tristan . Frequent moments of Tristan - inspired tonality mark Debussy 's early compositions . Roles ( edit ) Role Voice type Premiere cast , 10 June 1865 ( Conductor : Hans von Bülow ) Tristan , a Breton nobleman , adopted heir of Marke tenor Ludwig Schnorr von Carolsfeld Isolde , an Irish princess betrothed to Marke soprano Malvina Schnorr von Carolsfeld Brangäne , Isolde 's maid soprano Anna Deinet Kurwenal , Tristan 's servant baritone Anton Mitterwurzer Marke , King of Cornwall bass Ludwig Zottmayer Melot , a courtier , Tristan 's friend tenor ( or baritone ) Karl Samuel Heinrich A shepherd tenor Karl Simons A steersman baritone Peter Hartmann A young sailor tenor Sailors , knights , and esquires Instrumentation ( edit ) Tristan und Isolde is scored for the following instruments : 3 flutes ( one doubles piccolo ) , 2 oboes , cor anglais , 2 soprano clarinets , bass clarinet , 3 bassoons 4 horns , 3 trumpets , 3 trombones , bass tuba timpani , cymbals , triangle harp 1st and 2nd violins , violas , violoncellos , and double basses ( Die Streichinstrumente sind vorzüglich gut und stark zu besetzen . ( The string instruments are to be exquisitely cast in quantity and quality . ) ) on - stage cor anglais , 6 horns , 3 trumpets , 3 trombones Synopsis ( edit ) Tristan and Isolde with the Potion ( 1916 ) by John William Waterhouse , oil on canvas Act 1 ( edit ) Isolde , promised to King Marke in marriage , and her handmaid , Brangäne , are quartered aboard Tristan 's ship being transported to the king 's lands in Cornwall . The opera opens with the voice of a young sailor singing of a `` wild Irish maid '' , ( `` Westwärts schweift der Blick '' ) which Isolde construes to be a mocking reference to herself . In a furious outburst , she wishes the seas to rise up and sink the ship , killing herself and all on board ( `` Erwache mir wieder , kühne Gewalt '' ) . Her scorn and rage are directed particularly at Tristan , the knight responsible for taking her to Marke , and Isolde sends Brangäne to command Tristan to appear before her ( `` Befehlen liess ' dem Eigenholde '' ) . Tristan , however , refuses Brangäne 's request , claiming that his place is at the helm . His henchman , Kurwenal , answers more brusquely , saying that Isolde is in no position to command Tristan and reminds Brangäne that Isolde 's previous fiancé , Morold , was killed by Tristan ( `` Herr Morold zog zu Meere her '' ) . Brangäne returns to Isolde to relate these events , and Isolde , in what is termed the `` narrative and curse '' , sadly tells her of how , following the death of Morold , she happened upon a stranger who called himself Tantris . Tantris was found mortally wounded in a barge ( `` von einem Kahn , der klein und arm '' ) and Isolde used her healing powers to restore him to health . She discovered during Tantris ' recovery , however , that he was actually Tristan , the murderer of her fiancé . Isolde attempted to kill the man with his own sword as he lay helpless before her . However , Tristan looked not at the sword that would kill him or the hand that wielded the sword , but into her eyes ( `` Er sah ' mir in die Augen '' ) . His action pierced her heart and she was unable to slay him . Tristan was allowed to leave with the promise never to come back , but he later returned with the intention of marrying Isolde to his uncle , King Marke . Isolde , furious at Tristan 's betrayal , insists that he drink atonement to her , and from her medicine chest produces a vial to make the drink . Brangäne is shocked to see that it is a lethal poison . Kurwenal appears in the women 's quarters ( `` Auf auf ! Ihr Frauen ! '' ) and announces that the voyage is coming to an end . Isolde warns Kurwenal that she will not appear before the King if Tristan does not come before her as she had previously ordered and drink atonement to her . When Tristan arrives , Isolde reproaches him about his conduct and tells him that he owes her his life and how his actions have undermined her honour , since she blessed Morold 's weapons before battle and therefore she swore revenge . Tristan first offers his sword but Isolde refuses ; they must drink atonement . Brangäne brings in the potion that will seal their pardon ; Tristan knows that it may kill him , since he knows Isolde 's magic powers ( `` Wohl kenn ' ich Irland 's Königin '' ) . The journey almost at its end , Tristan drinks and Isolde takes half the potion for herself . The potion seems to work but it does not bring death but relentless love ( `` Tristan ! '' `` Isolde ! '' ) . Kurwenal , who announces the imminent arrival on board of King Marke , interrupts their rapture . Isolde asks Brangäne which potion she prepared and Brangäne replies , as the sailors hail the arrival of King Marke , that it was not poison , but rather a love potion . Tristan und Isolde by Ferdinand Leeke Act 2 ( edit ) King Marke leads a hunting party out into the night , leaving Isolde and Brangäne alone in the castle , who both stand beside a burning brazier . Isolde , listening to the hunting horns , believes several times that the hunting party is far enough away to warrant the extinguishing of the brazier -- the prearranged signal for Tristan to join her ( `` Nicht Hörnerschall tönt so hold '' ) . Brangäne warns Isolde that Melot , one of King Marke 's knights , has seen the amorous looks exchanged between Tristan and Isolde and suspects their passion ( `` Ein Einz'ger war 's , ich achtet ' es wohl '' ) . Isolde , however , believes Melot to be Tristan 's most loyal friend , and , in a frenzy of desire , extinguishes the flames . Brangäne retires to the ramparts to keep watch as Tristan arrives . The lovers , at last alone and freed from the constraints of courtly life , declare their passion for each other . Tristan decries the realm of daylight which is false , unreal , and keeps them apart . It is only in night , he claims , that they can truly be together and only in the long night of death can they be eternally united ( `` O sink ' hernieder , Nacht der Liebe '' ) . During their long tryst , Brangäne calls a warning several times that the night is ending ( `` Einsam wachend in der Nacht '' ) , but her cries fall upon deaf ears . The day breaks in on the lovers as Melot leads King Marke and his men to find Tristan and Isolde in each other 's arms . Marke is heartbroken , not only because of his nephew 's betrayal but also because Melot chose to betray his friend Tristan to Marke and because of Isolde 's betrayal as well ( `` Mir -- dies ? Dies , Tristan -- mir ? '' ) . When questioned , Tristan says he can not answer to the King the reason of his betrayal since he would not understand . He turns to Isolde , who agrees to follow him again into the realm of night . Tristan announces that Melot has fallen in love with Isolde too . Melot and Tristan fight , but , at the crucial moment , Tristan throws his sword aside and allows Melot to severely wound him . Act 3 ( edit ) Kurwenal has brought Tristan home to his castle at Kareol in Brittany . A shepherd pipes a mournful tune and asks if Tristan is awake . Kurwenal replies that only Isolde 's arrival can save Tristan , and the shepherd offers to keep watch and claims that he will pipe a joyful tune to mark the arrival of any ship . Tristan awakes ( `` Die alte Weise -- was weckt sie mich ? '' ) and laments his fate -- to be , once again , in the false realm of daylight , once more driven by unceasing unquenchable yearning ( `` Wo ich erwacht ' weilt ich nicht '' ) . Tristan 's sorrow ends when Kurwenal tells him that Isolde is on her way . Tristan , overjoyed , asks if her ship is in sight , but only a sorrowful tune from the shepherd 's pipe is heard . Tristan relapses and recalls that the shepherd 's mournful tune is the same as was played when he was told of the deaths of his father and mother ( `` Muss ich dich so versteh'n , du alte , ernst Weise '' ) . He rails once again against his desires and against the fateful love potion ( `` verflucht sei , furchtbarer Trank ! '' ) until , exhausted , he collapses in delirium . After his collapse , the shepherd is heard piping the arrival of Isolde 's ship , and , as Kurwenal rushes to meet her , Tristan tears the bandages from his wounds in his excitement ( `` Hahei ! Mein Blut , lustig nun fliesse ! '' ) . As Isolde arrives at his side , Tristan dies with her name on his lips . Isolde collapses beside her deceased lover just as the appearance of another ship is announced . Kurwenal spies Melot , Marke and Brangäne arriving ( `` Tod und Hölle ! Alles zur Hand ! '' ) . He believes they have come to kill Tristan and , in an attempt to avenge him , furiously attacks Melot . Marke tries to stop the fight to no avail . Both Melot and Kurwenal are killed in the fight . Marke and Brangäne finally reach Tristan and Isolde . Marke , grieving over the body of his `` truest friend '' ( `` Tot denn alles ! '' ) , explains that Brangäne revealed the secret of the love potion and that he had come not to part the lovers , but to unite them ( `` Warum Isolde , warum mir das ? '' ) . Isolde appears to wake at this and in a final aria describing her vision of Tristan risen again ( the `` Liebestod '' , `` love death '' ) , dies ( `` Mild und leise wie er lächelt '' ) . Influence of Schopenhauer on Tristan und Isolde ( edit ) Wagner 's friend the poet Georg Herwegh introduced him in late 1854 to the work of the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer . The composer was immediately struck by the philosophical ideas to be found in Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung ( The World as Will and Representation ) , and the similarities between the two men 's world - views became clear . Man , according to Schopenhauer , is driven by continued , unachievable desires , and the gulf between our desires and the possibility of achieving them leads to misery while the world is a representation of an unknowable reality . Our representation of the world is Phenomenon , while the unknowable reality is Noumenon : concepts originally posited by Kant . Schopenhauer 's influence on Tristan und Isolde is most evident in the second and third acts . The second act , in which the lovers meet , and the third act , during which Tristan longs for release from the passions that torment him , have often proved puzzling to opera - goers unfamiliar with Schopenhauer 's work . Wagner uses the metaphor of day and night in the second act to designate the realms inhabited by Tristan and Isolde . The world of Day is one in which the lovers are bound by the dictates of King Marke 's court and in which the lovers must smother their mutual love and pretend as if they do not care for each other : it is a realm of falsehood and unreality . Under the dictates of the realm of Day , Tristan was forced to remove Isolde from Ireland and to marry her to his Uncle Marke -- actions against Tristan 's secret desires . The realm of Night , in contrast , is the representation of intrinsic reality , in which the lovers can be together and their desires can be openly expressed and reach fulfilment : it is the realm of oneness , truth and reality and can only be achieved fully upon the deaths of the lovers . The realm of Night , therefore , becomes also the realm of death : the only world in which Tristan and Isolde can be as one forever , and it is this realm that Tristan speaks of at the end of Act Two ( `` Dem Land das Tristan meint , der Sonne Licht nicht scheint '' ) . In Act Three , Tristan rages against the daylight and frequently cries out for release from his desires ( Sehnen ) . In this way , Wagner implicitly equates the realm of Day with Schopenhauer 's concept of Phenomenon and the realm of Night with Schopenhauer 's concept of Noumenon . While none of this is explicitly stated in the libretto , Tristan 's comments on Day and Night in Acts 2 and 3 , as well as musical allusions to `` Tristan '' in The Mastersingers of Nürnberg and Parsifal make it very clear that this was , in fact , Wagner 's intention . The world - view of Schopenhauer dictates that the only way for man to achieve inner peace is to renounce his desires : a theme that Wagner explored fully in his last opera , Parsifal . In fact Wagner even considered having the character of Parsifal meet Tristan during his sufferings in Act 3 , but later rejected the idea . Opinion against Schopenhauer influence ( edit ) Klaas A. Posthuma argues that neither Tristan nor Isolde try for one moment to ignore their feelings of love for each other nor do they try to overcome them . On the contrary , they yield to their feelings with all their hearts -- but secretly . This has nothing whatsoever to do with the Schopenhauer doctrine . Another important point in this philosophy is Schopenhauer 's opinion about finding happiness with one woman only , which he rejected -- his reason for never marrying . But for Tristan there is only one woman , Isolde , with Death as alternative . And this leads to the inevitable conclusion that it was not Schopenhauer and his doctrine that were responsible for the creation of Wagner 's sublime music drama but his unfulfilled love for the woman he met and loved during these years , Mathilde Wesendonck . Reactions to Tristan und Isolde ( edit ) Although Tristan und Isolde is now widely performed in major opera houses around the world , critical opinion of the opera was initially unfavourable . The 5 July 1865 edition of the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung reported : Not to mince words , it is the glorification of sensual pleasure , tricked out with every titillating device , it is unremitting materialism , according to which human beings have no higher destiny than , after living the life of turtle doves , ' to vanish in sweet odours , like a breath ' . In the service of this end , music has been enslaved to the word ; the most ideal of the Muses has been made to grind the colours for indecent paintings ... ( Wagner ) makes sensuality itself the true subject of his drama ... We think that the stage presentation of the poem Tristan und Isolde amounts to an act of indecency . Wagner does not show us the life of heroes of Nordic sagas which would edify and strengthen the spirit of his German audiences . What he does present is the ruination of the life of heroes through sensuality . Eduard Hanslick 's reaction in 1868 to the Prelude to Tristan was that it `` reminds one of the old Italian painting of a martyr whose intestines are slowly unwound from his body on a reel . '' The first performance in London 's Drury Lane Theatre drew the following response from The Era in 1882 : We can not refrain from making a protest against the worship of animal passion which is so striking a feature in the late works of Wagner . We grant there is nothing so repulsive in Tristan as in Die Walküre , but the system is the same . The passion is unholy in itself and its representation is impure , and for those reasons we rejoice in believing that such works will not become popular . If they did we are certain their tendency would be mischievous , and there is , therefore , some cause for congratulation in the fact that Wagner 's music , in spite of all its wondrous skill and power , repels a greater number than it fascinates . Mark Twain , on a visit to Germany , heard Tristan at Bayreuth and commented : `` I know of some , and have heard of many , who could not sleep after it , but cried the night away . I feel strongly out of place here . Sometimes I feel like the one sane person in the community of the mad ; sometimes I feel like the one blind man where all others see ; the one groping savage in the college of the learned , and always , during service , I feel like a heretic in heaven . '' Clara Schumann wrote that Tristan und Isolde was `` the most repugnant thing I have ever seen or heard in all my life '' . With the passage of time , Tristan became more favourably regarded . In an interview shortly before his death , Giuseppe Verdi said that he `` stood in wonder and terror '' before Wagner 's Tristan . In The Perfect Wagnerite , writer and satirist George Bernard Shaw writes that Tristan was `` an astonishingly intense and faithful translation into music of the emotions which accompany the union of a pair of lovers '' and described it as `` a poem of destruction and death '' . Richard Strauss , initially dismissive of Tristan , claimed that Wagner 's music `` would kill a cat and would turn rocks into scrambled eggs from fear of ( its ) hideous discords . '' Later , however , Strauss became part of the Bayreuth coterie and writing to Cosima Wagner in 1892 declared : `` I have conducted my first Tristan . It was the most wonderful day of my life . '' In 1935 he wrote to Joseph Gregor , one of his librettists , that Tristan und Isolde was `` the end of all romanticism , as it brings into focus the longing of the entire 19th century . '' The conductor Bruno Walter heard his first Tristan und Isolde in 1889 as a student : ( ( quote So there I sat in the topmost gallery of the Berlin Opera House , and from the first sound of the cellos my heart contracted spasmodically ... Never before has my soul been deluged with such floods of sound and passion , never had my heart been consumed by such yearning and sublime bliss ... A new epoch had begun : Wagner was my god , and I wanted to become his prophet . Arnold Schoenberg referred to Wagner 's technique of shifting chords in Tristan as `` phenomena of incredible adaptability and nonindependence roaming , homeless , among the spheres of keys ; spies reconnoitering weaknesses ; to exploit them in order to create confusion , deserters for whom surrender of their own personality is an end in itself '' . Friedrich Nietzsche , who in his younger years was one of Wagner 's staunchest allies , wrote that , for him , `` Tristan and Isolde is the real opus metaphysicum of all art ... insatiable and sweet craving for the secrets of night and death ... it is overpowering in its simple grandeur '' . In a letter to his friend Erwin Rohde in October 1868 , Nietzsche described his reaction to Tristan 's Prelude : `` I simply can not bring myself to remain critically aloof from this music ; every nerve in me is atwitch , and it has been a long time since I had such a lasting sense of ecstasy as with this overture '' . Even after his break with Wagner , Nietzsche continued to consider Tristan a masterpiece : `` Even now I am still in search of a work which exercises such a dangerous fascination , such a spine - tingling and blissful infinity as Tristan -- I have sought in vain , in every art . '' Marcel Proust , greatly influenced by Wagner , refers to Tristan und Isolde and its `` inexhaustible repetitions '' throughout his novel In Search of Lost Time . He describes the Prelude theme as `` linked to the future , to the reality of the human soul , of which it was one of the most special and distinctive ornaments . '' Recordings ( edit ) Main article : Tristan und Isolde discography Tristan und Isolde has a long recorded history and most of the major Wagner conductors since the end of the First World War have had their interpretations captured on disc . The limitations of recording technology meant that until the 1930s it was difficult to record the entire opera , however recordings of excerpts or single acts exist going back to 1901 , when excerpts of Tristan were captured on the Mapleson Cylinders recorded during performances at the Metropolitan Opera . In the years before World War II , Kirsten Flagstad and Lauritz Melchior were considered to be the prime interpreters of the lead roles , and mono recordings exist of this pair in a number of live performances led by conductors such as Thomas Beecham , Fritz Reiner , Artur Bodanzky and Erich Leinsdorf . Flagstad recorded the part commercially only near the end of her career in 1952 , under Wilhelm Furtwängler for EMI , producing a set which is considered a classic recording . Following the war , another classic recording is the 1952 performance at the Bayreuth Festival with Martha Mödl and Ramón Vinay under Herbert von Karajan , which is noted for its strong , vivid characterizations and is now available as a live recording . In the 1960s , the soprano Birgit Nilsson was considered the major Isolde interpreter , and she was often partnered with the Tristan of Wolfgang Windgassen . Their performance at Bayreuth in 1966 under the baton of Karl Böhm was captured by Deutsche Grammophon -- a performance often hailed as one of the best Tristan recordings . Karajan did not record the opera officially until 1971 -- 72 . Karajan 's selection of a lighter soprano voice ( Helga Dernesch ) as Isolde , paired with an extremely intense Jon Vickers and the unusual balance between orchestra and singers favoured by Karajan was controversial . In the 1980s recordings by conductors such as Carlos Kleiber , Reginald Goodall and Leonard Bernstein were mostly considered to be important for the interpretation of the conductor , rather than that of the lead performers . The set by Kleiber is notable as Isolde was sung by the famous Mozartian soprano Margaret Price , who never sang the role of Isolde on stage . The same is true for Plácido Domingo , who sang the role of Tristan to critical acclaim in the 2005 EMI release under the baton of Antonio Pappano despite never having sung the role on stage . In the last ten years acclaimed sets include a studio recording with the Berlin Philharmonic by Daniel Barenboim and a live set from the Vienna Staatsoper led by Christian Thielemann . There are several DVD productions of the opera including Götz Friedrich 's production at the Deutsche Oper in Berlin featuring the seasoned Wagnerians René Kollo and Dame Gwyneth Jones in the title roles . Deutsche Grammophon released a DVD of a Metropolitan Opera performance featuring Jane Eaglen and Ben Heppner , conducted by James Levine , in a production staged by Dieter Dorn and a DVD of the 1993 Bayreuth Festival production with conductor Daniel Barenboim and featuring Waltraud Meier as Isolde and Siegfried Jerusalem as Tristan , staged by Heiner Müller . More recently Barenboim 's production at La Scala , Milan in the production by Patrice Chéreau has also been issued on DVD . There is also a technically flawed , but historically important video recording with Birgit Nilsson and Jon Vickers from a 1973 live performance at the Théâtre antique d'Orange , conducted by Karl Böhm . In a world first , the British opera house Glyndebourne made a full digital video download of the opera available for purchase online in 2009 . The performance stars Robert Gambill as Tristan , Nina Stemme as Isolde , Katarina Karnéus as Brangäne , Bo Skovhus as Kurwenal , René Pape as King Marke , and Stephen Gadd as Melot , with Jiří Bělohlávek as the conductor , and was recorded on 1 and 6 August 2007 . A performance typically lasts approximately 3 hours and 50 minutes . Concert extracts and arrangements ( edit ) The Prelude and Liebestod is a concert version of the overture and Isolde 's Act 3 aria , `` Mild und leise '' . The arrangement was by Wagner himself , and it was first performed in 1862 , several years before the premiere of the complete opera in 1865 . The Liebestod can be performed either in a purely orchestral version , or with a soprano singing Isolde 's vision of Tristan resurrected . However , the very first time the Prelude and its opening `` Tristan chord '' was heard publicly was on 12 March 1859 , when it was performed at the Sophieninselsaal in Prague , in a charity concert in aid of poor medical students , conducted by Hans von Bülow , who provided his own concert ending for the occasion . Wagner had authorised such an ending , but did not like what Bülow had done with it and later wrote his own . Wagner called the Prelude the `` Liebestod '' ( Love - death ) while Isolde 's final aria `` Mild und leise '' he called the `` Verklärung '' ( Transfiguration ) . In 1867 his father - in - law Franz Liszt made a piano transcription of `` Mild und leise '' , which he called Liebestod ( S. 447 ) ; he prefaced his score with a four - bar motto from the Love Duet from Act II , which in the opera is sung to the words `` sehnend verlangter Liebestod '' . Liszt 's transcription became well known throughout Europe well before Wagner 's opera reached most places , and it is Liszt 's title for the final scene that persists . The transcription was revised in 1875 . Wagner wrote a concert ending for the Act II Love Duet for a planned 1862 concert performance that did not eventuate . The music was lost until 1950 , then passed into private hands , before coming to the attention of Daniel Barenboim , who passed it on to Sir Antonio Pappano . The first recording of the Love Duet with the concert ending was made in 2000 , with Plácido Domingo , Deborah Voigt and the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House under Pappano . Another composer to rework material from Tristan was Emmanuel Chabrier in his humorous Souvenirs de Munich -- quadrilles on themes from Wagner 's Tristan und Isolde . These were augmented and orchestrated by Markus Lehmann in 1988 . Leopold Stokowski made a series of purely orchestral `` Symphonic Syntheses '' of Wagner 's operas during his time as conductor of the Philadelphia Orchestra , bringing to concert audiences of the 1920s and ' 30s music they might not otherwise have heard . He made a ' long version ' of music from Tristan and Isolde which consisted mainly of the Act 1 Prelude , the Liebesnacht from Act 2 and the Liebestod from Act 3 . A shorter version of music from the 2nd and 3rd acts was called `` Love Music from Tristan and Isolde '' . He made recordings of both versions on 78s and again on LP . Other works based on the opera include : Luis Buñuel , Un Chien Andalou , 1929 film score , Opera Frankfurt , director Carl Bamberger Clément Doucet 's piano rags Isoldina and Wagneria . Hans Werner Henze 's Tristan : Préludes für Klavier , Tonbänder und Orchester ( 1973 ) ; a ' symphonic compilation ' Tristan und Isolde : an orchestral passion ( 1994 ) by Henk de Vlieger ; a six - minute paraphrase by Enjott Schneider , Der Minuten - Tristan ( 1996 ) , originally written for 12 pianists at six pianos ; the Nachtstück ( 1980 -- 83 ) for viola and chamber orchestra by Volker David Kirchner Franz Waxman , Fantasy based on themes from the opera , for violin and orchestra Lars von Trier , Melancholia ( 2011 film ) , film score References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Millington 1992 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ The Richard Wagner Cult , Degeneration ( 1892 ) , translated by G.l. Mosse , New York , 1968 , pp. 171 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Classen 2003 . Jump up ^ Wagner 1911 , vol. 2 , p. 617 . View1 at Google Books . Jump up ^ Wagner 1911 , vol. 2 , p. 617 . View2 at Google Books . Jump up ^ Gutman 1990 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Millington 1992 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Millington 1992 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Deathridge 2008 , `` Public and Private Life '' , pp. 117 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Gutman 1990 , pp. 180 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Gutman 1990 , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Bassett , Richard Wagner 's `` Tristan und Isolde '' ) . Retrieved 25 September 2016 Jump up ^ Grove 's Dictionary of Music and Musicians , 5th ed. , Vol . IX , p. 37 Jump up ^ Rose , John Luke . `` A Landmark in Musical History '' in Wagner 1981 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Magee 2001 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Magee 1983 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Millington 1992 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ The score calls for a soprano , and Brangäne was sung by one in the original production ; however , the role has been generally sung by a mezzo - soprano ( Jander , Owen ; Steane , J.B. ; Forbes , Elizabeth . `` Mezzo - soprano '' in Sadie 1992 , vol. 3 , p. 372 ) . Almost all available recordings feature a mezzo - soprano as Brangäne ( see Tristan und Isolde discography ) . Jump up ^ The score calls for a tenor in the role of Melot ; however , the part is frequently assigned to a baritone . Jump up ^ Gregor - Dellin 1983 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Magee 2001 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Magee 2001 , pp. 217 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Magee 2001 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Magee 2001 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Gregor - Dellin 1983 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ Posthuma , Klaas A. ( 1988 ) . Wagner 's Tristan und Isolde ( CD - Text ) . EMI . Jump up ^ Barth 1975 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Mander R. & Mitchenson J. ( W.H. Allen , London , 1977 ) , The Wagner Companion , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Twain , Mark ( 6 December 1891 ) . `` Mark Twain at Bayreuth '' . Chicago Daily Tribune . See `` At the Shrine of St. Wagner '' . twainquotes.com . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Brauenstein , Joseph ( 1971 ) . Notes for the LP `` Clara Schumann . Piano Concerto in A minor , Op. 7 `` . Michael Ponti , piano ; Symphonisches Orchester Berlin ; Völker Schmidt - Gertenbach , conductor . Vox STGBY649 . OCLC 34837519 , 3496053 . Jump up ^ Millington 1992 , p. 382 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) , Richard Strauss : Man , Musician , Enigma , p. 67 . Google Books Jump up ^ Nietzsche 1979 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Proust , In Search of Lost Time ( https://www.gutenberg.org/files/7178/7178-h/7178-h.htm ) Jump up ^ Nattiez , Jean - Jacques . Proust as Musician . Oxford . https://books.google.com/books?id=tWoHGRw8No0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Jump up ^ Brown 2000 . Jump up ^ Holloway 1982 , p. 367 . Jump up ^ Blyth 1992 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ `` On - line catalogue entry Tristan und Isolde DVD conducted by James Levine '' . Deutsche Grammophon . Retrieved 1 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Glyndebourne -- Tristan und Isolde -- Download '' . glyndebourne.com . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Birkin , Hans von Bülow : A Life for Music , p. 121 Jump up ^ Chicago Symphony Orchestra , Program Notes Jump up ^ Charles Suttoni , Introduction , Franz Liszt : Complete Piano Transcriptions from Wagner 's Operas , Dover Publications Jump up ^ ABC Radio 24 Hours , February 2001 , p. 113 Jump up ^ Payne , Anthony ( 12 February 1994 ) . `` Greatest of late starters : Anthony Payne feasts on Chabrier '' . The Independent . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Schott Aktuell . January / February 2012 , p. 11 , accessed 3 March 2012 Jump up ^ Schott Aktuell . January / February 2012 , pp. 10 -- 12 , accessed 3 March 2012 Sources Barth Herbert ; Mack , Dietrich ; Voss Egon , editors ( 1975 ) . Wagner : A Documentary Study . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 27399 - 9 . Blyth , Alan ( 1992 ) . Opera on CD : The Essential Guide to the Best CD Recordings of 100 Operas London : Kyle Cathie . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85626 - 056 - 5 . Borchmeyer , Dieter ( 2003 ) . Drama and the World of Richard Wagner . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 11497 - 2 . Chafe , Eric ( 2005 ) . The Tragic and the Ecstatic : The Musical Revolution of Wagner 's Tristan und Isolde . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517647 - 6 . Classen , Albrecht ( 20 May 2003 ) . `` Tristan and Isolde ( also known as Tristan and Iseult , Tristan and Isolt , Tristram ) '' . The Literary Encyclopedia . ISSN 1747 - 678X . Deathridge , John ( 2008 ) , `` Wagner Beyond Good and Evil '' . Berkeley : California Univ . Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25453 - 4 . Fabinger , Carollina ( 2009 ) . Tristano e Isotta . Una piccola storia sul destino e sull'amore eterno ( illustrated version , in Italian ) . Milan : Nuages . ISBN 978 - 88 - 86178 - 90 - 7 . Gregor - Dellin , Martin ( 1983 ) . Richard Wagner : His Life , His Work , His Century . London : William Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 216669 - 0 . Gut , Serge ( 2014 ) , Tristan et Isolde . Paris : Fayard . ISBN 978 - 2 - 213 - 68113 - 9 . Gutman , Robert W. ( 1990 ) . Wagner -- The Man , His Mind and His Music . San Diego : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 677615 - 8 . Holloway , Robin ( 1982 ) . `` Tristan und Isolde '' in Blyth , Alan , editor . Opera on Record , pp. 363 -- 75 . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 090910 - 9 . Magee , Bryan ( 1983 ) . The Philosophy of Schopenhauer . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 824673 - 2 . Magee , Bryan ( 2001 ) . The Tristan Chord : Wagner and Philosophy . New York : Metropolitan Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6788 - 0 . May , Thomas ( 2004 ) . Decoding Wagner . Pompton Plains , New Jersey : Amadeus Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57467 - 097 - 4 . Millington , Barry , editor ( 1992 ) . The Wagner Compendium : A Guide to Wagner 's Life and Music . London : Thames and Hudson Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 28274 - 8 . Nietzsche , Friedrich ; Hollingdale , Roger , translator ( 1979 ) . Ecce Homo . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 044515 - 2 . Sadie , Stanley , editor ( 1992 ) . The New Grove Dictionary of Opera ( 4 volumes ) . London : Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56159 - 228 - 9 . Scruton , Roger ( 2004 ) . Death - Devoted Heart : Sex and the Sacred in Wagner 's Tristan and Isolde . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516691 - 4 . Wagner , Richard ; Mottl , Felix , editor ( 1911 or slightly later ) . Tristan und Isolde ( full score ) . Leipzig : C.F. Peters . Reprint by Dover ( 1973 ) : ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 22915 - 7 . Wagner , Richard ( 1911 ) . My Life ( 2 volumes ; authorized English translation from German ) . New York : Dodd , Mead . Volume 1 and 2 at Google Books . Wagner , Richard ( 1981 ) . Tristan and Isolde ( English National Opera Guide ) . London : J. Calder . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7145 - 3849 - 5 . ( Includes libretto , English translation by Andrew Porter , introduction by John Luke Rose , and commentaries . ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tristan und Isolde ( Wagner ) . Bilingual side by side German English Libretto Also available in Italian Wagner Operas . A comprehensive website featuring photographs of productions , recordings , librettos , and sound files . Richard Wagner -- Tristan und Isolde . A gallery of historic postcards with motifs from Richard Wagner 's operas . Recordings of Tristan and Isolde rated . Recordings reviewed by Geoffrey Riggs . Discography of Tristan und Isolde . List of recordings and videos from 1901 to 2004 by Jonathan Brown . Wagner 's Tristan and Isolde BBC / Metropolitan Opera synopsis Tristan und Isolde resource site Comprehensive website containing source material and musical motives Seattle Opera Performance Seattle Opera link Richard Wagner Operas Die Feen Das Liebesverbot Rienzi Der fliegende Holländer Tannhäuser Lohengrin Tristan und Isolde Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg Der Ring des Nibelungen Das Rheingold Die Walküre Siegfried Götterdämmerung Parsifal Unfinished operas Die Hochzeit Die Laune des Verliebten Männerlist größer als Frauenlist Opera excerpts `` Bridal Chorus '' `` Ride of the Valkyries '' Discographies Der fliegende Holländer Tannhäuser Lohengrin Tristan und Isolde Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg Der Ring des Nibelungen Das Rheingold Die Walküre Siegfried Götterdämmerung Parsifal Film adaptations Parsifal ( 1904 film ) Parsifal ( 1982 film ) Non-operatic music Symphony in C major ( 1832 ) Polonia Overture ( 1836 ) Das Liebesmahl der Apostel ( 1843 ) Faust Overture ( 1844 , rev. 1855 ) Wesendonck Lieder ( 1858 ) Siegfried Idyll ( 1870 ) Kaisermarsch Writings Art and Revolution The Artwork of the Future Autobiographic Sketch A Communication to My Friends Das Judenthum in der Musik ( Jewishness in Music ) Leubald Mein Leben Music of the Future Opera and Drama Die Sieger Wieland der Schmied Inventions Holztrompete Wagner tuba Bayreuth Festival Bayreuther Blätter Bayreuth canon Bayreuth Circle Bayreuth Festival Bayreuth Festspielhaus Jahrhundertring Richard Wagner Foundation Wagner family Houston Stewart Chamberlain Ludwig Geyer Cosima Wagner Katharina Wagner Minna Wagner Nike Wagner Siegfried Wagner Wieland Wagner Winifred Wagner Wolfgang Wagner Eva Wagner - Pasquier People Hans von Bülow Franz Liszt Ludwig II of Bavaria Giacomo Meyerbeer Friedrich Nietzsche Ferdinand Praeger Carrie Pringle August Röckel Gottfried Semper Theodor Uhlig Mathilde Wesendonck Residences Brühl ( Leipzig ) Ca ' Vendramin Calergi Tribschen Wahnfried Named for Wagner Richard Wagner Monument Wagner ( crater ) Wagner Ice Piedmont 3992 Wagner Cultural depictions Wagner Dream ( opera ) Wagner ( film ) Wagner 's Dream ( film ) Wahnfried ( film ) Related The Case of Wagner Gesamtkunstwerk International Association of Wagner Societies Leitmotif Musikdrama Nietzsche contra Wagner Parsifal bells The Perfect Wagnerite Rhinemaidens Tristan chord Wagner controversies Wagner - Werk - Verzeichnis Book WikiProject Tristan and Iseult Characters Anguish of Ireland Iseult Kahedin Mark of Cornwall Meliodas Morholt Tristan Medieval sources Thomas of Britain 's Tristran Béroul 's Tristan Gottfried 's Tristan Prose Tristan `` Cligès '' `` Chevrefoil '' Folie Tristan d'Oxford Sir Tristrem Later literature `` Tristram and Iseult '' Tristram of Lyonesse Arthur Rex Finnegans Wake Tristan Tristan and Iseult Music Tristan und Isolde ( 1865 , Wagner ) Discography Tristan chord `` Liebestod '' Souvenirs de Munich ( ca . 1887 ) Turangalîla - Symphonie ( 1949 , Messiaen ) Tristan ( 1975 , Henze ) Qntal III : Tristan und Isolde ( 2003 ) `` Tristan '' ( 2005 ) Film L'Éternel retour ( 1943 ) The Woman Next Door ( 1981 ) Lovespell ( 1981 ) Fire and Sword ( 1982 ) In the Shadow of the Raven ( 1988 ) Tristan & Isolde ( 2006 ) Art Tristan Quilt Tristram and Isoude stained glass panels Opera portal VIAF : 180184935 GND : 300170483 SUDOC : 093940262 BNF : cb13920779r ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tristan_und_Isolde&oldid=801026930 '' Categories : 1865 operas German - language operas Music dramas Operas by Richard Wagner Libretti by Richard Wagner Operas Operas set in France Operas set in the British Isles Arthurian operas Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2010 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with unsourced quotes Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 06 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who wrote the words to wagner's opera tristan und isolde
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"Tristan und Isolde (Tristan and Isolde, or Tristan and Isolda, or Tristran and Ysolt) is an opera, or music drama, in three acts by Richard Wagner to a German libretto by the composer, based largely on the romance by Gottfried von Strassburg. It was composed between 1857 and 1859 and premiered at the Königliches Hof- und Nationaltheater in Munich on 10 June 1865 with Hans von Bülow conducting. Wagner referred to the work not as an opera, but called it \"eine Handlung\" (literally a drama, a plot or an action), which was the equivalent of the term used by the Spanish playwright Calderón for his dramas."
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"Gottfried von Strassburg"
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Antigen-antibody interaction
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Antigen - antibody interaction - wikipedia Antigen - antibody interaction Jump to : navigation , search Antigen - antibody interaction , or antigen - antibody reaction , is a specific chemical interaction between antibodies produced by B cells of the white blood cells and antigens during immune reaction . It is the fundamental reaction in the body by which the body is protected from complex foreign molecules , such as pathogens and their chemical toxins . In the blood , the antigens are specifically and with high affinity bound by antibodies to form an antigen - antibody complex . The immune complex is then transported to cellular systems where it can be destroyed or deactivated . The first correct description of the antigen - antibody reaction was given by Richard J. Goldberg at the University of Wisconsin in 1952 . It came to be known as `` Goldberg 's theory '' ( of antigen - antibody reaction ) . There are several types of antibodies and antigens , and each antibody is capable of binding only to a specific antigen . The specificity of the binding is due to specific chemical constitution of each antibody . The antigenic determinant or epitope is recognized by the paratope of the antibody , situated at the variable region of the polypeptide chain . The variable region in turn has hyper - variable regions which are unique amino acid sequences in each antibody . Antigens are bound to antibodies through weak and noncovalent interactions such as electrostatic interactions , hydrogen bonds , Van der Waals forces , and hydrophobic interactions . The principles of specificity and cross-reactivity of the antigen - antibody interaction are useful in clinical laboratory for diagnositic purposes . One basic application is determination of ABO blood group . It is also used as a molecular technique for infection with different pathogens , such as HIV , microbes , and helminth parasites . Contents ( hide ) 1 Antibody structure 2 Properties 2.1 Chemical basis of antigen - antibody interaction 2.2 Affinity of the interaction 3 Application 4 References 5 External links Antibody structure ( edit ) In an antibody , the Fab ( fragment , antigen - binding ) region is formed from the amino - terminal end of both the light and heavy chains of the immunoglobulin polypeptide . This region called V ( variable ) domain is composed of amino acid sequences that define each type of antibody and their binding affinity to an antigen . The combined sequence of variable light chain ( V ) and variable heavy chain ( V ) creates three hypervariable regions ( HV1 , HV2 , and HV3 ) . In V these are roughly from residues 28 to 35 , from 49 to 59 , and from 92 to 103 , respectively . HV3 is the most variable part . Thus these regions are the paratope , the binding site of antigen . The rest of the V region between the hypervariable regions are called framework regions . Each V domain has four framework domains , namely FR1 , FR2 , FR3 , and FR4 . Properties ( edit ) Chemical basis of antigen - antibody interaction ( edit ) Antibodies bind antigens through weak chemical interactions , and bonding is essentially non-covalent . Electrostatic interactions , hydrogen bonds , van der Waals forces , and hydrophobic interactions are all known to be involved depending on the interaction sites . Affinity of the interaction ( edit ) Antigen and antibody interact through a high affinity binding much like lock and key . A dynamic equilibrium exists for the binding . For example , the reaction is a reversible one , and can be expressed as : ( A b ) + ( A g ) ⇋ ( A b A g ) ( \ displaystyle ( Ab ) + ( Ag ) \ leftrightharpoons ( AbAg ) ) where ( Ab ) is the antibody concentration and ( Ag ) is the antigen concentration , either in free ( ( Ab ) , ( Ag ) ) or bound ( ( AbAg ) ) state . The equilibrium association constant can therefore be represented as : K a = k o n k o f f = ( A b A g ) ( A b ) ( A g ) ( \ displaystyle K_ ( a ) = ( \ frac ( k_ ( on ) ) ( k_ ( off ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( ( AbAg ) ) ( ( Ab ) ( Ag ) ) ) ) where K is the equilibrium constant . Reciprocally the dissociation constant will be : K d = k o f f k o n = ( A b ) ( A g ) ( A b A g ) ( \ displaystyle K_ ( d ) = ( \ frac ( k_ ( off ) ) ( k_ ( on ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( ( Ab ) ( Ag ) ) ( ( AbAg ) ) ) ) However , these equations are applicable only to a single epitope binding , i.e. one antigen on one antibody . Since the antibody necessarily has two paratopes , and in many circumstances complex binding occurs , the multiple binding equilibrium can be summed up as : K a = k o n k o f f = ( A b A g ) ( A b ) ( A g ) ( \ displaystyle K_ ( a ) = ( \ frac ( k_ ( on ) ) ( k_ ( off ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( ( AbAg ) ) ( ( Ab ) ( Ag ) ) ) ) = r / c ( n-r ) where , at equilibrium , c is the concentration of free ligand , r represents the ratio of the concentration of bound ligand to total antibody concentration and n is the maximum number of binding sites per antibody molecule ( the antibody valence ) . The overall strength of the binding of an antibody to an antigen is termed its avidity for that antigen . Since antibodies are bivalent or polyvalent , this is the sum of the strengths of individual antibody - antigen interactions . The strength of an individual interaction between a single binding site on an antibody and its target epitope is termed the affinity of that interaction . Avidity and affinity can be judged by the dissociation constant for the interactions they describe . The lower the dissociation constant , the higher the avidity or affinity , and the stronger the interaction . Application ( edit ) Antigen - antibody interaction is used in laboratory techniques for serological test of blood compatibility and various pathogenic infections . The most basic is ABO blood group determination , which is useful for blood transfusion . Sophisticated applications include ELISA , enzyme - linked immunospot ( Elispot ) , immunofluorescence , and immunoelectrophoresis . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Richard J. ( 1952 ) . `` A Theory of Antibody -- Antigen Reactions . I. Theory for Reactions of Multivalent Antigen with Bivalent and Univalent Antibody '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 74 ( 22 ) : 5715 -- 5725 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01142a045 . Jump up ^ Sahimi , Muhammad ( 1994 ) . Applications of Percolation Theory . London : CRC Press . p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 22153 - 2 . Jump up ^ Spiers , JA ( 1958 ) . `` Goldberg 's theory of antigen - antibody reactions in vitro '' . Immunology. 1 ( 2 ) : 89 -- 102 . PMC 1423897 . PMID 13538526 . ^ Jump up to : Janeway , Charles A Jr ; Travers , Paul ; Walport , Mark ; Shlomchik , Mark J ( 2001 ) . Immunobiology : The Immune System in Health and Disease ( 5 ed . ) . New York : Garland Science . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3642 - X . Jump up ^ Mian , I. Saira ; Bradwell , Arthur R. ; Olson , Arthur J. ( 1991 ) . `` Structure , function and properties of antibody binding sites '' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 217 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 151 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 2836 ( 91 ) 90617 - F. PMID 1988675 . Jump up ^ van Oss , CJ ; Good , RJ ; Chaudhury , MK ( 1986 ) . `` Nature of the antigen - antibody interaction . Primary and secondary bonds : optimal conditions for association and dissociation '' . Journal of Chromatography. 376 : 111 -- 9 . PMID 3711190 . Jump up ^ Absolom , DR ; van Oss , CJ ( 1986 ) . `` The nature of the antigen - antibody bond and the factors affecting its association and dissociation '' . CRC Critical Reviews in Immunology. 6 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 46 . PMID 3522103 . Jump up ^ Braden , BC ; Dall'Acqua , W ; Eisenstein , E ; Fields , BA ; Goldbaum , FA ; Malchiodi , EL ; Mariuzza , RA ; Schwarz , FP ; Ysern , X ; Poljak , RJ ( 1995 ) . `` Protein motion and lock and key complementarity in antigen - antibody reactions '' . Pharmaceutica acta Helvetiae. 69 ( 4 ) : 225 -- 30 . doi : 10.1016 / 0031 - 6865 ( 94 ) 00046 - x . PMID 7651966 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Gene . `` Immunoglobulins - antigen - antibody reactions and selected tests '' . Microbiology and Immunology . University of South Carolina School of Medicine . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Margolis , Simeon ( 5 January 2012 ) . `` Antigen / Antibody Tests for Infectious Disease '' . Remedy Health Media , LLC . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Charles W. ; Chakrabarty , Subhas ; Schauder , Keith S. ; Yeoman , Lynn C. ( 1983 ) . `` Identification of Cytosolic Antigens from GW - 39 Adenocarcinoma Cells by Crossed Immunoelectrophoresis and Immunofluorescence '' . Immunological Investigations. 12 ( 3 ) : 315 -- 329 . doi : 10.3109 / 08820138309050753 . Jump up ^ Ferenčík , Miroslav ( 2013 ) . Handbook of Immunochemistry . Netherlands : Springer . pp. 309 -- 386 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 011 - 1552 - 0_12 . ISBN 978 - 94 - 010 - 4678 - 7 . Jump up ^ Odell , Ian D ; Cook , Deborah ( 2013 ) . `` Immunofluorescence Techniques '' . Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 133 ( 1 ) : e4 . doi : 10.1038 / jid. 2012.455 . External links ( edit ) Antigen - antibody reaction Discover Biotech Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antigen-antibody_interaction&oldid=797925549 '' Categories : Immunology Immune system Hematology Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 日本 語 Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 00 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when does the antigen affect the valence or number of bonds
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"Antibodies bind antigens through weak chemical interactions, and bonding is essentially non-covalent. Electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions are all known to be involved depending on the interaction sites.[6][7]"
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"through weak chemical interactions"
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111941371782668891
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Working income tax benefit
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Working income tax benefit - wikipedia Working income tax benefit The working income tax benefit ( WITB ) is a refundable tax credit in Canada , similar to the Earned Income Tax Credit ( EITC ) in the United States . Introduced in 2007 , it offers tax relief to working low - income individuals and encourages others to enter the workforce . The WITB has been expanded considerably since its introduction . Eligibility ( edit ) To be eligible for the WITB , the applicant or their spouse must be a Canadian resident for income tax purposes of at least 19 years of age as of December 31 , and can not be a full - time student . The WITB can be claimed on line 453 of the income tax return if their income exceeds $3,000 for the calendar year . However , the additional paperwork required to claim the credit is complex , involving a the 42 - step process on Schedule 6 of Canada 's main income - tax form . Benefits ( edit ) As of 2016 , the WITB is worth up to $1,028 for a single individual and $1,868 for couples and single - parent families . Benefits increase and then decrease with income . At an income of $18,529 for single individuals or $28,576 for families the benefits decrease to $0 . WITB is estimated to benefit 1.4 million working Canadians annually , at a cost to the federal government of CDN $ 1.2 billion . In October 2017 , the Liberal government of Justin Trudeau promised to expand the benefit by $500 million annually , beginning in 2019 . Consistently since 2009 , only about 85 % of all working Canadians eligible for the WITB have claimed their benefit , with particularly low uptake in Atlantic Canada and the Prairie provinces . In 2017 , this left an estimated CDN $175 million in benefits unclaimed by 240,000 eligible low - income Canadians . This is thought by the Canada Revenue Agency ( CRA ) to be due to a mixture of lack of awareness and the complexity of the forms required to claim the benefit . CRA is working to increase uptake by CRA is expanding its support for free volunteer tax - preparation services and by scaling up a 2016 pilot project in New Brunswick , which highlighted the program to persons likely eligible for the program and was judged to have had a `` positive impact . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Working income tax benefit ( WITB ) '' . Canada Revenue Agency . Jump up ^ CORAK , MILES ( Nov 8 , 2013 ) . `` This refundable tax credit could reduce income inequality '' . The Globe and Mail ( Wealth Paradox ) . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Wells , Paul . `` Harper changes Canada , a cut at a time '' . Maclean 's . Jump up ^ OECD ( 2010 ) . Tax expenditures in OECD countries . Paris : OECD . p. 81 . ISBN 9789264076907 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Refundable tax credit for WITB : Application and Eligibility '' . Canada Revenue Agency . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ JACKS , EVELYN ( Apr 7 , 2011 ) . `` Take advantage of changes to this year 's tax return '' . The Globe and Mail . ^ Jump up to : Beeby , Dean ( 29 November 2017 ) . `` $175 M in federal money for working poor goes unclaimed '' . CBC News . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Refundable tax credit for WITB : Calculation '' . Canada Revenue Agency . 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About Wikipedia
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when did the working income tax benefit start
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"The working income tax benefit (WITB) is a refundable tax credit in Canada, similar to the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) in the United States. Introduced in 2007, it offers tax relief to working low-income individuals and encourages others to enter the workforce.[1] The WITB has been expanded considerably since its introduction.[2][3][4]\n"
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"2007"
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Kevin Durant
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Kevin Durant - wikipedia Kevin Durant Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the basketball player . For the actor , see Kevin Durand . Kevin Durant Durant in February 2014 No. 35 -- Golden State Warriors Position Small forward League NBA ( 1988 - 09 - 29 ) September 29 , 1988 ( age 29 ) Washington , D.C. Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) Listed weight 240 lb ( 109 kg ) Career information High school National Christian Academy ( Fort Washington , Maryland ) Oak Hill Academy ( Mouth of Wilson , Virginia ) Montrose Christian School ( Rockville , Maryland ) College Texas ( 2006 -- 2007 ) NBA draft 2007 / Round : 1 / Pick : 2nd overall Selected by the Seattle SuperSonics Playing career 2007 -- present Career history 2007 -- 2016 Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder 2016 -- present Golden State Warriors Career highlights and awards NBA champion ( 2017 ) NBA Finals MVP ( 2017 ) NBA Most Valuable Player ( 2014 ) 9 × NBA All - Star ( 2010 -- 2018 ) NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 2012 ) 5 × All - NBA First Team ( 2010 -- 2014 ) 2 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2016 , 2017 ) 4 × NBA scoring champion ( 2010 -- 2012 , 2014 ) NBA Rookie of the Year ( 2008 ) NBA Rookie Challenge MVP ( 2009 ) 50 -- 40 -- 90 club ( 2013 ) Consensus National College Player of the Year ( 2007 ) Consensus first - team All - American ( 2007 ) Big 12 Player of the Year ( 2007 ) No. 35 retired by the University of Texas FIBA World Championship MVP ( 2010 ) 2 × USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year ( 2010 , 2016 ) McDonald 's All - American Game MVP ( 2007 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing United States Olympic Games 2012 London Team 2016 Rio de Janeiro Team World Championship 2010 Turkey Team Kevin Wayne Durant ( born September 29 , 1988 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He has won an NBA championship , an NBA Most Valuable Player Award , the Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award , the NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award , four NBA scoring titles , the NBA Rookie of the Year Award , and two Olympic gold medals . Durant has also been selected to seven All - NBA teams and nine NBA All - Star teams . Durant was a heavily recruited high school prospect who was widely regarded as the second - best player in his class . He played one season of college basketball for the University of Texas , where he won numerous year - end awards and became the first freshman to be named Naismith College Player of the Year . In 2007 , he was selected as the second overall pick by the Seattle SuperSonics in the NBA draft . After his rookie season , the team relocated to Oklahoma City and became the Thunder . Behind Durant 's leadership and his pairing with All - Star guard Russell Westbrook , the Thunder emerged as a perennial title contender , advancing as far as the NBA Finals in 2012 , where they lost to the Miami Heat . He played nine seasons in Oklahoma City before signing with Golden State in 2016 , winning a championship in his debut season . Off the court , Durant often ranks as one of the highest - earning basketball players in the world , due in part to endorsement deals with companies such as Foot Locker and Nike . He has developed a reputation for his philanthropy and regularly leads the league in All - Star votes and jersey sales . In recent years , he has contributed to The Players ' Tribune as both a photographer and writer . In 2012 , he tried his hand at acting , appearing in the film Thunderstruck . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 College career 2.1 College career statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 Seattle SuperSonics ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 3.2 Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2008 -- 2016 ) 3.2. 1 Breakthrough ( 2008 -- 10 ) 3.2. 2 Deep playoff runs ( 2010 -- 13 ) 3.2. 3 MVP season ( 2013 -- 14 ) 3.2. 4 Final seasons with the Thunder ( 2014 -- 16 ) 3.3 Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 3.3. 1 2016 -- 17 season : First NBA Championship 3.3. 2 2017 -- 18 season 4 National team career 5 Player profile 6 Off the court 7 NBA career statistics 7.1 Regular season 7.2 Playoffs 8 Awards and honors 8.1 NBA 8.2 United States National Team 8.3 College 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Early life Durant was born on September 29 , 1988 , in Washington , D.C. , to Wanda ( née Durant ) and Wayne Pratt . When Durant was an infant , his father deserted the family ; Wanda and Wayne eventually divorced , and Durant 's grandmother Barbara Davis helped raise him . By age 13 , his father re-entered his life and traveled the country with him to basketball tournaments . Durant has one sister , Brianna , and two brothers , Tony and Rayvonne . Durant and his siblings grew up in Prince George 's County , Maryland , on the eastern outskirts of Washington , D.C. He was unusually tall from a young age , and reached 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) in height while still in middle school ( age 13 -- 14 ) . Growing up , Durant wanted to play for his favorite team , the Toronto Raptors , which included his favorite player , Vince Carter . He played Amateur Athletic Union ( AAU ) basketball for several teams in the Maryland area and was teammates with future National Basketball Association ( NBA ) players Michael Beasley , Greivis Vásquez , and Ty Lawson , the former of whom Durant remains friends with to this day . During this time , he began wearing # 35 as his jersey number in honor of his AAU coach , Charles Craig , who was murdered at the age of 35 . After playing two years of high school basketball at National Christian Academy and one year at Oak Hill Academy , Durant transferred to Montrose Christian School for his senior year , growing 5 inches ( 13 cm ) before the start of the season and beginning the year at a height of 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) . Prior to the start of the season , he committed to the University of Texas . At the conclusion of the year , he was named the Washington Post All - Met Basketball Player of the Year , as well as the Most Valuable Player of the 2006 McDonald 's All - American Game . He was widely regarded as the second - best high school prospect of 2006 . College career Durant with the Texas Longhorns in 2007 . For the 2006 -- 07 college season , Durant -- who had grown to 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) -- averaged 25.8 points , 11.1 rebounds , and 1.3 assists per game for the Texas Longhorns as a student at the University of Texas . The Longhorns finished the year with a 25 -- 10 record overall and a 12 -- 4 record in conference . Awarded a fourth seed in the NCAA Tournament , Texas won their first round match - up against New Mexico State but were upset in the second round by USC despite a 30 - point and 9 - rebound performance from Durant . For his outstanding play , Durant was recognized as the unanimous national player of the year , winning the John R. Wooden Award , the Naismith College Player of the Year Award , and all eight other widely recognized honors and awards . This made Durant the first freshman to win any of the national player of the year awards . On April 11 , he officially declared for the NBA draft . His # 35 jersey was later retired by the Longhorns . College career statistics Cited from ESPN . College Year GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Texas 2006 -- 07 35 35 35.9 . 473 . 404 . 816 11.1 1.3 1.9 1.9 25.8 Professional career Seattle SuperSonics ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Durant was selected as the second overall pick in the 2007 NBA draft by the Seattle SuperSonics . In his first regular season game , the 19 - year - old Durant registered 18 points , 5 rebounds , and 3 steals against the Denver Nuggets . On November 16 , he made the first game - winning shot of his career in a game against the Atlanta Hawks . At the conclusion of the season , he was named the NBA Rookie of the Year behind averages of 20.3 points , 4.4 rebounds , and 2.4 assists per game . He joined Carmelo Anthony and LeBron James as the only teenagers in league history to average at least 20 points per game over an entire season . Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2008 -- 2016 ) Breakthrough ( 2008 -- 10 ) Following Durant 's debut season , the SuperSonics relocated from Seattle to Oklahoma City , becoming the Thunder and switching to new colors blue , orange , and yellow . The team also drafted UCLA guard Russell Westbrook , who would form an All - Star combination with Durant in later years . At the 2009 NBA All - Star Weekend , Durant set a Rookie Challenge record with 46 points . By the conclusion of the year , he had raised his scoring average by five points from the prior season to 25.3 points per game , and was considered a strong candidate for the Most Improved Player Award , eventually finishing third in the voting . Durant continued to grow during his first few years in the NBA , finally reaching a height of 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) . During the 2009 -- 10 season , Durant was selected to his first NBA All - Star Game . Behind his play , the Thunder improved their record by 27 wins from the previous year and defied expectations to make the playoffs . With a scoring average of 30.1 points per game , he became the youngest NBA scoring champion and was selected to his first All - NBA team . In his playoff debut , he scored 24 points in a Game 1 loss against the Los Angeles Lakers . Oklahoma City would go on to lose the series in six games , but the team 's performance led many analysts to label them as an upcoming title contender . Deep playoff runs ( 2010 -- 13 ) Durant scores on a slam dunk in March 2011 as a member of the Oklahoma City Thunder . Prior to the start of the 2010 -- 11 season , Durant announced via Twitter that he had signed a five - year contract extension with the Thunder worth approximately $86 million . For the second consecutive year , he led the NBA in scoring , averaging 27.7 points a game . Behind his leadership , the Thunder won 55 games and earned the fourth seed in the Western Conference . In the playoffs , Oklahoma City defeated the Denver Nuggets and Memphis Grizzlies en route to a Conference Finals match - up versus the Dallas Mavericks , losing in five games . On February 19 of the lockout - shortened 2011 -- 12 season , Durant recorded his first career 50 - point game , scoring 51 points against the Denver Nuggets . At the All - Star Game , he scored 36 points and was awarded the NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award . He finished the year with a scoring average of 28 points per game , representing his third straight scoring title . Behind his play , the Thunder won 47 games and entered the playoffs as the Western Conference 's second seed . In Game 1 of the first round against the Mavericks , Durant hit a game - winner with 1.5 seconds remaining . Oklahoma City would go on to defeat Dallas , the Lakers , and the San Antonio Spurs before losing to the Miami Heat in the Finals . For the NBA Finals , Durant led all players with 30.6 points per game , doing so on a 54.8 shooting rate . With a scoring average of 28.1 points per game to finish the 2012 -- 13 season , Durant failed to defend his scoring title ; however , with a 51 percent shooting rate , a 41.6 percent three point shooting rate , and a 90.5 free throw shooting rate , he became the youngest player in NBA history to join the 50 -- 40 -- 90 club . Finishing the year with a 60 -- 22 record , Oklahoma City earned the first seed in the Western Conference . In the first round of the playoffs against the Houston Rockets , Russell Westbrook tore his meniscus , forcing him to miss the remainder of the postseason . Without Westbrook , Durant was given more responsibility , averaging a career - high 30.8 points per game throughout the playoffs , but Oklahoma City were eventually eliminated in the second round by the Memphis Grizzlies in five games . MVP season ( 2013 -- 14 ) Durant during his MVP season In January of the 2013 -- 14 season , Durant averaged 35.9 points per game while scoring 30 or more points in 12 straight games , including a career - high 54 points against the Golden State Warriors . In April , he surpassed Michael Jordan 's record for consecutive games scoring 25 points or more at 41 . The Thunder finished the year with 59 wins and Durant was voted the NBA Most Valuable Player behind averages of 32 points , 7.4 rebounds , and 5.5 assists per game . To begin the first round of the playoffs , he struggled against the physical play of the Grizzlies , converting on only 24 percent of his field goals in Game 4 . Through six games , the Thunder trailed the series 3 -- 2 , prompting The Oklahoman to dub Durant `` Mr. Unreliable '' . He responded by scoring 36 points in a Game 6 victory . Oklahoma City eventually eliminated Memphis and the Los Angeles Clippers before losing to the Spurs in the Conference Finals in six games Final seasons with the Thunder ( 2014 -- 16 ) Durant confronts LeBron James of the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2015 Prior to the start of the 2014 -- 15 season , Durant was diagnosed with a Jones fracture in his right foot and was ruled out for six to eight weeks . He subsequently missed the first 17 games of the year , making his season debut for the Thunder on December 2 against the New Orleans Pelicans . On December 18 , he injured his ankle against the Golden State Warriors , returning to action on December 31 against the Phoenix Suns to score a season - high 44 points . He then sprained his left big toe in late January . On February 22 , he was sidelined again after undergoing a minor procedure to help reduce pain and discomfort in his surgically repaired right foot , and on March 27 , he was officially ruled out for the rest of the season after deciding to undergo foot surgery . In just 27 games , he averaged 25.4 points , 6.6 rebounds , and 4.1 assists per game . To begin the 2015 -- 16 season , Durant and Russell Westbrook both dropped 40 points against the Orlando Magic on October 30 , becoming the first teammates in NBA history to do so multiple times , having previously done it in 2012 . In December against Denver , they became the first teammates to each have at least 25 points and 10 assists in a regulation game since 1996 . On April 11 , Durant scored 34 points against the Lakers , setting an NBA record for consecutive games scoring 20 or more points with 64 . For the year , Durant averaged 28.2 points , 8.2 rebounds , 5 assists , and 1.2 blocks per game , leading the Thunder to 55 wins and the third seed in the West . In Game 2 of the first round of the playoffs against the Mavericks , he scored 21 points but made just 7 - of - 33 shots in the worst postseason shooting performance , both by percentage and number of misses , of his career . After defeating Dallas , Oklahoma City moved on to face the Spurs in the second round , falling behind 2 -- 1 to start the series . In Game 4 , Durant tied his playoff career high with 41 points in a Thunder win . Oklahoma City eventually defeated the Spurs in six games , drawing a matchup with the record - setting 73 - win Golden State Warriors in the Conference Finals . Despite going up 3 -- 1 , the Thunder were ousted in seven games , with Durant providing 27 points in Game 7 . Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 -- 17 season : first NBA Championship On July 4 , Durant announced his intentions to sign with the Warriors in The Players ' Tribune . The move was received negatively by the public and NBA analysts , with many comparing it to LeBron James 's 2010 off - season departure from the Cleveland Cavaliers to join the Heat . On July 7 , Durant officially signed with Golden State on a two - year , $54.3 million contract with a player option after the first year . Reflecting on the move for Sports Illustrated , Ben Golliver wrote , `` He chose an ideal roster fit and a shot at playing for the highest - scoring offense the NBA has seen in decades . He chose life alongside Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson , the greatest shooting backcourt in history , and he chose to go against Andre Iguodala and Draymond Green , two elite defenders , in practices rather than in Western Conference finals games . '' Durant made his debut for the Warriors on October 25 against the San Antonio Spurs , scoring a team - high 27 points in a 129 -- 100 loss . On November 26 , he recorded 28 points , 10 rebounds , five assists , and a career - high six blocked shots in a 115 -- 102 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves , becoming the first player in team history to finish with at least 25 points , 10 rebounds , five assists , and five blocks in a single game . On February 11 , in his first game back in Oklahoma City since leaving for Golden State , Durant scored 34 points while being booed throughout the night as he helped the Warriors defeat the Thunder for the third time that year . In March , Durant suffered a Grade 2 MCL sprain and a tibial bone bruise , which forced him to miss the final 19 games of the season . Golden State finished the year with a 67 -- 15 record and entered the playoffs as the No. 1 seed . Durant returned from injury in time for the playoffs and helped the Warriors advance to their third consecutive Finals while becoming the first team in league history to start the postseason 12 -- 0 . In Game 1 of the series , Durant had 38 points , eight rebounds , and eight assists to lead the Warriors past LeBron James and the defending champion Cleveland Cavaliers , 113 -- 91 . He helped the Warriors go up 3 -- 0 in the series with a 31 - point effort in Game 3 , including the go - ahead 3 - pointer with 45.3 seconds left in regulation . In Game 5 , he scored 39 points to go with seven rebounds and five assists in a series - clinching 129 -- 120 win . For the Finals , Durant was the Golden State 's top scorer in every game , averaging 35.2 points , 8.4 rebounds , and 5.4 assists while shooting 55.5 percent from the field , 47.4 percent from three - point range , and 92.7 percent from the free throw line . He was subsequently named the Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player . 2017 -- 18 season After the NBA Finals , Durant declined his $27.7 million player option for the 2017 -- 18 season and became an unrestricted free agent with the intention of re-signing with the Warriors for less money , helping the franchise create enough salary cap space to keep their core roster intact and add free agents . On July 25 , 2017 , he re-signed with the Warriors . On December 6 , 2017 , he had 35 points , 11 rebounds and 10 assists in a 101 -- 87 win over the Charlotte Hornets . It was his first triple - double of the season and his second since joining the Warriors . On January 10 , 2018 , he scored 40 points in a 125 -- 106 loss to the Los Angeles Clippers , becoming the 44th player in NBA history to score 20,000 career points . He returned from a three - game absence due to a strained right calf and scored 25 points in the first half against the Clippers . At 29 years old , he became the second - youngest player behind LeBron James and first to reach the 20,000 mark as a member of the Warriors . On January 23 , 2018 , he had a career - high 14 assists in a 123 -- 112 win over the New York Knicks . Two days later , he had 28 points , 11 assists and 10 rebounds in a 126 -- 113 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves . On February 14 , 2018 , he scored a season - high 50 points in a 123 -- 117 loss to the Portland Trail Blazers . It was his fifth career 50 - point game . On March 8 , 2018 , he had 37 points , 11 rebounds and four blocked shots in a 110 -- 107 win over the San Antonio Spurs . He set a new career high for blocks in a season , finishing the game with 108 to best the 105 blocks he had in 2012 -- 13 . On March 16 , Durant joined teammates Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson on the sidelines in the back - end of the season with a fractured rib on the right side . National team career Durant with his gold medal at the 2010 FIBA World Championship in Turkey . In February 2007 , Durant received an invitation to the United States national team training camp . Despite a strong performance , he was cut from the team when its roster was trimmed to its twelve - player limit . Coach Mike Krzyzewski cited the experience of the remaining players as the deciding factor in making the cut . Durant was finally selected to the national team at the 2010 FIBA World Championship and became their leader as other All - Stars were unavailable , a role he downplayed . At the tournament , he led Team USA to its first FIBA World Championship since 1994 , earning MVP honors in the process . His final averages for the competition were 22.8 points , 6.1 rebounds , 3.1 assists , and 1.4 steals per game in nine games . At the 2012 Olympics , Durant set the record for total points scored in an Olympic basketball tournament . With averages of 19.5 points , 5.8 rebounds , 2.6 assists , and 1.6 steals per game , he helped the national team go undefeated en route to a gold medal . In the tournament 's final game , he led all scorers with 30 points . Less than a month before the start of the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup , Durant announced that he would be dropping out of the competition , citing mental and physical exhaustion as reasons for his departure . He rejoined Team USA in 2016 for the Olympics , where he led them to a gold medal . In recognition of his performances , Durant was named the 2016 co-USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year , along with Carmelo Anthony , for the second time in his career . Player Profile Durant playing in a game between the Drew League and the Goodman League in August 2011 . Though Durant 's height is officially listed as 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) , he has stated that he actually stands 6 ft 10 ⁄ in ( 2.10 m ) barefoot and 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) with shoes . His primary position is small forward and his career averages are 27.2 points , 7.2 rebounds , and 3.8 assists per game . Widely regarded as one of the best players of his generation , Durant has earned All - NBA honors seven times ( 2009 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 ) and was voted Rookie of the Year in his debut season . He has also won an MVP Award and finished second in the voting three times , a trend that he has expressed frustration over . Durant is best known for his prodigious scoring ability . From 2010 to 2014 , he won four scoring titles , becoming one of only two players to win four scoring titles in a five - year span . Early in his career , his playing style was isolation - driven , but he quickly developed into an excellent off - ball player who was capable of scoring from the outside as well . By 2013 , he was shooting at a historically - great clip , which helped him become one of only seven members of the 50 -- 40 -- 90 club . This ability to impact the offense in a variety of ways helped Durant remain effective and improve an already - elite offense upon joining the Warriors in 2016 . Throughout his career , his height and 7 ft 4 in ( 2.24 m ) wingspan have created matchup problems for defenses as he is able to get off a clean shot regardless of the situation . Upon beating his man or gaining momentum , he also becomes a strong finisher at the rim ; for example , he converted on 72.2 percent of shots in the paint in 2012 . Early in Durant 's career , he was criticized for his slim build , defense , and passing . Over time , he grew as a playmaker , increasing his assist numbers every year from 2010 to 2014 ; however , his overall vision still lagged behind the league 's best passers ' . He also showed defensive improvement , with opponents averaging just . 62 points per isolation play against him in 2014 , the best success rate for defensive players who faced at least 100 isolations that season . Upon going to Golden State , he developed into a more reliable off - ball defender and rim protector , and he received consideration for the Defensive Player of the Year Award in 2018 . Off the court Durant signs an autograph at the SuperSonics ' practice facility in January 2008 . Durant describes himself as a `` high school kid '' and enjoys playing video games in his spare time . He is very close with his mother , Wanda , a relationship that was detailed in the Lifetime movie The Real MVP : The Wanda Pratt Story . A Christian , Durant goes to chapel before every game and has religious tattoos on his stomach , wrist , and back . He owns several properties in the Oklahoma City area and listed his primary residence , located in the affluent Club Villa neighborhood , for sale for $1.95 million in 2013 . That same year , he opened a restaurant , KD 's Southern Cuisine , in the Bricktown neighborhood and briefly became engaged to Monica Wright , a WNBA player . In 2016 , he was a credentialed photographer for The Players ' Tribune at Super Bowl 50 . Durant was formerly represented by agents Aaron Goodwin and Rob Pelinka . He left Pelinka in 2013 and signed with the Roc Nation group , headed by Jay - Z . Durant has endorsement deals with Nike , Sprint , Gatorade , Panini , General Electric , and 2K Sports . In 2012 , he tried his hand at acting , appearing in the children 's film Thunderstruck . In 2013 , he earned $35 million , making him the fourth - highest - earning basketball player that year . In an interview with Sports Illustrated , Durant claimed that , despite his high earnings potential , `` global marketing and all that stuff '' does not interest him . Durant playing American football One of the most popular players in the league , Durant 's jersey regularly ranks as one of the NBA 's best - selling and he is consistently one of the top All - Star vote - getters . He has developed a reputation for his kind demeanor ; in 2013 , Foot Locker released a series of commercials calling him the `` nicest guy in the NBA '' , and he has become a beloved figure in Oklahoma City , known for his `` nice escapades '' toward the Thunder 's staff . In 2014 , he partnered with KIND snacks and launched StrongAndKind.com to show `` being kind is not a sign of weakness . '' Throughout his career , Durant has participated in philanthropic causes . In 2013 , he pledged $1 million to the American Red Cross for the victims of the 2013 Moore tornado . His generosity inspired the Thunder and Nike to match his donation . He is also a spokesperson for the Washington , D.C. branch of P'Tones Records , a nationwide non-profit after - school music program . In 2017 , Durant became involved with YouTube . In February , he visited YouTube 's headquarters for a speaking engagement . On April 7 , 2017 , he created a YouTube account and soon began to upload live stream vlogs onto it . In his first vlog , he detailed , `` I 'm so excited because I got off social media . I got off the Instagram , Twitter , all that stuff , just to distance myself a bit . But somebody talked me into getting on the YouTube . '' As of January 2018 , Durant 's YouTube channel has received over 590,000 subscribers and 18 million video views . On February 13 , 2018 , Deadline reported that Durant in partnership with producer Brian Grazer 's Imagine Television will create a basketball - themed scripted drama for Apple . NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes season in which Durant won an NBA championship * Led the league Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2007 -- 08 Seattle 80 80 34.6 . 430 . 288 . 873 4.4 2.4 1.0 . 9 20.3 2008 -- 09 Oklahoma City 74 74 39.0 . 476 . 422 . 863 6.5 2.8 1.3 . 7 25.3 2009 -- 10 Oklahoma City 82 82 39.5 . 476 . 365 . 900 7.6 2.8 1.4 1.0 30.1 * 2010 -- 11 Oklahoma City 78 78 38.9 . 462 . 350 . 880 6.8 2.7 1.1 1.0 27.7 * 2011 -- 12 Oklahoma City 66 66 38.6 . 496 . 387 . 860 8.0 3.5 1.3 1.2 28.0 * 2012 -- 13 Oklahoma City 81 81 38.5 . 510 . 416 . 905 * 7.9 4.6 1.4 1.3 28.1 2013 -- 14 Oklahoma City 81 81 38.5 . 503 . 391 . 873 7.4 5.5 1.3 . 7 32.0 * 2014 -- 15 Oklahoma City 27 27 33.8 . 510 . 403 . 854 6.6 4.1 . 9 . 9 25.4 2015 -- 16 Oklahoma City 72 72 35.8 . 505 . 388 . 898 8.2 5.0 1.0 1.2 28.2 2016 -- 17 † Golden State 62 62 33.4 . 537 . 375 . 875 8.3 4.9 1.1 1.6 25.1 Career 703 703 37.4 . 488 . 379 . 882 7.2 3.8 1.2 1.0 27.2 All - Star 7 5 26.7 . 518 . 311 . 900 5.6 2.9 1.6 . 3 25.6 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Oklahoma City 6 6 38.5 . 350 . 286 . 871 7.7 2.3 . 5 1.3 25.0 2011 Oklahoma City 17 17 42.5 . 449 . 339 . 838 8.2 2.8 . 9 1.1 28.6 2012 Oklahoma City 20 20 41.9 . 517 . 373 . 864 7.4 3.7 1.5 1.2 28.5 2013 Oklahoma City 11 11 44.1 . 455 . 314 . 830 9.0 6.3 1.3 1.1 30.8 2014 Oklahoma City 19 19 42.9 . 460 . 344 . 810 8.9 3.9 1.0 1.3 29.6 2016 Oklahoma City 18 18 40.3 . 430 . 282 . 890 7.1 3.3 1.0 1.0 28.4 2017 † Golden State 15 15 35.5 . 556 . 442 . 893 8.0 4.3 . 8 1.3 28.5 Career 106 106 41.0 . 468 . 344 . 853 8.0 3.8 1.0 1.2 28.8 Awards and honors Durant 's # 35 jersey retired by Texas . Main article : List of career achievements by Kevin Durant NBA Cited from Basketball Reference 's Kevin Durant page unless noted otherwise . NBA champion : 2017 NBA Finals Most Valuable Player : 2017 NBA Most Valuable Player : 2014 9 × NBA All - Star : 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 5 × All - NBA First Team : 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 2 × All - NBA Second Team : 2016 , 2017 4 × NBA scoring champion : 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 NBA All - Star Game MVP : 2012 NBA Rookie of the Year : 2008 NBA All - Rookie First Team : 2008 NBA Rookie Challenge MVP : 2009 United States national team Cited from USA Basketball 's Kevin Durant page unless noted otherwise . Olympic gold medalist : 2012 , 2016 FIBA World Championship gold medalist : 2010 FIBA World Championship Most Valuable Player : 2010 College Naismith College Player of the Year : 2007 NABC Division I Player of the Year : 2007 AP Player of the Year : 2007 AP All - America 1st Team : 2007 Oscar Robertson Trophy : 2007 Adolph Rupp Trophy : 2007 John R. Wooden Award : 2007 Big 12 Player of the Year : 2007 USBWA National Freshman of the Year : 2007 See also National Basketball Association portal List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff 3 - point scoring leaders Notes Jump up ^ Durant has stated that he stands 6 ft 10 ⁄ in ( 2.10 m ) barefoot and 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) with shoes . References ^ Jump up to : Mutoni , Marcel ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin Durant Finally Admits He 's 7 Feet Tall '' . Slam . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Durant NBA & ABA Stats '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breen , Matt ( 2012 ) . `` 2012 Olympics : Kevin Durant 's father cheers from afar after bumpy journey back into his son 's life '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David ( 2007 ) . `` Sweet Youth '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kevin Durant USA Basketball . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hernández , Arelis ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Kevin Durant 's new sneakers honor Prince George 's . Why is the county offended ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kevin Durant on Being 6 ft Tall in Middle School -- USA Basketball . ^ Jump up to : I wanted to play for the Raptors . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant Biography '' . JockBio . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Childhood friends Michael Beasley and Kevin Durant could become Sonics teammates Archived September 16 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UT 's Durant : righteous talent SPORTSDAY '' ( PDF ) . TexasSports.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Picker , David . `` In the N.B.A. 's Age Game , Colleges Are Big Winners '' , The New York Times , April 22 , 2006 . Accessed December 1 , 2007 . `` Durant , a forward at Montrose Christian School in Rockville , Md. , has heard the endless chatter about where he would have been selected in the N.B.A. draft in June . A first - rounder ? No doubt . A lottery pick ? Probably so . '' Jump up ^ Doyel , Gregg . `` Durant commitment national coup for ' Horns , Barnes '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 McDonald 's All - American Game Rosters '' . Scout.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's Greatest All - Americans '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball Recruiting : Top Recruits '' . ScoutHoops.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Prospect Ranking : Final Rivals150 Class of 8181 '' . Rivals.com . May 2 , 2006 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Division I Basketball Standings -- 2006 -- 07 '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Young pours in 22 points for USC in blowout of Texas '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant Wins 2007 John R. Wooden Award '' . woodenaward.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant Wins 2007 Naismith Award '' . Big 12 Sports . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant ( 2007 ) '' . texassports.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Longhorns ' Freshman Durant Named NABC Division I Player of the Year '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . National Association of Basketball Coaches . March 21 , 2007 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` USBWA names Durant , Bennett as player , coach of the year '' ( Press release ) . United States Basketball Writers Association . March 27 , 2007 . Retrieved March 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Durant Named Player of the Year '' ( Press release ) . Commonwealth Athletic Club of Kentucky . March 27 , 2007 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Durant is first freshman named AP player of year '' . espn.com . Associated Press . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting News college basketball Players of the Year , 1943 - present '' . sportingnews.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant '' . woodenaward.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Durant leaving Texas for NBA '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosner , Mark ( July 3 , 2007 ) . `` Durant 's jersey to be retired '' . Austin American - Statesman . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2007 . Retrieved July 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant Stats '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 NBA Draft Board '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pepsi Center , Denver , Colorado ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` October 31 , 2007 boxscore : SuperSonics 103 , Nuggets 120 '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia ( November 16 , 2007 ) . `` Wilkins scores 41 , but Durant 's 3 - pointer clinches Sonics ' double - OT win '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant NBA Bio '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2014 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma City will be named Thunder , wear blue , orange , yellow '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook NBA Stats '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Durant goes for 46 as Sophomores again beat Rookies '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers ' Granger wins Kia Most Improved Player Award '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gasol lifts Lakers past Thunder and into the second round '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Expert predictions : OKC Thunder '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Latzke , Jeff . `` Durant becomes NBA 's youngest scoring champ '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gasol , Bynum dominate inside as Lakers hold off Thunder in Game 1 '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. `` Thunder could turn to reign '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kevin Durant ( @ KDTrey5 ) ( 7 July 2010 ) . `` Exstension for 5 more years wit the # thunder ... God Is Great , me and my family came a long way ... I love yall man forreal , this a blessing ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Durant , Thunder agree on extension '' . ESPN . July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Scoring leaders : Points per game '' . National Basketball Association . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Standings -- 2010 -- 11 '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rohde , John . `` Oklahoma City Thunder : Performance against Mavericks only Kevin Durant 's second 50 - plus point game '' . NewsOK . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Latzke , Jeff ( February 19 , 2012 ) . `` Kevin Durant Scores 51 Points : Thunder Top Nuggets , 124 -- 118 ( Video ) '' . Huffington Post Sports . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( February 27 , 2012 ) . Kevin Durant wins All - Star Game MVP . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant wins third straight NBA scoring title as Kobe Bryant concedes '' . www.cbssports.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Standings -- 2011 -- 12 '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` nba.com '' . nba.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 NBA Finals Composite Box Score '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eberts , Wescott . `` Kevin Durant joins the exclusive 50 -- 40 -- 90 club '' . Burnt Orange Nation . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 -- 2013 Conference Regular Season Standings '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook to miss playoffs '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` Thunder Struck : Russell Westbrook 's Injury and What It Means for Oklahoma City '' . Grantland . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant 's 30 - point streak ends at 12 in Thunder 's rout of Nets '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Thunder 127 , Warriors 121 '' . NBA.com . January 17 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Durant surpasses Jordan record '' . ESPN UK . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Durant wins first MVP award '' . espn.go.com . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma City Thunder at Memphis Grizzlies Box Score , April 26 , 2014 '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lee , Michael . `` Kevin Durant remains hungry for NBA title in wake of latest loss , says Thunder 's window still open '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant 's 36 points , 10 boards help Thunder take Griz to Game 7 '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs beat Thunder in OT , advance to NBA Finals vs. Heat '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Brunt , Cliff ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` Thunder 's Durant to miss 6 - 8 weeks with foot fracture '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Associated Press . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martel , Brett ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Durant returns , but Pelicans down Thunder 112 - 104 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Durant ( ankle ) day to day '' . ESPN . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sellars , Tony ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` Durant , Thunder beat Suns in OT '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Murray ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Davis has 41 , hits 3 at buzzer to lift Pelicans over Thunder '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant Injury Update '' . NBA.com . February 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant Injury Update '' . NBA.com . March 27 , 2015 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Rob ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Russell Westbrook , Kevin Durant are first duo to each score 40 since Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen '' . SunTimes.com . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Daniel ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Kevin Durant and Russell Westbrook Combine for 91 Points in 2OT Win vs. Magic '' . bleacherreport.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Westbrook rallies Thunder past Nuggets , 122 - 112 '' . NBA.com . December 27 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers vs Thunder '' . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 - 16 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas beats Oklahoma City 85 - 84 , ties series 1 - 1 '' . NBA.com. April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Durant scores 41 points , Thunder beat Spurs to tie series '' . NBA.com . May 8 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry , Warriors back to NBA Finals after finishing off OKC '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Durant , Kevin ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` My Next Chapter '' . The Players ' Tribune . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Sean ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` Why Kevin Durant 's Decision Is Worth Cheering For '' . Time . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` How Kevin Durant 's decision to join Warriors affects the NBA '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Pat ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin Durant 's move to leave Thunder for Warriors is worse than LeBron James ' ' Decision ' : That 's Debatable '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Jack ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Durant says he initially regretted his decision to join the Warriors '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ NBC Sports Bay Area Staff ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Durant in new documentary : Bullies say ' I took the easy way out ' '' . NBC Sports . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Warriors Sign Free Agent Forward Kevin Durant '' . NBA.com . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant to sign with Warriors '' . ESPN . July 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Janie ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Splash ! Kevin Durant finalizes two - year deal with Warriors '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` Golden Decision : Kevin Durant shakes up the NBA with move to the Warriors '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leonard , Spurs spoil Durant 's Warriors debut with blowout '' . ESPN.com . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors eventually find flow without Green , beat Minnesota '' . ESPN.com . November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Durant leads Warriors to win in return to Oklahoma City '' . ESPN.com . February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant Injury Update '' . NBA.com . March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Durant shines in return from 19 - game absence , knee injury '' . ESPN.com. April 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - 17 NBA Standings '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Curry 's 36 points leads Warriors to sweep Spurs , 129 - 115 '' . ESPN.com . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant drops 38 as Warriors rout Cavs in Game 1 of Finals '' . ESPN.com . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Durant 's dagger 3 lifts Warriors over Cavs in Game 3 '' . ESPN.com . June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers at Golden State Warriors Box Score , June 12 , 2017 '' . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Devine , Dan ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Durant is your 2017 NBA Finals MVP '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blinebury , Fran ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Golden State Warriors forward Kevin Durant claims Finals MVP '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan , Alec ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Durant Reportedly Declines Warriors Contract Option , Expected to Re-Sign '' . BleacherReport.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winfield , Kristian ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Durant will take nearly $7 million pay cut to keep the Warriors together '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Re-Sign Curry , Durant , Iguodala , Livingston , Pachulia and West to Contracts '' . NBA.com . July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Durant 's triple - double lifts Warriors over Hornets 101 - 87 '' . ESPN.com . December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Williams scores career - high 50 , Clippers beat Warriors '' . ESPN.com . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry , Warriors use big second half to beat Knicks '' . ESPN.com . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Durant has triple - double , Warriors hit 21 3s to beat Wolves '' . ESPN.com . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lillard has 44 , Blazers overcome Durant 's 50 , beat Warriors '' . ESPN.com . February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` After Curry goes down , Durant rallies Warriors past Spurs '' . ESPN.com . March 8 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Injured Warriors play short , do n't have enough against Kings '' . ESPN.com . March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tomasson , Chris ( February 17 , 2007 ) . `` Dantley given Hall of Fame support '' . Rocky Mountain News . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2007 . Retrieved March 7 , 2007 . Colangelo said he plans to invite University of Texas player Kevin Durant to Team USA training camp this summer . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( July 25 , 2007 ) . `` Team USA : Durant Better Than Advertised '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Mahoney , Brian ( August 26 , 2007 ) . `` Durant , Collison dropped from U.S. team '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` Kevin Durant : The Reluctant Face of Team USA '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USA -- Durant Named Tournament MVP '' ( Press release ) . FIBA . September 12 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Durant '' . USA Basketball . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Updates from the London 2012 closing ceremonies -- '' . Usatoday.com . December 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc . `` Instant Analysis : Team USA 107 , Spain 100 '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Eric . `` Kevin Durant totally dropped out of Team USA because of the Paul George injury '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` USA Men 's National Team '' . USA Basketball . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carmelo Anthony And Kevin Durant Share 2016 USA Basketball Male Athlete Of The Year Award '' . USA Basketball . December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Top 20 NBA players of last 20 years '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James named 2009 -- 10 NBA MVP presented by Kia '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tim . `` LeBron James wins 3rd NBA MVP award '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James wins 4th Kia MVP award in near unanimous vote '' . NBA.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben . `` Kevin Durant sick of second , working for first with help of advanced stats '' . The Point Forward . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hollinger , John . `` OKC Thunder : 2012 -- 13 roster '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Babb , Steven ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Kevin Durant Enters Michael Jordan Territory with 4th Scoring Title in 5 Years '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Ben ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Backpicks GOAT : # 26 Kevin Durant '' . Back Picks . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` The Not Quite Midseason Awards '' . Grantland . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pelton , Kevin . `` Okla . City Thunder : 2013 -- 14 roster '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant Draft Express Profile '' . Draft Express Profile . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce . `` John Hollinger on Kevin Durant ( and others ) '' . Daily Thunder . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin . `` Roy Hibbert for Defensive POY '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tjarks , Jonathan ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Kevin Durant 's Defensive Player of the Year Candidacy Is n't Perfect , but It 's Real '' . The Ringer . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce . `` Kevin Durant on his hobbies , Twitter and who could beat him 1 - on - 1 '' . Daily Thunder . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Lifetime Sets Movie About Kevin Durant 's Mom ; Queen Latifah Produces , Cassandra Freeman Stars '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Durant '' . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant Is Not Ashamed Of His `` Business '' Tats `` . Jump up ^ `` Durant 's ink shows who 's got his back '' . Jump up ^ Freeman , Eric . `` Kevin Durant is selling his house in Oklahoma City for a mere $1.95 million '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kenny , Michael ( December 15 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Durant 's new restaurant is changing the game '' . The Norman Transcript . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant , Monica Wright engaged '' . ESPN . July 8 , 2013 . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Nina ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Kevin Durant broke off his engagement because he ' did n't love her the right way ' '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Freeman , Eric ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin Durant works as credentialed photographer at Super Bowl 50 '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Durant , Kevin ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` My View From Super Bowl 50 '' . The Players ' Tribune . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kevin Durant splits from longtime agent . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Amick , Sam ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Durant leaves agent , may work with Jay - Z '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Darren Rovell ( June 24 , 2013 ) . `` Jay - Z 's agency lands Kevin Durant '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Badenhausen , Kurt . `` Kevin Durant Is On The Verge Of Global Stardom '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thunderstruck : Why was the Thunder 's Kevin Durant chosen for a movie ? '' . NewsOK . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben . `` LeBron James passes Kobe Bryant on SI 's ' Fortunate 50 ′ highest - earning athletes list '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA 's Top - Selling Jerseys '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Curry starts in first All - Star Game ; LeBron top vote - getter '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Astramskas , David . `` Commercial : Kevin Durant is the `` nicest guy in the NBA '' & wanted for dunking `` . Ball Is Life . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce . `` Kevin Durant is , in fact , very nice '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Chris . `` Strong and Kind movement '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Xchange , Sports ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Durant donates $1 million to tornado victims '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Devine , Dan . `` Kevin Durant taps Nike to donate $1 M in products , sneaker profits to Oklahoma tornado relief '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant and P'Tones Records Apply for the Pepsi Refresh Grant '' . Kevindurant35.com . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Williams , Alex ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` How Kevin Durant Became Silicon Valley 's Hottest Start - up '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Durant -- YouTube about page '' . Kevin Durant . YouTube . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , Mark J. ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Durant creates YouTube channel to show ' different side ' '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Superstar Kevin Durant Teams With Brian Grazer On Apple Scripted Series '' . Deadline . February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Chip ( March 22 , 2007 ) . `` Durant named NABC player of the year '' . Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved March 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Durant is first freshman named AP player of year '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 31 , 2007 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Chip ( March 27 , 2007 ) . `` Durant , Law on All - America team '' . Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved March 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` John R. Wooden Award announces the 2006 -- 07 All - American Team '' . John R. Wooden Award . March 27 , 2007 . Retrieved March 28 , 2007 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kevin Durant . Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Official website Golden State Warriors current roster 0 McCaw 1 McGee 2 Bell 3 West 4 Cook ( TW ) 5 Looney 6 Young 9 Iguodala 11 Thompson 15 Jones 23 Green 25 Boucher ( TW ) 27 Pachulia 30 Curry 34 Livingston 35 Durant Head coach : Kerr Assistant coaches : Adams Brown DeMarco Collins Fraser Green Links to related articles McDonald 's All - American Game -- Boys ' MVPs 1979 : Daye 1980 : Cross 1981 : Branch & Sherrod 1982 : Winters 1983 : Bennett 1984 : Williams 1985 : Lambiotte 1986 : Reid 1987 : Macon 1988 : Mourning & Owens 1989 : Hurley & O'Neal 1990 : Bradley 1991 : Webber & Brunson 1992 : Harrington 1993 : Vaughn & Stackhouse 1994 : López 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Holloway 1997 : Gregory 1998 : R. Curry 1999 : Bender 2000 : Randolph 2001 : E. 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Jackson 2017 : Porter 2018 : Little Jordan Brand Classic All - American Game -- Boys ' MVPs 2002 : Stoudemire & May 2003 : James & Brown 2004 : Howard 2005 : Hansbrough & Blatche 2006 : Young & Durant 2007 : Greene & Fisher 2008 : Evans & Jennings 2009 : Favors & Sidney 2010 : Barnes & Irving 2011 : Davis & McAdoo 2012 : Purvis & Muhammad 2013 : Randle & Parker 2014 : Alexander & Okafor 2015 : Diallo & Trier 2016 : Fox & Monk 2017 : Bowen & Walker USBWA National Freshman of the Year Award winners Male winners 1989 : Jackson 1990 : Anderson 1991 : Rogers 1992 : Webber 1993 : Kidd 1994 : Smith 1995 -- 97 : None selected 1998 : Hughes 1999 : Richardson 2000 : Gardner 2001 : Griffin 2002 : Ford 2003 : Anthony 2004 : Deng 2005 : Williams 2006 : Hansbrough 2007 : Durant 2008 : Beasley 2009 : Evans 2010 : Wall 2011 : Sullinger 2012 : Davis 2013 : Smart 2014 : Parker 2015 : Okafor 2016 : Simmons 2017 : Ball 2018 : Young Female winners 2003 : Augustus 2004 : Jackson 2005 : Humphrey & Wiggins 2006 : Paris 2007 : Charles 2008 : Moore 2009 : Stricklen 2010 : Griner 2011 : Sims 2012 : Williams 2013 : Loyd 2014 : DeShields 2015 : Mitchell 2016 : Anigwe 2017 : Ionescu 2018 : Carter Adolph Rupp Trophy winners 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Redick 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Wall 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Oladipo 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky Oscar Robertson Trophy winners 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Hazzard 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Alcindor 1969 : Maravich 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Wicks 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : Dantley 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Mullin 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : O'Bannon 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Morrison & Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson Big 12 Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year 1997 : LaFrentz 1998 : LaFrentz 1999 : Hamilton 2000 : Fizer 2001 : Tinsley 2002 : Gooden 2003 : Collison 2004 : Allen 2005 : Simien 2006 : Tucker 2007 : Durant 2008 : Beasley 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Anderson 2011 : Morris 2012 : Robinson 2013 : Smart 2014 : Ejim 2015 : Hield 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Graham NABC Player of the Year 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Brooks 1981 : Ainge 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Respert 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Williams 2002 : Gooden & Williams 2003 : Collison 2004 : Nelson & Okafor 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Morrison & Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Green 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Valentine 2017 : Mason 2018 : Brunson Naismith Men 's College Player of the Year 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Dawkins 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Ferry 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : Ford 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson John R. Wooden Men 's Player of the Year Award winners 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : P. Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Griffith 1981 : Ainge 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Mullin 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : O'Bannon 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : T.J. Ford 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson Associated Press Men 's College Basketball Player of the Year 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Bradds 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Carr 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Thompson 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : Johnson 1978 : Lee 1979 : Bird 1980 : Aguirre 1981 : Sampson 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Elliott 1990 : Simmons 1991 : O'Neal 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : West 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Burke 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Valentine 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson `` The template below ( ESPY Best Male College Athlete ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Best Male College Athlete ESPY Award winners 2002 : Cael Sanderson 2003 : Carmelo Anthony 2004 : Emeka Okafor 2005 : Matt Leinart 2006 : Reggie Bush 2007 : Kevin Durant 2008 : Tim Tebow 2009 : Tim Tebow 2010 : John Wall 2011 : Jimmer Fredette 2012 : Robert Griffin III 2013 : Johnny Manziel 2014 : Doug McDermott 2015 : Marcus Mariota 2016 : Buddy Hield 2017 : Deshaun Watson Sporting News Men 's College Basketball Player of the Year 1943 : Phillip 1944 : Hall 1945 : Mikan 1946 : Kurland 1947 -- 49 : None selected 1950 : Arizin 1951 : White 1952 -- 57 : None selected 1958 : Robertson 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Lucas 1962 : Lucas 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Bradley 1965 : Bradley 1966 : Russell 1967 : Alcindor 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Wicks 1972 : Walton 1973 : Walton 1974 : Walton 1975 : Thompson 1976 : May 1977 : M. Johnson 1978 : P. Ford 1979 : Bird 1980 : Griffith 1981 : Aguirre 1982 : Sampson 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Berry 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : King 1990 : Scott 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : Laettner 1993 : Cheaney 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Respert 1996 : Camby 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Jamison 1999 : Brand 2000 : Martin 2001 : Battier 2002 : Williams 2003 : T.J. Ford 2004 : Nelson 2005 : Brown 2006 : Redick 2007 : Durant 2008 : Hansbrough 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Turner 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Davis 2013 : Oladipo 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Kaminsky 2016 : Hield 2017 : Mason III 2018 : Brunson 2007 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team Arron Afflalo Kevin Durant Tyler Hansbrough Acie Law IV Alando Tucker Second Team Jared Dudley Nick Fazekas Chris Lofton Joakim Noah Greg Oden 2007 NBA draft First round Greg Oden Kevin Durant Al Horford Mike Conley Jr . Jeff Green Yi Jianlian Corey Brewer Brandan Wright Joakim Noah Spencer Hawes Acie Law Thaddeus Young Julian Wright Al Thornton Rodney Stuckey Nick Young Sean Williams Marco Belinelli Javaris Crittenton Jason Smith Daequan Cook Jared Dudley Wilson Chandler Rudy Fernández Morris Almond Aaron Brooks Arron Afflalo Tiago Splitter Alando Tucker Petteri Koponen Second round Carl Landry Gabe Pruitt Marcus Williams Nick Fazekas Glen Davis Jermareo Davidson Josh McRoberts Kyrylo Fesenko Stanko Barać Sun Yue Chris Richard Derrick Byars Adam Haluska Reyshawn Terry Jared Jordan Stéphane Lasme Dominic McGuire Marc Gasol Aaron Gray Renaldas Seibutis JamesOn Curry Taurean Green Demetris Nichols Brad Newley Herbert Hill Ramon Sessions Sammy Mejía Giorgos Printezis D.J. Strawberry Milovan Raković NBA Rookie of the Year Award 1953 : Meineke 1954 : Felix 1955 : Pettit 1956 : Stokes 1957 : Heinsohn 1958 : Sauldsberry 1959 : Baylor 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Bellamy 1963 : Dischinger 1964 : Lucas 1965 : Reed 1966 : Barry 1967 : Bing 1968 : Monroe 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Alcindor 1971 : Cowens & Petrie 1972 : Wicks 1973 : McAdoo 1974 : DiGregorio 1975 : Wilkes 1976 : Adams 1977 : Dantley 1978 : Davis 1979 : Ford 1980 : Bird 1981 : Griffith 1982 : Williams 1983 : Cummings 1984 : Sampson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Ewing 1987 : Person 1988 : Jackson 1989 : Richmond 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Coleman 1992 : Johnson 1993 : O'Neal 1994 : Webber 1995 : Hill & Kidd 1996 : Stoudamire 1997 : Iverson 1998 : Duncan 1999 : Carter 2000 : Brand & Francis 2001 : Miller 2002 : Gasol 2003 : Stoudemire 2004 : James 2005 : Okafor 2006 : Paul 2007 : Roy 2008 : Durant 2009 : Rose 2010 : Evans 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Irving 2013 : Lillard 2014 : Carter - Williams 2015 : Wiggins 2016 : Towns 2017 : Brogdon NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R. Smith 1979 : Thompson 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Archibald 1982 : Bird 1983 : Erving 1984 : Thomas 1985 : Sampson 1986 : Thomas 1987 : Chambers 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Malone 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Barkley 1992 : Johnson 1993 : Stockton & Malone 1994 : Pippen 1995 : Richmond 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Rice 1998 : Jordan 1999 : No game played 2000 : O'Neal & Duncan 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Bryant 2003 : Garnett 2004 : O'Neal 2005 : Iverson 2006 : James 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Bryant & O'Neal 2010 : Wade 2011 : Bryant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Paul 2014 : Irving 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Westbrook 2017 : Davis NBA Most Valuable Player Award 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. Malone 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Erving 1982 : M. Malone 1983 : M. Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. Malone 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook Golden State Warriors 2016 -- 17 NBA champions 0 McCaw 1 McGee 3 West 5 Looney 9 Iguodala 11 Thompson 15 Jones 20 McAdoo 21 Clark 22 Barnes 23 Green 27 Pachulia 30 Curry 34 Livingston 35 Durant ( Finals MVP ) Head coach Kerr Assistant coaches Adams Brown Collins Fraser Green Regular season Playoffs Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award 1969 : West 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Reed 1974 : Havlicek 1975 : Barry 1976 : White 1977 : Walton 1978 : Unseld 1979 : D. Johnson 1980 : E. Johnson 1981 : Maxwell 1982 : E. Johnson 1983 : Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Bird 1987 : E. Johnson 1988 : Worthy 1989 : Dumars 1990 : Thomas 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Olajuwon 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Duncan 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : O'Neal 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Billups 2005 : Duncan 2006 : Wade 2007 : Parker 2008 : Pierce 2009 : Bryant 2010 : Bryant 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Leonard 2015 : Iguodala 2016 : James 2017 : Durant NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook United States squad -- 2010 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Durant ( MVP ) 6 Rose 7 Westbrook 8 Gay 9 Iguodala 10 Granger 11 Curry 12 Gordon 13 Love 14 Odom 15 Chandler Coach : Krzyzewski FIBA World Cup Most Valuable Player Award 1950 : Furlong 1954 : Minter 1959 : Pasos 1963 : Marques 1967 : Daneu 1970 : Belov 1974 : Kićanović 1978 : Dalipagić 1982 : Frazer 1986 : Petrović 1990 : Kukoč 1994 : O'Neal 1998 : Bodiroga 2002 : Nowitzki 2006 : Gasol 2010 : Durant 2014 : Irving United States men 's basketball squad -- 2012 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Chandler 5 Durant 6 James 7 Westbrook 8 Williams 9 Iguodala 10 Bryant 11 Love 12 Harden 13 Paul 14 Davis 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2016 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Butler 5 Durant 6 Jordan 7 Lowry 8 Barnes 9 DeRozan 10 Irving 11 Thompson 12 Cousins 13 George 14 Green 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year 1980 : Thomas 1981 : Boyle 1982 : Rivers 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan & Perkins 1985 : Person 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Manning 1988 : Majerle 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Mourning 1991 : Laettner 1992 : U.S. Olympic team 1993 : Finley 1994 : O'Neal 1995 : Allen 1996 : Pippen 1997 : Boykins 1998 : Brand 1999 : Payton 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Duhon 2002 : Miller 2003 : Duncan 2004 : May & Paul 2005 : Williams 2006 : Anthony 2007 : Kidd 2008 : U.S. Olympic team 2009 : McAdoo 2010 : Durant 2011 : Parker 2012 : James 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Irving 2015 : Brunson 2016 : Anthony & Durant 2017 : Warney Best Male Athlete ESPY Award winners 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Bonds 1995 : Young 1996 : Ripken Jr . 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Woods / Griffey Jr . 1999 : McGwire 2000 : Woods 2001 : Woods 2002 : Woods 2003 : Armstrong 2004 : Armstrong 2005 : Armstrong 2006 : Armstrong 2007 : Tomlinson 2008 : Woods 2009 : Phelps 2010 : Brees 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : James 2017 : Westbrook VIAF : 169856305 LCCN : n2011018558 BNE : XX5562365 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Durant&oldid=835346493 '' Categories : 1988 births Living people African - American basketball players African - American Christians All - American college men 's basketball players American YouTubers Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 2016 Summer Olympics Basketball players from Maryland Basketball players from Washington , D.C. Golden State Warriors players McDonald 's High School All - Americans Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics National Basketball Association All - Stars Oklahoma City Thunder players Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) Seattle SuperSonics draft picks Seattle SuperSonics players Small forwards Sportspeople from Rockville , Maryland Texas Longhorns men 's basketball players United States men 's national basketball team players Video bloggers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Good articles Use mdy dates from April 2014 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Volapük 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 03 : 54 . 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what team was kevin durant on before warriors
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[
"\nKevin Durant\n\n\nDurant in February 2014\n\n\n\nNo. 35 – Golden State Warriors\n\n\nPosition\nSmall forward\n\n\nLeague\nNBA\n\n\nPersonal information\n\n\nBorn\n(1988-09-29) September 29, 1988 (age 29)\nWashington, D.C.\n\n\nNationality\nAmerican\n\n\nListed height\n6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)[a]\n\n\nListed weight\n240 lb (109 kg)\n\n\nCareer information\n\n\nHigh school\nNational Christian Academy\n(Fort Washington, Maryland)\nOak Hill Academy\n(Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)\nMontrose Christian School\n(Rockville, Maryland)\n\n\nCollege\nTexas (2006–2007)\n\n\nNBA draft\n2007 / Round: 1 / Pick: 2nd overall\n\n\nSelected by the Seattle SuperSonics\n\n\nPlaying career\n2007–present\n\n\nCareer history\n\n\n2007–2016\nSeattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder\n\n\n2016–present\nGolden State Warriors\n\n\n\n\n\nCareer highlights and awards\n\n\n\n\nNBA champion (2017)\nNBA Finals MVP (2017)\nNBA Most Valuable Player (2014)\n9× NBA All-Star (2010–2018)\nNBA All-Star Game MVP (2012)\n5× All-NBA First Team (2010–2014)\n2× All-NBA Second Team (2016, 2017)\n4× NBA scoring champion (2010–2012, 2014)\nNBA Rookie of the Year (2008)\nNBA Rookie Challenge MVP (2009)\n50–40–90 club (2013)\nConsensus National College Player of the Year (2007)\nConsensus first-team All-American (2007)\nBig 12 Player of the Year (2007)\nNo. 35 retired by the University of Texas\nFIBA World Championship MVP (2010)\n2× USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year (2010, 2016)\nMcDonald's All-American Game MVP (2007)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nStats at NBA.com\n\n\nStats at Basketball-Reference.com\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMedals[hide]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMen's basketball\n\n\nRepresenting United States\n\n\nOlympic Games\n\n\n\n2012 London\nTeam\n\n\n\n2016 Rio de Janeiro\nTeam\n\n\nWorld Championship\n\n\n\n2010 Turkey\nTeam\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
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[
"Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder"
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Nice for What
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Nice for What - wikipedia Nice for What Drake song `` Nice for What '' Single by Drake from the album Scorpion Released April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) Format Digital download Genre Bounce Length 3 : 24 Label Young Money Cash Money Songwriter ( s ) Aubrey Graham Shane Lindstrom Alan Bergman Marilyn Bergman Dennis Coles Robert Diggs Gary E. Grice Marvin Hamlisch Lamont Hawkins Lauryn Hill Jason Hunter Russell Jones Clifford Smith Corey Woods Orville Hall Phillip Price Producer ( s ) Murda Beatz Blaqnmild ( co. ) Noah `` 40 '' Shebib ( add. ) Corey Litwin ( add . ) Drake singles chronology `` Walk It Talk It '' ( 2018 ) `` Nice for What '' ( 2018 ) `` Yes Indeed '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` Nice for What '' on YouTube `` Nice for What '' is a song recorded by Canadian rapper Drake from his fifth studio album Scorpion ( 2018 ) . It was released by Young Money Entertainment and Cash Money Records as the second single from the album on April 6 , 2018 , along with its music video . The song was produced by Murda Beatz with co-production handled by Blaqnmild , and features additional vocals by Big Freedia and 5th Ward Weebie . It debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , replacing Drake 's own `` God 's Plan '' and becoming his fifth US number one . It also topped the UK Singles Chart and ARIA Singles Chart , becoming his second number - one song of 2018 in the two countries after `` God 's Plan '' . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Music video 4 Critical reception 5 Commercial performance 6 Personnel 7 Charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 References Background ( edit ) On March 14 , 2018 , Lauryn Hill 's son Joshua Omaru Marley posted a snippet of the song on Snapchat . Drake later confirmed an upcoming Murda Beatz - produced single during an Instagram Live session . On April 5 , Drake made a surprise appearance during a Majid Jordan concert in Toronto . `` The reason I 'm here tonight is because I 'm back in the city finishing my album , '' he told the audience . `` I 've got a new single dropping tomorrow night , too , just in case you got some free time . '' Composition ( edit ) `` Nice for What '' is an upbeat bounce song which contains elements of early 2000s R&B , with a length of three minutes thirty seconds . It samples Lauryn Hill 's song `` Ex-Factor '' ( 1998 ) , `` Drag Rap '' by the Showboys ( 1986 ) , `` Get Your Roll On '' by Big Tymers ( 2000 ) , and also features clips from performances by Big Freedia . Lyrically , the hook of Drake 's song samples Lauryn Hill singing about `` cutting loose in the midst of a relationship '' . Music video ( edit ) Directed by Karena Evans , the accompanying music video focuses on women carrying out various activities , including swimming , dancing , modeling and riding horses . It features guest appearances from , in order of appearance , Olivia Wilde , Misty Copeland , Issa Rae , Rashida Jones , Jourdan Dunn , Tracee Ellis Ross , Tiffany Haddish , Yara Shahidi , Zoe Saldana , Elizabeth and Victoria Lejonhjärta , Letitia Wright , Bria Vinaite , Emma Roberts , Syd , Michelle Rodriguez and Drake himself . Evans called it an honour to work on the video , writing on Instagram that it was `` a privilege and a blessing to have told this story with every single one of you revolutionary women , both in front and behind the camera '' . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Nice for What '' received positive reviews from music critics , with many praising its promotion of female empowerment . Hugh McIntyre of Forbes regarded the `` perfectly - pitched '' song as `` another perfect delivery from the biggest artist in hip - hop '' , writing that the `` vocal sample helps the track stand out from much of the rest of his discography '' . Kevin Lozano of Pitchfork awarded the song `` Best New Track '' , praising Drake for `` smoothly handling the impeccable production from Murda Beatz '' , and lauding the song as `` a fantastic piece of hip - hop machinery '' and `` one of Drake 's most complete releases in some time '' . Chris DeVille of Stereogum deemed the song `` a big , brash , almost obnoxiously loud New Orleans bounce - inspired production '' , describing it as `` extremely poppy and sounds like a bid for continued commercial dominance '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) In the United States , Drake became the first artist to have a new number - one debut replace his former number - one debut ( `` God 's Plan '' ) at the top of the Hot 100 . It debuted with 88,000 downloads sold and 60.4 million streams . `` Nice for What '' became the 30th song in Billboard history to enter at number one . It also became Drake 's fifth US number - one song overall and third as a lead artist . The song also became the first song to debut on the Mainstream R&B / Hip - Hop chart in the top 10 . `` Nice for What '' topped the Hot 100 for four consecutive weeks before it was dethroned on May 14 , 2018 by Childish Gambino 's `` This Is America '' . It then returned for a fifth non-consecutive week at the number one spot on the issue date June 2 , 2018 . On the issue dated July 14 , 2018 , `` Nice for What '' became the first song to reach number one in four nonconsecutive runs . It has topped the Hot 100 for eight nonconsecutive weeks . Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from Tidal and Qobuz . Murda Beatz -- production Blaqnmild -- co-production Noah `` 40 '' Shebib -- additional production , mixing Corey Litwin -- additional production Harley Arsenault -- mixing assistance Greg Moffet -- mixing assistance Ronald Moonoo -- mixing assistance Chris Quock -- recording engineering assistance Noel `` Gadget '' Campbell -- mixing Mike Gaydusek -- record engineering Big Freedia -- additional vocals 5thward Weebie -- additional vocals Glenishe `` Bobby Jean '' Rowe -- additional vocals Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 20 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 6 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 23 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 13 France ( SNEP ) 28 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Greece ( IFPI ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 29 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 53 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Portugal ( AFP ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 10 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 13 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 62 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 30 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 4 × Platinum 320,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 45,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 378,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Various April 6 , 2018 Digital download Young Money Cash Money United States April 10 , 2018 Rhythmic contemporary radio Young Money Cash Money Republic References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Dethrones Himself Atop Hot 100 , as ' Nice for What ' Debuts at No. 1 , Replacing ' God 's Plan ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to a Snippet of a Drake and Lauryn Hill Collaboration '' . Rap - Up . March 14 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mojica , Nick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Confirms New Single on the Way Is Produced by Murda Beatz '' . XXL . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wicks , Amanda ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Says He 's Releasing a New Song Tomorrow '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Thiessen , Brock ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Is Releasing a New Single Friday Night '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robles , Jonathan ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` New Drake Song Is Coming Very , Very Soon '' . Variance . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rolli , Bryan ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Confirms He 's Finishing New Album , Drops ' Nice For What ' Song / Video '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Abby ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Says He 's Dropping a New Single Tonight '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Aswad , Jem ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Says He 's Dropping a New Song Tonight ( Video ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grant , Teddy ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Announces He 's Dropping New Single Tonight '' . Ebony . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peters , Mitchell ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Drops New Lauryn Hill - Sampling Song and Video ' Nice For What ' : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peters , Micah ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` '' Nice for What '' Is Another Inevitable Victory for Drake `` . The Ringer . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ting , Jasmine ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Does Everything Right in ' Nice For What ' '' . Paper . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nice For What / Drake TIDAL '' . Tidal . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hussein , Wandera ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Legendary New Orleans bounce producer BlaqNmilD talks co-producing `` Nice For What '' `` . The Fader . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welsh , April ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Watch the star - studded video for Drake 's new song ' Nice For What ' '' . Fact . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carmichael , Rodney ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Bounces , Looking To Uplift Single Women As They Drop It Low '' . WPSU . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arcand , Rob ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Video : Drake -- `` Nice For What '' `` . Spin . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McIntyre , Hugh ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Drops Energetic New Single ' Nice For What ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maicki , Salvatore ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` A breakdown of all the cameos in Drake 's `` Nice For What '' video `` . The Fader . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Drake 's Star - Studded Video for New Song ' Nice for What ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Young , Alex ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Drake drops new single `` Nice For What '' and all - star video : Watch `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hall , Gerrad ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Olivia Wilde , Tiffany Haddish , Issa Rae , more powerful women star in Drake 's ' Nice for What ' video '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blais - Billie , Braudie ; Wicks , Amanda ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's New `` Nice for What '' Video Stars Issa Rae , Olivia Wilde , Rashida Jones : Watch `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Saad , Nardine ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Drake lauds celebrity girl squad in new ' Nice for What ' video '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chaplain , Chloe ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Drake ' Nice For What ' track praised for promoting female empowerment '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mapstone , Lucy ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Drake praised for empowering women with star - studded new video '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lozano , Kevin ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` '' Nice for What '' by Drake Review `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DeVille , Chris ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Drake -- `` Nice For What '' Video `` . Stereogum . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Trevor . `` Drake 's ' Nice for What ' Marks First - Ever Top 10 Debut on Mainstream R&B / Hip - Hop Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary . `` Drake 's ' Nice for What ' No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 , Post Malone 's ' Psycho ' No. 2 & Camila Cabello 's ' Never Be the Same ' Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh . `` Camila Cabello and Post Malone Chart New Top 10 Hits While Drake Rules Again '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino 's ' This Is America ' Blasts in at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's ' Nice for What ' Returns to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 , Lil Baby , Ella Mai & BTS Earn First Top 10s '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Claims 7 of Hot 100 's Top 10 , Breaking the Beatles ' Record , As ' Nice For What ' Returns to No. 1 For Eighth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nice for What - Drake '' . Qobuz . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Drake -- Nice for What '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Drake -- Nice for What '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Drake -- Nice for What '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Drake -- Nice for What '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201816 into search . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Drake -- Nice for What '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake : Nice for What '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Drake -- Nice for What '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Drake -- Nice for What '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI -- Greek Charts '' . IFPI . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singoli -- Classifica settimanale WK 16 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Drake -- Nice for What '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Drake -- Nice for What '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Drake -- Nice for What '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Drake -- Nice for What '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201816 into search . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Canciones -- Semana 17 : del 20.4. 2018 al 26.4. 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Drake -- Nice for What '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Drake -- Nice for What '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Drake -- Nice For What '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake `` Nice For What '' `` . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Drake -- Nice for What '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Drake -- Nice For What '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Nice For What in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Drake -- Nice For What '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` Post Malone & Drake Rule Nielsen Music 's Mid-Year 2018 R&B / Hip - Hop Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / R Future Releases '' . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Drake songs Discography Comeback Season `` Replacement Girl '' So Far Gone `` Successful '' `` Best I Ever Had '' `` I 'm Goin ' In '' We Are Young Money `` Every Girl '' `` BedRock '' Thank Me Later `` Fireworks '' `` Over '' `` Up All Night '' `` Fancy '' `` Miss Me '' `` Find Your Love '' `` 9AM in Dallas '' Take Care `` Over My Dead Body '' `` Headlines '' `` Crew Love '' `` Take Care '' `` Marvins Room '' `` We 'll Be Fine '' `` Make Me Proud '' `` Lord Knows '' `` HYFR ( Hell Ya Fucking Right ) '' `` The Motto '' Nothing Was the Same `` Tuscan Leather '' `` Furthest Thing '' `` Started from the Bottom '' `` Wu - Tang Forever '' `` Worst Behavior '' `` From Time '' `` Hold On , We 're Going Home '' `` The Language '' `` Too Much '' `` Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2 '' `` All Me '' If You 're Reading This It 's Too Late `` Energy '' `` Preach '' What a Time to Be Alive `` Jumpman '' Views `` Controlla '' `` One Dance '' `` Pop Style '' `` Too Good '' `` Hotline Bling '' More Life `` Free Smoke '' `` No Long Talk '' `` Passionfruit '' `` Get It Together '' `` Madiba Riddim '' `` Blem '' `` Gyalchester '' `` Portland '' `` Sacrifices '' `` Teenage Fever '' `` KMT '' `` Glow '' `` Since Way Back '' `` Fake Love '' `` Ice Melts '' Scary Hours / Scorpion `` God 's Plan / Diplomatic Immunity '' `` Nonstop '' `` Emotionless '' `` I 'm Upset '' `` Nice for What '' `` In My Feelings '' `` Do n't Matter to Me '' Other singles `` Forever '' `` 0 to 100 / The Catch Up '' `` Charged Up '' `` Back to Back '' `` Right Hand '' `` Summer Sixteen '' `` Sneakin ' '' `` Two Birds , One Stone '' `` No Frauds '' `` Signs '' `` Yes Indeed '' As featured artist `` 100 '' `` 4 My Town ( Play Ball ) '' `` Amen '' `` Aston Martin Music '' `` Back on Road '' `` Believe Me '' `` Big Amount '' `` Blessings '' `` Both '' `` Cabaret '' `` Champion '' `` Come and See Me '' `` Come Closer '' `` Deuces ( Remix ) '' `` Diced Pineapples '' `` Digital Girl ( Remix ) '' `` Enough Said '' `` Fall for Your Type '' `` Fed Up '' `` Feel Love '' `` For Free '' `` Fuckin ' Problems '' `` Gonorrhea '' `` I Do It '' `` I Invented Sex '' `` I 'm on One '' `` In the Morning '' `` It 's Good '' `` Know Bout Me '' `` Lemon ( Remix ) '' `` Live For '' `` Look Alive '' `` Love Me '' `` Loving You No More '' `` Mine '' `` Moment 4 Life '' `` Money to Blow '' `` Mr. Wrong '' `` No Complaints '' `` No Guns Allowed '' `` No Lie '' `` No New Friends '' `` No Shopping '' `` Odio '' `` Only '' `` Poetic Justice '' `` Pop That '' `` R.I.C.O. '' `` Recognize '' `` Right Above It '' `` Right Here '' `` Round of Applause '' `` Say Something '' `` She Will '' `` Stay Schemin ' '' `` Still Got It '' `` The One '' `` The Zone '' `` Throw It in the Bag ( Remix ) '' `` To the Max '' `` Trophies '' `` Truffle Butter '' `` Tuesday '' `` Un-Thinkable ( I 'm Ready ) ( Remix ) '' `` Unusual '' `` Used to This '' `` Walk It Talk It '' `` Wavin ' Flag ( Haiti Mix ) '' `` We in This Bitch 1.5 '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` What Up '' `` Where Ya At '' `` Who Do You Love ? '' `` Why You Always Hatin ? '' `` Work '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nice_for_What&oldid=854623835 '' Categories : 2018 songs 2018 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Drake ( musician ) songs Number - one singles in Australia Songs written by Drake ( musician ) Songs written by Raekwon Songs written by Marvin Hamlisch Songs written by RZA Songs written by Method Man Songs written by Lauryn Hill Songs written by Ghostface Killah Song recordings produced by Murda Beatz Cash Money Records singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Young Money Entertainment singles UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with short description Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Français Հայերեն Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 18 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who is featured in drakes nice for what
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"\"Nice for What\" is a song recorded by Canadian rapper Drake from his fifth studio album Scorpion (2018). It was released by Young Money Entertainment and Cash Money Records as the second single from the album on April 6, 2018, along with its music video. The song was produced by Murda Beatz with co-production handled by Blaqnmild, and features additional vocals by Big Freedia and 5th Ward Weebie. It debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, replacing Drake's own \"God's Plan\" and becoming his fifth US number one.[1] It also topped the UK Singles Chart and ARIA Singles Chart, becoming his second number-one song of 2018 in the two countries after \"God's Plan\".[2]\n"
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"Big Freedia and 5th Ward Weebie"
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Phenix City, Alabama
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Phenix City , Alabama - wikipedia Phenix City , Alabama Jump to : navigation , search Phenix City , Alabama City Aerial view of Phenix City Location of Phenix City in Lee County and Russell County , Alabama . Phenix City , Alabama Location in the United States Coordinates : 32 ° 28 ′ 15 '' N 85 ° 00 ′ 10 '' W / 32.47083 ° N 85.00278 ° W / 32.47083 ; - 85.00278 Coordinates : 32 ° 28 ′ 15 '' N 85 ° 00 ′ 10 '' W / 32.47083 ° N 85.00278 ° W / 32.47083 ; - 85.00278 Country United States State Alabama Counties Russell , Lee Government Mayor Eddie N. Lowe Area Total 28.12 sq mi ( 72.82 km ) Land 27.99 sq mi ( 72.50 km ) Water 0.13 sq mi ( 0.33 km ) Elevation 243 ft ( 74 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 32,822 Estimate ( 2016 ) 37,132 Density 1,326.57 / sq mi ( 512.18 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP codes 36867 - 36870 Area code ( s ) 334 FIPS code 01 - 59472 GNIS feature ID 0155193 Website http://www.phenixcityal.us Phenix City is a city in Lee and Russell counties in the State of Alabama , and the county seat of Russell County . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city was 32,822 . Phenix City lies immediately west across the Chattahoochee River from much larger Columbus , Georgia . Sometimes called Hub City , Phenix City is included in the Columbus , Georgia - Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area Columbus , Georgia metropolitan area , but a section is located in Lee County , and is , therefore , in the Auburn , Alabama metropolitan area . In 2007 , BusinessWeek named Phenix City the nation 's # 1 Best Affordable Suburb to raise a family . Currently , the mayor is Eddie N. Lowe , the city 's first black mayor elected by the public . The city manager , who holds the task of organizational matters , is Wallace Hunter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Climate 2 History 3 Religion 4 Demographics 4.1 2010 census 5 Time zone 6 Media 7 Sister cities 8 In popular culture 9 Notable people 10 Gallery 11 References 12 External links Geography ( edit ) Phenix City is located at 32 ° 28 ′ 22 '' N 85 ° 1 ′ 12 '' W / 32.47278 ° N 85.02000 ° W / 32.47278 ; - 85.02000 ( 32.472822 , - 85.020121 ) . It is the easternmost settlement in the state of Alabama as well as the Central Time Zone , but it uses the Eastern Time Zone , due to the city 's proximity to the state of Georgia . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 24.8 square miles ( 64 km ) , of which 24.6 square miles ( 64 km ) is land and 0.2 square miles ( 0.52 km ) ( 0.61 % ) is water . Climate ( edit ) The climate in this area is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year . According to the Köppen Climate Classification system , Phenix City has a humid subtropical climate , abbreviated `` Cfa '' on climate maps . ( hide ) Climate data for Phenix City , Alabama Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° F ( ° C ) 57 ( 14 ) 61 ( 16 ) 69 ( 21 ) 77 ( 25 ) 84 ( 29 ) 90 ( 32 ) 92 ( 33 ) 91 ( 33 ) 86 ( 30 ) 77 ( 25 ) 68 ( 20 ) 59 ( 15 ) 76 ( 24 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 36 ( 2 ) 39 ( 4 ) 45 ( 7 ) 52 ( 11 ) 61 ( 16 ) 69 ( 21 ) 72 ( 22 ) 71 ( 22 ) 66 ( 19 ) 54 ( 12 ) 44 ( 7 ) 38 ( 3 ) 54 ( 12 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 4.1 ( 104 ) 4.5 ( 114 ) 5.7 ( 145 ) 4.1 ( 104 ) 3.8 ( 97 ) 3.9 ( 99 ) 5.3 ( 135 ) ( 100 ) 3.3 ( 84 ) 2.3 ( 58 ) 3.6 ( 91 ) 4.5 ( 114 ) 49.1 ( 1,247 ) Source : Weatherbase History ( edit ) Russell County Courthouse in Phenix City What some claim was last battle of the Civil War took place in Phenix City , then known as Girard . What is Phenix City today initially began as two towns bordering each other on the north and south . On the south side was Girard , in Russell County , and the town of Brownville , on the north side , which was entirely within Lee County . Because a community in Tuscaloosa County already claimed the name of Brownville , the post office insisted on the name of `` Lively . '' To compound the confusion , the nearby railroad depot was called Knight 's Station . Because residents preferred Brownville , on the 1880 U.S. Census , it was listed as both Brownville and Lively . It was formally incorporated by the legislature on February 23 , 1883 . Within the decade , the name would be changed to Phenix ( or Phenix City ) , although some misspellings had it as `` Phoenix . '' It was not clear if it was named for Phenix Mills in adjacent Columbus , Georgia , or for the fabled bird . It appeared as Phenix City on the 1890 U.S. Census and was incorporated as such on February 19 , 1897 by the state legislature . On August 9 , 1923 , Russell County 's neighboring Girard ( which made up most of current downtown Phenix City ) and Lee County 's Phenix City formally merged , keeping the name of Phenix City . Because the consolidated city still remained divided into two counties , in 1932 , the Lee County portion was moved entirely into Russell County ( also cited for the redraw was to account for population shifts involved in the Auburn University opening and expansion ) . Lee County received the rural segment centered on Marvyn as compensation , which was formerly in Russell County 's northwest corner . In 1926 , the Russell County portion of Phenix City was designated the second county seat ( the seat from 1868 had been at rural Seale ) . In 1934 / 35 , Phenix City then became sole county seat . Phenix City was notorious during the 1940s and 1950s for being a haven for organized crime , prostitution , and gambling . Many of its customers came from the United States Army training center at Fort Benning , Georgia . The leaders of the crime syndicate in Phenix City were Jimmie Matthews and Hoyt Sheppard . Albert Patterson , from Phenix City , was elected to become attorney general of Alabama on a platform of reforming the city , but was shot and killed in 1954 outside his office on 5th Ave , N of 14th Street . As a result , the city had a negative reputation , and many people still associate this legacy with Phenix City . The Tragedy and the Triumph of Phenix City , Alabama by Margaret Ann Barnes chronicles these events , which led the small town to be known as `` Sin City , USA '' . The bordertown was the subject of an acclaimed film , The Phenix City Story , made in 1955 . In 1955 , it won the All - America City Award from the National Municipal League . Curiously , despite the city having been entirely annexed into Russell County in 1932 , the growth of the city has spread northward back into Lee County , where it first appeared on 1980 U.S. Census records . As of 2010 , nearly 4,200 residents ( out of almost 33,000 ) reside in the Lee County portion , almost exactly the same number that lived in Phenix City in 1910 ( which was then entirely in Lee County ) . Religion ( edit ) Phenix City is home to many Christian churches . The denominations include : Protestantism Baptist Southern Baptist Convention United Methodist Church and other Methodist denominations Seventh - day Adventist Roman Catholicism The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1880 2,224 -- 1890 3,700 66.4 % 1900 4,163 12.5 % 1910 4,555 9.4 % 1920 5,432 19.3 % 1930 13,862 155.2 % 1940 15,351 10.7 % 1950 23,305 51.8 % 1960 27,630 18.6 % 1970 25,281 − 8.5 % 1980 26,928 6.5 % 25,312 − 6.0 % 2000 28,265 11.7 % 32,822 16.1 % Est. 2016 37,132 13.1 % U.S. Decennial Census 2013 Estimate Phenix City Municipal building As of the census of 2000 , there were 28,265 people , 11,517 households , and 7,566 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,149.1 people per square mile ( 443.6 / km2 ) . There were 13,250 housing units at an average density of 538.7 per square mile ( 208.0 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 52.94 % White , 44.97 % Black or African American , 0.23 % Native American , 0.53 % Asian , 0.02 % Pacific Islander , 0.56 % from other races , and 0.76 % from two or more races. 1.49 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . There were 11,517 households out of which 31.7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 39.4 % were married couples living together , 22.1 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 34.3 % were non-families. 30.4 % of all households were made up of individuals and 11.5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.99 . In the city , the population was spread out with 26.3 % under the age of 18 , 9.6 % from 18 to 24 , 28.7 % from 25 to 44 , 21.2 % from 45 to 64 , and 14.2 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 35 years . For every 100 females there were 86.2 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 80.4 males . The median income for a household in the city was $26,720 , and the median income for a family was $33,740 . Males had a median income of $28,906 versus $21,348 for females . The per capita income for the city was $14,619 . About 18.8 % of families and 21.3 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 29.5 % of those under age 18 and 20.6 % of those age 65 or over . 2010 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2010 , there were 32,822 people , 13,243 households , and 8,623 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,334.2 people per square mile ( 515.3 / km2 ) . There were 15,198 housing units at an average density of 617.8 per square mile ( 238.6 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 48.7 % White , 46.6 % Black or African American , 0.3 % Native American , 0.7 % Asian , 0.2 % Pacific Islander , 1.4 % from other races , and 2.2 % from two or more races. 4.0 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . There were 13,243 households out of which 31.8 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 36.4 % were married couples living together , 23.9 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 34.9 % were non-families. 30.1 % of all households were made up of individuals and 9.5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.03 . In the city , the population was spread out with 26.9 % under the age of 18 , 10.4 % from 18 to 24 , 27.9 % from 25 to 44 , 23.0 % from 45 to 64 , and 11.8 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 33.1 years . For every 100 females there were 87.7 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 86.0 males . The median income for a household in the city was $33,120 , and the median income for a family was $39,417 . Males had a median income of $36,827 versus $27,001 for females . The per capita income for the city was $18,883 . About 20.3 % of families and 23.9 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 39.7 % of those under age 18 and 13.1 % of those age 65 or over . Time Zone ( edit ) Although Alabama is legally in the Central Time Zone , Phenix City 's proximity to the larger city of Columbus , Georgia causes Phenix City ( including its municipal government ) and areas within a 10 - 15 mile radius ( such as Smiths Station ) to observe Eastern Time on a de facto basis . Media ( edit ) See also : Media in Columbus , Georgia Phenix City also receives all major television networks and radio stations from nearby Columbus , Georgia . There are , however , three radio stations licensed in Phenix City : WURY - LP ( 97.1 FM ) , WGSY ( 100.1 FM ) , and WHAL ( 1460 AM ) . Sister cities ( edit ) Colomiers , France Kamenice , Czech Republic Västerås , Sweden In popular culture ( edit ) The character `` Maggot '' from E.M. Nathanson 's novel The Dirty Dozen was from Phenix City . The 1955 film The Phenix City Story ( directed by Phil Karlson ) is a biopic film noir focusing on the rampant crime and corruption in the city ( then called `` the wickedest city in the United States '' ) and the 1954 murder of newly nominated Alabama Attorney General candidate Albert Patterson . Ska saxophonist Rolando Alphonso of the Skatalites had a 1960s hit titled `` Phenix City '' The town gained attention in 1999 when Phenix City National Little League advanced to the final of the Little League World Series . The city is mentioned in the film Driving Miss Daisy . The city is mentioned in the book The Silence of the Lambs in Chapter 12 . The city is mentioned as a former bootlegging city by the character played by Robert Mitchum in the film Thunder Road . The 2008 novel Wicked City by Ace Atkins is set in Phenix City . Notable people ( edit ) This article 's list of residents may not follow Wikipedia 's verifiability or notability policies . Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they are notable AND residents , or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations . ( December 2015 ) Jo Jo Benson , former R&B singer Hugh A. Bentley , helped reform Phenix City in the 1950s Ralph J. Bryant , first black graduate of Columbus State University and C.E.O of Decatur Capital Management Simeon Castille , former NFL cornerback Wally Chambers , former NFL defensive tackle Rodney Cooper , basketball player Harvey Glance , track - and - field star in 1976 Summer Olympics and 1979 Pan-Am Games Aidan Gould , child actor Nolan Gould , child actor Bishop Harris , former head coach of North Carolina Central University football team Freddie Hart , country singer who wrote and recorded `` Phenix City '' ; section of 13th Street named Freddie Hart Parkway in his honor Tim Hudson , Major League Baseball pitcher Billy Jackson , former NFL running back Van Jakes , former NFL cornerback James Joseph , former NFL running back Kasey Kiker , Major League Baseball player Boise Kimber , American Baptist minister and civil rights activist Ed King , former NFL offensive guard Herm Lee , former NFL offensive tackle Eddie Lowe , former Canadian Football League linebacker Woodrow Lowe , former NFL player , College Football Hall of Fame member , holds record for most tackles at University of Alabama Triandos Luke , former NFL wide receiver Joe Meriweather , former NBA player John Malcolm Patterson , Governor of Alabama from 1959 -- 63 Colby Rasmus , Major League Baseball outfielder David Ray , former NFL placekicker Jimmie Spheeris , singer - songwriter Rob Spivery , former basketball player and current head basketball coach at Southern University Rufus Stokes , inventor Gallery ( edit ) Phenix City Post Office ( ZIP Code : 36867 ) Phenix City / Russell County Library The Brooks - Hughes House was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 3 , 1983 . The Floyd - Newsome House was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 3 , 1983 . The Morgan - Curtis House was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 3 , 1983 . The Shapre - Monte House was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 3 , 1983 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Redistricting Data ( Public Law 94 - 171 ) Summary File '' . American FactFinder . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Best Affordable Suburbs 2007 '' . BusinessWeek . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved February 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` EXTREME SETTLEMENTS : A COMPREHENSIVE LIST '' . Weekend Roady. 2013 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Climate Summary for Phenix City , Alabama Jump up ^ `` Weatherbase.com '' . Weatherbase. 2013 . Retrieved on September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Last True Battle Jump up ^ http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2133 Jump up ^ 1880 - 2010 U.S. Censuses research on Brownville and Phenix City , Alabama Jump up ^ Churches in Phenix City , Alabama Jump up ^ Adventist Church Connect - Phenix City Jump up ^ `` U.S. Decennial Census '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2013 '' . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` northamerica '' . tzdata . IANA . 2012c . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` A time zone can be a state of mind '' . The Huntsville Times . 2005 - 08 - 26 . p. 2A . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Grubman , Cathy ( 1994 - 10 - 27 ) . `` What Time Is It Anyway ? It Depends on Your Location & the Season '' . The Washington Post . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Exceptions , Oddities , and Notes '' . OnTimeZone.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phenix City , Alabama . Alabama portal The Fall and Rise of Phenix City from The Malefactor 's Register Up from the Ashes : The Rebirth of Phenix City , a public TV documentary `` Phœnix . A city in Lee County , Ala . '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Municipalities and communities of Lee County , Alabama , United States County seat : Opelika Cities Auburn Opelika Phenix City ‡ Smiths Station Towns Loachapoka Notasulga ‡ Waverly ‡ Unincorporated communities Beauregard Bee Hive Beulah Chewacla Gold Hill Hopewell Marvyn Roxana Salem The Bottle Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Municipalities and communities of Russell County , Alabama , United States County seat : Phenix City City Phenix City ‡ Town Hurtsboro CDP Ladonia Unincorporated communities Cottonton Crawford Fort Mitchell Glenville Hatchechubbee Holy Trinity Hooks Pittsview Seale Uchee Former city Girard Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Greater Columbus , Georgia Central cities / Largest cities Columbus Auburn Location of the Columbus , Georgia - Auburn , Alabama CSA and its counties : Columbus , Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area Auburn , Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area Tuskegee , Alabama Micropolitan Statistical Area ( defunct ) Cities in Georgia Bibb City Buena Vista Cataula Columbus Cusseta Custer Terrace Fort Benning South Fortson Hamilton Hopewell Juniper Midland Mountain Hill Mulberry Grove Pine Mountain Rehobeth Ridgeway Shiloh Upatoi Waverly Hall West Point Whitesville Cities in Alabama Beauregard Bee Hive Beulah Cusseta Fort Mitchell Glenville Gold Hill Holy Trinity Hurtsboro Ladonia LaFayette Lanett Loachapoka Marvyn Notasulga Opelika Phenix City Roxana Salem Seale Smiths Station The Bottle Valley Waverly Counties in Georgia Chattahoochee Harris Marion Muscogee Counties in Alabama Chambers Lee Russell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenix_City,_Alabama&oldid=798254107 '' Categories : Cities in Alabama Populated places established in 1883 Cities in Russell County , Alabama Cities in Lee County , Alabama County seats in Alabama Columbus metropolitan area , Georgia Auburn , Alabama metropolitan area Populated places on the Chattahoochee River Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing cleanup from December 2015 All pages needing cleanup Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Ido Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Malagasy Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 20 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the population of phenix city alabama
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"Phenix City is a city in Lee and Russell counties in the State of Alabama, and the county seat of Russell County.[4] As of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 32,822."
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"32,822"
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United Kingdom driving test
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United Kingdom driving test - wikipedia United Kingdom driving test Jump to : navigation , search The United Kingdom driving test is a test of competence that UK residents take in order to obtain a full Great Britain or Northern Ireland ( car ) driving licence or to add additional full entitlements to an existing one . Tests vary depending on the class of vehicle to be driven . In Great Britain it is administered by the Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency ( DVSA ) and in Northern Ireland by the Driver & Vehicle Agency ( DVA ) . The minimum age at which one can take a UK driving test is currently 16 for mopeds and 17 for cars ( 16 for those on the higher / enhanced rate of the mobility component of DLA or PIP ) . There is no upper age limit . In addition to a driving licence , a CBT certificate may be required before a moped or motorcycle is ridden . In GB around 1.6 million people sit the practical car test per year , with a pass rate of around 43 % . The theory test has a pass rate of around 51.6 % . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 The current test 2.1 Theory test 2.1. 1 Multiple - choice test 2.1. 2 Hazard perception 2.2 Practical test 2.2. 1 Format 2.2. 2 Eyesight test 2.2. 3 Vehicle safety questions 2.2. 4 Controlled stop 2.2. 5 Manoeuvres 2.2. 6 General driving 2.2. 7 Independent driving 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) UK driving licences were introduced by the Motor Car Act 1903 but no test was required . A test for disabled drivers was introduced by the Road Traffic Act 1930 . Legislation for compulsory testing was introduced for all new drivers with the Road Traffic Act 1934 . The test was initially voluntary to avoid a rush of candidates until 1 June 1935 when all people who had started to drive on or after 1 April 1934 needed to have passed the test . Testing was suspended during World War II , and was suspended again during the Suez Crisis in 1956 to allow examiners help to administer petrol rations . The driving theory test was introduced in July 1996 as a written examination , which was updated to computerised format in 2000 . The hazard perception segment of the theory test , was introduced in November 2002 . In January 2015 , new CGI clips replaced the real - life video clips in the Hazard Perception Test . The current test ( edit ) Currently , there are two tests ( for a car licence ) that need to be passed in order to obtain a full driving licence . First the theory test and then , within two years of passing this , the practical test . Theory test ( edit ) The theory test is made up of two parts , both of which differ according to the type of vehicle licence the candidate is pursuing : Multiple - choice test Hazard perception test Both parts must be passed in order to obtain a theory test pass certificate . This enables the candidate to book a practical driving test . Candidates have two years from the date that they passed the first part of their theory test to take their practical test , or they will have to pass both parts of the theory test once again before they can book a practical test . Multiple - choice test ( edit ) This part of the theory test is performed on a computer system . The test has 50 multiple choice questions and the candidate must answer at least 43 of them correctly to pass . All questions are randomly selected from a bank of just under one thousand on a selection of topics . The test lasts for 57 minutes although candidates with certain special needs can apply for more time . All 50 questions must be answered . The test allows 15 minutes practice time at the start of the exam to get used to answering the questions and how to use the system . To answer a question the candidate simply touches their choice of answer from the listed answers on the computer screen . If a mistake is made the candidate can deselect a choice and reselect a different option . The candidate is allowed to go back to a question at any time and can also flag questions they are unsure of in order to find and return to it quickly and easily later . To pass the test , 43 of the 50 questions ( 86 % ) must be answered correctly . For lorry and bus drivers , 100 questions are asked over a 115 - minute period , and 85 out of 100 must be answered correctly to pass . Prior to 3 September 2007 , the car and motorcycle multiple - choice tests comprised 35 questions , with a pass mark of 30 within a 40 - minute time limit . Hazard perception ( edit ) Main article : Hazard Perception Test Candidates watch fourteen one - minute clips ( nineteen clips for lorry and bus candidates ) filmed from the perspective of a car driver or motorcyclist and have to indicate , usually by clicking a mouse button or touching the screen , when they observe a developing hazard . Practical test ( edit ) Unless one is converting a foreign licence , it is necessary to have passed both components of the theory test before sitting this exam . Passing the practical test then entitles one to hold a full UK driving licence . The test candidate must produce their provisional licence for the examiner before the test starts . The practical car test can be taken in either a manual or an automatic car ; if the test is passed in an automatic car , then the full licence granted will be restricted to automatic cars only . The practical motorcycle test is split into two separate modules - the off - road module and the on - road module . To get a full motorcycle licence , the candidate needs to pass both modules . The target waiting time for a practical driving test is six weeks . However , in practice the waiting time can be considerably longer . DSA Form DL25C : Driving Test Report issued NG5 to candidates by examiners Format ( edit ) The practical car test is taken on the road , with a professionally trained DVSA examiner directing the candidate around a pre-determined route . The examiner marks the candidate for driving faults , serious faults , and dangerous faults . A candidate will fail the test if he or she accumulates any serious or dangerous faults , or more than fifteen driving faults . If a candidate accumulates several driving faults in the same category , the examiner may consider the fault habitual and mark a serious fault in that category . The test usually lasts 38 to 40 minutes in a standard test , or approximately 70 minutes when the candidate is taking an extended test after having had their licence revoked . Eyesight test ( edit ) Before getting to the car , the examiner will ask the candidate to read a car 's number plate at a distance . The distance required is 20.5 metres for an old - style plate ( A123 ABC ) and 20 metres for a new style plate ( AB51 ABC ) . If the candidate needs glasses to do this , then they must be worn during the test . If the candidate fails to read the first number plate correctly , then the examiner asks the candidate to read a second number plate . If the candidate can not correctly read the second number plate , then the examiner must use a tape measure to measure the correct distance between the candidate and a third number plate . If the candidate can not read the third number plate , then the candidate is deemed to have failed and the test will not continue . Vehicle safety questions ( edit ) Before the candidate is taken out onto the road , the examiner asks two questions about car maintenance and safety . These are phrased in the form `` Show me ... '' and `` Tell me ... '' ; as such , this component of the test is often known as `` Show me , tell me '' . For example : Show me how you would check that the power assisted steering is working before starting a journey . Open the bonnet , identify where you would check the engine oil level and tell me how you would check that the engine has sufficient oil . A failure to answer one or both of these questions correctly would result in a driving fault being marked against the candidate . The questions that may be asked are changed from time to time . From July 2008 , there are 19 different questions which can be asked in 13 different combinations . Controlled stop ( edit ) The controlled stop , more commonly referred to as the `` emergency stop '' , is an exercise which determines the ability of the candidate to stop the vehicle promptly yet under control during a simulated emergency . The simulation is performed by the examiner raising his or her hand and saying , `` STOP ! '' . A controlled stop exercise will be carried out on every extended test and one third of normal tests . This might be an emergency stop , or the candidate might be asked to make a controlled stop in a specific location . During dangerous weather conditions , such as rain and snow , this test can be left out for safety reasons . Manoeuvres ( edit ) During the test , the examiner will ask the candidate to carry out one manoeuvre from the following list : Turn in the road , colloquially known as a `` 3 point turn '' , although more than 3 moves may be necessary . Reverse around a corner Reverse park into a parking space either parallel to the kerb ( on road ) , or oblique or right - angle ( in a marked bay in an off - road car park ) This change from two manoeuvres to one was introduced to allow time for the independent driving section of the test that was introduced on 4 October 2010 . Manoeuvres are selected at random by the examiner depending on the route chosen and conditions on the route . General driving ( edit ) Generally , the candidate must demonstrate an ability to drive in various road and traffic conditions and react appropriately in actual risk situations . The conditions typically encountered on test include driving in urban areas as well as higher speed limit roads where possible ; this includes dual carriageways but not motorways as motorways in Britain can only be used by full licence holders . The object of the test is to ensure that the candidate is well grounded in the basic principles of safe driving , and is sufficiently practised in them to be able to show , at the time of the test , that they are a competent and considerate driver and are not a source of danger to themselves or to other road users . The drive will include two or three normal stops at ( and moving away from ) the side of the road on level roads as well as on gradients , in addition to a demonstration of moving away from behind a stationary vehicle . The regulations state that the on - road driving time must be no less than 30 minutes . If at any point during the test , the examiner has to intervene with any controls , this will usually result in failure and could be marked on the test report as a dangerous fault . Independent driving ( edit ) The test includes a 10 - minute section of independent driving . It is included in the following practical driving tests : car motorcycle module two large goods vehicle ( LGV ) passenger carrying vehicle ( PCV ) tests approved driving instructor ( ADI ) driving ability ( sometimes called ' part two ' ) taxi During the independent driving section , candidates have to drive by : following traffic signs to a destination , or following a series of verbal instructions , or following a combination of both . To help candidates understand where they are to go , the examiner may show them a route diagram . It does not matter if candidates do not remember every direction , nor if they deviate from the intended route unless they commit a driving fault . If there are poor or obscured traffic signs , the examiner will give the candidate directions until they can see the next traffic sign . Candidates will not need to have a detailed knowledge of the area , but will not be allowed to use Automotive navigation system for this part of the test . If the candidate has special needs , the examiner will be able to make reasonable adjustments . For the independent driving section , this could be asking the candidate which method they prefer - following signs , or a series of directions ( a maximum of three ) As of 4th December 2017 The U.K driving test will change , all the relevant changes can be found here driving test or read this article on the new changes being made . See also ( edit ) Driving test Compulsory Basic Training Pass Plus Motorbike practical test Eco Driving UK Road Signs References ( edit ) This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation , footnoting , or external linking . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ^ Jump up to : `` Road Traffic Act 1988 s. 89 '' . Jump up ^ `` About us '' . Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . Driver & Vehicle Agency . Jump up ^ `` Vehicles you can drive '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ United Kingdom Government , Directgov. 2008 . - `` If you obtained a full car licence before 1 February 2001 you do not need to complete a CBT to ride a moped in Great Britain . '' ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Richard ( 2007 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Driving tests : how the system works '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph News and Media Limited . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` FOI Request for theory test pass rates '' . Driving Standards Agency . Jump up ^ `` A summary of important legislation '' . Department for Education ( Northern Ireland ) GCSE Revision . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the British driving test '' . Driving Standards Agency . Jump up ^ `` A summary of important legislation '' . DTS News . ^ Jump up to : `` Theory test for cars and motorcycles '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Theory test for cars and motorcycles '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hazard Perception Test '' . Jump up ^ Motor Vehicles ( Driving Licences ) Regulations 1999 reg. 40 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ http://drivingtestcancellations.me.uk/driving-test/ ^ Jump up to : `` Guidance for driving examiners carrying out driving tests ( DT1 ) '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Motor Vehicle ( Driving Licences ) Regulations 1999 , Schedule 8 ( as amended ) - page 7 Jump up ^ `` ' Show me , tell me ' questions : car driving test '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Motor Vehicle ( Driving Licences ) Regulations 1999 , Schedule 8 ( as amended ) - page 8 Jump up ^ `` The car practical driving test '' . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Motor Vehicles ( Driving Licences ) Regulations 1999 reg. 40 ( 7 ) ( b ) ( ii ) Jump up ^ Independent driving : the facts - DSA Jump up ^ `` New driving test brings changes for learners The Car Expert '' . The Car Expert. 2017 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Practical driving test : Directgov - Motoring ( England , Scotland , Wales ) DVA practical test website ( Northern Ireland ) DVA Driving Test Info DVSA Car Driving Theory Practice Mock Questions Driving Test Changes for 2017 Traffic law and safety Rules of the road All - way stop Assured Clear Distance Ahead Australian Road Rules Boulevard rule Green Cross Code Move over law New Zealand Road Code Overtaking Right - and left - hand traffic Right - of - way School bus traffic stop laws Traffic code Turn on red Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Road user guides Driver 's manual The Highway Code The Highway Code ( Malta ) Road Users ' Code Rules of the Road ( Ireland ) Enforcement Breathalyzer Camera Enforcement Red light Highway patrol / State police Parking enforcement Road traffic control Textalyzer Traffic court Traffic guard Traffic stop Traffic ticket Warning Speed limit Advisory speed limit Assured Clear Distance Ahead National Maximum Speed Law School zone Speed limit enforcement Speed limits by country Category : Speed limits by country Moving violations Driving under the influence Canada United States Distracted driving Mobile phones and driving Texting while driving Reckless driving Street racing Tailgating Vehicular homicide Wrong - way driving Driver licensing Commercial driver 's license European driving licence Graduated driver licensing Inter-American Driving Permit International Driving Permit Learner 's permit Point system Driving licences by country List of countries by minimum driving age Traffic violations reciprocity Commercial Driver 's License Information System Driver License Agreement Driver License Compact Non-Resident Violator Compact Parking Alternate - side parking Decriminalised parking enforcement Disabled parking permit Double parking Parking chair Parking violation Wheel clamp Car safety Seat belt laws Click It or Ticket Clunk Click Every Trip Road safety Tachograph Digital tachograph Drivers ' working hours ( Europe ) Epilepsy and driving Hours of service ( US ) `` How 's my driving ? '' sign Old age and driving Sleep deprived driving Slow moving vehicle Vision Zero Driving in the United Kingdom Main topics Approved Driving Instructor British land speed record Driving examiner ( United Kingdom ) The Highway Code Driving licence in the United Kingdom List of UK driving licence endorsements Road signs in the United Kingdom Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom Road speed limits in the United Kingdom United Kingdom traffic laws Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions Acts Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 Motor Car Act 1903 Road Traffic Act 1934 Organisations British School of Motoring Disabled Motoring UK Driver and Vehicle Agency Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency Driving Standards Agency Institute of Advanced Motorists Motor Insurers ' Bureau Safe Speed Safety Camera Partnership Driving test Hazard Perception Test United Kingdom driving test Schemes National Driver Offender Retraining Scheme Pass Plus Young Driver Schemes TV & Entertainment Britain 's Worst Driver Clarkson 's Car Years Driven ( TV series ) Driving School Fifth Gear For The Love Of Cars Jeremy Clarkson 's Motorworld Sniff Petrol Top Gear ( 1977 TV series ) Top Gear ( 2002 TV series ) Offences Causing bodily harm by wanton or furious driving Causing death by dangerous driving Dangerous driving DR10 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_driving_test&oldid=810460424 '' Categories : Road transport in the United Kingdom Driving in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2017 Use British English from July 2017 Wikipedia references cleanup from February 2010 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2010 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 11 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when was the driving test introduced in britain
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"Legislation for compulsory testing was introduced for all new drivers with the Road Traffic Act 1934. The test was initially voluntary to avoid a rush of candidates until 1 June 1935 when all people who had started to drive on or after 1 April 1934 needed to have passed the test.[9]"
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A Sky Full of Stars
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A Sky Full of Stars - wikipedia A Sky Full of Stars `` A Sky Full of Stars '' Single by Coldplay from the album Ghost Stories B - side `` All Your Friends '' `` Ghost Story '' `` O ( Reprise ) '' Released 2 May 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 02 ) Format CD digital download Studio The Bakery and The Beehive ( London , England ) Genre EDM pop Length 4 : 28 ( album version ) 3 : 56 ( radio edit ) 5 : 38 ( extended mix ) Label Parlophone Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Guy Berryman Jonny Buckland Will Champion Chris Martin Tim Bergling Producer ( s ) Avicii Coldplay Paul Epworth Daniel Green Rik Simpson Coldplay singles chronology `` Midnight '' ( 2014 ) `` A Sky Full of Stars '' ( 2014 ) `` True Love '' ( 2014 ) `` Midnight '' ( 2014 ) `` A Sky Full of Stars '' ( 2014 ) `` True Love '' ( 2014 ) Coldplay albums chronology Coldplay Live 2012 ( 2012 ) Coldplay Live 2012 2012 A Sky Full of Stars EP ( 2014 ) A Sky Full of Stars EP2014 Ghost Stories ( 2014 ) Ghost Stories 2014 Music video `` A Sky Full Of Stars '' on YouTube `` A Sky Full of Stars '' is a song by the British rock band Coldplay . It was released in 2014 as the third single from their sixth album , Ghost Stories ( 2014 ) . The band co-wrote and co-produced the song with Avicii and received production assistance from Paul Epworth , Daniel Green and Rik Simpson . It was recorded at The Bakery and The Beehive in North London , England . Upon its release , `` A Sky Full of Stars '' garnered mostly positive reviews from music critics and charted inside the top 10 in over 16 countries such as Australia , Canada , Ireland , Japan , Mexico , New Zealand , the United Kingdom and United States . A music video for the song was directed by Mat Whitecross and was released on 19 June 2014 . The single peaked at number one in Italy , Israel , Luxembourg , Portugal , Lebanon , and the Walloon region of Belgium . It also topped the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart . It was nominated for Best Pop Duo / Group Performance at the 57th Grammy Awards . Contents 1 Composition 2 Recording 3 Release 4 Packaging 5 Critical reception 6 Chart performance 7 Music video 8 Live performances 9 Track listing 10 Personnel 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 12 Certifications 13 Release history 14 References 15 External links Composition ( edit ) A Sky Full of Stars Sample of `` A Sky Full of Stars '' from Coldplay 's 2014 album Ghost Stories . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` A Sky Full of Stars '' marks the band 's first dance track , being outlined as an EDM track with house influences . A piano - centric song which is written in the key of G ♭ major , the track opens as a piano ballad , with progressive house - influenced electronic music that plays out in between verses . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com , the song follows a chord progression of E ♭ m7 -- Bmaj9 -- G ♭ -- B ♭ m ( ♭ 6 ) with a tempo of 125 beats per minute , and the vocals span from A ♭ to G ♭ . The track has been described as `` ( falling ) in line with the synth - heavy soundscapes of ' Midnight ' , but with more danceable flavor '' . The song 's repeating chord sequence and varied melody was inspired by the work of American pop singer Katy Perry and Nirvana 's `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' ( 1991 ) . Recording ( edit ) Swedish record producer Avicii was invited by the band to produce `` A Sky Full of Stars '' . `` A Sky Full of Stars '' was recorded during the sessions for the band 's sixth studio album , at their purpose - built studios The Bakery and The Beehive in North London , England . The studios were both originally constructed for work on their two previous studio albums , 2008 's Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends and 2011 's Mylo Xyloto . Swedish record producer Avicii was invited by the band to collaborate on `` A Sky Full of Stars '' . In addition to producing the track , he was also asked by lead singer Chris Martin to play and record the piano parts . However , Martin later stated in a BBC Radio 1 interview with Zane Lowe that he felt that he had `` cheated '' on the band by asking Avicii to play the piano instead of playing it himself . Release ( edit ) On 2 May 2014 , `` A Sky Full of Stars '' was released early through Ghost Stories on the iTunes Store worldwide , and on Spotify . On 5 May 2014 , the single was released on Google Play store in Australia . On 26 June , Coldplay announced the A Sky Full of Stars EP . It would feature the radio edit of the song , as well as the three bonus tracks from the deluxe version of Ghost Stories : `` All Your Friends '' , the title track `` Ghost Story '' and `` O ( Reprise ) '' , sold by Target . The extended play was available worldwide , with the exception of the United States , as the deluxe version of the album was only available in the U.S. The EP was released on 29 June 2014 . Packaging ( edit ) The single art for `` A Sky Full of Stars '' was etched by UK - based , Czech etching artist Mila Fürstová . The artwork continues the motif of artworks in the Ghost Stories album cycle , which feature a scene occurring in a larger , enclosed body . Multiple figures such as angels with wings like of the Ghost Stories artwork , buildings such as a church , and objects such as a maze and a chair , also alluding to those in the Ghost Stories artwork , are depicted encased in a three - dimensional star chart . The artwork is reminiscent of Fürstová 's earlier work , Other Skies , which also features various figures , buildings and objects imposed onto a star map . Critical reception ( edit ) `` A Sky Full of Stars '' was met with positive reception upon its release . Carl Williott of Idolator gave the track a positive review , stating : `` Quite honestly it sounds more like a Zedd or Avicii offering than a Coldplay one , and it 's certainly the loudest and most joyful cut we 've heard from the album so far '' . Melinda Newman of HitFix had similar thoughts , calling the song `` the most commercial and dance - y track so far '' from the album . Chris De Ville of Stereogum gave `` A Sky Full of Stars '' an overwhelmingly positive comment , stating that the song is `` the most energetic and classically Coldplay song we 've heard from the album so far '' . Chris Martins of Spin magazine also commented relatively positively , writing that `` The big - tent EDM offering is pretty satisfying in all of the ways that those things are '' . Consequence of Sound 's wrote the song `` starts off as a heartfelt piano ballad before flourishes of pounding electronics take over the chorus '' and noted that it `` falls in line with the synth - heavy soundscapes of ' Midnight ' , but with more danceable flavor . '' Zane Lowe of BBC Radio 1 named the track his ' Hottest Record ' for 29 April 2014 . However , a negative review came from Carolyn Menyes of Music Times who criticized the song for `` lack ( ing ) a personality or heart , something that the best Coldplay songs are chock full of . '' Josh Modell of The A.V. Club panned it as a `` blatantly pandering , album - interrupting , mood - f * cking - up ( track ) which is destined to be a hit and also instantly dated . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Within 24 hours of its iTunes release , the track had sold 121,690 units worldwide , peaking at number one in 86 countries on the iTunes Store Charts . As of July 2014 , the song reached the Top 10 of nearly every country it charted in , including the bands ' homeland country , the United Kingdom where it reached number 9 on UK Singles Chart . The single enjoyed massive commercial success in Australia and New Zealand . In Australia , the song reached number two on the ARIA Charts , their highest - charting single since 2008 's `` Viva La Vida '' , and became one of their three highest - charting singles in the country . In New Zealand , the song reached number two on New Zealand Singles Chart , becoming the band 's highest - charting single to date and their fifth top - ten single in the country . On the issue dated 21 May 2014 , the song reached number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 , making it their third top 10 hit and first since their number - one single `` Viva la Vida '' in 2008 . It also became their first number - one single on the Billboard Hot Rock Songs chart . `` A Sky Full of Stars '' was the band 's second number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart . The song has sold over a million digital copies in the U.S. as of November 2014 . Music video ( edit ) The official music video was directed by Mat Whitecross and the shooting took place on King Street in the inner Sydney suburb of Newtown , on 17 June 2014 . It was released on 19 June 2014 . At the beginning of the video , Coldplay 's lead singer , Chris Martin , walks through Sydney 's streets dressed as a one - man band , singing the first verse of the song . Then he reaches the other members of the band ( also dressed as one - man bands ) and , together , they play the instrumental refrain . Martin is then seen walking through the street , without the other members , while he sings the second verse . At the end of the video the band reunites in a square , singing and playing the final part of the song with a crowd of fans . While Martin is singing the final part , many paper - made stars are blown into the square . An alternate music video leaked onto the internet in late 2014 . No further information was given about it . However , snippets from the alternate video can be seen in the first video , playing on the TVs in a shop 's showcase , proving the former video is a scrapped version . Live performances ( edit ) View of the stage at Wembley Stadium , as Coldplay perform `` A Sky Full of Stars '' during a concert on their A Head Full of Dreams Tour . `` A Sky Full of Stars '' was first played in closed - audience performances . The band , when performing the song before the release of the `` A Sky Full of Stars '' single , would routinely ask the audience not to record their performance of the song , in an attempt to prevent the song from leaking ahead of its release . Despite their intentions , the song was leaked after their performance of the song during the opening night of their Ghost Stories Promotional Tour at E-Werk in Cologne , Germany on 25 April 2014 . The song was premiered live on the 29 April 2014 airing of BBC Two music television show Later ... with Jools Holland . The band then performed the song on Saturday Night Live on 3 May 2014 . The band also performed the song on The Graham Norton Show , in the UK , on 30 May 2014 . The song was also played during the 3 - Point Shootout of the 2015 NBA All - Star Game weekend . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Chris Martin , Jonny Buckland , Guy Berryman , and Will Champion , except `` A Sky Full of Stars '' ( co-written with Avicii ) . Digital download -- EP No . Title Length 1 . `` A Sky Full of Stars '' ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 56 2 . `` All Your Friends '' 3 : 32 3 . `` Ghost Story '' 4 : 17 4 . `` O ( Reprise ) '' 1 : 37 Total length : 13 : 22 show Digital download -- Hardwell Remix No . Title Length 1 . `` A Sky Full of Stars '' ( Hardwell Remix ) 5 : 13 show CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` A Sky Full of Stars '' 4 : 28 2 . `` Midnight '' ( Phones 4AM Remix ) 10 : 56 3 . `` Midnight '' ( Henrik Schwarz Remix ) 8 : 42 4 . `` Midnight '' ( Jon Hopkins Remix ) 10 : 06 Total length : 34 : 12 Personnel ( edit ) Adapted from Ghost Stories liner notes . Coldplay Chris Martin - lead vocals , acoustic guitar Jonny Buckland - lead guitar Guy Berryman - bass guitar Will Champion - drums , backing vocals , programming Additional musicians Avicii -- piano , keyboards Technical personnel Avicii -- production Paul Epworth -- production Rik Simpson -- production Daniel Green -- production Artistic personnel Mila Fürstová -- artwork Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 11 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Flanders ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 52 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada Rock ( Billboard ) 38 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 20 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Denmark Airplay ( Tracklisten ) Estonia ( Uuno Top 25 ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Iceland ( RÚV ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 15 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Poland ( Dance Top 50 ) 25 Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 9 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 5 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Africa ( EMA ) 5 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 11 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 13 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 54 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 58 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 33 Israel ( Media Forest ) 9 Italy ( FIMI ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 47 Poland ( ZPAV ) 22 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 51 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) 10 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 34 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 17 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 20 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 42 US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) 14 Chart ( 2015 ) Position Italy ( FIMI ) 83 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 41 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 27 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 240,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 90,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 75,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 5 × Platinum 150,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Platinum 60,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 2 × Platinum 50,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 352,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 2,600,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 8,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Belgium 2 May 2014 Digital download Warner Canada France Germany Ireland Parlophone Luxembourg Warner Netherlands New Zealand Spain Switzerland United Kingdom Parlophone United States Atlantic Italy 8 May 2014 Contemporary hit radio Warner United States 27 May 2014 Adult album alternative radio Atlantic 5 June 2014 Contemporary hit radio Germany 20 June 2014 Compact disc Warner United States 14 July 2014 Digital download ( Hardwell remix ) FFRR Japan 4 September 2014 Digital download Parlophone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Martins , Chris . `` Hear Coldplay and Avicii 's ' A Sky Full of Stars ' '' . Spin . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bertok , Nina ( 19 May 2014 ) . `` Coldplay -- Ghost Stories '' . musicOMH . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Blast Magazine - Ghost Stories review '' . 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kristobak , Ryan . `` Coldplay 's ' A Sky Full Of Stars ' Teams The Band With Avicii '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Coldplay ( 2014 - 08 - 17 ) . `` Coldplay `` A Sky Full of Stars '' Sheet Music - Download & Print `` . M.musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Terry , Josh . `` Listen : Coldplay 's new song `` A Sky Full Of Stars '' , produced by Avicii `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( 18 November 2014 ) . `` Chris Martin : Nirvana , Katy Perry , EDM Inspired ' Sky Full of Stars ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay 's Chris Martin : ' I 'll never write lyrics like Jay Z or Morrissey ' '' . NME . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Sky Full Of Stars available to download '' . Coldplay.com. 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Sky Full Of Stars '' . Spotify . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay : A Sky Full of Stars '' . Google Play . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Fürstová , Mila . `` My Secret Year with COLDPLAY '' . Mila Fürstová Etching . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Pantovich , Mila . `` Buy Acclaimed Czech Artist Mila Fürstová 's Incredible Etchings For Coldplay 's Ghost Stories Album '' . Lifestyle . Just Luxe . Retrieved 3 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Williott , Carl . `` Coldplay 's `` A Sky Full Of Stars '' : Hear The Massive Second Single From ' Ghost Stories ' `` . Idolator . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda ( 29 April 2014 ) . `` Coldplay reveals new song , ' A Sky Full of Stars , ' and love for One Direction '' . HitFix . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ De Ville , Chris . `` Coldplay -- `` A Sky Full Of Stars '' `` . Stereogum . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Terry , Josh ( 29 April 2014 ) . `` Listen : Coldplay 's new song `` A Sky Full Of Stars '' , produced by Avicii `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay - A Sky Full Of Stars '' . BBC Radio 1 . BBC . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Menyes , Carolyn ( 29 April 2014 ) . `` Genres Rock REVIEW : Coldplay new single ' A Sky Full Of Stars ' falls flat despite Avicii 's glitzy production ( LISTEN ) '' . Music Times . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Modell , Josh ( 19 May 2014 ) . `` Coldplay goes quiet on Ghost Stories , with one terrible , notable exception '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Selling iTunes Artists within last 24 hours '' . Kings of A&R . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 - 07 - 12 Top 40 Official Singles Chart UK Archive - Official Charts '' . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Justice Crew 's EIGHTH week at the top '' . ARIA Charts. 29 June 2014 . Retrieved 25 Dec 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chartifacts Tuesday 1st July 2014 '' . ARIA Charts. 1 July 2014 . Retrieved 25 Dec 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Search for : Coldplay '' . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ. 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay - A Sky Full of Stars '' . charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Michael Jackson , Coldplay Hit Hot 100 's Top 10 ; John Legend Still No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance Club Songs '' . Billboard. 12 July 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Grein ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : ' Shake It Off ' Back On Top '' . Yahoo ! Music ( Chart Watch ) . Jump up ^ `` Video for new Coldplay single stars King St in Newtown and 250 extras '' . News Local Inner West . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Vimeo . The alternate video . Jump up ^ Youtube . A Sky Full of Stars official video , at the reported point Jump up ^ Sparky . `` Coldplay perform two shows in front of delighted German fans ! ( Mega review ) '' . Coldplaying.com . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay due to perform on Jools Holland ( April 29th ) & flashbacks to previous shows ! '' . Coldplaying.com. 11 April 2014 . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Williott , Carl ( 3 May 2014 ) . `` Coldplay Perform `` Magic '' & `` A Sky Full Of Stars '' On ' Saturday Night Live ' : Watch - Music News , Reviews , and Gossip on Idolator.com `` . Idolator . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay : News - A Sky Full Of Stars EP announced '' . coldplay.com . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Sky Full Of Stars : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Coldplay ( 2014 ) . Ghost Stories ( Digital download ) . Parlophone . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop Dance . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' ( in French ) . Ultratop Dance . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Billboard Brasil - weekly '' . Billboard Brasil. 27 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Canada Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 2014110 into search . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201427 into search . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars Hitlisten.nu '' ( in Danish ) . Tracklisten . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Uuno Top 25 '' . Retrieved 7 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Coldplay . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay : A Sky Full Of Stars '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 28 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 18 ( dal 28 - 04 - 2014 al 04 - 05 - 2014 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Archived from the original on 10 May 2014 . Retrieved 10 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 - Coldplay chart history '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs - May 17 , 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Ingles Airplay '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Coldplay '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Dance Top 50 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs - May 17 , 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201430 into search . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201429 into search . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2014 - 08 - 12 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coldplay Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2014 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` סיכום 2014 בהשמעות רדיו : `` מסתובב '' , אריק איינשטיין ופאר טסי `` . Mako.co.il. 2009 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI - Classifiche Annuali 2014 `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' FIMI - GfK : un anno di musica italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Archived from the original on 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Utwory , których słuchaliśmy w radiu -- Airplay 2014 '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2014 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dance / Electronic Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Alternative Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dance / Mix Show Airplay Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Airplay Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2015 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs -- Year - End 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Coldplay in the field Interpret . Enter A Sky Full of Stars in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2016 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' . Music Canada . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer ifpi.dk '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Coldplay ; ' A Sky Full of Stars ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Type Coldplay in the box under the ARTISTA column heading and A Sky Full Of Stars in the box under TÍTULO Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter ' in the field `` Year '' . Select ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Coldplay ; ' A Sky Full of Stars ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter A Sky Full of Stars in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 6 February 2016 ) . `` Coldplay 's Official Top 20 biggest selling songs revealed ! '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - Coldplay - A Sky Full of Stars '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Streaming - Semana 41 : del 06.10. 2014 al 12.10. 2014 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Sky Full Of Stars ( 2014 ) '' ( in French ) . 7digital ( BE ) . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Sky Full Of Stars ( 2014 ) '' . 7digital ( CA ) . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Sky Full Of Stars ( 2014 ) '' ( in French ) . 7digital ( FR ) . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Sky Full Of Stars ( 2014 ) '' ( in German ) . 7digital ( DE ) . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Sky Full Of Stars ( 2014 ) '' . 7digital ( IE ) . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Sky Full Of Stars ( 2014 ) '' ( in French ) . 7digital ( LU ) . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Sky Full Of Stars ( 2014 ) '' ( in Dutch ) . 7digital ( NL ) . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Sky Full Of Stars ( 2014 ) '' . 7digital ( NZ ) . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Sky Full Of Stars ( 2014 ) '' ( in Spanish ) . 7digital ( ES ) . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Sky Full Of Stars ( 2014 ) '' ( in German ) . 7digital ( CH ) . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Sky Full Of Stars ( 2014 ) '' . 7digital ( UK ) . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Sky Full Of Stars ( 2014 ) '' . 7digital ( US ) . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Recine , Massimo . `` Coldplay -- A Sky Full of Stars ( Warner ) '' ( in Italian ) . Radio Airplay SRL . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Triple A > Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on 22 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Mainstream > Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on 31 May 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Sky Full of Stars '' ( in German ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Sky Full Of Stars ( Hardwell Remix ) ( FFRR ) '' . Beatport . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) `` A Sky Full of Stars '' Official music video on YouTube `` A Sky Full of Stars '' ( Alternative version ) on Vimeo `` A Sky Full of Stars '' ( Live ) on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Official website Coldplay songs Parachutes `` Do n't Panic '' `` Shiver '' `` Yellow '' `` Trouble '' A Rush of Blood to the Head `` In My Place '' `` God Put a Smile upon Your Face '' `` The Scientist '' `` Clocks '' Coldplay Live 2003 `` Moses '' X&Y `` White Shadows '' `` Fix You '' `` Talk '' `` Speed of Sound '' `` The Hardest Part '' Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends `` Life in Technicolor '' `` Cemeteries of London '' `` Lost ! '' `` 42 '' `` Lovers in Japan '' `` Yes '' `` Viva la Vida '' `` Violet Hill '' `` Strawberry Swing '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Prospekt 's March `` Life in Technicolor II '' `` Glass of Water '' `` Prospekt 's March / Poppyfields '' Mylo Xyloto `` Hurts Like Heaven '' `` Paradise '' `` Charlie Brown '' `` Every Teardrop Is a Waterfall '' `` Major Minus '' `` U.F.O. '' `` Princess of China '' `` Up in Flames '' `` Up with the Birds '' Ghost Stories `` Always in My Head '' `` Magic '' `` Ink '' `` True Love '' `` Midnight '' `` Another 's Arms '' `` Oceans '' `` A Sky Full of Stars '' `` O '' `` Ghost Story '' `` O ( Reprise ) '' A Head Full of Dreams `` A Head Full of Dreams '' `` Birds '' `` Hymn for the Weekend '' `` Everglow '' `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' `` Fun '' `` Up & Up '' Kaleidoscope EP `` All I Can Think About Is You '' `` Miracles ( Someone Special ) '' `` Aliens '' `` Something Just like This '' `` Hypnotised '' Other songs `` Brothers & Sisters '' `` Gravity '' `` Lhuna '' `` Christmas Lights '' `` Moving to Mars '' `` Atlas '' `` Miracles '' Book Avicii Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums True Stories Extended plays The Days / Nights EP Pure Grinding / For a Better Day Avīci ( 01 ) Singles `` My Feelings for You '' `` Seek Bromance '' `` Street Dancer '' `` Blessed '' `` Fade into Darkness '' `` Levels '' `` Collide '' `` Silhouettes '' `` Superlove '' `` Dancing in My Head '' `` I Could Be the One '' `` X You '' `` We Write the Story '' `` Wake Me Up '' `` You Make Me '' `` Hey Brother '' `` Addicted to You '' `` Lay Me Down '' `` The Days '' `` The Nights '' `` Waiting for Love '' `` For a Better Day '' `` Pure Grinding '' `` Broken Arrows '' `` Taste the Feeling '' `` Feeling Good '' `` Without You '' `` Lonely Together '' Featured singles `` Divine Sorrow '' `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' Other songs `` Sunshine '' `` Hope There 's Someone '' `` So Much Better '' Concert tours Stories World Tour Film Avicii : True Stories Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Sky_Full_of_Stars&oldid=850876497 '' Categories : 2014 songs 2014 singles Coldplay songs Parlophone singles Songs written by Chris Martin Songs written by Jonny Buckland Songs written by Guy Berryman Songs written by Will Champion Song recordings produced by Avicii Song recordings produced by Paul Epworth Song recordings produced by Rik Simpson Billboard Rock Songs number - one singles Songs written by Avicii Electronic dance music songs Number - one singles in Italy Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles 2014 EPs Coldplay EPs Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use dmy dates from April 2014 Use British English from April 2014 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Dance Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Wallonia Dance Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadarock Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Denmark Airplay Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Polishdance Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Монгол Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Tiếng Việt 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 July 2018 , at 15 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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where was a sky full of stars filmed
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"The official music video was directed by Mat Whitecross and the shooting took place on King Street in the inner Sydney suburb of Newtown, on 17 June 2014.[31] It was released on 19 June 2014.\n"
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"on King Street in the inner Sydney suburb of Newtown"
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The Wild Wild West
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The Wild Wild West - wikipedia The Wild Wild West Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1965 television series . For other uses , see Wild Wild West ( disambiguation ) . The Wild Wild West The Wild Wild West titlecard Genre Western Action Adventure Science Fiction Created by Michael Garrison Starring Robert Conrad Ross Martin Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 104 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 50 min . Production company ( s ) Michael Garrison Productions CBS Productions Distributor CBS Enterprises ( 1970 -- 1971 ) Viacom Enterprises ( 1971 -- 1995 ) Paramount Domestic Television ( 1995 -- 2006 ) CBS Paramount Domestic Television ( 2006 -- 2007 ) CBS Television Distribution ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network CBS Audio format Mono Original release September 17 , 1965 -- April 4 , 1969 Chronology Related shows Wild Wild West ( film ) The Wild Wild West is an American weird western television series that ran on the CBS television network for four seasons ( 104 episodes ) from September 17 , 1965 , to April 4 , 1969 . Two television movies were made with the original cast in 1979 and 1980 , and the series was adapted for a motion picture in 1999 . Developed at a time when the television western was losing ground to the spy genre , this show was conceived by its creator , Michael Garrison , as `` James Bond on horseback . '' Set during the administration of President Ulysses Grant ( 1869 -- 77 ) , the series followed Secret Service agents James West ( Robert Conrad ) and Artemus Gordon ( Ross Martin ) as they solved crimes , protected the President , and foiled the plans of megalomaniacal villains to take over all or part of the United States . The show featured a number of fantasy elements , such as the technologically advanced devices used by the agents and their adversaries . The combination of the Victorian era time - frame and the use of Verne-esque technology has inspired some to give the show credit as being one of the more `` visible '' origins of the steampunk subculture . These elements were accentuated even more in the 1999 movie adaptation . Despite high ratings , the series was cancelled near the end of its fourth season as a concession to Congress over television violence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Leads 2.2 Villains 2.3 Recurring characters 3 Production 3.1 Creation , writing and filming 3.2 Train 3.3 Gadgets 3.4 Theme music 3.5 Graphics 3.6 Dates given in series 4 Cancellation and syndication 5 Episodes 5.1 Episode list 5.2 TV movies 6 Home media 7 In other media 7.1 Books 7.2 Comics 7.3 Television 7.4 Soundtrack album 7.5 Motion picture 7.6 Contemporary merchandise 8 Revivals 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Ross Martin and Robert Conrad . The Wild Wild West told the story of two Secret Service agents : the fearless and handsome James T. West ( played by Robert Conrad ) , and Artemus Gordon ( played by Ross Martin ) , a brilliant gadgeteer and master of disguise . Their unending mission was to protect President Ulysses S. Grant and the United States from all manner of dangerous threats . The agents traveled in luxury aboard their own train , the Wanderer , equipped with everything from a stable car to a laboratory . James West had served as an intelligence and cavalry officer in the US Civil War on the staff of Ulysses Grant ; his `` cover , '' at least in the pilot episode , is that of `` a dandy , a high - roller from the East . '' Thereafter , however , there is no pretense , and his reputation as the foremost Secret Service agent often precedes him . According to the TV movies , West retires from the Service by 1880 and lives on a ranch in Mexico . Gordon , who was a captain in the Civil War , had also been in show business . When he retires in 1880 he returns to performing as the head of a Shakespeare traveling players troupe . The show incorporated classic Western elements with an espionage thriller , science fiction / alternate history ideas ( in a similar vein to what would later be called steampunk ) , in one case horror ( `` The Night of the Man Eating House '' ) and plenty of humor . In the tradition of James Bond , there were always beautiful women , clever gadgets , and delusional arch - enemies with half - insane plots to take over the country or the world . The title of each episode begins with `` The Night '' ( except for the first - season episode `` Night of the Casual Killer '' , which omitted the definite article `` The '' ) . This followed other idiosyncratic naming conventions established by shows like Rawhide , where each episode title began with `` Incident at '' or `` Incident of , '' and The Man from U.N.C.L.E. , where episodes were titled `` The ( Blank ) Affair . '' Characters ( edit ) Leads ( edit ) Ross Martin as Artemus Gordon ( with guest star Ann Elder ) . Robert Conrad starred as James West . Before The Wild Wild West , Conrad played private eye Tom Lopaka in ABC 's Hawaiian Eye for four seasons , 1959 - 63 . Conrad claimed to be the 17th actor to test for the role of James West . ( Rory Calhoun was initially announced for the part . ) Conrad performed nearly all of his own stunts on The Wild Wild West . `` For the first few episodes we tried stuntmen , '' Conrad explained , `` but the setup time slowed production down , so I volunteered . Things started moving quicker when I took the jumps and the spills . We started meeting the budget . '' Early on he was doubled by Louie Elias or Chuck O'Brien . On January 24 , 1968 , however , during filming of `` The Night of the Fugitives '' , Conrad fell 12 ft ( 3.7 m ) from a chandelier onto a concrete floor and suffered a concussion . As a result , production of the series ( then near the end of its third season ) ended two weeks early . Conrad spent weeks in the hospital , and had a long convalescence slowed by constant dizziness . The episode was eventually completed and aired during the fourth season , with footage of the fall left in . Conrad later told Percy Shain of the Boston Globe , `` I have the whole scene on film . It 's a constant reminder to be careful . It also bolstered my determination to make this my last year with the series . Four seasons are enough of this sort of thing . '' Artemus Gordon was played by Ross Martin . Prior to The Wild Wild West , Martin co-starred in the CBS series Mr. Lucky from 1959 to 1960 , portraying Mr. Lucky 's sidekick , Andamo . The series was created by Blake Edwards , who also cast Martin in his films Experiment in Terror ( 1962 ) and The Great Race ( 1964 ) . Martin once called his role as Artemus Gordon `` a show - off 's showcase '' because it allowed him to portray over 100 different characters during the course of the series , and perform dozens of different dialects . Martin sketched his ideas for his characterizations and worked with the makeup artists to execute the final look . Martin told Percy Shain of the Boston Globe , `` In the three years of the show , I have run a wider gamut than even those acknowledged masters of disguise , Paul Muni and Lon Chaney . Sometimes I feel like a one man repertory company . I think I 've proven to myself and to the industry that I am the No. 1 character lead in films today . '' The industry acknowledged Martin 's work with an Emmy nomination in 1969 . Martin broke his leg in a fourth - season episode , `` The Night of the Avaricious Actuary '' . He dropped a rifle , stepped on it , and his foot rolled over it . Martin told Percy Shain of the Boston Globe , `` In the scene where I was hurt , my stand - in tried to finish it . When the shell ejected from the rifle , it caught him in the eye and burned it . We still have n't finished that scene . It will have to wait until I can move around again . '' A few weeks later , after completing `` The Night of Fire and Brimstone '' , Martin suffered a heart attack on August 17 , 1968 . ( This was exactly two years after Michael Garrison died . ) Martin 's character was replaced temporarily by other agents played by Charles Aidman ( four episodes ) , Alan Hale , Jr. and William Schallert . Aidman said the producers had promised to rewrite the scripts for his new character , but this simply amounted to scratching out the name `` Artemus Gordon '' and penciling in `` Jeremy Pike '' ( his character 's name ) . Pat Paulsen is frequently thought of as a Martin substitute , but he in fact appeared in one of Aidman 's episodes , and his character would have been present even if Martin appeared . Villains ( edit ) Doctor Loveless and Voltaire . Ida Lupino as Doctor Faustina . The show 's most memorable recurring arch - villain was Dr. Miguelito Quixote Loveless , a brilliant but petulant and megalomaniacal dwarf portrayed by Michael Dunn . Like Professor Moriarty for Sherlock Holmes , Loveless provided West and Gordon with a worthy adversary , whose plans could be foiled but who resisted all attempts to capture him and bring him to justice . Initially he had two constant companions : the huge Voltaire , played by Richard Kiel ; and the beautiful Antoinette , played by Dunn 's real - life singing partner , Phoebe Dorin . Voltaire disappeared without explanation after his third episode ( although Richard Kiel returned in a different role in `` The Night of the Simian Terror '' ) , and Antoinette after her sixth . According to the TV movie The Wild Wild West Revisited , Loveless eventually dies in 1880 from ulcers , brought on by the frustration of having his plans consistently foiled by West and Gordon . ( His son , played by Paul Williams , subsequently seeks revenge on the agents . ) Though several actors appeared in multiple villainous roles , only one other character had a second encounter with West and Gordon : Count Manzeppi ( played flamboyantly by Victor Buono , who played another , different villain in the pilot ) , a diabolical genius of `` black magic '' and crime , who -- like Dr. Loveless -- had an escape plan at the end . ( Buono eventually returned in More Wild Wild West as `` Dr. Henry Messenger '' , a parody of Henry Kissinger , who ends up both handcuffed and turning invisible with the villainous Paradine . ) Agnes Moorehead won an Emmy for her role as Emma Valentine in `` The Night of The Vicious Valentine '' . Some of the other villains were portrayed by Leslie Nielsen , Martin Landau , Burgess Meredith , Boris Karloff , Ida Lupino , Carroll O'Connor , Ricardo Montalban , Robert Duvall , Ed Asner , and Harvey Korman . While the show 's writers created their fair share of villains , they frequently started with the nefarious , stylized inventions of these madmen ( or madwomen ) and then wrote the episodes to capitalize on these devices . Henry Sharp , the series ' story consultant , would sketch the preliminaries of the designs ( eccentrically numbering every sketch `` fig. 37 '' ) , and give the sketch to a writer , who would build a story around it . Episodes were also inspired by Edgar Allan Poe , H.G. Wells , and Jules Verne . Recurring characters ( edit ) Dr. Miguelito Quixote Loveless ( Michael Dunn ) : Ten episodes . The agents ' nemesis . Colonel Richmond ( Douglas Henderson ) Ten episodes . West and Gordon 's control officer in the Secret Service . President Ulysses S. Grant : Seven episodes . ( James Gregory in the pilot ; Roy Engel thereafter . ) Antoinette ( Phoebe Dorin ) : Six appearances . Loveless ' female companion , often seen playing a piano or string instrument and singing duet with Loveless . Jeremy Pike ( Charles Aidman ) : Four episodes . One of several agents paired with Jim during Artemus ' absence in the fourth season . Appears in the final Loveless episode , `` The Night of Miguelito 's Revenge . '' Tennyson ( Charles Davis ) : Three episodes . West 's butler / valet during the first season . Voltaire ( Richard Kiel ) : Three episodes . Loveless ' giant bodyguard . ( Kiel also played Dimos Buckley in `` The Night of the Simian Terror . '' ) Count Carlos Mario Vincenzo Robespierre Manzeppi ( Victor Buono ) : Two appearances . A master of dark magic and leader of a handpicked teams of assassins . ( Buono also played Juan Manolo in `` The Night of the Inferno , '' the first episode , and Henry Messenger in `` More Wild Wild West , '' the final production . ) Frank Harper ( William Schallert ) : Another agent who worked with Jim in the fourth season . He appears in the series ' only two - part episode , `` The Night of the Winged Terror . '' ( Schallert appeared in two other episodes as different characters . ) Production ( edit ) Creation , writing and filming ( edit ) In 1954 , Michael Garrison and Gregory Ratoff purchased the film rights to Ian Fleming 's first Bond novel , Casino Royale , for $600 . CBS bought the TV rights for $1,000 , and on October 21 , 1954 broadcast an hour - long adaptation on its Climax ! series , with Barry Nelson playing American agent ' Jimmy Bond ' and Peter Lorre playing the villain , Le Chiffre . CBS also approached Fleming about developing a Bond TV series . ( Fleming later contributed ideas to NBC 's The Man From U.N.C.L.E. ) In 1955 Ratoff and Garrison bought the rights to the novel in perpetuity for an additional $6,000 . They pitched the idea for a film to 20th Century Fox , but studio turned them down . After Ratoff died in 1960 , his widow and Garrison sold the film rights to Charles K. Feldman for $75,000 . Feldman eventually produced the spoof Casino Royale in 1967 . By then , Garrison and CBS had brought a James Bond to television in a unique way . The pilot episode , `` The Night of the Inferno '' , was produced by Garrison and , according to Robert Conrad , cost $685,000 . The episode was scripted by Gilbert Ralston , who had written for numerous episodic TV series in the 1950s and 1960s . In a later deposition , Ralston explained that he was approached by Michael Garrison , who `` said he had an idea for a series , good commercial idea , and wanted to know if I could glue the idea of a western hero and a James Bond type together in the same show . '' Ralston said he then created the Civil War characters , the format , the story outline and nine drafts of the pilot script that was the basis for the television series . It was his idea , for example , to have a secret agent named Jim West who would perform secret missions for President Ulysses S. Grant . ( Ralston later sued Warner Bros. over the 1999 motion picture Wild Wild West based on the series . ) As indicated by Robert Conrad on his DVD commentary , the show went through several changes in producers in its first season . This was apparently due to conflicts between the network and Garrison , who had no experience producing for television and had trouble staying on budget . At first , Ben Brady was named producer , but he was shifted to Rawhide , which had its own crisis when star Eric Fleming quit at the end of the 1964 - 65 season . ( That series lasted for another thirteen episodes before it was cancelled by CBS . ) The network then hired Collier Young . In an interview , Young said he saw the series as The Rogues set in 1870 . ( The Rogues , which he had produced , was about con men who swindled swindlers , much like the 1970s series Switch . ) Young also claimed to have added the wry second `` Wild '' to the series title , which had been simply `` The Wild West '' in its early stages of production . Young lasted three episodes ( 2 -- 4 ) . His shows featured a butler named Tennyson who traveled with West and Gordon , but since the episodes were not broadcast in production order , the character popped up at different times during the first season . Conrad was not sorry to see Young go : `` I do n't mind . All that guy did creatively was put the second ' wild ' in the title . CBS did the right thing . '' Michael Dunn as Doctor Loveless . Young 's replacement , Fred Freiberger , returned the series to its original concept . It was on his watch that writer John Kneubuhl , inspired by a magazine article on Michael Dunn , created the arch - villain Dr. Miguelito Loveless . Phoebe Dorin , who played Loveless ' assistant , Antoinette , recalled : `` Michael Garrison came to see ( our ) nightclub act when he was in New York . Garrison said to himself , ' Michael Dunn would make the most extraordinary villain . People have never seen anything like him before , and he 's a fabulous little actor and he 's funny as hell . ' And , Garrison felt , if Michael Dunn sang on every show , with the girl , it would be an extraordinary running villain . He came backstage and he told us who he was and he said he was going to do a television show called The Wild Wild West and we would be called . We thought , ' Yeah , yeah , we 've heard all that before . ' But he did call us and the show was a fantastic success . And that 's how it started , because he saw the nightclub act . '' Loveless was introduced in the show 's sixth produced , but third televised episode , `` The Night the Wizard Shook The Earth . '' The character became an immediate hit and Dunn was contracted to appear in four episodes per season . Because of health problems , Dunn could only appear in 10 episodes instead of 16 . After ten episodes ( 5 -- 14 ) , Freiberger and executive producer Michael Garrison were , according to Variety , `` unceremoniously dumped , '' reputedly due to a behind - the - scenes power struggle . Garrison was replaced by Phillip Leacock , the executive producer of Gunsmoke , and Frieberger was supplanted by John Mantley , an associate producer on Gunsmoke . The exchange stunned both cast and crew . Garrison , who owned 40 % of The Wild Wild West , knew nothing about the changes and had n't been consulted . He turned the matter over to his attorneys . Freiberger said , `` I was fired for accomplishing what I had been hired to do . I was hired to pull the show together when it was in chaos . '' Conrad said , `` I was totally shocked by it . Let 's face it , the show is healthy . I think Fred Freiberger is totally correct in his concept of the show . It 's an administrative change , for what reason I do n't know . '' Mantley produced seven ( 15 -- 21 ) episodes then returned to his former position on Gunsmoke , and Gene L. Coon took over as associate producer . By then , Garrison 's conflict with CBS was resolved and he returned to the executive producer role . Coon , however , left after six episodes ( 22 -- 27 ) to write First to Fight ( 1967 ) , a Warner Bros. film about the Marines . Garrison produced the last episode of season one and the initial episodes of season two . Garrison 's return was much to the relief of Ross Martin , who once revealed that he was so disenchanted during the first season that he tried to quit three times . He explained that Garrison `` saw the show as a Bond spoof laid in 1870 , and we all knew where we stood . Each new producer tried to put his stamp on the show and I had a terrible struggle . I fought them line by line in every script . They knew they could n't change the James West role very much , but it was open season on Artemus Gordon because they had never seen anything like him before . '' On August 17 , 1966 , however , during production of the new season 's ninth episode , `` The Night of the Ready - Made Corpse '' , Garrison fell down a flight of stairs in his home , fractured his skull , and died . CBS brought in Bruce Lansbury , brother of actress Angela Lansbury , to produce the show for the remainder of its run . In the early 1960s Lansbury had been in charge of daytime shows at CBS Television City in Hollywood , then vice president of programming in New York . When he was tapped for The Wild Wild West , Lansbury was working with his twin brother , Edgar , producing legitimate theater on Broadway . The first season 's episodes were filmed in black and white , and they were darker in tone . Cinematographer Ted Voightlander was nominated for an Emmy Award for his work on one of these episodes , `` The Night of the Howling Light . '' Subsequent seasons were filmed in color , and the show became noticeably campier . The Wild Wild West was filmed at CBS Studio Center on Radford Avenue in Studio City in the San Fernando Valley . The 70 - acre lot was formerly the home of Republic Studios , which specialized in low - budget films including Westerns starring Roy Rogers and Gene Autry and Saturday morning serials ( which The Wild Wild West appropriately echoed ) . CBS had a wall - to - wall lease on the lot starting in May 1963 , and produced Gunsmoke and Rawhide there , as well as Gilligan 's Island . The network bought the lot from Republic in February 1967 , for $9.5 million . Beginning in 1971 , MTM Enterprises ( headed by actress Mary Tyler Moore and her then - husband , Grant Tinker ) became the Studio Center 's primary tenant . In the mid-1980s the western streets and sets were replaced with new sound stages and urban facades , including the New York streets seen in Seinfeld . In 1995 the lagoon set that was originally constructed for Gilligan 's Island was paved over to create a parking lot . Among iconic locations used for filming were Bronson Canyon ( `` Night of the Returning Dead '' S02E05 ) and Vasquez Rocks ( `` Night of the Cadre '' S02E26 ) . Train ( edit ) Robert Conrad as James T. West and the train from the pilot episode For the pilot episode , `` The Night of the Inferno '' , the producers used Sierra Railroad No. 3 , a 4 - 6 - 0 locomotive that was , fittingly , an anachronism : Sierra No. 3 was built in 1891 , fifteen to twenty years after the series was set . Footage of this train , with a 5 replacing the 3 on its number plate , was shot in Jamestown , California . Best known for its role as the Hooterville Cannonball in the CBS series Petticoat Junction , Sierra No. 3 probably appeared in more films and TV shows than any other locomotive in history . It was built by the Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works in Paterson , New Jersey . When The Wild Wild West went into series production , however , an entirely different train was employed . The locomotive , a 4 - 4 - 0 named the Inyo , was built in 1875 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia . Originally a wood - burner , the Inyo was converted to oil in 1910 . The Inyo , as well as the express car and the passenger car , originally served the Virginia and Truckee Railroad in Nevada . They were among V&T cars sold to Paramount Pictures in 1937 -- 38 . The Inyo appears in numerous films including High , Wide , and Handsome ( 1938 ) , Union Pacific ( 1939 ) , The Marx Brothers ' Go West ( 1940 ) , Meet Me in St. Louis , ( 1944 ) , Red River ( 1948 ) , Disney 's The Great Locomotive Chase ( 1956 ) and McLintock ! ( 1963 ) . For The Wild Wild West , Inyo 's original number plate was temporarily changed from No. 22 to No. 8 so the train footage could be flopped horizontally without the number appearing reversed . Footage of the Inyo in motion and idling was shot around Menifee , California , and reused in virtually every episode . ( Stock footage of Sierra No. 3 occasionally resurfaced as well . ) These trains were used only for exterior shots . The luxurious interior of the passenger car was constructed on Stage 6 at CBS Studio Center . ( Neither Stage 6 or the western streets still exist . ) Designed by art director Albert Heschong , the set reportedly cost $35,000 in 1965 ( approximately $250,000 in 2011 dollars ) . The interior was redesigned when the show switched to color for the 1966 - 67 season . The train interior was also used in at least one episode of Gunsmoke ( `` Death Train , '' aired January 27 , 1967 ) , and in at least two episodes of The Big Valley ( `` Last Train to the Fair , '' aired April 27 , 1966 , and `` Days of Wrath , '' aired January 8 , 1968 ) . All three series were filmed at CBS Studio Center and shared other exterior and interior sets . Additionally , the interior was used for an episode of Get Smart ( `` The King Lives ? '' , aired January 6 , 1968 ) and the short - lived Barbary Coast ( `` Funny Money , '' aired September 8 , 1975 ) . After her run on The Wild Wild West , the Inyo participated in the Golden Spike Centennial at Promontory , Utah , in 1969 . The following year it appeared as a replica of the Central Pacific 's `` Jupiter '' locomotive at the Golden Spike National Historical Site . The State of Nevada purchased the Inyo in 1974 ; it was restored to 1895 vintage , including a wider smoke stack and a new pilot ( cow catcher ) without a drop coupler . The Inyo is still operational and displayed at the Nevada State Railroad Museum in Carson City . The express car ( No. 21 ) and passenger car ( No. 4 ) are also at the museum . Another veteran V&T locomotive , the Reno ( built in 1872 by Baldwin ) , was used in the two The Wild Wild West TV movies . The Reno , which resembles the Inyo , is located at Old Tucson Studios . The 1999 Wild Wild West motion picture used the Baltimore & Ohio 4 - 4 - 0 No. 25 , one of the oldest operating steam locomotives in the U.S. Built in 1856 at the Mason Machine Works in Taunton , Massachusetts , it was later renamed The William Mason in honor of its manufacturer . For its role as `` The Wanderer '' in the motion picture , the engine was sent to the steam shops at the Strasburg Railroad for restoration and repainting . The locomotive is brought out for the B&O Train Museum in Baltimore 's `` Steam Days '' . The Inyo and The William Mason both appeared in the Disney film The Great Locomotive Chase ( 1956 ) . Gadgets ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Wild Wild West featured numerous , often anachronistic , gadgets . Some were recurring devices , such as James ' sleeve gun or breakaway derringer hidden in his left and right boot heels . Others appeared in only a single episode . Most of these gadgets are concealed in West 's garments : Sleeve gun ( a Remington Double Derringer ) , featured in many episodes as an unexpected concealed carry alternative to his openly carried full - sized revolver . In a few episodes , the ejecting arm of the device dispensed other useful gadgets , such as a tiny squirt - can containing acid , iron climbing - claws , and various blades . A breakaway Remington Derringer . Usually the frame ( handle and trigger mechanism ) was located in one hollowed - out boot heel , while the double - barrel assembly was located in the other heel ; the two pieces snapped together and locked . Bullets were dispensed from a secret compartment in his belt - buckle , or the chambers were preloaded . A breakaway blowtorch , hidden in the hollowed - out boot heels . ( `` The Night of the Raven '' ) Lock - pick or passkey concealed under the lapel of the bolero - style jacket . Throwing knife concealed in a pocket inside the back of the jacket . Various explosive devices ( i.e. smoke bombs , impact flares , gas grenades , anti-lock key , explosive putty etc . ) carried in his jacket pockets , belt buckle , hat , a secret compartment in his holster , and the hollowed - out heels of one or both boots . Various lengths and types of fuses were sewn into the hem of his jacket or the waistband of his pants . A flat metal barbed climbing - spike ( piton ) , with an attached cord , cable or wire . The piton fit the muzzle of either his derringer or revolver and was fired into a wooden beam or wall . West would then use a pulley with a handle to zip - line above obstacles . The equipment was usually carried in his jacket 's many inside pockets . A small , hand - held motor - driven winch . When used in conjunction with the piton and wire , the winch could either hoist him upwards , to a building 's roof for instance , or lower him into a pit . A thin , telescopic probing rod ( similar to a long modern - day car antenna ) . When extended fully , West could probe approximately ten feet around him . He used this to probe and trigger traps in the Secret Service training room depicted in `` The Night of the Janus '' . A spring - loaded , swing - out knife blade ( switchblade ) beneath the toe - box of his boot . A glass cutter with a suction cup . A cutting arm rotated to score the glass in a complete circle and the suction cup was used to remove the cut piece . ( `` The Night of the Camera '' ) A thin but strong wire , coiled and fitted in the inner lining of the crown of his hat ; the wire had multiple uses , and was even capable of sawing through a steel bar . Knockout gas in a clay pipe . A battery - powered ( or spring - driven ) electric drill , that in one episode was roughly the size of a large avocado and used to assist West 's escape from a metal cage . West 's saddle horn was booby - trapped with a dynamite bullet shell . ( `` The Night of the Returning Dead '' ) Aboard the train : A mobile telegraph set concealed in a false book set on desk . Two pistols on a wooden swivel - stand on desk , activated and controlled by a knob on the fireplace . The fireplace concealed a secret escape door and an emergency flare signal ; also had side shelves for chemicals and a primitive phone mouthpiece for communication with the engine . Several pistols , rifles , shotguns , and other assorted weaponry were mounted on a concealed pull - down panel on the train . A sliding closet located in the same area contained his clothes and other useful paraphernalia . - Clockwork - powered lock - picking device used by Artie A shotgun hidden under a revolving table - top . Cages for two carrier pigeons . In the pilot episode , the pigeons ( named Henry and Henrietta ) were located in a compartment above the door in the same room where West usually dressed and equipped himself . In subsequent episodes the carrier pigeons were usually located in a compartment above the fireplace . Decorative lion heads that spew knockout gas when triggered . ( `` The Night of the Big Blackmail '' ) A toy train set along with life - sized cutouts of West 's and Gordon 's heads . ( `` The Night of the Big Blackmail '' ) Elastic wire in watch . ( `` The Night of the Poisonous Posey '' ) A surprise joke snake in the cigar humidor ( `` The Night of the Iron Fist '' ) Other gadgets : An exploding pocket watch . Exploding billiard balls ( the cue ball in the series ' pilot episode , but sometimes other balls as well ) . Cue stick with a rapier hidden inside . ( `` The Night of the Inferno '' ( pilot episode ) ) Cue stick that fires a bullet . ( `` The Night of the Inferno '' ( pilot episode ) ) Stage coach with ejector - seat . ( `` The Night the Wizard Shook the Earth '' ) A telegraph mechanism in a cane . A blow torch disguised as a cigar . Rubber mask disguises ( similar to Mission Impossible ) for both heroes and villains . A net - throwing bazooka . ( `` The Night of the Big Blast '' ) Gas mask . ( `` The Night of the Bottomless Pit '' ) A cane that expels smoke . ( `` The Night of the Bottomless Pit '' ) Knockout gas in an apple . ( `` The Night of the Brain '' ) Knockout gas in a balloon . ( `` The Night Dr Loveless Died '' ) Bulletproof vest . ( `` The Night of the Glowing Corpse '' , `` The Night Dr Loveless Died '' ) The villains often used equally creative gadgets , including : A device to trigger earthquakes . ( `` The Night of the Human Trigger '' ) Brainwashing techniques using intense light and sound . A cyborg . ( `` The Night of the Steel Assassin '' ) An early flamethrower . ( `` The Night of the Circus of Death '' ) Life - sized steam - powered puppets . ( `` The Night of the Puppeteer '' ) Jars that preserved disembodied human brains to draw upon their knowledge and psychic force . The Juggernaut , a steam - powered , wedge - shaped tank with a battering ram . ( `` The Night of the Juggernaut '' ) A potion , made from liquefied diamonds , which enabled a man to move so fast as to be invisible . ( `` The Night of the Burning Diamond '' ) An LSD - like hallucinogen , capable of driving men into fits of killing madness . ( `` The Night of the Murderous Spring '' ) A cathode - ray tube ( television ) . A torpedo disguised as a dragon capable of homing on a radio signal . ( `` The Night of the Watery Death '' ) A force - field that disintegrates anything that comes in contact with it . ( `` The Night of the Watery Death '' ) A drug capable of shrinking a man down to a height of six inches . ( `` The Night of the Raven '' ) A exoskeleton suit of armor . ( `` The Night of the Green Terror '' ) A device that triggers tidal waves . ( `` The Night of the Deadly Bubble '' ) A sonic device that allowed paintings to be used as portals to other dimensions . ( `` The Night of the Surreal McCoy '' ) Crystals that , when surgically implanted inside the brain and shattered by a high - pitched noise , caused the subject to turn into a criminal . A giant falcon - shaped cannon , capable of devastating a small town with a single shot . A giant tuning fork that created destructive sound waves . ( `` The Night of the Avaricious Actuary '' ) A locomotive modified with a large battering ram to collide with oncoming trains and derail them . Reanimated human corpses ( similar to Frankenstein 's monster ) turned into human bombs . ( `` The Night of the Big Blast '' ) A steam - powered revolving blade . ( `` The Night of the Big Blackmail '' ) A pair of large metal hands with a deadly electric field . ( `` The Night of the Eccentrics '' ) A large live - action periscope for spying . ( `` The Night of the Eccentrics '' ) A flying `` pie plate '' ( balloon filled with flares ) . ( `` The Night of the Flying Pie Plate '' ) Knock - out gas masks . ( `` The Night of the Flying Pie Plate '' ) Bomb gavel . ( `` The Night of the Poisonous Posey '' ) Poison - tipped diamond . ( `` The Night of the Poisonous Posey '' ) Revolving gun organ pipes . ( `` The Night of the Poisonous Posey '' ) A robot suit of medieval armor . ( `` The Night of the Green Terror '' ) Explosive glass bulbs . ( `` The Night of the Green Terror '' ) Explosive mace head . ( `` The Night of the Green Terror '' ) Balloon - borne powder which sets forest fires . ( `` The Night of the Green Terror '' ) A computer dating machine . ( `` The Night of the Vicious Valentine '' ) A backwards firing pistol . ( `` The Night of the Brain '' ; `` The Night of the Bogus Bandits '' ; `` The Night of the Winged Terror Part 1 '' ) Phosgene gas . ( `` The Night Dr Loveless Died '' ) Androids . ( `` The Night of Miguelito 's Revenge '' ) Theme music ( edit ) The main title theme was written by Richard Markowitz , who previously composed the theme for the TV series The Rebel . He was brought in after the producers rejected two attempts by film composer Dimitri Tiomkin . In an interview by Susan Kesler ( for her book , The Wild Wild West : The Series ) included in the first season DVD boxed set , Markowitz recalled that the original Tiomkin theme `` was very , kind of , traditional , it just seemed wrong . '' Markowitz explained his own approach : `` By combining jazz with Americana , I think that 's what nailed it . That took it away from the serious kind of thing that Tiomkin was trying to do ... What I did essentially was write two themes : the rhythmic , contemporary theme , Fender bass and brushes , that vamp , for the cartoon effects and for West 's getting himself out of trouble , and the heraldic western outdoor theme over that , so that the two worked together . '' Session musicians who played on the theme were Tommy Morgan ( harmonica ) ; Bud Shank , Ronnie Lang , Plas Johnson , and Gene Cipriano ( woodwinds ) ; Vince DeRosa and Henry Sigismonti ( French Horns ) ; Uan Rasey , Ollie Mitchell , and Tony Terran ( trumpets ) ; Dick Nash , Lloyd Ulyate , Chauncey Welsch , Kenny Shroyer ( trombones ) . Tommy Tedesco and Bill Pitman ( guitars ) ; Carol Kaye ( Fender bass ) ; Joe Porcaro ( brushes ) ; Gene Estes , Larry Bunker , and Emil Richards ( timpani , percussion ) . Markowitz , however , was never credited for his theme in any episode ; it is believed that this was due to legal difficulties between CBS and Tiomkin over the rejection of the latter 's work . Markowitz did receive `` music composed and conducted by '' credits for episodes he 'd scored ( such as `` The Night of the Bars of Hell '' and `` The Night of the Raven '' ) or where he supplied the majority of tracked - in cues ( for example in `` The Night of the Grand Emir '' and `` The Night of the Gypsy Peril '' ) . He finally received `` theme by '' credit on both of the TV movies , which were scored by Jeff Alexander rather than Markowitz ( few personnel from the series were involved with the TV movies ) . Graphics ( edit ) The animated title sequence was another unique element of the series . Created by Michael Garrison Productions and DePatie - Freleng Enterprises , it was directed by Isadore `` Friz '' Freleng and animated by Ken Mundie , who designed the titles for the film The Great Race and the TV series Secret Agent , Rawhide , and Death Valley Days . The screen was divided into four corner panels surrounding a narrow central panel that contained a cartoon `` hero '' . The Hero , who looked more like a traditional cowboy than either West or Gordon , encounters cliché western characters and situations in each of the panels . In the three seasons shot in color , the overall backdrop was an abstracted wash of the flag of the United States , with the upper left panel colored blue and the others containing horizontal red stripes . The original animation sequence is : The Hero strikes a match , lights a cigar , and begins walking in profile to the right . Behind the Hero , in the lower left panel , a robber backs out of a bank ; the Hero subdues him with a karate chop to the back . In the upper right panel , a cardsharp tries to pull an ace of spades from his boot , but the Hero draws his gun and the cardsharp drops the ace . In the upper left panel , a gunman points a six - shooter at the Hero , who drops his gun and puts his hands up . The Hero shoots the gunman with his sleeve derringer ; the gunman 's hand falls limp . The Hero then quickly retrieves his gun and puts it back in his holster . A woman in the lower right panel taps the Hero on the hat with her parasol . He pulls her close and kisses her . She draws a knife but , mesmerized by his kiss , turns away and slumps against the side of the frame . He tips his hat and walks away with his back to the camera . There were two versions of this vignette ; this one appears during the first season . When the show switched to color , the Hero knocked the woman down with a right cross to the jaw . This variant also appears in the original pilot episode ( included on the DVD release ) when the series was titled The Wild West . Despite this , James West never hit a woman in any episode , although he grappled with many . The closest he came was when he slammed a door against the shotgun holding evil Countess Zorana in `` The Night of the Iron Fist '' . In `` The Night of the Running Death '' he slugged a woman named Miss Tyler , but `` she '' was a man in drag ( actor T.C. Jones ) . The original animation , with the Hero winning the woman over with a kiss , was a more accurate representation of West 's methods than the right cross . Ironically , it is another example of the emphasis on violence of the show . The Hero walks off into the distance , and the camera zooms into his panel . The title The Wild Wild West appears . The camera then swish pans to an illustration of the train , with Conrad 's and Martin 's names on the ends of different cars . This teaser part of the show was incorporated into The History Channel 's Wild West Tech ( 2003 -- 5 ) . Each episode had four acts . At the end of each act , the scene , usually a cliffhanger moment , would freeze , and a sketch or photograph of the scene faded in to replace the cartoon art in one of the four corner panels . The style of freeze - frame art changed over the course of the series . In all first - season episodes other than the pilot , the panels were live - action stills made to evoke 19th - century engravings . In season two ( the first in color ) the scenes dissolved to tinted stills ; from `` The Night of the Flying Pie Plate '' on , however , the panels were home to Warhol - like serigraphs of the freeze - frames . The end credits were displayed over each episode 's unique mosaic except in the final season , when a standardized design was used ( curiously , in this design the bank robber is unconscious , the cardsharp has no card and the lady is on the ground , but the sixshooter in the upper left - hand panel has returned ) . The freeze - frame graphics were shot at a facility called Format Animation . The pilot is the only episode in which the center panel of the Hero is replaced by a sketch of the final scene of an act ; in the third act he is replaced by the villainous General Cassinello ( Nehemiah Persoff ) . During the first season , the series title `` The Wild Wild West '' was set in the font Barnum , which resembles the newer font P.T. Barnum . In subsequent seasons , the title appeared in a hand - drawn version of the font Dolphin ( which resembles newer fonts called Zebrawood , Circus , and Rodeo Clown ) . Robert Conrad 's name was also set in this font . Ross Martin 's name was set in the font Bracelet ( which resembles newer fonts named Tuscan Ornate and Romantiques ) . All episode titles , writer and director credits , guest cast and crew credits were set in Barnum . During commercial breaks , the title `` The Wild Wild West '' also appeared in Barnum . Dates given in series ( edit ) The series is generally set during the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant , 1869 -- 77 ; occasional episodes indicate a more precise date : `` The Night of the Glowing Corpse '' is set during the Franco - Prussian War of July 19 , 1870 -- May 10 , 1871 . `` The Night of the Steel Assassin '' takes place during July 4 Holiday . `` The Night of the Eccentrics '' takes place four years after the execution in 1867 of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico i.e. 1871 In `` The Night of the Eccentrics '' Count Manzeppi hums `` Ride of the Valkyries '' which was first performed on June 26 , 1870 . `` The Night of the Big Blast '' takes place during New Orleans Mardi Gras `` The Night of the Returning Death '' is set 13 years after the start of the Civil War i.e. 1874 `` The Night of the Man Eating House '' states that Liston Day has been in solitary confinement for 30 years and later that he was arrested April 23 , 1836 . This would put it around 1866 three years before the Grant presidency begun . In `` The Night of the Brain '' Artemus Gordon shows James West a newspaper dated July 12 , 1872 . West states , `` July 12 , that 's an interesting date , but it happens to be tomorrow . '' After the events described happen they again get tomorrow 's newspaper and we see the date : July 14 , 1872 . `` The Night of the Lord of Limbo '' takes place seven years after the end of the Civil War , making it 1872 . `` The Night of the Whirring Death '' opens with the caption San Francisco 1874 . In `` The Night of the Flaming Ghost '' , West says , `` If the real John Brown had lived he 'd be almost 75 years old by now . '' Brown was born May 9 , 1800 . In `` The Night of the Arrow '' , a cavalry officer resigns his commission as of April 6 , 1874 . In `` The Night of the Avaricious Actuary '' , the heading of a letter shown on screen is dated 1875 . In `` The Night of the Underground Terror '' , the sadistic commandant of a POW camp is said to have escaped justice for ten years , presumably from the end of the war in 1865 . In `` The Night of the Samurai , '' Baron Saigo says Admiral Perry took the sword over 30 years earlier . Assuming the date of Perry 's first visit to Japan ( July 8 , 1853 ) , that would mean the episode takes place after 1883 or some six years after the end of the Grant presidency . In `` The Night that Terror Stalked the Town '' , Loveless has a headstone prepared for West , showing his birthdate as July 2 , 1842 Cancellation and syndication ( edit ) Some episodes were violent for their time , and that , rather than low ratings , ultimately was the series ' downfall ( citation ? ) . In addition to gunplay , there were usually two fight sequences per episode . These were choreographed by Whitey Hughes and performed by Conrad and a stock company of stuntmen , including Red West , Dick Cangey , and Bob Herron ( who doubled for Ross Martin ) . After he suffered a concussion filming `` The Night of the Fugitives , '' the network insisted that Conrad defer to a double . ( His chair on the set was newly inscribed : `` Robert Conrad , ex-stuntman , retired by CBS , Jan. 24 , 1968 . '' ) `` ( W ) hen I came back for the fourth season I was limited to what I could do for insurance reasons , '' Conrad explained . `` So I agreed and gradually I did all the fights but could n't do anything five feet off the ground and of course that went out the window . '' He was doubled by Jimmy George . Often , George would start a stunt , such as a high fall or a dive through a window , then land behind boxes or off camera , where Conrad was concealed and waiting to seamlessly complete the action . This same ploy was sometimes used by Ross Martin and Bob Herron . It was hazardous work . Hughes recalled , `` We had a lot of crashes . We used to say , ' Roll the cameras and call the ambulances . ' '' Conrad recalled in 1994 , `` The injuries started at the top . Robert Conrad : 6 - inch fracture of the skull , high temporal concussion , partial paralysis . Ross Martin : broken leg . A broken skull for Red West . Broken leg for Jimmy George . Broken arm for Jack Skelly . And Michael Dunn : head injury and a spinal sprain . He did his own stunts . And on and on . '' Following the 1968 assassinations of Dr. Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy , President Lyndon Johnson created the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence . One of the questions it tackled was whether violence on television was a contributing factor to violence in American society . ( This also included graphic news coverage of the Vietnam War . ) The television networks , anticipating these allegations , moved to curtail violence on their entertainment programs before the start of the 1968 - 69 season . Television reporter Cynthia Lowrey , in an article published in August 1968 , wrote that The Wild Wild West `` is one of the action series being watched by network censors for scenes of excessive violence , even if the violence is all in fun . '' However , despite a CBS mandate to tone down the mayhem , `` The Night of the Egyptian Queen '' ( aired November 15 , 1968 ) contains perhaps the series ' most ferocious barroom brawl . A later memo attached to the shooting script of `` The Night of Miguelito 's Revenge '' ( aired December 13 , 1968 ) reads : `` Note to Directors : The producer respectfully asks that no violent acts be shot which are not depicted in the script or discussed beforehand. ... Most particularly stay away from gratuitous ad - libs , such as slaps , pointing of firearms or other weapons at characters ( especially in close quarters ) , kicks and the use of furniture and other objects in fight scenes . '' Strict limits were placed on the number of so - called `` acts of violence '' in the last episodes of the season ( and thus the series ) . James West rarely wears a gun , and rather than the usual fisticuffs , fight sequences involved tossing , tackling or body blocking the villains . In December 1968 , executives from ABC , CBS and NBC appeared before the President 's Commission . The most caustic of the commissioners , Rep. Hale Boggs ( D - La . ) , decried what he called `` the Saturday morning theme of children 's cartoon shows '' that permit `` the good guy to do anything in the name of justice . '' He also indicted CBS for featuring sadism in its primetime programing ( The Wild Wild West was subsequently identified as one example ) . The Congressman did , however , commend CBS for a 25 % decline in violence programming in prime time compared to the other two networks . Three months later , in March 1969 , Sen. John O. Pastore ( D-R. I . ) called the same network presidents before his Senate communications subcommittee for a public scolding on the same subject . At Pastore 's insistence , the networks promised tighter industry self - censorship , and the Surgeon General began a $1 million study on the effects of television . Congress 's concern was shared by the public : in a nationwide poll , 67.5 % of 1,554 Americans agreed with the hypothesis that TV and movie violence prompted violence in real life . Additionally , the National Association for Better Broadcasting ( NABB ) , in a report eventually issued in November 1969 , rated The Wild Wild West `` as one of the most violent series on television . '' After being excoriated by two committees , the networks scrambled to expunge violence from their programming . The Wild Wild West received its cancellation notice in mid-February , even before Pastore 's committee convened . Producer Bruce Lansbury always claimed that `` It was a sacrificial lamb ... It went off with a 32 or 33 share which in those days was virtually break - even , but it always won its time period . '' This is confirmed by an article by Associated Press reporter Joseph Mohbat : `` Shows like ABC 's ' Outcasts ' and NBC 's ' Outsider ' , which depended heavily on violence , were scrapped . CBS killed ' The Wild , Wild West ' despite high ratings , because of criticism . It was seen by the network as a gesture of good intentions . '' The networks played it safe thereafter : of the 22 new television shows that debuted in the fall of 1969 , not one was a western or detective drama ; 14 were comedy or variety series . Conrad denounced Pastore for many years , but in other interviews he admitted that it probably was time to cancel the series because he felt that he and the stunt men were pushing their luck . He also felt the role had hurt his craft . `` In so many roles I was a tough guy and I never advanced much , '' Conrad explained . `` Wild Wild West was action adventure . I jumped off roofs and spent all my time with the stuntmen instead of other actors . I thought that 's what the role demanded . That role had no dimension other than what it was -- a caricature of a performance . It was a comic strip character . '' In the summer of 1970 , CBS reran several episodes of The Wild Wild West on Mondays at 10 p.m. as a summer replacement for the Carol Burnett Show . These episodes were `` The Night of the Bleak Island '' ( aired July 6 ) ; `` The Night of the Big Blackmail '' ( July 13 ) ; `` The Night of the Kraken '' ( July 20 ) ; `` The Night of the Diva '' ( July 27 ) ; `` The Night of the Simian Terror '' ( August 3 ) ; `` The Night of the Bubbling Death '' ( August 11 ) ; `` The Night of the Returning Dead '' ( August 17 ) ; `` The Night of the Falcon '' ( August 24 ) ; `` The Night of the Underground Terror '' ( August 31 ) ; and `` The Night of the Sedgewick Curse '' ( September 7 ) . Curiously , none of these featured Dr. Loveless . TV critic Lawrence Laurent wrote , `` The return of Wild Wild West even for a summer re-run is n't surprising . CBS - TV was never really very eager to cancel this series , since over a four - year run that began in 1965 the Wild Wild West had been a solid winner in the ratings . Cancellation came mainly because CBS officials were concerned about the criticism over televised violence and to a lesser degree because Robert Conrad had grown slightly weary of the role of James West . Ever since last fall 's ratings started rolling in , CBS has wished that it had kept Wild Wild West . None of the replacements have done nearly as well and , as a result , all of the Friday programs suffered . '' That fall , CBS put the program into syndication , giving it new life on local stations across the country . This further antagonized the anti-violence lobby , since the program was now broadcast weekdays and often after school . One group , The Foundation to Improve Television ( FIT ) , filed a suit on November 12 , 1970 , to prevent WTOP in Washington , D.C. , from airing The Wild Wild West weekday afternoons at 4 pm . The suit was brought in Washington , D.C. , specifically to gain government and media attention . The suit said the series `` contains fictionalized violence and horror harmful to the mental health and well - being of minor children '' , and should not air before 9 pm . WTOP 's vice president and general manager , John R. Corporan , was quoted as saying , `` Since programs directed specifically at children are broadcast in the late afternoon by three other TV stations , it is our purpose to counter-program with programming not directed specifically at children . '' US District Court Judge John J. Sirica , who later presided over the trial of the Watergate burglars and ordered US President Richard Nixon to turn over White House recordings , dismissed the lawsuit in January 1971 , referring FIT to take their complaint to the FCC . FIT appealed , but a year and a half later the U.S. Court of Appeals upheld the district court decision dismissing the suit on the grounds that FIT had not exhausted the administrative remedies available to them . By then , WTOP had stopped broadcasting the series altogether . At that time , the show was in reruns on about 57 other local stations across the country , including WOR in New York and WFLD in Chicago . In October 1973 the Los Angeles - based National Association for Better Broadcasting ( NABB ) reached a landmark agreement with KTTV , a local station , to purge 42 violent cartoon programs , including Mighty Mouse , Magilla Gorilla , Speed Racer , and Gigantor . Additionally , the NABB cited 81 syndicated live - action shows that `` may have a detrimental influence on some children who are exposed to such programming without parental guidance or perspective '' when they are telecast before 8 : 30 p.m. This list included The Wild Wild West , The Avengers , Batman , Man from UNCLE , Roy Rogers , Wanted Dead or Alive , and The Lone Ranger . In Los Angeles , such shows opened with a cautionary announcement : `` Parents -- we wish to advise that because of violence or other possible harmful elements , certain portions of the following program may not be suitable for young children . '' The NABB hoped to use the cartoon ban and warning announcement as a model for similar agreements with other local stations . By then The Wild Wild West was running on 99 local stations . Its ongoing popularity throughout the 1970s prompted two television movies , The Wild Wild West Revisited ( 1979 ) and More Wild Wild West ( 1980 ) ( see below ) . By the spring of 1985 the original series was still carried on 74 local stations . In the late 1980s the series was still seen on local stations in Boston , Hartford , Philadelphia , Pittsburgh and Los Angeles , among other cities . Significantly , WGN ( Chicago ) , which carried the show at 10 a.m. on Sundays , became available nationally through cable television . In 1994 , The Wild Wild West began running on Saturdays at 10 a.m. on Turner Network Television ( TNT ) , which preferred the color episodes to the black and white shows . The series was dropped from WGN soon after . Hallmark Channel aired the series in 2005 as part of its slate of Saturday afternoon Westerns but dropped it after only a few weeks . In 2011 the series began running weekdays and / or weekends on MeTV , then Sundays on the Heroes and Icons digital channel . In 2016 The Wild Wild West returned to MeTV on Saturday afternoons . On January 1 , 2018 , MeTV began running the series weekday afternoons again , starting with second season ( color ) episodes . It also airs in the United Kingdom ( as of 2015 ) on the Horror Channel on Sky channel 319 , Virgin channel 149 , Freeview channel 70 and Freesat channel 138 . Episodes ( edit ) Episode list ( edit ) Main article : List of The Wild Wild West episodes TV movies ( edit ) Conrad and Martin reunited for two television movies , The Wild Wild West Revisited ( aired May 9 , 1979 ) and More Wild Wild West ( aired October 7 -- 8 , 1980 ) . Revisited introduced Paul Williams as Miguelito Loveless Jr. , the son of the agents ' nemesis . ( Michael Dunn , who played Dr. Loveless in the original show , had died in 1973 . ) Loveless planned to substitute clones for the crowned heads of Europe and the President of the United States . ( This plot is similar to the second - season episode `` The Night of the Brain '' . ) Most of the exterior filming took place at Old Tucson Studios where there were still many `` Old West '' buildings and a functioning steam train and tracks . Interiors were shot at CBS Studio Center . Ross Martin said , `` We worked on a lot of the same sets at the studio , including the interiors of the old train . We used the same guns and gimmicks and wardrobes -- with the waistlines let out a little bit . The script , unlike the old shows , is played strictly for comedy . It calls for us to be ten years older than when we were last seen . There are a lot more laughs than adventure . '' More Wild Wild West was initially conceived as a rematch between the agents and Miguelito Jr. , but Williams was unavailable for the film ; his character was changed to Albert Paradine II and played by Jonathan Winters -- this explains why the story begins with various clones of Paradine being murdered ( the first film ends with Loveless having cloned himself and placed the doubles around the world ) . Paradine planned world conquest using a formula for invisibility ( recalling the first - season episode `` The Night of the Burning Diamond '' ) . Both TV films were campier than the TV series , although Conrad and Martin played their roles straight . Both films were directed by veteran comedy Western director Burt Kennedy and written by William Bowers ( in the latter case with Tony Kayden , from a story by Bowers ) ; neither Kennedy nor Bowers worked on the original series . The Wild Wild West Revisited takes the agents to a town called Wagon Gap . This was a nod to the Abbott and Costello film , The Wistful Widow of Wagon Gap ( 1947 ) , which was based on a treatment by Bowers and D.D. Beauchamp of a short story by Beauchamp . Conrad once revealed that CBS intended to do yearly TV revivals of The Wild Wild West . Variety , in its review of the first TV movie , concurred : `` A couple of more movies in this vein , sensibly spaced , could work in the future . '' Ross Martin 's death in 1981 , however , put an end to the idea . Conrad was later quoted in Cinefantastique about these films : `` We all got along fine with each other when we did these , but I was n't happy with them only because CBS imposed a lot of restrictions on us . They never came up to the level of what we had done before . '' Home media ( edit ) The first season of The Wild Wild West was released on DVD in North America on June 6 , 2006 by CBS Home Entertainment ( distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment ) . Although it was touted as a special 40th anniversary edition , it appeared 41 years after the show 's 1965 debut . Robert Conrad recorded audio introductions for all 28 first - season episodes , plus a commentary track for the pilot . The set also featured audio interviews by Susan Kesler ( for her book , The Wild Wild West : The Series ) , and 1970s era footage of Conrad and Martin on a daytime talk show . The second season was released on DVD on March 20 , 2007 ; the third season was released on November 20 , 2007 ; and the fourth and final season was released on March 18 , 2008 . None of the later season sets contained bonus material . A 27 - disc complete series set was released on November 4 , 2008 . It contains all 104 episodes of the series as well as both reunion telefilms . On May 12 , 2015 , CBS Home Entertainment released a repackaged version of the complete series set , at a lower price , but did not include the bonus disc that was part of the original complete series set . On June 13 , 2016 , the bonus disc was released as a standalone item . In France , where the series ( known locally as Les Mystères de l'Ouest ) was a big hit , all four seasons were released in a DVD boxed set before their US release . The French set , released by TF1 Video , includes many of the extras on the US season one set , and many others . `` The Night of the Inferno '' is presented twice -- as a regular episode in English with Conrad 's audio commentary , and in a French - dubbed version . All of the episodes are presented in English with French subtitles , and several episode titles differ in translation from the original English titles . For example , `` The Night of the Gypsy Peril '' , `` The Night of the Simian Terror '' and `` The Night of Jack O'Diamonds '' respectively translate as `` The Night of the White Elephant '' , `` The Night of the Beast '' and `` The Night of the Thoroughbred '' . Both TV movies are included as extras , but only in French - dubbed versions . The set also features a 1999 interview with Robert Conrad at the Mirande Country Music Festival in France . In other media ( edit ) The series spawned several merchandising spin - offs , including a seven - issue comic book series by Gold Key Comics , and a paperback novel , Richard Wormser 's The Wild Wild West , published in 1966 by Signet ( ISBN 0 - 451 - 02836 - 8 ) , which adapted the episode `` The Night of the Double - Edged Knife '' . Books ( edit ) In 1988 , Arnett Press published The Wild Wild West : The Series by Susan E. Kesler ( ISBN 0 - 929360 - 00 - 1 ) , a thorough production history and episode guide . In 1998 , Berkeley Books published three novels by author Robert Vaughan -- The Wild Wild West ( ISBN 0 - 425 - 16372 - 5 ) , The Night of the Death Train ( ISBN 0 - 425 - 16449 - 7 ) , and The Night of the Assassin ( ISBN 0 - 425 - 16517 - 5 ) . Comics ( edit ) In 1990 , Millennium Publications produced a four - part comic book series ( `` The Night of the Iron Tyrants '' ) scripted by Mark Ellis with art by Darryl Banks . A sequel to the TV series , it involved Dr. Loveless in a conspiracy to assassinate President Grant and the President of Brazil and put the Knights of the Golden Circle into power . The characters of Voltaire and Antoinette were prominent here , despite their respective early departures from Dr. Loveless ' side in the original program . A review from the Mile High Comics site states : `` This mini-series perfectly captures the fun mixture of western and spy action that marked the ground - breaking 1960s TV series . '' The storyline of the comics mini-series was optioned for motion picture development . In the 75th volume of the French comic book series Lucky Luke ( L'Homme de Washington ) , published in 2008 , both James West and Artemus Gordon have a minor guest appearance , albeit the names have been changed to `` James East '' and `` Artémius Gin '' . Television ( edit ) When Robert Conrad hosted Saturday Night Live on NBC ( January 23 , 1982 ) , he appeared in a parody of The Wild Wild West . President Lincoln states his famous quip that , if General U.S. Grant is a drunk , he should send whatever he 's drinking to his other less successful generals . Lincoln dispatches West and Gordon ( Joe Piscopo ) to find out what Grant drinks . They discover that Grant is held captive by Velvet Jones ( Eddie Murphy ) . Soundtrack album ( edit ) On July 11 , 2017 , La - La Land Records released a limited edition 4 - disc set of music from the series , featuring Richard Markowitz 's theme , episode scores by Markowitz , Robert Drasnin , Dave Grusin , Richard Shores , Harry Geller , Walter Scharf , Jack Pleis and Fred Steiner , and Dimitri Tiomkin 's unused theme music . Motion picture ( edit ) Main article : Wild Wild West In January 1992 , Variety reported that Warner Bros. was planning a theatrical version of The Wild Wild West directed by Richard Donner , written by Shane Black , and starring Mel Gibson as James West ( Donner directed three episodes of the original series ) . Finally , in 1999 , a theatrical motion picture loosely based on the series was released as Wild Wild West ( without the definite article used in the series title ) . Directed by Barry Sonnenfeld , the film made substantial changes to the characters of the series , reimagining James West as a black man ( played by Will Smith ) , and Artemus Gordon ( played by Kevin Kline ) as egotistical and bitterly competitive with West . Additionally , significant changes were made to Dr. Loveless ( Kenneth Branagh in the film ) . No longer a dwarf , he was portrayed as a double amputee confined to a steam - powered wheelchair ( similar to that employed by the villain in `` The Night of the Brain '' ) . Loveless ' first name was changed from Miguelito to Arliss , and he was given the motive of a bitter Southerner who sought revenge on the North after the Civil War . Robert Conrad reportedly was offered the role of President Grant , but turned it down . He was outspoken in his criticism of the new film , now little more than a comedic Will Smith showcase with virtually no relationship to the action - adventure series . In a New York Post interview ( July 3 , 1999 ) , Conrad stated that he disliked the movie and that contractually he was owed a share of money on merchandising that he was not paid . He had a long - standing feud with producer Jon Peters , which may have colored his opinion . He was offended at the racial aspects of the film , as well as the casting of Branagh as a double amputee , rather than a little - person actor , in the role of Loveless . Conrad took special delight in accepting the Razzie Awards for the motion picture in 1999 . It was awarded Worst Picture , Worst Screenplay , and Worst Original Song . In 2009 , Will Smith apologized publicly to Conrad while doing promotion for Seven Pounds : I made a mistake on Wild Wild West . That could have been better ... No , it 's funny because I could never understand why Robert Conrad was so upset with Wild Wild West . And now I get it . It 's like , ' That 's my baby ! I put my blood , sweat and tears into that ! ' So I 'm going to apologize to Mr. Conrad for that because I did n't realize . I was young and immature . So much pain and joy went into ( my series ) The Fresh Prince that my greatest desire would be that it 's left alone . -- Will Smith , Total Film magazine , Feb 2009 Issue 151 , pp 120 - 125 , Will Smith : The Total Film Interview , by Lesley O'Toole , Future Publishing Ltd. , London England Contemporary merchandise ( edit ) As with many television series , The Wild Wild West had several merchandise tie - ins during its run . These are listed below . Year Item ( s ) Manufacturer or Publisher 1966 Paperback novel by Richard Wormser Signet Books 1966 Board Game Transogram Co . 1966 ( ? ) Ross Martin and Robert Conrad Note Pads Top Flight Paper Co . 1966 Secret `` Sleeve Gun '' Ray Plastics 1966 -- 1969 Gold Key Comic Books ( 7 issues ) Western Publishing Co . 1969 Lunch Box and Thermos Alladin Co . Notes ^ a This item was not marketed with the series ' name . However , The Wild Wild West was the only television series at the time that featured the item . Revivals ( edit ) On October 5 , 2010 , Entertainment Weekly 's website reported that Ron Moore and Naren Shankar were developing a remake of The Wild Wild West for television , but the project apparently stalled . In December 2013 , Moore told Wired , `` Wild Wild West and Star Trek were two of my great loves . I watched both in syndication in the ' 70s . Wild Wild West was really interesting , that combination of genres -- a Western and secret agent , and they dabbled in the occult and paranormal . I really wanted to do a new version for CBS . I still think it 's a great property . Someday I hope to go back to it . '' A new fan - produced webseries , Back to the Wild Wild West , began production in November 2011 , but apparently has stalled . See also ( edit ) Weird West The Adventures of Brisco County , Jr . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kesler , Susan E. ( 1988 ) . The Wild Wild West : The Series . Arnett Press . ISBN 0 - 929360 - 00 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Night of the Lord of Limbo '' Jump up ^ Stanley , John ( September 7 , 2008 ) . `` Conrad revisits ' Wild West , ' ' Centennial ' '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Robert Conrad at Brian 's Drive in Theater ^ Jump up to : Boston Globe , `` Wild West Proves Hazardous '' Sept. 15 , 1968 Jump up ^ `` The Dastardly Devices of The Wild Wild West , '' TV Guide , June 1 -- 7 , 1968 Jump up ^ The Deseret News , August 20 , 1965 Jump up ^ The New York Times , July 8 , 1999 Jump up ^ Variety , May 19 , 1965 Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , May 27 , 1965 Jump up ^ Boston Globe , Nov. 28 , 1965 Jump up ^ Weaver , Tom . `` Interview with Phoebe Dorin '' . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Variety , November 10 , 1965 `` ' Gunsmoke ' in CBS ' ' Wild West ' Jump up ^ Variety , March 16 , 1966 `` Coon Quits WWW , Garrison is 9th Producer '' Jump up ^ Newark Evening News , May 15 , 1966 Jump up ^ Walstad , David ( August 7 , 1995 ) . `` Civilization Takes Over ' Gilligan 's ' Lagoon : Television : The set of the 1960s sitcom is turned into an employee parking lot as CBS Studio Center adds production facilities '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` V&T # 22 `` INYO '' `` . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Albert Heschong on IMDb Jump up ^ `` Measuring Worth - Relative Value of the US Dollar '' . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` V&T Locomotive # 11 `` Reno '' `` . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2014/3/24/remington-41-double-derringer/ . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( The Night of the Golden Cobra ) Jump up ^ ( The Night of the Returning Dead ) Jump up ^ `` Animation Legend Ken Mundie Pitches `` The Match '' on Kickstarter `` . Cartoon Brew. 2013 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ All original font references refer to faces in the One Line Manual of Styles of the now - defunct Photo - Lettering Inc. from the 1960s . Jump up ^ Reid , Craig ( October 1999 ) . `` Robert Conrad , Wild Wild West '' . Cinefantastique . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wild Wild West ' violence caused concern . '' Houston Chronicle , 03 July 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Networks Act to Curb Violence on TV Screens '' , Chicago Tribune , July 7 , 1968 . Jump up ^ Ellensburgh Daily Record , August 15 , 1968 Jump up ^ `` Rough Day for Networks . '' Broadcasting , December 23 , 1968 Jump up ^ `` Television : Guilty or just a scapegoat ? '' Jeannette , PA News - Dispatch , May 1 , 1969 . Jump up ^ Mass Media and Violence : A Report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence , Vol 81 , p. 611 ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ The Washington Post , February 22 , 1969 . Jump up ^ White , Patrick J. ( 1991 ) . The Complete Mission : Impossible Dossier . Avon Books . ISBN 0380758776 . Jump up ^ `` TV is Accused of Contributing to Violence , '' Schenectady Gazette , September 25 , 1969 Jump up ^ `` TV Cowboys Bite Dust in Nets ' Fall Line - Up '' , Chicago Tribune , March 13 , 1969 . Jump up ^ `` Conrad Returns Home , '' The Ventura County Press Courier , April 29 , 1979 Jump up ^ `` ' West ' Re-Runs Are No Surprise '' , Washington Post , July 19 , 1970 Jump up ^ `` Judge Delays Suit to Curb ' Wild Wild West ' '' The New York Times , November 13 , 1970 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-violence TV Suit Dismissed '' , Miami Herald , January 30 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Broadcasting , June 26 , 1972 Jump up ^ `` KTTV Yields to Arm - Twisting by NABB on Kidvid Violence , '' Variety , Oct. 3 , 1973 . Jump up ^ Viacom ad , Broadcasting , April 9 , 1973 . Jump up ^ `` New Life in Old Shows , '' Broadcasting March 18 , 1985 . Jump up ^ Quoted by columnist Vernon Scott , UPI , in the Milwaukee Sentinel , April 30 , 1979 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Furmanek , Bob , and Ron Palumbo . `` Abbott and Costello in Hollywood . '' Perigee , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Conrad Digs Macho Man Roles , '' The Hartford Courant , March 25 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Television Reviews , Variety , May 16 , 1979 Jump up ^ `` The Wild , Wild West DVD news : Box Art for The Wild , Wild West - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Complete Series ' Re-Released in New Packaging Box '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Album page '' . Jump up ^ Kesler , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( 5 October 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Wild ' turn of events for ' Battlestar Galactica ' creator Ron Moore '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Adam ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` The Man Who Rescued Battlestar Galactica Is Back on TV '' . Wired . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` About The Show '' . Back to the Wild Wild West . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wild Wild West . The Wild Wild West on IMDb The Wild Wild West at TV.com List of Episodes ( Televised and Produced Order ) Historical Chronology ( Fictional ) for The Wild Wild West Fan site for The Wild Wild West BNF : cb12524967f ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wild_Wild_West&oldid=832957922 '' Categories : 1965 American television series debuts 1969 American television series endings 1960s American comedy - drama television series Black - and - white television programs CBS network shows English - language television programs Espionage television series American action television series Science fiction Westerns Steampunk television series Television series by CBS Television Studios Television shows set in Los Angeles Western ( genre ) television series Television programs adapted into films Weird West James Bond Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 22 : 00 . 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"The Wild Wild West was filmed at CBS Studio Center on Radford Avenue in Studio City in the San Fernando Valley. The 70-acre lot was formerly the home of Republic Studios, which specialized in low-budget films including Westerns starring Roy Rogers and Gene Autry and Saturday morning serials (which The Wild Wild West appropriately echoed). CBS had a wall-to-wall lease on the lot starting in May 1963, and produced Gunsmoke and Rawhide there, as well as Gilligan's Island. The network bought the lot from Republic in February 1967, for $9.5 million. Beginning in 1971, MTM Enterprises (headed by actress Mary Tyler Moore and her then-husband, Grant Tinker) became the Studio Center's primary tenant. In the mid-1980s the western streets and sets were replaced with new sound stages and urban facades, including the New York streets seen in Seinfeld. In 1995 the lagoon set that was originally constructed for Gilligan's Island was paved over to create a parking lot.[16]"
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"at CBS Studio Center on Radford Avenue in Studio City in the San Fernando Valley"
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List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
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List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees - wikipedia List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Jump to : navigation , search The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , established in 1983 and located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States , is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best - known and most influential musicians , bands , producers , and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry , particularly in the area of rock and roll . Originally , there were four categories of induction : performers , non-performers , early influences , and lifetime achievement . In 2000 , `` sidemen '' was introduced as a category . The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category . Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are then sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2010 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . As of 2017 , new inductees will be honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland ; prior to that , the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland , New York , and Los Angeles . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals , nominating too many artists in too many genres that are not entirely rock , ignoring entire rock genres , and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters . The Sex Pistols , who were inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony ; John Lydon writing a note , read out by Jann Wenner , calling the museum a `` piss stain . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Inductees 1.1 Performers 1.2 Early influences 1.3 Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) 1.4 Award for Musical Excellence 1.5 Singles 1.6 Sidemen 1.7 Lifetime achievement 2 Multiple inductees 3 References 4 External links Inductees ( edit ) Performers ( edit ) The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have `` influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . '' Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2011 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . In 2012 , six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee , due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' Year Image Name Inducted members Inducted by 1986 Berry , Chuck Chuck Berry Keith Richards 1986 Brown , James James Brown Steve Winwood 1986 Charles , Ray Ray Charles Quincy Jones 1986 Cooke , Sam Sam Cooke Herb Alpert 1986 Domino , Fats Fats Domino Billy Joel 1986 Everly Brothers ! The Everly Brothers Don Everly and Phil Everly . Neil Young 1986 Holly , Buddy Buddy Holly John Fogerty 1986 Lewis , Jerry Lee Jerry Lee Lewis Hank Williams Jr . 1986 Little Richard Roberta Flack 1986 Presley , Elvis Elvis Presley Julian and Sean Lennon Coasters ! The Coasters Carl Gardner , Cornell Gunter , Billy Guy , and Will `` Dub '' Jones . Lester Sill Cochran , Eddie Eddie Cochran Mick Jones Diddley , Bo Bo Diddley ZZ Top Franklin , Aretha Aretha Franklin Keith Richards Gaye , Marvin Marvin Gaye Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson Haley , Bill Bill Haley Chuck Berry King , B.B. B.B. King Sting McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter Ben E. King Nelson , Ricky Ricky Nelson John Fogerty Orbison , Roy Roy Orbison Bruce Springsteen Perkins , Carl Carl Perkins Sam Phillips Robinson , Smokey Smokey Robinson Daryl Hall and John Oates Turner , Big Joe Big Joe Turner Doc Pomus Waters , Muddy Muddy Waters Paul Butterfield Wilson , Jackie Jackie Wilson Peter Wolf 1988 Beach Boys ! The Beach Boys Al Jardine , Mike Love , Brian Wilson , Carl Wilson , and Dennis Wilson . Elton John 1988 Beatles ! The Beatles George Harrison , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and Ringo Starr . Mick Jagger 1988 Drifters ! The Drifters Ben E. King , Rudy Lewis , Clyde McPhatter , Johnny Moore , Bill Pinkney , Charlie Thomas , and Gerhart Thrasher . Billy Joel 1988 Dylan , Bob Bob Dylan Bruce Springsteen 1988 Supremes ! The Supremes Florence Ballard , Diana Ross , and Mary Wilson . Little Richard 1989 Dion ! Dion Lou Reed 1989 Redding , Otis Otis Redding Little Richard 1989 Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , and Bill Wyman . Pete Townshend 1989 Temptations ! The Temptations Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams , Dennis Edwards . Daryl Hall and John Oates 1989 Wonder , Stevie Stevie Wonder Paul Simon 1990 Ballard , Hank Hank Ballard Boz Scaggs 1990 Darin , Bobby Bobby Darin Paul Anka 1990 Four Seasons ! The Four Seasons Tom DeVito , Bob Gaudio , Nick Massi , and Frankie Valli . Bob Crewe 1990 Four Tops ! Four Tops Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson , Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Lawrence Payton , and Levi Stubbs . Stevie Wonder 1990 Kinks ! The Kinks Mick Avory , Dave Davies , Ray Davies , and Pete Quaife . Graham Nash 1990 Platters ! The Platters David Lynch , Herb Reed , Paul Robi , Zola Taylor , and Tony Williams . Phil Spector 1990 Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel . James Taylor 1990 Who ! The Who Roger Daltrey , John Entwistle , Keith Moon , and Pete Townshend . Bono 1991 Baker , LaVern LaVern Baker Chaka Khan 1991 Byrds ! The Byrds Gene Clark , Michael Clarke , David Crosby , Chris Hillman , and Roger McGuinn . Don Henley 1991 Hooker , John Lee John Lee Hooker Bonnie Raitt 1991 -- Impressions ! The Impressions Curtis Mayfield , Sam Gooden , Fred Cash , Arthur Brooks , Richard Brooks , and Jerry Butler . Tracy Chapman 1991 Pickett , Wilson Wilson Pickett Bobby Brown 1991 Reed , Jimmy Jimmy Reed ZZ Top 1991 Turner , Ike & Tina Ike & Tina Turner Ike Turner and Tina Turner . Phil Spector 1992 Bland , Bobby ! Bobby `` Blue '' Bland B.B. King 1992 Booker T. & the M.G. 's Booker T. Jones , Steve Cropper , Donald `` Duck '' Dunn , Al Jackson Jr. , and Lewie Steinberg . Jim Stewart 1992 Cash , Johnny Johnny Cash Lyle Lovett 1992 Isley Brothers ! The Isley Brothers Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , and Chris Jasper . Little Richard 1992 Hendrix Experience , The Jimi The Jimi Hendrix Experience Jimi Hendrix , Mitch Mitchell , and Noel Redding . Neil Young 1992 Sam & Dave Sam Moore and Dave Prater . Billy Joel 1992 Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds Jeff Beck , Eric Clapton , Chris Dreja , Jim McCarty , Jimmy Page , Keith Relf , and Paul Samwell - Smith . The Edge 1993 Brown , Ruth Ruth Brown Bonnie Raitt 1993 Cream Ginger Baker , Jack Bruce , and Eric Clapton . ZZ Top 1993 Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford , Stu Cook , John Fogerty , and Tom Fogerty . Bruce Springsteen 1993 Doors ! The Doors John Densmore , Robby Krieger , Ray Manzarek , and Jim Morrison . Eddie Vedder 1993 Lymon & The Teenagers , Frankie Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers Herman Santiago , Jimmy Merchant , Sherman Garnes , Frankie Lymon , and Joe Negroni Boyz II Men 1993 James , Etta Etta James k.d. lang 1993 Morrison , Van Van Morrison Robbie Robertson 1993 Sly and the Family Stone Gregg Errico , Larry Graham , Jerry Martini , Cynthia Robinson , Freddie Stone , Rosie Stone , and Sly Stone . George Clinton 1994 Animals ! The Animals Eric Burdon , Chas Chandler , Alan Price , John Steel , and Hilton Valentine . Dave Pirner 1994 Band ! The Band Rick Danko , Levon Helm , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel , and Robbie Robertson . Eric Clapton 1994 Eddy , Duane Duane Eddy Mick Jones 1994 Grateful Dead Tom Constanten , Jerry Garcia , Donna Jean Godchaux , Keith Godchaux , Mickey Hart , Robert Hunter , Bill Kreutzmann , Phil Lesh , Ron McKernan , Brent Mydland , Bob Weir , and Vince Welnick . Bruce Hornsby 1994 John , Elton Elton John Axl Rose 1994 Lennon , John John Lennon Paul McCartney 1994 Marley , Bob Bob Marley Bono 1994 Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart Jeff Beck 1995 Allman Brothers Band ! The Allman Brothers Band Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jai Johanny Johanson , Berry Oakley , and Butch Trucks . Willie Nelson 1995 Green , Al Al Green Natalie Cole 1995 Joplin , Janis Janis Joplin Melissa Etheridge 1995 Led Zeppelin John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , and Robert Plant Steven Tyler and Joe Perry 1995 Martha and the Vandellas Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , and Martha Reeves . Fred Schneider and Kate Pierson 1995 Young , Neil Neil Young Eddie Vedder 1995 Zappa , Frank Frank Zappa Lou Reed Bowie , David David Bowie Madonna and David Byrne Knight & the Pips , Gladys Gladys Knight & the Pips William Guest , Gladys Knight , Merald `` Bubba '' Knight , and Edward Patten . Mariah Carey Jefferson Airplane Marty Balin , Jack Casady , Spencer Dryden , Paul Kantner , Jorma Kaukonen , and Grace Slick . Mickey Hart and Phil Lesh Little Willie John Stevie Wonder Pink Floyd Syd Barrett , David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Roger Waters , and Rick Wright . Billy Corgan Shirelles ! The Shirelles Shirley Alston Reeves , Addie Harris , Doris Kenner - Jackson , and Beverly Lee . Merry Clayton , Marianne Faithfull and Darlene Love Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground John Cale , Sterling Morrison , Lou Reed , and Maureen Tucker . Patti Smith 1997 Bee Gees Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , and Robin Gibb . Brian Wilson 1997 Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , and Neil Young . Tom Petty 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash David Crosby , Graham Nash , and Stephen Stills . James Taylor 1997 Jackson 5 , The The Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Tito Jackson . Diana Ross 1997 Mitchell , Joni Joni Mitchell Shawn Colvin 1997 Parliament - Funkadelic Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , William `` Billy Bass '' Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , and Bernie Worrell . Prince 1997 Rascals ! The ( Young ) Rascals Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , and Dino Danelli . Steven Van Zandt 1998 Eagles Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , Randy Meisner , Timothy B. Schmit , and Joe Walsh . Jimmy Buffett 1998 Fleetwood Mac Lindsey Buckingham , Mick Fleetwood , Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , and Jeremy Spencer . Sheryl Crow 1998 Mamas & The Papas ! The Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , John Phillips , and Michelle Phillips . Shania Twain 1998 Price , Lloyd Lloyd Price Tony Rich 1998 Santana Jose Chepito Areas , David Brown , Michael Carabello , Gregg Rolie , Carlos Santana , and Michael Shrieve . John Popper 1998 Vincent , Gene Gene Vincent John Fogerty 1999 Joel , Billy Billy Joel Ray Charles 1999 Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield Sean Combs 1999 McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney Neil Young 1999 Shannon , Del Del Shannon Art Alexakis 1999 Springfield , Dusty Dusty Springfield Elton John 1999 Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen Bono 1999 Staple Singers , The The Staple Singers Cleotha Staples , Mavis Staples , Pervis Staples , Pops Staples , and Yvonne Staples . Lauryn Hill 2000 Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton Robbie Robertson 2000 Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey , Larry Dunn , Johnny Graham , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Fred White , Maurice White , Verdine White , and Andrew Woolfolk . Lil Kim 2000 Lovin ' Spoonful , The The Lovin ' Spoonful Steve Boone , Joe Butler , John Sebastian , and Zal Yanovsky . John Mellencamp 2000 Moonglows , The The Moonglows Prentiss Barnes , Harvey Fuqua , Peter Graves , Billy Johnson , and Bobby Lester . Paul Simon 2000 Raitt , Bonnie Bonnie Raitt Melissa Etheridge 2000 Taylor , James James Taylor Paul McCartney 2001 Aerosmith Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , and Brad Whitford . Kid Rock 2001 Burke , Solomon Solomon Burke Mary J. Blige 2001 Flamingos , The The Flamingos Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , and Paul Wilson . Frankie Valli 2001 Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson NSYNC 2001 Queen John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , and Roger Taylor . Dave Grohl and Taylor Hawkins 2001 Simon , Paul Paul Simon Marc Anthony 2001 Steely Dan Walter Becker and Donald Fagen . Moby 2001 Valens , Ritchie Ritchie Valens Ricky Martin 2002 Hayes , Isaac Isaac Hayes Alicia Keys 2002 Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee Jewel 2002 Petty and the Heartbreakers , Tom Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Tom Petty , Ron Blair , Mike Campbell , Howie Epstein , Stan Lynch , and Benmont Tench . Jakob Dylan 2002 Pitney , Gene Gene Pitney Darlene Love 2002 Ramones Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , Marky Ramone , and Tommy Ramone . Eddie Vedder 2002 Talking Heads David Byrne , Chris Frantz , Jerry Harrison , and Tina Weymouth . Anthony Kiedis 2003 AC / DC Brian Johnson , Phil Rudd , Bon Scott , Cliff Williams , Angus Young , and Malcolm Young . Steven Tyler 2003 Clash , The The Clash Terry Chimes , Topper Headon , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , and Joe Strummer . The Edge and Tom Morello 2003 Costello & the Attractions , Elvis Elvis Costello & the Attractions Elvis Costello , Steve Nieve , Bruce Thomas , and Pete Thomas . Elton John 2003 Police , The The Police Stewart Copeland , Sting , and Andy Summers . Gwen Stefani 2003 Righteous Brothers , The The Righteous Brothers Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley . Billy Joel Browne , Jackson Jackson Browne Bruce Springsteen Dells , The The Dells Verne Allison , Chuck Barksdale , Johnny Carter , Johnny Funches , Marvin Junior , and Michael McGill . Robert Townsend Harrison , George George Harrison Tom Petty and Jeff Lynne Prince Outkast and Alicia Keys Seger , Bob Bob Seger Kid Rock Traffic Jim Capaldi , Dave Mason , Steve Winwood , and Chris Wood . Dave Matthews ZZ Top Frank Beard , Billy Gibbons , and Dusty Hill . Keith Richards 2005 Guy , Buddy Buddy Guy Eric Clapton and B.B. King 2005 O'Jays , The The O'Jays Eddie Levert , Bobby Massey , William Powell , Sammy Strain , and Walter Williams . Justin Timberlake 2005 The Pretenders Martin Chambers , Pete Farndon , James Honeyman - Scott , and Chrissie Hynde . Neil Young 2005 Sledge , Percy Percy Sledge Rod Stewart 2005 U2 Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , and Larry Mullen , Jr ... Bruce Springsteen 2006 Black Sabbath Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi , Ozzy Osbourne , and Bill Ward . James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich 2006 Blondie Clem Burke , Jimmy Destri , Nigel Harrison , Debbie Harry , Frank Infante , Chris Stein , and Gary Valentine . Shirley Manson 2006 Davis , Miles Miles Davis Herbie Hancock 2006 Lynyrd Skynyrd Bob Burns , Allen Collins , Steve Gaines , Ed King , Billy Powell , Artimus Pyle , Gary Rossington , Ronnie Van Zant , and Leon Wilkeson . Kid Rock 2006 Sex Pistols Paul Cook , Steve Jones , Glen Matlock , John Lydon , and Sid Vicious . Jann Wenner 2007 Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five Melvin `` Melle Mel '' Glover , Nathaniel `` The Kidd Creole '' Glover , Eddie `` Scorpio '' Morris , Joseph `` Grandmaster Flash '' Sadler , Robert Keith `` Keef Cowboy '' Wiggins , and Guy Todd `` Rahiem '' Williams . Jay - Z 2007 R.E.M. Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills , and Michael Stipe . Eddie Vedder 2007 Ronettes , The The Ronettes Estelle Bennett , Ronnie Spector , and Nedra Talley . Keith Richards 2007 Smith , Patti Patti Smith Zack de la Rocha 2007 Van Halen Michael Anthony , Sammy Hagar , David Lee Roth , Alex Van Halen , and Eddie Van Halen . Velvet Revolver 2008 Clark Five , The Dave The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark , Lenny Davidson , Rick Huxley , Denis Payton , and Mike Smith . Tom Hanks 2008 Cohen , Leonard Leonard Cohen Lou Reed 2008 Madonna Justin Timberlake 2008 Mellencamp , John John Mellencamp Billy Joel 2008 Ventures , The The Ventures Bob Bogle , Nokie Edwards , Gerry McGee , Mel Taylor , and Don Wilson . John Fogerty 2009 Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck Jimmy Page 2009 Little Anthony and the Imperials Clarence Collins , Anthony Gourdine , Tracy Lord , Glouster `` Nat '' Rogers , Sammy Strain , and Ernest Wright Jr . Smokey Robinson 2009 Metallica Cliff Burton , Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield , Jason Newsted , Robert Trujillo , and Lars Ulrich . Flea 2009 Run - DMC Darryl `` D.M.C. '' McDaniels , Jason `` Jam - Master Jay '' Mizell , and Joseph `` DJ Run '' Simmons . Eminem 2009 Womack , Bobby Bobby Womack Ron Wood ABBA Benny Andersson , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , and Björn Ulvaeus . Barry and Robin Gibb Genesis Tony Banks , Phil Collins , Peter Gabriel , Steve Hackett , and Mike Rutherford . Trey Anastasio Cliff , Jimmy Jimmy Cliff Wyclef Jean Hollies , The The Hollies Bernie Calvert , Allan Clarke , Bobby Elliott , Eric Haydock , Tony Hicks , Graham Nash , and Terry Sylvester . Steven Van Zandt Stooges , The The Stooges Dave Alexander , Ron Asheton , Scott Asheton , Iggy Pop , and James Williamson . Billie Joe Armstrong 2011 Alice Cooper Alice Cooper , Michael Owen Bruce , Glen Buxton , Dennis Dunaway , and Neal Smith . Rob Zombie 2011 Diamond , Neil Neil Diamond Paul Simon 2011 Dr. John John Legend 2011 Love , Darlene Darlene Love Bette Midler 2011 Waits , Tom Tom Waits Neil Young 2012 Beastie Boys Michael `` Mike D '' Diamond , Adam `` Ad - Rock '' Horovitz , and Adam `` MCA '' Yauch . Chuck D and LL Cool J 2012 -- Blue Caps ! The Blue Caps Backing band for Gene Vincent . Inducted : Tommy Facenda , Cliff Gallup , Dickie Harrell , Bobby Jones , Johnny Meeks , Jack Neal , Paul Peek , and Willie Williams . Smokey Robinson 2012 Comets ! The Comets Backing band for Bill Haley . Inducted : Joey Ambrose , Franny Beecher , Danny Cedrone , Johnny Grande , Ralph Jones , Marshall Lytle , Rudy Pompilli , Al Rex , Dick Richards , and Billy Williamson . Smokey Robinson 2012 Crickets ! The Crickets Backing band for Buddy Holly . Inducted : Jerry Allison , Sonny Curtis , Joe B. Mauldin , and Niki Sullivan . Smokey Robinson 2012 Donovan John Mellencamp 2012 Famous Flames ! The Famous Flames Backing vocal group for James Brown . Inducted : Bobby Bennett , Bobby Byrd , Lloyd Stallworth , and Johnny Terry . Smokey Robinson 2012 Guns N ' Roses Steven Adler , Duff McKagan , Dizzy Reed , Axl Rose , Slash , Matt Sorum , and Izzy Stradlin . Green Day 2012 -- Midnighters ! The Midnighters Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard . Inducted : Henry Booth , Billy Davis , Cal Green , Arthur Porter , Lawson Smith , Charles Sutton , Norman Thrasher , and Sonny Woods . Smokey Robinson 2012 Miracles ! The Miracles Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson . Inducted : Claudette Rogers , Bobby Rogers , Ronald White , Marv Tarplin , and Pete Moore . Smokey Robinson 2012 Nyro , Laura Laura Nyro Bette Midler 2012 Red Hot Chili Peppers Flea , John Frusciante , Jack Irons , Anthony Kiedis , Josh Klinghoffer , Cliff Martinez , Hillel Slovak , and Chad Smith . Chris Rock 2012 -- Small Faces / Faces Kenney Jones , Ronnie Lane , Ian McLagan , Steve Marriott , Rod Stewart , and Ronnie Wood . Steven Van Zandt 2013 Heart Michael DeRosier , Roger Fisher , Steve Fossen , Howard Leese , Ann Wilson , and Nancy Wilson . Chris Cornell 2013 King , Albert Albert King John Mayer 2013 Newman , Randy Randy Newman Don Henley 2013 Public Enemy Flavor Flav , Professor Griff , Terminator X , and Chuck D . Harry Belafonte and Spike Lee 2013 Rush Geddy Lee , Alex Lifeson , and Neil Peart . Dave Grohl and Taylor Hawkins 2013 Summer , Donna Donna Summer Kelly Rowland 2014 Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel Chris Martin 2014 Hall & Oates Daryl Hall and John Oates . Questlove 2014 Kiss Peter Criss , Ace Frehley , Gene Simmons , and Paul Stanley . Tom Morello 2014 Nirvana Kurt Cobain , Dave Grohl , and Krist Novoselic . Michael Stipe 2014 Ronstadt , Linda Linda Ronstadt Glenn Frey 2014 Stevens , Cat Cat Stevens Art Garfunkel 2015 Butterfield Blues Band , The Paul The Paul Butterfield Blues Band Paul Butterfield , Mike Bloomfield , Elvin Bishop , Mark Naftalin , Jerome Arnold , Billy Davenport , and Sam Lay . Peter Wolf 2015 Jett & the Blackhearts , Joan Joan Jett & the Blackhearts Joan Jett , Gary Ryan , Lee Crystal , and Ricky Byrd . Miley Cyrus 2015 Reed , Lou Lou Reed Patti Smith 2015 Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong , Tré Cool , and Mike Dirnt . Fall Out Boy 2015 Vaughan , Stevie Ray Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Stevie Ray Vaughan , Chris Layton , Tommy Shannon , and Reese Wynans . John Mayer 2015 Withers , Bill Bill Withers Stevie Wonder 2016 Cheap Trick Bun E. Carlos , Rick Nielsen , Tom Petersson , and Robin Zander . Kid Rock 2016 Chicago Peter Cetera , Terry Kath , Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow , Walter Parazaider , and Danny Seraphine . Rob Thomas 2016 Deep Purple Ritchie Blackmore , David Coverdale , Rod Evans , Ian Gillan , Roger Glover , Glenn Hughes , Jon Lord , and Ian Paice Lars Ulrich 2016 N.W.A DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Eazy - E , and Dr. Dre Kendrick Lamar 2016 Miller , Steve Steve Miller The Black Keys 2017 Electric Light Orchestra Bev Bevan , Jeff Lynne , Richard Tandy , and Roy Wood Dhani Harrison 2017 Baez , Joan Joan Baez Jackson Browne 2017 Journey Jonathan Cain , Aynsley Dunbar , Steve Perry , Gregg Rolie , Neal Schon , Steve Smith , and Ross Valory Pat Monahan 2017 Pearl Jam Jeff Ament , Matt Cameron , Stone Gossard , Dave Krusen , Mike McCready , and Eddie Vedder David Letterman 2017 Tupac Shakur Snoop Dogg 2017 Yes Jon Anderson , Bill Bruford , Steve Howe , Tony Kaye , Trevor Rabin , Chris Squire , Rick Wakeman , and Alan White Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson 2018 Bon Jovi Jon Bon Jovi , David Bryan , Hugh McDonald , Richie Sambora , Alec John Such and Tico Torres Howard Stern 2018 The Cars Elliot Easton , Greg Hawkes , David Robinson , Ric Ocasek and Benjamin Orr Brandon Flowers 2018 Dire Straits Alan Clark , Guy Fletcher , John Illsley , David Knopfler , Mark Knopfler and Pick Withers John Illsley 2018 The Moody Blues Graeme Edge , Justin Hayward , Denny Laine , John Lodge , Mike Pinder and Ray Thomas Ann Wilson 2018 Nina Simone Mary J. Blige ^ Note 1 . These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee , and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees . ^ Note 2 . This artist was later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame after inducting someone else . ^ Note 3 . This artist was already a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when they inducted someone else . ^ Note 4 . Dire Straits were the first artist in the hall 's history to not have an official induction speaker . Band member John Illsley did the induction speech himself . Early influences ( edit ) Woody Guthrie , inducted in 1988 . Louis Armstrong , inducted in 1990 . Pete Seeger , inducted in 1996 . Charles Brown , inducted in 1999 . Artists inducted into the early influences category are those `` whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock 's leading artists . '' Unlike the performers category , these inductees are selected by a committee . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . Year Name 1986 Rodgers , Jimmie Jimmie Rodgers 1986 Yancey , Jimmy Jimmy Yancey 1986 Johnson , Robert Robert Johnson Jordan , Louis Louis Jordan Walker , T - Bone T - Bone Walker Williams , Hank Hank Williams 1988 Guthrie , Woody Woody Guthrie 1988 Lead Belly 1988 Les Paul 1989 Ink Spots ! The Ink Spots 1989 Smith , Bessie Bessie Smith 1989 Soul Stirrers ! The Soul Stirrers 1990 Christian , Charlie Charlie Christian 1990 Armstrong , Louis Louis Armstrong 1990 Rainey , Ma Ma Rainey 1991 Howlin ' Wolf 1992 James , Elmore Elmore James 1992 Longhair , Professor Professor Longhair 1993 Washington , Dinah Dinah Washington 1994 Dixon , Willie Willie Dixon 1995 Orioles , The The Orioles Seeger , Pete Pete Seeger 1997 Jackson , Mahalia Mahalia Jackson 1997 Monroe , Bill Bill Monroe 1998 Jelly Roll Morton 1999 Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys 1999 Brown , Charles Charles Brown 2000 Cole , Nat ! Nat King Cole 2000 Holiday , Billie Billie Holiday 2009 Jackson , Wanda Wanda Jackson 2012 King , Freddie Freddie King 2015 5 Royalses ! The `` 5 '' Royales 2018 Tharpe , Sister Rosetta Sister Rosetta Tharpe ^ A. Inducted members : Bill Kenny , Charlie Fuqua , Deek Watson , and Orville `` Hoppy '' Jones . ^ B. Inducted members : Roy Crain Sr. , R.H. Harris , Jesse Farley , and E.A. Rundless . ^ C. Inducted members : Sonny Til , Tommy Gaither , George Nelson , Johnny Reed , and Alexander Sharp . ^ D. Inducted members : Bob Wills , Tommy Duncan , Leon McAuliffe , Johnny Gimble , Joe `` Jody '' Holley , Tiny Moore , Herb Remington , Eldon Shamblin , and Al Stricklin . ^ E. Nominated as a performer . ^ F. Inducted members : John L. Tanner , Eugene Tanner , James E. Moore , Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling , Jr Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegün Award ) ( edit ) Carole King , inducted in 1990 Dick Clark , inducted in 1993 Clive Davis , inducted in 2000 The non-performer category honors `` songwriters , producers , disc jockeys , record executives , journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll . '' Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well . The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . This category has been criticized for inducting those that have `` been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets '' and not revealing their full criteria . In 2008 , this category was renamed the `` Ahmet Ertegün Award '' . Year Name 1986 Freed , Alan Alan Freed 1986 Phillips , Sam Sam Phillips Chess , Leonard Leonard Chess Ertegun , Ahmet Ahmet Ertegun Leiber ! Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Wexler , Jerry Jerry Wexler 1988 Gordy , Jr. , Berry Berry Gordy , Jr . 1989 Spector , Phil Phil Spector 1990 Gerry Goffin and Carole King 1990 Holland -- Dozier -- Holland 1991 Bartholomew , Dave Dave Bartholomew 1991 Bass , Ralph Ralph Bass 1992 Fender , Leo Leo Fender 1992 Graham , Bill Bill Graham 1992 Pomus , Doc Doc Pomus 1993 Clark , Dick Dick Clark 1993 Gabler , Milt Milt Gabler 1994 Otis , Johnny Johnny Otis 1995 Ackerman , Paul Paul Ackerman Donahue , Tom Tom Donahue 1997 Nathan , Syd Syd Nathan 1998 Toussaint , Allen Allen Toussaint 1999 Martin , George George Martin 2000 Davis , Clive Clive Davis 2001 Blackwell , Chris Chris Blackwell 2002 Stewart , Jim Jim Stewart 2003 Ostin , Mo Mo Ostin 2008 Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff Geffen , David David Geffen Blackwell , Otis Otis Blackwell Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich Shuman , Mort Mort Shuman Stone , Jesse Jesse Stone Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil 2011 Holzman , Jac Jac Holzman 2011 Rupe , Art Art Rupe 2012 Kirshner , Don Don Kirshner 2013 Adler , Lou Lou Adler 2013 Jones , Quincy Quincy Jones 2014 Epstein , Brian Brian Epstein 2014 Andrew Loog Oldham 2016 Berns , Bert Bert Berns Award for Musical Excellence ( edit ) Leon Russell , inducted in 2011 . This category , which replaced sidemen , `` honors those musicians , producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers . '' Year Name 2011 Russell , Leon Leon Russell 2012 Matassa , Cosimo Cosimo Matassa 2012 Dowd , Tom Tom Dowd 2012 Johns , Glyn Glyn Johns 2014 E Street Band 2015 Ringo Starr 2017 Nile Rodgers ^ G. Inducted members : Garry Tallent , Roy Bittan , Max Weinberg , Steven Van Zandt , Nils Lofgren , Patti Scialfa , Clarence Clemons , Danny Federici , Vini Lopez , David Sancious . Singles ( edit ) At the 2018 ceremony , a new induction category for singles was announced by Steven Van Zandt . According to Van Zandt , the category is `` a recognition of the excellence of the singles that shaped rock ' n ' roll , kind of a rock ' n ' roll jukebox , records by artists not in the Rock Hall -- which is not to say these artists will never be in the Rock Hall . They just are not in the Rock Hall at the moment . '' Year Artist Song ( Year ) 2018 Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats `` Rocket 88 '' ( 1951 ) 2018 Link Wray `` Rumble '' ( 1958 ) 2018 Chubby Checker `` The Twist '' ( 1960 ) 2018 The Kingsmen `` Louie Louie '' ( 1963 ) 2018 Procol Harum `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1967 ) 2018 Steppenwolf `` Born to Be Wild '' ( 1968 ) Sidemen ( edit ) Established in 2000 , the sidemen category `` honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight , performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert . '' A separate committee , composed mainly of producers , chooses the inductees . In 2010 , the category was renamed to `` Award for Musical Excellence '' . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' James Burton , inducted in 2001 . Year Name Instrument 2000 Blaine , Hal Hal Blaine Drums 2000 Curtis , King King Curtis Saxophone 2000 Jamerson , James James Jamerson Bass guitar 2000 Moore , Scotty Scotty Moore Guitar 2000 Palmer , Earl Earl Palmer Drums 2001 Burton , James James Burton Guitar 2001 Johnson , Johnnie Johnnie Johnson Piano 2002 Atkins , Chet Chet Atkins Guitar 2003 Benjamin , Benny Benny Benjamin Drums 2003 Cramer , Floyd Floyd Cramer Piano 2003 Douglas , Steve Steve Douglas Saxophone 2008 Walter , Little Little Walter Harmonica 2009 Black , Bill Bill Black Bass guitar 2009 Fontana , D.J. D.J. Fontana Drums 2009 Oldham , Spooner Spooner Oldham Keyboard Lifetime achievement ( edit ) The following were inducted for `` Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category . '' Year Name 1986 Hammond , John John Hammond 1991 Ertegun , Nesuhi Nesuhi Ertegun Wenner , Jann Jann Wenner 2005 Barsalona , Frank Frank Barsalona 2005 Stein , Seymour Seymour Stein 2006 Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss Multiple inductees ( edit ) As of 2017 , 22 performers have been inducted twice or more ; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands . Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times : as a solo artist , with Cream and The Yardbirds . Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band , the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart . Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year . Crosby , Stills & Nash , inducted in 1997 , is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts : David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991 , Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997 , and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010 . The Beatles , inducted in 1988 , is the second band to have all of its members be inducted , as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction . Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories ( The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015 ) . He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions , at 27 years . Both of Stills ' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back - to - back years ( 1987 / 88 for McPhatter , 1992 / 93 for Clapton , as well as his solo induction in 2000 ) . The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted : Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987 , Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988 , George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004 , Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002 , and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017 . Name First Year Second Year Third Year Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 zzzzz ! Solo career 2009 -- -- Carter , Johnny Johnny Carter Flamingos ! The Flamingos 2001 Dells ! The Dells -- -- Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Cream 1993 Solo career 2000 Crosby , David David Crosby Byrds ! The Byrds 1991 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel Genesis ! Genesis Solo career 2014 -- -- Harrison , George George Harrison Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career -- -- Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson Jackson Five ! The Jackson Five 1997 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Lennon , John John Lennon Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 -- -- Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield Impressions ! The Impressions 1991 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter zzzzz ! Solo career Drifters ! The Drifters 1988 -- -- Nash , Graham Graham Nash Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 Hollies ! The Hollies -- -- Page , Jimmy Jimmy Page Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Led Zeppelin 1995 -- -- Reed , Lou Lou Reed Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground zzzzz ! Solo career 2015 -- -- Rolie , Gregg Gregg Rolie Santana 1998 Journey 2017 -- -- Simon , Paul Paul Simon Simon and Garfunkel 1990 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Starr , Ringo Ringo Starr Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 Award For Musical Excellence , Solo career 2015 -- -- Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 Faces 2012 -- -- Stills , Stephen Stephen Stills Buffalo Springfield 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Strain , Sammy ! Sammy Strain The O'Jays 2005 Little Anthony & The Imperials 2009 -- -- Wood , Ronnie Ronnie Wood Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones 1989 Faces 2012 -- -- Young , Neil Neil Young zzzzz ! Solo career 1995 Buffalo Springfield 1997 -- -- References ( edit ) General `` Inductee list '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Induction Ceremony and Process '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Cleveland will host Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Ceremony every two years '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sinkevics , John ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hall voters ' bias leaves prog - rock out -- again '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most COntroversial Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Moments '' . billboard.com . Jump up ^ `` Were not coming . Were not your monkey and so what ? '' ( sic ) Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on February 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Famers '' . Future Rock Legends . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Everly Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Coasters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beach Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Drifters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Supremes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Temptations '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Seasons '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Tops '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Kinks '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Platters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Who '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Byrds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Impressions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ike & Tina Turner '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T . & The M.G. 's '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Isley Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Jimi Hendrix Experience '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sam & Dave '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Yardbirds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cream '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Doors '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sly & The Family Stone '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Grateful Dead '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Allman Brothers Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Martha & The Vandellas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gladys Knight & the Pips '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Airplane '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Shirelles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Velvet Underground '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Springfield '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills & Nash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackson Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament - Funkadelic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Rascals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood Mac '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Mamas & The Papas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Santana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Staple Singers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Soeder , John ( September 22 , 1999 ) . `` Canton 's O'Jays , Aerosmith among Rock Hall finalists '' . The Plain Dealer . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Flamingos '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Queen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ramones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Clash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Costello & the Attractions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Police '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Righteous Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Dells '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ZZ Top '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The O'Jays '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Pretenders '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` U2 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Blondie '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sex Pistols '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` R.E.M. '' Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Ronettes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Van Halen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Dave Clark Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Ventures '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Anthony and the Imperials '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Run - D.M.C. '' Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Genesis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollies '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Stooges '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Beastie Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Caps '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Comets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Crickets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Flames '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Midnighters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Miracles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Small Faces / Faces '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Heart '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Public Enemy '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rush '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall and John Oates '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kiss '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Paul Butterfield Blues Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joan Jett & the Blackhearts '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Reed '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Green Day '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stevie Ray Vaughan & Double Trouble '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cheap Trick '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deep Purple '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` N.W.A '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Electric Light Orchestra '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Journey '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Cars '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dire Straits '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Moody Blues '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dire Straits Awkwardly Enter Rock Hall Of Fame Without An Induction Speaker Or A Performance '' . Stereogum. 15 April 2018 . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Ink Spots '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Soul Stirrers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Orioles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The `` 5 '' Royales `` . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Globes : Stars Fill in Blanks ; Rock Hall of Fame '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Inductees for 2008 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2017 Inductions '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inducts Songs for the First Time , Including ' Born to Be Wild ' & ' Louie Louie ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame introduces new category for singles '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Blaine '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` King Curtis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Jamerson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Scotty Moore '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Palmer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Burton '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Johnnie Johnson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Chet Atkins '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Benny Benjamin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Cramer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Douglas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Walter '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Black '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Fontana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spooner Oldham '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame makes Clapton first triple inductee '' . CNN . March 7 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees . ( hide ) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Classes 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees&oldid=836802548 '' Categories : Music - related lists Lists of musicians Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Galego ქართული مصرى 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 23 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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first female rock and roll hall of fame
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"\n\nYear\nImage\nName\nInducted members\nInducted by[11]\n\n\n1986\n\nBerry, ChuckChuck Berry\n\nKeith Richards[N2]\n\n\n1986\n\nBrown, JamesJames Brown\n\nSteve Winwood[N2]\n\n\n1986\n\nCharles, RayRay Charles\n\nQuincy Jones[N2]\n\n\n1986\n\nCooke, SamSam Cooke\n\nHerb Alpert[N2]\n\n\n1986\n\nDomino, FatsFats Domino\n\nBilly Joel[N2]\n\n\n1986\n\nEverly Brothers !The Everly Brothers\nDon Everly and Phil Everly.[12]\nNeil Young[N2]\n\n\n1986\n\nHolly, BuddyBuddy Holly\n\nJohn Fogerty[N2]\n\n\n1986\n\nLewis, Jerry LeeJerry Lee Lewis\n\nHank Williams Jr.\n\n\n1986\n\nLittle Richard\n\nRoberta Flack\n\n\n1986\n\nPresley, ElvisElvis Presley\n\nJulian and Sean Lennon\n\n\n1987\n\nCoasters !The Coasters\nCarl Gardner, Cornell Gunter, Billy Guy, and Will \"Dub\" Jones.[13]\nLester Sill\n\n\n1987\n\nCochran, EddieEddie Cochran\n\nMick Jones\n\n\n1987\n\nDiddley, BoBo Diddley\n\nZZ Top[N2]\n\n\n1987\n\nFranklin, ArethaAretha Franklin\n\nKeith Richards[N2]\n\n\n1987\n\nGaye, MarvinMarvin Gaye\n\nNick Ashford and Valerie Simpson\n\n\n1987\n\nHaley, BillBill Haley\n\nChuck Berry[N3]\n\n\n1987\n\nKing, B.B.B.B. King\n\nSting[N2]\n\n\n1987\n\nMcPhatter, ClydeClyde McPhatter\n\nBen E. King[N2]\n\n\n1987\n\nNelson, RickyRicky Nelson\n\nJohn Fogerty[N2]\n\n\n1987\n\nOrbison, RoyRoy Orbison\n\nBruce Springsteen[N2]\n\n\n1987\n\nPerkins, CarlCarl Perkins\n\nSam Phillips[N3]\n\n\n1987\n\nRobinson, SmokeySmokey Robinson\n\nDaryl Hall[N2] and John Oates[N2]\n\n\n1987\n\nTurner, Big JoeBig Joe Turner\n\nDoc Pomus[N2]\n\n\n1987\n\nWaters, MuddyMuddy Waters\n\nPaul Butterfield[N2]\n\n\n1987\n\nWilson, JackieJackie Wilson\n\nPeter Wolf\n\n\n1988\n\nBeach Boys !The Beach Boys\nAl Jardine, Mike Love, Brian Wilson, Carl Wilson, and Dennis Wilson.[14]\nElton John[N2]\n\n\n1988\n\nBeatles !The Beatles\nGeorge Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr.[15]\nMick Jagger[N2]\n\n\n1988\n\nDrifters !The Drifters\nBen E. King, Rudy Lewis, Clyde McPhatter, Johnny Moore, Bill Pinkney, Charlie Thomas, and Gerhart Thrasher.[16]\nBilly Joel[N2]\n\n\n1988\n\nDylan, BobBob Dylan\n\nBruce Springsteen[N2]\n\n\n1988\n\nSupremes !The Supremes\nFlorence Ballard, Diana Ross, and Mary Wilson.[17]\nLittle Richard[N3]\n\n\n1989\n\nDion !Dion\n\nLou Reed[N2]\n\n\n1989\n\nRedding, OtisOtis Redding\n\nLittle Richard[N3]\n\n\n1989\n\nRolling Stones !The Rolling Stones\nMick Jagger, Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Ian Stewart, Mick Taylor, Charlie Watts, Ronnie Wood, and Bill Wyman.[18]\nPete Townshend[N2]\n\n\n1989\n\nTemptations !The Temptations\nMelvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, David Ruffin, Otis Williams, Paul Williams, Dennis Edwards.[19]\nDaryl Hall[N2] and John Oates[N2]\n\n\n1989\n\nWonder, StevieStevie Wonder\n\nPaul Simon[N2]\n\n\n1990\n\nBallard, HankHank Ballard\n\nBoz Scaggs\n\n\n1990\n\nDarin, BobbyBobby Darin\n\nPaul Anka\n\n\n1990\n\nFour Seasons !The Four Seasons\nTom DeVito, Bob Gaudio, Nick Massi, and Frankie Valli.[20]\nBob Crewe\n\n\n1990\n\nFour Tops !Four Tops\nRenaldo \"Obie\" Benson, Abdul \"Duke\" Fakir, Lawrence Payton, and Levi Stubbs.[21]\nStevie Wonder[N3]\n\n\n1990\n\nKinks !The Kinks\nMick Avory, Dave Davies, Ray Davies, and Pete Quaife.[22]\nGraham Nash[N2]\n\n\n1990\n\nPlatters !The Platters\nDavid Lynch, Herb Reed, Paul Robi, Zola Taylor, and Tony Williams.[23]\nPhil Spector[N3]\n\n\n1990\n\nSimon & Garfunkel\nPaul Simon and Art Garfunkel.[24]\nJames Taylor[N2]\n\n\n1990\n\nWho !The Who\nRoger Daltrey, John Entwistle, Keith Moon, and Pete Townshend.[25]\nBono[N2]\n\n\n1991\n\nBaker, LaVernLaVern Baker\n\nChaka Khan\n\n\n1991\n\nByrds !The Byrds\nGene Clark, Michael Clarke, David Crosby, Chris Hillman, and Roger McGuinn.[26]\nDon Henley[N2]\n\n\n1991\n\nHooker, John LeeJohn Lee Hooker\n\nBonnie Raitt[N2]\n\n\n1991\n—\nImpressions !The Impressions\nCurtis Mayfield, Sam Gooden, Fred Cash, Arthur Brooks, Richard Brooks, and Jerry Butler.[27]\nTracy Chapman\n\n\n1991\n\nPickett, WilsonWilson Pickett\n\nBobby Brown\n\n\n1991\n\nReed, JimmyJimmy Reed\n\nZZ Top[N2]\n\n\n1991\n\nTurner, Ike & TinaIke & Tina Turner\nIke Turner and Tina Turner.[28]\nPhil Spector[N3]\n\n\n1992\n\nBland, Bobby !Bobby \"Blue\" Bland\n\nB.B. King[N3]\n\n\n1992\n\nBooker T. & the M.G.'s\nBooker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald \"Duck\" Dunn, Al Jackson Jr., and Lewie Steinberg.[29]\nJim Stewart\n\n\n1992\n\nCash, JohnnyJohnny Cash\n\nLyle Lovett\n\n\n1992\n\nIsley Brothers !The Isley Brothers\nErnie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley Jr., Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, and Chris Jasper.[30]\nLittle Richard[N3]\n\n\n1992\n\nHendrix Experience, The JimiThe Jimi Hendrix Experience\nJimi Hendrix, Mitch Mitchell, and Noel Redding.[31]\nNeil Young[N2]\n\n\n1992\n\nSam & Dave\nSam Moore and Dave Prater.[32]\nBilly Joel[N2]\n\n\n1992\n\nYardbirds !The Yardbirds\nJeff Beck, Eric Clapton, Chris Dreja, Jim McCarty, Jimmy Page, Keith Relf, and Paul Samwell-Smith.[33]\nThe Edge[N2]\n\n\n1993\n\nBrown, RuthRuth Brown\n\nBonnie Raitt[N2]\n\n\n1993\n\nCream\nGinger Baker, Jack Bruce, and Eric Clapton.[34]\nZZ Top[N2]\n\n\n1993\n\nCreedence Clearwater Revival\nDoug Clifford, Stu Cook, John Fogerty, and Tom Fogerty.[35]\nBruce Springsteen[N2]\n\n\n1993\n\nDoors !The Doors\nJohn Densmore, Robby Krieger, Ray Manzarek, and Jim Morrison.[36]\nEddie Vedder[N2]\n\n\n1993\n\nLymon & The Teenagers, FrankieFrankie Lymon & The Teenagers\nHerman Santiago, Jimmy Merchant, Sherman Garnes, Frankie Lymon, and Joe Negroni[37]\nBoyz II Men\n\n\n1993\n\nJames, EttaEtta James\n\nk.d. lang\n\n\n1993\n\nMorrison, VanVan Morrison\n\nRobbie Robertson[N2]\n\n\n1993\n\nSly and the Family Stone\nGregg Errico, Larry Graham, Jerry Martini, Cynthia Robinson, Freddie Stone, Rosie Stone, and Sly Stone.[38]\nGeorge Clinton[N2]\n\n\n1994\n\nAnimals !The Animals\nEric Burdon, Chas Chandler, Alan Price, John Steel, and Hilton Valentine.[39]\nDave Pirner\n\n\n1994\n\nBand !The Band\nRick Danko, Levon Helm, Garth Hudson, Richard Manuel, and Robbie Robertson.[40]\nEric Clapton[N3]\n\n\n1994\n\nEddy, DuaneDuane Eddy\n\nMick Jones\n\n\n1994\n\nGrateful Dead\nTom Constanten, Jerry Garcia, Donna Jean Godchaux, Keith Godchaux, Mickey Hart, Robert Hunter, Bill Kreutzmann, Phil Lesh, Ron McKernan, Brent Mydland, Bob Weir, and Vince Welnick.[41]\nBruce Hornsby\n\n\n1994\n\nJohn, EltonElton John\n\nAxl Rose[N2]\n\n\n1994\n\nLennon, JohnJohn Lennon\n\nPaul McCartney[N2]\n\n\n1994\n\nMarley, BobBob Marley\n\nBono[N2]\n\n\n1994\n\nStewart, RodRod Stewart\n\nJeff Beck[N3]\n\n\n1995\n\nAllman Brothers Band !The Allman Brothers Band\nDuane Allman, Gregg Allman, Dickey Betts, Jai Johanny Johanson, Berry Oakley, and Butch Trucks.[42]\nWillie Nelson\n\n\n1995\n\nGreen, AlAl Green\n\nNatalie Cole\n\n\n1995\n\nJoplin, JanisJanis Joplin\n\nMelissa Etheridge\n\n\n1995\n\nLed Zeppelin\nJohn Bonham, John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page, and Robert Plant[43]\nSteven Tyler[N2] and Joe Perry[N2]\n\n\n1995\n\nMartha and the Vandellas\nRosalind Ashford, Annette Beard, Betty Kelly, Lois Reeves, and Martha Reeves.[44]\nFred Schneider and Kate Pierson\n\n\n1995\n\nYoung, NeilNeil Young\n\nEddie Vedder[N2]\n\n\n1995\n\nZappa, FrankFrank Zappa\n\nLou Reed[N2]\n\n\n1996\n\nBowie, DavidDavid Bowie\n\nMadonna[N2] and David Byrne[N2]\n\n\n1996\n\nKnight & the Pips, GladysGladys Knight & the Pips\nWilliam Guest, Gladys Knight, Merald \"Bubba\" Knight, and Edward Patten.[45]\nMariah Carey\n\n\n1996\n\nJefferson Airplane\nMarty Balin, Jack Casady, Spencer Dryden, Paul Kantner, Jorma Kaukonen, and Grace Slick.[46]\nMickey Hart[N3] and Phil Lesh[N3]\n\n\n1996\n\nLittle Willie John\n\nStevie Wonder[N3]\n\n\n1996\n\nPink Floyd\nSyd Barrett, David Gilmour, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Rick Wright.[47]\nBilly Corgan\n\n\n1996\n\nShirelles !The Shirelles\nShirley Alston Reeves, Addie Harris, Doris Kenner-Jackson, and Beverly Lee.[48]\nMerry Clayton, Marianne Faithfull and Darlene Love[N2]\n\n\n1996\n\nVelvet Underground !The Velvet Underground\nJohn Cale, Sterling Morrison, Lou Reed, and Maureen Tucker.[49]\nPatti Smith[N2]\n\n\n1997\n\nBee Gees\nBarry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, and Robin Gibb.[50]\nBrian Wilson[N3]\n\n\n1997\n\nBuffalo Springfield\nRichie Furay, Dewey Martin, Bruce Palmer, Stephen Stills, and Neil Young.[51]\nTom Petty[N2]\n\n\n1997\n\nCrosby, Stills & Nash\nDavid Crosby, Graham Nash, and Stephen Stills.[52]\nJames Taylor[N2]\n\n\n1997\n\nJackson 5, TheThe Jackson 5\nJackie Jackson, Jermaine Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Michael Jackson, and Tito Jackson.[53]\nDiana Ross[N3]\n\n\n1997\n\nMitchell, JoniJoni Mitchell\n\nShawn Colvin\n\n\n1997\n\nParliament-Funkadelic\nJerome Brailey, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Raymond Davis, Tiki Fulwood, Glenn Goins, Michael Hampton, Fuzzy Haskins, Eddie Hazel, Walter Morrison, Cordell Mosson, William \"Billy Bass\" Nelson, Garry Shider, Calvin Simon, Grady Thomas, and Bernie Worrell.[54]\nPrince[N2]\n\n\n1997\n\nRascals !The (Young) Rascals\nEddie Brigati, Felix Cavaliere, Gene Cornish, and Dino Danelli.[55]\nSteven Van Zandt[N2]\n\n\n1998\n\nEagles\nDon Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon, Randy Meisner, Timothy B. Schmit, and Joe Walsh.[56]\nJimmy Buffett\n\n\n1998\n\nFleetwood Mac\nLindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, Peter Green, Danny Kirwan, Christine McVie, John McVie, Stevie Nicks, and Jeremy Spencer.[57]\nSheryl Crow\n\n\n1998\n\nMamas & The Papas !The Mamas & the Papas\nDenny Doherty, Cass Elliot, John Phillips, and Michelle Phillips.[58]\nShania Twain\n\n\n1998\n\nPrice, LloydLloyd Price\n\nTony Rich\n\n\n1998\n\nSantana\nJose Chepito Areas, David Brown, Michael Carabello, Gregg Rolie, Carlos Santana, and Michael Shrieve.[59]\nJohn Popper\n\n\n1998\n\nVincent, GeneGene Vincent\n\nJohn Fogerty[N3]\n\n\n1999\n\nJoel, BillyBilly Joel\n\nRay Charles[N3]\n\n\n1999\n\nMayfield, CurtisCurtis Mayfield\n\nSean Combs\n\n\n1999\n\nMcCartney, PaulPaul McCartney\n\nNeil Young[N3]\n\n\n1999\n\nShannon, DelDel Shannon\n\nArt Alexakis\n\n\n1999\n\nSpringfield, DustyDusty Springfield\n\nElton John[N3]\n\n\n1999\n\nSpringsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen\n\nBono[N2]\n\n\n1999\n\nStaple Singers, TheThe Staple Singers\nCleotha Staples, Mavis Staples, Pervis Staples, Pops Staples, and Yvonne Staples.[60]\nLauryn Hill\n\n\n2000\n\nClapton, EricEric Clapton\n\nRobbie Robertson[N3]\n\n\n2000\n\nEarth, Wind & Fire\nPhilip Bailey, Larry Dunn, Johnny Graham, Ralph Johnson, Al McKay, Fred White, Maurice White, Verdine White, and Andrew Woolfolk.[61]\nLil Kim\n\n\n2000\n\nLovin' Spoonful, TheThe Lovin' Spoonful\nSteve Boone, Joe Butler, John Sebastian, and Zal Yanovsky.[61]\nJohn Mellencamp[N2]\n\n\n2000\n\nMoonglows, TheThe Moonglows\nPrentiss Barnes, Harvey Fuqua, Peter Graves, Billy Johnson, and Bobby Lester.[61]\nPaul Simon[N3]\n\n\n2000\n\nRaitt, BonnieBonnie Raitt\n\nMelissa Etheridge\n\n\n2000\n\nTaylor, JamesJames Taylor\n\nPaul McCartney[N3]\n\n\n2001\n\nAerosmith\nTom Hamilton, Joey Kramer, Joe Perry, Steven Tyler, and Brad Whitford.[62]\nKid Rock\n\n\n2001\n\nBurke, SolomonSolomon Burke\n\nMary J. Blige\n\n\n2001\n\nFlamingos, TheThe Flamingos\nJake Carey, Zeke Carey, Johnny Carter, Tommy Hunt, Terry \"Buzzy\" Johnson, Sollie McElroy, Nate Nelson, and Paul Wilson.[63]\nFrankie Valli[N3]\n\n\n2001\n\nJackson, MichaelMichael Jackson\n\nNSYNC\n\n\n2001\n\nQueen\nJohn Deacon, Brian May, Freddie Mercury, and Roger Taylor.[64]\nDave Grohl[N2] and Taylor Hawkins\n\n\n2001\n\nSimon, PaulPaul Simon\n\nMarc Anthony\n\n\n2001\n\nSteely Dan\nWalter Becker and Donald Fagen.[65]\nMoby\n\n\n2001\n\nValens, RitchieRitchie Valens\n\nRicky Martin\n\n\n2002\n\nHayes, IsaacIsaac Hayes\n\nAlicia Keys\n\n\n2002\n\nLee, BrendaBrenda Lee\n\nJewel\n\n\n2002\n\nPetty and the Heartbreakers, TomTom Petty and the Heartbreakers\nTom Petty, Ron Blair, Mike Campbell, Howie Epstein, Stan Lynch, and Benmont Tench.[66]\nJakob Dylan\n\n\n2002\n\nPitney, GeneGene Pitney\n\nDarlene Love[N2]\n\n\n2002\n\nRamones\nDee Dee Ramone, Joey Ramone, Johnny Ramone, Marky Ramone, and Tommy Ramone.[67]\nEddie Vedder[N2]\n\n\n2002\n\nTalking Heads\nDavid Byrne, Chris Frantz, Jerry Harrison, and Tina Weymouth.[68]\nAnthony Kiedis[N2]\n\n\n2003\n\nAC/DC\nBrian Johnson, Phil Rudd, Bon Scott, Cliff Williams, Angus Young, and Malcolm Young.[69]\nSteven Tyler[N3]\n\n\n2003\n\nClash, TheThe Clash\nTerry Chimes, Topper Headon, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, and Joe Strummer.[70]\nThe Edge[N2] and Tom Morello\n\n\n2003\n\nCostello & the Attractions, ElvisElvis Costello & the Attractions\nElvis Costello, Steve Nieve, Bruce Thomas, and Pete Thomas.[71]\nElton John[N3]\n\n\n2003\n\nPolice, TheThe Police\nStewart Copeland, Sting, and Andy Summers.[72]\nGwen Stefani\n\n\n2003\n\nRighteous Brothers, TheThe Righteous Brothers\nBobby Hatfield and Bill Medley.[73]\nBilly Joel[N3]\n\n\n2004\n\nBrowne, JacksonJackson Browne\n\nBruce Springsteen[N3]\n\n\n2004\n\nDells, TheThe Dells\nVerne Allison, Chuck Barksdale, Johnny Carter, Johnny Funches, Marvin Junior, and Michael McGill.[74]\nRobert Townsend\n\n\n2004\n\nHarrison, GeorgeGeorge Harrison\n\nTom Petty[N3] and Jeff Lynne[N2]\n\n\n2004\n\nPrince\n\nOutkast and Alicia Keys\n\n\n2004\n\nSeger, BobBob Seger\n\nKid Rock\n\n\n2004\n\nTraffic\nJim Capaldi, Dave Mason, Steve Winwood, and Chris Wood.[75]\nDave Matthews\n\n\n2004\n\nZZ Top\nFrank Beard, Billy Gibbons, and Dusty Hill.[76]\nKeith Richards[N3]\n\n\n2005\n\nGuy, BuddyBuddy Guy\n\nEric Clapton[N3] and B.B. King[N3]\n\n\n2005\n\nO'Jays, TheThe O'Jays\nEddie Levert, Bobby Massey, William Powell, Sammy Strain, and Walter Williams.[77]\nJustin Timberlake\n\n\n2005\n\nThe Pretenders\nMartin Chambers, Pete Farndon, James Honeyman-Scott, and Chrissie Hynde.[78]\nNeil Young[N3]\n\n\n2005\n\nSledge, PercyPercy Sledge\n\nRod Stewart[N3]\n\n\n2005\n\nU2\nBono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, and Larry Mullen, Jr..[79]\nBruce Springsteen[N3]\n\n\n2006\n\nBlack Sabbath\nGeezer Butler, Tony Iommi, Ozzy Osbourne, and Bill Ward.[80]\nJames Hetfield[N2] and Lars Ulrich[N2]\n\n\n2006\n\nBlondie\nClem Burke, Jimmy Destri, Nigel Harrison, Debbie Harry, Frank Infante, Chris Stein, and Gary Valentine.[81]\nShirley Manson\n\n\n2006\n\nDavis, MilesMiles Davis\n\nHerbie Hancock\n\n\n2006\n\nLynyrd Skynyrd\nBob Burns, Allen Collins, Steve Gaines, Ed King, Billy Powell, Artimus Pyle, Gary Rossington, Ronnie Van Zant, and Leon Wilkeson.[82]\nKid Rock\n\n\n2006\n\nSex Pistols\nPaul Cook, Steve Jones, Glen Matlock, John Lydon, and Sid Vicious.[83]\nJann Wenner[N3]\n\n\n2007\n\nGrandmaster Flash and The Furious Five\nMelvin \"Melle Mel\" Glover, Nathaniel \"The Kidd Creole\" Glover, Eddie \"Scorpio\" Morris, Joseph \"Grandmaster Flash\" Sadler, Robert Keith \"Keef Cowboy\" Wiggins, and Guy Todd \"Rahiem\" Williams.[84]\nJay-Z\n\n\n2007\n\nR.E.M.\nBill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe.[85]\nEddie Vedder[N2]\n\n\n2007\n\nRonettes, TheThe Ronettes\nEstelle Bennett, Ronnie Spector, and Nedra Talley.[86]\nKeith Richards[N3]\n\n\n2007\n\nSmith, PattiPatti Smith\n\nZack de la Rocha\n\n\n2007\n\nVan Halen\nMichael Anthony, Sammy Hagar, David Lee Roth, Alex Van Halen, and Eddie Van Halen.[87]\nVelvet Revolver\n\n\n2008\n\nClark Five, The DaveThe Dave Clark Five\nDave Clark, Lenny Davidson, Rick Huxley, Denis Payton, and Mike Smith.[88]\nTom Hanks\n\n\n2008\n\nCohen, LeonardLeonard Cohen\n\nLou Reed[N2]\n\n\n2008\n\nMadonna\n\nJustin Timberlake\n\n\n2008\n\nMellencamp, JohnJohn Mellencamp\n\nBilly Joel[N3]\n\n\n2008\n\nVentures, TheThe Ventures\nBob Bogle, Nokie Edwards, Gerry McGee, Mel Taylor, and Don Wilson.[89]\nJohn Fogerty[N3]\n\n\n2009\n\nBeck, JeffJeff Beck\n\nJimmy Page[N3]\n\n\n2009\n\nLittle Anthony and the Imperials\nClarence Collins, Anthony Gourdine, Tracy Lord, Glouster \"Nat\" Rogers, Sammy Strain, and Ernest Wright Jr.[90]\nSmokey Robinson[N3]\n\n\n2009\n\nMetallica\nCliff Burton, Kirk Hammett, James Hetfield, Jason Newsted, Robert Trujillo, and Lars Ulrich.[91]\nFlea[N2]\n\n\n2009\n\nRun-DMC\nDarryl \"D.M.C.\" McDaniels, Jason \"Jam-Master Jay\" Mizell, and Joseph \"DJ Run\" Simmons.[92]\nEminem\n\n\n2009\n\nWomack, BobbyBobby Womack\n\nRon Wood[N3]\n\n\n2010\n\nABBA\nBenny Andersson, Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and Björn Ulvaeus.[93]\nBarry[N3] and Robin Gibb[N3]\n\n\n2010\n\nGenesis\nTony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, and Mike Rutherford.[94]\nTrey Anastasio\n\n\n2010\n\nCliff, JimmyJimmy Cliff\n\nWyclef Jean\n\n\n2010\n\nHollies, TheThe Hollies\nBernie Calvert, Allan Clarke, Bobby Elliott, Eric Haydock, Tony Hicks, Graham Nash, and Terry Sylvester.[95]\nSteven Van Zandt[N2]\n\n\n2010\n\nStooges, TheThe Stooges\nDave Alexander, Ron Asheton, Scott Asheton, Iggy Pop, and James Williamson.[96]\nBillie Joe Armstrong[N2]\n\n\n2011\n\nAlice Cooper\nAlice Cooper, Michael Owen Bruce, Glen Buxton, Dennis Dunaway, and Neal Smith.[97]\nRob Zombie\n\n\n2011\n\nDiamond, NeilNeil Diamond\n\nPaul Simon[N3]\n\n\n2011\n\nDr. John\n\nJohn Legend\n\n\n2011\n\nLove, DarleneDarlene Love\n\nBette Midler\n\n\n2011\n\nWaits, TomTom Waits\n\nNeil Young[N3]\n\n\n2012\n\nBeastie Boys\nMichael \"Mike D\" Diamond, Adam \"Ad-Rock\" Horovitz, and Adam \"MCA\" Yauch.[98]\nChuck D[N2] and LL Cool J\n\n\n2012\n—\nBlue Caps !The Blue Caps[N1]\nBacking band for Gene Vincent. Inducted: Tommy Facenda, Cliff Gallup, Dickie Harrell, Bobby Jones, Johnny Meeks, Jack Neal, Paul Peek, and Willie Williams.[99]\nSmokey Robinson[N3]\n\n\n2012\n\nComets !The Comets[N1]\nBacking band for Bill Haley. Inducted: Joey Ambrose, Franny Beecher, Danny Cedrone, Johnny Grande, Ralph Jones, Marshall Lytle, Rudy Pompilli, Al Rex, Dick Richards, and Billy Williamson.[100]\nSmokey Robinson[N3]\n\n\n2012\n\nCrickets !The Crickets[N1]\nBacking band for Buddy Holly. Inducted: Jerry Allison, Sonny Curtis, Joe B. Mauldin, and Niki Sullivan.[101]\nSmokey Robinson[N3]\n\n\n2012\n\nDonovan\n\nJohn Mellencamp[N3]\n\n\n2012\n\nFamous Flames !The Famous Flames[N1]\nBacking vocal group for James Brown. Inducted: Bobby Bennett, Bobby Byrd, Lloyd Stallworth, and Johnny Terry.[102]\nSmokey Robinson[N3]\n\n\n2012\n\nGuns N' Roses\nSteven Adler, Duff McKagan, Dizzy Reed, Axl Rose, Slash, Matt Sorum, and Izzy Stradlin.[103]\nGreen Day[N2]\n\n\n2012\n—\nMidnighters !The Midnighters[N1]\nBacking vocal group for Hank Ballard. Inducted: Henry Booth, Billy Davis, Cal Green, Arthur Porter, Lawson Smith, Charles Sutton, Norman Thrasher, and Sonny Woods.[104]\nSmokey Robinson[N3]\n\n\n2012\n\nMiracles !The Miracles[N1]\nBacking vocal group for Smokey Robinson. Inducted: Claudette Rogers, Bobby Rogers, Ronald White, Marv Tarplin, and Pete Moore.[105]\nSmokey Robinson[N3]\n\n\n2012\n\nNyro, LauraLaura Nyro\n\nBette Midler\n\n\n2012\n\nRed Hot Chili Peppers\nFlea, John Frusciante, Jack Irons, Anthony Kiedis, Josh Klinghoffer, Cliff Martinez, Hillel Slovak, and Chad Smith.[106]\nChris Rock\n\n\n2012\n—\nSmall Faces/Faces\nKenney Jones, Ronnie Lane, Ian McLagan, Steve Marriott, Rod Stewart, and Ronnie Wood.[107]\nSteven Van Zandt\n\n\n2013\n\nHeart\nMichael DeRosier, Roger Fisher, Steve Fossen, Howard Leese, Ann Wilson, and Nancy Wilson.[108]\nChris Cornell\n\n\n2013\n\nKing, AlbertAlbert King\n\nJohn Mayer\n\n\n2013\n\nNewman, RandyRandy Newman\n\nDon Henley[N3]\n\n\n2013\n\nPublic Enemy\nFlavor Flav, Professor Griff, Terminator X, and Chuck D.[109]\nHarry Belafonte and Spike Lee\n\n\n2013\n\nRush\nGeddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, and Neil Peart.[110]\nDave Grohl[N2] and Taylor Hawkins\n\n\n2013\n\nSummer, DonnaDonna Summer\n\nKelly Rowland\n\n\n2014\n\nGabriel, PeterPeter Gabriel\n\nChris Martin\n\n\n2014\n\nHall & Oates\nDaryl Hall and John Oates.[111]\nQuestlove\n\n\n2014\n\nKiss\nPeter Criss, Ace Frehley, Gene Simmons, and Paul Stanley.[112]\nTom Morello\n\n\n2014\n\nNirvana\nKurt Cobain, Dave Grohl, and Krist Novoselic.[113]\nMichael Stipe[N3]\n\n\n2014\n\nRonstadt, LindaLinda Ronstadt\n\nGlenn Frey[N3]\n\n\n2014\n\nStevens, CatCat Stevens\n\nArt Garfunkel[N3]\n\n\n2015\n\nButterfield Blues Band, The PaulThe Paul Butterfield Blues Band\nPaul Butterfield, Mike Bloomfield, Elvin Bishop, Mark Naftalin, Jerome Arnold, Billy Davenport, and Sam Lay.[114]\nPeter Wolf\n\n\n2015\n\nJett & the Blackhearts, JoanJoan Jett & the Blackhearts\nJoan Jett, Gary Ryan, Lee Crystal, and Ricky Byrd.[115]\nMiley Cyrus\n\n\n2015\n\nReed, LouLou Reed[116]\n\nPatti Smith[N3]\n\n\n2015\n\nGreen Day\nBillie Joe Armstrong, Tré Cool, and Mike Dirnt.[117]\nFall Out Boy\n\n\n2015\n\nVaughan, Stevie RayStevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble\nStevie Ray Vaughan, Chris Layton, Tommy Shannon, and Reese Wynans.[118]\nJohn Mayer\n\n\n2015\n\nWithers, BillBill Withers\n\nStevie Wonder[N3]\n\n\n2016\n\nCheap Trick\nBun E. Carlos, Rick Nielsen, Tom Petersson, and Robin Zander.[119]\nKid Rock\n\n\n2016\n\nChicago\nPeter Cetera, Terry Kath, Robert Lamm, Lee Loughnane, James Pankow, Walter Parazaider, and Danny Seraphine.[120]\nRob Thomas\n\n\n2016\n\nDeep Purple\nRitchie Blackmore, David Coverdale, Rod Evans, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Glenn Hughes, Jon Lord, and Ian Paice[121]\nLars Ulrich[N3]\n\n\n2016\n\nN.W.A\nDJ Yella, Ice Cube, MC Ren, Eazy-E, and Dr. Dre[122]\nKendrick Lamar\n\n\n2016\n\nMiller, SteveSteve Miller\n\nThe Black Keys\n\n\n2017\n\nElectric Light Orchestra\nBev Bevan, Jeff Lynne, Richard Tandy, and Roy Wood[123]\nDhani Harrison\n\n\n2017\n\nBaez, JoanJoan Baez\n\nJackson Browne[N3]\n\n\n2017\n\nJourney\nJonathan Cain, Aynsley Dunbar, Steve Perry, Gregg Rolie, Neal Schon, Steve Smith, and Ross Valory[124]\nPat Monahan\n\n\n2017\n\nPearl Jam\nJeff Ament, Matt Cameron, Stone Gossard, Dave Krusen, Mike McCready, and Eddie Vedder[125]\nDavid Letterman\n\n\n2017\n\nTupac Shakur\n\nSnoop Dogg\n\n\n2017\n\nYes\nJon Anderson, Bill Bruford, Steve Howe, Tony Kaye, Trevor Rabin, Chris Squire, Rick Wakeman, and Alan White[126]\nGeddy Lee[N3] and Alex Lifeson[N3]\n\n\n2018\n\nBon Jovi\nJon Bon Jovi, David Bryan, Hugh McDonald, Richie Sambora, Alec John Such and Tico Torres[127]\nHoward Stern\n\n\n2018\n\nThe Cars\nElliot Easton, Greg Hawkes, David Robinson, Ric Ocasek and Benjamin Orr[128]\nBrandon Flowers\n\n\n2018\n\nDire Straits\nAlan Clark, Guy Fletcher, John Illsley, David Knopfler, Mark Knopfler and Pick Withers[129]\nJohn Illsley[N4]\n\n\n2018\n\nThe Moody Blues\nGraeme Edge, Justin Hayward, Denny Laine, John Lodge, Mike Pinder and Ray Thomas[130]\nAnn Wilson[N3]\n\n\n2018\n\nNina Simone\n\nMary J. Blige\n\n"
] |
[
"Aretha Franklin"
] |
8358720150606411822
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2018 Sugar Bowl
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2018 Sugar Bowl - wikipedia 2018 Sugar Bowl Jump to : navigation , search 2018 Allstate Sugar Bowl College Football Playoff Semifinal at the 84th Sugar Bowl 2018 Sugar Bowl trophy Alabama Crimson Tide Clemson Tigers ( 11 -- 1 ) ( 12 -- 1 ) SEC ACC 24 6 Head coach : Nick Saban Head coach : Dabo Swinney AP Coaches CFP AP Coaches CFP Total Alabama 10 0 14 0 24 Clemson 0 0 6 Date January 1 , 2018 Season 2017 Stadium Mercedes - Benz Superdome Location New Orleans , Louisiana , US MVP Jalen Hurts , QB Da'Ron Payne , DT Favorite Alabama by 3.5 Referee Land Clark ( Pac - 12 ) Halftime show Bands from Participating Schools Attendance 72,360 United States TV coverage Network ESPN , ESPN Deportes Announcers Joe Tessitore , Todd Blackledge , Holly Rowe , and Laura Rutledge ( ESPN ) Bill Rosinski , David Norrie and Ian Fitzsimmons ( ESPN Radio ) Sugar Bowl < 2017 2019 > 1 vs. 4 Seed CFP Semifinal Game < 2016 Peach The 2018 Sugar Bowl is a College Football Playoff semifinals bowl game that was played on January 1 , 2018 , at the Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans . This 84th Sugar Bowl game matched two of the top four teams selected by the Selection Committee to compete for a spot at the 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship to be played on January 8 , 2018 , at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia . It was one of the 2017 -- 18 bowl games that concluded the 2017 FBS football season . Sponsored by the Allstate insurance company , the game is officially known as the Allstate Sugar Bowl . The contest was televised on ESPN and ESPN Deportes , with a radio broadcast on ESPN Radio and XM Satellite Radio , with kickoff at 8 : 00 PM CT ( 9 : 00 PM ET ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams 2 Notes 3 Game summary 3.1 Scoring summary 3.2 Statistics 4 References Teams ( edit ) The # 1 - ranked Clemson Tigers , champions of the Atlantic Coast Conference , faced the # 4 - ranked Alabama Crimson Tide , co-champions of the SEC West Division ( along with Auburn who won head - to - head over Alabama . ) This is the third consecutive year in which Clemson and Alabama have met in the CFPs , though the previous two meetings were in the CFP Championship Game . Notes ( edit ) January 1 , 2018 -- The Rose Bowl in Pasadena hosted the other semi-final game ; Georgia defeated Oklahoma 54 -- 48 in double overtime This was Alabama 's first Sugar Bowl win of the Nick Saban era . This was also their first win in a Sugar bowl since 1993 against Miami . The Tide had lost games in the 2008 - 2009 , 2013 - 2014 , and 2014 - 2015 football / bowl seasons . ( The Tide beat LSU at the site of the Sugar Bowl in the 2011 - 2012 season . However , that was the BCS National Championship Game , not the Sugar Bowl . ) Game summary ( edit ) The Crimson Tide immediately took a 10 - 3 lead at halftime . Alex Spence was the only player to score for the Clemson Tigers with just two field goals . Alabama 's defense was a huge factor in the game holding the Tigers to only six points . This matchup was a rematch of the 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship in which the Tigers won with quarterback Deshaun Watson leading the team as the game 's MVP . The Tigers were not able to perform without Watson and with Kelly Bryant . Scoring summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP BAMA CLEM 5 : 23 10 47 5 : 24 BAMA 24 - yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 0 0 : 12 8 46 3 : 34 BAMA Calvin Ridley 12 - yard touchdown reception from Jalen Hurts , Andy Pappanastos kick good 10 0 10 : 00 13 54 5 : 03 CLEM 44 - yard field goal by Alex Spence 10 12 : 45 - 5 2 : 03 CLEM 42 - yard field goal by Alex Spence 10 6 5 : 40 7 27 3 : 38 BAMA Da'Ron Payne 1 - yard touchdown reception from Jalen Hurts , Andy Pappanastos kick good 17 6 5 : 27 BAMA Interception returned 18 yards for touchdown by Mack Wilson , Andy Pappanastos kick good 24 6 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . - - Statistics ( edit ) Total No. 4 Crimson Tide 10 0 14 0 24 No. 1 Tigers 0 0 6 Statistics BAMA CLEM First downs 16 14 Plays -- yards 66 -- 261 70 -- 188 Rushes -- yards 42 -- 141 33 -- 64 Passing yards 120 124 Passing : Comp -- Att -- Int 141 64 Time of possession 32 : 11 27 : 49 Team Player Statistics BAMA Passing Jalen Hurts 16 / 24 , 120 yds , 2 TD Rushing Damien Harris 19 car , 77 yds Receiving Calvin Ridley 4 rec , 39 yds , 1 TD CLEM Passing Kelly Bryant 18 / 36 , 124 yds , 2 INT Rushing Travis Etienne 4 car , 22 yds Receiving Deon Cain 6 rec , 75 yds References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's Industry - Leading 2017 - 18 College Football Bowl Schedule - ESPN MediaZone '' . espnmediazone.com . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ALLSTATE SUGAR BOWL - CFP SEMIFINAL '' . espn.com . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl game season New Mexico ( Dec. 16 ) Las Vegas ( Dec. 16 ) Camellia ( Dec. 16 ) Cure ( Dec. 16 ) New Orleans ( Dec. 16 ) Boca Raton ( Dec. 19 ) Frisco ( Dec. 20 ) Gasparilla ( Dec. 21 ) Famous Idaho Potato ( Dec. 22 ) Bahamas ( Dec. 22 ) Armed Forces ( Dec. 23 ) Birmingham ( Dec. 23 ) Dollar General ( Dec. 23 ) Hawaii ( Dec. 24 ) Quick Lane ( Dec. 26 ) Heart of Dallas ( Dec. 26 ) Cactus ( Dec. 26 ) Independence ( Dec. 27 ) Pinstripe ( Dec. 27 ) Texas ( Dec. 27 ) Foster Farms ( Dec. 27 ) Military ( Dec. 28 ) Camping World ( Dec. 28 ) Alamo ( Dec. 28 ) Holiday ( Dec. 28 ) Belk ( Dec. 29 ) Cotton ( Dec. 29 ) Sun ( Dec. 29 ) Music City ( Dec. 29 ) Arizona ( Dec. 29 ) Fiesta ( Dec. 30 ) Liberty ( Dec. 30 ) Orange ( Dec. 30 ) TaxSlayer ( Dec. 30 ) Citrus ( Jan. 1 ) Outback ( Jan. 1 ) Peach ( Jan. 1 ) College Football Playoff games : Rose ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) Sugar ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) National Championship Game ( Jan. 8 ) All - Star Games East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 20 ) NFLPA Collegiate Bowl ( Jan. 20 ) Senior Bowl ( Jan. 27 ) Sugar Bowl Game History & conference tie - ins History Tulane Stadium Georgia Dome Mercedes - Benz Superdome College Football Playoff Broadcasters Southeastern Conference Big 12 Conference Games 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1972 1973 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1995 2017 2018 Notes The 2006 game took place in Atlanta , Georgia due to Hurricane Katrina . The game was also the national title game for either the Bowl Coalition , Bowl Alliance , or Bowl Championship Series in 1993 , 1997 , 2000 , and 2004 . There was a Sugar Bowl in January and December in 1972 and 1995 . The game was a College Football Playoff semifinal in its 2015 and 2018 editions . College Football Playoff Championships Overview College Football Playoff National Championship Games 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 2020 -- 21 Semifinal Bowls Rose 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Sugar 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Orange 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Cotton 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Peach 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Fiesta 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Other List of College Football Playoff games New Year 's Six College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy NCAA Division I FBS champions Mythical national championship Plus - One system Power Five conferences Championship games for each season are played in January , while semifinal games are identified by season year , alternating between December and January Alabama Crimson Tide bowl games 1926 Rose Bowl 1927 Rose Bowl 1931 Rose Bowl 1935 Rose Bowl 1938 Rose Bowl 1942 Cotton Bowl Classic 1943 Orange Bowl 1945 Sugar Bowl 1946 Rose Bowl 1948 Sugar Bowl 1953 Orange Bowl 1954 Cotton Bowl Classic 1959 Liberty Bowl 1960 Bluebonnet Bowl 1962 Sugar Bowl 1963 Orange Bowl 1964 Sugar Bowl 1965 Orange Bowl 1966 Orange Bowl 1967 Sugar Bowl 1968 Cotton Bowl Classic 1968 Gator Bowl 1969 Liberty Bowl 1970 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1972 Orange Bowl 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic 1973 Sugar Bowl 1975 Orange Bowl 1975 Sugar Bowl 1976 Liberty Bowl 1978 Sugar Bowl 1979 Sugar Bowl 1980 Sugar Bowl 1981 Cotton Bowl Classic 1982 Cotton Bowl Classic 1982 Liberty Bowl 1983 Sun Bowl 1985 Aloha Bowl 1986 Sun Bowl 1988 Hall of Fame Bowl 1988 Sun Bowl 1990 Sugar Bowl 1991 Fiesta Bowl 1991 Blockbuster Bowl 1993 Sugar Bowl # 1993 Gator Bowl 1995 Florida Citrus Bowl 1997 Outback Bowl 1998 Music City Bowl 2000 Orange Bowl 2001 Independence Bowl 2004 Music City Bowl 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic 2006 Independence Bowl 2007 Independence Bowl 2009 Sugar Bowl 2010 BCS National Championship Game # 2011 Capital One Bowl 2012 BCS National Championship Game # 2013 BCS National Championship Game # 2014 Sugar Bowl 2015 Sugar Bowl / 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic ( Dec ) / 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2016 Peach Bowl / 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2018 Sugar Bowl / 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship # # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Clemson Tigers bowl games 1940 Cotton Bowl Classic 1949 Gator Bowl 1951 Orange Bowl 1952 Gator Bowl 1957 Orange Bowl 1959 Sugar Bowl 1959 Bluebonnet Bowl 1977 Gator Bowl 1978 Gator Bowl 1979 Peach Bowl 1982 Orange Bowl # 1985 Independence Bowl 1986 Gator Bowl 1988 Florida Citrus Bowl 1989 Florida Citrus Bowl 1989 Gator Bowl 1991 Hall of Fame Bowl 1992 Florida Citrus Bowl 1993 Peach Bowl 1996 Gator Bowl 1996 Peach Bowl 1998 Peach Bowl 1999 Peach Bowl 2001 Gator Bowl 2001 Humanitarian Bowl 2002 Tangerine Bowl 2004 Peach Bowl 2005 Champs Sports Bowl 2006 Music City Bowl 2007 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2009 Gator Bowl 2009 Music City Bowl 2010 Meineke Car Care Bowl 2012 Orange Bowl 2012 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2014 Orange Bowl 2014 Russell Athletic Bowl 2015 Orange Bowl / 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2016 Fiesta Bowl / 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2018 Sugar Bowl / Pound sign ( # ) denotes national championship game . Forward slash ( / ) denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Sugar_Bowl&oldid=822623867 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl games 2017 -- 18 College Football Playoff Sugar Bowl Alabama Crimson Tide football bowl games Clemson Tigers football bowl games 2018 in sports in Louisiana 21st century in New Orleans January 2018 sports events in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 14 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who's playing in this year's sugar bowl
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[
"\n\n2018 Allstate Sugar Bowl\n\n\nCollege Football Playoff Semifinal at the 84th Sugar Bowl\n\n\n\n2018 Sugar Bowl trophy\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlabama Crimson Tide\nClemson Tigers\n\n\n(11–1)\n(12–1)\n\n\nSEC\nACC\n\n\n24\n6\n\n\nHead coach: \nNick Saban\nHead coach: \nDabo Swinney\n\n\n\n\n\nAP\nCoaches\nCFP\n\n\n4\n4\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAP\nCoaches\nCFP\n\n\n1\n1\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\nTotal\n\n\nAlabama\n10\n0\n14\n0\n24\n\n\nClemson\n0\n3\n3\n0\n6\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nJanuary 1[1], 2018\n\n\nSeason\n2017\n\n\nStadium\nMercedes-Benz Superdome\n\n\nLocation\nNew Orleans, Louisiana, US\n\n\nMVP\n\nJalen Hurts, QB\nDa'Ron Payne, DT\n\n\nFavorite\nAlabama by 3.5\n\n\nReferee\nLand Clark (Pac-12)\n\n\nHalftime show\nBands from Participating Schools\n\n\nAttendance\n72,360[2]\n\n\nUnited States TV coverage\n\n\nNetwork\nESPN, ESPN Deportes\n\n\nAnnouncers\nJoe Tessitore, Todd Blackledge, Holly Rowe, and Laura Rutledge (ESPN)\nBill Rosinski, David Norrie and Ian Fitzsimmons (ESPN Radio)\n\n\n\n\n\nSugar Bowl\n\n\n 2017 \n2019 > \n\n\n\n\n1 vs. 4 Seed CFP Semifinal Game\n\n\n 2016 Peach\n \n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n2018 Allstate Sugar Bowl\n\n\nCollege Football Playoff Semifinal at the 84th Sugar Bowl\n\n\n\n2018 Sugar Bowl trophy\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlabama Crimson Tide\nClemson Tigers\n\n\n(11–1)\n(12–1)\n\n\nSEC\nACC\n\n\n24\n6\n\n\nHead coach: \nNick Saban\nHead coach: \nDabo Swinney\n\n\n\n\n\nAP\nCoaches\nCFP\n\n\n4\n4\n4\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAP\nCoaches\nCFP\n\n\n1\n1\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\nTotal\n\n\nAlabama\n10\n0\n14\n0\n24\n\n\nClemson\n0\n3\n3\n0\n6\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nJanuary 1[1], 2018\n\n\nSeason\n2017\n\n\nStadium\nMercedes-Benz Superdome\n\n\nLocation\nNew Orleans, Louisiana, US\n\n\nMVP\n\nJalen Hurts, QB\nDa'Ron Payne, DT\n\n\nFavorite\nAlabama by 3.5\n\n\nReferee\nLand Clark (Pac-12)\n\n\nHalftime show\nBands from Participating Schools\n\n\nAttendance\n72,360[2]\n\n\nUnited States TV coverage\n\n\nNetwork\nESPN, ESPN Deportes\n\n\nAnnouncers\nJoe Tessitore, Todd Blackledge, Holly Rowe, and Laura Rutledge (ESPN)\nBill Rosinski, David Norrie and Ian Fitzsimmons (ESPN Radio)\n\n\n\n\n\nSugar Bowl\n\n\n 2017 \n2019 > \n\n\n\n\n1 vs. 4 Seed CFP Semifinal Game\n\n\n 2016 Peach\n \n\n\n\n\n"
] |
[
"Alabama Crimson Tide",
"Clemson Tigers"
] |
-6954152578936518793
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List of Shadowhunters episodes
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List of Shadowhunters episodes - wikipedia List of Shadowhunters episodes Shadowhunters is an American supernatural drama television series . The series is based on the book series The Mortal Instruments by Cassandra Clare , and developed for television by Ed Decter . It premiered in North America on Freeform . In December 2015 , Netflix acquired global rights to Shadowhunters , excluding the U.S. , making the series available as an original series a day after the U.S. premiere . Shadowhunters follows Clary Fray ( Katherine McNamara ) , who finds out on her birthday that she is not who she thinks she is but rather comes from a long line of Shadowhunters , human -- angel hybrids who hunt down demons . The series is set in an urban and contemporary New York City . The show received a straight - to - series order on March 30 , 2015 , and premiered on January 12 , 2016 on Freeform . In April 2017 , it was announced that the series had been renewed for a third season of 20 episodes . The first half of ten episodes premiered on March 20 , 2018 . In June 2018 , Freeform canceled the series after three seasons , but ordered two extra episodes to properly conclude the series ' story ; the second half of the third season is set to air in early 2019 . As of May 15 , 2018 , 43 episodes of Shadowhunters have aired , concluding the first half of the third season . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 20 10 January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 10 June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) August 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 14 ) 22 10 March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 12 2019 ( 2019 ) 2019 ( 2019 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` The Mortal Cup '' McG Ed Decter January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) 267314 - 1 1.82 On Clary Fray 's eighteenth birthday , her mother , Jocelyn , is kidnapped . Soon after , Clary discovers that her mother belongs to a supernatural group called Shadowhunters , a half - angel / half - human race tasked to protect the Downworld ( faeries , werewolves , vampires , and warlocks ) from demons . Clary learns she also belongs to this race , after being saved by a fellow Shadowhunter named Jace -- who then introduces her to his adoptive siblings Alec and Isabelle . Clary overhears her mother 's friend , Luke , claim that he cares nothing about her or her mother . Clary is at a crossroads not knowing who to trust -- her best friend Simon or the Shadowhunters -- to help save Jocelyn from Valentine , a dangerous rogue Shadowhunter . `` The Descent Into Hell Is n't Easy '' Mick Garris Ed Decter & Hollie Overton January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 267314 - 2 1.01 The Circle has returned , as has Valentine . With the Shadowhunters searching for the Mortal Cup , the Institute is on alert . After Hodge tells Clary that Jocelyn was once a Circle member , they realize Clary 's significance in the cause . Jace realizes Clary 's memories are the only way to find Jocelyn and the Cup . Unfortunately , without her memories they are unable to help her or the Shadowhunter team . Thus Jace , Isabelle and a reluctant Alec take Clary and Simon to visit the powerful Silent Brothers in the City of Bones , where Clary fails to retrieve any memories but finds out her biological father is Valentine himself . Meanwhile , Luke is worried about Clary 's whereabouts , while Simon comes to terms with Clary 's new life and gets kidnapped by vampires . `` Dead Man 's Party '' Andy Wolk Marjorie David January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) 267314 - 3 0.98 The Shadowhunters plan to rescue Simon , who has been taken captive by vampires in exchange for the Mortal Cup . Jace , Isabelle , Alec and Clary locate Simon 's whereabouts to the Hotel Dumort , where he is being held by Camille Belcourt , Raphael Santiago and the rest of Camille 's outfit . Alec and Jace have a dispute over Clary and her loyalty , since her father is their enemy . Isabelle visits Meliorn , her Seelie lover , in order to extract information about the Hotel Dumort , so the group can get into the building unnoticed . The Shadowhunters retrieve Simon and he is reunited with Clary , but he appears to be turning into a vampire after drinking Camille 's blood . `` Raising Hell '' Tawnia McKiernan Michael Reisz February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 267314 - 4 0.96 Simon quarrels with Jace and leaves the Institute . The Shadowhunters lure warlock Magnus Bane out of hiding with a prized necklace , in order to gain his help in retrieving Clary 's memories . Magnus informs them that he fed the memories to a memory demon for safekeeping . The Shadowhunters track Magnus to his lair , where the Circle has attacked . Magnus transports the group to his loft , where they summon the demon . Alec 's personal insecurities about his feelings for Jace disrupt the ritual when they are each asked to relinquish a beloved memory , forcing Clary to kill the demon before recovering any memories . Meanwhile , Simon is plagued with visions of Camille , and ends up returning to the Hotel Dumort . 5 5 `` Moo Shu to Go '' Kelly Makin Angel Dean Lopez February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 267314 - 5 0.95 The Lightwood family matriarch , Maryse , arrives at the Institute with a Seelie intel mission for Isabelle and Jace . Alec is ordered to watch over Clary , but she escapes the Institute for her old apartment to locate her mother 's secret box -- that once belonged to a `` Jonathan Clark '' . Clary and Simon are subsequently kidnapped by werewolves while searching the apartment , to Alec 's chagrin . Clary is interrogated about the location of the Mortal Cup , and the alpha werewolf threatens to kill Simon if she does not reveal the information . Jace , Isabelle and Alec then head to rescue the two , after Simon calls for help . The Shadowhunters are assisted in their escape by an unlikely ally -- werewolf Luke , who defeats his alpha and assumes the title . 6 6 `` Of Men and Angels '' Oz Scott Y . Shireen Razack February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 267314 - 6 0.98 Clary , Jace and Simon take a mortally wounded Luke to Magnus for help . At Luke 's insistence , Magnus informs Clary of the Circle 's past and her mother 's involvement with the group . Meanwhile , Robert Lightwood arrives at the Institute , and he and Maryse task Isabelle with mending the Seelies ' broken ties with the Clave and restoring the family name . When Isabelle informs Alec that their parents plan to marry him off , he angrily leaves the Institute for Magnus ' loft . There , he , Magnus and the others save Luke 's life with magic . Luke informs Clary that she had a brother , Jonathan Christopher , who died in a fire caused by Valentine . Clary then discovers one of her powers , making her realize she knows the whereabouts of Mortal Cup . 7 7 `` Major Arcana '' J. Miles Dale Peter Binswanger February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 267314 - 7 0.84 Clary reveals that the Cup is hidden in a tarot card that Luke took for safekeeping . When Luke goes to retrieve it from his desk at the precinct , he is detained by internal affairs officers due to demonic murders whose real killer was Valentine . While being questioned about his part in the demonic murders , Luke 's boss is killed by a shapeshifter . Clary , Jace , Isabelle and Alec enact a plan to obtain the Cup , but are tracked by demons . When a demon posing as Jace attempts to take the Cup from Clary , she kills it . Afterward , Clary and the real Jace share a kiss at the Institute . Meanwhile , Simon 's odd behavior worries Maureen and his family , who fear he is on drugs . He returns to the Hotel Dumort looking for answers and is met by Camille . 8 8 `` Bad Blood '' Jeremiah S. Chechik Allison Rymer March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 267314 - 8 0.87 Raphael arrives at the Institute with Simon , who has been attacked and killed by Camille . He informs Clary that , unless Simon is staked or turned before sunset , his soul will be trapped for eternity . An envoy from the Clave , Lydia Branwell , arrives to temporarily take over the Institute . Valentine sends a Forsaken to attack the werewolf pack , but Luke kills it . While retrieving the corpse from Luke , Lydia inadvertently reveals to Alec that his parents are ex-Circle members . Isabelle performs a pathology test on the Forsaken and finds that it has angel blood . Alec decides to restore his family 's honor ( due to the current situation ) by proposing to Lydia . Later , another Forsaken attacks Hodge and Alec at the Institute , but they eventually defeat it . Clary decides to bury Simon in order for him to turn into a vampire , but he emerges thinking of himself as a monster . 9 9 `` Rise Up '' J. Miller Tobin Hollie Overton March 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) 267314 - 9 0.95 Following the Forsaken attack , the Institute is on high alert . Lydia arrests Meliorn for supposedly leaking Shadowhunter information to Valentine . During his interrogation , Meliorn lets slip that Clary is in possession of the Mortal Cup . Jace , Isabelle and Clary decide to take matters into their own hands to prevent the Cup from reaching the Clave . With the help of Magnus , the three Shadowhunters sneak the Cup out of the Institute . Later , Isabelle , Clary , Jace , Simon , Luke and Raphael team up to rescue Meliorn from his impending torture in the City of Bones . Afterward , Meliorn informs Clary that he can help find her father . Meanwhile , Alec 's siding with Lydia and the Clave causes rifts with his personal relationships , and Simon makes peace with his newfound status as a vampire . 10 10 `` This World Inverted '' J. Miles Dale Y . Shireen Razack March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 267314 - 10 0.78 Meliorn takes Clary and Jace to the Seelie realm where he reveals a portal to an alternate dimension . He tells Clary that if she locates another portal within this dimension , she will be transported to her father . However , when Clary arrives , she finds that Shadowhunters have ceased to exist in this peaceful world and may assimilate to Clary from that dimension . Jace and Meliorn protect the entrance to the dimension from demons , but when one slips through , Jace ventures in to stop it . With the help of Magnus , Clary finds the portal at the Institute , and she and Jace step through it . When they arrive at Valentine 's hideout , they discover Jace 's father , Micheal Wayland , assumed to be dead , is being held captive there . Meanwhile , in reality , Isabelle is arrested for the Meliorn mission , much to the anguish of Alec , who tries in vain to prevent her from going on trial . 11 11 `` Blood Calls to Blood '' Mairzee Almas Marjorie David March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 267314 - 11 0.78 Clary , Jace and Michael Wayland head to Luke 's for help . While there , Michael discloses the location of Valentine 's new hideout -- an abandoned hospital in Long Island . Jace , Michael , Luke and Clary go to rescue a still - unconscious Jocelyn , but are surrounded by demons . Michael takes the Mortal Cup to command the demons , but then reveals himself to be Valentine in disguise . Clary subsequently reveals that Valentine is holding a duplicate Cup . Before fleeing through a portal , he informs Clary and Jace that they are siblings . Meanwhile , Isabelle 's trial begins , with Magnus as her defense attorney . During questioning , Lydia states that the trial is nonsense and withdraws the charges , but Inquisitor Herondale states that Isabelle will still be banished from Shadowhunter society if the Clave does not receive the Cup within 24 hours . Jace and Clary arrive back at the Institute with the Cup , dropping the charges against Isabelle . 12 12 `` Malec '' James Marshall Michael Reisz March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 267314 - 12 0.82 Jace is conflicted over his feelings for his sister Clary , and Alec is conflicted over his feelings for Magnus as his wedding approaches . Isabelle throws her brother a bachelor party , where Alec and Jace mend their broken bond . Meanwhile , Jace and Clary are led by Magnus to visit Ragnor Fell , a former friend and warlock , for help on waking Jocelyn , believing that he is the one who created the spell that she is under . A demon follows them and kills Ragnor , but before he dies , he tells them that the Book of the White holds the antidote . Isabelle invites Magnus to Alec 's wedding ; seeing him , Alec realizes that he can not go through with the marriage . After apologizing to an understanding Lydia , he approaches Magnus and kisses him in front of the guests . Later , Maryse expresses her disappointment in Alec at publicly shaming them , though Robert offers support . Magnus finds that the Book of the White is in Camille 's possession . Packing up to head back to Idris , Lydia retrieves the Cup from a safe but is attacked by Hodge . It is revealed that Hodge has stolen the Cup for Valentine in order to be freed from his binding curse . 13 13 `` Morning Star '' J. Miles Dale Peter Binswanger April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 267314 - 13 0.76 The Shadowhunters can not prevent Hodge from giving the Mortal Cup to Valentine , and he proceeds with creating his Shadowhunter army . Valentine betrays Hodge by refusing him protection from the Clave after getting the cup . Jace and Alec hunt down Hodge with Luke 's help , and Jace chops off Hodge 's hand in the ensuing battle . Jace then goes after Valentine with Hodge as guide , sending the others to aid Clary . Meanwhile , Clary , Isabelle and Simon visit the Hotel Dumort to ask Camille ( imprisoned for Simon 's unlawful death ) about the Book of the White . In exchange for her help , Camille demands that they break her out from her prison and provide a signed statement from Simon that he asked her to turn him into a vampire . Magnus , at his warlock loft , drafts the contract . The group then heads to Camille 's apartment , where she believes the book was hidden by Dot . They do find the Book , but are then ambushed by the Circle . Jace arrives to fight Valentine , but they are all captured . Jace agrees to join Valentine for the safe release of his friends . Back at the Institute , the devastated group uses the spell and wakes Jocelyn , who reunites with her daughter and Luke . Jump up ^ The second episode , `` The Descent Into Hell Is n't Easy '' , was released online on January 12 , 2016 , after the premiere of the first episode . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 14 `` This Guilty Blood '' Matt Hastings Michael Reisz January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) 267314 - 14 1.19 Jace is held captive on Valentine 's ship . He attempts to kill Valentine , but his victim turns out to be one of Valentine 's thugs under glamour , and Jace is whipped for disloyalty . Maryse goes behind Lydia 's back to the Clave , and representative Victor Aldertree is instated as the new head of the New York Institute . Clary 's debriefing wrongly convinces him that Jace is in league with Valentine ; Jace is declared a criminal wanted dead or alive , the Institute is put on lockdown , and Clary , Alec , and Isabelle are forbidden to take part in the search , but they do anyway . Clary tells a newly awakened Jocelyn that Jace is her son , and she is shocked having believed that JC ( Jonathan Christopher ) had died in a fire with his father . Magnus and Alec quarrel over how to retrieve Jace , and also about Alec 's motivation in calling off the wedding . Valentine tells Jace that Valentine experimented on him in - vitro using demon blood to make him stronger , this cause self - doubt in Jace . Valentine opens a portal to land , allowing their location to be revealed to the various parties tracking them . He wants Jace to break the accords and execute a rogue vampire , Jace refuses , but the vampire dies in the resulting altercation . When Jocelyn attempts to shoot Jace with a crossbow , Valentine steps in front of the shot . Jace supports a wounded Valentine and they escape . 15 `` A Door Into the Dark '' Andy Wolk Y . Shireen Razack January 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 09 ) 267314 - 15 0.75 Jocelyn defends her attempt on Jace 's life by explaining the effect Valentine 's experiments had on him as a baby . Upset , Clary seeks solace at the Brooklyn Academy of Art where she is kidnapped by Dot and taken to Valentine . With Clary missing , Jocelyn offers her assistance to Isabelle and Alec by providing adamas , a metal that can be used to track Jace using his and Alec 's bond . Meanwhile at Camille 's Indian residence , Simon and Magnus search for the vampire , whom Raphael is being pressured by the Clave to produce , and find some items from Magnus ' past . With Dot 's help , Jace and Clary flee Valentine 's ship , but not before the risky parabatai tracking renders Alec comatose . 16 `` Parabatai Lost '' Gregory Smith Peter Binswanger January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) 267314 - 16 0.81 Magnus works to stabilize a failing Alec with magic , but only Jace can save him . After escaping from Valentine 's ship , Clary loses Jace and returns to the Institute . Meanwhile , Jace is hunted by werewolves , including a girl named Maia , who believe he has killed one of their own . Isabelle makes a deal with Aldertree in order to find Jace and save Alec 's life . Magnus transports Alec to his loft , where Jace arrives to revive him . As the parabatai reunite , Clave representatives appear and arrest Jace for high treason . 17 `` Day of Wrath '' Joe Lazarov Jamie Gorenberg January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) 267314 - 17 0.64 Jace is imprisoned in the City of Bones , where he encounters Hodge . Valentine arrives to break him out , but Jace fights back . Valentine kills Hodge and steals the Soul Sword before disappearing . Clary helps Alec and Isabelle search for a powerful demon with the ability to possess others , but it infiltrates the Institute . Meanwhile , Raphael is tortured by Aldertree for Camille 's whereabouts and goes to Magnus for help . With Camille 's grave dirt found at her house in India , an emotionally conflicted Magnus summons his ex-girlfriend and sends her to the Clave . At the Institute , a possessed Alec kills Jocelyn . The demon then inhabits Isabelle but Clary breaks its hold and succeeds in killing it . 18 5 `` Dust and Shadows '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Zac Hug January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) 267314 - 18 0.58 Jace is freed from the City of Bones , but Aldertree , still suspicious of Jace , bans him from the field of duty . Clary seeks the help of a warlock named Iris Rouse to resurrect Jocelyn and swears a blood oath to provide a favor in return for the spell . Isabelle 's wound from her possession is not healing , so Aldertree prescribes a drug named yin fen . Iris traps Clary with the intention of claiming her favor : mating her with a demon in order to create more warlocks . Jace , Isabelle , and Alec arrive to save her , but Clary creates a new rune that helps her escape . Simon struggles with his double life as he moves back home and eventually admits his vampirism to his mother , but his confession goes awry and Raphael wipes his mother 's memory . The Shadowhunters hold a funeral for Jocelyn and some of the deceased Shadowhunters , and a distraught Luke wakes naked in the wilderness . 19 6 `` Iron Sisters '' Mike Rohl Allison Rymer February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 267314 - 19 0.65 Simon and Maia team up to find Luke and begin to form a bond . Alec and Magnus go on their first date and discover a disparity in their romantic pasts . Isabelle and Clary go to the Iron Sisters for help in defeating Valentine and meet Luke 's sister , Cleophas . To enter the Citadel , the two must endure a trial which detects demon impurities ; Clary passes , but Isabelle fails and is informed that yin fen she has been using is made of vampire venom . Maia and Simon find Luke and convince him to return to the pack . Cleophas tells Clary that the Soul Sword has a second purpose : it can kill all demon - blooded creatures , including Downworlders . Clary shows Cleophas her runic power . Magnus and Alec decide to begin a relationship , despite their differences , but are surprised by Jace 's appearance : he has left the Institute due to Aldertree 's treatment and asks to stay with Magnus . Later , Cleophas kills Magdelena , an Iron Sister , and activates a Circle rune , indicating her allegiance to Valentine . 20 7 `` How Are Thou Fallen '' Ben Bray Hollie Overton February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 267314 - 20 0.55 Cleophas tells Valentine of Clary 's rune - creating ability , then approaches Luke and Clary , but her brother is unwilling to trust her . Simon goes on a wholly unsuccessful first date with Maia , and Isabelle , now addicted to yin fen , is caught by Magnus at the Hunter 's Moon seeking the drug . She convinces Magnus her search is for a mission , and he tells her to go straight to the source : vampires themselves . Clary hears strange noises , and is convinced that Valentine is responsible . Alec , after going to Isabelle for advice , finds Magnus at his loft and the two consummate their relationship . Figuring out the noises Clary is hearing are the distress calls of an angel Valentine is holding captive , Jace , Clary , Luke , and Cleophas infiltrate his lair , and Clary creates a rune to free the angel . The angel shows Clary and Jace a vision of a cloaked figure destroying the Soul Sword . 21 8 `` Love is a Devil '' Catriona McKenzie Y . Shireen Razack February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 267314 - 21 0.67 Alec asks Magnus to hold his little brother Max 's Rune Party at his loft , Magnus agrees . Simon confesses his love for Clary and they start dating . Isabelle is now getting her yin fen fix straight from the source by letting Raphael feed on her . Max 's party is in full swing when things take a turn for the worse , and guests begin seeing their fears and insecurities manifest . Magnus determines that they have all been be-spelled by a hostile warlock and undoes the curse . Magnus identifies the culprit as Iris Rouse , captures her and sends her to Idris . However , Iris invokes the blood oath Clary swore her and instructs her to find the warlock child Madzie who has been kidnapped by Valentine . Jace and Clary tell their friends what they have learned of the Soul Sword and of Clary 's runic abilities , which Magnus identifies marks her as angel - blooded , and thus able to activate the Soul Sword herself . Maryse tells Alec and Jace their father has been cheating on her . 22 9 `` Bound by Blood '' Matt Hastings Peter Binswanger February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 267314 - 22 0.52 Clary 's hand suddenly begins to burn and turn to stone , a symptom of blood oath she swore to Iris Rouse . Clary goes to Magnus , who tells her that her only cure lies in finding Madzie . Maia , who fears Clary 's power to activate the Soul Sword and kill all Downworlders , tries to kill her . A Downworlder council meeting takes place where Meliorn and Raphael both agree that Clary must be killed , while Magnus and Luke disagree . Alec is searching for Isabelle , and Magnus , having figured out her yin fen addiction , sends him to Raphael . Alec discovers Isabelle being fed on , and the siblings quarrel ; Magnus also expresses his displeasure with Raphael . Jace tracks Madzie and brings her back to heal Clary , but the young warlock portals Clary to Valentine . Jace and Simon find and save Clary , but Simon is captured by Valentine . 23 10 `` By the Light of Dawn '' Joshua Butler Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) 267314 - 23 0.64 Madzie infiltrates the Institute on Valentine 's behalf , killing many Shadowhunters , but sparing Alec . Jace , Clary and Luke take Dot to Magnus ' . She reveals that Valentine believes that Jace can destroy the Soul Sword and Clary receives a video call from Valentine : he slits Simon 's throat to draw her to the Institute . The group head to the Institute , and Clary , who goes to feed Simon to heal him , is revealed to be a glamoured Jace . Magnus finds and comforts Madzie . Jace attempts to destroy the Sword but inadvertently charges it and Valentine activates it as a Downworlder army storms in , killing all of them . Jace and Valentine battle for the Sword outside and it is revealed that Valentine is actually not Jace 's father . Alec frantically searches for Magnus in the aftermath , and upon finding him safe , the two profess their love for each other . Simon discovers he can now be in the sunlight without being burned . Valentine is taken into custody as the Soul Sword disappears and is picked up by a strange figure in black . 24 11 `` Mea Maxima Culpa '' Matt Hastings Michael Reisz June 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 05 ) 267314 - 24 0.71 The Inquisitor Imogen Herondale arrives at the Institute and tortures Valentine for the whereabouts of The Mortal Cup . The Greater Demon Azazel arrives in town also looking for The Cup . The wolves of the New York pack challenge the leadership of their alpha Luke . Isabelle , in the throes of yin fen withdrawal , seeks out Raphael for help , but he refuses to feed on her . She is attacked by Azazel , but is saved by a new Shadowhunter , Sebastian Verlac . Simon talks to Maia about his new ability to survive sunlight . Raphael tells Magnus and Alec about Isabelle coming to him ; Alec thinks that Isabelle has been taken by Azazel . Jace and Clary go to Valentine for help finding the Greater Demon , and he reveals they are not related . Luke 's new police partner Ollie is suspicious of his actions . Isabelle accompanies Sebastian to his apartment where he gives advice on overcoming yin fen addiction . Upon Alec 's request , Magnus summons Azazel , with Valentine as bait . But the demon manages to escape the summoning circle and appears to cast a spell on Magnus and Valentine . 25 12 `` You Are Not Your Own '' Bille Woodruff Jamie Gorenberg June 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 12 ) 267314 - 25 0.55 Azazel has cast a body - swapping spell on Magnus and Valentine . Isabelle brings Sebastian back to the institute to help catch the still - at - large Azazel ; Alec heads to Magnus ' loft for help with tracking the demon . When Alec arrives , Azazel attacks him but is vanquished , leaving Valentine and Magnus trapped in one another 's bodies . Magnus , in Valentine 's body , is locked up in the Institute ; he tries to explain the body - swap to Alec , but Alec does not believe him and he is tortured in Valentine 's place for information about the Mortal Cup . Simon fights with Raphael over revealing how he became a daylighter . Imogen prepares to execute Valentine against Clave orders , but Valentine , masquerading as Magnus , has kidnapped Jace and sends a visual message to the cells revealing that Jace is actually a Herondale ; he demands his body be sent to him at Magnus ' loft . The demands are met , and the body - swapping spell is undone . At the last second , Clary pushes Valentine , now back in his own body , through a portal back to the cells at the Institute . Alec tries to comfort Magnus in the aftermath . 26 13 `` Those of Demon Blood '' Michael Goi Zac Hug June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) 267314 - 26 0.59 Several Shadowhunters are killed and their runes cut - off . Imogen Herondale appoints Jace as the head of the New York Institute . Alec goes to Magnus loft to get a DNA sample to prove he is n't involved in the killings ; the two fight and Magnus demands he leave . Imogen suggests micro-chipping all Downworlders to be constantly aware of their whereabouts , Alec vehemently disagrees , but Jace seems amenable to the idea . Max arrives and Isabelle is appointed his tutor . Clary is attacked and injured but Simon rescues her and takes her to the Institute . Jace heads to the Hunter 's Moon to begin chipping werewolves and he and Maia get into a physical fight which results in her being chipped . Luke , angered at the Shadowhunters ' behaviour , tells Jace to leave . An upset and tipsy Magnus spends some time with Dot . Isabelle meets Raphael for help finding the killer , Max follows her and is kidnapped . With Meliorn 's help , they find Max and kill the culprit , a Seelie named Kaelie . Jace appoints Alec head of the Institute . Alec apologises to Magnus , and the two reconcile . Jace , on Alec 's orders , de-chips Maia , and the two sleep together . 27 14 `` The Fair Folk '' Chris Grismer Taylor Mallory June 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 26 ) 267314 - 27 0.67 Alec sends Clary and Jace on a mission to the Seelie Court ; Simon insists on joining them . At the Institute , Alec begins the Downworlder Cabinet , a weekly meeting with representatives from the warlocks , vampires , Seelies , and werewolves . Alec discusses the Institute 's new policy of complete transparency with Magnus , Luke , Meliorn and Raphael . Maryse is back in town ; her and Isabelle discuss her father 's infidelity and Isabelle 's yin fen addiction . They reconcile . At the Seelie Court , the Seelie Queen drives a wedge between Simon and the Shadowhunters by revealing Clary still harbors feelings for Jace . An unknown individual with a plot to execute Valentine contacts Luke . Luke heads down to the Institute cells to kill Valentine , but is foiled by Sebastian and Alec . Alec decides not to press charges . Isabelle asks Raphael to pursue a relationship with her and he refuses . Sebastian plays piano next to several burner phones on a chair . Hearing a noise from a closet , he threatens a bound man he has kept inside . 28 15 `` A Problem of Memory '' Peter DeLuise Allison Rymer July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) 267314 - 28 0.46 Alec is worried about Magnus ' wellbeing , he questions Magnus , but is assured by the warlock nothing is amiss . Simon breaks up with Clary , and Isabelle comforts her . That night Simon is introduced to a Bleeder 's Den , where vampires bite mundanes to get high ; a girl is found dead the next morning and Simon worries he may be the culprit . Sebastian 's cousin , Aline , arrives at the New York Institute ; the man captive in Sebastian 's apartment is revealed to be the real Sebastian . After being arrested by Luke 's police partner Ollie , Simon returns to the Bleeder 's Den and stakes the real murderer of the dead girl . As a result of the torture he suffered in Valentine 's body , Magnus is having flashbacks of the night he found his mother , dead . He finally confesses his struggles to Alec , who consoles him . The real Sebastian escapes and tries to warn Aline , but his captor kills him before he can reach her . The Shadowhunters portal Valentine to Idris , but are circumvented with Valentine ending up at Sebastian 's apartment . Sebastian 's true form is revealed and he calls Valentine `` father '' . 29 16 `` Day of Atonement '' Paul Wesley Peter Binswanger July 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 17 ) 267314 - 29 0.59 Sebastian holds Valentine captive ; he intends to send him to Edom as punishment for Valentine doing the same to him . Jace suspects Valentine is hiding in a cabin in Idris where he spent time during his childhood . Clary draws a portal rune and the two are transported to Lake Lyn in Idris . Jace and Clary lose track of each other and Clary hallucinates the Angel Ithuriel who tells her that Jonathan is alive . Alec senses Jace is in trouble through their parabatai bond and with the help of his father Robert , sends Isabelle to find him . Isabelle finds Jace and together they retrieve Clary and cure her of the hallucinogenic effects of the waters of Lake Lyn . The three look for the cabin only to find it deserted . Robert reveals to Alec that the Clave never recovered the Soul Sword and has been lying to the Downworld . Valentine convinces Sebastian to work with him . With information they found at the cabin , Clary realizes that her real brother Jonathan is still alive . 30 17 `` A Dark Reflection '' Jeffrey Hunt Hollie Overton July 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 24 ) 267314 - 30 0.60 Sebastian is revealed to be in possession of the Soul Sword , thus with two of the three Mortal Instruments , he and Valentine hunt for the Mortal Mirror . Luke receives a message from Cleophas , still Valentine 's captive , that the Clave lied about possessing the Soul Sword ; he shares the information with Magnus . Magnus confronts Alec with the news and is furious that it was kept from him . No longer able to trust the Clave , he debates aligning with the Seelie Queen . Isabelle struggles with the fact that Max is growing up and convinces Maia to give a relationship with Simon a chance . Sebastian is torn about his loyalty to Valentine , as it pits him against his sister , Clary . Jace and Clary find out that her mother had hidden The Mortal Mirror . With the help of Dot , they recover it before being attacked by Sebastian . Dot stays behind to give them a chance to escape . Max uses a hair he found to track Jonathan to Sebastian . He challenges Sebastian with this knowledge . 31 18 `` Awake , Arise , or Be Forever Fallen '' Amanda Row Jamie Gorenberg July 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 31 ) 267314 - 31 0.63 Max lies in a coma following Jonathan 's attack and the Institute is put on lockdown when it becomes clear Jonathan is inside . Magnus and Luke meet with the Seelie Queen , who proposes a Downworlder alliance against Valentine , even if it means starting a war with the Shadowhunters . Luke refuses immediately while Magnus is given time to decide . Jonathan steals the Mortal Mirror . Magnus chooses to serve his people over his relationship with Alec and breaks up with him . Clary discovers Sebastian is Jonathan when he fails a test and manages to get the Mirror back before he escapes the Institute . However , her attempt to disarm the Mirror destroys it , and she realizes the real Mirror is Lake Lyn in Idris . 32 19 `` Hail and Farewell '' Matt Hastings Bryan Q. Miller August 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 07 ) 267314 - 32 0.60 Isabelle , Jace and Clary are trying to take out Valentine and Jonathan but get attacked by a possessing demon . Jace kills the demon . Clary tells the Inquisitor that the Mortal Mirror is Lake Lyn in Idris . The Seelie Queen comes to the institute to meet with the Downworld Council but she refuses to give her support to capture and execute Valentine . Maia and Simon are dating . 33 20 `` Beside Still Water '' Matt Hastings Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer August 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 14 ) 267314 - 33 0.59 The dying Jonathan washed ashore on the shore of Manhattan , and using his blood , he summoned the wraith demons . Meanhwhile , Luke and Simon comes to Magnus after Maia 's abduction , and in the final battle , Valentine eventually succeeded in summoning Raziel and killed Jace . Clary , in a fit of rage , stabs Valentine , finally killing him . With Raziel 's summoning , Clary wishes for Jace 's resurrection . At the end , Magnus and Alec get back together . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 34 `` On Infernal Ground '' Matt Hastings Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 267314 - 34 0.49 Clary becomes a fully fledged Shadowhunter but she and Jace are concealing the truth over what happened at Lake Lyn . An owl faced demon starts preying on mundanes . Magnus deals with the fall out of his decision to side with the Seelie Queen . 35 `` The Powers That Be '' Peter DeLuise Peter Binswanger March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 267314 - 35 0.44 Jace asks Clary out on their first proper date but it ends up being an awkward double date . Whilst attending a party Magnus realises the ley lines have been corrupted , he and Alec work together to try and fix it . 36 `` What Lies Beneath '' Amanda Row Alex Schemmer April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 267314 - 36 0.46 Alec hosts a dinner with his mother at Magnus ' in which she reveals news which upsets him . Raphael faces an extremely upsetting personal loss . Simon tries desperately to enter the Seelie Realm and ask about the mysterious mark they gave him . 37 `` Thy Soul Instructed '' Emile Levisetti Jamie Gorenberg April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 267314 - 37 0.35 Jace 's friends and family begin to notice some changes within his personality . Simon happens to bump into the ideal roommate , who might have ulterior motives for befriending Simon . Clary and Izzy pursue a Vampire that is out of control . 38 5 `` Stronger Than Heaven '' Geoff Shotz Brian Millikin April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) 267314 - 38 0.30 Alec learns more about Magnus ' past after asking to move in . To try and deal with the owl Clary seeks out Cleophas to see if she has any way to contact the angels . She manages to contact Ithuriel but he is killed by Lilith before he could say anything important . Jace is suspicious of Simons well timed new roommate and it is revealed he is a werewolf . 39 6 `` A Window Into an Empty Room '' Alexis Korycinsk Aisha Porter - Christie April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) 267314 - 39 0.43 Magnus and Alec have a fight about their varying experiences which is left unresolved . Magnus and Clary team up to investigate the demon and a face from Magnus ' past appears to help them . Simon tries to make amends to visitor who wo n't seem to leave him alone . The Lightwoods go out for a meal at the hunters moon . While investigating the demon Clary and Magnus find the owl demon trying to possess Ollie , Luke comes along and helps . The Owls identity is revealed and Ollie has been possessed . 40 7 `` Salt in the Wound '' Joshua Butler Celeste Vasquez May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 267314 - 40 0.42 Following the reveal of the Owl 's identity , Jace and Clary fight upon the roof . Simon helps Clary after she was injured in the fight and takes her to the institute . Here its revealed to everyone that Jace is the owl and Lilith is controlling him . Clary finally reveals her secret about bringing Jace back at Lake Lyn . Magnus and Alec make up as the issues with Jace are more pressing . The shadowhunters head to Alicante to follow him . Alec , Isabelle and Clary tell the inquisitor that Jace has been possessed but it 's too late for her to help as he murders her in her office . They manage to trap Jace and Clary sends them to Magnus ' and allows herself to be taken to the Gard to buy them more time . While this is happening flashbacks show the past relationship of Maia and Jordan ; they dated and eventually he turned her . Simon and Luke investigate Lilith 's lair and the mark of Cain turns two of Lilith 's children to salt . 41 8 `` A Heart of Darkness '' Ari Sandel Jamie Gorenberg May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 267314 - 41 0.42 Clary is questioned by Jia Penhallow regarding her visit to the city and she reveals that she used the angel 's wish to resurrect Jace . After this revelation , Penhallow sentences her to death . Simon , Maia and Jordan manage to locate the location that Lilith was using and try to find clues to her whereabouts . Ollie reveals to Lilith that Simon has the mark of Cain . Knowing that this is one of the only things that can banish her , Lilith goes to the Seelie realm . In order to preserve her life , the Seelie Queen tells Lilith where Jace is . Magnus uses his magic to send Alec and Isabelle into Jace 's mind in hopes breaking Lilith 's control over him . When he is found , Alec sees that he has been forced to kill Clary repeatedly and has tried to kill himself . Jace begs his siblings to kill him rather than remain under Lilith 's control but Alec promises to get him out . Before they can , Lilith arrives . She threatens Magnus and takes back Jace . 42 9 `` Familia Ante Omnia '' Matt Hastings Taylor Mallory May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 267314 - 42 0.37 Jia Penhallow wants to question Valentine about a demon , so Clary resurrects him using a rune . Heidi tricks Simon into returning to his family 's home when he is desperate for blood by holding them hostage ; once there , he feeds on his sister Rebecca , revealing he is a vampire to his mother and sister . Clary deactivates the resurrection rune and Valentine returns to the grave . Jace takes Valentine 's flesh but still needs Clary 's heart for Lilith to resurrect Jonathan . 43 10 `` Erchomai '' Jeff Hunt Bryan Q. Miller May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 267314 - 43 0.31 Magnus goes to Edom to look for his father Asmodeus who can help him save Jace . Simon enchants his mother , making her think that he is dead , but his sister forgives him and offers him help . Jace and Alec fight , but Magnus arrives just in time to free Jace from the possession , revealing that he traded his magic and now it is gone . Simon goads Lilith into attacking him , which triggers his mark and sends her back to Edom , but causes a huge explosion . Just before the explosion , Simon is knocked out of the window and when he regains consciousness , he tells Jace that Clary is dead and that he killed her . Shadowhunters : The Final Hunt 44 11 `` Lost Souls '' Matt Hastings TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 44 TBD 45 12 `` Original Sin '' Matt Hastings TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 45 TBD 46 13 `` Beati Bellicosi '' Paul Wesley TBA 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 46 TBD 47 14 `` A Kiss from a Rose '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Zoe Broad 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 47 TBD 48 15 `` To the Night Children '' Siluck Saysanasy Peter Binswanger 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 48 TBD 49 16 `` Stay With Me '' Amanda Row Aisha Porter - Christie 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 49 TBD 50 17 `` Heavenly Fire '' Shannon Kohli Celeste Vasquez 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 50 TBD 51 18 `` The Beast Within '' Joshua Butler Taylor Mallory 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 51 TBD 52 19 `` Aku Cinta Kamu '' Todd Slavkin Jamie Gorenberg 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 52 TBD 53 20 `` City of Glass '' Matt Hastings Bryan Q. Miller 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 53 TBD 54 21 `` Alliance '' Todd Slavkin Story by : Bryan Q. Miller Teleplay by : Jamie Gorenberg & Peter Binswanger 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 54 TBD 55 22 `` All Good Things ... '' Todd Slavkin Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer 2019 ( 2019 ) 267314 - 55 TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Mortal Cup '' January 12 , 2016 0.8 1.82 0.4 0.88 2.70 `` The Descent Into Hell Is n't Easy '' January 19 , 2016 0.4 1.01 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.76 `` Dead Man 's Party '' January 26 , 2016 0.5 0.98 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Raising Hell '' February 2 , 2016 0.4 0.96 0.4 0.93 0.8 1.89 5 `` Moo Shu to Go '' February 9 , 2016 0.4 0.95 0.4 0.75 0.8 1.70 6 `` Of Men and Angels '' February 16 , 2016 0.4 0.98 0.4 N / A 0.8 N / A 7 `` Major Arcana '' February 23 , 2016 0.4 0.84 0.3 0.72 0.7 1.56 8 `` Bad Blood '' March 1 , 2016 0.4 0.87 0.3 0.74 0.7 1.61 9 `` Rise Up '' March 8 , 2016 0.4 0.95 0.3 0.77 0.7 1.72 10 `` This World Inverted '' March 15 , 2016 0.3 0.78 0.4 0.74 0.7 1.52 11 `` Blood Calls to Blood '' March 22 , 2016 0.3 0.78 0.3 N / A 0.6 N / A 12 `` Malec '' March 29 , 2016 0.3 0.82 0.3 N / A 0.6 N / A 13 `` Morning Star '' April 5 , 2016 0.3 0.76 0.3 N / A 0.6 N / A Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` This Guilty Blood '' January 2 , 2017 0.4 1.19 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` A Door Into the Dark '' January 9 , 2017 0.3 0.75 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Parabatai Lost '' January 16 , 2017 0.3 0.81 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Day of Wrath '' January 23 , 2017 0.3 0.64 N / A 0.55 N / A 1.19 5 `` Dust and Shadows '' January 30 , 2017 0.2 0.58 0.3 N / A 0.5 N / A 6 `` Iron Sisters '' February 6 , 2017 0.3 0.65 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` How Are Thou Fallen '' February 13 , 2017 0.2 0.55 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Love is the Devil '' February 20 , 2017 0.3 0.67 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` Bound by Blood '' February 27 , 2017 0.2 0.52 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` By the Light of Dawn '' March 6 , 2017 0.3 0.64 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Mea Maxima Culpa '' June 5 , 2017 0.3 0.71 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` You Are Not Your Own '' June 12 , 2017 0.2 0.55 0.2 0.44 0.4 0.99 13 `` Those of Demon Blood '' June 19 , 2017 0.2 0.59 0.2 N / A 0.4 N / A 14 `` The Fair Folk '' June 26 , 2017 0.3 0.67 N / A N / A N / A N / A 15 `` A Problem of Memory '' July 10 , 2017 0.2 0.46 0.2 0.47 0.4 0.92 16 `` Day of Atonement '' July 17 , 2017 0.2 0.59 0.2 N / A 0.4 N / A 17 `` A Dark Reflection '' July 24 , 2017 0.2 0.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A 18 `` Awake , Arise , or Be Forever Fallen '' July 31 , 2017 0.3 0.63 N / A N / A N / A N / A 19 `` Hail and Farewell '' August 7 , 2017 0.2 0.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` Beside Still Water '' August 14 , 2017 0.2 0.59 N / A 0.52 N / A 1.11 Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` On Infernal Ground '' March 20 , 2018 0.2 0.49 N / A 0.51 N / A 1.01 `` The Powers That Be '' March 27 , 2018 0.2 0.44 N / A 0.43 N / A 0.88 `` What Lies Beneath '' April 3 , 2018 0.2 0.46 0.2 N / A 0.4 N / A `` Thy Soul Instructed '' April 10 , 2018 0.1 0.35 0.2 0.46 0.3 0.81 5 `` Stronger Than Heaven '' April 17 , 2018 0.1 0.30 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` A Window Into an Empty Room '' April 24 , 2018 0.2 0.43 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Salt in the Wound '' May 1 , 2018 0.2 0.42 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` A Heart of Darkness '' May 8 , 2018 0.2 0.42 0.2 0.41 0.4 0.83 9 `` Familia Onte Omnia '' May 15 , 2018 0.1 0.37 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` Erchomai '' May 15 , 2018 0.1 0.31 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Mortal Instruments ' Series : ABC Family Orders ' Shadowhunters ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Lowe , Kinsey ( October 10 , 2015 ) . `` Shadowhunters to debut January 12 on ABC Family / Freeform -- Comic Con '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shadowhunters ' Renewed for Season 3 at Freeform '' . Variety . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Shadowhunters ' Canceled at Freeform , Will End With Two - Hour Finale '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' returns on top , ' Shadowhunters ' had solid debut '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Shadowhunters Episode Two Now In The Freeform App '' . Shadowhunters TV . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' falls , ' Haves and the Have Nots ' holds strong '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The Curse of Oak Island ' stays on top , ' Shadowhunters ' rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' premiere soars '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' falls , ' Pretty Little Liars ' rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' stays steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' rises slightly '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' and ' Fixer Upper ' stay steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Fixer Upper ' ticks up , ' If Loving You is Wrong ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' premieres well , ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v O.J. Simpson ' finale stays on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : Rose Bowl and Sugar Bowl soar high '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.9. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.16. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.23. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.30. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.6. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Monday 's Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.31. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Monday 's Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.7. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.14. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.27. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.3. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.10. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.17. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.24. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Shadowhunters to End With Two - Hour Series Finale Event in 2019 '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 002C - 9 - 0000 - 0000 - A Lost Souls ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Slavkin , Todd ( @ toddzer1 ) ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` Just finished watching dir cut of 311 and I just ... ca n't ... @ mattdirector crushed me and will crush fandom # lostsouls # shadowhunters '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 002D - 7 - 0000 - 0000 - G Original Sin ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hastings , Matt ( @ mattdirector ) ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Turned in Director 's cut of # 311 , tweaking my cut of # 312 . Amazing @ sallirichardson is shooting # 314 . Prepping # 315 with my pal # Siluck . Doing final color and mixing # 308 . Just saw insane VFX for # 309 from @ folksvfx . SO much goodness to share ! # cantwait # ShadowhuntersSeason3 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 002E - 5 - 0000 - 0000 - M Beati Bellicosi ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hastings , Matt ( @ mattdirector ) ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` paulwesley will be back in the directors chair 3B '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 002F - 3 - 0000 - 0000 - SA Kiss From a Rose ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Slavkin , Todd ( @ toddzer1 ) ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Wow too many to count . I shared moment I saw dir cut of 205 and was left a sobbing mess @ DSwim and I were brand new . Ca n't wait for @ sallirichardson to direct again # 314 # greatscript # season3 # shadowhunters '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Broad , Zoe ( @ ZOmygawd ) ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Truly could n't have asked for a more talented director to direct my first episode of television . Congratulations , @ sallirichardson ! And ps guys , just wait until you see @ ShadowhuntersTV ep 314 . Salli CRUSHED it 💕 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 0030 - T - 0000 - 0000 - O To the Night Children ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Binswanger , Peter ( @ TatoBins ) ( August 25 , 2018 ) . `` Very mysterious ... so mysterious , I 'm struggling to remember which episodes are which ... I think I wrote the water ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 0031 - R - 0000 - 0000 - U Stay With Me ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rakich , John ( @ johnrakich ) ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Once more into the pre-production breech my friends . S3E3016 directed by @ AmandaMRow with the amazing writing of @ NappyThoughtz # ShadowhuntersSeason3 # shadowhunterstv # locations # filmlife # wemaketv # LMGI twitter.com/johnrakich/status/969321884364963843/photo/1pic.twitter.com/mfv8GtBru9 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 0032 - P - 0000 - 0000 - 0 Heavenly Fire ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Vasquez , Celeste ( @ trashquez ) ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` The writers and directors of # Shadowhunters episodes 316 & 317 . 👯 👯 # girlpower # setlife # womeninfilm 📷 : @ veritymus_prime '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 0033 - N - 0000 - 0000 - 5 The Beast Within ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Butler , Joshua ( @ TheJoshuaButler ) ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Thank you for remembering , @ aleclightwoof ! What a wonderful filmmaking memory . Great news is I 'm directing another Season 3 @ ShadowhuntersTV episode starting in 2 weeks . So look for my work on both # Shadowhunters 3x07 AND 3x18 ! ! ! Stay tuned for updates . 😊 # DirectorPride '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Butler , Joshua ( @ TheJoshuaButler ) ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Day 1 of prep on @ ShadowhuntersTV 3x18 ! I am so excited to have the opportunity to direct this inspired script by @ TayMals . # Shadowhunters # HalloweenIsComing # DirectorPride '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 0034 - L - 0000 - 0000 - B Aku Cinta Kamu ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gorenberg , Jamie ( @ jamiegorenberg ) ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Just finished the latest draft of 3x19 , and this is the best part . Lucky me to have @ toddzer1 at the helm . He 's going to take you all on a ride to be remembered ! # Malec # Sizzy # Clace # Shadowhuntersseason3 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Gorenberg , Jamie ( @ jamiegorenberg ) ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Working late into the night on Ep 3x19 . Hmmm ... what should Magnus say next ? # ShadowhuntersSeason3 # Malec '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 0035 - J - 0000 - 0000 - H City of Glass ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hastings , Matt ( @ mattdirector ) ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Prep day one ! # Shadowhunters # SeasonFinale '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 0036 - H - 0000 - 0000 - N Alliance ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( September 1 , 2018 ) . `` Shadowhunters Auction Accidentally Spoils Final Season Twists for Fans '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jehn ( @ dwrld_jehn ) ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` I tried tweaking with the lightning and all in the capacity that my phone allows but I am no closer to making a guess '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ISAN 0000 - 0004 - 1432 - 0037 - F - 0000 - 0000 - T All Good Things ... ( 2018 - 60 min ) '' . ISAN - IA . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Jan. 11 - 17 : ' AHS : Hotel ' finale more than doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Jan. 18 - 24 : ' Gold Rush ' moves ahead of ' Love and Hip Hop ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Feb. 1 - 7 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' premiere leads across the board '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Feb. 8 - 14 : ' The Walking Dead ' now up vs. its last episode '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Feb. 15 - 21 : ' Better Call Saul ' premiere moves up the charts '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Feb. 22 - 28 : ' Walking Dead ' has steady growth '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Feb. 29 - March 6 : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' makes a big jump '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , March 7 -- 13 : ' Walking Dead ' leads again but comes in lower '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , March 14 -- 20 : ' Walking Dead ' gets back on track , ' Americans ' premiere doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , March 21 -- 27 : ' Better Call Saul ' jumps up the charts '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , March 28 - April 3 : ' Walking Dead ' finale scores big '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , April 4 -- 10 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' finale rises the most '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Vikings , ' ' The New Edition Story ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Taboo ' puts up more big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Jan. 30 - Feb. 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' on top again : Cable Live + 7 ratings for June 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' quadruples in 18 - 49 : Cable Live + 7 ratings for June 19 -- 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Krypton ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 19 -- 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Siren ' premiere doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 26 - April 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fixer Upper ' finale goes out strong : Cable Live + 7 ratings for April 2 -- 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Last O.G. ' scores for TBS in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Atlanta ' finale gets a good boost in cable Live + 7 ratings for May 7 -- 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Shadowhunters episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Shadowhunters_episodes&oldid=865725490 '' Categories : Lists of American fantasy television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Polski Português Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 19 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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when does the second half of season 3 of shadowhunters come out
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"In April 2017, it was announced that the series had been renewed for a third season of 20 episodes.[3] The first half of ten episodes premiered on March 20, 2018. In June 2018, Freeform canceled the series after three seasons, but ordered two extra episodes to properly conclude the series' story; the second half of the third season is set to air in early 2019.[4] As of May 15, 2018,[update] 43 episodes of Shadowhunters have aired, concluding the first half of the third season.\n"
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"in early 2019"
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Anne of Green Gables
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Anne of Green Gables - wikipedia Anne of Green Gables Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For other uses , see Anne of Green Gables ( disambiguation ) . Anne of Green Gables First edition . Author Lucy Maud Montgomery Illustrator M.A. and W.A.J. Claus Country Written and set in Canada , published in the United States Language English Series Anne of Green Gables Genre Novel Published June 1908 ( L.C. Page & Co . ) Followed by Anne of Avonlea Text Anne of Green Gables at Wikisource Anne of Green Gables is a 1908 novel by Canadian author Lucy Maud Montgomery ( published as L.M. Montgomery ) . Written for all ages , it has been considered a children 's novel since the mid-twentieth century . It recounts the adventures of Anne Shirley , an 11 - year - old orphan girl who is mistakenly sent to Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert , a middle - aged brother and sister who had intended to adopt a boy to help them on their farm in the fictional town of Avonlea on Prince Edward Island . The novel recounts how Anne makes her way with the Cuthberts , in school , and within the town . Since its publication , Anne of Green Gables has sold more than 50 million copies and has been translated into at least 36 languages . Montgomery wrote numerous sequels , and since her death , another sequel has been published , as well as an authorized prequel . The original book is taught to students around the world . The book has been adapted as films , made - for - television movies , and animated and live - action television series . Musicals and plays have also been created , with productions annually in Canada since 1964 of the first musical production , which has toured in Canada , the United States , Europe , and Japan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plot summary 3 Characters 4 Related works 5 Tourism and merchandising 6 Legacy and honours 7 Adaptations 7.1 Films 7.2 Literature 7.3 Radio productions 7.4 Stage productions 7.5 Television movies 7.6 Television series 7.7 Web productions 8 Parodies 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Background ( edit ) The portrait of Evelyn Nesbit by Rudolf Eickemeyer Jr. which inspired Montgomery . In writing the novel , Montgomery was inspired by notes she had made as a young girl about a couple who were mistakenly sent an orphan girl instead of the boy they had requested yet decided to keep her . She drew upon her own childhood experiences in rural Prince Edward Island , Canada . Montgomery used a photograph of Evelyn Nesbit , which she had clipped from New York 's Metropolitan Magazine and put on the wall of her bedroom , as the model for the face of Anne Shirley and a reminder of her `` youthful idealism and spirituality . '' Montgomery was also inspired by the `` formula Ann '' orphan stories ( called such because they followed such a predictable formula ) which were popular at the time and distinguished her character by spelling her name with an extra `` e '' . She based other characters , such as Gilbert Blythe , in part on people she knew . She said she wrote the novel in the twilight of the day , while sitting at her window and overlooking the fields of Cavendish . Plot summary ( edit ) Anne attacks Gilbert Anne Shirley , a young orphan from the fictional community of Bolingbroke , Nova Scotia ( based upon the real community of New London , Prince Edward Island ) , is sent to live with Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert , siblings in their fifties and sixties , after a childhood spent in strangers ' homes and orphanages . Marilla and Matthew had originally decided to adopt a boy from the orphanage to help Matthew run their farm at Green Gables , which is set in the fictional town of Avonlea . Through a misunderstanding , the orphanage sends Anne instead . Anne is highly imaginative , eager to please and quite dramatic at times . However , she is defensive about her appearance , despising her red hair and pale , thin frame . She is often quite talkative , especially when it comes to describing her fantasies and dreams . At first , stern and sharp Marilla says Anne must return to the orphanage , but after much observation and considering , along with Matthew 's strong liking to Anne , she decides to let her stay . As a child of imagination , Anne takes much joy in life and adapts quickly , thriving in the close - knit farming village . Her imagination and talkativeness soon brighten up Green Gables . The book recounts Anne 's adventures in making a home : the country school where she quickly excels in her studies ; her friendship with Diana Barry , the girl living next door ( her best or `` bosom friend '' as Anne fondly calls her ) ; her budding literary ambitions ; and her rivalry with her classmate Gilbert Blythe , who teases her about her red hair . For that , he earns her instant hatred , although he apologizes many times . As time passes , Anne realizes she no longer hates Gilbert but can not bring herself to speak to him . The book also follows Anne 's adventures with her new - found friends . Episodes include her play - time with her friends Diana , a calm girl named Jane Andrews and a good - natured but often hysterical girl called Ruby Gillis , and her run - ins with the unpleasant Pye sisters Gertie and Josie ; and domestic mishaps such as dyeing her hair green while intending to dye it black , and accidentally getting Diana drunk by giving her what she thought was raspberry cordial but turned out to be currant wine . At sixteen , Anne goes to Queen 's Academy to earn a teaching license , along with Gilbert , Ruby , Josie , Jane , and several other students , excluding Diana much to Anne 's dismay . She obtains her license in one year instead of the usual two and wins the Avery Scholarship for the top student in English . Her attainment of this scholarship would allow her to pursue a Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) degree at the fictional Redmond College ( based on the real Dalhousie University ) on the mainland in Nova Scotia . Near the end of the book however , tragedy strikes when Matthew dies of a heart attack after learning that all of his and Marilla 's money has been lost in a bank failure . Out of devotion to Marilla and Green Gables , Anne gives up the scholarship to stay at home and help Marilla , whose eyesight is failing . She plans to teach at the Carmody school , the nearest school available , and return to Green Gables on weekends . In an act of friendship , Gilbert Blythe gives up his teaching position at the Avonlea School to work at the White Sands School instead , knowing that Anne wants to stay close to Marilla after Matthew 's death . After this kind act , Anne and Gilbert 's friendship is cemented , and Anne looks forward to what life will bring next . Characters ( edit ) Diana and Anne Green Gables household : Anne Shirley : An imaginative , talkative , red - headed orphan who comes to live with Matthew Cuthbert and Marilla Cuthbert . Anne is very sensitive and is very insecure about the color of her hair . She exhibits categorical interest in everything romantic . Marilla Cuthbert : Matthew 's sister , she is an austere but fair woman who objects to Anne 's imaginative , unusual conduct on the grounds of its being part of the same group of behavioral misconducts that bring about dereliction of responsibility or produce a disrespectful personal image . Life experience with Anne , however , profoundly affects Marilla 's ways ; in a very early instance , she experiences first - hand how worthless a confession under duress could be . Although conservative and austere , she is fond of Anne and has the glimmerings of a sense of humor . Matthew Cuthbert : Marilla 's brother , he is an overly shy , albeit kind , old man with a lumbering frame and above - average strength . Matthew takes a liking to Anne from the start and the two become fast friends . Because Marilla has primary responsibility for rearing the girl , he has no qualms about `` spoiling '' her and indulging her in pretty clothes and other frivolities . Anne 's schoolmates : Diana Barry : Anne 's bosom friend and a kindred spirit . Anne and Diana become best friends from the moment they meet . She is the only girl of Anne 's age who lives close to Green Gables . Anne admires Diana for being pretty and for her amiable disposition . Diana lacks Anne 's powerful imagination but is a loyal friend . Gilbert Blythe : A handsome , smart , witty and chivalrous classmate who has a crush on Anne the moment he sees her . Unaware of Anne 's near - pathological sensitivity about her red hair , he tries to get Anne 's attention by holding her braid and calling her `` Carrots ! '' Anne 's explosively hostile reaction only causes Gilbert to be more smitten . He makes several attempts to apologize , the failure of all of which do not seem to mar his admiration . He attempts to apologize one last time when he saves Anne from drowning ; Anne crassly rebuffs this attempt , only to regret it almost immediately . Years later , he gives up his job offer of teaching at the Avonlea school so that Anne may live at Green Gables , upon which the two reconcile and become good friends . Ruby Gillis : Another of Anne 's friends . Having several `` grown up '' sisters , Ruby loves to share her knowledge of beaus with her friends . Ruby is portrayed as traditionally beautiful with long golden hair . She is hysterical and suffers from consumption ( tuberculosis ) . Jane Andrews : One of Anne 's friends from school , she is plain and sensible . She does well enough academically to join Anne 's class at Queen 's . Josie Pye : A classmate generally disliked by the other girls ( as are her siblings ) , Josie is vain , dishonest , and jealous of Anne 's popularity . Avonlea 's locals : Mrs. Rachel Lynde : A neighbour of Matthew and Marilla , Mrs. Lynde is an amalgamation of vices and virtues . She is industrious and helpful , and does work for the church , yet she is famous for being nosy and condescending . Although she and Anne start off the wrong foot , owing to Mrs. Lynde 's obnoxious criticism and Anne 's lack of tolerance for such , as well as her temper , they soon become quite close . Mrs. Lynde is married and has raised ten children , although her husband , Thomas Lynde , is mentioned briefly and never speaks . Mr. Phillips : Anne 's first teacher at Avonlea , Mr. Phillips is unpopular with students , because of his boring and crude ways . In Anne 's case , he continually misspells her name ( without the `` E '' ) and punishes only her among twelve pupils who arrive late . He is described as lacking discipline , and `` courts '' one of his pupils openly ( this was less frowned upon then as opposed to more contemporary times ) . Miss Muriel Stacy : Anne 's energetic replacement teacher . Her warm and sympathetic nature appeals to her students , but Avonlea 's conservative parents disapprove of her liberal teaching methods . She forms a special relationship with Anne , who views her as a mentor . Miss Stacy encourages Anne to develop her character and intellect and helps prepare her for the entrance exam at Queen 's Academy , where she finishes in a tie for first with Gilbert Blythe . Reverend and Mrs. Allan : The minister and his wife also befriend Anne , with Mrs. Allan becoming particularly close . She is described as pretty . Mr. & Mrs. Barry : Diana 's parents . Mr. Barry farms . Near the end of the book , he offers to rent some tracts to help out Anne and Marilla , after Matthew 's passing . Mrs. Barry has a severe personality , expecting her children to follow strict rules . After Anne accidentally gets Diana drunk , Mrs. Barry rejects the girl , forbidding Diana to have anything to do with Anne . This sanction is repealed after Anne saves Minnie May . Minnie May Barry : Diana 's baby sister , whose life is saved by Anne when she comes down with croup . Others : Miss Josephine Barry : Diana 's great - aunt . Initially portrayed in a negative light , she is quickly charmed by Anne 's imagination , and eventually invites her and Diana to tea . She refers to Anne as `` the Anne - girl '' and even sends Anne beaded slippers as a Christmas present . Mrs Hammond : Anne had lived with her for a portion of her pre-Green - Gables life . She was very mean as a result of her husband ′ s death . Anne was treated more as a maid in her home than as a daughter or friend . Related works ( edit ) Based on the popularity of her first book , Montgomery wrote a series of sequels to continue the story of her heroine Anne Shirley . They are listed chronologically below , by Anne 's age in each of the novels . Lucy Maud Montgomery 's books on Anne Shirley : # Book Date published Anne Shirley 's age Anne of Green Gables 1908 11 -- 16 Anne of Avonlea 1909 16 -- 18 Anne of the Island 1915 18 -- 22 Anne of Windy Poplars ( US & Canada ) Anne of Windy Willows ( Other ) 1936 22 -- 25 5 Anne 's House of Dreams 1917 25 -- 27 6 Anne of Ingleside 1939 34 -- 40 The following books focus on Anne 's children , or on other family friends . Anne appears in these volumes , but plays a lesser part . # Book Date published Anne Shirley 's age 7 Rainbow Valley 1919 41 -- 43 8 Rilla of Ingleside 1921 49 -- 53 9 The Blythes Are Quoted 2009 40 -- 75 Anne Shirley features in one story ( and is referenced in other stories ) in each of the following collections : # Book Date published Anne Shirley 's age -- Chronicles of Avonlea 1912 approx. 20 -- Further Chronicles of Avonlea 1920 approx. 20 The prequel , Before Green Gables ( 2008 ) , was written by Budge Wilson with authorization of heirs of L.M. Montgomery . Tourism and merchandising ( edit ) The Green Gables farmhouse located in Cavendish Sign marking trail through Balsam Hollow The province and tourist facilities have highlighted the local connections to the internationally popular novels . Anne of Green Gables has been translated into 36 languages . `` Tourism by Anne fans is an important part of the Island economy '' . Merchants offer items based on the novels . The Green Gables farmhouse is located in Cavendish , Prince Edward Island . Many tourist attractions on Prince Edward Island have been developed based on the fictional Anne , and provincial licence plates once bore her image . Balsam Hollow , the forest that inspired the Haunted Woods and Campbell Pond , the body of water which inspired The Lake of Shining Waters , both described in the book , are located in the vicinity . In addition , the Confederation Centre of the Arts has featured the wildly successful Anne of Green Gables musical on its mainstage every summer for over five decades . The Anne of Green Gables Museum is located in Park Corner , PEI , in a home that inspired L.M. Montgomery . The novel has been very popular in Japan , where it is known as Red - haired Anne , and where it has been included in the national school curriculum since 1952 . ' Anne ' is revered as `` an icon '' in Japan , especially since 1979 when this story was broadcast as anime , Anne of Green Gables . Japanese couples travel to Prince Edward Island to have civil wedding ceremonies on the grounds of the Green Gables farm . Some Japanese girls arrive as tourists with red - dyed hair styled in pigtails , to look like Anne . In 2014 , Asadora ' Hanako to Anne ' ( Hanako Muraoka is the first translator in Japan ) was broadcast and Anne became popular among old and young alike . A replica of the Green Gables house in Cavendish is located in the theme park Canadian World in Ashibetsu , Hokkaido , Japan . The park was a less expensive alternative for Japanese tourists instead of traveling to P.E.I. The park hosted performances featuring actresses playing Anne and Diana . The theme park is open during the summer season with free admission , though there are no longer staff or interpreters . The Avonlea theme park near Cavendish and the Cavendish Figurines shop have trappings so that tourists may dress like the book 's characters for photos . Souvenir shops throughout Prince Edward Island offer numerous foods and products based on details of the ' Anne Shirley ' novels . Straw hats for girls with sewn - in red braids are common , as are bottles of raspberry cordial soda . In the first book , Lucy Maud Montgomery established the cordial soda as the favorite beverage of Anne , who declares : `` I just love bright red drinks ! '' Panorama of Green Gable farmhouse and grounds in Cavendish Entrance to Anne of Green Gables Museum in Park Corner Legacy and honours ( edit ) Buildings The popularity of the books and subsequent film adaptations is credited with inspiring the design and naming of buildings `` Green Gables '' . An example still standing is an apartment block called `` Green Gables '' built in the 1930s , in New Farm , Queensland , Australia . Museum Bala 's Museum , located in Bala , Ontario , Canada , is a house museum established in 1992 and dedicated to Lucy M. Montgomery information and heritage . The house was a tourist home owned by Fanny Pike when Montgomery and her family stayed there on a summer vacation in 1922 . That visit to the region inspired the novel The Blue Castle ( 1926 ) . The town is named Deerwood in the novel ; this was Montgomery 's only narrative setting outside Atlantic Canada . Postage stamps On May 15 , 1975 , Canada Post issued Lucy Maud Montgomery , Anne of Green Gables designed by Peter Swan and typographed by Bernard N.J. Reilander . The 8 ¢ stamps are perforated 13 and were printed by Ashton - Potter Limited . In 2008 , Canada Post issued two postage stamps and a souvenir sheet honouring Anne and the `` Green Gables '' house . Reading lists In 2003 , Anne of Green Gables was ranked number 41 in The Big Read , a survey of the British public by BBC to determine the `` nation 's best - loved novel '' ( not children 's novel ) . In 2012 , it was ranked number nine among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal , a monthly with primarily U.S. audience . Adaptations ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1919 ) , a silent film adapted to the screen by Frances Marion , directed by William Desmond Taylor , and starring Mary Miles Minter as Anne ; this is considered a lost film . Anne of Green Gables ( 1934 ) , black & white `` talkie '' directed by George Nichols Jr. and starring Dawn O'Day as Anne Shirley ; after filming , O'Day changed her screen name to `` Anne Shirley '' . Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1940 ) -- directed by Jack Hively , is a black & white `` talkie '' starring Dawn O'Day as Anne Shirley , now billed as `` Anne Shirley '' . Anne of Green Gables ( as of 2017 ) , an upcoming feature film version of Anne of Green Gables : The Musical . Literature ( edit ) Ana of California : A Novel ( 2015 ) , by Andi Teran , is a `` contemporary spin on Anne of Green Gables . The lead character of Anne Shirley has been adapted to Ana Cortez , a 15 - year - old orphan who `` ca n't tell a tomato plant from a blackberry bush '' when she leaves East Los Angeles for the Northern California farm of Emmett and Abbie Garber . Radio productions ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1941 ) , a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Home Service Basic , adapted into four parts by Muriel Levy , and starring Cherry Cottrell as Anne . Anne of Green Gables ( 1944 ) , a recreation of the 1941 BBC Radio drama , produced and broadcast by BBC Home Service Basic . Anne of Green Gables ( 1954 ) , a Canadian radio drama produced and broadcast by CBC Radio , adapted into 13 parts by Andrew Allen and starring Toby Tarnow as Anne . Anna zo Zeleného domu ( 1966 ) , a Slovak radio drama produced and broadcast by Czechoslovak Radio , starring Anna Bučinská as Anne . Anne of Green Gables ( 1971 ) , a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Radio 4 , adapted into 13 parts by Cristina Sellors , and read by Ann Murray . Anne of Green Gables ( 1997 ) , a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Radio 4 , dramatized into five parts by Marcy Kahan and starred Barbara Barnes as Anne . Stage productions ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables : The Musical , performed annually in the summer , at Charlottetown Festival , since 1965 , this is Canada 's longest - running main stage musical production , and has had a total audience of more than 2 million . Anne of Green Gables -- The Musical was composed by Canadians Don Harron and Norman Campbell , with lyrics by Elaine Campbell and Mavor Moore . The production has been performed before Queen Elizabeth II and it has toured across Canada , the United States , and Europe . In 1969 , it had a run in London 's West End . The Charlottetown Festival production performed at the 1970 World 's Fair in Osaka , Japan . Walter Learning directed and organized a successful national tour of the musical in Japan in 1991 . The Guild in Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island , hosts Anne and Gilbert , The Musical . Written by Nancy White , Bob Johnston , and Jeff Hochhauser , the production is based on Montgomery 's sequels featuring Anne Shirley . The Nine Lives of L.M. Montgomery , a musical adapted from Montgomery 's novel and her life , opened at Kings Playhouse in Georgetown , Prince Edward Island on June 20 , 2008 , the 100th anniversary of the book 's publication . With book and lyrics by Adam - Michael James and music by Emmy - nominated composer Leo Marchildon , the musical depicts events from Montgomery 's life and features as characters heroines from all of her novels . Anne figures prominently , and is shown from age 12 into her 40s . Gilbert Blythe also appears . The show 's second production was at the Carrefour Theatre in Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island and opened July 11 , 2009 . Both years , the musical was nominated for The Prince Edward Island Museum and Heritage Foundation 's Wendell Boyle Award . In July 2010 , a concert version of the show toured Prince Edward Island , with four performances at Green Gables . Theatreworks USA , a New York - based children 's theatre company , produced an Anne of Green Gables musical in 2006 at the Lucille Lortel Theatre . A revived production , with musical contributions from Gretchen Cryer , is planned to tour grade - schools . The Peterborough Players , based in Peterborough , New Hampshire , staged an adaptation by Joseph Robinette of Anne of Green Gables in August 2009 . Anne and Gilbert is a musical adaptation of the books Anne of Avonlea and Anne of the Island . It depicts the relationship of Anne and Gilbert during their years as teachers and college students , as well as their return to Avonlea . Television movies ( edit ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1956 ) , a made - for - television musical version directed by Norman Campbell and starring Toby Tarnow as Anne . Anne de Green Gables ( 1957 ) , a French - Canadian television film directed by Jacques Gauthier , starring Mireille Lachance as Anne Shirley . Anne of Green Gables ( 1958 ) , a recreation of the 1956 film directed by Don Harron , starring Kathy Willard as Anne . Anne of Green Gables ( 1972 ) , a British made - for - television 5 - part mini-series directed by Joan Craft , starring Kim Braden as Anne . Anne of Avonlea ( 1975 ) , a British made - for - television 4 - part mini-series directed by Joan Craft , starring Kim Braden as Anne . Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ) , a CBC 4 - hour television mini series directed by Kevin Sullivan with Megan Follows as Anne . Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel ( 1987 ) , a sequel to the 1985 miniseries which aired on CBC and the Disney Channel as Anne of Avonlea : The Continuing Story of Anne of Green Gables . Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ) , a television miniseries inaccurately based upon the novels . Anne : Journey to Green Gables ( 2005 ) , an animated video film produced by Sullivan Entertainment and the prequel to Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ) , a television miniseries whose script is not based on the novels . L.M. Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables ( 2016 ) , a 90 - minute made - for - television adaptation of the book by Breakthrough Films & Television , which began filming in Toronto in May 2015 . Casting was held in February 2015 . ( This replaces the previously announced 13 - part series that had been set to film in 2013 ) . It was adapted by Susan Coyne , directed by John Kent Harrison , and stars Ella Ballentine as Anne . The world premiere of the film , advertised under the abbreviated title Anne of Green Gables , on February 15 , 2016 on YTV . Anne of Green Gables : The Good Stars aired on YTV on February 20 , 2017 . Anne of Green Gables : Fire & Dew , aired July 1 , 2017 on YTV . Television series ( edit ) Anne as she appeared in the 1979 Japanese anime adaptation of Anne of Green Gables . Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series Anne of Green Gables ( 1952 ) , a BBC television series starring Carole Lorimer as Anne . Akage no An ( 1979 ; Red - Haired Anne ) , an animated television series , part of Nippon Animation 's World Masterpiece Theater , produced in Japan and directed by Isao Takahata . Road to Avonlea ( 1990 -- 1996 ) shown on CBC , a live - action television series produced by Kevin Sullivan , based upon characters and episodes from several of L.M. Montgomery 's books , excluding Anne Shirley . Gilbert Blythe , Marilla Cuthbert , Rachel Lynde and other characters from the Anne books are included , and the series is set within the same continuity as Sullivan 's 1980s miniseries . Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) , a PBS Kids animated series for older children ages eight to twelve , created by Sullivan Entertainment Inc . Kon'nichiwa Anne : Before Green Gables ( 2009 ) , part of the World Masterpiece Theater , this prequel to Akage no An is based on Budge Wilson 's authorized prequel Before Green Gables ( 2008 ) . Anne ( 2017 ) , an eight - part TV series produced and broadcast by CBC in Canada and Netflix worldwide ( under the title `` Anne with an E '' ) . Web productions ( edit ) Green Gables Fables ( 2014 -- 2016 ) , an American - Canadian web series which conveys the story in the form of Tumblr posts , tweets , vlogs , and other social media . It is a modern adaptation of Anne of Green Gables and Anne of the Island , with many of its elements changed to better suit 21st - century culture . Mandy Harmon portrays the main character , Anne Shirley . Project Green Gables ( 2015 -- 2016 ) , a Finnish web series and a modern adaptation of Anne of Green Gables , which conveys the story in the form of vlogs . Laura Eklund Nhaga plays Anne Shirley . Parodies ( edit ) As one of the most familiar characters in Canadian literature , Anne of Green Gables has been parodied by several Canadian comedy troupes , including CODCO ( Anne of Green Gut ) and The Frantics ( Fran of the Fundy ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Devereux , Cecily Margaret ( 2004 ) . A Note on the Text . In Montgomery ( 2004 ) , p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 362 - 3 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Lucy Maud ( 2004 ) ( 1908 ) . Devereux , Cecily Margaret , ed . Anne of Green Gables . Peterborough , Ontario : Broadview Press . ISBN 1 - 55111 - 362 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` ' Anne of Green Gables ' 1st edition sells at auction for US $37,000 , a new record '' . The Guardian . December 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mollins , Julie ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` New Anne of Green Gables book stirs debate '' . Reuters Life ! . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables New TV Series Willow and Thatch '' . Willow and Thatch. 2016 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Gammel , Irene ( 2009 ) . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic . New York : St. Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables '' . Jump up ^ Gammel , Irene ( July 8 , 2008 ) . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and Her Literary Classic . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 38237 - 7 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Gammel , Irene ( 2009 ) . `` The Mystery of Anne Revealed , '' . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic . New York : St. Martin 's Press . Jump up ^ `` The Geography of Anne of the Island '' . lmm-anne.net. 2008 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Birthplace of L.M. Montgomery , New London '' . lmm-anne.net. 2008 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Anne of Green Gables -- Celebrate 100 Years Archived December 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . `` Anne of Green Gables has sold millions of copies in more than 36 languages '' Jump up ^ Anne of Green Gables still rules Prince Edward Island `` , USA Today , August 5 , 2008 Jump up ^ CBC News ( June 19 , 2008 ) . CBC.ca , `` 100 years of Anne of Green Gables '' . Jump up ^ `` License plate goes green '' , `` The Guardian '' , April 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ Green Gables Government of Prince Edward Island . Retrieved on July 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables - The Musical '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anne of Green Gables Museum website Jump up ^ Yuka Kajihara ( April 4 , 2004 ) . `` Anne in Japan FAQ 1.0 '' . Yukazine.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Buttercups : L.M. Montgomery & Anne of Green Gables fan club in Japan '' Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Yukazine , April 4 , 2004 Jump up ^ Bruni , Frank ( November 18 , 2007 ) . `` Beckoned by Bivalves : Prince Edward Island '' . The New York Times Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables theme park in Japan falls on hard times '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cloning Anne of Green Gables . '' . Tacky Tourist Photos . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Heroine 's Bookshelf : Anne of Green Gables '' . Theheroinesbookshelf.com . October 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In search of Anne with some unexpected discoveries '' . State Library of Queensland. 2016 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History : A look back at the last 20 years '' . Bala 's Museum with Memories of Lucy Maud Montgomery . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Postal Archives Database '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Canada Post -- Anne of Green Gables '' . Canada Post . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Read -- Top 100 '' . BBC . April 2003 . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Anne of Green Gables film announced '' . cbc.ca. 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Teran , Andi ( June 2015 ) . Ana of California : A Novel . Penguin Books . Jump up ^ IMDB , Toby Tarnow Biography , http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0850558/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm Jump up ^ `` The Nine Lives of L.M. Montgomery '' . Ninelivesoflmm.com . February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PeterBoroughPlayers.org '' . PeterBoroughPlayers.org . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In Production -- ANNE OF GREEN GABLES TV Movie '' . Ontario Film Commission . May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MAJOR UPDATE : ANNE OF GREEN GABLES ADAPTATION BY BREAKTHROUGH ENTERTAINMENT '' . L.M. Montgomery Online . April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canada Wide Casting for Anne of Green Gables ( Movie of the Week ) '' . ACTpei . February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables returns to TV '' . CBC News . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables Movies 1 X 90 '' . Breakthrough Entertainment . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lorimer , Carole ; Miller , Joan ; Richardson , Charles ; Young , Joan ( 1952 - 09 - 16 ) , Anne of Green Gables , retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables set for new life on CBC - TV '' . CBC . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Boards CBC 's ' Anne Of Green Gables ' Adaptation ; Niki Caro To Helm Premiere '' . Deadline . August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Green Gables Fables , `` Cast and Crew '' http://www.greengablesfables.com/cast-crew Jump up ^ `` About '' . www.projectgreengables.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 27 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bustard , Ned ( January 2009 ) . Anne of Green Gables Comprehension Guide . Veritas Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932168 - 79 - 2 . Campbell , Norman ( 1972 ) . Anne of Green Gables . Samuel French , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 573 - 68002 - 1 . Gammel , Irene ( 2008 ) . Looking for Anne of Green Gables : The Story of L.M. Montgomery and her Literary Classic . authorized by the heirs of L.M. Montgomery . Gammel , Irene ; Benjamin Lefebvre ( May 30 , 2010 ) . Anne 's World : A New Century of Anne of Green Gables . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 1106 - 1 . Montgomery , Lucy Maud ( June 3 , 2008 ) . The Green Gables Collection . Doubleday Canada . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 66599 - 5 . Teran , Andi ( June 2015 ) . Ana of California . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 312649 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anne of Green Gables . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Anne of Green Gables Wikiquote has quotations related to : Anne of Green Gables The Anne of Green Gables and L.M. Montgomery Lexicon , collection of Anne book cover artwork , games , recipes , time line and more Anne of Green Gables at Project Gutenberg Anne of Green Gables at Faded Page ( Canada ) Anne of Green Gables public domain audiobook at LibriVox Anne of Green Gables Centenary `` L.M. Montgomery Research Centre '' , University of Guelph Library Archival & Special Collections . L.M. Montgomery Online Formerly the L.M. Montgomery Research Group , this site includes a blog , extensive lists of primary and secondary materials , detailed information about Montgomery 's publishing history , and a filmography of screen adaptations of Montgomery texts . See , in particular , the page about Anne of Green Gables . The L.M. Montgomery Literary Society `` Top 100 Children 's Novels # 9 '' . School Library Journal Blog . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Anne of Green Gables at IMDB All About Anne Facebook Page Ana of California at Penguin Books Ana of California , author 's page Works by Lucy Maud Montgomery Novels Anne of Green Gables series Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1909 ) Anne of the Island ( 1915 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1936 ) Anne 's House of Dreams ( 1917 ) Anne of Ingleside ( 1939 ) Rainbow Valley ( 1919 ) Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) Emily trilogy Emily of New Moon ( 1923 ) Emily Climbs ( 1925 ) Emily 's Quest ( 1927 ) Pat of Silver Bush Pat of Silver Bush ( 1932 ) Mistress Pat ( 1935 ) The Story Girl The Story Girl ( 1911 ) The Golden Road ( 1913 ) Miscellaneous Kilmeny of the Orchard ( 1910 ) The Blue Castle ( 1926 ) Magic for Marigold ( 1929 ) A Tangled Web ( 1931 ) Jane of Lantern Hill ( 1937 ) Short story collections Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1912 ) Further Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1920 ) The Blythes Are Quoted ( 2009 ) Poetry The Watchman & Other Poems ( 1916 ) The Poetry of Lucy Maud Montgomery ( 1987 ) Non-fiction The Alpine Path : The Story of My Career ( 1917 ) Courageous Women ( 1934 ) ( with Marian Keith and Mabel Burns McKinley ) The Selected Journals of L.M. Montgomery , Vol . I -- V ( 1985 -- 2004 ) The Anne of Green Gables series by L.M. Montgomery Characters Anne Shirley Gilbert Blythe Walter Blythe Original novels Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1909 ) Anne of the Island ( 1915 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1936 ) Anne 's House of Dreams ( 1917 ) Anne of Ingleside ( 1939 ) Rainbow Valley ( 1919 ) Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) Companion books Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1912 ) Further Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1920 ) Before Green Gables ( authorised prequel by Budge Wilson , 2008 ) The Blythes Are Quoted ( 2009 ) Films Anne of Green Gables ( 1919 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1934 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1940 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1956 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel ( 1987 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ) Anne : Journey to Green Gables ( 2005 ) Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ) L.M. Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables ( 2016 ) Television series Anne of Green Gables ( 1972 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1975 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1979 ) Road to Avonlea ( 1990 - 1996 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) Kon'nichiwa Anne : Before Green Gables ( 2009 ) Anne ( 2017 ) Stage Anne of Green Gables : The Musical ( since 1965 ) Anne & Gilbert ( since 2005 ) Related articles Avonlea Green Gables VIAF : 181345094 LCCN : no2010143485 GND : 4359421 - 9 BNF : cb14532211w ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_of_Green_Gables&oldid=799594318 '' Categories : Anne of Green Gables 1908 novels Anne of Green Gables books New Canadian Library Novels by Lucy Maud Montgomery Works about adoption Novels about orphans Canadian children 's novels Novels set in Prince Edward Island Debut novels Canadian novels adapted into films 1908 children 's books Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles that link to Wikisource All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from September 2017 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 17 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where did anne of green gables take place
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"Anne of Green Gables is a 1908 novel by Canadian author Lucy Maud Montgomery (published as L. M. Montgomery). Written for all ages, it has been considered a children's novel since the mid-twentieth century. It recounts the adventures of Anne Shirley, an 11-year-old orphan girl who is mistakenly sent to Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert, a middle-aged brother and sister who had intended to adopt a boy to help them on their farm in the fictional town of Avonlea on Prince Edward Island. The novel recounts how Anne makes her way with the Cuthberts, in school, and within the town."
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"Avonlea on Prince Edward Island"
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The National Memorial for Peace and Justice
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The National memorial for Peace and Justice - wikipedia The National memorial for Peace and Justice The National Memorial for Peace and Justice The memorial includes 805 hanging steel rectangles , representing each of the counties in the United States where a documented lynching took place Established April 26 , 2018 ; 3 months ago ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) Location Montgomery , Alabama Coordinates Coordinates : 32 ° 22 ′ 18 '' N 86 ° 18 ′ 46 '' W / 32.37175 ° N 86.31284 ° W / 32.37175 ; - 86.31284 Founder Equal Justice Initiative Website Official website The National Memorial for Peace and Justice , informally known as the National Lynching Memorial , is a national memorial to commemorate the victims of lynching in the United States in order to acknowledge the past of racial terrorism in the search for social justice . Founded by the Equal Justice Initiative , it opened in downtown Montgomery , Alabama on April 26 , 2018 . Contents 1 Background 2 Description 3 Importance for Montgomery , tourism 4 The Legacy Museum 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The memorial was built on six acres in the downtown area of the state capital by the Equal Justice Initiative ( EJI ) , a non-profit based in Montgomery . Also under the auspices of EJI is The Legacy Museum : From Enslavement to Mass Incarceration . It is built near the Montgomery site where enslaved African Americans were auctioned at market . The development and construction of the memorial complex cost an estimated $20 million raised from private foundations . The EJI 's founder , Bryan Stevenson , was inspired by the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin , Germany , and the Apartheid Museum in Johannesburg , South Africa , to create a single memorial to victims of white supremacy in the United States . By studying records in counties across the United States , researchers documented almost 4400 `` racial terror lynchings '' between 1877 and 1950 . An error with the name of a victim from Duluth , Minnesota , was corrected . The mistake , according to Kiara Boone , deputy program manager for EJI , evidences both error and fabrications in contemporary newspaper reports : `` Oftentimes the mainstream press 's coverage of these lynching events was something that would not hold up to journalistic integrity by today 's standards '' . Description ( edit ) In central position is the memorial square with 805 hanging steel rectangles , the size and shape of coffins , representing each of the counties in the United States where a documented lynching took place , as compiled in the EJI study , Lynching in America : Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror ( 2017 , 3rd edition ) . There were more than 4300 documented lynchings of African Americans between 1877 and 1950 concentrated in 12 southern states , but several other states are now covered . The monument is the first major work in the nation to name and honor these victims. . Each of the steel plates is marked with the names of the documented lynching victims . The central memorial was designed by MASS Design Group from Boston with Lam Partners lighting design , and has been built on six acres purchased by EJI . Artwork in the museum includes a sculpture on slavery by Ghanaian artist Kwame Akoto - Bamfo , at the beginning ; a sculpture `` dedicated to the women who sustained the Montgomery Bus Boycott '' by Dana King to help illustrate the Civil Rights period ; and a piece about today 's police violence and the biased criminal justice system , by Hank Willis Thomas . In Hank Willis Thomas ' piece , Rise Up , the focal point is a wall , and emerging from the wall are statues of black heads and bodies raising their arms in surrender to the viewer . The piece brings up the notion of visibility , which is the aim of the entire monument . The viewer is asked to focus and see the subject of the artwork . This is a more current piece commenting on the police violence and police brutality prevalent in the years preceding the memorial . Hank Willis Thomas says in an interview about his art work , `` I see the work that I make as asking questions . '' Outside of the structure , in the surrounding landscaped area , are benches where visitors can sit to reflect . Reflecting areas are dedicated to honor and memorialize people such as Ida B. Wells , who in the 1890s risked her life to report on the truth about lynchings . Laid in rows are corresponding steel columns identical to the ones hanging in the Memorial . These columns are intended to be temporary , and the Equal Justice Initiative is asking representatives of each of the counties to come and claim their monument and establish a memorial on home ground . A month after the opening the Montgomery Advertiser reported that Montgomery County , after receiving a petition from citizens , was considering asking for their column ; both the county and the city of Montgomery had already been discussing this . Importance for Montgomery , tourism ( edit ) Prior to the 1990s little attention was paid in Montgomery to the painful legacy of slavery and racism , though the city is now marketing a Civil Rights trail and the buildings and locations associated with slavery , and the city became a New York Times Top 2018 Destination. Lee Sentell of the Alabama Department of Tourism acknowledged that the National Memorial offers a different and painful encounter : `` Most museums are somewhat objective and benign ... This one is not . This is aggressive , political ... It 's a part of American history that has never been addressed as much in your face as this story is being told '' . Mayor Todd Strange suggested that the memorial offered `` our nation 's best chance at reconciliation '' . The opening celebrations , in May 2018 , drew thousands of people to Montgomery , perhaps as many as 10,000 . Artists that performed included Stevie Wonder , Patti LaBelle , and Usher ; speakers included John Lewis . The memorial and its attendant museum are expected to provide Montgomery with a great boost in tourism , even if it is dark tourism . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution noted that with the addition of the memorial and the museum Montgomery and Atlanta together provide a narrative of African - American history . Tourism officials said that possibly 100,000 extra visitors per year , though the infrastructure of Montgomery and Alabama might not provide easy access to the city . The Legacy museum ( edit ) A collection of soil from lynching sites across the United States on display at The Legacy Museum . Main article : The Legacy Museum Opened on the same date as the outdoor memorial , The Legacy Museum : From Enslavement to Mass Incarceration is a museum that displays and dramatizes the history of slavery and racism in America . The progress through the museum is chronological , beginning with slavery , and progressing through the heyday of lynching , the Civil Rights era , and the present . This includes the enslavement of African - Americans , racial lynchings , segregation , and racial bias . The memorial complex features artwork by Hank Willis Thomas , Glenn Ligon , Jacob Lawrence , Elizabeth Catlett , Titus Kaphar , and Sanford Biggers . One of its displays is a collection of soil from lynching sites across the United States . This exhibit stands to show the vast impact of slavery , lynching , and black oppression across state lines . The exhibits in the 11,000 - square - foot museum include oral history , archival materials , and interactive technology . Gallery ( edit ) Outside view of the memorial Installation by Kwame Akoto - Bamfo Memorial Monuments Installation by Hank Willis Thomas Steel columns intended for each county See also ( edit ) List of museums focused on African Americans List of lynching victims in the United States Topography of Terror : museum in Berlin , Germany dedicated to the victims of the Nazi regime National Museum of African American History and Culture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Capehart , Jonathan ( 21 December 2016 ) . `` What the lynching memorial will force us all to face '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Memorial for Peace and Justice Jump up ^ Campbell Robertson ( 25 Apr 2018 ) . `` A Lynching Memorial Is Opening . The Country Has Never Seen Anything Like It '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Edgemon , Erin ( 16 August 2016 ) . `` Nation 's first memorial to lynching victims , museum set for Montgomery '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , James H. ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Alabama memorial confronts America 's racist history '' . The Art Newspaper . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Campbell ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) . `` A Lynching Memorial Is Opening . The Country Has Never Seen Anything Like It '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Campbell ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) . `` History of Lynchings in the South Documents Nearly 4,000 Names '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Equal Justice Initiative 's report '' . Equal Justice Initiative 's report . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Weber , Tom ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` National lynching memorial : A jarring , but understandable error to remember Duluth victim '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Song , Jean ( 16 August 2016 ) . `` Alabama lynching memorial aims to confront ramifications of slavery '' . CBS News . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Barnett ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` What 's inside Montgomery 's national peace and slave memorial museum opening April 26 '' . Birmingham Times . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EJI Announces Plans to Build Museum and National Lynching Memorial '' . Equal Justice Initiative . August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A New National Memorial To Victims Of Lynching - 1A '' . 1A . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Spotlight : Hank Willis Thomas , United States '' . www.imodara.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ida B. Wells : Lynching museum , memorial honors woman who fought lynching '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Nia - Malika ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` This new lynching memorial rewrites American history '' . CNN . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Brian ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Montgomery County in talks to accept EJI monument '' . Montgomery Advertiser . pp. 1 , 6A . ^ Jump up to : Elliott , Debbie ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` New Lynching Memorial Is A Space ' To Talk About All Of That Anguish ' '' . NPR . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Baxter , Tom ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Dark Tourism : The world comes to Montgomery '' . Saporta Report . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Montgomery : ' Where past , present and future intertwine ' '' . Montgomery Advertiser . May 31 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Heading to Montgomery ? Make time for Atlanta 's King sites '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Riales , Bill ( May 17 , 2018 ) . WKRG http://www.wkrg.com/news/state-regional/lynching-museum-could-boost-tourism/1184537119 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lynching memorial could turn Montgomery into tourist hot spot '' . The Birmingham News . May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dafoe , Taylor ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` A Look Inside the New Alabama Museum and Memorial Boldly Confronting Slavery and Its Brutal Legacy '' . Artnet . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Memorial for Peace and Justice . Official website `` Architecture that 's built to heal '' : Michael Murphy presenting the proposed memorial at the TED conference ( 2016 ) . Lynching in the United States Victims Before 1900 ? McIntosh ( 1835 ) Francis McIntosh ( 1836 ) Elijah Parish Lovejoy ( 1837 ) Joseph and Hyrum Smith ( 1844 ) Josefa Segovia ( 1851 ) Pancho Daniel ( 1858 ) Joshua Boyd ( 1863 ) Henry Plummer ( 1864 ) Bill Sketoe ( 1864 ) Clubfoot George ( 1864 ) Steve Long , Ace and Con Moyer ( 1868 ) Wyatt Outlaw ( 1870 ) Alexander Boyd ( 1870 ) Jim Williams ( 1871 ) David Jones ( 1872 ) Jo Reed ( 1875 ) Michael Green ( 1878 ) Joseph Standing ( 1879 ) John J. Hoover ( 1880 ) Big Nose George Parrott ( 1881 ) Charles Thurber ( 1882 ) John Wesley Heath ( 1884 ) Eliza Woods ( 1886 ) Amos Miller ( 1888 ) Joseph Vermillion ( 1889 ) George Meadows ( 1889 ) Ella Watson ( 1889 ) Ellen Watson ( 1889 ) Brown Washington ( 1890 ) Jim Taylor ( 1891 ) Dick Lundy ( 1891 ) Joe Coe ( 1891 ) Robert Lewis ( 1892 ) Ephraim Grizzard ( 1892 ) Samuel J. Bush ( 1893 ) John Peterson ( 1893 ) Alfred Blount ( 1893 ) Henry Smith ( 1893 ) Stephen Williams ( 1894 ) Amos Hicks ( 1894 ) Jacob Henson ( 1896 ) John Anderson ( 1898 ) Sam Hose ( 1899 ) 1900 -- 1940 Fred Rochelle ( 1901 ) Walker Davis ( 1903 ) David Wyatt ( 1903 ) Marie Thompson ( 1904 ) Bunk Richardson ( 1906 ) Ed Johnson ( 1906 ) Slab Pitts ( 1906 ) William Burns ( 1907 ) Jim Miller ( 1909 ) James Hodges ( 1909 ) Matthew Chase ( 1909 ) `` Mose '' Creole ( 1909 ) `` Pie '' Hill ( 1909 ) Grant Richardson ( 1910 ) King Johnson ( 1911 ) Name unknown ( TX ) ( 1911 ) Will Porter ( 1911 ) Zachariah Walker ( 1911 ) Mary Jackson ( 1912 ) Rob Edwards ( 1912 ) George Saunders ( 1912 ) Robert Perry ( 1913 ) ? Anderson ( 1913 ) Charles Fisher ( 1914 ) John Evans ( 1914 ) Leo Frank ( 1915 ) Name unknown ( MS ) ( 1915 ) Jesse Washington ( 1916 ) Anthony Crawford ( 1916 ) Jeff Brown ( 1916 ) Frank Little ( 1917 ) Charles Jones ( 1917 ) Ell Persons ( 1917 ) Robert Prager ( 1918 ) Mary Turner and her unborn baby ( 1918 ) Hazel `` Hayes '' Turner ( 1918 ) Jim McIlherron ( 1918 ) Olli Kinkkonen ( 1918 ) Wallace Baynes ( 1919 ) Will Brown ( 1919 ) Wesley Everest ( 1919 ) Willie Baird ( 1920 ) Roy Belton ( 1920 ) Dick Rowland ( attempted ) ( 1921 ) Joe Pullen ( 1923 ) Jack Trice ( 1923 ) Samuel Smith ( 1924 ) Raymond Bird ( 1926 ) J.C. Collins ( 1928 ) George Hughes ( 1930 ) James Cameron ( 1930 ) Raymond Gunn ( 1931 ) Matthew Williams ( 1931 ) George Armwood ( 1933 ) Cordie Cheek ( 1933 ) Claude Neal ( 1934 ) Austin Callaway ( 1940 ) After 1940 Felix Hall ( 1941 ) Johannes Kunze ( 1943 ) Robert `` Bobbie '' Hall ( 1943 ) Willie James Howard ( 1944 ) Recy Taylor ( 1944 ) John Cecil Jones ( 1946 ) Willie Earle ( 1947 ) Lamar Smith ( 1955 ) George W. Lee ( 1955 ) Emmett Till ( 1955 ) Judge Edward Aaron ( 1957 ) Willie Edwards ( 1957 ) Mack Charles Parker ( 1959 ) Louis Allen ( 1964 ) Lemuel Penn ( 1964 ) Frank Morris ( 1964 ) James Reeb ( 1965 ) Jimmie Lee Jackson ( 1965 ) Vernon Dahmer ( 1966 ) Wharlest Jackson ( 1967 ) Carol Jenkins ( 1968 ) Henry Marrow ( 1970 ) Arthur McDuffie ( 1979 ) Michael Donald ( 1981 ) Mulugeta Seraw ( 1988 ) Yusef Hawkins ( 1989 ) James Byrd , Jr. ( 1998 ) David Ritcheson ( 2006 ) Brandon McClelland ( 2008 ) James Craig Anderson ( 2011 ) Multiple victims Marais des Cygnes , KS , massacre ( 1858 ) Great Hanging at Gainesville , TX ( 1862 ) New York City draft riots ( 1863 ) Detroit race riot ( 1863 ) ? Lachenais and four others ( 1863 ) Fort Pillow , TN , massacre ( 1864 ) Plummer Gang ( 1864 ) Memphis massacre ( 1866 ) Gallatin County , KY , race riot ( 1866 ) New Orleans massacre of 1866 Reno Brothers Gang ( 1868 ) Steve Long and two half - brothers ( 1868 ) Pulaski , TN , riot ( 1868 ) Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman ( 1868 ) Opelousas , LA , massacre ( 1868 ) Bear River City riot ( 1868 ) Chinese massacre of 1871 Meridian , MS race riot ( 1871 ) Colfax , LA , massacre ( 1873 ) Election riot of 1874 ( AL ) Juan , Antonio , and Marcelo Moya ( 1874 ) Benjamin and Mollie French ( 1876 ) Hamburg , SC , massacre ( 1876 ) Thibodeax , LA , massacre ( 1878 ) New Orleans 1891 lynchings ( 1891 ) Ruggles Brothers ( CA ) ( 1892 ) Thomas Moss , Henry Stewart , Calvin McDowell ( 1892 ) Phoenix , SC , election riot ( 1898 ) Wilmington , NC , insurrection ( 1898 ) Julia and Frazier Baker ( 1898 ) Pana , IL , riot ( 1899 ) Atlanta race riot ( 1906 ) Kemper County , MS ( 1906 ) Walker family ( 1908 ) Springfield race riot of 1908 Slocum , TX , massacre ( 1910 ) Laura and L.D. Nelson ( 1911 ) Harris County , GA , lynchings ( 1912 ) Forsyth County , GA ( 1912 ) East St. Louis , IL , riots ( 1917 ) Elaine , AR , race riot ( 1917 ) Lynching rampage in Brooks County , GA ( 1918 ) Longview , TX , race riot ( 1919 ) Omaha race riot of 1919 Knoxville riot of 1919 Red Summer ( 1919 ) Duluth , MN , lynchings ( 1920 ) Ocoee , FL , massacre ( 1920 ) Tulsa race riot ( 1921 ) Perry , FL , race riot ( 1922 ) Rosewood , FL , massacre ( 1923 ) Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith ( 1930 ) Tate County , MS ( 1932 ) Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes ( 1933 ) Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels ( 1937 ) Beaumont , TX , Race Riot ( 1943 ) O'Day Short , wife , and two children ( 1945 ) Moore 's Ford , GA , lynchings ( 1946 ) Harry and Harriette Moore ( 1952 ) Anniston , AL ( 1961 ) Freedom Summer Murders ( James Chaney , Andrew Goodman , Michael Schwerner ) ( 1964 ) Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore ( 1964 ) General Lynching Lynching in the United States List of lynching victims in the United States Indiana White Caps Jim Crow laws Ku Klux Klan Nadir of American race relations Red Shirts Anti-lynching movement American anti-lynching activists Anti-lynching movement American Crusade Against Lynching Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill `` Flag Salute '' N.A.A.C.P. Paul Robeson `` Strange Fruit '' Ida B. Wells Lynching defenders or deniers David Horowitz John Trotwood Moore Benjamin Tillman Memory America 's Black Holocaust Museum Civil Rights Memorial The Legacy Museum The National Memorial for Peace and Justice National Museum of African American History and Culture Southern Poverty Law Center Related articles James Allen ( collector ) Battle of Liberty Place The Birth of a Nation Mississippi Burning Mississippi Cold Case The Ox - Bow Incident Silent Parade Summer in Mississippi Sundown town They Wo n't Forget The United States of Lyncherdom ( Twain ) Vendetta ( 1999 film ) Categories Lynching in the United States Lynching deaths in the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_National_Memorial_for_Peace_and_Justice&oldid=853476148 '' Categories : African - American historic places African - American museums in Alabama Buildings and structures in Montgomery , Alabama Cultural tourism Lynching in the United States Lynching memorials Monuments and memorials in Alabama Monuments and memorials to victims of slavery in the United States Museums in Montgomery , Alabama Slavery in the United States Tourist attractions in Montgomery County , Alabama Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Coordinates not on Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 01 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where is the national memorial for peace and justice located
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"The National Memorial for Peace and Justice, informally known as the National Lynching Memorial,[1] is a national memorial to commemorate the victims of lynching in the United States in order to acknowledge the past of racial terrorism in the search for social justice. Founded by the Equal Justice Initiative, it opened in downtown Montgomery, Alabama on April 26, 2018.[2][3]\n"
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"Montgomery, Alabama"
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Planet of the Apes
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Planet of the Apes - wikipedia Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Planet of the Apes ( disambiguation ) . Planet of the Apes Created by Pierre Boulle Original work La Planète des Singes ( 1963 ) Print publications Novel ( s ) La Planète des Singes ( 1963 ) Comics List of comics Films and television Film ( s ) Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television series Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Games Video game ( s ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes is an American science fiction media franchise consisting of films , books , television series , comics , and other media about a world in which humans and intelligent apes clash for control . The series began with French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des Singes , translated into English as Planet of the Apes or Monkey Planet . The 1968 film adaptation , Planet of the Apes , was a critical and commercial hit , initiating a series of sequels , tie - ins , and derivative works . Arthur P. Jacobs produced the series under APJAC Productions until his death in 1973 ; since then 20th Century Fox has owned the franchise . Four sequels followed the original film between 1970 and 1973 : Beneath the Planet of the Apes , Escape from the Planet of the Apes , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , and Battle for the Planet of the Apes . They did not approach the critical acclaim of the original , but were commercially successful . The series also spawned two television series in 1974 and 1975 . Plans for a film remake stalled in `` development hell '' for over ten years before Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes was released in 2001 . A new reboot film series commenced in 2011 with Rise of the Planet of the Apes , which was followed by Dawn of the Planet of the Apes in 2014 and War for the Planet of the Apes in 2017 . The films have grossed a total of over $2 billion worldwide , against a combined budget of $567.5 million . Other media and merchandising tie - ins include books , comics , video games , and toys . Planet of the Apes has received particular attention for its treatment of race , which critics consider its primary theme . Critics have also written on its Cold War and animal rights themes . The series has had a wide influence on subsequent films , media , and art , as well as popular culture and political discourse . Contents ( hide ) 1 La Planète des Singes 2 Original film series 2.1 Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) 2.2 Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) 2.3 Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) 2.4 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) 2.5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) 3 Television series 3.1 Planet of the Apes TV series 3.2 Animated series 3.2. 1 Return to the Planet of the Apes 4 Remake film 4.1 Planned relaunch and `` development hell '' 4.2 Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 5 Reboot film series 5.1 Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) 5.2 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) 5.3 War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) 5.4 Possible fourth film 6 Other media and merchandise 6.1 Books 6.2 Comics 6.3 Toys and merchandise 6.4 Theme park ride 6.5 Video games 7 Themes 8 Cultural impact and legacy 9 List of media 9.1 Feature films 10 Reception 10.1 Box office performance 10.2 Critical and public response 11 Characters 11.1 Humans 11.2 Apes 12 Crew and other 13 Footnotes 14 References 15 External links La Planète des Singes ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( novel ) First American edition of Boulle 's novel , titled Planet of the Apes The series began with French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des Singes . Boulle wrote the novel in six months after the `` humanlike expressions '' of gorillas at the zoo inspired him to contemplate the relationship between man and ape . La Planète des Singes was heavily influenced by 18th - and 19th - century fantastical travel narratives , especially Jonathan Swift 's satirical Gulliver 's Travels . It is one of several of Boulle 's works to use science fiction tropes and plot devices to comment on the failings of human nature and mankind 's overreliance on technology . However , Boulle rejected the science fiction label for his work , instead terming it `` social fantasy '' . The novel is a social satire following French journalist Ulysse Mérou , who participates in a voyage to a distant planet where speechless , animalistic humans are hunted and enslaved by an advanced society of apes . Eventually Mérou discovers that humans once dominated the planet until their complacency allowed the more industrious apes to overthrow them . The novel 's central message is that human intelligence is not a fixed quality and could atrophy if taken for granted . Boulle considered the novel one of his minor works , though it proved to be a hit . Xan Fielding translated it into English ; it was published in the United Kingdom as Monkey Planet and in the United States as Planet of the Apes . Original film series ( edit ) Boulle 's literary agent Allain Bernheim brought the novel to the attention of American film producer Arthur P. Jacobs , who had come to Paris looking for new properties to adapt with his new company , APJAC Productions . To explain his interests , Jacobs had mentioned to agents , `` I wish King Kong had n't been made so I could make it . '' Bernheim initially approached Jacobs about a Françoise Sagan novel , which Jacobs turned down . Remembering Jacobs ' earlier comment about King Kong , Bernheim mentioned La Planète des Singes , not expecting Jacobs would be interested . However , the story intrigued Jacobs , who bought the film rights immediately . Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( 1968 film ) Charlton Heston , star of Planet of the Apes Franklin J. Schaffner , director of Planet of the Apes After optioning the novel 's film rights , Arthur P. Jacobs spent over three years trying to convince filmmakers to take on the project . He hired a succession of artists to create test sketches , and hired veteran television writer Rod Serling , creator of The Twilight Zone , to pen the script . Serling 's script changed elements of Boulle 's novel , introducing Cold War themes ; notably he wrote a new twist ending that revealed the planet to be a future Earth where humans had destroyed themselves through nuclear warfare . As production costs were estimated at over $10 million , no studio in either Hollywood or Europe would assume the risk . Jacobs and associate producer Mort Abrahams persevered , and eventually persuaded Charlton Heston to star ; Heston in turn recommended director Franklin J. Schaffner . The team recorded a brief screen test featuring Heston , which ultimately convinced 20th Century Fox the film could succeed . Fox insisted on changes to reduce the budget to a more manageable $5.8 million . The producers hired veteran writer Michael Wilson , who had previously adapted Boulle 's novel The Bridge over the River Kwai , to rewrite Serling 's script . To save on special effects costs , Wilson 's script described an ape society more primitive than that which appeared in the novel . The new script changed much of the plot and dialogue , but retained the Cold War themes and Serling 's ending . John Chambers created the innovative makeup effects . Heston played 20th - century American astronaut George Taylor , who travels to a strange planet where intelligent apes dominate mute , primitive humans . Kim Hunter and Roddy McDowall played the sympathetic chimpanzees Zira and Cornelius , and Linda Harrison portrayed Taylor 's love interest Nova . Maurice Evans played the villain , orangutan science minister Dr. Zaius . The finale , in which Taylor comes upon a ruined Statue of Liberty and realizes he has been on Earth all along , became the series ' defining scene and one of the most iconic images in 1960s film . The film was released on February 8 , 1968 , and was a smash success with both critics and audiences , breaking contemporary box office records and earning rave reviews . John Chambers received an honorary Oscar at the 41st Academy Awards for his make - up effects , the first ever given to a make - up artist . Jerry Goldsmith 's score and Morton Haack 's costume design also earned Oscar nominations . Fox approached Jacobs and Abrahams about filming a sequel . Though they had not made the film with sequels in mind , its success led them to consider the prospect . Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) ( edit ) Main article : Beneath the Planet of the Apes Kim Hunter played Zira in the first three films Planning for the sequel , eventually titled Beneath the Planet of the Apes , began two months after the original film 's release . Jacobs and Abrahams initially considered several treatments by Rod Serling and Pierre Boulle , but ultimately turned them down . In fall 1968 the producers hired Paul Dehn to write the script ; he would become the primary writer for the franchise . Charlton Heston was uninterested in a sequel , but agreed to shoot a few scenes if his character were killed off and his salary donated to charity . In one of many major rewrites , Dehn altered the script to center on a new character , Brent , played by James Franciscus . With director Franklin J. Shaffner unavailable , owing to his work on Patton , the producers hired Ted Post on January 8 , 1969 . Post struggled with the material , especially after the studio cut the budget to $3.4 million . The story follows Franciscus ' character Brent , an astronaut who inadvertently follows Taylor into the future while searching for him . After encountering the apes from the first film , Brent finds Taylor imprisoned by a colony of subterranean human mutants who worship an ancient nuclear bomb . Kim Hunter , Maurice Evans , and Linda Harrison returned as Zira , Zaius , and Nova . David Watson replaced Roddy McDowall as Cornelius , as McDowall was unavailable due to a scheduling conflict . James Gregory played gorilla General Ursus and Paul Richards played mutant leader Méndez . The film opened on May 26 , 1970 . Unlike the first film , Beneath was poorly reviewed ; critics typically regard it as the worst of the Apes sequels other than the fifth film , Battle for the Planet of the Apes . However , it was a major box office hit , nearing the original 's numbers . Despite a conclusion depicting the planet 's nuclear destruction , Fox requested another sequel , creating a series . Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) ( edit ) Main article : Escape from the Planet of the Apes Roddy McDowall returned as Cornelius in Escape from the Planet of the Apes . He would go on to star in two additional Apes films and the live - action television series Following the financial success of Beneath , Arthur P. Jacobs recruited Paul Dehn to write a new script with a brief telegram : `` Apes exist , Sequel required . '' Dehn immediately started work on what became Escape from the Planet of the Apes . The producers hired a new director , Don Taylor . Fox gave the production a greatly diminished budget ( $2.5 million ) , which required a tight production schedule . To work around the budget , as well as Beneath 's seemingly definitive ending , the film took the series in a new direction by transporting Zira ( Kim Hunter ) and Cornelius ( Roddy McDowall , returning to the role after being absent from Beneath ) back in time to the contemporary United States , reducing the need for expensive sets and ape make - up effects . In the film , Zira and Cornelius are initially accepted by American society , but fears that their child will bring about the domination of the human race by evolved apes leads to conflict . Jacob 's wife Natalie Trundy , who appeared as a mutant in Beneath and later played the ape Lisa in the next two sequels , was cast as Dr. Stephanie Branton . Bradford Dillman played Dr. Lewis Dixon , Ricardo Montalbán played Armando , and Eric Braeden portrayed the villain , the President 's Science Advisor Otto Hasslein . Compared to its predecessors , Escape dwelt more heavily on themes of racial conflict , which became a primary focus through the rest of the series . The film opened on May 21 , 1971 , less than a year after Beneath . It was well received by critics . From this point critics began seeing the films less as independent units and more as installments in a greater work ; Frederick S. Clarke wrote that the burgeoning series had `` the promise of being the first epic of filmed science fiction . '' It also performed well at the box office , though not as strongly as its predecessors . Fox ordered a third sequel . Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) ( edit ) Main article : Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Based on the strong positive response to Escape , Fox ordered Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , though it provided a comparatively low budget of $1.7 million . Paul Dehn returned as the scriptwriter , and producer Jacobs hired J. Lee Thompson to direct . Thompson had worked with Jacobs on two earlier films as well as during the initial stages of Planet , but scheduling conflicts had made him unavailable during its long development process . For Conquest , Thompson and Dehn focused heavily on the racial conflict theme , an ancillary concern in the early films that became a major theme in Escape . In particular , Dehn associated the apes with African - Americans and modeled the plot after the 1966 Watts Riots and other episodes from the Civil Rights Movement . Roddy McDowall signed on to play Caesar , the son of his previous character Cornelius . Ricardo Montalban returned as Armando , while Don Murray played Governor Breck , Severn Darden played Kolp , and Hari Rhodes played MacDonald . Following Escape , Conquest is set in a near future where humans have turned apes into slaves ; Caesar rises from bondage to lead an ape rebellion . The film opened June 30 , 1972 . Reviews were mixed . However , the ending left the series open to another sequel , and Conquest was successful enough at the box office that Fox greenlit another film . Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) ( edit ) Main article : Battle for the Planet of the Apes Fox approved Battle for the Planet of the Apes with a $1.2 million budget , the lowest of the series . The filmmakers went into the project knowing it would be the last of the series . J. Lee Thompson returned as director . Series writer Paul Dehn submitted a treatment , but illness forced him to leave the film before completing the script . The producers subsequently hired John William Corrington and Joyce Hooper Corrington to write the screenplay . Battle continued Conquest 's focus on racial conflict and domination . However , likely based in part on the studio 's wishes , the Corringtons discarded Dehn 's pessimistic treatment in favor of a story with a more hopeful , though ambiguous , resolution . Battle follows Caesar as he leads the apes and their human subjects after a devastating war that destroyed much of the planet . He contends with both an attack by radiation - scarred human mutants and a coup attempt as he attempts to build a better society for both apes and humans . McDowall returned as Caesar , and Severn Darden returned as Kolp . Paul Williams played the orangutan Virgil , Austin Stoker played MacDonald ( the brother of Hari Rhodes ' character ) , and Claude Akins played the evil gorilla general Aldo . John Huston played the orangutan Lawgiver in a frame narrative . The film opened May 2 , 1973 . It made a profit over production costs , but received poor reviews from critics , who regard it as the weakest of the five films . Critics have offered various interpretations of the film 's message and its significance for the series . Particular attention has been paid to the ambiguous imagery in the ending : set 700 years after the main events , the last scene depicts a statue of Caesar shedding a single tear as the Lawgiver recounts Caesar 's story to an integrated audience of ape and human children . By one interpretation , the statue cries tears of joy because the species have broken the cycle of oppression , giving the series an optimistic finale . By another , the statue weeps because racial strife still exists , implying the dystopian future of Planet and Beneath is unavoidable . Television series ( edit ) Planet of the Apes TV series ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( TV series ) The cast of the Planet of the Apes television series : James Naughton as Burke , Ron Harper as Virdon , and Roddy McDowall as Galen In addition to their box office grosses , the films earned very high ratings when broadcast on television after their theatrical run . To capitalize on this success , Arthur P. Jacobs conceived of an hour - long live action television series to follow the films . He originally thought of the idea in 1971 during the production of Conquest , which he then anticipated would be the final film . However , he shelved the project once Fox ordered a fifth film . Jacobs died on June 27 , 1973 , bringing an end to the APJAC Productions era of the Planet of the Apes franchise . Former Fox executive Stan Hough took over as producer for the television project , titled Planet of the Apes . CBS picked up the series for its 1974 fall lineup . Ron Harper and James Naughton played Alan Virdon and Peter Burke , two 20th - century American astronauts who pass through a time warp to a future where apes subjugate humans ( unlike the original film , the humans can speak ) . Roddy McDowall returned to the franchise as Galen , a chimpanzee who joins the astronauts . Booth Coleman played orangutan Councillor Zaius and Mark Lenard played gorilla General Urko . The episodes portray Virdon , Burke , and Galen as they look for answers , aid downtrodden humans and apes , and avoid the authorities . The show premiered on September 13 , 1974 , filling CBS ' 8 -- 9 p.m. time slot on Fridays . It earned low ratings during its run , a fact the production team attributed to repetitive storytelling and too little screen time for the apes who made the series famous . Given the considerable production costs , CBS cancelled the show after 14 episodes , the last airing on December 20 , 1974 . In 1981 , Fox reedited ten of the episodes into five television films . Each film combined two episodes and ( in some markets ) added new introductory and concluding segments starring Roddy McDowall as an aged Galen . The films were given what scholar Eric Greene called `` the most outlandish titles of the Apes corpus '' : Back to the Planet of the Apes ; Forgotten City of the Planet of the Apes ; Treachery and Greed on the Planet of the Apes ; Life , Liberty and Pursuit on the Planet of the Apes ; and Farewell to the Planet of the Apes . Greene finds the show 's timeline significant : set in 3085 , it occurs about 900 years before Taylor 's crash in the original film , and 400 years after the Lawgiver 's sermon in Battle . By depicting a future where apes dominate humans , it implies the Lawgiver 's message of equality between man and ape has failed , giving weight to the more pessimistic interpretation of Battle 's ending . Greene writes that the show emphasized the theme of racial conflict less than the films had , though the episodes `` The Trap '' and `` The Liberator '' made it the central focus . However , the show is actually set in the original timeline , before Caesar came to exist . Animated series ( edit ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( edit ) Main article : Return to the Planet of the Apes In 1975 , after the failure of the live - action series , NBC decided to adapt Planet of the Apes for an animated series . The network contracted DePatie - Freleng Enterprises to produce a half - hour Saturday morning cartoon titled Return to the Planet of the Apes . Doug Wildey , co-creator of Jonny Quest , took on most creative control as associate producer , storyboard director , and supervising director . Wildey had only watched the original film and Beneath , and thus based his interpretation on them . As such , the show relied less on the themes and plot developments from Escape , Conquest , and Battle and instead returned to the Vietnam War and Cold War themes prominent in the first two films . The plot concerns three American astronauts , Bill Hudson ( Tom Williams ) , Jeff Allen ( Austin Stoker , who played MacDonald in Battle ) , and Judy Franklin ( Claudette Nevins ) , who inadvertently journey to Earth 's far future . They find the world populated by three groups : mute humans who inhabit desert caves , subterranean human `` Underdwellers '' fashioned after the mutants of Beneath , and civilized apes who subjugate the humans . Through the show , the astronauts become increasingly involved in the planet 's affairs and in defending the humans against an ape invasion . The cast featured characters based on those from the previous films and TV series , including Nova ( Claudette Nevis ) , General Urko ( Henry Cordin ) , Zira ( Philippa Harris ) , Cornelius ( Edwin Mills ) , and Dr. Zaius ( Richard Blackburn ) . NBC broadcast thirteen episodes between September 6 and November 21 , 1975 . The show did not achieve particularly strong ratings . The network considered producing a second three - episode season to complete the story , but this never materialized . Remake film ( edit ) Planned relaunch and `` development hell '' ( edit ) Fox initiated plans to relaunch the Planet of the Apes series in the 1980s , but the project fell into `` development hell '' for over ten years , experiencing one of the most protracted development periods in film history . It began in 1988 , when Fox announced Adam Rifkin , then a 21 - year - old independent film director , would develop a new Apes film . At a Fox executive 's invitation , Rifkin pitched a concept for Return to the Planet of the Apes , an alternative sequel to Planet that ignored the other four films . In Rifkin 's initial concept , Taylor 's descendant Duke launches a Spartacus - like uprising against Roman - inspired ape oppressors led by General Izan . The project nearly entered pre-production , but days before , Fox brought in new studio executives who sent the project back to development . They commissioned Rifkin to rewrite the script through several drafts , but found them unsatisfactory and ultimately scrapped the project . After several years in limbo , Fox returned to the Apes concept , this time with Oliver Stone as a producer . Stone brought in Terry Hayes as screenwriter , and they developed a script titled Return of the Apes . In their script , humanity is threatened by an ailment encoded in their DNA , so two scientists go back in time thousands of years to stop it at its origin . They discover the disease was engineered by advanced apes to ensure humanity 's eventual destruction . Arnold Schwarzenegger committed to star as scientist Will Robinson , while Philip Noyce agreed to direct . The draft impressed Fox president Peter Chernin , but other executives were ambivalent about the action script , believing it should be lighter . Notably , executive Dylan Sellers insisted the script include a comic scene involving apes playing baseball as his `` stamp '' on the film , and fired Hayes when he left it out . This move caused Noyce to quit as well , and subsequently almost everyone involved in the project left for one reason or another . After the collapse of the Stone - Hayes project , Fox brought on Chris Columbus to develop a new Apes concept . Columbus hired Sam Hamm to write a new draft taking elements from Boulle 's novel and various unused scripts . In Hamm 's script , an ape astronaut from a distant planet unleashes a devastating virus on Earth . Scientists go to the astronaut 's planet , where apes hunt humans ; they locate a cure , but return to find Earth overrun by simians . Schwarzenegger remained attached , but Fox found the script underwhelming . Columbus left the project in 1995 after his mother 's death , and James Cameron stepped in to produce . Cameron intended to go in a `` very different direction '' with the script , but following the critical and financial success of his film Titanic , he dropped out of the project . Fox approached a series of directors to take over , without success . By 1999 the studio decided once again to go in a new direction . Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( 2001 film ) Tim Burton , director of the 2001 Planet of the Apes In 1999 , Fox hired William Broyles , Jr. to write a new script . Fox insisted on a July 2001 release date , but otherwise offered considerable creative control . This prospect attracted director Tim Burton , who hoped to do a `` re-imagining '' of Planet of the Apes . However , Burton found the production arduous , largely due to Fox 's strict release schedule . The studio budgeted the film at $100 million , meaning Broyles ' ambitious script had to be rewritten to reduce costs ; Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal worked on rewrites even as the film entered production . The tight schedule meant all stages of production were rushed . The film stars Mark Wahlberg as astronaut Leo Davidson , who accidentally travels through a wormhole to a distant planet where talking apes enslave humans . He leads a human revolt and upends ape civilization by discovering that the apes evolved from the normal earth primates who had accompanied his mission , and arrived years before . Helena Bonham Carter played chimpanzee Ari , while Tim Roth played the human - hating chimpanzee General Thade . The film received mixed reviews , with critics generally believing it failed to compare to the original . Much criticism focused on the confusing plot and twist ending , though many reviewers praised the special effects . The film succeeded in the box office , taking in a total of $362,211,740 . Fox had initially hoped for a second film , but the difficult production made Burton disinclined to participate , and the film failed to generate enough interest for Fox to pursue a sequel . Reboot film series ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rise of the Planet of the Apes Andy Serkis portrayed Caesar via performance capture acting In 2005 , screenwriters Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver developed a concept for a new Planet of the Apes film , eventually titled Rise of the Planet of the Apes . Inspired by news articles on apes raised as humans and advances in genetics , Jaffa conceived an idea for a film about a genetically enhanced chimp raised in a human household . He and Silver pitched the concept to Fox as a way to reboot the Apes franchise by reinventing the story of the chimpanzee Caesar , the lead character of Conquest . Fox was impressed and bought the pitch , but development struggled for five years as the production cycled through scripts , writers , directors , and producers . In 2010 , producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark of Chernin Entertainment stepped in to move the film forward , retaining Jaffa and Silver as writers . In the final script , Caesar receives enhanced cognition from a viral drug created by Will Rodman , who raises him . After being imprisoned in a primate sanctuary , Caesar uses his ingenuity to launch an uprising . The screenplay contains numerous complex connections to other entries in the series , causing some confusion as to its exact relation to them . Oliver Lindler writes that while the film 's premise might identify it as a remake of Conquest , official dispatches and professional reviewers typically avoided the term , instead calling the film a prequel or `` origin story '' to the original Planet of the Apes film , and / or a reboot of the series , although fans and bloggers were more apt to make the `` remake '' connection . The completed script attracted director Rupert Wyatt . To portray ape characters realistically , the production avoided practical effects and animal actors in favor of performance capture acting , partnering with New Zealand visual effects company Weta Digital . Wyatt cast James Franco as Will Rodman , while veteran performance capture actor Andy Serkis signed on to star as Caesar . Rise debuted on August 5 , 2011 . Critics reviewed it positively , especially praising the visual effects and Serkis ' performance . It was a major box office hit , taking in $481,801,049 over its $93 million budget . Weta 's special effects earned the film two Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 84th Academy Awards , among other accolades . The strength of Serkis 's performance also inspired Fox to promote him for Oscar consideration , though the Academy did not nominate him . Following this success , Fox immediately planned for a sequel . Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Cast and crew of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( from left ) : director Matt Reeves and stars Jason Clarke , Keri Russell , and Andy Serkis Producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark started planning the film eventually titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes just after Rise 's release in 2011 . Fox gave the film a budget of $170 million and a release date of July 11 , 2014 . Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver returned to pen the script and produce , and the studio quickly signed Andy Serkis to reprise his role as Caesar . Director Rupert Wyatt withdrew from the project due to production and scheduling issues , and was replaced by Matt Reeves . Set ten years after Rise , the film establishes that the `` Simian Flu '' that increased the intelligence of the apes has killed most humans . Caesar struggles to maintain peace as his ape community is drawn into a war with nearby human survivors . Weta Digital again provided special effects work , which combined practical sets , digitally manipulated backgrounds , and performance capture ape characters . The human cast included Jason Clarke as Malcolm , Keri Russell as Ellie , and Gary Oldman as Dreyfus . The film debuted on July 11 , 2014 . It was met with critical acclaim ; reviewers found it a strong followup to Rise and lauded the combination of an engaging script with impressive special effects . It also performed very strongly at the box office , taking in $707,498,744 in worldwide grosses . Its special effects received several accolades , including three Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 87th Academy Awards . War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : War for the Planet of the Apes The producers were confident enough in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes that they started planning for the next installment before production had completed . They contracted Matt Reeves to return as director after seeing his cut of Dawn ; he also wrote the script with Mark Bomback . Peter Chernin , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serve as producers . The film , War for the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 14 , 2017 . Woody Harrelson and Gabriel Chavarria played human characters , while Steve Zahn played Bad Ape . The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews . Possible fourth film ( edit ) In October 2016 , it was announced that a fourth Planet of the Apes film is already being planned . Other media and merchandise ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Pierre Boulle 's novel La Planète des Singes was translated and reprinted several times after its original publication in 1963 . In addition , all of the original sequels spawned novelizations by established science fiction writers of the day , each of which went through multiple reprintings of their own . Michael Avallone wrote the novelization for Beneath the Planet of the Apes in 1970 . Jerry Pournelle , who later co-authored Lucifer 's Hammer and The Mote in God 's Eye , wrote the Escape from the Planet of the Apes novelization . John Jakes , former Science Fiction Writers of America president , wrote Conquest of the Planet of the Apes . David Gerrold , scriptwriter for the Star Trek episode `` The Trouble with Tribbles '' , novelized Battle for the Planet of the Apes . Novelizations of the live action and animated television series were also produced . William T. Quick novelized the 2001 Planet of the Apes ; he also wrote two prequel novels , and several other book tie - ins were published . Comics ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( comics ) Planet of the Apes - based comics have been published regularly since 1968 . Among the most notable is Marvel Comics ' Planet of the Apes magazine , published from 1974 to 1977 . The black - and - white series featured comics adaptations of each of the films , new Apes stories by Doug Moench , series news , essays , interviews and other material . It became one of Marvel 's most successful titles , attracting 300 to 400 fan letters with every issue , so many that the studio had to suspend its practice of writing personal responses . Marvel also published the monthly title Adventures on the Planet of the Apes from 1975 to 1976 , comprising color reprints of the Planet and Beneath adaptations . In 1990 , during a resurgence of interest in the series , Malibu Comics launched a new monthly black - and - white Planet of the Apes comic through its Adventure Comics studio . The debut issue sold 40,000 , a record for black - and - white comics , leading to a successful run of 24 issues over two years . The series follows Caesar 's grandson and heir Alexander as he struggles to govern ape civilization . The comic 's success led Malibu to publish five four - issue spin - off miniseries : Ape City , Planet of the Apes : Urchak 's Folly , the Alien Nation crossover Ape Nation , Planet of the Apes : Blood of the Apes , and Planet of the Apes : The Forbidden Zone . Malibu also published two one - shots : A Day on the Planet of the Apes and Planet prequel Planet of the Apes : Sins of the Fathers ; a trade paperback collecting the first four issues of the main series , titled Monkey Planet ; and reissues of stories from Marvel 's earlier Apes series . Other companies producing Planet of the Apes comics include Gold Key Comics , Dark Horse Comics , and Boom ! Studios . In 2014 , Boom ! collaborated with IDW Publishing on the Star Trek crossover Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive . Toys and merchandise ( edit ) The series , and particularly the live - action Apes television show and the Return to the Planet of the Apes cartoon , generated numerous toy and merchandising tie - ins . During the 1970s , Fox licensed around 60 companies to produce about 300 different Apes products , including action figures and playsets , model building kits , coloring books , book - and - record sets , trading cards , toy weapons , costumes , apparel , branded tableware , and lunch boxes . This level of merchandising was unusual for the time , and the success of Apes merchandise may have inspired the campaigns that later became commonplace for films and television series . The action figures , sold by Mego beginning in 1973 , were the first such toys sold as film tie - ins ; they proved popular and inspired the rise of action figure series based on popular culture franchises . Eric Greene writes that Apes toys were popular enough to lead some contemporary children to engage in apes - vs. - humans role - playing make believe games that simulated the series ' conflicts in a manner similar to `` Cowboys and Indians '' . With the release of the 21st - century films , Fox licensed several companies to manufacture new Apes toys , including detailed action figures of new and `` classic '' characters sold as collectibles . Theme park ride ( edit ) A Planet of the Apes ride is planned for the 20th Century Fox World theme park under construction in Malaysia . Video games ( edit ) In 1983 , 20th Century Fox Videogames developed a Planet of the Apes game for the Atari 2600 , which was to be the first computer game based on the series . However , the game was still in the prototype phase when Fox shuttered its game division during the video game crash of 1983 , and never saw release . It was assumed lost until 2002 , when collectors identified a prototype , found earlier in a case labeled Alligator People , as the missing Apes game . Independent designers Retrodesign completed and released the game as Revenge of the Apes in 2003 . In the game , the player controls Taylor as he fights apes across several levels inspired by the film to reach the Statue of Liberty . A video game based on the series did not appear until 2001 . Fox Interactive began developing the Planet of the Apes game in 1998 for PC and PlayStation as a tie - in to the long - gestating remake film . Fox and developer Visiware proceeded with the game when the film went into limbo , creating their own story based on Boulle 's novel and the original films . The game is an action - adventure in which players control astronaut Ulysses as he explores an ape - ruled future Earth . Setbacks with the film project and Fox Interactive 's decision to co-publish with another company ( Ubisoft ) delayed the game three years . Despite its long development , the game missed the debut of Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes film by two months ; it finally appeared on September 20 , 2001 , to mostly negative reviews . Additionally , Ubisoft produced a substantially different Planet of the Apes game for Game Boy Advance and Game Boy Color , a side - scroller following the first two films . In 2014 , Fox partnered with Ndemic Creations on a substantial Dawn of the Planet of the Apes - themed update to the mobile game Plague Inc . Players create and spread a `` Simian Flu '' virus to eradicate humans while helping apes survive . Andy Serkis has mentioned that War for the Planet of the Apes would be accompanied by a video game , for which he performed motion capture . Titled Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier , the game is set for release for the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and PC in fall 2017 . Themes ( edit ) Critics consider race to be the Planet of the Apes series ' primary theme . Eric Greene , author of a book on the role of race in the original films and spinoff material , writes that `` when seen as one epic work , the Apes saga emerges as a liberal allegory of racial conflict . '' In Greene 's interpretation , the franchise 's plot arc is founded in the conflict between humans and apes , who alternately subjugate one another in a destructive cycle . Difference between human and ape manifests primarily in physical appearance , and dominance derives from social power rather than innate superiority . Each film shifts the power balance so that the audience identifies sometimes with the humans , and other times with the apes . According to Greene , this arc 's central message is that unresolved racial discord inevitably leads to cataclysm . Other critics have followed Greene 's interpretations . Producers Abrahams and Jacobs did not consciously intend the first film 's racial undertones , and did not appreciate them until Sammy Davis Jr. pointed them out in 1968 . Subsequently , the filmmakers incorporated the theme more overtly in later installments ; as a result , race moves from being a secondary theme in the first two films , to becoming the major concern of the last three . Several critics have written that the reboot films downplay the original series ' theme of race , generally arguing that this is to their detriment . Others , however , write that the films incorporate racial themes in subtler ways . The Cold War and the threat of nuclear holocaust are major themes introduced in Rod Serling 's original Planet of the Apes script . The films are apocalyptic and dystopian , and portray the era 's tensions leading to world destruction . The films critique both sides of the war , with the oppressive ape society and the mutant city featuring traits of both Western culture and the Soviet bloc . According to Greene , Cold War themes were central to the first two films and some spinoff media , but were less significant in the later sequels , which foregrounded racial conflict instead . Questions of animal rights also figure heavily in the series ; Greene considers this related to the racial themes . The first film portrays Taylor treated cruelly by apes who consider him an animal ; in later films humans abuse apes for the same reason . The primate rights theme is much more dominant in the reboot films , which directly invoke the question of great ape personhood in portraying Caesar and his friends struggling for their rights in a society that does not consider them legal persons . Cultural impact and legacy ( edit ) Fans in costume as Dr. Zaius and Dr. Zira at a science fiction convention Planet of the Apes received popular and critical attention well after production ended on the original films and television series . Fans ' interest in the franchise continued through publications like Marvel Comics ' Planet of the Apes magazine and science fiction conventions , where the series was sufficiently popular to inspire `` apecons '' -- conventions devoted entirely to films involving apes -- in the 1970s . The series ' distinctive ape costumes were employed in live appearances , including by musician Paul Williams ( Virgil from Battle ) on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and by Mike Douglas on The Mike Douglas Show . In the 1970s , fans Bill Blake and Paula Crist created Cornelius and Zira costumes ; their routine was convincing enough that Fox licensed them to portray the characters at events . The films earned strong ratings when they aired on television after their releases , and various stations rebroadcast them together in marathons in later years . The live - action television series was re-formatted into five TV movies for further broadcast in 1981 , and the Sci - Fi Channel ran both it and the cartoon in the 1990s . Planet of the Apes had a wide impact on subsequent popular media . In terms of production , the series ' success with sequelization , spinoffs , and merchandising established a new model of media franchising in Hollywood filmmaking , in which studios develop films specifically to generate multi-media franchises . In terms of content , the series influenced various films and television productions during the 1970s and ' 80s that used science fiction settings and characters to explore race relations , including Alien Nation , Enemy Mine , and V. More direct influence can be seen in DC Comics ' 1972 -- 1978 series Kamandi : The Last Boy on Earth and the Japanese franchise Time of the Apes , which concern human protagonists in post-apocalyptic worlds ruled by talking animals . Mel Brooks ' 1987 science fiction spoof Spaceballs lampooned the Statue of Liberty ending from the original Planet . Interest in the series resurged in the 1990s , as plans for a new film and other media circulated . Greene attributes this renewed interest to a combination of `` pop culture nostalgia and baby boomer economics '' , as well as a `` political ferment '' rising at the time that hearkened back to the period when the films were first released . Inspired particularly by the publication of the Malibu Comics series , during this period fans founded new clubs , websites , and fanzines active in the U.S. , Canada , Brazil , and other countries . Companies began producing new branded merchandise , including clothing , toys , and costumes . Especially after the 1990s , artists in diverse media referenced , incorporated , or were otherwise influenced by the series . Planet of the Apes turned up in songs by various musicians , references in films , comedy bits by Dennis Miller and Paul Mooney , and an episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by Charlton Heston . The Simpsons parodied the series several times . Notably , the episode `` A Fish Called Selma '' features the washed - up actor Troy McClure starring in a Broadway musical adaptation called Stop the Planet of the Apes , I Want to Get Off ! Artist Martha Rosler incorporated footage of Cornelius and Zira 's interrogation from Escape in her installation `` Global Taste : A Meal in Three Courses '' , while Guillermo Gómez - Peña and Coco Fusco employed video from Planet in a 1993 performance art piece at the Whitney Museum of American Art . The series ' impact has also extended to the political sphere , and groups of various leanings have employed its themes and imagery in their discourse . The phrase `` planet of the apes '' has been used for an overturning of the political or racial status quo . Eric Greene writes that it is especially popular among racial nationalists and reactionaries of different stripes , who use it in reference to race conflict . According to Greene , white supremacists liken minority advancement to the films ' world in which supposed `` inferiors '' seize control , while black nationalists subvert the reference to celebrate the `` racial apocalypse '' ; in this spirit , gangsta rap group Da Lench Mob titled their 1994 album Planet of da Apes . Greene writes that these uses invert the anti-racist message of the films . Planet 's final image of the ruined Statue of Liberty has become a common political reference ; for example , Greenpeace used it in an advertising campaign against nuclear testing . The series ' themes and imagery have been invoked in political discussions on topics as varied as Sixties culture , urban decay , contemporary wars , and gun violence . List of media ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Number Title Release date Director Continuity Planet of the Apes 000000001968 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1968 Franklin J. Schaffner Original series Beneath the Planet of the Apes 000000001970 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 1970 Ted Post Escape from the Planet of the Apes 000000001971 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1971 Don Taylor Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 000000001972 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1972 J. Lee Thompson 5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes 000000001973 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1973 6 Planet of the Apes 000000002001 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2001 Tim Burton Remake 7 Rise of the Planet of the Apes 000000002011 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2011 Rupert Wyatt Reboot series 8 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 000000002014 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2014 Matt Reeves 9 War for the Planet of the Apes 000000002017 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2017 Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) February 8 , 1968 $32,589,624 $160,000,000 # 2,328 $5.8 million Beneath the Planet of the Apes May 27 , 1970 $18,999,718 # 3,301 $4.67 million Escape from the Planet of the Apes May 21 , 1971 $12,348,905 # 4,089 $2.06 million Conquest of the Planet of the Apes June 14 , 1972 $9,043,472 # 4,555 $1.7 million Battle for the Planet of the Apes May 23 , 1973 $8,844,595 # 4,581 $1.71 million Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) July 27 , 2001 $180,011,740 $182,200,000 $362,211,740 # 215 # 282 $100 million Rise of the Planet of the Apes August 5 , 2011 $176,760,185 $305,040,864 $481,801,049 # 235 # 184 $93 million Dawn of the Planet of the Apes July 11 , 2014 $208,545,589 $502,098,977 $710,644,566 # 167 # 90 $208.6 million War for the Planet of the Apes July 14 , 2017 $146,053,454 $295,877,009 $441,930,463 # 344 # 218 $150 million Total $793,197,282 $1,283,407,873 $2,156,587,818 $567.5 million List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Critical and Public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) 90 % ( 49 reviews ) 79 ( 14 reviews ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes 41 % ( 22 reviews ) 46 ( 9 reviews ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes 78 % ( 23 reviews ) 69 ( 9 reviews ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 44 % ( 18 reviews ) 49 ( 6 reviews ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes 38 % ( 24 reviews ) 40 ( 5 reviews ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 45 % ( 156 reviews ) 50 ( 34 reviews ) B - Rise of the Planet of the Apes 81 % ( 252 reviews ) 68 ( 39 reviews ) A - Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 90 % ( 283 reviews ) 79 ( 48 reviews ) A - War for the Planet of the Apes 93 % ( 268 reviews ) 82 ( 50 reviews ) A - List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Planet of the Apes characters The following table shows the cast members who played the primary characters in the film series . Character Original series Remake Reboot series Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes 1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017 Humans ( edit ) George Taylor Charlton Heston Charlton Heston ( archival footage ) Nova Linda Harrison Amiah Miller Brent James Franciscus Mendez Paul Richards Albina Natalie Trundy Skipper Tod Andrews Dr. Lewis Dixon Bradford Dillman Dr. Stephanie `` Stevie '' Branton Natalie Trundy Dr. Otto Hasslein Eric Braeden Armando Ricardo Montalbán Governor Breck Don Murray MacDonald Hari Rhodes Kolp Severn Darden MacDonald Austin Stoker Mendez Paul Stevens Jake Michael Stearns Leo Davidson Mark Wahlberg Daena Estella Warren Birn Luke Eberl Will Rodman James Franco James Franco ( archival footage ) Caroline Aranha Freida Pinto John Landon Brian Cox Steven Jacobs David Oyelowo Charles Rodman John Lithgow Dodge Landon Tom Felton Dreyfus Gary Oldman Malcolm Jason Clarke Ellie Keri Russell Alexander Kodi Smit - McPhee Carver Kirk Acevedo Werner Jocko Sims McVeigh Kevin Rankin Finney Keir O'Donnell The Colonel Woody Harrelson Preacher Gabriel Chavarria Apes ( edit ) Cornelius Roddy McDowall David Watson Roddy McDowall Roddy McDowall ( archival footage ) Infant Devyn Dalton Dr. Zira Kim Hunter Kim Hunter ( archival footage ) Dr. Zaius Maurice Evans Charlton Heston General Ursus James Gregory Caesar Walker Edmiston ( voice ) Roddy McDowall Andy Serkis Lisa Natalie Trundy General Aldo David Chow Claude Akins Virgil Paul Williams Nova Lisa Marie Ari Helena Bonham Carter General Thade Tim Roth Rocket Terry Notary Maurice Karin Konoval Cornelia Devyn Dalton Judy Greer Koba Christopher Gordon Toby Kebbell Toby Kebbell ( as hallucination ) Blue Eyes Nick Thurston Max Lloyd - Jones Ash Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw Grey Lee Ross Bad Ape Steve Zahn Red Donkey Ty Olsson Lake Sara Canning Luca Michael Adamthwaite Winter Aleks Paunovic Note : A grey cell indicates the character does not appear in that medium . Crew and other ( edit ) Crew / detail Film Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes 1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017 Director Franklin J. Schaffner Ted Post Don Taylor J. Lee Thompson Tim Burton Rupert Wyatt Matt Reeves Producer ( s ) Arthur P. Jacobs Richard D. Zanuck Peter Chernin , Dylan Clark , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Composer Jerry Goldsmith Leonard Rosenman Jerry Goldsmith Tom Scott Leonard Rosenman Danny Elfman Patrick Doyle Michael Giacchino Writer ( s ) Michael Wilson , Rod Serling Paul Dehn John William Corrington , Joyce Hooper Corrington William Broyles , Jr. , Lawrence Konner , Mark Rosenthal Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Mark Bomback , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Mark Bomback , Matt Reeves Distributor 20th Century Fox Running time 112 mins . 95 mins . 98 mins . 87 mins . 96 mins . 120 mins . 105 mins . 130 mins . 142 mins . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 4 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Becker 1993 , pp. 122 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 2 , 9 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 25 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Webb 1998 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 29 , 42 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 52 , 53 and note . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 57 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 57 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 108 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 105 -- 106 , 117 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 117 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 108 -- 109 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 -- 110 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 , 143 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 145 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 153 , 187 , 212 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 170 , 178 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 170 , 178 -- 179 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 81 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 114 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 , 217 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 143 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 232 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 235 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 152 , 158 , 218 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 159 , 221 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 159 -- 164 , 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Hughes 2004 , pp. 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 180 -- 181 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 38 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 181 -- 182 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 41 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 44 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 188 -- 190 , 192 . Jump up ^ Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Vulture Exclusive : Fox 's Planet of the Apes Reboot of the Reboot Is Back On '' . www.vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Lindner 2015 , pp. 30 , 31 , 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 192 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` So What The Hell Is RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ? '' . birthmoviesdeath.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 194 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 209 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 216 , 222 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . www.slashfilm.com . / Film . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 222 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 1998 , pp. 227 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Tops Visual Effects Society Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves Will Return to Direct ' Planet of the Apes 3 ′ '' . Variety . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves To Helm ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ′ '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : New PLANET OF THE APES Movie Title Revealed '' . www.collider.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` War of the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` War for the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Director Matt Reeves `` Absolutely '' Has Ideas About Where the Story Goes Next `` . SlashFilm.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Luke ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Planet of the Apes 4 already being developed '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 166 and note . Jump up ^ Handley 2008 , pp. 256 , 267 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 164 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 171 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Star Trek / Planet of the Apes Crossover Announced By Boom Studios '' . / Film . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 166 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Scott 2010 , pp. 3 , 204 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond , pp. 178 -- 184 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-20th-century-fox-dubai-20151103-story.html ^ Jump up to : Green , Earl ( 2014 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( Prototype ) '' . www.allgame.com . AllGame . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss 2012 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tom ( February 9 , 2000 ) . `` IGNDC Monkeys Around with Planet of the Apes Producer Cos Lazouras '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ubi Soft and Fox Interactive kick off a global partnership , bringing Planet of the Apes to video games '' . www.bluesnews.com . September 6 , 2001 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 16 , 2001 ) . `` Fox 's Ape - athy '' . Variety . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sulic , Ivan ( October 18 , 2001 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( PC ) '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( PC ) '' . www.gamerankings.com . GameRankings. 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( PlayStation ) '' . www.gamerankings.com . GameRankings. 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( December 14 , 2001 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( GBA ) '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watts , Steve ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Virus Added to Plague Inc '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mat Paget . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Video Game Coming to Consoles '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Video Game Announced for This Fall '' . ComingSoon.net. 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 9 , 21 , 33 . Jump up ^ Von Busack 2004 , pp. 171 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 246 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 16 , 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 245 -- 246 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 19 -- 20 , 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Ed ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Slant . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Jim ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Apes and allegories : What is the meaning of this ? ! '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodkind , Seth ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Enlightened Racism in Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Paracinema . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chidester 2015 , pp. 7 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kirshner 2001 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 8 -- 9 , 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 65 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 72 , 159 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 3 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 27 , 78 -- 79 , 86 . Jump up ^ Hamilton 2016 , pp. 300 -- 301 . Jump up ^ Southard 1982 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 164 , 167 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 152 , 169 . Jump up ^ Von Busack 2004 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 169 , 170 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 175 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. xv , 169 . Jump up ^ Kassabian 2013 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 176 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 177 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Cotham , Perry C. ( 1973 ) . Obscenity , pornography & censorship . Baker Book House . p. 129 . ISBN 9780801023453 ... taken in up to $150 million at box offices around the world Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ FilmL. A. ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` 2014 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/planet-of-the-apes-1968 Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/beneath-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/escape-from-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/conquest-of-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/battle-for-the-planet-of-the-apes ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ War for the Planet of the Apes Will Feature A Character From The Original 1968 Movie References ( edit ) Becker , Lucille Frackman ( 1993 ) . `` Science and Detective Fiction : Complementary Genres on the Margins of French Literature '' . In Henry , Freeman G. French Literature Series : On The Margins of French Literature . XX . Ropodi . pp. 119 -- 126 . ISBN 9051834268 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Chidester , Phil ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Simian That Screamed No ! : Rise of the Planet of the Apes and the Speculative as Public Memory '' . Visual Communication Quarterly . 22 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 14 . Davis , Jason ( 2013 ) . `` Aping Race , Racing Apes '' . In Huss , John . Planet of the Apes and Philosophy : Great Apes Think Alike . Open Court Publishing . ISBN 0812698223 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Fordham , Joe ; Bond , Jeff ( 2014 ) . Planet of the Apes : The Evolution of a Legend . Titan Books . ISBN 1783291982 . Greene , Eric ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American Myth : Race and Politics in the Films and Television Series . Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 9780819563293 . Hamilton , Sheryl N. ( November 2016 ) . `` ' Human no like smart ape ' : figuring the ape as legal person in Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Law and Humanities . Routledge. 10 ( 2 ) : 300 -- 321 . Handley , Rich ( 2008 ) . Timeline of the Planet of the Apes : The Definitive Chronology . Hasslein Books . ISBN 061525392X . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Hughes , David ( 2004 ) . Tales from Development Hell . London : Titan Books . pp. 34 -- 37 . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 691 - 4 . Kassabian , Anahid ( 2013 ) . Ubiquitous Listening : Affect , Attention , and Distributed Subjectivity . University of California Press . ISBN 0520275152 . Kirshner , Jonathan ( 2001 ) . `` Subverting the Cold War in the 1960s : Dr. Strangelove , The Manchurian Candidate , and The Planet of the Apes '' . Film & History : an Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies . 31 ( 2 ) : 40 -- 44 . Lindner , Oliver ( 2015 ) . `` The Remade Prequel : Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . Remakes and Remaking : Concepts -- Media − Practices . Transcript Verlag . pp. 23 -- 39 . ISBN 3839428947 . Russo , Joe ; Landsman , Larry ; Gross , Edward ( 2001 ) . Planet of the Apes Revisited . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0312252390 . Scott , Sharon M. ( 2010 ) . Toys and American Culture : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0313351112 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Southard , Bruce ( March 1 , 1982 ) . `` The Language of Science Fiction Fan Magazines '' . American Speech . Duke University Press . 57 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 31 . ISSN 0003 - 1283 . Von Busack , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` Signifying Monkeys : Politics and Story - Telling in the Planet of the Apes Series '' . In Rickman , Gregg . The Science Fiction Film Reader . Limelight Editions . pp. 165 -- 177 . ISBN 0879109947 . Webb , Gordon C. ( July -- August 1998 ) . `` 30 Years Later : Rod Serling 's Planet of the Apes '' . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Weiss , Brett ( 2012 ) . Classic Home Video Games , 1972 - 1984 : A Complete Reference Guide . McFarland . ISBN 0786487550 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Planet of the Apes . Dale Winogura ( Summer 1972 ) . `` Special Planet of the Apes Series Issue - Interviews & Set Visit '' ( PDF ) . Cinefantastique . ( hide ) Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des Singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=802144571 '' Categories : Film series Novels adapted into comics French novels adapted into films Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Evolution in popular culture Planet of the Apes Science fiction by franchise Works about slavery Films adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Čeština Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Latviešu 日本 語 Português Română Русский Scots ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 07 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when does the newest planet of the apes come out
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"The producers were confident enough in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes that they started planning for the next installment before production had completed. They contracted Matt Reeves to return as director after seeing his cut of Dawn; he also wrote the script with Mark Bomback. Peter Chernin, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serve as producers.[91][92] The film, War for the Planet of the Apes, was released on July 14, 2017.[93] Woody Harrelson and Gabriel Chavarria played human characters, while Steve Zahn played Bad Ape.[94][95] The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews.[96][97]"
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"July 14, 2017"
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Vulcan salute
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Vulcan salute - wikipedia Vulcan salute Leonard Nimoy demonstrating the Vulcan salute The Vulcan salute is a hand gesture popularized by the 1960s television series Star Trek . It consists of a raised hand with the palm forward and the thumb extended , while the fingers are parted between the middle and ring finger . Leonard Nimoy from the series based the gesture on the Jewish Priestly Blessing . Contents 1 Background 2 Gallery 3 Origin 4 `` Live long and prosper '' 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The Vulcan salute was devised by Leonard Nimoy , who portrayed the half - Vulcan character Mr. Spock on the original Star Trek television series . A 1968 New York Times interview described the salute or greeting gesture as a `` double - fingered version of Churchill 's victory sign '' . Nimoy said in that interview that he `` decided that the Vulcans were a ' hand - oriented ' people '' . The salute first appeared in 1967 on the Star Trek second - season opening episode , `` Amok Time '' . Among other things , the gesture is known for being difficult for certain people to do properly without practice or the covert pre-positioning of the fingers , and actors on the original show reportedly had to position their fingers off - screen with the other hand before raising their hand into frame . This difficulty may stem from variations in individuals ' manual dexterity . Its reputation is parodied in the motion picture Star Trek : First Contact when Zefram Cochrane , upon meeting a Vulcan for the first time in human history , is unable to return the Vulcan salute gesture and instead shakes the Vulcan 's hand . The blessing gesture which is the inspiration for the Vulcan salute In his autobiography I Am Not Spock , Nimoy wrote that he based it on the Priestly Blessing performed by Jewish Kohanim with both hands , thumb to thumb in this same position , representing the Hebrew letter Shin ( ש ) , which has three upward strokes similar to the position of the thumb and fingers in the salute . The letter Shin here stands for El Shaddai , meaning `` Almighty ( God ) '' , as well as for Shekinah and Shalom . Nimoy wrote that when he was a child , his grandfather took him to an Orthodox synagogue , where he saw the blessing performed and was impressed by it . Others often greeted Nimoy with the salute , which became so well known that in June 2014 it was added to version 7 of the Unicode standard as U + 1F596 🖖 RAISED HAND WITH PART BETWEEN MIDDLE AND RING FINGERS . The White House referenced the salute in its statement on Leonard Nimoy 's death , calling it `` the universal sign for ' Live long and prosper ' '' . The following day , NASA astronaut Terry W. Virts posted a photo on his Twitter feed from the International Space Station showing the hand gesture ( with the Earth in the background ) as the ISS passed over Nimoy 's birthplace of Boston , Massachusetts , United States . Gallery ( edit ) NASA astronaut Terry W. Virts performs the Vulcan salute from the International Space Station on February 27 , 2015 , shortly after hearing of Nimoy 's death . Nimoy 's home town of Boston is seen directly below . ESA astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti on Feb. 28 , 2015 tweeted this photo in a final salute to Leonard Nimoy . George Takei , a colleague of Nimoy who portrayed the Star Trek character Hikaru Sulu in the original series , salutes a crowd in 2011 . Star Trek actor and writer Simon Pegg giving a Vulcan salute in 2016 . Origin ( edit ) The salute was created by Leonard Nimoy for the Star Trek episode `` Amok Time '' , which was the first episode with Vulcans other than Spock . Nimoy wanted something to help develop the Vulcan sociology , proposed that Vulcans have a greeting and suggested this salute as that greeting . `` Live long and prosper '' ( edit ) The accompanying spoken blessing , `` live long and prosper '' -- `` dif - tor heh smusma '' in the Vulcan language ( as spoken in Star Trek : The Motion Picture ) -- also appeared for the first time in `` Amok Time '' , scripted by Theodore Sturgeon . The less - well - known reply is `` peace and long life '' , though it is sometimes said first , with `` live long and prosper '' as the reply . The phrase has been seen abbreviated `` LLAP '' . An ancient Egyptian blessing `` ankh wedja seneb '' , while its verbatim translation is uncertain , uses the three symbols `` life '' , `` prosperity '' and `` health '' ; it has been translated as `` may he live , be prosperous , be healthy . '' The New International Version of the Bible , Deuteronomy 5 : 33 , includes the phrase `` live and prosper '' as part of Moses ' admonitions to the Hebrew people prior to entering Canaan ; other translations include the notion of long life as well . William Shakespeare 's 1594 Romeo and Juliet contains the line , `` Live and be prosperous : and farewell good fellow '' , spoken by Romeo to Balthasar , his friend and servant . The benediction `` live and prosper '' is attributed to the 18th - century organized crime figure Jonathan Wild in his 1725 biography written by `` H.D. '' , possibly a pseudonym for Daniel Defoe . In Trilby , by George du Maurier ( published in 1894 ) , a description of an art student ends with the sentence , `` May he live long and prosper ! '' See also ( edit ) Star Trek portal Judaism portal Vulcan changeup , baseball pitch Open Hand Monument , conceived in 1948 by Le Corbusier , developed in 1964 , and completed in 1985 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Diehl , Digby ( 1968 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Girls All Want To Touch The Ears '' . The New York Times . p. 173 . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leonard Nimoy : ' Star Trek ' fans can be scary '' . Los Angeles Times . May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Leonard Nimoy , 83 ; was TV 's iconic Mr. Spock '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ West , Andrew ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` What 's new in Unicode 7.0 ? '' . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unicode 7.0 introduces 2,834 new characters , including 250 emoji '' . Ars Technica . Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President on the Passing of Leonard Nimoy '' . whitehouse.gov . Jump up ^ `` ☀ Astronaut Pays Perfect Tribute To Spock From Outer Space ☀ - Ebuzz New - US Top News , Photos , Videos , Live Buzz & Breaking News '' . ebuzznew.com . Jump up ^ Abby Ohlheiser ; Michelle Boorstein ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` The Jewish roots of Leonard Nimoy and ' live long and prosper ' '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Theodore Sturgeon '' . Gary Westfahl 's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Film . The SF Site . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . In that episode , ( Sturgeon ) also wrote one of the series ' standard catchphrases , the Vulcan greeting ' Live long and prosper . ' Jump up ^ Leonard Nimoy ( @ TheRealNimoy ) ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` A life is like a garden . Perfect moments can be had , but not preserved , except in memory . LLAP '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Leonard Nimoy Dies at the age of 83 '' . Renegade Cinema. 2015 - 02 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek ' Star Leonard Nimoy Dead At 83 '' . The Huffington Post . 2015 - 02 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Alan ( 1957 ) . Egyptian Grammar . Griffith Institute , Ashmolean Museum , p. 239 Jump up ^ New International Version , Holy Bible , Deuteronomy 5 : 33 , copyright 2011 by Biblica , Inc . Jump up ^ Act V. Sc iii . Romeo and Juliet . Shakespeare , William . Folger Shakespeare Library Edition . 1992 . Jump up ^ Shakespeare , William ( 1594 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet , Act V , Scene 3 : : Open Source Shakespeare '' . opensourceshakespeare.org . George Mason University . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Romeo : So shalt thou show me friendship . Take thou that : Live , and be prosperous : and farewell , good fellow . Jump up ^ Originally published in 1725 by T. Warner in London . H.D. late Clerk to Justice - H.D. , Defoe , Daniel , attributed name ( October 2007 ) ( 1725 ) . The Life of Jonathan Wild , from His Birth to His Death ( 2nd ed . ) . Ann Arbor , MI , US : University of Michigan . p. 24 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 30 . Before the Sessions , Jonathan , tho ' retain 'd on the other Side of the Cause ; visits Mr. Powell , tells him of the dangerous Circumstances he was in , and at the same Time enquires into the Value of his personal Estate ; the Thief apprehended his meaning , and made him sensible that forty Pounds should not part them , ( for it seems this Fellow never came into Jonathan 's Books ) whereupon the Bargain was struck , the Money paid down , and Mr. Wild left him with this Blessing , Live and prosper . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ George Du Maurier ( 2009 ) ( 1894 ) . Trilby . Oxford University Press . p. 99 . Also , he went into good society sometimes , with a dress - coat on , and a white tie , and his hair parted in the middle ! But in spite of these blemishes on his otherwise exemplary record as an art student , he was the most delightful companion - the most affectionate , helpful , and sympathetic of friends . May he live long and prosper ! External links ( edit ) Media related to Vulcan salute at Wikimedia Commons Vulcan salute at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Gershom , Yonassan ( 2009 ) . Jewish Themes in Star Trek . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . A page by Rabbi Yonassan Gershom , with photos and diagrams of how the Salute forms the Hebrew letter Shin , the use of the Blessing Hands gesture on Jewish gravestones and jewelry , etc . Yiddish Book Center ( Feb 27 , 2015 ) . `` Nimoy Explains Origin of Vulcan Greeting '' . Wexler Oral History Project . Remembering Leonard Nimoy . The New York Times . 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when did spock first say live long and prosper
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"\nThe accompanying spoken blessing, \"live long and prosper\" – \"dif-tor heh smusma\" in the Vulcan language (as spoken in Star Trek: The Motion Picture) – also appeared for the first time in \"Amok Time\", scripted by Theodore Sturgeon.[9] The less-well-known reply is \"peace and long life\", though it is sometimes said first, with \"live long and prosper\" as the reply. The phrase has been seen abbreviated \"LLAP\".[10][11][12]\n"
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"Amok Time"
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Permian–Triassic extinction event
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Permian -- Triassic extinction event - wikipedia Permian -- Triassic extinction event Jump to : navigation , search Marine extinction intensity during the Phanerozoic % Millions of years ago ( H ) K -- Pg Tr -- J P -- Tr Cap Late D O -- S Plot of extinction intensity ( percentage of marine genera that are present in each interval of time but do not exist in the following interval ) vs time in the past . Geological periods are annotated ( by abbreviation and colour ) above . The Permian -- Triassic extinction event is the most significant event for marine genera , with just over 50 % ( according to this source ) failing to survive . ( source and image info ) The Permian -- Triassic ( P -- Tr or P -- T ) extinction event , colloquially known as the Great Dying , the End - Permian Extinction or the Great Permian Extinction , occurred about 252 Ma ( million years ) ago , forming the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods , as well as the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras . It is the Earth 's most severe known extinction event , with up to 96 % of all marine species and 70 % of terrestrial vertebrate species becoming extinct . It is the only known mass extinction of insects . Some 57 % of all families and 83 % of all genera became extinct . Because so much biodiversity was lost , the recovery of life on Earth took significantly longer than after any other extinction event , possibly up to 10 million years . Studies in Bear Lake County near Paris , Idaho showed a quick and dynamic rebound in a marine ecosystem , illustrating the remarkable resiliency of life . There is evidence for one to three distinct pulses , or phases , of extinction . Suggested mechanisms for the latter include one or more large meteor impact events , massive volcanism such as that of the Siberian Traps , and the ensuing coal or gas fires and explosions , and a runaway greenhouse effect triggered by sudden release of methane from the sea floor due to methane clathrate dissociation according to the clathrate gun hypothesis or methane - producing microbes known as methanogens ; possible contributing gradual changes include sea - level change , increasing anoxia , increasing aridity , and a shift in ocean circulation driven by climate change . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dating the extinction 2 Extinction patterns 2.1 Marine organisms 2.2 Terrestrial invertebrates 2.3 Terrestrial plants 2.3. 1 Plant ecosystem response 2.3. 2 Coal gap 2.4 Terrestrial vertebrates 2.5 Possible explanations of these patterns 3 Biotic recovery 3.1 Changes in marine ecosystems 3.2 Land vertebrates 4 Causes 4.1 Impact event 4.1. 1 Possible impact sites 4.2 Volcanism 4.3 Methane hydrate gasification 4.4 Anoxia 4.5 Hydrogen sulfide emissions 4.6 The supercontinent Pangaea 4.7 Microbes 4.8 Combination of causes 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Dating the extinction ( edit ) Permian -- Triassic extinction view discuss edit - 262 -- -- - 260 -- -- - 258 -- -- - 256 -- -- - 254 -- -- - 252 -- -- - 250 -- -- - 248 -- -- - 246 -- -- - 244 -- -- - 242 -- -- - 240 -- -- - 238 -- u d l u o p i n g i n r l y i d d l Capitanian Wuchiapingian Changhsingian Induan Olenekian Anisian Ladinian ← Extinction event ← δ C stabilises at + 2 ‰ . Calcified green algae return . ← Full recovery of woody trees ← Corals return ← Scleractinian corals & calcified sponges s o z o i l o z o i r m i n r i s s i An approximate timescale of events around the P - Tr boundary . Axis scale : millions of years ago . PreЄ Є Pg ↓ Until 2000 , it was thought that rock sequences spanning the Permian -- Triassic boundary were too few and contained too many gaps for scientists to reliably determine its details . However , it is now possible to date the extinction with millennial precision . U -- Pb zircon dates from five volcanic ash beds from the Global Stratotype Section and Point for the Permian -- Triassic boundary at Meishan , China , establish a high - resolution age model for the extinction -- allowing exploration of the links between global environmental perturbation , carbon cycle disruption , mass extinction , and recovery at millennial timescales . The extinction occurred between 251.941 ± 0.037 and 251.880 ± 0.031 Ma , a duration of 60 ± 48 ka . A large ( approximately 0.9 % ) , abrupt global decrease in the ratio of the stable isotope 13 C to that of 12 C , coincides with this extinction , and is sometimes used to identify the Permian -- Triassic boundary in rocks that are unsuitable for radiometric dating . Further evidence for environmental change around the P -- Tr boundary suggests an 8 ° C ( 14 ° F ) rise in temperature , and an increase in CO 2 levels by 6997200000000000000 ♠ 2000 ppm ( for comparison , the concentration immediately before the industrial revolution was 6996279999999999999 ♠ 280 ppm . ) There is also evidence of increased ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth , causing the mutation of plant spores . It has been suggested that the Permian -- Triassic boundary is associated with a sharp increase in the abundance of marine and terrestrial fungi , caused by the sharp increase in the amount of dead plants and animals fed upon by the fungi . For a while this `` fungal spike '' was used by some paleontologists to identify the Permian -- Triassic boundary in rocks that are unsuitable for radiometric dating or lack suitable index fossils , but even the proposers of the fungal spike hypothesis pointed out that `` fungal spikes '' may have been a repeating phenomenon created by the post-extinction ecosystem in the earliest Triassic . The very idea of a fungal spike has been criticized on several grounds , including : Reduviasporonites , the most common supposed fungal spore , was actually a fossilized alga ; the spike did not appear worldwide ; and in many places it did not fall on the Permian -- Triassic boundary . The algae , which were misidentified as fungal spores , may even represent a transition to a lake - dominated Triassic world rather than an earliest Triassic zone of death and decay in some terrestrial fossil beds . Newer chemical evidence agrees better with a fungal origin for Reduviasporonites , diluting these critiques . Uncertainty exists regarding the duration of the overall extinction and about the timing and duration of various groups ' extinctions within the greater process . Some evidence suggests that there were multiple extinction pulses or that the extinction was spread out over a few million years , with a sharp peak in the last million years of the Permian . Statistical analyses of some highly fossiliferous strata in Meishan , Zhejiang Province in southeastern China , suggest that the main extinction was clustered around one peak . Recent research shows that different groups became extinct at different times ; for example , while difficult to date absolutely , ostracod and brachiopod extinctions were separated by 670 to 1170 thousand years . In a well - preserved sequence in east Greenland , the decline of animals is concentrated in a period 10 to 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 thousand years long , with plants taking several hundred thousand additional years to show the full impact of the event . An older theory , still supported in some recent papers , is that there were two major extinction pulses 9.4 million years apart , separated by a period of extinctions well above the background level , and that the final extinction killed off only about 80 % of marine species alive at that time while the other losses occurred during the first pulse or the interval between pulses . According to this theory one of these extinction pulses occurred at the end of the Guadalupian epoch of the Permian . For example , all but one of the surviving dinocephalian genera died out at the end of the Guadalupian , as did the Verbeekinidae , a family of large - size fusuline foraminifera . The impact of the end - Guadalupian extinction on marine organisms appears to have varied between locations and between taxonomic groups -- brachiopods and corals had severe losses . Extinction patterns ( edit ) Marine extinctions Genera extinct Notes Arthropoda Eurypterids 100 % May have become extinct shortly before the P -- Tr boundary Ostracods 59 % Trilobites 100 % In decline since the Devonian ; only 2 genera living before the extinction Brachiopoda Brachiopods 96 % Orthids and productids died out Bryozoa Bryozoans 79 % Fenestrates , trepostomes , and cryptostomes died out Chordata Acanthodians 100 % In decline since the Devonian , with only one living family Cnidaria Anthozoans 96 % Tabulate and rugose corals died out Echinodermata Blastoids 100 % May have become extinct shortly before the P -- Tr boundary Crinoids 98 % Inadunates and camerates died out Mollusca Ammonites 97 % Bivalves 59 % Gastropods 98 % Retaria Foraminiferans 97 % Fusulinids died out , but were almost extinct before the catastrophe Radiolarians 99 % Marine organisms ( edit ) Marine invertebrates suffered the greatest losses during the P -- Tr extinction . Evidence of this was found in samples from south China sections at the P -- Tr boundary . Here , 286 out of 329 marine invertebrate genera disappear within the final 2 sedimentary zones containing conodonts from the Permian . The decrease in diversity was probably caused by a sharp increase in extinctions , rather than a decrease in speciation . The extinction primarily affected organisms with calcium carbonate skeletons , especially those reliant on stable CO levels to produce their skeletons . These organisms were susceptible to the effects of the ocean acidification that resulted from increased atmospheric CO . Among benthic organisms the extinction event multiplied background extinction rates , and therefore caused maximum species loss to taxa that had a high background extinction rate ( by implication , taxa with a high turnover ) . The extinction rate of marine organisms was catastrophic . Surviving marine invertebrate groups include : articulate brachiopods ( those with a hinge ) , which have undergone a slow decline in numbers since the P -- Tr extinction ; the Ceratitida order of ammonites ; and crinoids ( `` sea lilies '' ) , which very nearly became extinct but later became abundant and diverse . The groups with the highest survival rates generally had active control of circulation , elaborate gas exchange mechanisms , and light calcification ; more heavily calcified organisms with simpler breathing apparatuses suffered the greatest loss of species diversity . In the case of the brachiopods , at least , surviving taxa were generally small , rare members of a formerly diverse community . The ammonoids , which had been in a long - term decline for the 30 million years since the Roadian ( middle Permian ) , suffered a selective extinction pulse 10 million years before the main event , at the end of the Capitanian stage . In this preliminary extinction , which greatly reduced disparity , or the range of different ecological guilds , environmental factors were apparently responsible . Diversity and disparity fell further until the P -- Tr boundary ; the extinction here ( P -- Tr ) was non-selective , consistent with a catastrophic initiator . During the Triassic , diversity rose rapidly , but disparity remained low . The range of morphospace occupied by the ammonoids , that is , their range of possible forms , shapes or structures , became more restricted as the Permian progressed . A few million years into the Triassic , the original range of ammonoid structures was once again reoccupied , but the parameters were now shared differently among clades . Terrestrial invertebrates ( edit ) The Permian had great diversity in insect and other invertebrate species , including the largest insects ever to have existed . The end - Permian is the only known mass extinction of insects , with eight or nine insect orders becoming extinct and ten more greatly reduced in diversity . Palaeodictyopteroids ( insects with piercing and sucking mouthparts ) began to decline during the mid-Permian ; these extinctions have been linked to a change in flora . The greatest decline occurred in the Late Permian and was probably not directly caused by weather - related floral transitions . Most fossil insect groups found after the Permian -- Triassic boundary differ significantly from those that lived prior to the P -- Tr extinction . With the exception of the Glosselytrodea , Miomoptera , and Protorthoptera , Paleozoic insect groups have not been discovered in deposits dating to after the P -- Tr boundary . The caloneurodeans , monurans , paleodictyopteroids , protelytropterans , and protodonates became extinct by the end of the Permian . In well - documented Late Triassic deposits , fossils overwhelmingly consist of modern fossil insect groups . Terrestrial plants ( edit ) Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years . Orange labels : known ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Plant ecosystem response ( edit ) The geological record of terrestrial plants is sparse and based mostly on pollen and spore studies . Interestingly , plants are relatively immune to mass extinction , with the impact of all the major mass extinctions `` insignificant '' at a family level . Even the reduction observed in species diversity ( of 50 % ) may be mostly due to taphonomic processes . However , a massive rearrangement of ecosystems does occur , with plant abundances and distributions changing profoundly and all the forests virtually disappearing ; the Palaeozoic flora scarcely survived this extinction . At the P -- Tr boundary , the dominant floral groups changed , with many groups of land plants entering abrupt decline , such as Cordaites ( gymnosperms ) and Glossopteris ( seed ferns ) . Dominant gymnosperm genera were replaced post-boundary by lycophytes -- extant lycophytes are recolonizers of disturbed areas . Palynological or pollen studies from East Greenland of sedimentary rock strata laid down during the extinction period indicate dense gymnosperm woodlands before the event . At the same time that marine invertebrate macrofauna declined , these large woodlands died out and were followed by a rise in diversity of smaller herbaceous plants including Lycopodiophyta , both Selaginellales and Isoetales . Later , other groups of gymnosperms again become dominant but again suffered major die offs . These cyclical flora shifts occurred a few times over the course of the extinction period and afterwards . These fluctuations of the dominant flora between woody and herbaceous taxa indicate chronic environmental stress resulting in a loss of most large woodland plant species . The successions and extinctions of plant communities do not coincide with the shift in δ C values , but occurred many years after . The recovery of gymnosperm forests took 4 -- 5 million years . Coal gap ( edit ) No coal deposits are known from the Early Triassic , and those in the Middle Triassic are thin and low - grade . This `` coal gap '' has been explained in many ways . It has been suggested that new , more aggressive fungi , insects and vertebrates evolved , and killed vast numbers of trees . These decomposers themselves suffered heavy losses of species during the extinction , and are not considered a likely cause of the coal gap . It could simply be that all coal forming plants were rendered extinct by the P -- Tr extinction , and that it took 10 million years for a new suite of plants to adapt to the moist , acid conditions of peat bogs . On the other hand , abiotic factors ( not caused by organisms ) , such as decreased rainfall or increased input of clastic sediments , may also be to blame . Finally , it is also true that there are very few sediments of any type known from the Early Triassic , and the lack of coal may simply reflect this scarcity . This opens the possibility that coal - producing ecosystems may have responded to the changed conditions by relocating , perhaps to areas where we have no sedimentary record for the Early Triassic . For example , in eastern Australia a cold climate had been the norm for a long period of time , with a peat mire ecosystem adapted to these conditions . Approximately 95 % of these peat - producing plants went locally extinct at the P -- Tr boundary ; Interestingly , coal deposits in Australia and Antarctica disappear significantly before the P -- Tr boundary . Terrestrial vertebrates ( edit ) There is enough evidence to indicate that over two - thirds of terrestrial labyrinthodont amphibians , sauropsid ( `` reptile '' ) and therapsid ( `` proto - mammal '' ) families became extinct . Large herbivores suffered the heaviest losses . All Permian anapsid reptiles died out except the procolophonids ( although testudines have morphologically anapsid skulls , they are now thought to have separately evolved from diapsid ancestors ) . Pelycosaurs died out before the end of the Permian . Too few Permian diapsid fossils have been found to support any conclusion about the effect of the Permian extinction on diapsids ( the `` reptile '' group from which lizards , snakes , crocodilians , and dinosaurs ( including birds ) evolved ) . The groups that survived suffered extremely heavy losses of species , and some terrestrial vertebrate groups very nearly became extinct at the end - Permian . Some of the surviving groups did not persist for long past this period , while others that barely survived went on to produce diverse and long - lasting lineages . Yet it took 30 million years for the terrestrial vertebrate fauna to fully recover both numerically and ecologically . Possible explanations of these patterns ( edit ) An analysis of marine fossils from the Permian 's final Changhsingian stage found that marine organisms with low tolerance for hypercapnia ( high concentration of carbon dioxide ) had high extinction rates , while the most tolerant organisms had very slight losses . The most vulnerable marine organisms were those that produced calcareous hard parts ( i.e. , from calcium carbonate ) and had low metabolic rates and weak respiratory systems -- notably calcareous sponges , rugose and tabulate corals , calcite - depositing brachiopods , bryozoans , and echinoderms ; about 81 % of such genera became extinct . Close relatives without calcareous hard parts suffered only minor losses , for example sea anemones , from which modern corals evolved . Animals with high metabolic rates , well - developed respiratory systems , and non-calcareous hard parts had negligible losses -- except for conodonts , in which 33 % of genera died out . This pattern is consistent with what is known about the effects of hypoxia , a shortage but not a total absence of oxygen . However , hypoxia can not have been the only killing mechanism for marine organisms . Nearly all of the continental shelf waters would have had to become severely hypoxic to account for the magnitude of the extinction , but such a catastrophe would make it difficult to explain the very selective pattern of the extinction . Models of the Late Permian and Early Triassic atmospheres show a significant but protracted decline in atmospheric oxygen levels , with no acceleration near the P -- Tr boundary . Minimum atmospheric oxygen levels in the Early Triassic are never less than present day levels -- the decline in oxygen levels does not match the temporal pattern of the extinction . Marine organisms are more sensitive to changes in CO ( carbon dioxide ) levels than are terrestrial organisms for a variety of reasons . CO is 28 times more soluble in water than is oxygen . Marine animals normally function with lower concentrations of CO in their bodies than land animals , as the removal of CO in air - breathing animals is impeded by the need for the gas to pass through the respiratory system 's membranes ( lungs ' alveolus , tracheae , and the like ) , even when CO diffuses more easily than oxygen . In marine organisms , relatively modest but sustained increases in CO concentrations hamper the synthesis of proteins , reduce fertilization rates , and produce deformities in calcareous hard parts . In addition , an increase in CO concentration is inevitably linked to ocean acidification , consistent with the preferential extinction of heavily calcified taxa and other signals in the rock record that suggest a more acidic ocean . The decrease in ocean pH is calculated to be up to 0.7 units . It is difficult to analyze extinction and survival rates of land organisms in detail , because few terrestrial fossil beds span the Permian -- Triassic boundary . Triassic insects are very different from those of the Permian , but a gap in the insect fossil record spans approximately 15 million years from the late Permian to early Triassic . The best - known record of vertebrate changes across the Permian -- Triassic boundary occurs in the Karoo Supergroup of South Africa , but statistical analyses have so far not produced clear conclusions . However , analysis of the fossil river deposits of the floodplains indicate a shift from meandering to braided river patterns , indicating an abrupt drying of the climate . The climate change may have taken as little as 100,000 years , prompting the extinction of the unique Glossopteris flora and its herbivores , followed by the carnivorous guild . End - Permian extinctions did not occur at an instantaneous time horizon ; particularly , floral extinction was delayed in time . Biotic recovery ( edit ) Earlier analyses indicated that life on Earth recovered quickly after the Permian extinctions , but this was mostly in the form of disaster taxa , opportunist organisms such as the hardy Lystrosaurus . Research published in 2006 indicates that the specialized animals that formed complex ecosystems , with high biodiversity , complex food webs and a variety of niches , took much longer to recover . It is thought that this long recovery was due to the successive waves of extinction , which inhibited recovery , and prolonged environmental stress to organisms , which continued into the Early Triassic . Research indicates that recovery did not begin until the start of the mid-Triassic , 4 to 6 million years after the extinction ; and some writers estimate that the recovery was not complete until 7014946728000000000 ♠ 30 Ma after the P -- Tr extinction , i.e. in the late Triassic . A study published in the journal Science found that during the Great Extinction the oceans ' surface temperatures reached 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) , which explains why recovery took so long : it was simply too hot for life to survive . Of course , not all of the Earth 's surface was 40 ° , and if it was simply too hot for life to survive then nothing would have survived . Perhaps anoxia provides another aspect of what delayed the recovery . A braided river , the Waimakariri River on the South Island of New Zealand During the early Triassic ( 4 to 6 million years after the P -- Tr extinction ) , the plant biomass was insufficient to form coal deposits , which implies a limited food mass for herbivores . River patterns in the Karoo changed from meandering to braided , indicating that vegetation there was very sparse for a long time . Each major segment of the early Triassic ecosystem -- plant and animal , marine and terrestrial -- was dominated by a small number of genera , which appeared virtually worldwide , for example : the herbivorous therapsid Lystrosaurus ( which accounted for about 90 % of early Triassic land vertebrates ) and the bivalves Claraia , Eumorphotis , Unionites and Promylina . A healthy ecosystem has a much larger number of genera , each living in a few preferred types of habitat . Disaster taxa took advantage of the devastated ecosystems and enjoyed a temporary population boom and increase in their territory . Microconchids are the dominant component of otherwise impoverished Early Triassic encrusting assemblages . For example : Lingula ( a brachiopod ) ; stromatolites , which had been confined to marginal environments since the Ordovician ; Pleuromeia ( a small , weedy plant ) ; Dicroidium ( a seed fern ) . Changes in marine ecosystems ( edit ) Sessile filter feeders like this crinoid were significantly less abundant after the P -- Tr extinction . Prior to the extinction , about two - thirds of marine animals were sessile and attached to the sea floor but , during the Mesozoic , only about half of the marine animals were sessile while the rest were free - living . Analysis of marine fossils from the period indicated a decrease in the abundance of sessile epifaunal suspension feeders such as brachiopods and sea lilies and an increase in more complex mobile species such as snails , sea urchins and crabs . Before the Permian mass extinction event , both complex and simple marine ecosystems were equally common ; after the recovery from the mass extinction , the complex communities outnumbered the simple communities by nearly three to one , and the increase in predation pressure led to the Mesozoic Marine Revolution . Bivalves were fairly rare before the P -- Tr extinction but became numerous and diverse in the Triassic , and one group , the rudist clams , became the Mesozoic 's main reef - builders . Some researchers think much of this change happened in the 5 million years between the two major extinction pulses . Crinoids ( `` sea lilies '' ) suffered a selective extinction , resulting in a decrease in the variety of their forms . Their ensuing adaptive radiation was brisk , and resulted in forms possessing flexible arms becoming widespread ; motility , predominantly a response to predation pressure , also became far more prevalent . Land vertebrates ( edit ) Lystrosaurus was by far the most abundant early Triassic land vertebrate . Lystrosaurus , a pig - sized herbivorous dicynodont therapsid , constituted as much as 90 % of some earliest Triassic land vertebrate fauna . Smaller carnivorous cynodont therapsids also survived , including the ancestors of mammals . In the Karoo region of southern Africa , the therocephalians Tetracynodon , Moschorhinus and Ictidosuchoides survived , but do not appear to have been abundant in the Triassic . Archosaurs ( which included the ancestors of dinosaurs and crocodilians ) were initially rarer than therapsids , but they began to displace therapsids in the mid-Triassic . In the mid to late Triassic , the dinosaurs evolved from one group of archosaurs , and went on to dominate terrestrial ecosystems during the Jurassic and Cretaceous . This `` Triassic Takeover '' may have contributed to the evolution of mammals by forcing the surviving therapsids and their mammaliform successors to live as small , mainly nocturnal insectivores ; nocturnal life probably forced at least the mammaliforms to develop fur and higher metabolic rates , while losing part of the differential color - sensitive retinal receptors reptilians and birds preserved . Some temnospondyl amphibians made a relatively quick recovery , in spite of nearly becoming extinct . Mastodonsaurus and trematosaurians were the main aquatic and semiaquatic predators during most of the Triassic , some preying on tetrapods and others on fish . Land vertebrates took an unusually long time to recover from the P -- Tr extinction ; Palaeontologist Michael Benton estimated the recovery was not complete until 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 million years after the extinction , i.e. not until the Late Triassic , in which dinosaurs , pterosaurs , crocodiles , archosaurs , amphibians , and mammaliforms were abundant and diverse . Causes ( edit ) Pinpointing the exact cause or causes of the Permian -- Triassic extinction event is difficult , mostly because the catastrophe occurred over 250 million years ago , and since then much of the evidence that would have pointed to the cause has been destroyed or is concealed deep within the Earth under many layers of rock . The sea floor is also completely recycled every 200 million years by the ongoing process of plate tectonics and seafloor spreading , leaving no useful indications beneath the ocean . Scientists have accumulated a fairly significant amount of evidence for causes , and several mechanisms have been proposed for the extinction event . The proposals include both catastrophic and gradual processes ( similar to those theorized for the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event ) . The catastrophic group includes one or more large bolide impact events , increased volcanism , and sudden release of methane from the sea floor , either due to dissociation of methane hydrate deposits or metabolism of organic carbon deposits by methanogenic microbes . The gradual group includes sea level change , increasing anoxia , and increasing aridity . Any hypothesis about the cause must explain the selectivity of the event , which affected organisms with calcium carbonate skeletons most severely ; the long period ( 4 to 6 million years ) before recovery started , and the minimal extent of biological mineralization ( despite inorganic carbonates being deposited ) once the recovery began . Impact event ( edit ) Artist 's impression of a major impact event : A collision between Earth and an asteroid a few kilometres in diameter would release as much energy as several million nuclear weapons detonating . Evidence that an impact event may have caused the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event ( Cretaceous -- Tertiary ) has led to speculation that similar impacts may have been the cause of other extinction events , including the P -- Tr extinction , and thus to a search for evidence of impacts at the times of other extinctions and for large impact craters of the appropriate age . Reported evidence for an impact event from the P -- Tr boundary level includes rare grains of shocked quartz in Australia and Antarctica ; fullerenes trapping extraterrestrial noble gases ; meteorite fragments in Antarctica ; and grains rich in iron , nickel and silicon , which may have been created by an impact . However , the accuracy of most of these claims has been challenged . Quartz from Graphite Peak in Antarctica , for example , once considered `` shocked '' , has been re-examined by optical and transmission electron microscopy . The observed features were concluded to be not due to shock , but rather to plastic deformation , consistent with formation in a tectonic environment such as volcanism . An impact crater on the sea floor would be evidence of a possible cause of the P -- Tr extinction , but such a crater would by now have disappeared . As 70 % of the Earth 's surface is currently sea , an asteroid or comet fragment is now perhaps more than twice as likely to hit ocean as it is to hit land . However , Earth has no ocean - floor crust more than 200 million years old because the `` conveyor belt '' process of seafloor spreading and subduction destroys it within that time . Craters produced by very large impacts may be masked by extensive flood basalting from below after the crust is punctured or weakened . Subduction should not , however , be entirely accepted as an explanation of why no firm evidence can be found : as with the K-T event , an ejecta blanket stratum rich in siderophilic elements ( such as iridium ) would be expected to be seen in formations from the time . One attraction of large impact theories is that theoretically they could trigger other cause - considered extinction - paralleling phenomena , such as the Siberian Traps eruptions ( see below ) as being either an impact site or the antipode of an impact site . The abruptness of an impact also explains why more species did not rapidly evolve to survive , as would be expected if the Permian - Triassic event had been slower and less global than a meteorite impact . Possible impact sites ( edit ) Several possible impact craters have been proposed as the site of an impact causing the P -- Tr extinction , including the Bedout structure off the northwest coast of Australia and the hypothesized Wilkes Land crater of East Antarctica . In each case , the idea that an impact was responsible has not been proven and has been widely criticized . In the case of Wilkes Land , the age of this sub-ice geophysical feature is very uncertain -- it may be later than the Permian -- Triassic extinction . The 40 km ( 25 mi ) Araguainha crater in Brazil has been most recently dated to 254.7 ± 2.5 million years ago , overlapping with estimates for the Permo - Triassic boundary . Much of the local rock was oil shale . The estimated energy released by the Araguainha impact is insufficient to be a direct cause of the global mass extinction , but the colossal local earth tremors would have released huge amounts of oil and gas from the shattered rock . The resulting sudden global warming might have precipitated the Permian -- Triassic extinction event . In May 1992 , Michael Rampino published an abstract for the American Geophysical Union noting the discovery of a circular gravity anomaly near the Falkland Islands . He suggested this structure might correspond to an impact crater with a diameter of 250 miles . In August 2017 , Rampino , Maximilliano Rocca and Jaime Baez Presser followed up with a paper providing further seismic and magnetic evidence that the structure is an impact crater . Estimates for the age of the structure range up to 250 millions years old . If , in fact , this is an impact crater , it would be substantially larger than the 65 million year old Chicxulub impact crater which is associated with a significant , but smaller extinction event . Volcanism ( edit ) The final stages of the Permian had two flood basalt events . A small one , the Emeishan Traps in China , occurred at the same time as the end - Guadalupian extinction pulse , in an area close to the equator at the time . The flood basalt eruptions that produced the Siberian Traps constituted one of the largest known volcanic events on Earth and covered over 2,000,000 square kilometres ( 770,000 sq mi ) with lava . The date of the Siberian Traps eruptions and the extinction event are in good agreement . The Emeishan and Siberian Traps eruptions may have caused dust clouds and acid aerosols , which would have blocked out sunlight and thus disrupted photosynthesis both on land and in the photic zone of the ocean , causing food chains to collapse . The eruptions may also have caused acid rain when the aerosols washed out of the atmosphere . That may have killed land plants and molluscs and planktonic organisms which had calcium carbonate shells . The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide , causing global warming . When all of the dust clouds and aerosols washed out of the atmosphere , the excess carbon dioxide would have remained and the warming would have proceeded without any mitigating effects . The Siberian Traps had unusual features that made them even more dangerous . Pure flood basalts produce fluid , low - viscosity lava and do not hurl debris into the atmosphere . It appears , however , that 20 % of the output of the Siberian Traps eruptions was pyroclastic ( consisted of ash and other debris thrown high into the atmosphere ) , increasing the short - term cooling effect . The basalt lava erupted or intruded into carbonate rocks and into sediments that were in the process of forming large coal beds , both of which would have emitted large amounts of carbon dioxide , leading to stronger global warming after the dust and aerosols settled . In January 2011 , a team , led by Stephen Grasby of the Geological Survey of Canada -- Calgary , reported evidence that volcanism caused massive coal beds to ignite , possibly releasing more than 3 trillion tons of carbon . The team found ash deposits in deep rock layers near what is now Buchanan Lake . According to their article , `` coal ash dispersed by the explosive Siberian Trap eruption would be expected to have an associated release of toxic elements in impacted water bodies where fly ash slurries developed ... Mafic megascale eruptions are long - lived events that would allow significant build - up of global ash clouds . '' In a statement , Grasby said , `` In addition to these volcanoes causing fires through coal , the ash it spewed was highly toxic and was released in the land and water , potentially contributing to the worst extinction event in earth history . '' In 2013 , QY Tang reported the total amounts of important volatiles emitted from the Siberian Traps are 8.5 × 10 Tg CO , 4.4 × 10 Tg CO , 7.0 × 10 Tg H S and 6.8 × 10 Tg SO , the data support a popular notion that the end - Permian mass extinction on the Earth was caused by the emission of enormous amounts of volatiles from the Siberian Traps into the atmosphere . In 2015 , evidence and a timeline indicated the extinction was caused by events in the Large igneous province of the Siberian Traps . Methane hydrate gasification ( edit ) Main article : Clathrate gun hypothesis Further information : Arctic methane release Scientists have found worldwide evidence of a swift decrease of about 1 % in the C / C isotope ratio in carbonate rocks from the end - Permian . This is the first , largest , and most rapid of a series of negative and positive excursions ( decreases and increases in C / C ratio ) that continues until the isotope ratio abruptly stabilised in the middle Triassic , followed soon afterwards by the recovery of calcifying life forms ( organisms that use calcium carbonate to build hard parts such as shells ) . A variety of factors may have contributed to this drop in the C / C ratio , but most turn out to be insufficient to account fully for the observed amount : Gases from volcanic eruptions have a C / C ratio about 0.5 to 0.8 % below standard ( δ C about − 0.5 to − 0.8 % ) , but an assessment made in 1995 concluded that the amount required to produce a reduction of about 1.0 % worldwide requires eruptions greater by orders of magnitude than any for which evidence has been found . ( However , this analysis addressed only CO produced by the magma itself , not from interactions with carbon bearing sediments , as later proposed . ) A reduction in organic activity would extract C more slowly from the environment and leave more of it to be incorporated into sediments , thus reducing the C / C ratio . Biochemical processes preferentially use the lighter isotopes since chemical reactions are ultimately driven by electromagnetic forces between atoms and lighter isotopes respond more quickly to these forces , but a study of a smaller drop of 0.3 to 0.4 % in C / C ( δ C − 3 to − 4 ‰ ) at the Paleocene - Eocene Thermal Maximum ( PETM ) concluded that even transferring all the organic carbon ( in organisms , soils , and dissolved in the ocean ) into sediments would be insufficient : even such a large burial of material rich in C would not have produced the ' smaller ' drop in the C / C ratio of the rocks around the PETM . Buried sedimentary organic matter has a C / C ratio 2.0 to 2.5 % below normal ( δ C − 2.0 to − 2.5 % ) . Theoretically , if the sea level fell sharply , shallow marine sediments would be exposed to oxidization . But 6500 -- 8400 gigatons ( 1 gigaton = 10 metric tons ) of organic carbon would have to be oxidized and returned to the ocean - atmosphere system within less than a few hundred thousand years to reduce the C / C ratio by 1.0 % , which is not thought to be a realistic possibility . Moreover , sea levels were rising rather than falling at the time of the extinction . Rather than a sudden decline in sea level , intermittent periods of ocean - bottom hyperoxia and anoxia ( high - oxygen and low - or zero - oxygen conditions ) may have caused the C / C ratio fluctuations in the Early Triassic ; and global anoxia may have been responsible for the end - Permian blip . The continents of the end - Permian and early Triassic were more clustered in the tropics than they are now , and large tropical rivers would have dumped sediment into smaller , partially enclosed ocean basins at low latitudes . Such conditions favor oxic and anoxic episodes ; oxic / anoxic conditions would result in a rapid release / burial , respectively , of large amounts of organic carbon , which has a low C / C ratio because biochemical processes use the lighter isotopes more . That or another organic - based reason may have been responsible for both that and a late Proterozoic / Cambrian pattern of fluctuating C / C ratios . Other hypotheses include mass oceanic poisoning releasing vast amounts of CO and a long - term reorganisation of the global carbon cycle . Prior to consideration of the inclusion of roasting carbonate sediments by volcanism , the only proposed mechanism sufficient to cause a global 1 % reduction in the C / C ratio was the release of methane from methane clathrates . Carbon - cycle models confirm that it would have had enough effect to produce the observed reduction . Methane clathrates , also known as methane hydrates , consist of methane molecules trapped in cages of water molecules . The methane , produced by methanogens ( microscopic single - celled organisms ) , has a C / C ratio about 6.0 % below normal ( δ C − 6.0 % ) . At the right combination of pressure and temperature , it gets trapped in clathrates fairly close to the surface of permafrost and in much larger quantities at continental margins ( continental shelves and the deeper seabed close to them ) . Oceanic methane hydrates are usually found buried in sediments where the seawater is at least 300 m ( 980 ft ) deep . They can be found up to about 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) below the sea floor , but usually only about 1,100 m ( 3,600 ft ) below the sea floor . The area covered by lava from the Siberian Traps eruptions is about twice as large as was originally thought , and most of the additional area was shallow sea at the time . The seabed probably contained methane hydrate deposits , and the lava caused the deposits to dissociate , releasing vast quantities of methane . A vast release of methane might cause significant global warming since methane is a very powerful greenhouse gas . Strong evidence suggests the global temperatures increased by about 6 ° C ( 10.8 ° F ) near the equator and therefore by more at higher latitudes : a sharp decrease in oxygen isotope ratios ( O / O ) ; the extinction of Glossopteris flora ( Glossopteris and plants that grew in the same areas ) , which needed a cold climate , with its replacement by floras typical of lower paleolatitudes . However , the pattern of isotope shifts expected to result from a massive release of methane does not match the patterns seen throughout the early Triassic . Not only would such a cause require the release of five times as much methane as postulated for the PETM , but would it also have to be reburied at an unrealistically high rate to account for the rapid increases in the C / C ratio ( episodes of high positive δ C ) throughout the early Triassic before it was released again several times . Anoxia ( edit ) See also : Anoxic event Evidence for widespread ocean anoxia ( severe deficiency of oxygen ) and euxinia ( presence of hydrogen sulfide ) is found from the Late Permian to the Early Triassic . Throughout most of the Tethys and Panthalassic Oceans , evidence for anoxia , including fine laminations in sediments , small pyrite framboids , high uranium / thorium ratios , and biomarkers for green sulfur bacteria , appear at the extinction event . However , in some sites , including Meishan , China , and eastern Greenland , evidence for anoxia precedes the extinction . Biomarkers for green sulfur bacteria , such as isorenieratane , the diagenetic product of isorenieratene , are widely used as indicators of photic zone euxinia because green sulfur bacteria require both sunlight and hydrogen sulfide to survive . Their abundance in sediments from the P-T boundary indicates hydrogen sulfide was present even in shallow waters . This spread of toxic , oxygen - depleted water would have been devastating for marine life , producing widespread die - offs . Models of ocean chemistry show that anoxia and euxinia would have been closely associated with hypercapnia ( high levels of carbon dioxide ) . This suggests that poisoning from hydrogen sulfide , anoxia , and hypercapnia acted together as a killing mechanism . Hypercapnia best explains the selectivity of the extinction , but anoxia and euxinia probably contributed to the high mortality of the event . The persistence of anoxia through the Early Triassic may explain the slow recovery of marine life after the extinction . Models also show that anoxic events can cause catastrophic hydrogen sulfide emissions into the atmosphere ( see below ) . The sequence of events leading to anoxic oceans may have been triggered by carbon dioxide emissions from the eruption of the Siberian Traps . In that scenario , warming from the enhanced greenhouse effect would reduce the solubility of oxygen in seawater , causing the concentration of oxygen to decline . Increased weathering of the continents due to warming and the acceleration of the water cycle would increase the riverine flux of phosphate to the ocean . The phosphate would have supported greater primary productivity in the surface oceans . The increase in organic matter production would have caused more organic matter to sink into the deep ocean , where its respiration would further decrease oxygen concentrations . Once anoxia became established , it would have been sustained by a positive feedback loop because deep water anoxia tends to increase the recycling efficiency of phosphate , leading to even higher productivity . Hydrogen sulfide emissions ( edit ) A severe anoxic event at the end of the Permian would have allowed sulfate - reducing bacteria to thrive , causing the production of large amounts of hydrogen sulfide in the anoxic ocean . Upwelling of this water may have released massive hydrogen sulfide emissions into the atmosphere and would poison terrestrial plants and animals and severely weaken the ozone layer , exposing much of the life that remained to fatal levels of UV radiation . Indeed , biomarker evidence for anaerobic photosynthesis by Chlorobiaceae ( green sulfur bacteria ) from the Late - Permian into the Early Triassic indicates that hydrogen sulfide did upwell into shallow waters because these bacteria are restricted to the photic zone and use sulfide as an electron donor . The hypothesis has the advantage of explaining the mass extinction of plants , which would have added to the methane levels and should otherwise have thrived in an atmosphere with a high level of carbon dioxide . Fossil spores from the end - Permian further support the theory : many show deformities that could have been caused by ultraviolet radiation , which would have been more intense after hydrogen sulfide emissions weakened the ozone layer . The supercontinent Pangaea ( edit ) Map of Pangaea showing where today 's continents were at the Permian -- Triassic boundary About halfway through the Permian ( in the Kungurian age of the Permian 's Cisuralian epoch ) , all the continents joined to form the supercontinent Pangaea , surrounded by the superocean Panthalassa , although blocks that are now parts of Asia did not join the supercontinent until very late in the Permian . The configuration severely decreased the extent of shallow aquatic environments , the most productive part of the seas , and it exposed formerly isolated organisms of the rich continental shelves to competition from invaders . Pangaea 's formation would also have altered both oceanic circulation and atmospheric weather patterns , creating seasonal monsoons near the coasts and an arid climate in the vast continental interior . Marine life suffered very high but not very catastrophic rates of extinction after the formation of Pangaea ( see the diagram `` Marine genus biodiversity '' at the top of this article ) , almost as high as in some of the `` Big Five '' mass extinctions . The formation of Pangaea seems not to have caused a significant rise in extinction levels on land , and , in fact , most of the advance of the therapsids and increase in their diversity seems to have occurred in the late Permian , after Pangaea was almost complete . Thus , it seems likely that Pangaea initiated a long period of increased marine extinctions but was not directly responsible for the `` Great Dying '' and the end of the Permian . Microbes ( edit ) A hypothesis published in 2014 posits that a genus of anaerobic methanogenic archaea known as Methanosarcina was responsible for the event . Three lines of evidence suggest that these microbes acquired a new metabolic pathway via gene transfer at about that time , enabling them to efficiently metabolize acetate into methane . That would have led to their exponential reproduction , allowing them to rapidly consume vast deposits of organic carbon that had accumulated in the marine sediment . The result would have been a sharp buildup of methane and carbon dioxide in the Earth 's oceans and atmosphere , in a manner that may be consistent with the C / C isotopic record . Massive volcanism facilitated this process by releasing large amounts of nickel , a scarce metal which is a cofactor for an enzymes involved in producing methane . On the other hand , in the canonical Meishan sections , the Nickel concentration increases somewhat after the δ C concentrations have begun to fall . Combination of causes ( edit ) Possible causes supported by strong evidence appear to describe a sequence of catastrophes , each worse than the last : the Siberian Traps eruptions were bad enough alone , but because they occurred near coal beds and the continental shelf , they also triggered very large releases of carbon dioxide and methane . The resultant global warming may have caused perhaps the most severe anoxic event in the oceans ' history : according to this theory , the oceans became so anoxic , anaerobic sulfur - reducing organisms dominated the chemistry of the oceans and caused massive emissions of toxic hydrogen sulfide . 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Jump up ^ Jones AP , Price GD , Price NJ , DeCarli PS , Clegg RA ( 2002 ) . `` Impact induced melting and the development of large igneous provinces '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 202 ( 3 ) : 551 -- 561 . Bibcode : 2002E&PSL. 202 ... 551J . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.469. 3056 . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 821X ( 02 ) 00824 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : White RV ( 2002 ) . `` Earth 's biggest ' whodunnit ' : unravelling the clues in the case of the end - Permian mass extinction '' ( PDF ) . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . 360 ( 1801 ) : 2963 -- 2985 . Bibcode : 2002RSPTA. 360.2963 W . PMID 12626276 . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 2002.1097 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ AHager , Bradford H ( 2001 ) . `` Giant Impact Craters Lead To Flood Basalts : A Viable Model '' . CCNet 33 / 2001 : Abstract 50470 . Jump up ^ Hagstrum , Jonathan T ( 2001 ) . `` Large Oceanic Impacts As The Cause Of Antipodal Hotspots And Global Mass Extinctions '' . CCNet 33 / 2001 : Abstract 50288 . Jump up ^ von Frese RR ; Potts L ; Gaya - Pique L ; Golynsky AV ; Hernandez O ; Kim J ; Kim H ; Hwang J ( 2006 ) . `` Permian -- Triassic mascon in Antarctica '' . Eos Trans . AGU , Jt . Assem . Suppl. 87 ( 36 ) : Abstract T41A -- 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Von Frese , R.R.B. ; L.V. Potts ; S.B. Wells ; T.E. Leftwich ; H.R. Kim ; J.W. Kim ; A.V. Golynsky ; O. Hernandez ; L.R. Gaya - Piqué ( 2009 ) . `` GRACE gravity evidence for an impact basin in Wilkes Land , Antarctica '' . Geochem . Geophys . Geosyst. 10 ( 2 ) : Q02014 . Bibcode : 2009GGG ... 1002014V . doi : 10.1029 / 2008GC002149 . Jump up ^ Tohver E. ; Lana C. ; Cawood P.A. ; Fletcher I.R. ; Jourdan F. ; Sherlock S. ; Rasmussen B. ; Trindade R.I.F. ; Yokoyama E. ; Filho C.R. Souza ; Marangoni Y . `` Geochronological constraints on the age of a Permo -- Triassic impact event : U -- Pb and 40Ar / 39Ar results for the 40 km Araguainha structure of central Brazil '' . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 86 : 214 -- 227 . Bibcode : 2012GeCoA ... 86 ... 214T . doi : 10.1016 / j. gca. 2012.03. 005 . Jump up ^ Biggest extinction in history caused by climate - changing meteor . University of Western Australia University News Wednesday , 31 July 2013 . http://www.news.uwa.edu.au/201307315921/international/biggest-extinction-history-caused-climate-changing-meteor Jump up ^ Rocca , M. ; Rampino , M ; Baez Presser , J ( 2017 ) . `` Geophysical evidence for a large impact structure on the Falkland ( Malvinas ) Plateau '' . Terra Nova . 29 ( 4 ) : 233 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Zhou , M-F. , Malpas , J , Song , X-Y , Robinson , PT , Sun , M , Kennedy , AK , Lesher , CM & Keays , RR ( 2002 ) . `` A temporal link between the Emeishan large igneous province ( SW China ) and the end - Guadalupian mass extinction '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 196 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 113 -- 122 . Bibcode : 2002E&PSL. 196 ... 113Z . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 821X ( 01 ) 00608 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wignall , Paul B. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Volcanism , Mass Extinction , and Carbon Isotope Fluctuations in the Middle Permian of China '' . Science . 324 ( 5931 ) : 1179 -- 1182 . Bibcode : 2009Sci ... 324.1179 W . PMID 19478179 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1171956 . Jump up ^ Andy Saunders ; Marc Reichow ( 2009 ) . `` The Siberian Traps -- Area and Volume '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Andy Saunders & Marc Reichow ( January 2009 ) . `` The Siberian Traps and the End - Permian mass extinction : a critical review '' ( PDF ) . Chinese Science Bulletin . Springer . 54 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 37 . doi : 10.1007 / s11434 - 008 - 0543 - 7 . Jump up ^ Reichow , MarcK. ; Pringle , M.S. ; Al'Mukhamedov , A.I. ; Allen , M.B. ; Andreichev , V.L. ; Buslov , M.M. ; Davies , C.E. ; Fedoseev , G.S. ; Fitton , J.G. ; Inger , S. ; Medvedev , A. Ya. ; Mitchell , C. ; Puchkov , V.N. ; Safonova , I.Yu. ; Scott , R.A. ; Saunders , A.D. ( 2009 ) . `` The timing and extent of the eruption of the Siberian Traps large igneous province : Implications for the end - Permian environmental crisis '' ( PDF ) . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 277 : 9 -- 20 . Bibcode : 2009E&PSL. 277 ... 9R . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2008.09. 030 . Jump up ^ Kamo , SL ( 2003 ) . `` Rapid eruption of Siberian flood - volcanic rocks and evidence for coincidence with the Permian -- Triassic boundary and mass extinction at 251 Ma '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 214 : 75 -- 91 . Bibcode : 2003E&PSL. 214 ... 75K . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 821X ( 03 ) 00347 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Volcanism '' . Jump up ^ Dan Verango ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Ancient mass extinction tied to torched coal '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Stephen E. Grasby , Hamed Sanei & Benoit Beauchamp ( January 23 , 2011 ) . `` Catastrophic dispersion of coal fly ash into oceans during the latest Permian extinction '' . Nature Geoscience. 4 ( 2 ) : 104 -- 107 . Bibcode : 2011NatGe ... 4 ... 104G . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo1069 . Jump up ^ `` Researchers find smoking gun of world 's biggest extinction ; Massive volcanic eruption , burning coal and accelerated greenhouse gas choked out life '' . University of Calgary . January 23 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Yang , QY ( 2013 ) . `` The chemical compositions and abundances of volatiles in the Siberian large igneous province : Constraints on magmatic CO2 and SO2 emissions into the atmosphere '' . Chemical Geology. 339 : 84 -- 91 . doi : 10.1016 / j. chemgeo. 2012.08. 031 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Seth D. ; Bowring , Samuel ; Shen , Shu - zhong ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) . `` High - precision timeline for Earth 's most severe extinction '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 111 ( 9 ) : 3316 -- 3321 . ISSN 0027 - 8424 . PMC 3948271 . PMID 24516148 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1317692111 . Jump up ^ `` Earth 's worst extinction `` inescapably '' tied to Siberian Traps , CO , and climate change `` . Skeptical Science . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Black , Benjamin A. ; Weiss , Benjamin P. ; Elkins - Tanton , Linda T. ; Veselovskiy , Roman V. ; Latyshev , Anton ( 2015 - 04 - 30 ) . `` Siberian Traps volcaniclastic rocks and the role of magma - water interactions '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 127 : B31108. 1 . ISSN 0016 - 7606 . doi : 10.1130 / B31108. 1 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Seth D. ; Bowring , Samuel A. ( 2015 - 08 - 01 ) . `` High - precision geochronology confirms voluminous magmatism before , during , and after Earth 's most severe extinction '' . Science Advances. 1 ( 7 ) : e1500470 . ISSN 2375 - 2548 . PMC 4643808 . PMID 26601239 . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1500470 . Jump up ^ Fischman , Josh . `` Giant Eruptions and Giant Extinctions ( Video ) '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Palfy J , Demeny A , Haas J , Htenyi M , Orchard MJ , Veto I ( 2001 ) . `` Carbon isotope anomaly at the Triassic -- Jurassic boundary from a marine section in Hungary '' . Geology. 29 ( 11 ) : 1047 -- 1050 . Bibcode : 2001Geo ... 29.1047 P. ISSN 0091 - 7613 . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 2001 ) 029 < 1047 : CIAAOG > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ^ Jump up to : Berner , R.A. ( 2002 ) . `` Examination of hypotheses for the Permo - Triassic boundary extinction by carbon cycle modeling '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 99 ( 7 ) : 4172 -- 4177 . Bibcode : 2002PNAS ... 99.4172 B. PMC 123621 . PMID 11917102 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 032095199 . ^ Jump up to : Dickens GR ; O'Neil JR ; Rea DK ; Owen RM ( 1995 ) . `` Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene '' . Paleoceanography. 10 ( 6 ) : 965 -- 71 . Bibcode : 1995PalOc ... 10 ... 965D . doi : 10.1029 / 95PA02087 . Jump up ^ White , R.V. ( 2002 ) . `` Earth 's biggest ' whodunnit ' : Unravelling the clues in the case of the end - Permian mass extinction '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A : Mathematical , Physical and Engineering Sciences . 360 ( 1801 ) : 2963 -- 85 . Bibcode : 2002RSPTA. 360.2963 W . PMID 12626276 . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 2002.1097 . Jump up ^ Schrag , D.P. , Berner , R.A. , Hoffman , P.F. , and Halverson , G.P. ( 2002 ) . `` On the initiation of a snowball Earth '' . Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems. 3 ( 6 ) : 1036 . Bibcode : 2002GGG ... 3fQ ... 1S . doi : 10.1029 / 2001GC000219 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Preliminary abstract at Schrag , D.P. ( June 2001 ) . `` On the initiation of a snowball Earth '' . Geological Society of America . ^ Jump up to : Benton , M.J. ; Twitchett , R.J. ( 2003 ) . `` How to kill ( almost ) all life : the end - Permian extinction event '' . Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 18 ( 7 ) : 358 -- 365 . doi : 10.1016 / S0169 - 5347 ( 03 ) 00093 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dickens GR ( 2001 ) . `` The potential volume of oceanic methane hydrates with variable external conditions '' . Organic Geochemistry. 32 ( 10 ) : 1179 -- 1193 . doi : 10.1016 / S0146 - 6380 ( 01 ) 00086 - 9 . Jump up ^ Reichow MK ; Saunders AD ; White RV ; Pringle MS ; Al'Muhkhamedov AI ; Medvedev AI ; Kirda NP ( 2002 ) . `` Ar / Ar Dates from the West Siberian Basin : Siberian Flood Basalt Province Doubled '' . Science . 296 ( 5574 ) : 1846 -- 1849 . Bibcode : 2002Sci ... 296.1846 R. PMID 12052954 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1071671 . Jump up ^ Holser WT ; Schoenlaub H-P ; Attrep Jr M ; Boeckelmann K ; Klein P ; Magaritz M ; Orth CJ ; Fenninger A ; Jenny C ; Kralik M ; Mauritsch H ; Pak E ; Schramm J-F ; Stattegger K ; Schmoeller R ( 1989 ) . `` A unique geochemical record at the Permian / Triassic boundary '' . Nature . 337 ( 6202 ) : 39 -- 44 . Bibcode : 1989Natur. 337 ... 39H . doi : 10.1038 / 337039a0 . Jump up ^ Dobruskina IA ( 1987 ) . `` Phytogeography of Eurasia during the early Triassic '' . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 58 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 75 -- 86 . doi : 10.1016 / 0031 - 0182 ( 87 ) 90007 - 1 . Jump up ^ Wignall , P.B. ; Twitchett , R.J. ( 2002 ) . `` Extent , duration , and nature of the Permian - Triassic superanoxic event '' . Geological Society of America Special Papers. 356 : 395 -- 413 . ISBN 0 - 8137 - 2356 - 6 . doi : 10.1130 / 0 - 8137 - 2356 - 6.395 . Jump up ^ Cao , Changqun ; Gordon D. Love ; Lindsay E. Hays ; Wei Wang ; Shuzhong Shen ; Roger E. Summons ( 2009 ) . `` Biogeochemical evidence for euxinic oceans and ecological disturbance presaging the end - Permian mass extinction event '' . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 281 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 188 -- 201 . Bibcode : 2009E&PSL. 281 ... 188C . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2009.02. 012 . Jump up ^ Hays , Lindsay ; Kliti Grice ; Clinton B. Foster ; Roger E. Summons ( 2012 ) . `` Biomarker and isotopic trends in a Permian -- Triassic sedimentary section at Kap Stosch , Greenland '' . Organic Geochemistry. 43 : 67 -- 82 . doi : 10.1016 / j. orggeochem. 2011.10. 010 . Jump up ^ Meyers , Katja ; L.R. Kump ; A. Ridgwell ( September 2008 ) . `` Biogeochemical controls on photic - zone euxinia during the end - Permian mass extinction '' . Geology. 36 ( 9 ) : 747 -- 750 . doi : 10.1130 / G24618A ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 27 ) . ^ Jump up to : Kump , Lee ; Alexander Pavlov ; Michael A. Arthur ( 2005 ) . `` Massive release of hydrogen sulfide to the surface ocean and atmosphere during intervals of oceanic anoxia '' . Geology. 33 ( 5 ) : 397 -- 400 . Bibcode : 2005Geo ... 33 ... 397K . doi : 10.1130 / G21295. 1 . Jump up ^ The Permian -- Palaeos ^ Jump up to : Rothman , D.H. ; Fournier , G.P. ; French , K.L. ; Alm , E.J. ; Boyle , E.A. ; Cao , C. ; Summons , R.E. ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Methanogenic burst in the end - Permian carbon cycle '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 111 ( 15 ) : 5462 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2014PNAS ... 111.5462 R. PMC 3992638 . PMID 24706773 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1318106111 . -- Lay summary : Chandler , David L. ; Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Ancient whodunit may be solved : Methane - producing microbes did it ! '' . Science Daily . Jump up ^ Shen , Shu - Zhong ; Bowring , Samuel A. ( 2014 ) . `` The end - Permian mass extinction : A still unexplained catastrophe '' . National Science Review . 1 ( 4 ) : 492 -- 495 . doi : 10.1093 / nsr / nwu047 . Jump up ^ Zhang R , Follows , MJ , Grotzinger , JP , & Marshall J ( 2001 ) . `` Could the Late Permian deep ocean have been anoxic ? '' . Paleoceanography. 16 ( 3 ) : 317 -- 329 . Bibcode : 2001PalOc ... 16 ... 317Z . doi : 10.1029 / 2000PA000522 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Further reading ( edit ) Over , Jess ( editor ) , Understanding Late Devonian and Permian -- Triassic Biotic and Climatic Events , ( Volume 20 in series Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy ( 2006 ) . The state of the inquiry into the extinction events . Sweet , Walter C. ( editor ) , Permo -- Triassic Events in the Eastern Tethys : Stratigraphy Classification and Relations with the Western Tethys ( in series World and Regional Geology ) External links ( edit ) `` Siberian Traps '' . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 30 . `` Big Bang In Antarctica : Killer Crater Found Under Ice '' . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 30 . `` Global Warming Led To Atmospheric Hydrogen Sulfide And Permian Extinction '' . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 30 . Morrison D. `` Did an Impact Trigger the Permian - Triassic Extinction ? '' . NASA . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 30 . `` Permian Extinction Event '' . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 30 . Ogden , DE ; Sleep , NH ( 2012 ) . `` Explosive eruption of coal and basalt and the end - Permian mass extinction '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109 : 59 -- 62 . PMC 3252959 . PMID 22184229 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1118675109 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 25 . `` BBC Radio 4 In Our Time discussion of the Permian - Triassic boundary '' . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 01 . Podcast available . ( hide ) Extinction events Minor events ↓ End - Ediacaran ? ↓ Lau event ↓ Toarcian turnover ↓ Aptian ↓ Cenomanian - Turonian ↓ Middle Miocene disruption ↓ Carboniferous rainforest collapse ↓ Olson 's Extinction ↓ Cambro - Ordovician ↓ Ordo - Silurian ↓ Late Devonian ↓ Permo - Triassic ↓ Triassic -- Jurassic ↓ Cretaceous -- Paleogene Major events Ediacaran Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene Quaternary Neoproterozoic Palæozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic │ − 600 │ − 550 │ − 500 │ − 450 │ − 400 │ − 350 │ − 300 │ − 250 │ − 200 │ − 150 │ − 100 │ − 50 │ 0 Millions of years before present Extinction Phenomena Background extinction rate Coextinction De-extinction Ecological extinction Extinct in the wild Functional extinction Genetic pollution Lazarus taxon Local extinction Pseudoextinction Models Extinction vortex Causes Genetic erosion Habitat destruction Human overpopulation Muller 's ratchet Mutational meltdown Overexploitation Theories & concepts Extinction debt Extinction risk from global warming Extinction threshold Field of Bullets Hypothetical species Latent extinction risk Major extinction events Ordovician -- Silurian Late Devonian Permian -- Triassic Triassic -- Jurassic Cretaceous -- Paleogene Holocene Timeline Other extinction events Great Oxygenation End - Ediacaran End - Botomian Dresbachian Cambrian -- Ordovician Ireviken Mulde Lau Carboniferous Olson 's End - Capitanian Carnian Pluvial Toarcian End - Jurassic or Tithonian Aptian Cenomanian - Turonian Eocene -- Oligocene Middle Miocene Pliocene -- Pleistocene Quaternary Extinct species Lists of extinct species Lists of extinct animals List of extinct plants IUCN Red List extinct species Organizations International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN Species Survival Commission Voluntary Human Extinction Movement See also Decline in amphibian populations Human extinction Category Portal WikiProject Commons Evolutionary biology portal Paleontology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Permian -- Triassic_extinction_event&oldid = 797999281 '' Categories : Permian -- Triassic extinction event Extinction events Permian events Triassic events Climate history Early Triassic extinctions Lopingian extinctions Permian life Triassic life Hypothetical impact events Events that forced the climate Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 11 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did the permian mass extinction take place
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"The Permian–Triassic (P–Tr or P–T) extinction event, colloquially known as the Great Dying,[2] the End-Permian Extinction or the Great Permian Extinction,[3][4] occurred about 252 Ma (million years) ago,[5] forming the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods, as well as the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. It is the Earth's most severe known extinction event, with up to 96% of all marine species[6][7] and 70% of terrestrial vertebrate species becoming extinct.[8] It is the only known mass extinction of insects.[9][10] Some 57% of all families and 83% of all genera became extinct. Because so much biodiversity was lost, the recovery of life on Earth took significantly longer than after any other extinction event,[6] possibly up to 10 million years.[11] Studies in Bear Lake County near Paris, Idaho showed a quick and dynamic rebound in a marine ecosystem, illustrating the remarkable resiliency of life.[12]"
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"about 252 Ma (million years) ago"
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Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!
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Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! - Wikipedia Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! Jump to : navigation , search Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! Genre Game show , Panel game , Comedy Running time ca . 50 min . Country of origin United States Language ( s ) English Home station WBEZ in Chicago , IL Syndicates NPR , WBEZ Hosted by Peter Sagal Announcer Carl Kasell ( 1998 - 2014 ) Bill Kurtis ( 2014 - present ) Created by Doug Berman Produced by Miles Doornbos Ian Chillag Executive producer ( s ) Mike Danforth Recording studio Chicago , Illinois Original release January 3 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 03 ) -- present Audio format Stereophonic Opening theme B.J. Leiderman ( composer ) Website Website Podcast Podcast Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! is an hour - long weekly radio news panel game show produced by WBEZ and National Public Radio ( NPR ) . It is distributed by NPR in the United States , internationally on NPR Worldwide and on the Internet via podcast , and typically broadcast on weekends by member stations . The show averages about 6 million weekly listeners on air and via podcast . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Panelists 3 On - air games 3.1 Who 's Bill This Time ? 3.2 This Week 's News 3.3 Bluff the Listener 3.4 Not My Job 3.5 Listener Limerick Challenge 3.6 Lightning Fill - in - the - Blank 3.7 Panelists ' Predictions 4 Television 5 Live cinema 6 Parodies 7 Awards 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) Taping of the July 24 , 2010 episode at the Chase Auditorium , with panelists Adam Felber , Roxanne Roberts and Keegan - Michael Key Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! is recorded in front of a live audience in Chicago at the Chase Auditorium beneath the Chase Tower on Thursday nights . Until May 2005 , the show was recorded in one of Chicago Public Radio 's studios , with no audience and often with one or more panelists calling in from other locations . The show also often travels to various cities in the United States and produces a road show in front of a live audience for promotional and station - related purposes . The show is hosted by playwright and actor Peter Sagal . When the program had its debut in January 1998 , Dan Coffey of Ask Dr. Science was the original host , but a revamping of the show led to his replacement in May of that year . The show has also been guest - hosted by Tom Bodett , Luke Burbank , Adam Felber , Peter Grosz , Mike Pesca , Richard Sher , Bill Radke , Susan Stamberg , Robert Siegel , Brian Unger , Drew Carey , Tom Hanks , and Jessi Klein when Peter Sagal was on vacation . Carl Kasell , who also served as the newsreader on Morning Edition , was the show 's official judge and scorekeeper until his retirement on May 17 , 2014 , after which the role was taken over permanently by journalist Bill Kurtis . In addition to Kurtis , Korva Coleman , Corey Flintoff , and Jean Cochran , among others , have also served this role in the past . Wait Wait ... listeners also participate by telephoning or sending emails to nominate themselves as contestants . The producers select several listeners for each show and call them to appear on the program , playing various games featuring questions based on the week 's news . Prior to October 21 , 2017 , the usual prize for winning any game was to have Kasell ( named `` Scorekeeper Emeritus '' following his retirement ) record a greeting on the contestant 's home answering machine or voice mail system . The current prize is to have any one show panelist or staff member of the contestant 's choice record the greeting , including Sagal , Kurtis , and Kasell . Several shows a year , usually coinciding with holidays or local NPR member station pledge drives , are compiled from segments from past episodes , or feature holiday - related theme programming ( such as for the 4th of July , an entire program based on questions from American history adapted to fit the current events format ) , and are either recorded in front of an audience for later broadcast , or at WBEZ 's studio facilities without an audience . Panelists ( edit ) Regular Roy Blount , Jr . Tom Bodett Amy Dickinson Adam Felber P.J. O'Rourke Charlie Pierce Paula Poundstone Roxanne Roberts Mo Rocca Faith Salie Infrequent Brian Babylon Alonzo Bodden Luke Burbank Bobcat Goldthwait Peter Grosz Maz Jobrani Jessi Klein Kyrie O'Connor Greg Proops Past panelists Firoozeh Dumas ( 2012 -- 13 ) Sue Ellicott ( 1998 -- 2007 ) Aamer Haleem ( 2005 -- 06 ) Angela Nissel ( 2006 -- 07 ) Paul Provenza ( 2006 -- 10 ) Richard Roeper ( 2004 -- 06 ) Alison Stewart ( 2008 -- 09 ) Julia Sweeney ( 2009 -- 10 ) Guest panelists Simon Amstell ( 2012 ) Mike Birbiglia ( 2014 ) Hannibal Buress ( 2014 ) Drew Carey ( 2008 ) Neko Case ( 2013 ) Nick Hancock ( 2011 ) Ken Jennings ( 2013 ) Keegan - Michael Key ( 2010 ) Paula Pell ( 2012 ) Adam Burke ( 2016 ) Regular Wait Wait ... panelists ( l -- r ) Roy Blount Jr. , Amy Dickinson , and Mo Rocca sign autographs following a March 2010 taping in New Orleans On - air games ( edit ) Most episodes of Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! feature the following games , occasionally introducing variations and one - time games : Who 's Bill This Time ? ( edit ) Formerly `` Who 's Carl This Time ? '' until Kasell 's retirement , the contestant must identify the speaker or explain the context of three quotations from that week 's major news stories as read by Bill Kurtis . Each answer is followed by a humorous discussion of the story by Sagal and the panelists . Two correct answers constitute a win . This week 's news ( edit ) Peter Sagal asks the panelists questions regarding less serious stories in the week 's news , awarding them one point for each correct answer . The questions are phrased similarly to those featured on The Match Game or Hollywood Squares to allow the panelists to offer a comedic answer in addition to their real guess as well as a hint from Sagal if needed . The answer is often followed by a discussion of the story . Bluff the listener ( edit ) In `` Bluff the Listener , '' a contestant hears three unusual stories based on a common theme , with each panelist reading one story . Two of the stories are fictitious , while the third describes a genuine news story . The listener must determine which story is true and not a product of the panelists ' imaginations , and earns the prize if they guess correctly . The panelist who read the story the listener picks as true is awarded a point , regardless of whether their story is true or not . A sound bite from the true story ( either from the newsmaker himself or herself , or a reporter or expert familiar with the story ) is played to reveal the answer . Not My Job ( edit ) External audio Jimmy Wales plays `` Not my job '' , 10 : 19 , NPR , November 4 , 2006 For a full list of `` Not My Job '' participants , see List of Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! guests In the `` Not My Job '' segment , a celebrity guest calls in ( or occasionally appears on stage ) to be interviewed by Sagal and the panelists as well as take a three - question multiple - choice quiz . In Wait Wait 's early years , `` Not My Job '' guests were mainly culled from NPR 's roster of personalities and reporters ; the pool of guests later expanded to include guests of greater celebrity . As the segment 's title suggests , the guests are quizzed on topics that are not normally associated with their field of work . For example , former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright was asked questions on the history of Hugh Hefner and Playboy magazine , while author Salman Rushdie was asked about the history of Pez candy . Often , the subject matter of the quizzes serve as an oblique yet comic juxtaposition to the guests ' fields of work , such as when Mad Men creator / producer Matthew Weiner was quizzed on ways people try to cheer others up ( `` Glad Men '' ) in a March 2015 appearance . Two correct answers from the guest constitute a win , with the prize going to a randomly selected listener who contacted the show but was not chosen as an on - air contestant ( their identity and locale are disclosed by Bill Kurtis before the quiz begins ) . Listener Limerick Challenge ( edit ) In the `` Listener Limerick Challenge , '' the contestant must `` listen for the rhyme '' by identifying the last word or phrase in three news - related limericks written by Philipp Goedicke and read by Bill Kurtis . Peter Sagal follows with a humorous summary of the news item . Two correct answers constitutes a win . Lightning fill - in - the - blank ( edit ) In the final round , each panelist is given a series of eight fill - in - the - blank questions about news stories , and must answer as many as he or she can in one minute , scoring two points for each correct answer . The order of panelists is determined by how many points they accumulated during the show ; the lowest - ranked panelist goes first , with an off - air coin flip or random draw used if panelists are tied . For each panelist , the stories become more frivolous and humorous as the quiz progresses , with Peter Sagal offering a summary of the story behind the last question . After the quiz , the panelist with the highest score is declared the week 's champion ( in the event of a tie for first place , the tying contestants are declared co-champions ) . Panelists do not receive prizes for winning . Panelists ' predictions ( edit ) Following the credits at the end of the show , the three panelists are asked to offer a comic `` prediction '' about an ongoing news story , often one discussed earlier in the program . Television ( edit ) In 2008 , National Public Radio reached an agreement with CBS Entertainment to create a television pilot of Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! Peter Sagal and Carl Kasell would be in the pilot , and Doug Berman would be the executive producer . The pilot was not picked up for regular production . On November 16 , 2011 , BBC America announced that the show would make its television debut with a `` 2011 Year in Review '' special airing on December 23 , to be retransmitted by NPR stations on the 24th and 25th . The taping included two American panelists -- `` Wait Wait '' regulars Paula Poundstone and Alonzo Bodden -- and British newcomer Nick Hancock . Live cinema ( edit ) On 2 May 2013 , an episode was performed at the NYU Skirball Center for the Performing Arts in New York City and was streamed live via satellite to hundreds of cinema theaters throughout the United States and Canada . The show included host Peter Sagal , announcer Carl Kasell , and panelists Mo Rocca , Paula Poundstone , and Tom Bodett . Celebrity guest Steve Martin won in the Not My Job segment . Parodies ( edit ) Al Franken 's former talk radio show , The Al Franken Show , contained a segment called `` Wait Wait ... Do n't Lie to Me ! '' , where contestants had to determine if a soundbite played was truth , lie , or `` weasel '' ( technically true , but designed to deceive ) . The podcast Welcome to Night Vale 's fictional community radio station alludes to a show following Cecil 's news broadcast titled `` Wait , Wait , Do n't ! No , Do n't ! Please , Do n't ! '' Awards ( edit ) Peter Sagal and the crew of Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me at the 67th Annual Peabody Awards In April 2008 , Wait Wait won a Peabody Award . The program website was nominated for a Webby Award for Humor in 2008 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BJ Leiderman , NPR Biography '' . NPR . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Steve ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` NPR 's ' Wait Wait ' is even more fun live '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Wait , Wait , Do n't Tell Me Ticketing '' . WBEZ Chicago . Jump up ^ `` Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! - August 12 , 2006 '' . npr.org . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! - August 27 , 2005 '' . www.npr.org . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! - August 14 , 2004 '' . www.npr.org . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Roti , Jessi . `` Tom Hanks to guest host ' Wait , Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ' in Chicago '' . chicagotribune.com . Jump up ^ ' Wait Wait ' For March 11 , 2017 : Guest Host Jessi Klein with Not My Job Guest Neal Brennan Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` Carl Kasell steps down from Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` '' Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me '' website `` . NPR . Retrieved 22 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pham , Linh . `` NPR 's Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! : Stats and Show Details '' . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Not My Job : Wikipedia Founder Jimmy Wales '' . Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! . NPR . November 4 , 2006 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Madeleine Albright ( 6 December 2003 ) . `` Not My Job ! '' . Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! ( Interview : Audio ) . Interview with Peter Sagal . NPR / WGBH . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Salman Rushdie ( 9 September 2001 ) . `` Not My Job ! '' . Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! ( Interview : Audio ) . Interview with Peter Sagal . NPR / WGBH . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Brenna , Susan ( 4 June 2006 ) . `` NPR 's ' Wait , Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! ' You Ca n't Make This Stuff Up . Or Can You ? '' . ( New York Times ) . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Not My Job : ' Mad Men ' Creator Matthew Weiner Gets Quizzed On Glad Men , '' from NPR.org ( 3 / 28 / 2015 ) Jump up ^ ' Wait ' may soon get answer on TV vision , Chicago Tribune , September 9 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Wait , Wait '' To Become TV Show ? - mediabistro.com Jump up ^ `` BBC America And NPR To Bring `` Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! '' To TV In December `` . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Fathom Events - Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` See the Show '' . npr.org . National Public Radio . 15 March 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ 67th Annual Peabody Awards , May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Webby Nominees '' . Webby Awards . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! website Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! Twitter site Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! BBC America site Show Details and Statistics Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! Episodes by Year 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Hosts Peter Sagal ( current ) Dan Coffey ( 1998 ) Official Judge and Scorekeeper Bill Kurtis ( current ) Carl Kasell ( 1998 - 2014 ) Panelists Roy Blount , Jr . Tom Bodett Luke Burbank Amy Dickinson Sue Ellicott Adam Felber Kyrie O'Connor P.J. O'Rourke Charlie Pierce Paula Poundstone Paul Provenza Roxanne Roberts Mo Rocca Alison Stewart Guest Hosts Luke Burbank Drew Carey Adam Felber Peter Grosz Tom Hanks Mike Pesca Richard Sher NPR Productions All Songs Considered All Things Considered Alt. Latino Ask Me Another Code Switch Here and Now How I Built This Invisibilia Morning Edition Planet Money TED Radio Hour The Thistle & Shamrock Tiny Desk Concerts Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! Weekend Edition Distributions 1A Bullseye with Jesse Thorn Car Talk ( reruns only since 2012 ) Fresh Air From the Top Latino USA Mountain Stage Only a Game On Point Piano Jazz StoryCorps World Cafe Current personalities Noah Adams Tom Ashbrook Melissa Block Audie Cornish Corey Flintoff Terry Gross Maria Hinojosa Jeremy Hobson Steve Inskeep Bill Kurtis Tom and Ray Magliozzi Michel Martin Bob Mondello Renée Montagne Michele Norris Sylvia Poggioli Arun Rath Guy Raz Fiona Ritchie Cokie Roberts Peter Sagal Ari Shapiro Robert Siegel Scott Simon Lakshmi Singh Susan Stamberg Nina Totenberg Shankar Vedantam Robin Young Former personalities Margot Adler Madeleine Brand Alex Chadwick Farai Chideya Neal Conan Dee Dee Bridgewater Bob Edwards Ira Flatow Bob Garfield Brooke Gladstone Liane Hansen Jacki Lyden Carl Kasell Ketzel Levine Marian McPartland Diane Rehm Ken Rudin Daniel Schorr Andrea Seabrook Alison Stewart Ray Suarez Juan Williams Nancy Wilson Craig Windham Former productions Bryant Park Project Day to Day The Diane Rehm Show Earplay Jazz Profiles News & Notes NPR Playhouse Talk of the Nation Tell Me More State of the Re : Union See also American Public Media NPR stations NPR Music NPR controversies NPR One Public Radio Satellite System Pacifica Radio Public Radio International Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wait_Wait..._Don%27t_Tell_Me!&oldid=806669681 '' Categories : Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! 1998 radio programme debuts 1990s American radio programs 2000s American radio programs 2010s American radio programs American radio game shows American game shows American satire Peabody Award - winning radio programs Radio in Chicago Satirical radio programmes Radio programs adapted into television programs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 13 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when did wait wait don't tell me start
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[
"\nWait Wait... Don't Tell Me!\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nGame show, Panel game, Comedy\n\n\nRunning time\nca. 50 min.\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nHome station\nWBEZ in Chicago, IL\n\n\nSyndicates\nNPR, WBEZ\n\n\nHosted by\nPeter Sagal\n\n\nAnnouncer\nCarl Kasell (1998-2014)\nBill Kurtis (2014-present)\n\n\nCreated by\nDoug Berman\n\n\nProduced by\nMiles Doornbos\nIan Chillag\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nMike Danforth\n\n\nRecording studio\nChicago, Illinois\n\n\nOriginal release\nJanuary 3, 1998 (1998-01-03) – present\n\n\nAudio format\nStereophonic\n\n\nOpening theme\nB.J. Leiderman[1] (composer)\n\n\nWebsite\nWebsite\n\n\nPodcast\nPodcast\n\n"
] |
[
"January 3, 1998"
] |
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