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-5451745902583016392	Lays of Ancient Rome	Lays of Ancient Rome - wikipedia Lays of Ancient Rome Lays of Ancient Rome , 1881 edition ( ISBN 0898759366 ) Lays of Ancient Rome is a collection of narrative poems , or lays , by Thomas Babington Macaulay . Four of these recount heroic episodes from early Roman history with strong dramatic and tragic themes , giving the collection its name . Macaulay also included two poems inspired by recent history : Ivry ( 1824 ) and The Armada ( 1832 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 The poems 2.1 Horatius 2.2 The Battle of Lake Regillus 2.3 Virginia 2.4 The Prophecy of Capys 2.5 Ivry , A Song of the Huguenots 2.6 The Armada : A Fragment 3 In popular culture 4 References 5 External links Overview ( edit ) The Lays were composed by Macaulay in his thirties , during his spare time while he was the `` legal member '' of the Governor - General of India 's Supreme Council from 1834 to 1838 . He later wrote of them : The plan occurred to me in the jungle at the foot of the Neilgherry hills ; and most of the verses were made during a dreary sojourn at Ootacamund and a disagreeable voyage in the Bay of Bengal . The Roman ballads are preceded by brief introductions , discussing the legends from a scholarly perspective . Macaulay explains that his intention was to write poems resembling those that might have been sung in ancient times . The Lays were first published by Longman in 1842 , at the beginning of the Victorian Era . They became immensely popular , and were a regular subject of recitation , then a common pastime . The Lays were standard reading in British public schools for more than a century . Winston Churchill memorised them while at Harrow School , in order to show that he was capable of mental prodigies , notwithstanding his lacklustre academic performance . The poems ( edit ) John Reinhard Weguelin , Horatius defending the Sublician bridge , from the 1881 edition . Horatius ( edit ) The first poem , Horatius , describes how Publius Horatius and two companions , Spurius Lartius and Titus Herminius , held the Sublician bridge against the Etruscan army of Lars Porsena , King of Clusium . The three heroes are willing to die in order to prevent the enemy from crossing the bridge , and sacking an otherwise ill - defended Rome . While the trio close with the front ranks of the Etruscans , the Romans hurriedly work to demolish the bridge , leaving their enemies on the wrong side of the swollen Tiber . This poem contains the often - quoted lines : Then out spake brave Horatius , The Captain of the Gate : `` To every man upon this earth Death cometh soon or late . And how can man die better Than facing fearful odds , For the ashes of his fathers , And the temples of his Gods . '' Lartius and Herminius regain the Roman side before the bridge falls , but Horatius is stranded , and jumps into the river still wearing his full armor . Macaulay writes , And when above the surges They saw his crest appear , All Rome sent forth a rapturous cry , And even the ranks of Tuscany Could scarce forbear to cheer . He reaches the Roman shore , is rewarded , and his act of bravery earns him mythic status : With weeping and with laughter Still is the story told , How well Horatius kept the bridge In the brave days of old . The Battle of Lake Regillus ( edit ) John Reinhard Weguelin , Castor and Pollux fighting at the Battle of Lake Regillus , from the 1881 edition . This poem celebrates the Roman victory over the Latin League , at the Battle of Lake Regillus . Several years after the retreat of Porsena , Rome was threatened by a Latin army led by the deposed Roman king , Lucius Tarquinius Superbus , together with his son , Titus Tarquinius , and his son - in - law , Octavius Mamilius , prince of Tusculum . The fighting described by Macaulay is fierce and bloody , and the outcome is only decided when the twin gods Castor and Pollux descend to the battlefield on the side of Rome . This poem includes a number of finely described single - combats , in conscious imitation of Homer 's Iliad . Virginia ( edit ) This poem describes the tragedy of Virginia , the only daughter of Virginius , a poor Roman farmer . The wicked Appius Claudius , a member of one of Rome 's most noble patrician families , and head of the college of decemvirs , desires the beautiful and virtuous Virginia . He initiates legal proceedings , claiming Virginia as his `` runaway slave '' , knowing that his claim will be endorsed by the corrupt magistracy over which he and his cronies preside . Driven to despair , Virginius resolves to save his daughter from Claudius ' lust by any means -- even her death is preferable . Virginia 's sacrifice stirs the plebeians to action : their violent outbursts lead to the overthrow of the decemvirs , and the establishment of the office of tribune of the plebs , to protect the plebeian interest from abuses by the established patrician aristocracy . The prophecy of Capys ( edit ) When Romulus and Remus arrive in triumph at the house of their grandfather , Capys , the blind old man enters a prophetic trance . He foretells the future greatness of Romulus ' descendants , and their ultimate victory over their enemies in the Pyhrric and Punic wars . Ivry , a song of the huguenots ( edit ) Originally composed in 1824 , Ivry celebrates a battle won by Henry IV of France and his Huguenot forces over the Catholic League in 1590 . Henry 's succession to the French throne was contested by those who would not accept a Protestant king of France ; his victory at Ivry against superior forces left him the only credible claimant for the crown , although he was unable to overcome all opposition until converting to Catholicism in 1593 . Henry went on to issue the Edict of Nantes in 1598 , granting tolerance to the French Protestants , and ending the French Wars of Religion . The Armada : a fragment ( edit ) Written in 1832 , this poem describes the arrival at Plymouth in 1588 of news of the sighting of the Spanish Armada , and the lighting of beacons to send the news to London and across England , Till Skiddaw saw the fire that burnt on Gaunt 's embattled pile , And the red glare on Skiddaw roused the burghers of Carlisle . The Armada was sent by Philip II of Spain with the goal of conveying an army of invasion to England , and deposing the Protestant Queen Elizabeth . The supposedly invincible fleet was thwarted by a combination of vigilance , tactics taking advantage of the size and lack of maneuverability of the Armada and its ships , and a series of other misfortunes . In popular culture ( edit ) Lays of Ancient Rome has been reprinted on numerous occasions , and is now in the public domain . An 1881 edition , lavishly illustrated by John Reinhard Weguelin , was frequently republished . Countless schoolchildren have encountered the work as a means of introducing them to history , poetry , and the moral values of courage , self - sacrifice , and patriotism emphasized in Macaulay 's text . The phrase `` how can man die better '' , from Horatius , was used by Benjamin Pogrund as the title of his biography of anti-apartheid activist Robert Sobukwe . The same portion of the poem was recited in an episode of Doctor Who , used as a plot device in the 2013 science fiction film Oblivion , and appears in the final book of Kevin J Anderson 's The Saga of Seven Suns . Verses 32 and 50 of Horatius are used as epigraphs in Diane Duane 's Star Trek novels , My Enemy , My Ally and The Empty Chair . These words are on the epitaph at the Chushul war memorial at Rezang La in memory of the 13th Battalion , Kumaon Regiment of the Indian Army . Sir Winston Churchill memorised the Horatius poem in his childhood , and used it to exhort the cabinet to stand and fight in the hardest hour World War II , when Britain was facing the threat of invasion by Germany . This scene is depicted in the movie Into The Storm , with Brendan Gleeson as Churchill ; a slightly different version appears in Darkest Hour , with Gary Oldman portraying Churchill . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Peter Clarke ( October 1967 ) . A Macaulay Letter . Notes and Queries , p. 369 . Jump up ^ Winston Churchill , My Early Life , chapter 2 . Jump up ^ Macaulay , Thomas Babington ( 1847 ) The Lays of Ancient Rome , pp. 37ff , London : Longman Jump up ^ Longman edition . p. 56 . Jump up ^ Longman edition pp. 95ff . Jump up ^ Longman edition pp. 143ff . Jump up ^ Longman edition pp. 177ff . Jump up ^ Doctor Who , `` The Impossible Planet '' ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( 19 April 2013 ) . `` Tom Cruise in Oblivion : Drones and Clones on Planet Earth '' . Time . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Saga of Seven Suns , `` The Ashes of Worlds '' . Jump up ^ Diane Duane , My Enemy , My Ally , Pocket Books , 1984 ; ISBN 0671502859 ; The Empty Chair , Pocket Books , 2006 ; ISBN 9781416531081 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Lays of Ancient Rome full text at archive.org full text at Poets ' Corner full text ( with illustrations by George Scharf ) at hathitrust.org The Lays of Ancient Rome public domain audiobook at LibriVox German edition ( in English ) digitized by Google Books Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lays_of_Ancient_Rome&oldid=847042381 '' Categories : 1842 books British poetry collections Victorian poetry Ballads Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2018 EngvarB from January 2018 Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 22 June 2018 , at 14 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	facing fearful odds protecting the bones of her fathers and the temples of her gods	[]	[]
-5023024602281760172	Julian Baker	Julian Baker - Wikipedia Julian Baker Jump to : navigation , search For the musician , see Julien Baker . This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Julian Baker One Tree Hill character Portrayed by Austin Nichols First appearance `` Our Life is Not a Movie or Maybe '' ( episode 6.08 ) Last appearance `` One Tree Hill '' ( episode 9.13 ) Created by Mark Schwahn Profile Other names Julian Andrew Norris ( birth name ) Julian Andrew Baker ( full name ) Occupation Film director Film producer Residence 4915 Ocean Avenue Tree Hill , North Carolina 01928 ( show ) Family Parents Paul Norris ( father ) Sylvia Baker ( mother ) Spouse Brooke Davis ( wife ; 2 children ) Children Davis & Jude Baker ( twin sons , with Brooke ) Other relatives Richard `` Ted '' Davis , Jr . ( father - in - law ) Victoria Davis ( mother - in - law ) Julian Andrew Baker ( born Julian Andrew Norris ) is a fictional character on the CW television series One Tree Hill , portrayed by Austin Nichols . Julian is a film producer who arrived in Tree Hill to create a film adaption of Lucas Scott 's novel , who was unaware of Julian 's history with Peyton Sawyer . Although many believed he posed a threat to Lucas and Peyton 's relationship , he eventually revealed an interest in Peyton 's best friend , Brooke Davis . When the movie fell through , he left for Los Angeles , but Brooke accepted her feelings for him and followed after him to Los Angeles . Deciding to let him into her life , the two reunited . The two then embarked on a long - distance relationship while he made a new movie , but they eventually reunited in Tree Hill , and got engaged . The couple was later married , and have twin sons , Davis and Jude Baker . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character development 1.1 Background 2 Storylines 2.1 Season 6 2.2 Time jump 2.3 Season 7 2.4 Season 8 2.5 Season 9 Character development ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Julian Andrew Norris was born to Paul Norris and Sylvia Baker ( previously Norris ) . His father was an esteemed film producer who introduced Julian to the film industry and made his love of cinema grow . However , Paul often neglected his son , choosing his work over his relationship with Julian . This prompted Julian 's closer relationship with his mother . Julian admired the magic he believed his mother had inside of her but he slowly saw the magic fade away as his mother started to feel unloved due to Paul 's involvement in his work . When his mother sunk into a depression and Julian was unable to save her , he developed a complex about saving people . This would affect his later relationships with Peyton Sawyer , Brooke Davis , and Alex Dupre . With his close relationship to his mother and distant relationship with his father , Julian took on his mother 's surname at the age of fifteen - becoming Julian Andrew Baker - and also began calling his father by his first name . Attending high school , Julian was a typical geek , although it is now assumed otherwise . In his year book photo , Julian appears geekish and was also a member of the debate and pep club with national honors and was also a mathlete . After watching his mother fade away , Julian tried to remain close to his father but struggled . One day , however , Julian and Paul spent the day together and went to see the film The Thin Red Line and Julian would later claim that that day was the one day he spent believing he was close to his father and was therefore the best of his childhood . Careerwise , Julian originally tried to work in music as a guitarist . After a failed career as a guitarist , Julian then decided , despite Paul 's neglect afterwards , that he wanted to make movies to be like his father . Wanting to be seen as an independent producer , Julian moved away from his father to North Hollywood . Although working out of the shadow of his father , Julian would often return to his dad for support financially , which he disliked as he knew Paul would see him as more of a failure . With most of the films Julian has created , Paul has noticed a recurring theme , that he plans for a brilliant movie , but the plans never become completed . During his time in North Hollywood , he met Peyton Sawyer at an office . As they met , Julian invited Peyton , who had just broke up with her high school boyfriend , Lucas Scott to a due he had for a movie so she could be used as a quick getaway claiming she was ' the saddest girl alive . ' The two fell in love and Peyton watched as Julian created a movie that eventually got him to Sundance . However , during their romance , Julian noticed Peyton had what he called an `` obsession '' with Lucas ' book , An Unkindness of Ravens . When confronted about this , the couple broke up and Julian claimed to go to Sundance alone . However , Julian was so heartbroken that he stayed at home . He missed both the Sundance Festival and his movie 's premiere . Although he did not attend , his father planted a story in the media that he had been sleeping with an A-list celebrity , boosting his profile . Julian also read the book by Lucas and decided to go and find Peyton in Tree Hill . However , when he read the book , he found that he connected more with Brooke Davis . Storylines ( edit ) This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season 6 ( edit ) Julian Baker is first introduced as a director eager to make Lucas 's first novel into a movie . He introduces himself as the person interested in making a film out of his book and tells him he wants to get a feel for the place where the book takes place . After a while Lucas agrees . Julian then says it would pay $300,000 grand and Lucas suddenly rethinks . Julian then asks about Peyton . After persuading Lucas to option of his movie , he ran into Peyton ( leaving the restrooms at TRIC after he and Lucas sign the contract ) and she realizes Julian is the one making the movie and it is soon revealed that he is her ex-boyfriend . Lucas finds out about Julian and Peyton , and punches Julian although they still carry on with the movie although with heated tension between the two men . Julian soon forms a close friendship with Sam ( Brooke 's foster daughter ) after she asks him to read some of her work . Julian then goes to see Brooke , he asks her to design the costumes for the movie as it would be very beneficial to both him and her and she later agrees . When Lucas meets Julian 's father Paul , he is quick to criticize Julian 's work and suggests Lucas should find someone else of the movie . When Sam goes missing he helps to look for her and eventually finds her along with Brooke . After the ordeal with Sam , Julian and Brooke often meet up at her house to review her designs for the movie although Brooke denies that it is a date but a business meeting to Sam . At the café Sam and Julian are bickering over whether he likes Brooke or not , Peyton walks in and Julian accuses her of being jealous as Sam tells him that she is pregnant he congratulates her , leaving with Peyton telling him that if he breaks Brooke 's heart , she 'll break his face . When he and Brooke meet up for their business meeting Julian brings them wine ( which means it 's a date ) . Brooke and Julian are talking about Brooke 's business as Julian admires her for her bravery and reveals he has the same situation but with his father rather than his mother and that he took his mother 's name to make it on his own but has to keep going back to his dad and feels like a failure . He says that one of these days he will not as Brooke toasts to that day . As he goes to leave , they both discuss how inappropriate it would be for them to kiss and be on a date due to work and Peyton , but they kiss ignoring all the other obstacles . Julian and Lucas have turned down five directors . The following day , director # 6 is seen as Julian 's dad comes to town as he is unhappy with their progress . Lucas and Julian meet Paul at a restaurant , who says it is time for him step in and tells them to pick a director or he will pick one for them . He tells them they have until tomorrow . Julian goes to see Brooke at her store and finds all the clothes lined up for the film . She shows him a letterman jacket and Julian is amazed . Julian tells her that he did not play sports in high school so never had a letterman jacket , so Brooke gives him one . But she later breaks up with him as she explains that she is trying to set a good example for Sam and does not want to have to explain having fun to Sam . As Julian asks what it is about , whether it is her , Sam or Peyton , Brooke says that it does not matter as he will be leaving after the movie anyway , but they later recoil . When Julian casts the Brooke role in his movie they argue about Brooke 's clothing , Julian wanting it to be more slutty . Later , he shows her a picture from his year book he seems very unpopular and was a mathlete and part of the debate team . He tells her that he wants the Brooke Davis now . He hands over a breakdown of the Brooke Davis he is looking for and Brooke reads a list of compliments that Brooke is . After Julian emits to Brooke he loves her , she is mad though , and after Julian talks to Brooke he realizes the last person she was in love with was Lucas . Brooke tells him that she is not and that she is not Peyton . Julian apologizes but explains that he still worries after his relationship with Peyton . Julian tells Brooke that they would pretend that it never happen along Julian still like wary about Brooke 's feelings towards Lucas . Later Julian 's father is fired at his film company and their film is cancelled . After ignoring each other Brooke and Julian finally meet up , he tells her that he does not want to say goodbye and shows her some plane tickets telling her that they could write their own love story in Malibu , but Brooke asks what she would do with Sam and as Julian shows her that he has got another plane ticket for her as Julian says he understands that she will come up with a million other excuse why not to go , but to go because he loves her . Brooke meets Julian in the airport but tells him as she has a life in Tree Hill . At Lucas and Peyton 's wedding , Lucas invites Julian as Brooke 's date , but he decides to take Missy instead . This infuriates Brooke and the two spend the evening making each other jealous with their dates . However , they later dance and admit they miss each other . He later meets Brooke 's mother , Victoria Davis , and tells her that his father often made him feel like a failure . He informs her that he sees the same in Brooke . When Victoria asks if he is finished , Julian says that he is in love with her daughter and that she will love him back someday . And when that day comes , she can either be nice to Brooke or not be in her life . After Peyton collapses Julian joins Brooke at the hospital . After talking about Sam they sleep together but Julian still leaves . Brooke goes to New York to see him , Julian is filming as he seems lonely and miserable . Suddenly , Brooke appears next time . She tells him that he said someday she would be able to love someone and thinks she has found that someone . Julian smiles saying that if it was a movie they would kiss as Brooke disagrees saying that if it was a movie she would say she loves him and then kiss him . She walks closer to him and tells him that she loves him and they kiss happily . Time jump ( edit ) Brooke and Julian continue their relationship , but it becomes long - distance with Julian traveling around the world to produce films and Brooke working on her fashion line in Tree Hill . Season 7 ( edit ) Season seven for Julian begins with him and Brooke on a romantic beach date where he tells her that he got an offer to produce a movie in New Zealand and he would be gone for eight months . Brooke advises him to take it and it seems he does because he does not answer his phone when Brooke calls several times . He returns for Jamie 's 7th birthday party and Brooke is happy to see him and they almost have sex in Haley 's spare bedroom until Haley and Quinn walk in on them . Julian later takes her to the beach again and he reveals to Brooke that he turned the movie down and they then have sex on the beach . Julian 's father comes to town to tell Julian that he made a big mistake turning down the movie for Brooke , but Brooke stands up for Julian and his father leaves . Julian later meets Brooke 's model , Alex who flirts with him and insults Brooke openly in front of him . While Brooke tries to bury herself in work to forget about her lack of ability to get pregnant , Julian confides in Alex that he actually does want kids after telling Alex that Brooke ca n't have them , despite Julian promising to keep it between them and him telling her he does n't want any kids . Alex decides to `` help '' Brooke by bringing her adoption pamphlets . Brooke blows up with anger and yells at Alex . While Julian is at home , Brooke then comes back and yells at him for revealing that she can not get pregnant to Alex. Brooke 's mother Victoria then tells Julian to take another movie , because Brooke wants some time alone for herself before she can trust him again . Julian calls Brooke after he finds Alex in her bathtub after slitting her wrists , and she goes to the hospital to support her now estranged boyfriend . Brooke soon comes to realize that Julian has a thing for girls in need , after finding out he began his relationship with Peyton while she was crying after breaking up with Lucas , and her and Julian started when she needed help looking for Sam , and now he wants to be with Alex since she needs his support to get better . She goes to see Alex at the hospital , but finds Julian sitting at her bedside holding her hand and assumes they are together . Brooke and Julian then spend 6 weeks apart when Brooke goes on a business trip with Alexander to start her men 's line . She returns from her trip and runs into Julian at the airport , only to see that he 's waiting for Alex . Julian comes to see her and they yet again fight about Alex , and when they fight again at Haley 's concert , Julian tells Brooke he ca n't do it anymore and breaks up with her , leaving her heartbroken since she 's still in love with him . Brooke packs up all of Julian 's things but is too nervous to bring them to him , so Victoria says she will take care of it and sends Alexander to do it , which Julian is furious with . He comes to visit her later that night and asks her about being the costume designer for his and Alex 's movie , which is awkward for Brooke , but she says she will think about it but she agrees to do it only if Julian is the director . Brooke later comes to Julian and tells him if he wants to , he can come to Haley and Quinn 's 80 's - themed fundraiser at the high school and it would n't be weird , but he tells her he has too much work to do before they begin filming . Julian was staying late at set , and practicing his speech for opening filming , when Alex comes to comfort him , and tells him that Brooke does actually want him to come to the dance . At the dance , Julian is uncomfortable , as being back at a high school reminded him of what a geek he used to be . He voices his insecurities to Alex , who confides in him that she used to be a geek also . Brooke later finds Julian in wood shop class and they talk about things , and when she 's about to leave , she kisses him . The two later go back to their working relationship , but this is severely tested after Brooke messes up costumes and punches Alex in the face , causing days of filming to be lost , because Brooke thought that Julian and Alex had slept together , when in fact , the two had traded rooms and Alex slept with Alexander , not Julian . Eventually though , the two make up after Brooke visits him on set to explain , and she once again confesses her love for Julian ... Julian and Brooke finish the movie and then go on a trip to Utah with the rest of their friends for the premiere of Julian 's movie which is a success and while in Utah Julian asks Brooke to `` Marry Him '' in the snow and she says `` Yes '' making them engaged . Season 8 ( edit ) Julian and Brooke are ecstatic about their wedding and they start planning it . Brooke then lost all her money because of a crime her mother committed . All their plans went down the drain , until Julian 's mother showed up , offering to pay for everything . Brooke and Sylvia have at it , and Julian feels torn against his future wife and his mother . Later his mother ties to persuade Julian to back in L.A. Julian considering that and talk to a possible back in L.A but Brooke is angry against Julian because she wants stay in Tree Hill in her home . That causes a fight between them and Brooke leaves the house to drive in Tree Hill even if there is a hurricane . On the bridge Brooke finds her godson and his friends and teacher who have a car accident . Brooke decides to help them and gets Lauren and Madison out of the car but not Jamie . So she stays with him , while Lauren and the kids go search for help . Julian arrives eventually and finds Jamie and Brooke in Lauren 's car . But at that time a car ( driven by Ian Kellerman ) arrives and shoots Lauren 's car with Brooke and Jamie in the river whose dam burst . So Julian plunges to save Brooke but in the car Brooke asks to Julian to save her Jamie first and return to save her afterwards . Julian does and asks to Jamie to be his best man in his and Brooke 's wedding and returns to save Brooke but she seems dead when he brings back her on the bridge . Miraculously Brooke wakes up . He eventually marries Brooke in an extravagant ceremony . Before the ceremony Julian asks Jamie to give Brooke a CD of the music on which he saw Brooke danced to all the time which he made him fall in love with her . After a photo with the parents Julian asks to his parents to be nice with each other for his wedding . Finally Julian marries Brooke and they have a beautiful reception and after the wedding , the newlyweds leave for their honeymoon . Later Julian and Brooke decide to adopt a child . They meet Chloe Hall , a 19 - year - old pregnant girl , and they want to impress her . They told her stories that were made up , which made them seem perfect . They were chosen to get her child , but she changed her mind as soon as she saw her baby girl . They were distraught and heartbroken , and they were going to move to New York for Brooke becomes the Vice President of her former company Clothes Over Bro 's . Before leaving Tree Hill , Nathan tells to Julian that he has found the man that knocked Brooke and Jamie in the river the night of the hurricane and the man is Ian Kellerman . The day of Jamie 's party of baseball Julian , Nathan and Clay decide to punish Ian . A few hours later Brooke tells Julian that she is pregnant , even though she could n't conceive , and she ca n't leave Tree Hill because she wants raise their unborn child in her town . Julian agrees . They later found out that they are having twins . Brooke fell in Karen 's Café , and gives birth to Davis and Jude prematurely . Julian arrives to the hospital and after seeing her Julian sees his newborn sons in incubators and tells him that he is their ' daddy ' and they could n't be afraid by ' that ' and also that their mom is Brooke Davis and they have their mother 's force in them . Eventually Brooke , Jude and Davis return to their home and Julian films his family . Season 9 ( edit ) Julian and Brooke adjust to raising their kids and juggling careers . He gets wrapped up in his work , and he leaves Davis in the car . He feels horrible about the whole situation , losing Brooke 's trust temporarily , and starts a bar fight and allows himself to get beat up . Brooke tells him to stop worrying about the whole Davis situation because Davis is okay , even the pediatrician tells Julian he is a good father and prescribes him medication to relax . Haley tells Julian that when Jamie fell in the pool she would n't forgive herself but eventually she did . Julian realizes that Davis is okay and he should forgive himself . As soon as he forgives himself , Tara leaves a note that says Fry your burgers , not your babies ! , which he reacted to horribly . He eventually does forgive himself . Julian buys a sound stage , one that has no business . He rents Dan Scott a trailer there , so he can work on finding Nathan . He also sometimes assists Dan in his search for Nathan . Julian decides to read An Unkindness of Ravens again and decides to make it into a TV show . The TV show is picked up and Julian uses his sound stage for the production . He shows Brooke around the set and Brooke reminisces about her past . Julian later buys Brooke 's old house and she is once more `` the girl behind the red door . '' The four of them move in and live there happily . One Tree Hill Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Lucas Scott Nathan Scott Peyton Sawyer Haley James Scott Brooke Davis Mouth McFadden Jamie Scott Millicent Huxtable Julian Baker Clay Evans Quinn James Episodes `` Pilot '' `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' Related Official soundtracks `` I Do n't Want to Be '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian_Baker&oldid=810461470 '' Categories : One Tree Hill ( TV series ) characters Fictional producers Fictional characters from Los Angeles County Fictional characters from North Carolina Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from May 2016 All articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 11 : 39 . About Wikipedia	when does lucas find out about peyton and julian	[]	[]
5393867629421058437	Stephen Decatur	Stephen Decatur - wikipedia Stephen Decatur Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Stephen Decatur , see Stephen Decatur ( disambiguation ) . Stephen Decatur Birth name Stephen Decatur Jr . ( 1779 - 01 - 05 ) January 5 , 1779 Sinepuxent , Maryland ( now Berlin ) , Worcester County , Maryland , U.S. March 22 , 1820 ( 1820 - 03 - 22 ) ( aged 41 ) Washington , D.C. , U.S. Buried St. Peter 's Churchyard , Philadelphia Allegiance United States of America Service / branch United States Navy Years of service 1798 -- 1820 Rank Commodore Commands held USS Argus USS Enterprise USS Chesapeake USS United States USS President USS Constitution USS Guerriere Battles / wars Quasi-War First Barbary War Captured the Tripolian ketch , Mastico ( 1803 ) Battle of Tripoli Harbor ( 1804 ) War of 1812 USS United States vs. HMS Macedonian Capture of USS President Second Barbary War Battle off Cape Gata Battle off Cape Palos Awards Congressional Gold Medal Spouse ( s ) Susan Wheeler Other work Board of Navy Commissioners Stephen Decatur Jr . ( January 5 , 1779 -- March 22 , 1820 ) was a United States naval officer and commodore . He was born on the eastern shore of Maryland in Worcester County , the son of a U.S. naval officer who served during the American Revolution . His father Stephen Decatur Sr. was a commodore in the U.S. Navy , and brought the younger Stephen into the world of ships and sailing early on . Shortly after attending college , Decatur followed in his father 's footsteps and joined the U.S. Navy at the age of nineteen as a midshipman . Decatur supervised the construction of several U.S. naval vessels , one of which he later commanded . He is the youngest man to reach the rank of captain in the history of the United States Navy . He served under three presidents , and played a major role in the early development of the American navy . In almost every theater of operation , Decatur 's service was characterized by acts of heroism and exceptional performance . His service in the Navy took him through both Barbary Wars in North Africa , the Quasi-War with France , and the War of 1812 with Britain . He was renowned for his natural ability to lead and for his genuine concern for the seamen under his command . His numerous naval victories against Britain , France and the Barbary states established the United States Navy as a rising power . During this period he served aboard and commanded many naval vessels and ultimately became a member of the Board of Navy Commissioners . He built a large home in Washington , known as Decatur House , on Lafayette Square , and was the center of Washington society in the early 19th century . He became an affluent member of Washington society and counted James Monroe and other Washington dignitaries among his personal friends . Decatur 's career came to an early end when he was killed in a duel with a rival officer . Decatur emerged as a national hero in his own lifetime , becoming the first post-Revolutionary War hero . His name and legacy , like that of John Paul Jones , became identified with the United States Navy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Pre-commission 3 Quasi-War 4 First Barbary War 4.1 Burning of USS Philadelphia 4.2 Second attack on Tripoli 4.3 Command of USS Constitution 5 Marriage 6 Supervision of shipbuilding 7 Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair 8 Command of USS Chesapeake 9 Command of USS United States 10 War of 1812 10.1 United States captures Macedonian 10.2 Blockade at New London 10.3 Command of the USS President 11 Second Barbary War 11.1 Command of USS Guerriere 12 Domestic life 12.1 Home in Washington 12.2 Duel between Perry and Heath 13 Death 14 Legacy 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 Bibliography 19 Further reading 20 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Decatur was born on January 5 , 1779 in Sinepuxent , Maryland , to Stephen Decatur Sr. , a merchant captain and later an officer in the young American navy during the American Revolution , and his wife Ann ( Pine ) Decatur . The family of Decatur was of French descent on Stephen 's father 's side , while his mother 's family was of Irish ancestry . His parents had arrived from Philadelphia just three months before Stephen was born , having to flee that city during the American Revolution because of the British occupation . They later returned to the same residence they had once left for Philadelphia . Decatur 's family returned to Philadelphia shortly after Decatur 's birth , and Decatur grew up in Philadelphia , eventually graduating from the Episcopal Academy . Decatur came to love the sea and sailing in a roundabout manner . When Stephen was eight years old , he developed a severe case of whooping cough . In those days , a supposed tonic for this condition was exposure to the salt air of the sea . It was decided that Stephen Jr. would accompany his father aboard a merchant ship on his next voyage to Europe . Sailing across the Atlantic and back proved to be an effective remedy , and Decatur came home completely recovered . In the days following young Stephen 's return he was jubilant about his adventure on the high sea and spoke of wanting to go sailing often . His parents had different aspirations , especially his mother who had hopes that Stephen would one day become an Episcopal clergyman , and tried to discourage the eight - year - old from such jaunty ambitions , fearing such would distract Stephen from his studies . At the direction of his father , Decatur attended the Episcopal Academy , at the time an all - boys school that specialized in Latin , mathematics and religion ; however , Decatur had not applied himself adequately , and barely graduated from the academy . He then enrolled for one year at the University of Pennsylvania in 1795 , where he better applied himself and focused on his studies . At the university , Decatur met and became friends with Charles Stewart and Richard Somers , who would later become naval officers themselves . Decatur found the classic studies prosaic and life at the university disagreeable , and at the age of 17 , with his heart and mind set on ships and the sea , discontinued his studies there . Though his parents were not pleased with his decision , they were apparently wise enough to now let the aspiring young man pursue his own course through life . Through his father 's influence , Stephen gained employment at the shipbuilding firm of Gurney and Smith , business associates of his father , acting as supervisor to the early construction of the frigate United States . He was serving on board this vessel as a midshipman when it was launched on May 10 , 1797 , under the command of Commodore John Barry . Pre-commission ( edit ) In the years leading up to the Quasi-War , an undeclared naval war with the revolutionary French Republic ( France ) involving disputes over U.S. trading and shipping with Britain , the U.S. Congress passed the ' Act to provide for a Naval Armament ' on March 27 , 1794 . The act provided for the commissioning of six frigates for the Navy . It was promptly signed by George Washington that same day . There was much opposition to the bill , and it was amended and allowed to pass with the condition that work on the proposed ships would stop in the event that peace with the Pasha of Algiers was obtained . Construction of the six new American frigates was progressing slowly when , because of a peace accord with Algiers in March 1796 , work was halted . After some debate and at the insistence of President Washington , Congress passed an act on April 20 , 1796 , allowing the construction and funding to continue , but only on the three ships nearest to completion at the time : USS United States , USS Constellation and USS Constitution . In 1798 , John Barry obtained Decatur 's appointment as midshipman on United States , under Barry 's command . Barry was a veteran and hero of the Revolutionary War and was Decatur 's good friend and mentor . Decatur accepted the appointment on May 1 . During his early naval career Decatur learned the arts of naval war under Barry , and also James Barron , both of whom took a liking to Decatur . To ensure his son 's success in his naval career , the senior Decatur hired a tutor , Talbot Hamilton , a former officer of the Royal Navy , to instruct his son in navigational and nautical sciences . While serving aboard United States Decatur received what was the equivalent to formal naval training not only from Hamilton but through active service aboard a commissioned ship , which is something that distinguished the young midshipman from many of his contemporaries . He also had a talent for drawing ships and designing and building ship models and when time allowed would also pursue this hobby . Quasi-War ( edit ) Main article : Quasi-War USS Constellation , the first U.S. Navy vessel put to sea Once the United States won its independence and no longer had the protection of Britain , it was faced with the task of protecting its own ships and interests . There were few American ships capable of defending the American coastline , much less of protecting merchant ships at sea and abroad . The few warships that were available were converted into merchant ships . The French in particular were outraged that America was still involved in trading with Britain , a country with whom they were at war , and because of American refusal to pay a debt that was owed to the French crown , which had just been overthrown by the newly established French Republic . As a result , France began intercepting American ships that were involved in trading with Britain . This provocation prompted President Adams to appoint Benjamin Stoddert as the first Secretary of the Navy . Stoddert immediately ordered his senior commanders to `` subdue , seize and take any armed vessel or vessels sailing under the authority or pretense of authority , from the French Republic . '' At this time , moreover , America was not even ranked with European naval forces . On May 22 , 1799 , Decatur was promoted to lieutenant by President John Adams after serving for more than a year as midshipman aboard the frigate United States . While United States was undergoing repairs Decatur received orders to remain in Philadelphia to recruit and assemble a crew for the vessel . While there , the chief mate of an Indiaman , using foul language , made several derogatory remarks about Decatur and the U.S. Navy , apparently because he had lost some of his crew to Decatur 's recruiting efforts . Decatur remained calm and left the scene without further incident . When he related the matter to his father , however , Captain Decatur stressed that the honor of the family and of the Navy had been insulted and that his son should return and challenge the chief mate to a duel . Stephen 's friend and shipmate , Lieutenant Somers , was sent ahead with a letter from Decatur asking if an apology could be obtained from the man . Refusing to apologize , the chief mate instead accepted Decatur 's challenge and secured a location for the duel . Decatur , being an expert shot with a pistol , told his friend Lieutenant Charles Stewart that he believed his opponent not to be as able and he would thus endeavour to only wound his opponent in the hip , which is exactly how the duel turned out . The honor and courage of both duelists having been satisfied , the matter was resolved without a fatality . By July 1 , 1799 , United States had been refitted and repaired and commenced its mission to patrol the south Atlantic coast and West Indies in search of French ships which were preying on American merchant vessels . After completing this mission the ship was taken to Norfolk , Virginia , for minor repairs and then set sail for Newport , Rhode Island , arriving on September 12 . While the ship was berthed there , Commodore Barry received orders to prepare for a voyage to transport two U.S. envoys to Spain and on December 3 sailed on United States for Lisbon via England . During the crossing the ship encountered gale force winds , and at their insistence the two envoys were dropped off at the nearest port in England . Upon returning home and arriving on the Delaware River on April 3 , 1800 , it was discovered that United States had incurred damage from the storms she had weathered at sea . Consequently , the vessel was taken up the Delaware to Chester , Pennsylvania , for repairs . Not wanting to remain with United States during the months of repairs and outfitting , Decatur obtained a transfer to the brig USS Norfolk under the command of Thomas Calvert . In May the Norfolk sailed to the West Indies to patrol its waters looking for French privateers and men - of - war . During the months that followed 25 armed enemy craft were captured or destroyed . With orders to rendezvous with merchantmen bound for America , Norfolk continued on to Cartagena ( Colombia ) with orders to escort the ships back to the United States , protecting them from pirates and privateers . Decatur transferred back to United States by June 1800 ; with extra guns and sails and improved structure the refurbished ship made her way down the Delaware River . Aboard ship at this time were Decatur 's former classmates Lieutenant Charles Stewart and Midshipman Richard Somers , along with Lieutenant James Barron . Following the Quasi-War , the U.S. Navy underwent a significant reduction of active ships and officers ; Decatur was one of the few selected to remain commissioned . By the time hostilities with France came to a close , America had a renewed appreciation for the value of a navy . By 1801 the American Navy consisted of 42 naval vessels , three of which were USS President , Constellation and USS Chesapeake . First Barbary war ( edit ) Barbary Coast of North Africa The first war against the Barbary States was in response to the frequent piracy of American vessels in the Mediterranean Sea and the capture and enslavement of American crews for huge ransoms . President Jefferson , known for his aversion to standing armies and the navy , acted contrary to such sentiment and began his presidency by sending U.S. naval forces to fight the Barbary states rather than continue paying huge annual tributes to the petty North African kingdoms . On May 13 , 1801 , at the beginning of the war , Decatur was assigned duty aboard the frigate USS Essex to serve as the first lieutenant . Essex , bearing 32 guns , was commanded by William Bainbridge and was attached to Commodore Richard Dale 's squadron which also included USS Philadelphia , President and USS Enterprise . Departing for the Mediterranean on June 1 , this squadron was the first American naval squadron to cross the Atlantic . On July 1 , after encountering and being forestalled by adverse winds , the squadron sailed into the Mediterranean with the mission to confront the Barbary pirates . Arriving at Gibraltar , Commodore Dale learned that Tripoli had already declared war upon the United States . At this time there were two Tripolitan warships of sizable consequence berthed in Gibraltar 's harbour , but their captains claimed that they had no knowledge of the war . Dale assumed they were about to embark on the Atlantic to prey on American merchant ships . With orders to sail for Algiers , Tunis and Tripoli , Dale ordered that Philadelphia be left behind to guard the Tripolitan vessels . In September 1802 , Decatur transferred to the 36 - gun frigate USS New York as 1st Lieutenant under Commodore James Barron . While en route to Tripoli the five - ship squadron to which New York was attached encountered gale - force winds , lasting more than a week , which forced the squadron to put up in Malta . While there Decatur and another American officer were involved in a personal confrontation with a British officer which resulted in Decatur returning to the United States . There he took temporary command of the newly built 18 - gun brig USS Argus which he sailed to Gibraltar , relinquishing command of the ship upon arrival to Lieutenant Isaac Hull . In exchange Decatur was given command of Enterprise , a 12 - gun schooner . On December 23 , 1803 , Enterprise and USS Constitution confronted the Tripolitan ketch Mastico sailing under Turkish colors , armed with only two guns and sailing without passports on her way to Constantinople from Tripoli . On board were a small number of Tripolitan soldiers . After a brief engagement Decatur and his crew captured the ship , killing or wounding the few men defending the vessel . After its capture the small ship was taken to Syracuse , condemned by Commodore Preble as a legitimate prize of war , and given a new name , USS Intrepid . Burning of USS Philadelphia ( edit ) Grounding and capture of USS Philadelphia On October 31 , 1803 , Philadelphia , under the command of Commodore William Bainbridge , ran aground on an uncharted reef ( known as Kaliusa reef ) near Tripoli 's harbor . After desperate and failed attempts to refloat the ship she was subsequently captured and her crew imprisoned by Tripolitan forces . In an elaborate plan put together by Lieutenant Decatur , Decatur sailed for Tripoli with 80 volunteers ( most of them being U.S. Marines ) intending to enter the harbor with Intrepid without suspicion to board and set ablaze the frigate Philadelphia , denying its use to the corsairs . USS Syren , commanded by Lieutenant Charles Stewart , accompanied Intrepid to provide supporting fire during and after the assault . Before entering the harbor eight sailors from Syren boarded Intrepid , including Thomas Macdonough who had recently served aboard Philadelphia and knew the ship 's layout intimately . Decatur established a close friendship with Macdonough and became his mentor during the course of their careers . On February 16 , 1804 , at seven o'clock in the evening under the dim light of a waxing crescent moon , Intrepid slowly sailed into Tripoli harbor . Decatur 's vessel was made to look like a common merchant ship from Malta and was outfitted with British colours . To further avoid suspicion , on board were five Sicilian volunteers including the pilot Salvatore Catalano , who spoke Arabic . The boarding party remained hidden below in position , prepared to board the captured Philadelphia . The men were divided into several groups , each assigned to secure given areas of the ship , with the additional explicit instruction of refraining from the use of firearms unless it proved absolutely necessary . As Decatur 's ship came closer to Philadelphia , Catalano called out to the harbor personnel in Arabic that their ship had lost its anchors during a recent storm and was seeking refuge at Tripoli for repairs . By 9 : 30 p.m. Decatur 's ship was within 200 yards of Philadelphia , whose lower yards were now resting on the deck with her foremast missing , as Bainbridge had ordered it cut away and had also jettisoned some of her guns in a futile effort to refloat the ship by lightening her load . Burning of the USS Philadelphia by Edward Moran ( 1897 ) Intrepid depicted in foreground As Decatur approached the berthed Philadelphia he encountered a light wind that made his approach tedious . He had to casually position his ship close enough to Philadelphia to allow his men to board while not creating any suspicion . When the two vessels were finally close enough , Catalano obtained permission for Decatur to tie Intrepid to the captured Philadelphia . Decatur surprised the few Tripolitans on board when he shouted the order `` board ! '' , signaling to the hidden crew below to emerge and storm the captured ship . Without losing a single man , Decatur and 60 of his men , dressed as Maltese sailors or Arab seamen and armed with swords and boarding pikes , boarded and reclaimed Philadelphia in less than 10 minutes , killing at least 20 of the Tripolitan crew , capturing one wounded crewman , and forcing the rest to flee by jumping overboard . Only one of Decatur 's men was slightly wounded by a saber blade . There was hope that the small boarding crew could launch the captured ship , but the vessel was in no condition to set sail for the open sea . Decatur soon realized that the small Intrepid could not tow the larger and heavier warship out of the harbor . Commodore Preble 's order to Decatur was to destroy the ship where she berthed as a last resort , if Philadelphia was unseaworthy . With the ship secure , Decatur 's crew began placing combustibles about Philadelphia with orders to set her ablaze . After making sure the fire was large enough to sustain itself , Decatur ordered his men to abandon the ship and was the last man to leave Philadelphia . As the flames intensified , the guns aboard Philadelphia , all loaded and ready for battle , became heated and began discharging , some firing into the town and shore batteries , while the ropes securing the ship burned off , allowing the vessel to drift into the rocks at the western entrance of the harbor . While Intrepid was under fire from the Tripolitans who were now gathering along the shore and in small boats , the larger Syren was nearby providing covering fire at the Tripolitan shore batteries and gunboats . Decatur and his men left the burning vessel in Tripoli 's harbor and set sail for the open sea , barely escaping in the confusion . With the cover of night helping to obscure the enemy gunfire , Intrepid and Syren made their way back to Syracuse , arriving February 18 . After learning of Decatur 's daring capture and destruction of Philadelphia without suffering a single fatality , British Vice Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson , who at the time was blockading the French port at Toulon , claimed that it was `` the most bold and daring act of the Age . '' Decatur 's daring and successful burning of Philadelphia made him an immediate national hero in the US . Appreciation for the efforts of Preble and Decatur were not limited to their peers and countrymen . At Naples , Decatur was praised and dubbed `` Terror of the Foe '' by the local media . Upon hearing the news of their victory in Tripoli , Pope Pius VII publicly declared that `` the United States , though in their infancy , had done more to humble and humiliate the anti-Christian barbarians on the African coast in one night than all the European states had done for a long period of time . '' Upon his return to Syracuse , Decatur resumed command of Enterprise . Second attack on Tripoli ( edit ) Main article : First Barbary War Decatur Boarding the Tripolitan Gunboat , by Dennis Malone Carter With the significant victory achieved with the burning of Philadelphia , Preble now had reason to believe that bringing Tripoli to peaceful terms was in sight . Preble planned another attack on Tripoli and amassed a squadron consisting of the frigate Constitution , the brigs Syren , Argus and Scourge , and the schooners Nautilus , Vixen and Enterprise , towing gunboats and ketches . For the coming attack Preble borrowed six gunboats from King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies who was also at war with Tripoli . Light vessels with shallow drafts were needed to make their way about in the shallow and confined waters of Tripoli 's harbor . Making their way into the west end of Tripoli harbor , they began bombarding Tripoli on August 3 , 1804 . Preble divided his gunboats into two divisions , putting Decatur in command of the second division . At 1 : 30 Preble raised his signal flag to begin the attack on Tripoli . It was elaborate and well planned , brigs , schooners and bomb ketches coming into the attack at various stages . The Tripolitan pasha , Murad Reis , was expecting the attack and had his own gunboats lined up and waiting at various locations within the harbor . Throughout the month of August 1804 Preble used these gunboats to launch a series of furious attacks on Tripoli , forcing the residents to flee into the country - side . During this time Decatur in command of the gunboats captured three Tripolitan gunboats and sank three others . The Tripolitans also inflicted considerable damage on some of the attacking vessels ; Decatur 's ship was struck with a 24 - pound shot through her hull above the waterline . Before the battle ended USS John Adams , commanded by Isaac Chauncey , arrived on the scene . On board the vessel were official documents promoting Decatur to the rank of captain . John Adams also brought news that , upon the loss of the frigate Philadelphia , the government was sending four additional frigates , President , Congress , Constellation and Essex , to Tripoli with enough force to convince the Pasha of Tripoli that peace was his only viable alternative . Because Preble 's rank was not high enough for this command John Adams also brought the news that he would have to surrender command to Commodore Barron . The fighting between the squadrons and the bombarding of Tripoli lasted three hours , with Preble 's squadrons emerging victorious . However , success and promotion were overshadowed by an unfortunate turn of events for Decatur . During the fighting Decatur 's younger brother , James Decatur , in command of a gunboat , was mortally wounded by a Tripolitan captain during the boarding of a vessel feigning surrender . Midshipman Brown , who was next in command after James , managed to break away from the ambushing vessel and immediately approached Decatur 's gunboat bringing the news of his brother 's death . Decatur had just captured his first Tripolitan vessel and upon receiving the news turned command of his captured prize over to Lieutenant Jonathan Thorn and immediately set out to avenge his brother 's treacherous death . After catching up with and pulling alongside the Tripolitan ship , Decatur was the first to board the enemy vessel with Midshipman Macdonough at his heels along with nine volunteer crew members . Decatur and his crew were outnumbered 5 to 1 but were organized and kept their form , fighting furiously side by side . Decatur had little trouble singling out the corsair captain , the man responsible for James ' death , and immediately engaged the man . He was a large and formidable man in Muslim garb , and armed with a boarding pike he thrust his weapon at Decatur 's chest . Armed with a cutlass Decatur deflected the lunge , breaking his own weapon at the hilt . During the fight Decatur was almost killed by another Tripolitan crew member , but his life was spared by the already wounded Daniel Frazier , a crewman who threw himself over Decatur just in time , receiving a blow intended for Decatur to his own head . The struggle continued , with the Tripolitan captain , being larger and stronger than Decatur , gaining the upper hand . Armed with a dagger the Tripolitan attempted to stab Decatur in the heart , but while wrestling the arm of his adversary , Decatur managed to take hold of his pistol and fired a shot point - blank , immediately killing his formidable foe . When the fighting was over , 21 Tripolitans were dead with only three taken alive . Later James Decatur was taken aboard Constitution where he was joined by his brother Stephen , who stayed with him until he had died . The next day , after a funeral and military ceremony that was conducted by Preble , Stephen Decatur saw his brother 's remains committed to the depths of the Mediterranean . When a good number of days passed without the reinforcements of ships promised by president Jefferson , the attack on Tripoli was renewed by Preble on August 24 . As the days passed , Tripoli showed no signs of surrender , which now prompted Preble to devise another plan . Intrepid , the same ship that captured Philadelphia , was loaded with barrels of gunpowder and other ordnance and sent sailing into a group of Tripolitan vessels defending the harbor . The attack on the harbor and Tripoli proved successful and ultimately caused the Bashaw of Tripoli to consider surrender and the return of American prisoners held captive , including Commodore Bainbridge of Philadelphia , who had been held prisoner since October 1803 when that ship was captured after running aground near Tripoli harbor . On June 4 , 1805 , the Bashaw of Tripoli finally surrendered and signed a peace treaty with the United States . Command of USS Constitution ( edit ) USS Constitution Shortly after his recapture and destruction of Philadelphia , Decatur was given command of the frigate Constitution , a post he held from October 28 to November 9 , 1804 . Upon the day of Decatur 's return with Intrepid , Commodore Preble wrote to Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Stoddert recommending to President Jefferson that Decatur be promoted to captain . Decatur was promoted to captain with the date of rank February 16 , 1804 . He was promoted to captain at the age twenty - five , largely for his daring capture and destruction of Philadelphia in Tripoli 's harbor , making him the youngest man ever to hold the rank . On September 10 , 1804 , Commodore Barron arrived at Tripoli with two ships , President and Constellation , whereupon Commodore Preble relinquished command of his blockading squadron to him . Before returning to the United States he sailed to Malta in Constitution on September 14 , so it could be caulked and refitted . From there he sailed to Syracuse in Argus , where on September 24 he ordered Decatur to sail this vessel back to Malta to take command of Constitution . From here Decatur sailed Constitution back to Tripoli to join Constellation and Congress , the blockading force stationed there now under the command of Commodore Barron . On November 6 , he relinquished command of Constitution to Commodore John Rodgers , his senior , in exchange for the smaller vessel Congress . In need of new sails and other repairs Rodgers sailed Constitution to Lisbon on November 27 , where it remained for approximately six weeks . Marriage ( edit ) On March 8 , 1806 , Decatur married Susan Wheeler , the daughter of Luke Wheeler , the mayor of Norfolk , Virginia . She was well known for her beauty and intelligence among Norfolk and Washington society . They had met at a dinner and ball held by the mayor for a Tunisian ambassador who was in the United States negotiating peace terms for his country 's recent defeat at Tunis under the silent guns of John Rodgers and Decatur . Before marrying Susan , Decatur had already vowed to serve in the U.S. Navy and maintained that to abandon his service to his country for personal reasons would make him unworthy of her hand . Susan was once pursued by Vice President Aaron Burr and Jérôme Bonaparte , brother to Napoleon , both of whom she turned down . For several months after their marriage the couple resided with Susan 's parents in Norfolk , after which Stephen received orders sending him to Newport to supervise the building of gunboats . The couple never had children during their fourteen years of marriage . Supervision of shipbuilding ( edit ) In the spring of 1806 , Decatur was given command of a squadron of gunboats stationed in the Chesapeake Bay at Norfolk , Virginia , the home of his future wife , Susan Wheeler . He had long requested such an assignment ; however , one of his colleagues believed that his request was also motivated by a desire to be close to Wheeler . While stationed here Decatur took the opportunity to court Miss Wheeler , whom he would soon marry that year . After their marriage in March , Decatur lived with his wife 's family in Norfolk until June when Secretary of the Navy Robert Smith gave him orders to supervise the building of four gunboats at Newport , Rhode Island , and four others in Connecticut of which he would later take command . Having drawn many illustrations of and designed and built many models of ships , along with having experience as a ship builder and designer from when he was employed at Gurney and Smith in 1797 while overseeing the construction of the frigate United States , Decatur was a natural choice for this new position . Decatur and his wife Susan lived together all through this period . Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair ( edit ) Main article : Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair HMS Leopard engaging USS Chesapeake After overseeing the completion of gunboats , Decatur returned to Norfolk in March 1807 and was given command of the Naval Yard at Gosport . While commissioned there he received a letter from the residing British consul to turn over three deserters from the British ship Melampus who had enlisted in the American Navy through Lieutenant Arthur Sinclair , who was recruiting crew members for Chesapeake , which was at this time in Washington being outfitted for its coming voyage to the Mediterranean . Since the recruiting party was not under the command of Decatur , he refused to intervene . Sinclair also declined to take any action , claiming that he did not have the authority or any such orders from a superior officer . The matter was then referred to the British minister at Washington , a Mr. Erskine , who in turn referred the matter to the Navy Department through Commodore Barron , demanding that the three deserters be surrendered to British authority . It was soon discovered that the deserters were Americans who were forcibly impressed into the British Navy , and since the existing American treaty with Britain only pertained to criminal fugitives of justice , not deserters in the military , Barron accordingly also refused to turn them over . Soon thereafter Chesapeake left Norfolk , and after stopping briefly at Washington for further preparations , set sail for the Mediterranean on June 22 . In little time she was pursued by HMS Leopard , which at the time was part of a British squadron in Lynnhaven Bay . Upon closing with Chesapeake , Barron was hailed by the captain of Leopard and informed and a demand from Vice-Admiral Humphreys that Chesapeake be searched for deserters . Barron found the demand extraordinary and when he refused to surrender any of his crew , Leopard soon opened fire on Chesapeake . Having just put to sea , Chesapeake was not prepared to do battle and was unable to return fire . Inside twenty minutes , three of her crew were killed and eighteen wounded . Barron struck the ship 's colors and surrendered his ship , whereupon she was boarded and the alleged deserters were taken into British custody . News of the incident soon reached President Jefferson , the Department of the Navy and Decatur , who was outraged was the one who was first confronted with the matter . The incident soon came to be referred to as the Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair , an event whose controversy would lead to a duel between Barron and Decatur some years later , as Decatur served on Barron 's court - martial and later was one of the most outspoken critics of the questionable handling of Chesapeake . Command of USS Chesapeake ( edit ) USS Chesapeake On June 26 , 1807 , Decatur was appointed to command Chesapeake , a 44 - gun frigate , along with command of all gunboats at Norfolk . Chesapeake had just returned to Norfolk after repairs to damage incurred during the Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair . Commodore Barron had just been relieved of command following his court martial over the incident . Decatur was a member of that court martial , which had found Barron guilty of `` unpreparedness '' , barring him from command for five years . Consequently , Barron 's previous orders to sail for the Mediterranean were canceled and Chesapeake was instead assigned to Commodore Decatur , with a squadron of gunboats , to patrol the New England coast enforcing the Embargo Act throughout 1809 . Unable to command , Barron left the country for Copenhagen and remained there through the War of 1812 . Before Decatur assumed command of Chesapeake he learned from observers , and then informed the Navy Secretary , that the British ships HMS Bellona and HMS Triumph were lightening their ballasts to prepare for a blockade at Norfolk . During this segment of his life , Decatur 's father , Stephen Decatur Sr. , died in November 1808 at the relatively young age of 57 , with his mother 's death following the next year . Both parents were buried at St. Peter 's Church in Philadelphia . Command of USS United States ( edit ) USS United States In May 1810 Decatur was appointed commander of United States , a heavy frigate with 44 guns . This was the same vessel that he supervised the building of while employed at Gurney and Smith , and the same ship , then under the command of John Barry , on which he had commenced his naval career as midshipman in 1798 . The frigate had just been commissioned and was outfitted and supplied for service at sea . After taking command of United States , now the rallying point of the young American Navy , Decatur sailed to most of the naval ports on the eastern seaboard and was well received at each stop . On May 21 , 1811 , he sailed United States from Norfolk along with the USS Hornet on assignment to patrol the coast , returning to Norfolk on November 23 of that year . In 1812 he sailed with Argus and Congress but were soon recalled upon receiving news about the outbreak of war with Britain . There Decatur joined Captain John Rodgers , commander of President and his squadron . On this cruise Rodgers failed to accomplish his mission of intercepting the fleet of English West - Indiamen . On August 31 , Decatur sailed United States to Boston . On October 8 , he sailed a second cruise with Rodgers ' squadron . War of 1812 ( edit ) Main article : War of 1812 Stephen Decatur by Alonzo Chappel The desire for expansion into the Northwest Territory , the capture and impressment of American citizens into the Royal Navy along with British alliance with and recruitment of American Indian tribes against America were all events that led into the War of 1812 . Intended to avoid war , the Embargo Act only compounded matters that led to war . Finally on June 18 , 1812 , the United States declared war on Great Britain . By 1814 Britain had committed nearly 100 warships along the American coast and other points . Consequently , the war was fought mostly in the naval theater where Decatur and other naval officers played major roles in the success of the United States ' efforts during this time . Upon the onset of the war President James Madison ordered several naval vessels to be dispatched to patrol the American coastline . The U.S. flagship , President , Essex , the Hornet , were joined in lower New York harbor by United States commanded by Decatur , Congress , and Argus . Secretary of State James Monroe had originally considered a plan that would simply use U.S. naval vessels as barriers guarding their entrances , but the unpopular plan never materialized . Three days after the United States declared war against Britain , a squadron under the command of Commodore John Rodgers in President , along with Commodore Stephen Decatur of United States , Argus , Essex and Hornet , departed from the harbor at New York City . As soon as Rodgers received news of the declaration of war , fearing that the order to confine naval ships to port would be reconsidered by Congress , he and his squadron departed New York bay within the hour . The squadron patrolled the waters off the American upper east coast until the end of August , their first objective being a British fleet reported to have recently departed from the West Indies . United States captures Macedonian ( edit ) Main article : USS United States vs HMS Macedonian United States engaging Macedonian Rodgers ' squadron again sailed on October 8 , 1812 , this time from Boston , Massachusetts . Three days later , after capturing HMS Mandarin , Decatur separated from Rodgers and his squadron and with United States continued to cruise eastward . At dawn on October 25 , five hundred miles south of the Azores , lookouts on board reported seeing a sail 12 miles to windward . As the ship slowly rose over the horizon , Captain Decatur made out the fine , familiar lines of HMS Macedonian , a British frigate bearing 38 guns . Macedonian and United States had been berthed next to one another in 1810 , in port at Norfolk , Virginia . The British captain John Carden bet a fur beaver hat that if the two ever met in battle , Macedonian would emerge victorious . However , the engagement in a heavy swell proved otherwise as United States pounded Macedonian into a dismasted wreck from long range . During the engagement Decatur was standing on a box of shot when he was knocked down almost unconscious when a flying splinter struck him in the chest . Wounded , he soon recovered and was on his feet in command again . Because of the greater range of the guns aboard United States , Decatur and his crew got off seventy broadsides , with Macedonian only getting off thirty , and consequently emerged from the battle relatively unscathed . Macedonian had no option but surrender , and thus was taken as a prize by Decatur . Eager to present the nation with a prize , Decatur and his crew spent two weeks repairing and refitting the captured British frigate to prepare it for its journey across the Atlantic to the United States . Blockade at New London ( edit ) After undergoing routine repairs at New York , United States was part of a small squadron that included the newly captured USS Macedonian ( formerly HMS Macedonian ) and the sloop of war Hornet . On May 24 , 1813 , the squadron departed New York . On that same night United States was struck by lightning which shattered its main mast . By June 1 , Decatur 's squadron encountered a powerful British squadron on patrol and under the command of Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy . Hardy 's squadron , which emerged from behind Montauk Point , consisted of the ships of the line HMS Ramillies and HMS Valiant along with the frigates HMS Acasta and HMS Orpheus . Realizing his only chance for escape was to set a course for New London , Decatur was forced to flee and take refuge at that port where they were blockaded until the end of the war . Decatur attempted to sneak out of New London harbor at night in an effort to elude the British blockading squadron . On the evening of December 18 , while attempting to leave the Thames River , Decatur saw blue lights burning near the mouth of the river in sight of the British blockaders . Decatur was furious , believing that various residents had set the signals to betray his plans . He abandoned the project and returned to New London . In a letter to the Navy Secretary , dated December 20 , Decatur charged that traitors in the New London area were in collusion with the British to capture United States , Hornet and Macedonian . The allegations of treason soon became public , causing controversy and debate among New London residents and others over the matter . A congressional investigation was called while Decatur made efforts to discover who was responsible but was unsuccessful . Whether the signals were given by a British spy or an American citizen remains uncertain . Democratic - Republicans ( the then - future Democratic Party ) immediately blamed the Federalists who were adamantly against the war from the beginning , and so here earned themselves the name `` Blue - light Federalists '' . Unable to get his squadron out of the harbor , Decatur decided to write a letter to Captain Thomas Hardy offering to negotiate a resolution of the situation at a prearranged meeting . He proposed that matched ships from either side meet and , in effect , have a duel , to settle their otherwise idle situation . The letter was sent under a flag of truce but was in violation of orders , as after the loss of Chesapeake , Navy Secretary Jones forbade commanders from `` giving or receiving a Challenge , to or from , an Enemy 's vessel . '' The next day Hardy gave answer to Decatur 's proposal and agreed to have Statira engage Macedonian `` as they are sister ships , carrying the same number of guns , and weight of metal . '' After further deliberation Decatur wanted assurance that Macedonian would not be recaptured should the ship emerge victorious , as he suspected it would be . After several communications it was ascertained that neither side could trust the other and so the proposal floundered , never coming to fruition . Command of the USS President ( edit ) USS President Main article : Capture of the USS President In May 1814 , Decatur transferred his commodore 's pennant to President , a frigate with 44 guns . By December 1 , 1814 , Secretary of the Navy William Jones , a staunch proponent of coastal defense , appointed Decatur to lead a four - ship squadron comprising President , which would be the flagship of his new squadron , along with Hornet , a sloop bearing 20 guns , USS Peacock bearing 22 and USS Tom Bowline bearing 12 guns . In January 1815 , Decatur 's squadron was assigned a mission in the East Indies . However , the British had established a strict blockade in the squadron 's port of New York , therefore restricting any cruises . On January 14 , a severe snowstorm developed , forcing the British squadron away from the coast , but by the next day the storm had subsided , allowing the British fleet to take up positions to the northwest in anticipation of the American fleet trying to escape . The next day President emerged from the west , and Decatur attempted to break through the blockade alone in President and make for the appointed rendezvous at Tristan da Cunha , but encountered the British West Indies Squadron composed of razee HMS Majestic bearing 56 guns , under the command of Captain John Hayes , along with the frigates HMS Endymion , bearing 40 guns , commanded by Captain Henry Hope , HMS Pomone , bearing 38 guns , commanded by Captain John Richard Lumley , and HMS Tenedos , bearing 38 guns , commanded by Captain Hyde Parker . Decatur had made arrangements for `` pilot boats '' to mark the way for clear passage out to sea , but due to a plotting error the pilot boats took up the wrong positions and consequently President was accidentally run aground . After an hour upon the sandbar , with Decatur 's ship procuring damage to the copper and pintles , the ship finally broke free . Decatur continued the attempt to evade his pursuers and set course along the southerly coast of Long Island . As Endymion was the fastest ship in the engagement ( and possible in the whole world at the time ) she was the only ship to catch up to President and engage her . After a fierce fight lasting several hours , during which both ships were severely damaged ( Endymion 's headsails & President 's hull ) , Decatur reluctantly surrendered to Endymion as there were four remaining British ships he would have to fight . Decatur 's command suffered 35 men killed and 70 wounded , including Decatur himself who was wounded by a large flying splinter . Decatur lying wounded aboard President Endymion had sustained severe damage to the rigging , and her captain , Hope , decided to carry out repairs before tying up President . While this was happening Decatur made an attempt to escape . Decatur 's frigate was finally overtaken by Pomone . Unaware that Decatur had surrendered , and then tried to flee , Pomone fired two broadsides into President before they realized that the battle was over . When boats from Pomone boarded President Decatur said `` I surrender my sword to the captian of the black ship '' , a reference to Hope of HMS Endymion . After surrendering a second time , Decatur later claimed , `` my ship crippled , and more than a four-fold force opposed to me , without a chance of escape left , I deemed it my duty to surrender . '' Soon Majestic caught up with the British fleet . Decatur , now dressed in full dress uniform , boarded Majestic and surrendered his sword to Captain Hayes . Hayes in a gesture of admiration returned the sword to Decatur saying that he was `` proud in returning the sword of an officer , who had defended his ship so nobly . '' Before taking possession of President , Hayes allowed Decatur to return to his ship to perform burial services for the officers and seamen who had died in the engagement . He was also allowed to write a letter to his wife . Decatur along with surviving crew were taken prisoner and held captive in a Bermuda prison , arriving January 26 , and were held there until February 1815 . Upon arrival at the prison in Bermuda the British naval officers extended various courtesies and provisions that they felt were due to a man of Decatur 's stature . The senior naval officer at the prison took the earliest opportunity to parole Decatur to New London , and on February 8 , with news of the cessation of hostilities , Decatur traveled aboard HMS Narcissus ( 32 ) , landing in New London on February 21 . On February 26 , Decatur arrived in New York City , where he convalesced in a boarding house . At war 's end Decatur received a sword as a reward and thanks from Congress for his service in Tripoli and was also awarded the Congressional Gold Medal for distinguished service in the War of 1812 . Second Barbary war ( edit ) Main article : Second Barbary War Decatur 's squadron off Algiers , 1815 Now that war with Britain was over , the United States could concentrate on pressing matters in the Mediterranean , at Algiers . As had occurred during the First Barbary War American merchant ships and crews were once again being seized and held for large ransoms . On February 23 , 1815 , President Madison urged Congress to declare war . Congress approved the act but did not declare war against Algiers . Madison had chosen Benjamin Williams Crowninshield as the new Secretary of the Navy , replacing William Jones . Two squadrons were then assembled , one at New York , under the command of Stephen Decatur , and one at Boston , under the command of Commodore William Bainbridge . Decatur 's squadron of ten ships was ready first and set sail for Algiers on May 20 . At this time it was the largest US fleet ever assembled . Decatur was in command of the flagship USS Guerriere . Aboard was William Shaler who had just been appointed by Madison as the consul - general for the Barbary States , acting as joint commissioner with Commodores Decatur and Bainbridge . Shaler was in possession of a letter authorizing them to negotiate terms of peace with the Algerian government. ( 64 ) Because of Decatur 's great successes in the War of 1812 and for his knowledge of and past experience at the Algerian port , Crowninshield chose him to command the lead ship in the naval squadron to Algiers . The US was demanding the release of Americans held captive as slaves , an end of annual payments of tribute , and finally to procure favorable prize agreements . Decatur was prepared to negotiate peace or resort to military measures . Eager to know the Bey 's decision , Decatur dispatched the president 's letter which ultimately prompted the Bey to abandon his practice of piracy and kidnapping and come to terms with the United States . Command of USS Guerriere ( edit ) On May 20 , 1815 , Commodore Decatur received instructions from President James Madison to take command of the frigate Guerriere and lead a squadron of ten ships to the Mediterranean Sea to conduct the Second Barbary War , which would put an end to the international practice of paying tribute to the Barbary pirate states . His squadron arrived at Gibraltar on June 14 . Before committing himself to the Mediterranean , Decatur learned from the American consuls at Cadiz and Tangier of any squadrons passing by along the Atlantic coast or through the Strait of Gibraltar . To avoid making known the presence of an American squadron , Decatur did not enter the ports but instead dispatched a messenger in a small boat to communicate with the consuls . He learned from observers there that a squadron under the command of the notorious Rais Hamidou had passed by into the Mediterranean , most likely off Cape Gata . Decatur 's squadron arrived at Gibraltar on June 15 , 1815 . This attracted much attention and prompted the departure of several dispatch vessels to warn Hammida of the squadron 's arrival . Decatur 's visit was brief with the consul and lasted only for as long as it took to communicate with a short letter to the Secretary of the Navy informing him of earlier weather problems and that he was about to `` proceed in search of the enemy forthwith '' , where he at once set off in search of Hamidou hoping to take him by surprise . On June 17 , while sailing in Guerriere for Algiers , Decatur 's fleet encountered near Cape Palos the frigate Mashouda , commanded by Hamidou and the Algerian brig Estedio , which were also en route to Algeria . After overtaking the Mashouda , Decatur fired two broadsides , crippling the ship , killing 30 of the crew , including Hamidou himself , and taking more than 400 prisoners . Lloyd 's List reported that the Algerine frigate Mezoura , which had been under the command of the Algerine admiral , had arrived at Carthagena on June 20 as a prize to Decatur 's squadron . The newspaper also reported that Decatur 's squadron had run another Spanish frigate onshore near Carthagena . Capturing the flagship of the Algerian fleet at the Battle off Cape Gata Decatur was able to secure sufficient levying power to bargain with the Dey of Algiers . Upon arrival , Decatur exhibited an early use of gunboat diplomacy on behalf of American interests as a reminder that this was the only alternative if the Dey decided to decline signing a treaty . Consequently , a new treaty was agreed upon within 48 hours of Decatur 's arrival , confirming the success of his objectives . After bringing the government in Algiers to terms , Decatur 's squadron set sail to Tunis and Tripoli to demand reimbursement for proceeds withheld by those governments during the War of 1812 . With a similar show of force exhibited at Algiers Decatur received all of his demands and promptly sailed home victorious . Upon his arrival Decatur boasted to the Secretary of the Navy that the settlement had `` been dictated at the mouths of our cannon . '' For this campaign , he became known as `` the Conqueror of the Barbary Pirates '' . Domestic life ( edit ) Stephen Decatur Home in Washington , DC After his victory in the Mediterranean over the Barbary states who had terrorized and enslaved Christian merchants for centuries , Decatur returned to the United States , arriving at New York on November 12 , 1815 , with the brig Enterprise , along with Bainbridge of Guerriere who arrived three days later . He was met with a wide reception from dignitaries and countrymen . Among the more notable salutations was a letter Decatur received from the Secretary of State James Monroe that related the following tidings of appreciation : `` I take much interest in informing you that the result of this expedition , so glorious to your country and honorable to yourself and the officers and men under your command , has been very satisfactory to the President . '' The Secretary of the Navy , Benjamin W. Crowninshield , was equally gracious and thankful . Since a vacancy was about to occur in the board of Navy commissioners with the retirement of Commodore Isaac Hull , the Secretary was most anxious to offer the position to Decatur , which he gladly accepted . Upon his appointment Decatur made his journey to Washington , where he was again received with cordial receptions from various dignitaries and countrymen . He served on the Board of Navy Commissioners from 1816 to 1820 . One of his more notable decisions as a commissioner involved his strong objection to the reinstatement of James Barron upon his return to the United States after being barred from command for five years for his questionable handling of the Chesapeake , an action that would soon lead to Barron challenging him to a duel . During his tenure as a Commissioner , Decatur also became active in the Washington social scene . At a social gathering in April 1816 , Decatur uttered an after - dinner toast that would become famous : Our country -- in her intercourse with foreign nations , may she always be in the right , and always successful , right or wrong . Home in Washington ( edit ) Plaque outside Decatur 's Home Now that Decatur was Naval Commissioner he had settled into a routine life in Washington working at the Navy Department during the day , with many evenings spent as an honorary guest at social gatherings , as both he and his wife were the toast of Washington society . Decatur 's first home in Washington was 1903 Pennsylvania Avenue ( one of the `` Seven Buildings '' ) , purchased in 1817 . In 1818 , Decatur built a three - story red brick house in Washington on Lafayette Square , designed by the famous English architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe , the same man who designed the U.S. Capitol building and Saint John 's Church . Decatur specified that his house had to be suitable for `` impressive entertainments '' . The house was the first private residence to be built near the White House . Decatur House is now a museum that exhibits a large collection of Decatur memorabilia and is managed by the National Trust for Historic Preservation . Located on President 's Square ( Lafayette Square ) , it was built in grand style to accommodate large social gatherings , which in the wake of Decatur 's many naval victories were an almost routine affair in the lives of Decatur and his wife . Duel between Perry and Heath ( edit ) In October 1818 , at the request of Oliver Hazard Perry , a very close friend , Decatur arrived at New York to act as his second in a duel between Perry and Captain John Heath , commander of Marines on USS Java . The two officers were involved in a personal disagreement while aboard that ship , that resulted in Heath challenging Perry to a duel . Perry had written to Decatur nearly a year previously , revealing that he had no intention of firing any shot at Heath . After the two duelists and their seconds assembled the duel took place . One shot was fired ; Heath missed his opponent while Perry , keeping his word , returned no fire . At this point Decatur approached Heath with Perry 's letter in hand , relating to Heath that Perry all along had no intention of returning fire and asking Heath if his honor had thus been satisfied . Heath admitted that it had . Decatur was relieved to finally see the matter resolved with no loss of life or limb to either of his friends , urging both to now put the matter behind them . Death ( edit ) James Barron , officer who killed Decatur in a duel , March 22 , 1820 Decatur 's life and distinguished service in the U.S. Navy came to an early end when in 1820 , Commodore James Barron challenged Decatur to a duel , related in part to comments Decatur had made over Barron 's conduct in the Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair of 1807 . Because of Barron 's loss of Chesapeake to the British he faced a court - martial and was barred from command for a term of five years . Decatur had served on the court - martial that had found Barron guilty of `` unpreparedness '' . Barron had just returned to the United States from Copenhagen after being away for six years and was seeking reinstatement . He was met with much criticism among fellow naval officers , among whom Decatur was one of the most outspoken . Decatur , who was now on the board of naval commissioners , strongly opposed Barron 's reinstatement and was notably critical about the prospect in communications with other naval officers and government officials . As a result , Barron became embittered towards Decatur and challenged him to a duel . Barron 's challenge to Decatur occurred during a period when duels between officers were so common that it was creating a shortage of experienced officers , forcing the War Department to threaten to discharge those who attempted to pursue the practice . Barron 's second was Captain Jesse Elliott , known for his jaunty mannerisms and antagonism toward Decatur . Decatur had first asked his friend Thomas Macdonough to be his second , but Macdonough , who had always opposed dueling , accordingly declined his request . Decatur then turned to his supposed friend Commodore William Bainbridge to act as his second , to which Bainbridge consented . However , according to naval historian Alexander Slidell Mackenzie , Decatur made a poor choice : Bainbridge , who was five years his senior , had long been jealous of the younger and more famous Decatur . The seconds met on March 8 to establish the time and place for the duel and the rules to be followed . The arrangements were exact . The duel was to take place at nine o'clock in the morning on March 22 , at Bladensburg , Maryland , near Washington , at a distance of only eight paces . Decatur , an expert pistol shot , planned only to wound Barron in the hip . Decatur did not tell his wife , Susan , about the forthcoming duel but instead wrote to her father asking that he come to Washington to stay with her , using language that suggested that he was facing a duel and that he might lose his life . On the morning of the 22nd the dueling party assembled . The conference between the two seconds lasted three - quarters of an hour . Just before the duel , Barron spoke to Decatur of conciliation ; however , the men 's seconds did not attempt to halt the proceedings . The duel was arranged by Bainbridge with Elliott in a way that made the wounding or death of both duelists very likely . The shooters would be standing close to each other , face to face ; there would be no back - to - back pacing away and turning to fire , a procedure that often resulted in the missing of one 's opponent . Upon taking their places the duelists were instructed by Bainbridge , `` I shall give the word quickly -- ' Present , one , two , three ' -- You are neither to fire before the word ' one ' , nor after the word ' three ' . Now in their positions , each duelist raised his pistol , cocked the flintlock and while taking aim stood in silence . Bainbridge called out , ' One ' , Decatur and Barron both firing before the count of ' two ' . Decatur 's shot hit Barron in the lower abdomen and ricocheted into his thigh . Barron 's shot hit Decatur in the pelvic area , severing arteries . Both of the duelists fell almost at the same instant . Decatur , mortally wounded and clutching his side , exclaimed , `` Oh , Lord , I am a dead man . '' Lying wounded , Commodore Barron ( who ultimately survived ) declared that the duel was carried out properly and honorably and told Decatur that he forgave him from the bottom of his heart . By then other men who had known about the duel were arriving at the scene , including Decatur 's friend and mentor , the senior officer John Rodgers . In excruciating pain , Decatur was carefully lifted by the surgeons and placed in Rodgers ' carriage and was carried back to his home on Lafayette Square . Before they departed Decatur called out to Barron that he should also be taken along , but Rodgers and the surgeons calmly shook their heads in disapproval . Barron cried back `` God bless you , Decatur '' -- and with a weak voice Decatur called back `` Farewell , farewell , Barron . '' Upon arrival at his home Decatur was taken in to the front room just left of the front entrance , still conscious . Before allowing himself to be carried in he insisted that his wife and nieces be taken upstairs , sparing them the sight of his grave condition . A Dr. Thomas Simms arrived from his home nearby to give his assistance to the naval physicians . However , for reasons not entirely clear to historians , Decatur refused to have the ball extracted from his wound . At this point Decatur requested that his will be brought forward so as to receive his signature , granting his wife all his worldly possessions , with directives as to who would be the executors of his will . Decatur died at approximately 10 : 30 pm that night . While wounded , he is said to have cried out , `` I did not know that any man could suffer such pain ! '' Washington society and the nation were shocked upon learning that Decatur had been killed at the age of forty - one in a duel with a rival navy captain . Decatur 's funeral was attended by Washington 's elite , including President James Monroe and the justices of the Supreme Court , as well as most of Congress . Over 10,000 citizens of Washington and the surrounding area attended to pay their last respects to a national hero . The pallbearers were Commodores Rodgers , Chauncey , Tingey , Porter and Macdonough ; captains Ballard and Cassin ; and Lieutenant Macpherson . Following were naval officers and seamen . At the funeral service a grieving seaman unexpectedly came forward and proclaimed , `` He was the friend of the flag , the sailor 's friend ; the navy has lost its mainmast . '' Stephen Decatur died childless . Though he left his widow $75,000 , a fortune at the time , she died virtually penniless in 1860 . Decatur 's body was temporarily placed in the tomb of Joel Barlow at Washington . It was later moved to Philadelphia , where he was buried at St. Peter 's Church in 1846 , alongside his mother and father . After the funeral , rumors circulated of a last - minute conversation between the duelists that could have avoided the deadly outcome of the duel , moreover , that the seconds involved might have been planning for such an outcome and accordingly made no real attempts to stop the duel . Decatur 's wife Susan held an even more damning view of the matter and spent much of her remaining life pursuing justice for what she termed `` the assassins '' involved . Decatur 's widow , Susan , tried for several years to receive a pension from the U.S. Government . By an act of Congress on March 3 , 1837 , she was granted a pension retroactive to Decatur 's death . Legacy ( edit ) Although he died at a relatively young age , Decatur helped determine the direction of the young nation playing a significant role establishing its identity . For his heroism in the Barbary Wars and the War of 1812 Decatur emerged as an icon of American naval history and was roundly admired by most of his contemporaries as well as the citizenry : Congressional Gold Medal awarded January 29 , 1813 , to honor capture of HMS Macedonian by USS United States under his command . In honor of Stephen Decatur , five U.S. Navy ships have been named USS Decatur . At the urging of Franklin D. Roosevelt , the U.S. Post Office Department issued a series of five stamps honoring the U.S. Navy and various naval heroes , Decatur being one of the few chosen , appearing on the 2 - cent issue , along with fellow officer Macdonough . An engraved portrait of Decatur appears on the Series of 1878 / 1880 $20 silver certificates . Stephen Decatur 's home in Washington , D.C. is a museum owned by the National Trust for Historic Preservation . At least 46 communities in the United States have been named after Stephen Decatur , including Decatur , Alabama , Decatur , Georgia , Decatur , Illinois , and Decatur , Texas . Seven counties in the United States have been named after Stephen Decatur , including Decatur County , Alabama , Decatur County , Georgia , Decatur County , Indiana , Decatur County , Iowa , Decatur County , Kansas , and Decatur County , Tennessee . The Georgia county named for Steven Decatur has its county seat at Bainbridge . In honor to Stephen Decatur , the Borough of Doylestown , Pennsylvania , incorporated a street in his name . Decatur Avenue in Norman , Oklahoma , is named in honor of Decatur , as is Decatur Boulevard in Las Vegas , Decatur Street in Mineral Point , Wisconsin and Decatur Avenue in Minneapolis , Minnesota . In honor of Stephen Decatur , in the county of Worcester , Maryland , where he was born , a street , monument , park , and middle and high schools are named after him . His birth place is marked in the current town of Berlin , Maryland . A main thoroughfare in New Orleans ' French Quarter is named Decatur in his honor . An island in the San Juan Archipelago ( Washington state ) is named Decatur Island Decatur Township , in Van Buren County , Michigan is named in his honor . The first USS Decatur , 1839 Decatur depicted on the Series 1878 $20 Silver Certificate Decatur / Macdonough U.S. postage , Navy Issue of 1937 See also ( edit ) War of 1812 portal United States Navy portal Military of the United States portal Other notable naval commanders of the time : John Paul Jones Commodore John Barry Commodore John Hazelwood Admiral David Farragut Admiral Richard Howe Admiral Horatio Nelson History of the United States Navy List of naval battles List of United States Navy people List of sailing frigates of the United States Navy Naval tactics in the Age of Sail Naval artillery in the Age of Sail Thomas Jefferson and the First Barbary War Bibliography of early American naval history Glossary of nautical terms Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mortally wounded in duel at Bladensburg , Maryland . Jump up ^ Town was destroyed by hurricane in 1818 , rebuilt years later and named ' Berlin ' . Jump up ^ Some sources spell the name as Siren . Jump up ^ Whipple , 2001 claims only two gunboats were offered . Jump up ^ Some sources claim the man could have been Ruben James . Jump up ^ Striking colors , i.e. Lowering the ship 's flag , was an international signal of surrender . Jump up ^ Monroe was later appointed Secretary of War in September 1814 . Jump up ^ The ten vessels were : Frigates : USS Guerrier ( flagship ) , USS Macedonian and USS Constellation ; sloop of war USS Ontario ; brigs USS Epervier , USS Firefly , USS Flambeau and USS Spark ; schooners USS Spitfire and USS Torch . Three of these vessels were prizes taken in the War of 1812 . Jump up ^ The toast is more widely known in the form of a paraphrase that arose decades later ( e.g. Mackenzie , 1846 , p. 443 ) with `` but right or wrong , our country '' instead of the original `` and always successful , right or wrong '' . Jump up ^ Among the current sources only Guttridge mentions Decatur 's refusal to have the ball extracted , not citing any reason . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Commodore Stephen Decatur , USN , ( 1779 -- 1820 ) '' . Naval History & Heritage Command , Department of the Navy . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Waldo , 1821 Chapter I , Introductory . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , pp. 120 -- 121 ; Allison , 2005 , pp. 1 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Lewis , 1937 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Guttridge , 2005 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Guttridge , 2005 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Waldo , 1821 , pp. 289 -- 293 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , pp. 320 -- 325 . Jump up ^ Waldo , 1821 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Abbot , W. John , 1886 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Waldo , 1821 , pp. 19 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Waldo , 1821 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Waldo , 1821 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Lewis , 1937 , pp. 5 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Bradford , 1914 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , pp. 9 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Tucker , 1937 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Allison , 2005 , pp. 9 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , 1937 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Guttridge , 2005 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , 1846 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , 2004 , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Allen , 1909 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Allen , 1905 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Daughan , 2011 , p. 129 Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Allison , 2005 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Tucker , 1937 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Waldo , 1821 , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , pp. 21 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Guttridge , 2005 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Waldo , 1821 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Brady , 1900 , p.x. Jump up ^ Lewis , 1937 , pp. 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Tucker , 1937 , pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , 1846 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Lewis , 1937 , pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Lewis , 1937 , pp. 28 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Lewis , 1937 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Lewis , 1937 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Lewis , 1937 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Harris , 1837 , pp. 63 -- 64 , 251 . Jump up ^ Guttridge , 2005 , pp. 45 -- 46 ; Lewis , 1937 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Tucker , 1937 , p. 27 ; Lewis , 1937 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , pp. 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , 1846 , p. 65 ; Lewis , 1937 , p. 32 ; Allen , 1905 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Harris , 1837 , pp. 87 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , 1937 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Tucker , 1937 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Daughan , 2011 , p. 104 Jump up ^ Allen , 1905 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Toll , 2006 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 1856 , p. 171 ; Tucker , 1937 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , 1846 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Lewis , 1937 , p. 44 ; MacKenzie , 1846 , pp. 331 -- 335 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , 1846 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Tucker , 2004 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Allen , 1905 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , pp. 64 -- 80 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , 1846 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , 1846 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Whipple , 2001 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Guttridge , 2005 , pp. 68 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Symonds and Clipson , 2001 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , 1846 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Whipple , 2001 , pp. 150 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Abbot , W. John , 1886 , pp. 203 -- 204 . Jump up ^ Lewis , 1937 , pp. 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , 1846 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Waldo , 1821 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Harris , 1837 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Lewis , 1937 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , 1846 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Abbot , W. John , 1886 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Lewis , 1924 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Lewis , 1924 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Allen , 1909 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Lewis , 1937 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Allen , 1905 , p. 192 . Jump up ^ Barnes , 1906 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Lewis , 1937 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Toll , 2006 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Lewis , 1937 , pp. 66 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Guttridge , 2005 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Bradford , 1914 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Hollis , 1900 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Naval Historical Center , Wash. DC . Jump up ^ Leiner , 2007 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Lewis , 1937 , pp. 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , 1846 , pp. 120 -- 121 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , 1846 , pp. 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Hollis , 1900 , pp. 116 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Waldo , 1821 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , 1846 , pp. 132 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Guttridge , 2005 , pp. 83 -- 84 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , 1937 , p. 89 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , 1937 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , 1937 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Leiner , 2007 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , pp. 145 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 1856 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 1856 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , 1846 , pp. 146 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Tucker , 1937 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Borneman , 2004 , pp. 19 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : Toll , 2006 , p. 470 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , 1846 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , 1846 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Guttridge , 2005 , pp. 217 -- 219 . Jump up ^ Guttridge , 2005 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , pp. 151 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Waldo , 1821 , pp. 163 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Hill , 1905 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Hill , 1905 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Hale , 1896 , pp. 144 -- 149 ; Tucker , 1937 , pp. 105 -- 106 . Jump up ^ Guttridge , 2005 , p. 129 ; Waldo , 1821 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Maclay , 1894 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Hickey , 1989 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , 1883 , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Abbot , W. John , 1886 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Heidler , 2004 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Abbot , W. John , 1886 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Maclay , 1894 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Hickey , 1989 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Canney , 2001 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Waldo , 1821 , p. 224 Jump up ^ Cooper , 1856 , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Tucker , 2012 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Hickey , 1989 , pp. 257 -- 259 . Jump up ^ Toll , 2006 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Tucker , 1937 p. 144 ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt , 1883 p. 401 Jump up ^ Maclay , 1894 p. 71 ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt , 1883 pp. 401 -- 405 ^ Jump up to : Lambert , 2012 pp. 364 -- 371 Jump up ^ Hickey , 1989 , p. 216 Jump up ^ MacKenzie , 1846 pp. 226 -- 228 Jump up ^ MacKenzie , 1846 pp. 231 -- 232 Jump up ^ `` Captain Stephen Decatur '' . Department of the Navy , Naval Historical Center . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Act of March 3 , 1815 , Chap. 90 , 3 Stat. 230 Jump up ^ Leiner , 2007 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , 2012 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Harris , 1938 , pp. 198 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Leiner , 2007 , pp. 39 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Jump up ^ Cooper , 1856 , pp. 442 -- 443 . ^ Jump up to : Waldo , 1821 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Maclay , 1894 , pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Allen , 1905 , pp. 281 -- 282 . Jump up ^ Leiner , 2007 , pp. 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Lloyd 's List , no. 4987 , ( 1 ) -- accessed May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Waldo , 1821 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Hagan , 1992 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Guttridge , 2005 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ U.S. Naval Institute . Jump up ^ Tucker , 2004 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , 1846 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Waldo , 1821 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress , 2010 , p. 70 ; Allison , 2005 , pp. 183 -- 184 . Jump up ^ Allison , 2005 , pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ `` Decatur House on Lafayette Square '' . The White House Historical Association . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lewis , 1937 , p. 198 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , 1846 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Tucker , 1937 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Guttridge , 2005 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Lewis , 1937 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Hickey , 1989 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Tucker , 1937 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Tucker , 2004 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Tucker , 1937 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Guttridge , 2005 , pp. 257 -- 260 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , p. 440 . Jump up ^ Guttridge , 2005 , pp. 257 -- 261 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , p. 441 . Jump up ^ Allison , 2005 , p. 214 . ^ Jump up to : Guttridge , 2005 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Rodney MacDonough , 1909 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , pp. 331 -- 335 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , 1846 , p. 442 . Jump up ^ Guttridge , 2005 , pp. 268 -- 269 . Jump up ^ Laws of the United States , vol. 9 , p. 689 . Jump up ^ Allison , 2005 , pp. 1 -- 10 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Navy Issue of 1937 '' . Smithsonian National Postal Museum . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Van Buren County Records , Michigan Historical Records Survey records : 1936 -- 1942 , Roll 28 , Bentley Historical Library , University of Michigan . Bibliography ( edit ) Abbot , Willis John ( 1886 ) . The Naval History of the United States . Peter Fenelon Collier , New York . Book Allen , Gardner Weld ( 1905 ) . Our Navy and the Barbary Corsairs . Houghton Mifflin & Co. , Boston , New York & Chicago . p. 354 . E'book -- -- ( 1909 ) . Our Naval War with France . Houghton Mifflin & Co. , Boston , New York and Chicago . p. 323 . E'book Allison , Robert J. ( 2005 ) . Stephen Decatur American Naval Hero , 1779 -- 1820 . University of Massachusetts Press . p. 253 . ISBN 1 - 55849 - 492 - 8 . Book Barnes , James ( 1906 ) . Yankee ships and Yankee sailors : tales of 1812 . Macmillan , London . p. 281 . E'book Borneman , Walter R. ( 2004 ) . 1812 : The War that Forged a Nation . New York : Harper Collins . p. 349 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 053112 - 6 . Book Bradford , James C. ( 1955 ) . Quarterdeck and Bridge : Two Centuries of American Naval Leaders . Naval Institute Press . p. 263 . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 073 - 8 . Book Brady , Cyrus Townsend ( 1900 ) . Stephen Decatur . Small , Maynard & Company , ( original , Harvard Univ . ) . p. 142 . Book , E'book ( text ) -- -- ( 2006 ) . Stephen Decatur . Kessinger Publishing ( reprint ) . p. 168 . ISBN 1428603115 . Book Canney , Donald L. ( 2001 ) . Sailing Warships of the US Navy . Chatham Publishing / Naval Institute Press . p. 224 . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 990 - 5 . Book Cooper , James Fenimore ( 1856 ) . History of the Navy of the United States of America . New York : Stringer & Townsend . p. 508 . OCLC 197401914 . E'book -- -- ( 1846 ) . Lives of distinguished American naval officers . Carey and Hart , Philadelphia . p. 436 . OCLC 620356 . Book1 Book2 Daughan , George C. Daughan ( 2011 ) . 1812 : The Navy 's War . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 4650 - 2046 - 1 . Guttridge , Leonard F. ( 2005 ) . Our Country , Right Or Wrong : The Life of Stephen Decatur . New York : Tom Doherty Associates , LLC . p. 304 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7653 - 0702 - 6 . Book Hagan , Kenneth J. ( 1992 ) . This People 's Navy : The Making of American Sea Power . New York : The Free Press . p. 468 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 913471 - 4 . Book Hale , Edward Everett ( 1896 ) . Illustrious Americans , Their Lives and Great Achievements . International Publishing Company , Philadelphia , PA. , and Chicago , ILL , . ISBN 978 - 1 - 162 - 22702 - 3 . Book1 , Book2 Harris , Gardner W. ( 1837 ) . The Life and Services of Commodore William Bainbridge , United States Navy . New York : Carey Lea & Blanchard . p. 254 . E'book Hickey , Donald R. ( 1989 ) . The War of 1812 , A Forgotten Conflict . Chicago and Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01613 - 0 . Book Hill , Frederic Stanhope ( 1905 ) . Twenty - six Historic Ships . New York and London : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . p. 515 . Book Hollis , Ira N. ( 1900 ) . The Frigate Constitution the Central Figure of the Navy Under Sail . Houghton , Mifflin and Company , Boston and New York ; The Riverside Press , Cambridge . p. 455 . Book Lambert , Andrew ( 2012 ) . The Challenge . Britain against America in the Naval War of 1812 . Faber and Faber , London . Leiner , Frederic C. ( 2007 ) . The End of Barbary Terror , America 's 1815 War Against the Pirates of North Africa . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 532540 - 9 . Book Lewis , Charles Lee ( 1924 ) . Famous American Naval Officers . L.C. Page & Company , Inc. p. 444 . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 2170 - 4 . Book -- -- ( 1937 ) . The Romantic Decatur . Ayer Publishing . p. 296 . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 5898 - 5 . Book Library of Congress , Congressional Research Service ( 2010 ) . Respectfully Quoted : A Dictionary of Quotations . ISBN 9780486472881 . Mackenzie , Alexander Slidell ( 1846 ) . Life of Stephen Decatur : A Commodore in the Navy of the United States . C.C. Little and J. Brown . p. 443 . Book Macdonough , Rodney ( 1909 ) . Life of Commodore Thomas Macdonough , U.S. Navy . Boston , MA : The Fort Hill Press . p. 303 . Book Maclay , Edgar Stanton ( 1894 ) . A History of the United States Navy , from 1775 to 1893 . New York : D. Appleton & Company . p. 647 . Book `` Commodore Stephen Decatur and the War on Algiers '' . Naval History & Heritage , U.S. Naval Institute . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . `` US Navy Officers : 1798 -- 1900 '' . Naval Historical Center , Washington DC . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1883 ) . The Naval War of 1812 . G.P. Putnam 's Sons , New York . p. 541 . Book Seawell , Molly Elliot ( 1908 ) . Decatur and Somers . D. Appleton and Company , New York . p. 178 . Book Shaler , William ; American Consul General at Algiers ( 1826 ) . Sketches of Algiers . Cummings , Hillard and Company , Boston . p. 296 . Book Smith , Charles Henry ( 1900 ) . Stephen Decatur and the suppression of piracy in the Mediterranean : An address at a meeting of the Connecticut society of the Order of the founders and patriots of America , April 19 , A.D. 1900 . Tuttle , Morehouse & Taylor , New Haven . p. 38 . Book Symonds , Craig L. ; Clipson , William J. ( 2001 ) . The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy . Naval Institute Press . p. 1101 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 984 - 0 . Book Toll , Ian W. ( 2006 ) . Six Frigates : The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 592 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05847 - 5 . Book Tucker , Spencer ( 2004 ) . Stephen Decatur : A Life Most Bold and Daring . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press . p. 245 . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 999 - 9 . Book -- -- ( 2012 ) . The Encyclopedia Of the War Of 1812 . ABC - CLIO . p. 1034 . Book Waldo , Samuel Putnam ( 1821 ) . The Life and Character of Stephen Decatur . P.B. Goodsell , Hartford , Conn . p. 312 . , E'book Whipple , Addison Beecher Colvin ( 2001 ) . To the Shores of Tripoli : The Birth of the U.S. Navy and Marines . Naval Institute Press . p. 357 . Book Further reading ( edit ) Anthony , Irvin , ( 1931 ) . Decatur , Charles Scribner & Sons , New York , p. 319 , Book ( snippit view ) Decatur , Stephen ; Barron , James ( 1820 ) . Correspondence Between the Late Commodore Stephen Decatur and Commodore James Baron . Boston : Russell & Gardner . p. 22 . De Kay , James T. De Kay , ( 2004 ) , A Rage for Glory : The Life of Commodore Stephen Decatur , USN , Simon and Schuster , New York p. 297 , ISBN 9780743242455 , Book ( par view ) Lardas , Mark . Decatur 's Bold and Daring Act , The ' Philadelphia ' in Tripoli 1804 . Osprey Raid Series # 22 . Osprey Publishing , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 374 - 4 , Book ( par view ) London , Joshua E. ( 2005 ). Victory in Tripoli : How America 's War with the Barbary Pirates Established the U.S. Navy and Shaped a Nation , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons , Inc. , ISBN 0 - 471 - 44415 - 4 . Lossing , Benson John ( 1869 ) , The Pictorial Field - book of the War of 1812 : Or , Illustrations , by Pen and Pencil , of the History , Biography , Scenery , Relics , and Traditions of the Last War for American Independence , Harper & Brothers , New York , p. 1054 , Url Lowe , Corinne . Knight of the Sea : The Story of Stephen Decatur . Harcourt , Brace. 1941 . James , William , ( 1847 / 1859 ) , The naval history of Great Britain ... Volume 5 , Richard Bentley , London , pp. 458 , Ebook ( full view ) -- -- ( 1837 ) The naval history of Great Britain ... Volume 6 , Richard Bentley , London , p. 468 , Ebook ( full view ) Miller , Nathan . The US Navy : An Illustrated History . New York : American Heritage , 1977 . Oren , Michael B. Power , Faith , and Fantasy : America in the Middle East , 1776 to the Present . New York : W.W. Norton , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05826 - 3 . Randall , William Sterne ( 2017 ) . Unshackling America : How the War of 1812 Truly Ended the American Revolution . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 2501 - 1184 - 5 . Smethurst , David ( 2009 ) Tripoli : The United States ' First War on Terror ( Google eBook ) , Random House LLC , p. 320 , ISBN 9780307548283 , Book ( par view ) Zacks , Richard , ( 2005 ) . The Pirate Coast : Thomas Jefferson , the First Marines , and the Secret Mission of 1805 , Hyperion , p. 448 , ISBN 9781401383114 , Book ( no view ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Stephen Decatur Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stephen Decatur . The Stephen Decatur House Museum : Washington , DC Decatur House : A Home of the Rich and Powerful : National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Works by Stephen Decatur at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Stephen Decatur at Internet Archive Correspondence , between the late Commodore Stephen Decatur and Commodore James Barron which led to the unfortunate meeting of the twenty - second of March Stephen Decatur at Find a Grave VIAF : 37201936 LCCN : n80102170 ISNI : 0000 0000 2107 7980 GND : 120880784 SUDOC : 087735555 BNF : cb15046820z ( data ) SNAC : w6g73sbq Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Decatur&oldid=837160507 '' Categories : 1779 births 1820 deaths 18th - century American naval officers 19th - century American naval officers American people of French descent American people of Irish descent American people of the War of 1812 Congressional Gold Medal recipients Deaths by firearm in Maryland Duelling fatalities People from Westville , New Jersey People from Berlin , Maryland American military personnel of the Quasi-War United States Navy Commodores American military personnel of the First Barbary War War of 1812 People of colonial Maryland Burials at St. Peter 's churchyard , Philadelphia Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 02 : 45 . 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-8092484143455506053	How to Save a Life	How to Save a Life - wikipedia How to Save a Life Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see How to Save a Life ( disambiguation ) . `` How to Save a Life '' Single by The Fray from the album How to Save a Life Released March 26 , 2006 Format Digital download , CD single Genre Alternative rock Length 4 : 23 ( album version ) 3 : 58 ( radio edit ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Isaac Slade , Joe King Producer ( s ) Mike Flynn , Aaron Johnson The Fray singles chronology `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2005 ) `` How to Save a Life '' ( 2006 ) `` Look After You '' ( 2007 ) `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2005 ) `` How to Save a Life '' ( 2006 ) `` Look After You '' ( 2007 ) The Fray UK singles chronology `` How to Save a Life '' ( 2007 ) How to Save a Life2007 `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2007 ) Over My Head ( Cable Car ) 2007 How to Save a Life track listing `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' ( 2 ) `` How to Save a Life '' ( 3 ) `` All at Once '' ( 4 ) Audio sample file help `` How to Save a Life '' is a song by American pop rock band The Fray . It was released as the second single from their debut studio album of the same name . The song is one of the band 's most popular airplay songs and peaked in the top 3 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States . It became the joint seventh longest charting single on the Billboard Hot 100 , tying with Santana 's `` Smooth '' ( 1999 ) , at 58 consecutive weeks . The song has been certified 3x Platinum by the RIAA , and has sold 4.7 million downloads as of January 2015 , the fourth best - selling rock song in digital history . It is the band 's highest - charting song to date , topping the Adult Top 40 chart for 15 consecutive weeks and topping the Canadian Airplay Chart . It was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 2007 , but lost to `` Dani California '' by Red Hot Chili Peppers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song meaning 2 Commercial success 3 In popular culture 4 Music videos 5 Track listings 6 Personnel 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Decade - end charts 7.4 Certifications 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Song meaning ( edit ) According to lead singer Isaac Slade , the song was composed and influenced by his experience while working as a mentor at a camp for troubled teens : `` One of the youngsters I was paired up with was a musician . Here I was , a protected suburbanite , and he was just 17 and had all these problems . And no one could write a manual on how to save him . '' Slade claims that the song is about all of the people that tried to reach out to the boy but were unsuccessful . As Slade says in an interview , the boy 's friends and family approached him by saying , `` Quit taking drugs and cutting yourself or I wo n't talk to you again , '' but all he needed was some support . The boy was losing friends and going through depression . He lost his best friend and could not deal with it . The verses of the song describe an attempt by an adult to confront a troubled teen . In the chorus , the singer laments that he himself was unable to save a friend because he did not know how . While this was the original intent of the song , the band has opened the song to interpretation . They created a website where fans were welcome to submit music videos they had made for the song . This arose from the response that Slade got from the song : `` I got a lot of e-mails about it ( ... ) One boy died in a car accident , and I guess it had been the last song he downloaded from his computer . They played it at his funeral , and some of his friends got Save a life tattooed on their arms . The response has been overwhelming . '' During an interview in Sauce , Bob Wilson asked Slade , `` ' How to Save a Life ' was apparently inspired by an experience you had as a mentor to a boy who had a drug problem . What 's the story behind that ? '' Slade answered : `` Well there 's a group home here in Denver called Shelterwood , and it takes in teens who 've had a tough time ; their parents do n't want to send them to jail , but they ca n't keep track of them themselves ... A friend of mine was actually the president for that particular school , so he asked Joe and I to come up for one of their weekend retreats ... I was paired up with one boy in particular . His story was just amazing -- all the relationships that he had put at risk because of the decisions he made , and eventually losing the relationships ... the cost of his lifestyle and his choices , and kind of relating them to my own life and my own stories ; seeing all the relationships I 've threatened for one reason or another . It was a really inspiring weekend . '' Commercial success ( edit ) The song is the band 's first to achieve significant popularity outside of the United States . `` How to Save a Life '' was a top five hit in Australia , Canada , Ireland , Italy , Spain , Sweden and the United Kingdom . Due to an early leak by BBC Radio 1 in the United Kingdom , where it was the band 's debut single , the song was released in the territory five weeks earlier than planned . It debuted at number twenty nine on the UK Singles Chart on January 21 , 2007 via downloads alone . Instead of its planned release date which was to be March 26 , 2007 , the single was physically released in the United Kingdom on February 28 and gradually rose up the chart , reaching number five on February 25 , staying there for four weeks . It eventually peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart on April 8 and became Britain 's eleventh biggest - selling song of 2007 . On March 29 , `` How to Save a Life '' peaked at number 1 in Ireland , becoming their first and only number one single in the country to date . The song only stayed at the top spot for a week but sales still proved strong after it fell from number 1 . The song was ranked No. 24 on Billboard 's Best Adult Pop Songs of the Decade , and No. 47 on Billboard 's Top 100 Digital Tracks of the Decade . It was also ranked No. 58 on Billboard 's Hot 100 Songs of the Decade and No. 56 on Rhapsody 's list of the Top 100 Tracks of the Decade . The song was the 25th most downloaded song of all time on iTunes as of February 2010 . The song has sold over 4.7 million copies in the US as of January 2015 . In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible , otherwise delete it . ( September 2017 ) The song was first featured on ABC 's Grey 's Anatomy , after Alexandra Patsavas , the music supervisor for the show , saw the band perform in Los Angeles . Alexandra then incorporated the song into `` Superstition '' , an episode of the show 's second season ( first aired on March 19 , 2006 ) . After its usage in the episode , the song became a minor Hot 100 hit . The song became an `` unofficial theme '' for the other members of the Grey 's Anatomy production after the episode aired , leading to the decision that the song would be used in the main promotion for the third season in the show . Grey 's Anatomy is credited with bringing popularity to the song . The song was also used on the NBC show Scrubs ( S5 E20 ) titled `` My Lunch '' , which was one of the most critically acclaimed Scrubs episodes . Music videos ( edit ) The original music video , which premiered on VH1 on 12 September 2006 , featured the recurring themes of light and stopped time . This music video shows the scene of a car crash and all of its presumed victims in pause . There is a recurring light throughout the video shining brightly in the dark woods that the video takes place in . Scenes of the band playing in a dark warehouse are intercut with the story going on outside . This version of the video was placed at No. 21 of the year by VH1 's `` Top 40 Videos of 2006 '' . Another version of the music video juxtaposes scenes from Grey 's Anatomy to scenes of the original music video . However , all the scenes of the presumed car crash victims are excluded and only scenes of The Fray playing in a warehouse are shown . A third music video , directed by Mark Pellington , was released for the song on 6 December 2006 . The video features various adolescents , most of which seem to be between 12 -- 18 in age , all who appear to be depressed and suicidal , or possibly mourning the loss of a loved one . All of these children have lost a significant loved one prior to the video , and many of them cry and scream in the video , all against a white background . Scenes of the band playing the song against this same white background are also shown throughout the video . Many numbered steps are shown alongside them , such as `` Remember '' , `` Cry '' , or `` Let It Go '' . The video ends with each child finding a catharsis and making peace with themselves or others . This version of the video debuted on MTV 's Total Request Live ( TRL ) at No. 9 , and went on to top the countdown at No. 1 on 21 December 2006 , becoming the band 's first TRL No. 1 , and also becoming the last No. 1 video on TRL for 2006 . Track listings ( edit ) UK CDS 1 `` How to Save a Life '' `` She Is '' -- Acoustic from Stripped Raw + Real UK CDS 2 `` How to Save a Life '' `` How to Save a Life '' -- Acoustic from Stripped Raw + Real `` She Is '' -- Acoustic from Stripped Raw + Real `` How to Save a Life '' -- CD - Rom Personnel ( edit ) The Fray Isaac Slade -- Lead vocals , piano Dave Welsh -- Lead guitar Joe King -- Rhythm guitar , backing vocals Dan Battenhouse -- Bass guitar Ben Wysocki -- Drums Production Produced by Aaron Johnson , Mike Flynn Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 -- 07 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 46 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 17 European Singles Chart 14 France ( SNEP ) 35 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 45 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy Digital Singles ( FIMI ) 5 Italy Physical Singles ( FIMI ) 29 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Portugal ( Billboard ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 83 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 28 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 31 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 34 Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 30 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 27 Chart ( 2007 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 18 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 40 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 38 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 93 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 24 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 - 2009 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 58 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 20,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 7,500 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 15,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 4,700,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 900,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2007 ( Ireland ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2007 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Inc , Nielsen Business Media ( 14 October 2006 ) . `` Billboard '' . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Recording Industry Association of America '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Polk , Christopher ( January 31 , 2015 ) . `` The 15 Most Downloaded Songs in Rock History '' . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Elysa ( July 12 , 2006 ) . `` Debut ' How to Save a Life ' takes on a life of its own '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diving Into -- The Fray '' ( PDF ) . Sauce . June 9 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ BBC Music . `` Top 40 Singles of the Year 2007 `` . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 Jump up ^ `` Best of the 2000s : Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best of the 2000s : Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best of the 2000s : Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Editorial , Rhapsody ( 2009 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Top 100 Tracks of the Decade -- Rhapsody : The Mix '' . Blog.rhapsody.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Herrera , Dave ( 2010 - 02 - 25 ) . `` The Fray , Frank E and Ryan Tedder make list of Top 25 iTunes downloads -- Denver Music -- Backbeat '' . Blogs.westword.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Rock songs downloaded ( Of all time ) '' . i99radio.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` How ' Grey 's ' got that catchy new `` theme '' song `` . New York Post . 24 September 2006 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray - How To Save A Life '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` The Fray - How To Save A Life '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for The Fray . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 13 , 2007 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Digital Download -- Classifica settimanale dal 11 / 05 / 2007 al 17 / 05 / 2007 '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica Mix e Singoli -- Classifica settimanale dal 24 / 08 / 2007 al 30 / 08 / 2007 '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- The Fray search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs -- Peak '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 200650 into search . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Fray -- How To Save A Life '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Fray -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for The Fray . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for The Fray . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for The Fray . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray -- Chart history '' Billboard Alternative Songs for The Fray . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fray -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for The Fray . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` sc_UK_The_Fray '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs : Year End 2006 '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2007 '' . ARIA . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2007 '' . Ultratop ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop & Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 20 May 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best of singles 2007 '' . IRMA . IRMA . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2007 '' . NZTop40 . Recorded Music New Zealand Limited . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar - År 2007 '' . Hitlistan ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Archived from the original on 21 January 2016 . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official UK Singles Chart of 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Year - End 2007 '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Decade End Charts -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 13 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2007 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- The Fray -- How to Save a Life '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i August '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- The Fray -- How to Save a Life '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Gold / Platinum Singles -- RadioScope New Zealand '' . Radioscope.net.nz . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2008 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- The Fray -- How to Save a Life '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Enter How to Save a Life in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Fray -- How to Save a Life '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer -- The Fray -- How To Save a Life '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Full lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics . ( hide ) The Fray Isaac Slade Joe King Dave Welsh Ben Wysocki Jeremy McCoy Jeff Linsenmaier Zach Johnson Caleb Slade Mike Ayars Dan Battenhouse Jimmy Stofer Dan Lavery Studio albums How to Save a Life The Fray Scars & Stories Helios Compilation albums Through the Years : The Best of the Fray Live albums Live at the Electric Factory : Bootleg No. 1 Acoustic in Nashville : Bootleg No. 2 Live from the 9 : 30 Club : Bootleg No. 3 EPs Movement Reason Christmas Singles `` Over My Head ( Cable Car ) '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` Look After You '' `` All at Once '' `` You Found Me '' `` Never Say Never '' `` Heartless '' `` Syndicate '' `` Heartbeat '' `` Run for Your Life '' `` Love Do n't Die '' `` Break Your Plans '' Concert tours Kelly Clarkson / The Fray Tour Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_to_Save_a_Life&oldid=802999538 '' Categories : 2005 songs 2006 singles 2007 singles The Fray songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles 2000s ballads Rock ballads Songs about death Songs about suicide Songs written by Joe King ( guitarist ) Songs written by Isaac Slade Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Music videos directed by Mark Pellington Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with trivia sections from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 20 : 52 . About Wikipedia	how to save a life song grey's anatomy episode	[]	[]
-9094743570300803307	Immigration Act of 1924	Immigration Act of 1924 - wikipedia Immigration Act of 1924 Jump to : navigation , search Immigration Act of 1924 Nicknames Johnson - Reed Act Enacted by the 68th United States Congress Effective May 26 , 1924 Legislative history Introduced in the House of Representatives as H.R. 7995 Passed the House on April 12 , 1924 ( 323 - 71 ) Agreed to by the House on May 15 , 1924 ( 308 - 62 ) and by the Senate on May 15 , 1924 ( 69 - 9 ) Signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge on May 24 , 1924 `` Asian Exclusion Act '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Chinese Exclusion Act . President Coolidge signs the immigration act on the White House South Lawn along with appropriation bills for the Veterans Bureau . John J. Pershing is on the President 's right . The Immigration Act of 1924 , or Johnson -- Reed Act , including the National Origins Act , and Asian Exclusion Act ( Pub. L. 68 -- 139 , 43 Stat. 153 , enacted May 26 , 1924 ) , was a United States federal law that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2 % of the number of people from that country who were already living in the United States as of the 1890 census , down from the 3 % cap set by the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 , which used the Census of 1910 . The law was primarily aimed at further restricting immigration of Southern Europeans and Eastern Europeans , especially Italians , Slavs and Eastern European Jews . In addition , it severely restricted the immigration of Africans and banned the immigration of Arabs and Asians . According to the U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian the purpose of the act was `` to preserve the ideal of American homogeneity '' . But though the Act aimed at preserving American racial homogeneity , it set no limits on immigration from other countries of the Americas . Congressional opposition was minimal . According to Columbia University historian Mae Ngai , the 1924 Act put an end to a period where the United States essentially had open borders . Contents ( hide ) 1 Provisions 2 History 2.1 Court decision 3 Results 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Provisions ( edit ) The Immigration Act made permanent the basic limitations on immigration into the United States established in 1921 and modified the National Origins Formula established then . In conjunction with the Immigration Act of 1917 , it governed American immigration policy until the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 , which revised it completely . For the next four years , until June 30 , 1927 , the 1924 Act set the annual quota of any nationality at 2 % of the number of foreign - born persons of such nationality resident in the United States in 1890 . That revised formula reduced total immigration from 357,803 in 1923 -- 24 to 164,667 in 1924 -- 25 . The law 's impact varied widely by country . Immigration from Great Britain and Ireland fell 19 % , while immigration from Italy fell more than 90 % . The Act established preferences under the quota system for certain relatives of U.S. residents , including their unmarried children under 21 , their parents , and spouses aged 21 and over . It also preferred immigrants aged 21 and over who were skilled in agriculture , as well as their wives and dependent children under age 16 . Non-quota status was accorded to : wives and unmarried children under 18 of U.S. citizens ; natives of Western Hemisphere countries , with their families ; non-immigrants ; and certain others . Subsequent amendments eliminated certain elements of this law 's inherent discrimination against women . The 1924 Act also established the `` consular control system '' of immigration , which divided responsibility for immigration between the State Department and the Immigration and Naturalization Service . It mandated that no alien should be allowed to enter the United States without a valid immigration visa issued by an American consular officer abroad . It provided that no alien ineligible to become a citizen could be admitted to the United States as an immigrant . This was aimed primarily at Japanese and Chinese aliens . It imposed fines on transportation companies who landed aliens in violation of U.S. immigration laws . It defined the term `` immigrant '' and designated all other alien entries into the United States as `` non-immigrant '' , that is , temporary visitors . It established classes of admission for such non-immigrants . History ( edit ) A limitation on Southern and Eastern European immigration was first proposed in 1909 by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge . In the wake of the Post-World War I recession , many Americans believed that bringing in more immigrants from other nations would only make the unemployment rate higher . The Red Scare of 1919 -- 1921 had fueled xenophobic fears of foreign radicals migrating to undermine American values and provoke an uprising like Russia 's 1917 Bolshevik Revolution . The number of immigrants entering the United States decreased for about a year from July 1919 to June 1920 but also doubled the year after that . Congressman Albert Johnson and Senator David Reed were the two main architects of the act . In the wake of intense lobbying , the Act passed with strong congressional support . There were nine dissenting votes in the Senate and a handful of opponents in the House , the most vigorous of whom was freshman Brooklyn Representative and Jewish - American Emanuel Celler . Over the succeeding four decades , Celler made the repeal of the Act his personal crusade . Proponents of the Act sought to establish a distinct American identity by favoring native - born Americans over Jews , Southern Europeans , and Eastern Europeans in order to `` maintain the racial preponderance of the basic strain on our people and thereby to stabilize the ethnic composition of the population '' . Reed told the Senate that earlier legislation `` disregards entirely those of us who are interested in keeping American stock up to the highest standard -- that is , the people who were born here '' . Southern / Eastern Europeans and Jews , he believed , arrived sick and starving and therefore less capable of contributing to the American economy , and unable to adapt to American culture . People who supported the 1924 Immigration Act often used eugenics as justification for restriction of certain races or ethnicities of people in order to prevent the spread of feeblemindedness in American society . Most proponents of the law were rather concerned with upholding an ethnic status quo and avoiding competition with foreign workers . Samuel Gompers , a Jewish immigrant and founder of the AFL , supported the Act because he opposed the cheap labor that immigration represented , despite the fact that the Act would sharply reduce Jewish immigration . The law sharply curtailed immigration from those countries that were previously host to the vast majority of the Jews in America , almost 75 percent of whom immigrated from Russia alone . Because Eastern European immigration only became substantial in the final decades of the nineteenth century , the law 's use of the population of the United States in 1890 as the basis for calculating quotas effectively made mass migration from Eastern Europe , where the vast majority of the Jewish diaspora lived at the time , impossible . Lobbyists from California , where a majority of Japanese and other East Asian immigrants had settled , were especially concerned with excluding Asian immigrants . An 1882 law had already put an end to Chinese immigration , but as Japanese ( and , to a lesser degree , Korean and Filipino ) laborers began arriving and putting down roots in Western states , an exclusionary movement formed in reaction to the `` Yellow Peril . '' Valentine S. McClatchy , founder of The McClatchy Company and a leader of the anti-Japanese movement , argued , `` They come here specifically and professedly for the purpose of colonizing and establishing here permanently the proud Yamato race , '' citing their supposed inability to assimilate to American culture and the economic threat they posed to white businessmen and farmers . Despite some hesitation from President Calvin Coolidge and strong opposition from the Japanese government , with whom the U.S. government had previously maintained a cordial economic and political relationship , the act was signed into law on May 24 , 1924 . Court decision ( edit ) From United States ex . rel . Turner v. Williams : if an alien is not permitted to enter this country , or , having entered contrary to law , is expelled , he is in fact cut off from worshipping or speaking or publishing or petitioning in the country ; but that is merely because of his exclusion therefrom . He does not become one of the people to whom these things are secured by our Constitution by an attempt to enter , forbidden by law . To appeal to the Constitution is to concede that this is a land governed by that supreme law , and as under it the power to exclude has been determined to exist , those who are excluded can not assert the rights in general obtaining in a land to which they do not belong as citizens or otherwise . Results ( edit ) Relative proportions of immigrants from Northwestern Europe ( red ) and Southern and Eastern Europe ( blue ) in the decades before and after the immigration restriction legislation . The Act controlled `` undesirable '' immigration by establishing quotas , and barring immigrants of some specific national origins . The nationalities barred were in the `` Asia -- Pacific Triangle '' , which included the Middle East , the Asiatic Soviet Union ( Georgia , Azerbaijan and Central Asia ) , Japan , China , the Philippines ( then under U.S. control ) , Siam ( Thailand ) , French Indochina ( Laos , Vietnam , and Cambodia ) , Singapore ( then a British colony ) , Korea , the Dutch East Indies ( Indonesia ) , Burma ( Myanmar ) , British India , Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) , and Malaya ( mainland part of Malaysia ) . Following the Naturalization Act of 1790 and Naturalization Act of 1870 , the 1924 Act declared that only people of white or African descent were eligible for naturalization , and the Act forbade further immigration of any persons ineligible to be naturalized . The Act set no limits on immigration from Latin American countries . In 1901 - 1914 , 2.9 million Italians immigrated , an average of 210,000 per year . Under the 1924 quota , 4,000 per year were allowed . By contrast , the annual quota for Germany after the passage of the Act was over 57,000 . Some 86 % of the 155,000 permitted to enter under the Act were from Northern European countries , with Germany , Britain , and Ireland having the highest quotas . The new quotas for immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe , and the bar on the `` Asia - Pacific Triangle '' , were so restrictive that in 1924 more Italians , Czechs , Yugoslavs , Greeks , Lithuanians , Hungarians , Portuguese , Romanians , Spaniards , Polish and Russian Jews , Chinese , and Japanese left the United States than arrived as immigrants . The quotas were eased in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 and replaced in the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 . See also ( edit ) Anti-Italianism Eugenics in the United States History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States Leslie Charteris , specifically exempted from the provisions of the Act List of United States Immigration Acts Racial equality proposal White Australia policy Antisemitism in the United States Yellow Peril China Swede Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Defined in the Act as immigrants from Germany , Free City of Danzig , Switzerland , Austria , Belgium , France , Luxembourg , the British Isles and Scandinavia . Jump up ^ Defined in the Act as immigrants from the Baltic States , all Slavic nations , Hungary , Romania , Italy , Spain , Portugal , Albania and Greece . Jump up ^ Armenians did receive the minimum quota of 100 immigrants per year . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Immigration Act of 1924 ( The Johnson - Reed Act ) '' . U.S Department of State Office of the Historian . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Murrin , John M. ; Hämäläinen , Pekka ; Johnson , Paul E. ; Brunsman , Denver ; McPherson , James M. ( 2015 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : A History of the American People , Volume 2 : Since 1863 . Cengage Learning . Jump up ^ Fisher , Marc ( January 28 , 2017 ) . `` Open doors , slamming gates : The tumultuous politics of U.S. immigration policy '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Immigration Act of 1924 ( The Johnson - Reed Act ) '' . U.S Department of State Office of the Historian . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Helene ( 2001 ) . U.S. Immigration Policy and the Undocumented . Westport , CT : Praeger Publishers . p. . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 95411 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Your immigrant ancestors came here legally ? Are you sure ? '' . Philly.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Murray , Robert K. ( 1976 ) . The 103rd Ballot : Democrats and the Disaster in Madison Square Garden . New York : Harper & Row . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 013124 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Henry ( 1909 ) . `` The Restriction of Immigration '' ( PDF ) . University of Wisconsin . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Imai , Shiho . `` Immigration Act of 1924 '' . Densho Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Cannato , Vincent J. ( 2009 ) . American Passage : The History of Ellis Island . New York : Harper . p. 331 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 194039 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Immigration Bill Passes Senate by Vote of 62 to 6 '' . New York Times . April 19 , 1924 . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Vote # 126 ( May 15 , 1924 ) '' . govtrack.us . Civic Impulse , LLC . Retrieved 20 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Maldwyn Allen ( 1960 ) . American Immigration . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 277 . Jump up ^ `` Who Was Shut Out ? : Immigration Quotas , 1925 -- 1927 '' . History Matters . George Mason University . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , George M. ( 1964 ) . A History of American Immigration. 1820 -- 1924 . New York : Russel & Russel . p. 190 . Jump up ^ Baynton , Douglas C. Defectives in the Land : Disability and Immigration in the Age of Eugenics . Chicago ; London : The University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 36433 - 9 . Jump up ^ Eckerson , Helen F. ( 1966 ) . `` Immigration and National Origins '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . The New Immigration. 367 : 4 -- 14 . doi : 10.1177 / 000271626636700102 . JSTOR 1034838 . Jump up ^ Gompers , Samuel . `` Immigration and labor '' . Jump up ^ Stuart J. Wright , An Emotional Gauntlet : From Life in Peacetime America to the War in European Skies ( University of Wisconsin Press , 2004 ) , 163 Jump up ^ Julian Levinson , Exiles on Main Street : Jewish American Writers and American Literary Culture ( Indiana University Press , 2008 ) , 54 Jump up ^ United States ex . rel . Turner v. Williams Jump up ^ Airriess , Christopher A. ; Contemporary Ethnic Geographies in America , p. 39 ISBN 1442218576 ^ Jump up to : Guisepi , Robert A. ( January 29 , 2007 ) . `` Asian Americans '' . World History International . Jump up ^ Hayes , Helene ( 2001 ) . U.S. Immigration Policy and the Undocumented . Westport , CT : Praeger Publishers . p. . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 95411 - 6 . Jump up ^ Historical Statistics of the United States : 1789 - 1945 , Series B 304 - 330 ( page 39 ) . US Bureau of the Census , 1949 . Jump up ^ Steven G. Koven , Frank Götzke , American Immigration Policy : Confronting the Nation 's Challenges ( Springer , 2010 ) , 133 Further reading ( edit ) Lemay , Michael Robert ; Barkan , Elliott Robert , eds. ( 1999 ) . U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Laws and Issues : A Documentary History . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30156 - 8 . Ngai , Mae M. ( 2004 ) . Impossible Subjects : Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 16082 - 5 . Zolberg , Aristide ( 2006 ) . A Nation by Design : Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02218 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Statistics of who was allowed in after the Immigration Act of 1924 `` ' Shut the Door ' : A Senator Speaks for Immigration Restriction '' -- transcript of speech given before Congress by Sen. Ellison D. 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328259776371546467	List of Phineas and Ferb episodes	List of Phineas and Ferb episodes - wikipedia List of Phineas and Ferb episodes Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of episodes from the Disney Channel Original Series Phineas and Ferb , which ran from August 17 , 2007 to June 12 , 2015 . The show ended with a total of 222 episodes , ending as the longest Disney Channel series ever at 7 years and 10 months . In addition , the show aired one TV film and a stand - alone special . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2007 -- 09 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2009 -- 11 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2012 -- 15 ) 2.4. 1 Notes 3 O.W.C.A. Files 4 Film 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 47 August 17 , 2007 February 18 , 2009 65 February 19 , 2009 February 11 , 2011 62 March 4 , 2011 November 30 , 2012 48 December 7 , 2012 June 12 , 2015 Special November 9 , 2015 Movie August 5 , 2011 Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2007 -- 09 ) ( edit ) Main article : Phineas and Ferb ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Rollercoaster '' Dan Povenmire Dan Povenmire & Swampy Marsh ( written ) August 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 17 ) 101a 10.80 `` Lawn Gnome Beach Party of Terror '' Dan Povenmire Chris Headrick & Jon Barry ( storyboards ) September 28 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 28 ) 102b N / A `` Flop Starz '' Dan Povenmire Sherm Cohen & Antoine Guilbaud ( storyboards ) February 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) 104b 4.00 `` The Fast and the Phineas '' Dan Povenmire Antoine Guilbaud & Sherm Cohen ( storyboards ) February 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 02 ) 102a N / A 5 5 `` Lights , Candace , Action ! '' Dan Povenmire Sherm Cohen & Antoine Guilbaud ( storyboards ) February 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 03 ) 105b N / A 6 6 `` Raging Bully '' Dan Povenmire Wendy Grieb & Kent Osborne ( storyboards ) February 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 04 ) 105a N / A 7 7 `` Candace Loses Her Head '' Dan Povenmire Kyle Baker & Patrick Ventura ( storyboards ) February 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 05 ) 101b N / A 8 8 `` I , Brobot '' Dan Povenmire Kent Osborne & Aliki Theofilopoulos ( storyboards ) February 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 06 ) 110b N / A 9 9 `` Run Away Runway '' Dan Povenmire Sherm Cohen & Antoine Guilbaud ( storyboards ) February 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 07 ) 112a N / A 10 10 `` The Magnificent Few '' Dan Povenmire Mike Diederich & Chong Lee ( storyboards ) February 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 08 ) 103a N / A 11 11 `` S'Winter '' Dan Povenmire Antoine Guilbaud & Sherm Cohen ( storyboards ) February 9 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 09 ) 103b N / A 12 12 `` Jerk De Soleil '' Dan Povenmire J.G. Quintel & Kim Roberson ( storyboards ) February 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 10 ) 108a N / A 13 13 `` Are You My Mummy ? '' Dan Povenmire Kyle Baker & Mike Roth ( storyboards ) February 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 15 ) 104a N / A 14 14 `` Ready for the Bettys '' Zac Moncrief Aliki Theofilopoulos & Kent Osborne ( storyboards ) February 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 16 ) 115a N / A 15 15 `` I Scream , You Scream '' Zac Moncrief Sherm Cohen & Antoine Guilbaud ( storyboards ) February 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 17 ) 112b N / A 16 16 `` Toy to the World '' Swampy Marsh Mike Diederich & Chong Lee ( storyboards ) February 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 22 ) 108b N / A 17 17 `` Get That Bigfoot Outa My Face ! '' Dan Povenmire Kent Osborne & Kim Roberson ( storyboards ) February 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 23 ) 106a N / A 18 18 `` It 's a Mud , Mud , Mud , Mud World '' Zac Moncrief Mike Diederich & Mike Roth ( storyboards ) February 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 24 ) 113a N / A 19 19 `` Mom 's Birthday '' Dan Povenmire Kent Osborne & Aliki Theofilopoulos ( storyboards ) February 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 29 ) 111a N / A 20 20 `` Journey to the Center of Candace '' Dan Povenmire Kim Roberson & Kent Osborne ( storyboards ) February 29 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 29 ) 111b N / A 21 21 `` It 's About Time ! '' Dan Povenmire Jon Barry , Mike Roth , Kent Osborne & Aliki Theofilopoulos ( storyboards ) March 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 01 ) 107 N / A 22 22 `` Dude , We 're Getting the Band Back Together '' Dan Povenmire Chris Headrick & Chong Lee ( storyboards ) March 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 08 ) 114 N / A 23 23 `` Tree to Get Ready '' Dan Povenmire Mike Diederich & Chong Lee ( storyboards ) March 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 22 ) 106b N / A 24 24 `` The Ballad of Badbeard '' Dan Povenmire Mike Diederich & Jon Barry ( storyboards ) April 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 12 ) 113b N / A 25 25 `` Greece Lightning '' Dan Povenmire Alex Almaguer & Chris Headrick ( storyboards ) April 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 19 ) 117a N / A 26 26 `` Leave the Busting to Us ! '' Zac Moncrief Sherm Cohen & Antoine Guilbaud ( storyboards ) April 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 19 ) 117b N / A 27 27 `` Crack That Whip '' Dan Povenmire Tim Bjorklund & Kim Roberson May 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 24 ) 118a N / A 28 28 `` The Best Lazy Day Ever '' Zac Moncrief Jon Colton Barry & Mike Roth May 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 24 ) 118b N / A 29 29 `` Boyfriend From 27,000 B.C. '' Zac Moncrief Aliki Theofilopoulos & Marc Crisafulli June 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 07 ) 119a N / A 30 30 `` Voyage to the Bottom of Buford '' Zac Moncrief Antoine Guilbaud & Chong Lee June 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 07 ) 119b N / A 31 31 `` A Hard Day 's Knight '' Dan Povenmire Jon Barry & Mike Roth ( storyboards ) June 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 14 ) 110a N / A 32 32 `` Traffic Cam Caper '' Dan Povenmire & Zac Moncrief Kim Roberson & Marc Ceccarelli July 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 12 ) 121a N / A 33 33 `` Bowl - R - Ama Drama '' Dan Povenmire Chris Headrick & Alex Almaguer July 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 12 ) 121b N / A 34 34 `` Got Game ? '' Zac Moncrief Antoine Guilbaud & Chong Lee August 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 02 ) 125a N / A 35 35 `` Comet Kermillian '' Dan Povenmire Alex Almaguer & Chris Headrick August 2 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 02 ) 125b N / A 36 36 `` Put That Putter Away '' Zac Moncrief Jon Colton Barry & Mike Diederich August 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 10 ) 120a N / A 37 37 `` Does This Duckbill Make Me Look Fat ? '' Dan Povenmire Douglas McCarthy & Piero Piluso August 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 10 ) 120b N / A 38 38 `` The Flying Fishmonger '' Zac Moncrief Kim Roberson & Elizabeth Ito ( storyboards ) September 12 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 12 ) 115b N / A 39 39 `` One Good Scare Ought to Do It ! '' Dan Povenmire & Zac Moncrief Jon Barry & Chris Headrick ( storyboards ) October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) 109 N / A 40 40 `` The Monster of Phineas - n - Ferbenstein '' Zac Moncrief Jon Colton Barry & Mike Diederich October 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) 122a N / A 41 41 `` Oil on Candace '' Zac Moncrief Antoine Guilbaud & Aliki Theofilopoulos October 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) 122b N / A 42 42 `` Out of Toon '' Zac Moncrief Jon Colton Barry & Mike Diederich November 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 07 ) 126a N / A 43 43 `` Hail Doofania ! '' Zac Moncrief Antoine Guilbaud & Aliki Theofilopoulos November 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 07 ) 126b N / A 44 44 `` Out to Launch '' Dan Povenmire & Zac Moncrief Kim Roberson , Piero Piluso & Kent Osborne December 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) 124 N / A 45 45 `` Phineas and Ferb Get Busted ! '' Dan Povenmire Jon Barry & Piero Piluso ( storyboards ) February 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 16 ) ( Disney XD ) 116 3.70 ( Disney XD ) / 3.07 ( Disney Channel ) 46 46 `` Unfair Science Fair '' Dan Povenmire & Zac Moncrief Elizabeth Ito & Aliki Theofilopoulos February 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 17 ) ( Disney XD ) 123a 3.06 ( Disney XD ) 47 47 `` Unfair Science Fair Redux '' ( Another Story ) Dan Povenmire & Zac Moncrief Jon Colton Barry & Piero Piluso February 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 18 ) ( Disney XD ) 123b 3.06 ( Disney XD ) Season 2 ( 2009 -- 11 ) ( edit ) Main article : Phineas and Ferb ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S viewers ( millions ) 48 `` The Lake Nose Monster '' Robert F. Hughes Jon Colton Barry & Piero Piluso February 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 19 ) 201 2.67 49 `` Interview With a Platypus '' Zac Moncrief Antoine Guilbaud & Kim Roberson February 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 20 ) 202a N / A 50 `` Tip of the Day '' Robert F. Hughes Jon Colton Barry & Piero Piluso February 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 20 ) 202b N / A 51 `` Attack of the 50 - Foot Sister '' Zac Moncrief Jon Colton Barry & Piero Piluso February 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 21 ) 203a N / A 52 5 `` Backyard Aquarium '' Robert F. Hughes Joe Orrantia & Mike Roth February 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 21 ) 203b N / A 53 6 `` Day of the Living Gelatin '' Zac Moncrief Mike Roth & Joe Orrantia February 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 28 ) 204a N / A 54 7 `` Elementary My Dear Stacy '' Zac Moncrief Antoine Guilbaud & Kim Roberson February 28 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 28 ) 204b N / A 55 8 `` Do n't Even Blink '' Robert F. Hughes Antoine Guilbaud & Kim Roberson April 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 04 ) 205a N / A 56 9 `` Chez Platypus '' Zac Moncrief Antoine Guilbaud & Kim Roberson April 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 04 ) 205b N / A 57 10 `` Perry Lays an Egg '' Zac Moncrief Joe Orrantia & Mike Roth April 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 11 ) 206a N / A 58 11 `` Gaming the System '' Zac Moncrief Joe Orrantia & Zac Moncrief April 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 11 ) 206b N / A 59 12 `` The Chronicles of Meap '' Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh & Robert F. Hughes Jon Colton Barry & Piero Piluso April 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 18 ) 207 N / A 60 13 `` Thaddeus and Thor '' Zac Moncrief Antoine Guilbaud & Kim Roberson June 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 15 ) 208a N / A 61 14 `` De Plane ! De Plane ! '' Zac Moncrief Joe Orrantia & Mike Roth June 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 15 ) 208b N / A 62 15 `` Let 's Take a Quiz '' Zac Moncrief Joe Orrantia & Mike Roth June 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 22 ) 209a N / A 63 16 `` At the Car Wash '' Robert F. Hughes Michael Diederich & Perry Zombolas June 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 22 ) 209b N / A 64 17 `` Oh , There You Are , Perry '' Robert F. Hughes Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & Antoine Guilbaud July 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 11 ) 210a N / A 65 18 `` Swiss Family Phineas '' Zac Moncrief Sherm Cohen & Chong Lee July 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 11 ) 210b N / A 66 19 `` Hide and Seek '' Zac Moncrief Kaz & Kim Roberson July 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 18 ) 213a N / A 67 20 `` That Sinking Feeling '' Robert F. Hughes Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & Antoine Guilbaud July 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 18 ) 213b N / A 68 21 `` The Baljeatles '' Robert F. Hughes Piero Piluso & Jon Colton Barry July 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 25 ) 214a N / A 69 22 `` Vanessassary Roughness '' Robert F. Hughes Michael Diederich & Perry Zombolas July 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 25 ) 214b N / A 70 23 `` No More Bunny Business '' Zac Moncrief Sherm Cohen & Chong Lee August 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 01 ) 215a 2.80 71 24 `` Spa Day '' Robert F. Hughes Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & Antoine Guilbaud August 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 01 ) 215b 2.80 72 25 `` Phineas and Ferb 's Quantum Boogaloo '' Zac Moncrief Kaz & Kim Roberson September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) 212 3.88 73 26 `` Phineas and Ferb 's Musical Cliptastic Countdown '' Dan Povenmire Scott Peterson ( written ) October 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 12 ) 211 4.50 74 27 `` Bubble Boys '' Zac Moncrief J.G. Orrantia & Mike Roth October 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 17 ) 216a 4.01 75 28 `` Isabella and the Temple of Sap '' Zac Moncrief J.G. Orrantia & Mike Roth October 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 17 ) 216b 4.01 76 29 `` Cheer Up Candace '' Robert F. Hughes Michael Diederich & Perry Zombolas October 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 24 ) 217a 4.13 77 30 `` Fireside Girl Jamboree '' Zac Moncrief Sherm Cohen & Chong Lee October 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 24 ) 217b 4.13 78 31 `` The Bully Code '' Zac Moncrief Kim Roberson & Kaz October 31 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 31 ) 218a 4.27 79 32 `` Finding Mary McGuffin '' Robert F. Hughes & Jay Lender Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & Antoine Guilbaud October 31 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 31 ) 218b 4.27 80 33 `` Picture This '' Robert F. Hughes & Jay Lender Michael Diederich & Kaz November 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 07 ) 220a N / A 81 34 `` Nerdy Dancin ' '' Zac Moncrief J.G. Orrantia & Perry Zombolas November 7 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 07 ) 220b N / A 82 35 `` What Do It Do ? '' Robert F. Hughes & Jay Lender Jon Colton Barry & Piero Piluso November 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 14 ) 219a N / A 83 36 `` Atlantis '' Zac Moncrief Kim Roberson & Kaz November 14 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 14 ) 219b N / A 84 37 `` Phineas and Ferb Christmas Vacation '' Zac Moncrief Jon Colton Barry & Piero Piluso December 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 06 ) 222 5.21 85 38 `` Just Passing Through '' Zac Moncrief Edgar Karapetyan & Kim Roberson February 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 06 ) 224a N / A 86 39 `` Candace 's Big Day '' Robert F. Hughes & Jay Lender Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & Antoine Guilbaud February 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 06 ) 224b N / A 87 40 `` I Was a Middle Aged Robot '' Zac Moncrief Sherm Cohen & Chong Lee February 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 13 ) 221a N / A 88 41 `` Suddenly Suzy '' Jay Lender & Robert F. Hughes Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & Antoine Guilbaud February 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 13 ) 221b N / A 89 42 `` Undercover Carl '' Zac Moncrief Chong Suk Lee & Sherm Cohen February 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 13 ) 223a N / A 90 43 `` Hip Hip Parade '' Zac Moncrief & Robert F. Hughes J.G. Orrantia & Perry Zombolas February 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 13 ) 223b N / A 91 44 `` Invasion of the Ferb Snatchers '' Zac Moncrief J.G. Orrantia & Perry Zombolas February 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 20 ) 225a N / A 92 45 `` Ai n't No Kiddie Ride '' Zac Moncrief Sherm Cohen & Chong Suk Lee February 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 20 ) 225b N / A 93 46 `` Not Phineas and Ferb '' Zac Moncrief Kim Roberson & Kaz February 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 27 ) 228a 1.84 94 47 `` Phineas and Ferb - Busters ! '' Jay Lender Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & Antoine Guilbaud February 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 27 ) 228b 1.84 95 48 `` The Lizard Whisperer '' Zac Moncrief Sherm Cohen & Chong Suk Lee March 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 06 ) 229a N / A 96 49 `` Robot Rodeo '' Jay Lender Kaz & J.G. Orrantia March 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 06 ) 229b N / A 97 50 `` The Beak '' Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh & Jay Lender Jon Colton Barry & Piero Piluso March 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 08 ) 227 N / A 98 51 `` She 's the Mayor '' Zac Moncrief Michael Diederich & Perry Zombolas June 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 14 ) 231a N / A 99 52 `` The Lemonade Stand '' Jay Lender Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & Antoine Guilbaud June 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 14 ) 231b N / A 100 53 `` Phineas and Ferb Hawaiian Vacation '' Zac Moncrief Kaz , Kim Roberson , Michael Diederich & Perry Zombolas July 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) ( Disney Channel ) 234 N / A 101 54 `` Phineas and Ferb : Summer Belongs to You ! '' Robert F. Hughes & Dan Povenmire Dan Povenmire , Robert F. Hughes , Kyle Menke , Kim Roberson , Mike Diederich , Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft , Antoine Guilbaud , Kaz , J.G. Orrantia , Mike Roth & Perry Zombolas August 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 02 ) 237 -- 238 3.86 102 55 `` Nerds of a Feather '' Jay Lender Jon Colton Barry & Piero Piluso August 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 16 ) 233 3.40 103 56 `` Wizard of Odd '' Jay Lender & Robert F. Hughes Michael Diederich & Kaz September 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 24 ) 226 3.07 104 57 `` We Call It Maze '' Zac Moncrief Bernie Petterson & Chong Suk Lee October 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 01 ) 232a 4.35 105 58 `` Ladies and Gentlemen , Meet Max Modem ! '' Jay Lender J.G. Orrantia & Kaz October 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 01 ) 232b 4.35 106 59 `` The Secret of Success '' Zac Moncrief Kim Roberson & Kaz October 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 08 ) 230a N / A 107 60 `` The Doof Side of the Moon '' Jay Lender Edgar Karapetyan & Bernie Petterson October 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 08 ) 230b N / A 108 61 `` Split Personality '' Jay Lender Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & Antoine Guilbaud October 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 29 ) 235a 3.23 109 62 `` Brain Drain '' Jay Lender J.G. Orrantia & Kaz October 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 29 ) 235b 3.23 110 63 `` Rollercoaster : The Musical ! '' Dan Povenmire & Robert F. Hughes May Chan , Jennifer Keene , Martin Olson & Scott Peterson ( written ) Flammarion Ferreira , Wendy Grieb , Robert F. Hughes , Chris Headrick & Chong Lee ( storyboards ) January 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 28 ) 239 N / A 111 64 `` Make Play '' Zac Moncrief Bernie Petterson & Edgar Karapetyan February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) 236a N / A 112 65 `` Candace Gets Busted '' Zac Moncrief Kim Roberson & Kaz February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) 236b N / A Season 3 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Main article : Phineas and Ferb ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 113 `` The Great Indoors '' Jay Lender Chong Suk Lee & Bernie Petterson March 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 04 ) 302a 3.31 114 `` Canderemy '' Jay Lender J.G. Orrantia & Kim Roberson March 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 04 ) 302b 3.31 115 `` Run , Candace , Run '' Jay Lender Michael Diederich , Antoine Guilbaud , Kyle Menke & Perry Zombolas March 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 11 ) 301a 3.21 116 `` Last Train to Bustville '' Robert F. Hughes Antoine Guilbaud , Jeff Myers & Mike Roth March 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 11 ) 301b 3.21 117 5 `` Phineas ' Birthday Clip - O-Rama ! '' Jay Lender Chong Suk Lee & Bernie Petterson April 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) 304 2.49 118 6 `` The Belly of the Beast '' Jay Lender Michael Diederich & Kyle Menke April 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 29 ) 303a 2.30 119 7 `` Moon Farm '' Robert F. Hughes Antoine Guilbaud & Kaz April 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 29 ) 303b 2.30 120 8 `` Ask a Foolish Question '' Jay Lender Chong Suk Lee & Bernie Petterson May 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 13 ) 305a 2.56 121 9 `` Misperceived Monotreme '' Jay Lender Kaz & Tom Minton May 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 13 ) 305b 2.56 122 10 `` Candace Disconnected '' Robert F. Hughes Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & Antoine Guilbaud June 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 18 ) 306a N / A 123 11 `` Magic Carpet Ride '' Jay Lender Michael Diederich & Tom Minton June 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 18 ) 306b N / A 124 12 `` Bad Hair Day '' Robert F. Hughes Kaz & Kim Roberson June 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 24 ) 307a 4.37 125 13 `` Meatloaf Surprise '' Robert F. Hughes Bernie Petterson & Chong Suk Lee June 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 24 ) 307b 4.37 126 14 `` Phineas and Ferb Interrupted '' Jay Lender Kaz & Kim Roberson July 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 15 ) 309a 4.29 127 15 `` A Real Boy '' Robert F. Hughes Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & Antoine Guilbaud July 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 15 ) 309b 4.29 128 16 `` Mommy Can You Hear Me ? '' Jay Lender J.G. Orrantia & Kaz July 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 29 ) 310a 3.11 129 17 `` Road Trip '' Robert F. Hughes Kaz & Kim Roberson Scott Peterson ( written ) July 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 29 ) 310b 3.11 130 18 `` Tour de Ferb '' Jay Lender Bernie Petterson & Chong Suk Lee August 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 12 ) 311b 3.93 131 19 `` Skiddley Whiffers '' Jay Lender Chong Suk Lee & Tom Minton August 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 26 ) 311a 3.81 132 20 `` My Fair Goalie '' Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh & Robert F. Hughes Jon Colton Barry & Mike Milo September 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 09 ) 312 4.65 133 21 `` Bullseye ! '' Jay Lender J.G. Orrantia & Kaz September 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 30 ) 313b 4.18 134 22 `` That 's the Spirit ! '' Jay Lender Bernie Petterson & Michael Diederich October 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 07 ) 314a 3.37 135 23 `` The Curse of Candace '' Robert F. Hughes & Jay Lender J.G. Orrantia & Kaz October 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 07 ) 314b 3.37 136 24 `` Escape from Phineas Tower '' Jay Lender Bernie Petterson , Michael Diederich & Tom Minton October 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 21 ) 315a 3.34 137 25 `` Lotsa Latkes '' Jay Lender Chong Suk Lee & Mike Milo November 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 18 ) 316b 3.61 138 26 `` Ferb Latin '' Robert F. Hughes & Jay Lender Antoine Guilbaud & Kaz November 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 25 ) 316a 2.93 139 27 `` A Phineas and Ferb Family Christmas '' Dan Povenmire & Robert F. Hughes Scott Peterson ( written ) Derek Thompson , Seth Kearsley & Wendy Grieb ( storyboards ) December 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 02 ) 317a 4.22 140 28 `` Tri-Stone Area '' Robert F. Hughes Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & Antoine Guilbaud January 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 13 ) 308a N / A 141 29 `` Doof Dynasty '' Jay Lender Michael Diederich & Tom Minton January 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 14 ) 308b N / A 142 30 `` Excaliferb '' Robert F. Hughes Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & J.G. Orrantia January 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 15 ) 320 2.17 143 31 `` Phineas and Ferb and the Temple of Juatchadoon '' Jay Lender Bernie Petterson & Mike Diederich January 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 16 ) ( Disney XD ) 322b 2.76 144 32 `` Monster from the Id '' Jay Lender Kaz & Kim Roberson February 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) 321a 2.51 145 33 `` Gi - Ants '' Robert F. Hughes Mike Milo & Seth Kearsley February 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) 321b 2.51 146 34 `` The Remains of the Platypus '' Zac Moncrief John Mathot & Zac Moncrief February 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 24 ) 315b 3.34 147 35 `` Mom 's In the House '' Jay Lender Antoine Guilbaud & Kaz March 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 02 ) 319a 2.45 148 36 `` Perry the Actorpus '' Robert F. Hughes Eddy Houchins & Kaz March 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 03 ) ( Disney XD ) 313a N / A 149 37 `` Let 's Bounce '' Robert F. Hughes Kaz & Kim Roberson March 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 16 ) 323b N / A 150 38 `` Bully Bromance Breakup '' Jay Lender John Mathot & Mike Milo March 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 16 ) 324b N / A 151 39 `` Quietest Day Ever '' Jay Lender Antoine Guilbaud & Kaz March 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 30 ) 324a 2.64 152 40 `` The Doonkelberry Imperative '' Jay Lender Mike Diederich & Bernie Petterson March 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 30 ) 325a 2.64 153 41 `` Meapless in Seattle '' Robert F. Hughes Derek Thompson , Jon Colton Barry & Kyle Menke April 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 06 ) 327 3.06 154 42 `` Delivery of Destiny '' Robert F. Hughes Kaz & Kim Roberson April 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 27 ) 323a 2.94 155 43 `` Buford Confidential '' Jay Lender Kaz & Antoine Guilbaud April 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 27 ) 325b 2.94 156 44 `` The Mom Attractor '' Robert F. Hughes Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & J.G. Orrantia May 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 04 ) 328a 2.24 157 45 `` Cranius Maximus '' Jay Lender Bernie Petterson & Mike Diederich May 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 04 ) 328b 2.24 158 46 `` Agent Doof '' Robert F. Hughes Bernie Petterson & Mike Diederich May 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 11 ) 322a 2.78 159 47 `` Minor Monogram '' Dan Povenmire Jon Colton Barry & Kyle Menke May 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 11 ) 319b 2.78 160 48 `` What A Croc ! '' Robert F. Hughes Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & Antoine Guilbaud June 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 01 ) 318a 2.73 161 49 `` Sleepwalk Surprise '' Robert F. Hughes Kaz & Kim Roberson June 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 08 ) 326a 3.29 162 50 `` Sci - Fi Pie Fly '' Jay Lender John Mathot & Mike Milo June 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 08 ) 326b 3.29 163 51 `` Sipping with the Enemy '' Robert F. Hughes Kaz & Kim Roberson June 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 22 ) 329a 3.84 164 52 `` Tri-State Treasure : Boot of Secrets '' Jay Lender J.G. Orrantia & Mike Milo June 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 22 ) 329b 3.84 165 53 `` Doofapus '' Robert F. Hughes Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft , J.G. Orrantia & John Mathot July 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 06 ) 330a 2.67 166 54 `` Norm Unleashed '' Jay Lender Bernie Petterson & Mike Diederich July 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 20 ) 330b 3.26 167 55 `` Where 's Perry ? '' ( Part One ) Robert F. Hughes Bernie Petterson , J.G. Orrantia , Kaz & Kim Roberson July 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 26 ) 332 3.73 168 56 `` Where 's Perry ? '' ( Part Two ) Jay Lender & Robert F. Hughes Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft , Derek Thompson , Edgar Karapetyan , John Mathot , Jon Colton Barry & Kyle Menke August 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 24 ) 333 4.29 169 57 `` Ferb TV '' Robert F. Hughes Chong Suk Lee & Mike Milo September 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 07 ) 318b 3.61 170 58 `` When Worlds Collide '' Robert F. Hughes Derek Thompson & Kyle Menke September 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 14 ) 331a 2.64 171 59 `` What 'd I Miss ? '' Robert F. Hughes Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & John Mathot September 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 17 ) ( Disney XD ) 334b 2.43 172 60 `` Road to Danville '' Jay Lender Antoine Guilbaud & Kaz October 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 26 ) 331b 2.73 173 61 `` This Is Your Backstory '' Jay Lender Mike Diederich & Seth Kearsley November 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 02 ) 335 2.78 174 62 `` Blackout ! '' Jay Lender Antoine Guilbaud & Kaz November 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 30 ) 334a 2.44 Season 4 ( 2012 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : Phineas and Ferb ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 175 `` For Your Ice Only '' Robert F. Hughes Eddie Pittman & Joshua Pruett December 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 07 ) 402a 3.70 176 `` Happy New Year ! '' Sue Perrotto Antoine Guilbaud & Kaz December 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 07 ) 402b 3.70 177 `` Fly On the Wall '' Sue Perrotto Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & John Mathot January 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 11 ) 401a 3.39 178 `` Bully Bust '' Sue Perrotto Bernie Petterson & J.G. Orrantia January 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 18 ) 403a 2.99 179 5 `` My Sweet Ride '' Robert F. Hughes Chris Headrick & Mike Diederich February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) 401b 3.77 180 6 `` Der Kinderlumper '' Robert F. Hughes Michael B. Singleton & Mike Diederich February 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 15 ) 404a 3.14 181 7 `` Sidetracked '' Robert F. Hughes & Sue Perrotto Kaz , Kim Roberson , Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & John Mathot March 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 01 ) 406 2.98 182 8 `` Primal Perry '' Robert F. Hughes Joshua Pruett & Kyle Menke March 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 02 ) ( Disney XD ) 408 2.46 183 9 `` Mind Share '' Robert F. Hughes Michael B. Singleton & Mike Diederich April 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 05 ) 407b 3.24 184 10 `` Backyard Hodge Podge '' Sue Perrotto Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & John Mathot April 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 19 ) 403b 2.59 185 11 `` Bee Day '' Sue Perrotto Antoine Guilbaud & Kaz April 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 26 ) 405a 2.44 186 12 `` Bee Story '' Sue Perrotto Bernie Petterson & J.G. Orrantia April 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 26 ) 405b 2.44 187 13 `` Great Balls Of Water '' Sue Perrotto Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & John Mathot June 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 07 ) 410a 3.29 188 14 `` Where 's Pinky ? '' Robert F. Hughes Eddie Pittman & Joshua Pruett June 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 07 ) 410b 3.29 189 15 `` Phineas and Ferb 's Musical Cliptastic Countdown Hosted by Kelly Osbourne '' Kim Roberson ( uncredited ) Bobby Gaylor ( written ) ( uncredited ) June 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 28 ) 440 3.12 190 16 `` Knot My Problem '' Sue Perrotto Antoine Guilbaud & Kaz July 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 05 ) 407a 2.64 191 17 `` Just Desserts '' Robert F. Hughes Kaz & Kim Roberson July 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 05 ) 404b 2.64 192 18 `` La Candace - Cabra '' Sue Perrotto Bernie Petterson & J.G. Orrantia July 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 12 ) 409a 2.69 193 19 `` Happy Birthday , Isabella '' Robert F. Hughes Kaz & Kim Roberson July 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 12 ) 409b 2.69 194 20 `` Love at First Byte '' Sue Perrotto Eddie Pittman & J.G. Orrantia August 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 02 ) 414a 2.83 195 21 `` One Good Turn '' Robert F. Hughes Edward Rivera & Mike Diederich August 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 09 ) 414b 3.31 196 22 `` Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel '' Robert F. Hughes & Sue Perrotto Kyle Menke , Joshua Pruett , Kim Roberson , Kaz , J.G. Orrantia , Eddie Pittman , Bernie Petterson & Antoine Guilbaud August 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 16 ) 411 / 412 3.76 197 23 `` Thanks But No Thanks '' Sue Perrotto Antoine Guilbaud & Kaz September 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 13 ) 413a 2.51 198 24 `` Troy Story '' Robert F. Hughes Mike Diederich & Michael B. Singleton September 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) 413b 2.55 199 25 `` Druselsteinoween '' Robert F. Hughes Kyle Menke & Mike Diederich October 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 04 ) 419a 2.65 200 26 `` Terrifying Tri-State Trilogy of Terror '' Robert F. Hughes Mike Bell , Kim Roberson , Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & John Mathot October 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 05 ) 418 3.02 201 27 `` Face Your Fear '' Robert F. Hughes Bernie Petterson & Joshua Pruett October 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 11 ) 419b 2.14 202 28 `` Cheers for Fears '' Sue Perrotto Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft , John Mathot & Kim Roberson November 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 01 ) 415a 2.41 203 29 `` Steampunx '' Robert F. Hughes Bernie Petterson & Joshua Pruett November 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 15 ) 417a 1.70 204 30 `` Just Our Luck '' Sue Perrotto Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & John Mathot January 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 10 ) 415b 1.75 205 31 `` Return Policy '' Sue Perrotto Mike Bell & Patrick O'Connor January 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 24 ) 416a 2.23 206 32 `` Live and Let Drive '' Sue Perrotto Eddie Pittman & J.G. Orrantia March 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) 424b 0.41 207 33 `` Phineas and Ferb Save Summer '' Robert F. Hughes & Sue Perrotto J.G. Orrantia , Eddie Pittman , Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft , Joshua Pruett , John Mathot , Mike Bell , Kyle Menke & Mike Diederich June 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 09 ) 427 / 428 0.56 ( Disney XD ) / 2.33 ( Disney Channel ) 208 34 `` Father 's Day '' Sue Perrotto Edward Rivera & Patrick O'Connor June 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 10 ) 421b 0.41 209 35 `` Imperfect Storm '' Robert F. Hughes Bernie Petterson & Joshua Pruett June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 416b 0.44 210 36 `` The Return of the Rogue Rabbit '' Robert F. Hughes Michael B. Singleton & Mike Diederich June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) 424a 0.29 211 37 `` It 's No Picnic '' Sue Perrotto J.G. Orrantia & Eddie Pittman June 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) 417b 0.48 ( Disney XD ) / 1.51 ( Disney Channel ) 212 38 `` The Klimpaloon Ultimatum '' Sue Perrotto Patrick O'Connor , Zac Moncrief , Edward Rivera & Mike Diederich July 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 07 ) 420 N / A 213 39 `` Operation Crumb Cake '' Robert F. Hughes Kim Roberson & Mike Bell July 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) 422a 0.48 214 40 `` Mandace '' Sue Perrotto Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & John Mathot July 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) 422b 0.48 215 41 `` Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars '' Robert F. Hughes & Sue Perrotto Kyle Menke , John Mathot , Mike Bell , Mike Diederich , Michael B. Singleton , Edward Rivera , Patrick O'Connor , J.G. Orrantia & Eddie Pittman July 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 26 ) ( Disney Channel ) 433 / 434 2.48 216 42 `` Lost in Danville '' Sue Perrotto Eddie Pittman & J.G. Orrantia September 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 29 ) 425a 0.54 217 43 `` The Inator Method '' Sue Perrotto Edward Rivera & Patrick O'Connor September 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 29 ) 425b 0.54 218 44 `` Night of the Living Pharmacists '' Sue Perrotto & Robert F. Hughes Eddie Pittman , Kim Roberson , Bernie Petterson , Patrick O'Connor , J.G. Orrantia , Joshua Pruett , Edward Rivera , Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft & Kyle Menke October 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 04 ) ( Disney Channel ) 430 / 431 2.34 219 45 `` Tales from the Resistance '' Robert F. Hughes Joshua Pruett , Mike Bell , Kyle Menke & Mike Diederich November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 423 0.54 220 46 `` Doof 101 '' Robert F. Hughes Kim Roberson , Zac Moncrief & Dan Povenmire November 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 27 ) 421a 0.24 221 47 `` Act Your Age '' Robert F. Hughes Bernie Petterson & Kim Roberson February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) 426 0.71 222 48 `` Last Day of Summer '' Sue Perrotto & Robert F. Hughes Aliki Theofilopoulos , Bernie Petterson , Calvin Suggs , John Mathot , Joshua Pruett , Kaz , Kim Roberson & Mike Diederich June 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 12 ) 436 / 437 2.95 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This episode is available in the bonus features on the 2nd Dimension DVD . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on October 22 , 2013 in Germany and Austria . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on October 23 , 2013 in Germany and Austria . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on October 24 , 2013 in Germany and Austria . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on October 3 , 2014 in Germany and Austria . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on May 15 , 2014 in Ukraine and on July 25 , 2014 in Germany and Austria . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on May 10 , 2014 in New Zealand . Jump up ^ This episode first aired on March 2 , 2015 in the Philippines . O.W.C.A. Files ( edit ) O.W.C.A. Files is an hour - long special on Disney XD after the series finale . While the episode was set to air during the regular season , it was later announced by Disney on May 7 , 2015 that the show would end with Last Day of Summer on June 12 , 2015 , and that the episode would air as a stand - alone special on the Disney XD network. On Netflix , the episode is split into two parts . The episode focuses on the O.W.C.A. ( Organization Without a Cool Acronym ) , Agent P and Dr. Doofenshmirtz with the new other agents . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` O.W.C.A. Files '' Robert F. Hughes Aliki Theofilopoulos , Bernie Petterson , Calvin Suggs , Eddie Pittman , John Mathot , Kim Roberson , Kaz , Kyle Menke & Mike Bell November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) 441 0.66 Film ( edit ) Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension '' Dan Povenmire & Robert F. Hughes Jon Colton Barry , Dan Povenmire & Jeff `` Swampy '' Marsh ( written ) Kyle Menke , Aliki Theofilopoulos Grafft , Antoine Guilbaud , Bernie Petterson , Chong Suk Lee , Chris Headrick , J.G. Orrantia , Kaz , Kim Roberson , Mike Diederich , Seth Kearsley , Sue Perrotto , Tom Minton , Wendy Grieb & Zac Moncrief ( storyboards ) August 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 05 ) 7.6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( 2009 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Nielsen ratings : ' House ' gets a boost after a super Super Bowl '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` WWE RAW , Cars , Hannah Montana and SpongeBob Lead Weekly Cable Viewing '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved July 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Disney Channel 's `` Phineas & Ferb '' is Friday 's # 1 TV telecast in Key Kids `` . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved July 31 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert . `` WWE RAW , Hannah Montana and Northern Lights lead cable show rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards , Penguins of Madagascar and WWE RAW lead cable '' . http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/ . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . External link in work = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Channel is TV 's No. 1 Network in Total Day and Prime in Target Kid Demos '' . http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/ . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2009 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Cable ratings : Monday Night Football , WWE RAW , Monk top weekly cable chart '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` '' Hannah Montana '' is the Week 's # 1 TV / Cable Telecast in Target Kids and Viewers `` . http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/ . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . External link in work = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cable ratings : Monday Night Football , RAW , White Collar and Monk top weekly cable chart '' . http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/ . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . External link in work = ( help ) Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2009/11/18/cable-ratings-nfl-football-icarly-and-suite-life-on-deck-top-weekly-cable-charts/33908/ Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` ReferenceA '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Cable ratings : NFL , Sons of Anarchy , Monk , WWE RAW and White Collar top weekly cable charts '' . http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/ . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . External link in work = ( help ) Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` ReferenceB '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2009/12/15/cable-ratings-nfl-heisman-the-closer-men-of-a-certain-age-and-phineas-and-ferb-top-weekly-cable-charts/36244/ ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Channel Posts its Most - Watched May Ever in Total Day in Total Viewers , Kids 6 - 11 and Tweens 9 - 14 '' . http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/ . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . External link in work = ( help ) Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` ReferenceC '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Retrieved August 11 , 2010 Friday Cable : Phineas and Ferb + Eureka , Haven , The Pillars of the Earth & More Posted on 09 August 2010 by Robert Seidman . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2010/08/30/friday-cable-eureka-haven-up-victorious-bests-wizards-of-waverly-place-down-more/61540/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2010/09/27/friday-cable-ratings-haven-stable-real-time-with-bill-maher-college-football-more/65406/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2010/10/05/cable-top-25-monday-night-football-jersey-shore-wizards-of-waverly-place-phineas-and-ferb-top-week's-cable-viewing/66700/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2010/10/05/cable-top-25-monday-night-football-jersey-shore-wizards-of-waverly-place-phineas-and-ferb-top-week's-cable-viewing/66700/ Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel 's `` Shake It Up '' Stands as TV 's No. 1 Telecast Among Tweens 9 - 14 `` . http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/ . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel 's `` Shake It Up '' Stands as TV 's No. 1 Telecast Among Tweens 9 - 14 `` . http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/ . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . External link in work = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Make Play ; Candace Gets Busted '' . Phineas and Ferb : Episode Info . MSN TV . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : NBA on ESPN Tops Night + ' Suite Life on Deck , ' ' Smackdown ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' Up , Leads Night + ' Flying Wild Alaska , ' ' Merlin ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Solid Start for Starz 's `` Camelot '' `` . The Futon Critic. April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phineas and Ferb : The Belly of the Beast ; Moon Farm '' . MSN TV . Retrieved March 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ratings -- Friday 's Cable Ratings : NFL Draft , NBA Playoffs Lift ESPN '' . TheFutonCritic.com. April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ask a Foolish Question ; Misperceived Monotreme '' . Phineas and Ferb : Episode Info . MSN TV . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert . `` Friday Cable Ratings : Thunder / Grizzlies Leads Night + ' American Restoration , ' ' Friday Night Smackdown ! ' and More '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candace Disconnected ; Magic Carpet Ride '' . Phineas and Ferb : Episode Info . MSN TV . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bad Hair Day ; Meatloaf Surprise '' . Phineas and Ferb : Episode Info . MSN TV . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : TNT Movie , ' American Restoration ' Lead Cable ; ' Smackdown ' Steady + `` A.N.T. Farm , '' `` Phineas and Ferb '' & More `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phineas and Ferb Interrupted ; A Real Boy '' . Phineas and Ferb : Episode Info . MSN TV . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Seidman ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : SpongeBob Leads Night + ' American Restoration , ' ' Phineas & Ferb , ' ' Haven , ' ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' Torchwood : Miracle Day ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Road Trip ; Mommy Can You Hear Me ? '' . Phineas and Ferb : Episode Info . MSN TV . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Haven ' Rises , ' American Restoration ' Tops Night + ' Thundercats , ' ' Friday Night Smackdown ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Tour de Ferb '' . Phineas and Ferb : Episode Info . MSN TV . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 15 , 2001 ) . `` Updated Friday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Tops Primetime ; ' Smackdown ' Falls ; ' Heaven , ' ' Thundercats ' Steady & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Skiddley Whiffers '' . Phineas and Ferb : Episode Info . MSN TV . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( August 29 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : ' Smackdown ' Tops Night ; Hurricane Irene Boosts Weather Channel + ' Haven , ' ' Thundercats ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` My Fair Goalie '' . Phineas and Ferb : Episode Info . MSN TV . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` Updated Friday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Tops Primetime ; ' Smackdown ' Falls ; ' Haven , ' ' Thundercats Steady & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` Bullseye ! '' . Phineas and Ferb : Episode Info . MSN TV . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : Rain - Shortened Yankees / Tigers Tops Night + ' Haven , ' ' Clone Wars , ' ' Smackdown ! ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable : Cardinals / Phillies Tops Night , Plus ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Jessie ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Smackdown ! ' Ties ' SpongeBob ; ' Plus ' Sanctuary , ' ' Boss , ' ' House Of Payne ' & More '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( November 21 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Tops Cable + Okla . St. / Iowa St. , ' Friday Night Smackdown , ' ' Sanctuary , ' ' Flying Wild Alaska ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel Medianet '' . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush , ' ' For Better or Worse ' Lead Night + ' Smackdown , ' ' Clone Wars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Phineas and Ferb Family Christmas '' . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Keeps Rising , Leads Night ; ' For Better Or Worse ' Falls Hard + ' Smackdown , ' ' Flying Wild ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tri-Stone Area '' . Jump up ^ `` Doof Dynasty '' . Jump up ^ `` Excaliferb ! '' . Jump up ^ http://www.thefutoncritic.com/ratings/2012/01/18/sundays-cable-ratings-cajun-pawn-stars-kourtney-and-kim-snag-top-spots-159414/cable_20120115/ Jump up ^ `` Phineas and Ferb and the Temple of Juatchadoon '' . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' Less Gold , Still Golden + ' Smackdown ! , ' ' Merlin , ' ' Real Time With Bill Maher ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Monster from the Id '' . Jump up ^ `` Gi - Ants '' . Jump up ^ `` The Remains of the Platypus '' . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Gold Rush ' & ' Bering Sea Gold ' Stay On Top + ' Spartacus : Vengeance , ' ' Merlin , ' ' Smackdown ! ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . February 24 , 2012 . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Discovery Stays on Top With `` Gold Rush '' Special `` . Thefutoncritic.com . March 5 , 2012 . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's Bounce '' . Jump up ^ `` Bully Bromance Break Up '' . Jump up ^ `` Quietest Day Ever '' . Jump up ^ `` Doonkleberry Imperative '' . Jump up ^ `` Meapless in Seattle '' . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` WWE Smackdown '' Tops Demos for Second Week `` . Thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ `` Delivery of Destiny '' . Jump up ^ `` Buford Confidential '' . Jump up ^ `` The Mom Attractor '' . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Top Demos , Viewers '' . Thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ `` Cranius Maximus '' . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Top Demos , Viewers '' . Thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ `` Agent Doof '' . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Clippers / Grizzlies Powers ESPN Win '' . Thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ `` Minor Monogram '' . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Clippers / Grizzlies Powers ESPN Win '' . Thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ `` What a Croc ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : ESPN Is Tops With NBA Playoffs '' . Thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ `` Sleepwalk Surprise '' . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` WWE Smackdown , '' `` Fairly Legal '' Top Demos `` . Thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ `` Sci - Fi Pie Fly '' . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` WWE Smackdown , '' `` Fairly Legal '' Top Demos `` . Thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ `` Sipping with the Enemy '' . Jump up ^ `` Tri-State Treasure : Boot of Secrets '' . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : Disney Channel Quintet Tops Viewers '' . Thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' Wins Night , ' For Better or Worse ' , ' House of Payne ' , ' Gravity Falls ' , ' Say Yes to the Dress ' , ' Hardcore History ' & More '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Where 's Perry '' . Jump up ^ `` Thursday 's Cable Ratings : `` Burn Notice , '' `` Suits '' Top Charts for USA `` . Thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ Better Grab Some Sunglasses , The Future Around Here Is Bright , Disney Channel Medianet Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' Bering Sea Gold : Under The Ice ' & ' Yukon Men ' Win Night , + ' WWE Friday Night SmackDown ' , ' For Better or Worse ' & More '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Ferb TV '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : WWE on Top + ' Bering Sea Gold : Under The Ice ' , ' Daily Show ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Hardcore History ' , ' Yukon Men ' & More '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` When Worlds Collide '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' Wins Night , ' Yukon Men ' , ' Bering Sea Gold ' , ' Ultimate Fighter ' , ' Lost Girl ' , ' Gravity Falls ' & More '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` What 'd I Miss ? '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' Wins Night , ' For Better or Worse , ' , ' Diners Drive Ins & Dives ' , College Football , ' Yukon Men ' , ' House Hunters ' & More '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` Road to Danville '' . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` Gold Rush '' Returns on Top for Discovery `` . Thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ http://www.tv-links.eu/tv-shows/Phineas-And-Ferb_8918/season_3/episode_53/ Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` Gold Rush '' Holds Off NBA Surge on ESPN `` . Thefutoncritic.com . Jump up ^ http://www.tv-links.eu/tv-shows/Phineas-And-Ferb_8918/season_3/episode_52/ Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` Gold Rush '' Tops Demos for Sixth Straight Week `` . Thefutoncritic.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- phineas and ferb on disney xd '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Discovery , Disney Channel Top Charts '' . The Futon Critic . December 10 , 2012 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Discovery Once Again Tops Charts with `` Gold Rush '' `` . The Futon Critic . January 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Another Week , Another `` Gold Rush '' Victory `` . The Futon Critic . January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Discovery Is `` Gold '' in Demos , Viewers `` . The Futon Critic . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` Gold Rush '' Holds Onto Top Spots for Discovery `` . The Futon Critic . February 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : NBA Doubleheader , Disney Originals Top Charts '' . The Futon Critic . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` Sons of Guns , '' `` WWE Smackdown '' Lead Demo Race `` . The Futon Critic . May 20 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Disney Originals Lead Viewers , `` Smackdown '' Tops Demos `` . The Futon Critic. April 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` Sons of Guns , '' `` WWE Smackdown '' Top Demos `` . The Futon Critic. April 22 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : ESPN Tops Charts with NBA Playoffs , NFL Draft '' . The Futon Critic. April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Disney Originals , NHL Playoffs Top Charts '' . The Futon Critic . June 10 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Povenmire , Dan ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` If you watched Clipastic , there was a SNAFU with missing credits . It was directed by Kim Roberson @ snoober and written by Bobby Gaylor '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Disney Originals , `` WWE Smackdown '' Top Charts `` . The Futon Critic . July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` WWE Smackdown '' Tops Demos , Disney Originals Lead Viewers `` . The Futon Critic . July 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` WWE Smackdown , '' `` Treehouse Masters '' Lead Demo Race `` . The Futon Critic . July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Disney Originals Top Viewers , `` Gold Rush : South America '' Leads Demos `` . The Futon Critic . August 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Disney Originals , `` Gold Rush : South America '' Lead the Pack `` . The Futon Critic . August 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : `` Gold Rush , '' `` Phineas & Ferb '' Top Charts `` . The Futon Critic . August 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings : Disney Originals , `` WWE Smackdown '' Lead the Pack `` . The Futon Critic . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Shark Tank , '' `` Last Man Standing '' Top Charts `` . The Futon Critic . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : CBS Tops Viewers , ABC Leads Demos '' . The Futon Critic . October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : College Football Snares Top Spots '' . The Futon Critic . October 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Shark Tank , '' NLCS Lead Demo Race `` . The Futon Critic . October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phineas und Ferb -- Episodenguide '' . Fernsehserien ( in German ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Shark Tank , '' `` Blue Bloods '' Fill Top Spots `` . The Futon Critic . November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Channel , Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings ( November 11 -- 17 , 2013 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Shark Tank , '' `` Blue Bloods '' Lead Demos , Viewers `` . The Futon Critic . January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Shark Tank '' Still Demo Champ for ABC `` . The Futon Critic . January 27 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Channel , Disney Junior and Disney XD ratings ( February 24 -- March 2 , 2014 ) '' . Son of the Bronx . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Summer 2014 Episode Ratings Confirmation '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/06/23/friday-cable-ratings-world-cup-soccer-wins-night-wwe-smackdown-college-world-series-say-yes-to-the-dress-more/275802/ Jump up ^ http://www.tvmediainsights.com/forum/topic/friday-80814-3/ ^ Jump up to : `` Phineas and Ferb Episode Guide on Disney XD Media Net '' . Disney XD Media Net . Disney ABC Television Group . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : ' Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars ' Leads Night + ' Attack on Titan ' , NASCAR Coverage & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Fall 2014 Episode Ratings Confirmation '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Cable Ratings : College Football Tops Day + MLB Baseball , ' Attack on Titan ' , ' Hell on Wheels ' , ' Halloween Wars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Better Call Saul ' on AMC Tops All Cable Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . TV Media Insights . Cross Mediaworks . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The End Is Near ! Phineas and Ferb ' Last Day of Summer ' to Air on Disney XD June 12 - Jim Hill '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Nationals : Women 's World Cup Soccer Scores for Fox '' . TV Media Insights . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patrick Hipes . `` ' Phineas And Ferb ' Series Finale Set For June 12 ; Creators Unveil New Series -- Deadline '' . Deadline . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The End Is Near ! Phineas and Ferb ' Last Day of Summer ' to Air on Disney XD June 12 -- Jim Hill '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) . `` ' Phineas And Ferb ' Series Finale Set For June 12 After Marathon ; Creators Seal Next Disney XD Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Phineas and Ferb Disney XD Press '' . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.9. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( 2010 - 03 - 03 ) . `` Disney Channel & Disney XD Present Programming Plans for 2010 - 11 '' . TVBytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel 's ' Phineas and Ferb ' Movie Is Most - Watched Animated Basic Cable Telecast Ever with Kids 2 - 11 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. 2011 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . General references `` Phineas and Ferb on Disney '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . `` Phineas and Ferb : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Phineas and Ferb TV Episode Guide at the Big Cartoon DataBase List of Phineas and Ferb episodes at TV.com ( hide ) Phineas and Ferb Characters Phineas Flynn Ferb Fletcher Candace Flynn Perry the Platypus Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz Guest stars Seasons Episodes `` Rollercoaster '' `` Lawn Gnome Beach Party of Terror '' `` Are You My Mummy ? '' `` Flop Starz '' `` Raging Bully '' `` It 's About Time ! '' `` Jerk De Soleil '' `` Dude , We 're Getting the Band Back Together '' `` Phineas and Ferb Get Busted ! '' `` The Monster of Phineas - n - Ferbenstein '' `` Phineas and Ferb 's Quantum Boogaloo '' `` Wizard of Odd '' Specials `` Phineas and Ferb Christmas Vacation '' `` Phineas and Ferb : Summer Belongs To You ! '' `` Phineas and Ferb : Mission Marvel '' `` Phineas and Ferb : Star Wars '' Video games Phineas and Ferb Ride Again Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension - The Video Game Disney Channel All Star Party Disney Universe Quest for Cool Stuff Disney Infinity Films Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension Other Songs Soundtrack Take Two with Phineas and Ferb episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Phineas_and_Ferb_episodes&oldid=803159281 '' Categories : Phineas and Ferb episodes Lists of American animated television series episodes Lists of children 's television series episodes Lists of Disney Channel television series episodes Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 errors : external links Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 20 : 50 . 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-4249303404904621609	Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution	Twenty - second Amendment to the United states Constitution - wikipedia Twenty - second Amendment to the United states Constitution Jump to : navigation , search `` Twenty - second Amendment '' redirects here . For other uses , see Twenty - second Amendment ( disambiguation ) . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Twenty - second Amendment ( Amendment XXII ) of the United States Constitution limits the number of times one can be elected to the office of President of the United States . Congress proposed the amendment by two - thirds of both the House and Senate on March 21 , 1947 . Ratification by the requisite 36 of the then - 48 states was completed on February 27 , 1951 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 History 3 Proposal and ratification 4 Attempts at repeal 5 Interaction with the Twelfth Amendment 6 Affected individuals 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Text ( edit ) Section 1 . No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice , and no person who has held the office of President , or acted as President , for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once . But this article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this article was proposed by the Congress , and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President , or acting as President , during the term within which this article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term . Section 2 . This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three - fourths of the several states within seven years from the date of its submission to the states by the Congress . History ( edit ) Ulysses S. Grant narrowly lost his party 's nomination , and chance for a third term in 1880 . Woodrow Wilson , pictured in 1923 , deadlocked the Democratic convention in 1920 , but was not nominated . He wished to run again in 1924 , but lacked support and died before the convention . Although the Twenty - second Amendment was clearly a reaction to Franklin D. Roosevelt 's service as President for an unprecedented four terms , the notion of presidential term limits has long - standing roots in American politics . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 considered the issue extensively , although it ultimately declined to restrict the amount of time a person could serve as president . But following George Washington 's decision to retire after his second elected term , numerous public figures subsequently argued he had established a `` two - term tradition '' that served as a vital check against any one person , or the presidency as a whole , accumulating too much power . In his Farewell Address , written near the end of his second term , Washington both reveals he considered not standing for reelection in 1792 , and that his decision not to seek a third term in 1796 was due to age , not intention to set precedent . Eleven years later , Thomas Jefferson further contributed to the convention of a voluntary two - term limit when he wrote in 1807 , `` if some termination to the services of the chief Magistrate be not fixed by the Constitution , or supplied by practice , his office , nominally four years , will in fact become for life . '' Three of the next four presidents after Jefferson -- James Madison , James Monroe , and Andrew Jackson -- served two terms , and each one adhered to the two - term principle . In spite of the strong two - term tradition , a few presidents prior to Franklin Roosevelt did attempt to secure a third term . Ulysses S. Grant , after having served as president from 1869 to 1877 , sought nomination for another term at the 1880 Republican National Convention , but narrowly lost to James Garfield , who would go on to win the 1880 election . Given the Republican Party 's dominance during that period , had Grant been nominated , he might well have won a third term . Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency on September 14 , 1901 , following William McKinley 's assassination ( 194 days into his second term ) , and was subsequently elected to a full term in 1904 . While he declined to seek a third ( second full ) term in 1908 , Roosevelt did seek one four years later , in the election of 1912 , where he lost to Woodrow Wilson . Wilson himself sought nomination to a third term in 1920 , at the Democratic National Convention ; he deliberately blocked the nomination of the former Secretary of the Treasury , his son - in - law William Gibbs McAdoo , the front - runner . Although seriously ill at the time , Wilson anticipated that the party would side with their sitting president were the convention deadlocked . Wilson was too unpopular even within his own party at the time , and James M. Cox was nominated . He would again contemplate running for a nonconsecutive third term in 1924 , devising a strategy for his comeback , but again lacked any support and died at the beginning of the year . Franklin D. Roosevelt , pictured in August 1944 , was elected to both a third and fourth term , the only president to serve more than eight years . Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the months leading up to the 1940 Democratic National Convention refusing to state whether he would seek a third term . His Vice President , John Nance Garner , along with Postmaster General James Farley , announced their candidacies for the Democratic nomination . When the convention came , Roosevelt sent a message to the convention , saying he would run only if drafted , saying delegates were free to vote for whomever they pleased . The delegates issued 946 votes for Roosevelt , 72 for Farley , and 61 for Garner ; they replaced Garner with Henry A. Wallace as the vice presidential nominee , and Farley resigned as postmaster general . In the 1940 general election , while Republican Wendell Willkie received six million more votes than the previous Republican candidate ( Alfred Landon ) had in 1936 , Roosevelt still won decisively , taking 38 of 48 states . His supporters cited impending war as a reason for breaking with precedent , while Willkie had run against the principle of a third term . Roosevelt was the first president elected to a third term , and remains the only one to exceed eight years in office . Four years later , in the election of 1944 , Roosevelt defeated New York governor Thomas E. Dewey to win an unprecedented fourth term . While he effectively quelled rumors of his poor health during the campaign , Roosevelt 's health was in reality deteriorating . On April 12 , 1945 , only 82 days after his fourth inauguration , he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and died . Near the end of the 1944 campaign , Thomas Dewey announced support of an amendment that would limit future presidents to two terms . According to Dewey , `` four terms , or sixteen years ( which is what Roosevelt would have served had he lived until 1949 ) , is the most dangerous threat to our freedom ever proposed . '' The Republican - controlled 80th Congress approved a Joint resolution `` proposing an amendment to the Constitution relating to the terms of office of the president '' . in March 1947 ; it was signed by Speaker of the House Joseph W. Martin and acting President pro tempore of the Senate William F. Knowland . The ratification process for the 22nd Amendment was completed on February 27 , 1951 , 7003143900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 343 days after it was sent to the states . The new amendment 's 2 - term limit did not apply ( due to the grandfather clause in Section 1 ) to the incumbent president , Harry S. Truman . He remained eligible for election to more than two terms . On November 22 , 1963 , President John F. Kennedy was assassinated while riding through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas , Texas . Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson , who was also in the motorcade , three cars back , was unhurt . Upon Kennedy 's death , Johnson became the nation 's 36th president , and served out the remaining 7002425000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 59 days of Kennedy 's term . Under the terms of the 22nd Amendment , Johnson , who ran for and won a full four -- year term in 1964 was eligible to run for another full term in 1968 ( as he had served less than two years of Kennedy 's term ) . He chose not to do so , announcing his intentions in a March 31 , 1968 , speech to the nation , saying , `` I shall not seek , and I will not accept , the nomination of my party for another term as your president . '' Had he done so and won , and served the full term ( through January 20 , 1973 ) , the total length of his presidency would have been 7003334700000000000 ♠ 9 years , 59 days . Proposal and ratification ( edit ) Congress proposed the Twenty - second Amendment on March 21 , 1947 . The proposed amendment was adopted on February 27 , 1951 . Amendment XXII in the National Archives The following states ratified the amendment : Maine ( March 31 , 1947 ) Michigan ( March 31 , 1947 ) Iowa ( April 1 , 1947 ) Kansas ( April 1 , 1947 ) New Hampshire ( April 1 , 1947 ) Delaware ( April 2 , 1947 ) Illinois ( April 3 , 1947 ) Oregon ( April 3 , 1947 ) Colorado ( April 12 , 1947 ) California ( April 15 , 1947 ) New Jersey ( April 15 , 1947 ) Vermont ( April 15 , 1947 ) Ohio ( April 16 , 1947 ) Wisconsin ( April 16 , 1947 ) Pennsylvania ( April 29 , 1947 ) Connecticut ( May 21 , 1947 ) Missouri ( May 22 , 1947 ) Nebraska ( May 23 , 1947 ) Virginia ( January 28 , 1948 ) Mississippi ( February 12 , 1948 ) New York ( March 9 , 1948 ) South Dakota ( January 21 , 1949 ) North Dakota ( February 25 , 1949 ) Louisiana ( May 17 , 1950 ) Montana ( January 25 , 1951 ) Indiana ( January 29 , 1951 ) Idaho ( January 30 , 1951 ) New Mexico ( February 12 , 1951 ) Wyoming ( February 12 , 1951 ) Arkansas ( February 15 , 1951 ) Georgia ( February 17 , 1951 ) Tennessee ( February 20 , 1951 ) Texas ( February 22 , 1951 ) Nevada ( February 26 , 1951 ) Utah ( February 26 , 1951 ) Minnesota ( February 27 , 1951 ) Ratification was completed on February 27 , 1951 . The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states : North Carolina ( February 28 , 1951 ) South Carolina ( March 13 , 1951 ) Maryland ( March 14 , 1951 ) Florida ( April 16 , 1951 ) Alabama ( May 4 , 1951 ) In addition , the following states voted to reject the amendment : Oklahoma ( June 1947 ) Massachusetts ( June 9 , 1949 ) The following states took no action to consider the amendment : Arizona Kentucky Rhode Island Washington West Virginia ( Neither Alaska nor Hawaii had yet been admitted as states at the time . ) Attempts at repeal ( edit ) According to historian Glenn W. LaFantasie of Western Kentucky University ( who was opposed to repealing the amendment ) , `` ever since 1985 , when Ronald Reagan was serving in his second term as president , there have been repeated attempts to repeal the Twenty - second Amendment to the Constitution , which limits each president to two terms . '' In early 1989 , during an exit interview with Tom Brokaw of NBC , President Reagan stated his intention to fight for the amendment 's repeal . However , after being diagnosed with Alzheimer 's disease in 1994 , his post-presidential ambitions had to be scrapped . In addition , several congressmen , including Democrats Rep. Barney Frank , Rep. José E. Serrano , Rep. Howard Berman , and Sen. Harry Reid , and Republicans Rep. Guy Vander Jagt , Rep. David Dreier and Sen. Mitch McConnell have introduced legislation to repeal the Twenty - second Amendment , but each resolution died before making it out of its respective committee . Other alterations have been proposed , including replacing the absolute two term limit with a limit of no more than two consecutive terms and giving Congress the power to grant an exemption to a current or former president by way of a supermajority vote in both houses . On January 4 , 2013 , Rep. José E. Serrano again introduced a resolution proposing an Amendment to repeal the Twenty - second Amendment , as he had done every two years since 1997 ; he did not do so during the 114th Congress . Interaction with the Twelfth Amendment ( edit ) There is a point of contention regarding the interpretation of the Twenty - second Amendment as it relates to the Twelfth Amendment , ratified in 1804 , which provides that `` no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States '' . While it is clear that under the Twelfth Amendment the original constitutional qualifications of age , citizenship , and residency apply to both the President and Vice President , it is unclear whether a two - term president could later serve as Vice President . Some argue that the Twenty - second Amendment and Twelfth Amendment bar any two - term president from later serving as Vice President as well as from succeeding to the presidency from any point in the United States presidential line of succession . Others contend that the Twelfth Amendment concerns qualification for service , while the Twenty - second Amendment concerns qualifications for election , and thus a former two - term president is still eligible to serve as vice president . The practical applicability of this distinction has not been tested , as no former president has ever sought the vice presidency , although in 1980 , former president Gerald Ford was mentioned as a possible running mate for Republican presidential nominee Ronald Reagan and there were some negotiations between the two camps . Nothing ever became of the idea , and had Ford been selected , he would have still been eligible for election as President , as he had only served less than one full term in finishing out Richard Nixon 's second term . During Hillary Clinton 's 2016 candidacy , she jokingly said that she had considered naming Bill Clinton as her Vice President , but had been advised it would be unconstitutional . Others contend that a `` termed out '' President would be eligible to ascend to the Presidency via Presidential succession rules given the text 's explicit reference to election . The Constitution does not restrict the number of terms a person can serve as Vice President . Affected individuals ( edit ) The amendment explicitly did not apply to the sitting president ( Harry S. Truman ) at the time it was proposed by Congress . Truman , who had served nearly all of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's unexpired fourth term and who had been elected to a full term in 1948 , was thus eligible to seek re-election in 1952 . However , after poor performance in the 1952 New Hampshire primary , Truman chose not to seek his party 's nomination . He theoretically also would have been eligible in later elections . Since the amendment 's ratification , Dwight D. Eisenhower , Richard M. Nixon , Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , and Barack Obama have been elected president twice . The same party has won the presidency in three consecutive elections only once since World War II , when Republican George H.W. Bush won in 1988 after two terms as Vice President with Republican Ronald Reagan . In all other cases , the opposing party 's candidate has won after two terms with a single party : Dwight D. Eisenhower ( R ) in 1952 , John F. Kennedy ( D ) in 1960 , Richard Nixon ( R ) in 1968 , Jimmy Carter ( D ) in 1976 , Bill Clinton ( D ) in 1992 , George W. Bush ( R ) in 2000 , Barack Obama ( D ) in 2008 , and Donald Trump ( R ) in 2016 . The only president who took office after the ratification of the Twenty - second Amendment and who could have served more than eight years was Lyndon B. Johnson . He became President in 1963 when John F. Kennedy was assassinated , served the final 14 months ( less than two years ) of Kennedy 's term , was elected president in 1964 , and ran briefly for re-election in 1968 but chose to withdraw from the race . Gerald Ford became president on August 9 , 1974 , and served the final 29 months ( more than two years ) of Richard Nixon 's unexpired term . Ford , who lost to Jimmy Carter in 1976 , would have been eligible to be elected in his own right only once . Since Ford 's death in 2006 , the only former presidents who remain technically eligible to seek another term are Jimmy Carter ( elected in 1976 , defeated in 1980 ) and George H.W. Bush ( elected in 1988 , defeated in 1992 ) ; both are now nonagenarians and neither has announced any plans to ever run again . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See George Washington 's Farewell Address , ¶ 3 . Washington considered not seeking re-election , but chose to run again on the basis of international crises and the advice of his counsel . References ( edit ) Constitution of the United States . Peabody , Bruce G. ; Gant , Scott E. ( February 1999 ) . `` The Twice and Future President : Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty - Second Amendment '' . Minnesota Law Review . 83 ( 3 ) : 565 -- 635 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peabody , Bruce . `` Presidential Term Limit '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson : Reply to the Legislature of Vermont , 1807 . ME 16 : 293 Jump up ^ Pietrusza , David ( 2007 ) . The Year of the Six Presidents . New York : Carroll and Graf . Jump up ^ Saunders , Robert M. ( 1998 ) . In Search of Woodrow Wilson : Beliefs and Behavior . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780313305207 . Jump up ^ David M. Jordan , FDR , Dewey , and the Election of 1944 ( Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 2011 , p. 290 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35683 - 3 ^ Jump up to : `` FDR 's third - term decision and the 22nd amendment '' . National Constitution Center . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 22nd Amendment '' . Stanley L. Klos . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 1968 Exhibit : LBJ 's `` I shall not seek , and I will not accept '' televised speech , March 31 , 1968 `` . 1968 Blog . Minnesota Historical Society . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mount , Steve ( January 2007 ) . `` Ratification of Constitutional Amendments '' . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ LaFantasie , Glenn ( March 20 , 2011 ) The erosion of the Civil War consensus Archived March 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Salon Jump up ^ `` President Reagan Says He Will Fight to Repeal 22nd Amendment '' . archives.nbclearn.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 5. Introduced January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ S.J. Res. 36 . Sponsored by Harry Reid . January 31 , 1989 . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 61 Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 51 Jump up ^ S.J. Res. 23 Jump up ^ `` Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to repeal the twenty - second article of amendment , thereby removing the limitation on the number of terms an individual may serve as President . ( 2013 ; 113th Congress H.J. Res. 15 ) - GovTrack.us '' . GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ `` Jose E. Serrano Congress.gov Library of Congress '' . www.congress.gov . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matthew J. Franck ( July 31 , 2007 ) . `` Constitutional Sleight of Hand '' . National Review . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2008 . Retrieved June 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael C. Dorf ( August 2 , 2000 ) . `` Why the Constitution permits a Gore - Clinton ticket '' . CNN Interactive . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Scott E. Gant ; Bruce G. Peabody ( June 13 , 2006 ) . `` How to bring back Bill '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved June 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Burr , Richard ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` 1980 convention launched ' Reagan Revolution ' '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1339 GMT ( 2039 HKT ) September 15 , 2015 ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton : Bill as VP has ' crossed her mind ' - CNNPolitics.com '' . Edition.cnn.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 22nd Amendment Does n't Say What You Think It Says '' . Cornerstone Law Firm , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who were FDR 's Vice Presidents ? '' . Docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson Can Seek Two Full Terms '' . The Washington Post . November 24 , 1963 . p . A2 . Jump up ^ Moore , William ( November 24 , 1963 ) . `` Law Permits 2 Full Terms for Johnson '' . The Chicago Tribune . p. 7 . External links ( edit ) H.J. RES. 5 -- 2009 bill introduced in Congress proposing to repeal the Twenty - second Amendment . There have been many similar proposals introduced in previous Congresses , none of which has been acted on . CRS Annotated Constitution : Twenty - second Amendment ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book VIAF : 180761482 LCCN : n99052859 GND : 7842626 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=814017030 '' Categories : 1951 in American law 1951 in American politics Amendments to the United States Constitution History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) Term limits 1947 in American law 1947 in American politics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Ænglisc Беларуская Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français עברית 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 12 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the 22nd amendment proposed and ratified	[ "The Twenty-second Amendment (Amendment XXII) of the United States Constitution limits the number of times one can be elected to the office of President of the United States. Congress proposed the amendment by two-thirds of both the House and Senate on March 21, 1947. Ratification by the requisite 36 of the then-48 states was completed on February 27, 1951.", "The Twenty-second Amendment (Amendment XXII) of the United States Constitution limits the number of times one can be elected to the office of President of the United States. Congress proposed the amendment by two-thirds of both the House and Senate on March 21, 1947. Ratification by the requisite 36 of the then-48 states was completed on February 27, 1951." ]	[ "March 21, 1947", "completed on February 27, 1951" ]
4830723961048175729	Walking on a Dream (song)	Walking on a Dream ( song ) - Wikipedia Walking on a Dream ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Walking on a Dream '' Single by Empire of the Sun from the album Walking on a Dream Released 30 August 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 30 ) Format 7 '' CD digital download Recorded Soundworks Music Studio , Linear Recording ( Sydney ) Genre Synthpop new wave alternative dance psychedelic pop Length 3 : 16 Label Capitol EMI Songwriter ( s ) Luke Steele Nick Littlemore Jonathan Sloan Producer ( s ) Empire of the Sun Donnie Sloan Peter Mayes Empire of the Sun singles chronology `` Walking on a Dream '' ( 2008 ) `` We Are the People '' ( 2008 ) `` Walking on a Dream '' ( 2008 ) `` We Are the People '' ( 2008 ) Music video `` Walking on a Dream '' on YouTube Audio sample file help `` Walking on a Dream '' is a song by Australian electronic music duo Empire of the Sun , which was released on 30 August 2008 as the lead single ahead of their debut album of the same name ( 3 October 2008 ) . The track was co-written by band members , Luke Steele and Nick Littlemore with Jonathan `` Donnie '' Sloan . The full Sam La More remix was made available as a free download on the band 's official website . On the Australian ARIA Charts it reached number ten , and was certified double platinum to indicate shipment of over 140,000 units . It was listed at number four in the 2008 Triple J Hottest 100 popularity poll . `` Walking on a Dream '' won the category for Single of the Year at the ARIA Music Awards of 2009 , and , in the following year , it won Dance Work of the Year at the APRA Awards . Although the single was originally due for release in the United Kingdom on 9 February 2009 , the date was postponed until 6 July . In Europe , it reached number eight in both Belgium and Ireland ; and peaked in the top 100 on the UK Singles Chart . The song was made the Single of the Week on the iTunes Store for the week of 21 April 2009 . The song was also featured in the 2012 racing video game Forza Horizon and later in the 2016 Honda Civic `` The Dreamer '' commercial , which helped revive the song in the charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chart performance 3 Music video 4 Track listings 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Certifications 5.3 Year - end charts 6 Release history 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Luke Steele ( of The Sleepy Jackson ) and Nick Littlemore ( of Pnau ) formed Empire of the Sun as an electronic duo in 2007 . Their debut release , `` Walking on a Dream '' , appeared as a single on 30 August 2008 ahead of the album of same name on 3 October . Steele had assisted on tracks , `` With You Forever '' and `` Freedom '' , for Pnau 's self - titled album , which was issued in December 2007 . As Empire of the Sun , the duo recorded material for Walking on a Dream , including the title track , at Soundworks Music Studio and Linear Recording in Sydney during various sessions throughout the latter part of that year . The track was co-written by Littlemore and Steele with Jonathan Sloan . Sloan also co-produced the album with the duo and Littlemore 's bandmate , Peter Mayes of Pnau . Sam Littlemore ( Nick 's older brother ) aka Sam La More remixed the track , which was made available as a free download on the album 's official website until December 2008 . The song uses an interpolation of Billy Ocean 's `` Caribbean Queen '' . Where Billy says `` And our hearts they beat as one '' , Empire of the Sun 's lyric is `` ... When two people become one '' . Chart performance ( edit ) The song was in a Honda Civic commercial in the U.S. in 2016 , more than seven years after its original release . This led the song to finally chart in the country , making it their first Alternative Songs hit there . On May 14 , 2016 , the re-released single reached number one on Billboard 's Dance Club Songs chart , seven years after having peaked at number 18 in its first chart run . Music video ( edit ) Nick Littlemore raises a sphere to create a blue beam in the video for `` Walking on a Dream '' . The music video for the song was shot by Josh Logue on location along the Bund in Shanghai , China in July -- August 2008 , just prior to the 2008 Summer Olympics . It features Steele and Littlemore wearing Eastern costumes and makeup , inspired by Peking Opera . Track listings ( edit ) CD single and iTunes EP No . Title Length 1 . `` Walking on a Dream '' 3 : 16 2 . `` Walking on a Dream '' ( Van She Tech Remix ) 3 : 46 3 . `` Walking on a Dream '' ( Hong Kong Blondes Remix ) 7 : 11 4 . `` Walking on a Dream '' ( Sam La More Remix Edit ) 3 : 36 UK 7 '' single No . Title Length 1 . `` Walking on a Dream '' 3 : 16 2 . `` Walking on a Dream '' ( Sam La More Remix Edit ) 3 : 36 iTunes exclusive single No . Title Length 1 . `` Walking on a Dream '' ( Sam La More 12 '' Remix ) 7 : 52 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 12 European Hot 100 Singles 89 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 55 Hungary ( Mahasz ) 36 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 16 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 13 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 30 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 14 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 52 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 64 US Billboard Hot 100 65 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 23 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 40 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Australia 2 × Platinum Italy Gold United Kingdom Silver United States Platinum Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2009 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 61 Hungarian Singles Chart 156 Italian Singles Chart 79 Swiss Singles Chart 66 Release history ( edit ) Country Date Label Format Australia 30 August 2008 Capitol EMI Digital download 18 October 2008 CD single United Kingdom 16 February 2009 Virgin 7 '' single 6 July 2009 CD single Germany 11 March 2011 Capitol EMI United States 4 January 2016 Capitol EMI Mainstream radio See also ( edit ) List of number - one dance singles of 2016 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2009 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2010 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ ARIA Music Awards for Empire of the Sun : Search results ' Empire of the Sun ' : `` Winners by Year : Search Results for ' Empire of the Sun ' '' . Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . 2009 winners and nominees : `` Winners by Year 2009 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . 2010 winners and nominees : `` Winners by Year 2010 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . Archived from the original on 21 April 2012 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . 2013 winners and nominees : `` Winners By Year 2013 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Winners - APRA Music Awards '' . Australasian Performing Right Association ( APRA ) . Archived from the original on 1 July 2010 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Walking On a Dream Songfacts Jump up ^ `` Walking on a Dream : Empire Of The Sun '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Discography Empire of the Sun '' . Irish Charts Portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Discografie Empire of the Sun '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Empire of the Sun '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Honda Civic TV Spot , ' The Dreamer ' '' . iSpot.tv . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Empire of the Sun Biography '' . musichead.com.au. 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2008 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ McGee , Linda ( 8 April 2009 ) . `` Empire of the Sun interview '' . RTÉ . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP -- ACE Title Search '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 6 March 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Note : requires user to enter details , e.g. click on ' Performers ' tab and enter ' Empire of the Sun ' , then select track title . Jump up ^ `` ' Walking on a Dream ' at APRA search engine '' . Australasian Performing Right Association ( APRA ) . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Note : User may have to click ' Search again ' and provide details at ' Enter a title : ' e.g Walking on a Dream ; or at ' Performer : ' Empire of the Sun Jump up ^ Phares , Helen . `` Empire of the Sun Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Note : User may have to click on tabs , e.g. ' Credits ' or ' Awards ' to access further information . Jump up ^ Leahey , Andrew . `` Walking on a Dream -- Empire of the Sun '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Note : User may have to click on tabs , e.g. ' Credits ' or ' Awards ' to access further information . Jump up ^ `` Empire of the Sun '' . walkingonadream.com.au . Empire of the Sun Official Website. 2008 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Sean Ross ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` What Happens When Pop / Alternative Radio Runs Out of Alternatives ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dance Club Songs ( May 14 , 2016 ) from Billboard ( May 3 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ Sean Ross ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Empire of the Sun 's 2008 Single Debuts at Last Thanks to Honda Ad '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duncan ( 31 August 2008 ) . `` Empire of the Sun -- Walking on a Dream '' . The Inspiration Room . Retrieved 5 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Empire of the Sun -- Walking on a Dream '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Empire of the Sun -- Walking on a Dream '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Empire of the Sun -- Walking on a Dream '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walking on a Dream -- Empire of the Sun '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Empire of the Sun Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista -- 2009 . 17 . hét '' . Mahasz ( in Hungarian ) . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Singles , Week Ending 12 February 2009 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Chart - Track . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Empire of the Sun -- Walking on a Dream '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Empire of the Sun search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Empire of the Sun -- Walking on a Dream '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Empire of the Sun -- Walking on a Dream '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Empire of the Sun -- Walking on a Dream '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats -- Empire Of The Sun -- Walking On A Dream '' . The Official Charts Company . Chart Stats . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Empire of the Sun -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Empire of the Sun . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Empire of the Sun -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Empire of the Sun . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Empire of the Sun -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Empire of the Sun . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Empire of the Sun -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Empire of the Sun . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Empire of the Sun -- Chart history '' Billboard Alternative Songs for Empire of the Sun . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Éves összesített listák - MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 ( súlyozott ) '' . Mahasz . Mahasz . Jump up ^ `` FIMI - Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana - Ricerche e dati di mercato '' . Fimi.it. 2010 - 01 - 19 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Year End Swiss Singles Chart '' . Swiss Music Charts. 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Walking on a Dream : Empire of the Sun : Amazon.de : Musik '' . Amazon.de. 2009 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Empire of the Sun Luke Steele Nick Littlemore Studio albums Walking on a Dream Ice on the Dune Two Vines Singles `` Walking on a Dream '' `` We Are the People '' `` Standing on the Shore '' `` Without You '' `` Half Mast ( Slight Return ) '' `` Alive '' `` DNA '' `` Celebrate '' `` High and Low '' Related Discography Nick Littlemore Pnau Albums Sambanova Again Pnau Soft Universe Good Morning to the Night Changa Singles `` Sambanova '' `` Follow Me '' `` Una Noche '' `` Bloodlust '' `` Again '' `` Enuff 's Enuff '' `` We Love the Fresh Kills '' `` Wild Strawberries '' `` Shock to My System '' `` Baby '' `` Embrace '' `` With You Forever '' `` Unite Us '' Teenager Albums Thirteen Singles `` Pony '' `` Bound and Gagged '' Empire of the Sun Albums Walking on a Dream Ice on the Dune Two Vines Singles `` Walking on a Dream '' `` We Are the People '' `` Standing on the Shore '' `` Without You '' `` Half Mast ( Slight Return ) '' `` Alive '' `` DNA '' `` Celebrate '' `` High and Low '' Related articles Peter Mayes Pip Brown ( aka Ladyhawke ) Luke Steele Sam Littlemore ( aka Sam La More ) Luke Steele The Sleepy Jackson Albums Lovers Personality - One Was a Spider , One Was a Bird EPs The Sleepy Jackson EP ( debut EP ) Miniskirt Caffeine in the Morning Sun Let Your Love Be Love The Sleepy Jackson ( self - titled EP ) Singles `` Vampire Racecourse '' `` Good Dancers '' `` Come to This '' `` This Day '' / `` Come to This '' `` God Lead Your Soul '' `` Devil Was in My Yard '' `` I Understand What You Want but I Just Do n't Agree '' Empire of the Sun Albums Walking on a Dream Ice on the Dune Singles `` Walking on a Dream '' `` We Are the People '' `` Standing on the Shore '' `` Without You '' `` Half Mast ( Slight Return ) '' `` Alive '' Related articles Nick Littlemore Daniel Johns Hathaway / Palmer Nations by the River ARIA Award for Single of the Year `` You 're the Voice '' by John Farnham ( 1987 ) `` Beds Are Burning '' by Midnight Oil ( 1988 ) `` Under the Milky Way '' by The Church ( 1989 ) `` Crying in the Chapel '' by Peter Blakeley ( 1990 ) `` I Do n't Wanna Be with Nobody But You '' by Absent Friends ( 1991 ) `` Treaty ( Filthy Lucre Remix ) '' by Yothu Yindi ( 1992 ) `` The Day You Went Away '' by Wendy Matthews ( 1993 ) `` The Honeymoon Is Over '' by The Cruel Sea ( 1994 ) `` Tomorrow '' by Silverchair ( 1995 ) `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and Kylie Minogue ( 1996 ) `` Truly Madly Deeply '' by Savage Garden ( 1997 ) `` Torn '' by Natalie Imbruglia ( 1998 ) `` The Day You Come '' by Powderfinger ( 1999 ) `` Do n't Call Me Baby '' by Madison Avenue ( 2000 ) `` My Happiness '' by Powderfinger ( 2001 ) `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' by Kylie Minogue ( 2002 ) `` Born to Try '' by Delta Goodrem ( 2003 ) `` Are You Gonna Be My Girl '' by Jet ( 2004 ) `` Catch My Disease '' by Ben Lee ( 2005 ) `` Black Fingernails , Red Wine '' by Eskimo Joe ( 2006 ) `` Straight Lines '' by Silverchair ( 2007 ) `` Sweet About Me '' by Gabriella Cilmi ( 2008 ) `` Walking on a Dream '' by Empire of the Sun ( 2009 ) `` Big Jet Plane '' by Angus & Julia Stone ( 2010 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walking_on_a_Dream_(song)&oldid=801148899 '' Categories : 2008 singles 2008 songs APRA Award winners ARIA Award - winning songs Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Capitol Records singles Debut singles EMI Records singles Astralwerks singles Empire of the Sun ( band ) songs Songs written by Luke Steele ( musician ) Songs written by Nick Littlemore Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) Use dmy dates from March 2015 Use Australian English from March 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 23 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what song is in the honda civic commercial	[]	[]
5468615031104325292	Meet the Fockers	Meet the Fockers - wikipedia Meet the Fockers Jump to : navigation , search Meet the Fockers Theatrical release poster Directed by Jay Roach Produced by Jane Rosenthal Robert De Niro Jay Roach Screenplay by Jim Herzfeld John Hamburg Story by Jim Herzfeld Marc Hyman Based on Characters by Greg Glienna Mary Ruth Clarke Starring Robert De Niro Ben Stiller Dustin Hoffman Barbra Streisand Blythe Danner Teri Polo Music by Randy Newman Cinematography John Schwartzman Edited by Jon Poll Lee Haxall Alan Baumgarten Production company Tribeca Productions Everyman Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures ( North America ) DreamWorks Pictures ( International ) Release date December 22 , 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) Running time 115 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $516 million Meet the Fockers , sometimes referred to as Meet The Parents 2 , is a 2004 American comedy film directed by Jay Roach and the sequel to Meet the Parents . The film stars Robert De Niro ( who was also one of the film 's producers ) , Ben Stiller , Dustin Hoffman , Barbra Streisand , Blythe Danner and Teri Polo . It was followed by a sequel , Little Fockers , in 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Critical response 4 Box office 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Set two years after the events of the first film , Gaylord `` Greg '' Focker ( Stiller ) and his fiancée Pam Byrnes ( Polo ) decide to introduce their parents to each other . They first fly to Oyster Bay , New York , on Long Island , to pick up Pam 's father , retired CIA operative Jack Byrnes ( De Niro ) , her mother Dina ( Danner ) and one - year - old nephew Little Jack ( the son of Bob and Debbie Banks ) . But rather than going to the airport as planned , Jack decides to drive the family to Miami to meet the Fockers in his new RV . Once they arrive , they are greeted by Greg 's eccentric but fun - loving and amiable father , Bernie ( Hoffman ) , and mother , Roz ( Streisand ) , who is a sex therapist for elderly couples . Worried that Jack may be put off by the Focker 's lifestyle , Greg convinces Roz to pretend that she is a yoga instructor for the weekend . However , small cracks begin to form between Jack and the Fockers , due to their contrasting personalities . The meet gets off to a bad start when a chase between the Focker 's active dog , Moses , and the Byrnes 's cat , Jinx , culminates with Jinx flushing Moses down the RV 's toilet , forcing Bernie to destroy it to save Moses . Later , Bernie accidentally injures Jack 's back during a game of football . Meanwhile , Pam informs Greg that she 's pregnant , and the two decide to keep it secret from Jack . Jack again becomes suspicious of Greg 's integrity and quality , when they are introduced to the Fockers ' housekeeper , Isabel Villalobos ( Alanna Ubach ) , with whom Bernie reveals Greg had a sexual affair fifteen years before . Jack later takes the RV to Isabel 's fifteen - year - old son , Jorge ( Ray Santiago ) , to fix the toilet , but is disturbed by Jorge 's striking resemblance to Greg , and the fact that Jorge never met his father , and jumps to the conclusion that he may be Greg 's son with Isabel . Meanwhile , Roz , Bernie and Dina realize Pam is pregnant , but promise not to tell Jack . Growing envious of Bernie and Roz 's active sex life , Dina consults Roz on sex tips in order to seduce Jack , but none of them work . Greg and Jack 's relationship goes off with a bang when Greg is left alone to babysit Little Jack , whom Jack has been raising via the Ferber method . Despite Jack 's instructions to leave Little Jack to self - soothe , Greg can not stand to listen to Little Jack 's cries and tends to the boy to cheer him up by hugging him , letting him watch TV , acting funny and inadvertently teaching Little Jack the word `` asshole . '' Disaster strikes when Greg answers a brief phone call from Roz , which is long enough for Little Jack to wander out of his playpen ( after Jinx opens it ) , put on Scarface and glue his hands to a bottle of rum . After a furious argument with the Fockers and his own family ( though amends are quickly made ) , Jack resumes his spying on Greg and sends Greg and Jorge 's hair samples for a DNA test , while inviting Jorge to the Fockers ' planned engagement party in the hope of getting Greg to admit he is Jorge 's father . At the engagement party , Jack , who automatically assumes that Greg knew about Jorge and has deliberately been keeping him a secret from Pam , introduces Greg to Jorge . Later , when Greg denies knowing anything about Jorge , Jack does not believe him and drugs him with truth serum to make him talk . On stage , Greg uncontrollably blurts out that Pam is pregnant and that Jorge is , without a doubt , his son ( in a comically Darth Vader-esque manner ) before losing consciousness . The next morning , Pam questions Greg about Jorge , and Greg does not confirm or deny that he is Jorge 's father , but insists that he knew nothing about him before the previous evening . Pam believes him , and is willing to work things out with him . Jack reaches his breaking point with Greg 's dishonesty and demands that Pam and Dina leave the island with him . Dina refuses and reveals Jack 's actions to everyone . Everyone turns against Jack , with Pam announcing her intent to marry Greg regardless of him having Jorge with Isabel , and Dina admits that they all knew of Pam 's pregnancy . A shocked and hurt Jack leaves with his grandson . Bernie and Greg pursue Jack , but are soon tasered and arrested by an incompetent deputy sheriff , Vern LeFlore ( Tim Blake Nelson ) , for speeding . Jack returns to defend them after being informed Greg is not Jorge 's father ( his real father turns out to be a baseball player who also resembles Greg ) , but the overzealous LeFlore tasers and arrests him as well . In their cell , Greg , Jack and Bernie are released by the local judge , Ira ( Shelley Berman ) , who is a client of Roz and close friend of the Fockers . Before they leave , Greg asks both Jack and Bernie to stop their feud . Jack admits that he made a mistake regarding Jorge and reveals his past career in the CIA to Bernie , before apologizing for his actions and making up with the two of them . Greg and Pam are married that weekend by Pam 's ex-fiancé , Kevin ( Owen Wilson ) , who is now an ordained interfaith minister . During the party , Jack asks Roz for some sex tips and sneaks into the RV with Dina . During the post-credit scene , Jack watches hidden baby - cam footage of the Fockers giving attention to Little Jack over Jack 's previous objections : Roz gives Little Jack chocolate , Bernie advises him to use his crying to disagree with everything Jack says , and Greg pretends to drunkenly tell Little Jack to keep it a secret that he left to smoke pot , not answer the phone , when he left Little Jack unattended and that Pam is not really pregnant and only said it so that Jack would let them get married . Greg then pretends to only just discover the camera but then after making mocking gestures at it , Greg reveals that he knew about it all along and none of the things he said before were true . Cast ( edit ) Robert De Niro as Jack Byrnes Ben Stiller as Gaylord `` Greg '' Focker Dustin Hoffman as Bernard `` Bernie '' Focker Barbra Streisand as Rosalin `` Roz '' Focker Teri Polo as Pam Byrnes - Focker Blythe Danner as Dina Byrnes Spencer and Bradley Pickren as `` Little '' Jack Banks Alanna Ubach as Isabel Villalobos Ray Santiago as Jorge Villalobos Tim Blake Nelson as Officer Vern LeFlore Shelley Berman as Judge Ira Owen Wilson as Kevin Rawley Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed or average reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes reported that 39 % of 157 sampled critics gave the film positive reviews and that it got a rating average of 5.2 out of 10 . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 with reviews from mainstream critics , the film received an average score of 41 based on 34 reviews . Box Office ( edit ) The film was a commercial success and is currently the highest - grossing film starring Robert De Niro . The film grossed $46,120,980 on its opening weekend in North America ( 5,000 screens at 3,518 theaters , averaging $13,110 per theater , or $9,224 per screen ) . At the end of the film 's 149 days of release , it grossed a total of $279,261,160 in North America , and $237,381,779 in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $516,642,939 , with an estimated 44 million tickets sold in the US . The film 's budget was $80 million . Awards and nominations ( edit ) 2005 : Casting Society Of America , USA : Nominated for Best Feature Film Casting : Comedy . 2005 : Teen Choice Awards : Nominated for Choice Movie : Blush , Choice Movie Actor : Comedy , Choice Movie Actor : Comedy , Choice Movie : Liar . 2005 : MTV Movie Awards Won : Best Comedic Performance . 2005 : ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards : Won Top Box Office Films . 2005 : MTV Movie Awards in Mexico : Nominated for Best International Movie . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Meet the Fockers ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet The Fockers ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Fockers reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Robert De Niro Movies Box Office Results '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . IMDb . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Fockers ( 2004 ) - Weekend Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Fockers ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Meet the Fockers Official website Meet the Fockers on IMDb Meet the Fockers at AllMovie Meet the Fockers at Box Office Mojo Meet the Fockers at Rotten Tomatoes Meet the Fockers at Metacritic Meet the Parents Films Meet the Parents ( 1992 ) Meet the Parents ( 2000 ) Meet the Fockers ( 2004 ) Little Fockers ( 2010 ) Related Meet My Folks In - Laws Films directed by Jay Roach Austin Powers : International Man of Mystery ( 1997 ) Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me ( 1999 ) Mystery , Alaska ( 1999 ) Meet the Parents ( 2000 ) Austin Powers in Goldmember ( 2002 ) Meet the Fockers ( 2004 ) Recount ( 2008 ) Dinner for Schmucks ( 2010 ) Game Change ( 2012 ) The Campaign ( 2012 ) Trumbo ( 2015 ) All the Way ( 2016 ) John Hamburg Writer / Director Safe Men ( 1998 ) Along Came Polly ( 2004 ) I Love You , Man ( 2009 ) Why Him ? ( 2016 ) Screenwriter Meet the Parents ( 2000 ) Zoolander ( 2001 ) Meet the Fockers ( 2004 ) Little Fockers ( 2010 ) Randy Newman Studio albums Randy Newman ( 1968 ) 12 Songs ( 1970 ) Sail Away ( 1972 ) Good Old Boys ( 1974 ) Little Criminals ( 1977 ) Born Again ( 1979 ) Trouble in Paradise ( 1983 ) Land of Dreams ( 1988 ) Bad Love ( 1999 ) Harps and Angels ( 2008 ) Dark Matter ( 2017 ) Live albums Randy Newman Live ( 1971 ) Compilations Lonely at the Top : The Best of Randy Newman ( 1987 ) Guilty : 30 Years of Randy Newman ( 1998 ) The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 1 ( 2003 ) The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 2 ( 2011 ) Musicals Randy Newman 's Faust ( 1995 ) Films scored Cold Turkey ( 1971 ) Ragtime ( 1981 ) The Natural ( 1984 ) Parenthood ( 1989 ) Awakenings ( 1990 ) Avalon ( 1990 ) The Paper ( 1994 ) Maverick ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Michael ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Pleasantville ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Meet the Parents ( 2000 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) Seabiscuit ( 2003 ) Meet the Fockers ( 2004 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Leatherheads ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Monsters University ( 2013 ) Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Soundtrack albums Avalon ( 1990 ) Meet the Parents ( 2000 ) Cars ( 2006 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Songs `` Mama Told Me Not to Come '' `` Sail Away '' `` He Gives Us All His Love '' `` Simon Smith and the Amazing Dancing Bear '' `` Political Science '' `` You Can Leave Your Hat On '' `` Louisiana 1927 '' `` Rednecks '' `` Short People '' `` I Love L.A. '' `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' `` It 's a Jungle Out There '' Related Discography Brill Building Nilsson Sings Newman Family Alfred Newman David Newman Emil Newman Joey Newman Lionel Newman Thomas Newman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meet_the_Fockers&oldid=804532722 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films American films American comedy films 2000s comedy films Films about weddings Films set in Miami Films set in California Films set in Florida Midlife crisis films Interfaith romance films Sequel films Film scores by Randy Newman Screenplays by John Hamburg Films produced by Robert De Niro Films directed by Jay Roach Universal Pictures films DreamWorks Pictures films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 16 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played little jack in meet the fockers	[ "\nRobert De Niro as Jack Byrnes\nBen Stiller as Gaylord \"Greg\" Focker\nDustin Hoffman as Bernard \"Bernie\" Focker\nBarbra Streisand as Rosalin \"Roz\" Focker\nTeri Polo as Pam Byrnes-Focker\nBlythe Danner as Dina Byrnes\nSpencer and Bradley Pickren as \"Little\" Jack Banks\nAlanna Ubach as Isabel Villalobos\nRay Santiago as Jorge Villalobos\nTim Blake Nelson as Officer Vern LeFlore\nShelley Berman as Judge Ira\nOwen Wilson as Kevin Rawley\n" ]	[ "Spencer and Bradley Pickren" ]
7388286774910013163	Arabian Sea	Arabian Sea - wikipedia Arabian Sea Arabian Sea Coordinates 14 ° N 65 ° E / 14 ° N 65 ° E / 14 ; 65 Coordinates : 14 ° N 65 ° E / 14 ° N 65 ° E / 14 ; 65 Type Sea Part of Indian Ocean Basin countries India , Iran , Maldives , Oman , Pakistan , Somalia , United Arab Emirates , Yemen Max . width 2,400 km ( 1,500 mi ) Surface area 3,862,000 km ( 1,491,000 sq mi ) Max . depth 4,652 m ( 15,262 ft ) Islands Astola island , Basavaraja Durga Island , Lakshadweep , Piram Island , Pirotan , Socotra The Arabian Sea , also known as Sea of Oman , is a region of the northern Indian Ocean bounded on the north by Pakistan and Iran , on the west by the Gulf of Aden , Guardafui Channel and the Arabian Peninsula , and on the east by India . Historically the sea has been known by other names including the Erythraean Sea . Its total area is 3,862,000 km ( 1,491,000 sq mi ) and its maximum depth is 4,652 metres ( 15,262 ft ) . The Gulf of Aden in the west , connects the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab - el - Mandeb , and the Gulf of Oman is in the northwest , connecting it to the Persian Gulf . The Arabian Sea has been crossed by important marine trade routes since the third or second millennium BCE . Major seaports include Kandla Port , Okha Port , Mumbai Port , Nhava Sheva Port ( Navi Mumbai ) , Mormugão Port ( Goa ) , New Mangalore Port and Kochi Port in India , the Port of Karachi , Port Qasim , and the Gwadar Port in Pakistan , Chabahar Port in Iran and the Port of Salalah in Oman . The largest islands in the Arabian Sea include Socotra ( Yemen ) , Masirah Island ( Oman ) , Lakshadweep ( India ) and Astola Island ( Pakistan ) . Contents 1 Geography 1.1 Limits 2 Alternative names 3 Trade routes 3.1 Major ports 4 Islands 5 Dead Zone 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Geography ( edit ) Arabian Sea from space The Arabian Sea 's surface area is about 3,862,000 km ( 1,491,130 sq mi ) . The maximum width of the Sea is approximately 2,400 km ( 1,490 mi ) , and its maximum depth is 4,652 metres ( 15,262 ft ) . The biggest river flowing into the Sea is the Indus River . The Arabian Sea has two important branches -- the Gulf of Aden in the southwest , connecting with the Red Sea through the strait of Bab - el - Mandeb ; and the Gulf of Oman to the northwest , connecting with the Persian Gulf . There are also the gulfs of Khambhat , Kutch and , Mannar on the Indian Coast . 17th century map depicting the locations of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea The countries with coastlines on the Arabian Sea are Somalia , Yemen , Oman , Pakistan , India and the Maldives . There are several large cities on the sea 's coast including Male , Kavaratti , Cape Comorin ( Kanyakumari ) , Colachel , Kovalam , Thiruvananthapuram , Kollam , Alappuzha , Kochi , Kozhikode , Kannur , Kasaragod , Mangalore , Bhatkal , Karwar , Vasco , Panjim , Malvan , Ratnagiri , Alibag , Mumbai , Daman , Valsad , Surat , Bharuch , Khambhat , Bhavnagar , Diu , Somnath , Mangrol , Porbandar , Dwarka , Okha , Jamnagar , Kandla , Gandhidham , Mundra , Koteshwar , Keti Bandar , Karachi , Ormara , Pasni , Gwadar , Chabahar , Muscat , Duqm , Salalah , Al Ghaydah , Aden , Bargal , and Hafun . Marine Drive , Mumbai at evening Beach at Bekal Fort , Kerala Ormara beach , west side of the city Limits ( edit ) The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Arabian Sea as follows : On the west : the eastern limit of the Gulf of Aden ( the meridian of Cape Guardafui ( Ras Asir , 51 ° 16'E ) ) . On the north : a line joining Ràs al Hadd , east point of the Arabian Peninsula ( 22 ° 32'N ) and Ràs Jiyùni ( 61 ° 43'E ) on the coast of Pakistan . On the south : a line running from the southern extremity of Addu Atoll in the Maldives , to the eastern extremity of Ràs Hafun ( the easternmost point of Africa , 10 ° 26'N ) . On the east : the western limit of the Laccadive Sea a line running from Sadashivgad on the west coast of India ( 14 ° 48 ′ N 74 ° 07 ′ E / 14.800 ° N 74.117 ° E / 14.800 ; 74.117 ) to Cora Divh ( 13 ° 42 ′ N 72 ° 10 ′ E / 13.700 ° N 72.167 ° E / 13.700 ; 72.167 ) and thence down the west side of the Laccadive and Maldive archipelagos to the most southerly point of Addu Atoll in the Maldives . Alternative names ( edit ) The Arabian Sea historically and geographically has been referred to by many different names by Muslim and European geographers and travellers , including Indian Sea , Persian Sea , Sindhu Sagar , Arabbi Samudra , Erythraean Sea , Sindh Sea , and Akhzar Sea . Trade routes ( edit ) The Arabian Sea has been an important marine trade route since the era of the coastal sailing vessels from possibly as early as the 3rd millennium BCE , certainly the late 2nd millennium BCE through the later days known as the Age of Sail . By the time of Julius Caesar , several well - established combined land - sea trade routes depended upon water transport through the Sea around the rough inland terrain features to its north . Names , routes and locations of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea These routes usually began in the Far East or down river from Madhya Pradesh with transshipment via historic Bharuch ( Bharakuccha ) , traversed past the inhospitable coast of today 's Iran then split around Hadhramaut into two streams north into the Gulf of Aden and thence into the Levant , or south into Alexandria via Red Sea ports such as Axum . Each major route involved transhipping to pack animal caravan , travel through desert country and risk of bandits and extortionate tolls by local potentates . This southern coastal route past the rough country in the southern Arabian Peninsula ( Yemen and Oman today ) was significant , and the Egyptian Pharaohs built several shallow canals to service the trade , one more or less along the route of today 's Suez canal , and another from the Red Sea to the Nile River , both shallow works that were swallowed up by huge sand storms in antiquity . Later the kingdom of Axum arose in Ethiopia to rule a mercantile empire rooted in the trade with Europe via Alexandria . Major ports ( edit ) The Kochi Port located on the south - west coast of India is the nearest Indian port to the international shipping routes , as well as one of the largest and busiest ports serving the Arabian Sea . Seen here is the International Container Transshipment Terminal , the only such facility in India . The Port of Karachi is Pakistan 's largest and busiest seaport . It is located between the Karachi towns of Kiamari and Saddar . The Gwadar Port is a warm - water , deep - sea port situated at Gwadar in Balochistan , Pakistan at the apex of the Arabian Sea and at the entrance of the Persian Gulf , about 460 km west of Karachi and approximately 75 km ( 47 mi ) east of Pakistan 's border with Iran . The port is located on the eastern bay of a natural hammerhead - shaped peninsula jutting out into the Arabian Sea from the coastline . Port of Salalah in Salalah , Oman is also a major port in the area . The International Task Force often uses the port as a base . There is a significant number of warships of all nations coming in and out of the port , which makes it a very safe bubble . The port handled just under 3.5 m teu ( twenty - foot equivalent unit , a measure used for capacity in container transportation ) in 2009 . Jawaharlal Nehru Port in Mumbai is the largest port in the Arabian Sea , and the largest container port in India . Major Indian ports in the Arabian Sea are Mundra Port , Kandla Port , Nava Sheva , Kochi Port , Mumbai Port , and Mormugão . Islands ( edit ) There are several islands in the Arabian Sea , with the most important ones being Lakshadweep Islands ( India ) , Socotra ( Yemen ) , Masirah ( Oman ) and , Astola Island ( Pakistan ) . The Lakshadweep Islands ( formerly known as the Laccadive , Minicoy , and Aminidivi Islands ) is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea region of Arabian Sea , 200 to 440 km ( 120 to 270 mi ) off the south western coast of India . The archipelago is a Union Territory and is governed by the Union Government of India . Lakshadweep comes from Lakshadwipa , which means `` one hundred thousand islands '' in Sanskrit . The islands form the smallest Union Territory of India : their total surface area is just 32 km2 ( 12 sq mi ) . The lagoon area covers about 4,200 km2 ( 1,600 sq mi ) , the territorial waters area 20,000 km2 ( 7,700 sq mi ) and the exclusive economic zone area 400,000 km2 ( 150,000 sq mi ). The islands are the northernmost of the Lakshadweep - Maldives - Chagos group of islands . Astola Island , also known as Jezira Haft Talar in Balochi , or ' Island of the Seven Hills ' , is a small , uninhabited island in the northern tip of the Arabian Sea in Pakistan 's territorial waters . Landsat view over Socotra , a Yemeni island . Socotra also spelled Soqotra is the largest island , being part of a small archipelago of four islands . It lies some 240 kilometres ( 150 mi ) east of the Horn of Africa and 380 kilometres ( 240 mi ) south of the Arabian Peninsula . Masirah is an island off the East coast of Oman . Dead zone ( edit ) Massive Ocean Dead Zone , an area of the ocean that was uninhabitable , located in the Gulf of Oman part of the Arabian Sea . The Dead Zone is larger than Scotland that is completely depleted of oxygen , making it the world 's largest - known dead zone . See also ( edit ) Erythraean Sea North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone Piracy off the coast of Somalia Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Arabian Sea , Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Voyage around the Erythraean Sea '' . washington.edu . ^ Jump up to : `` Kamat 's Potpourri : The Arabian Sea '' . kamat.com . Jump up ^ Salalah 's versatility beats the slump Archived October 25 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Port of Salalah Jump up ^ `` TRAFFIC HANDLED AT MAJOR PORTS ( LAST 7 YEARS ) '' ( PDF ) . shipping.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` WORLD PORT RANKINGS '' ( PDF ) . aapa.files.cms-plus.com. 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.nola.com/environment/index.ssf/2018/05/worlds_largest_dead_zone_disco.html References ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Arabian Sea '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arabian Sea . 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Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Indus Delta Dal Lake Pookode Lake Skeleton Lake Chilika Lake Lake Powai Borith Lake Saiful Muluk Gosaikunda Nizam Sagar Red Hills Lake Malampuzha Kerala backwaters Pulicat Lake Coastal Indian Ocean Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Mannar Laccadive Sea Palk Strait Categories Lakes of Bangladesh / India / Nepal / Pakistan Reservoirs and dams in India Rivers of Bangladesh / Bhutan / India / Nepal / Pakistan Countries bordering the Arabian Sea India Iran Maldives Oman Pakistan Somalia Yemen GND : 4002533 - 0 LCCN : sh85006295 NARA : 10046294 NDL : 00628155 VIAF : 251500992 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arabian_Sea&oldid=853872995 '' Categories : Arabian Peninsula Marine ecoregions Arabian Sea India -- Pakistan border Oman -- Yemen border Bodies of water of Pakistan Bodies of water of India Bodies of water of Oman Seas of Yemen Bodies of water of Somalia Bodies of water of Iran Bodies of water of the Maldives Bodies of water of the United Arab Emirates Seas of the Indian Ocean Seas of Asia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 103 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 14 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does arabian sea and indian ocean meet	[]	[]
-3031942016977040169	Pixel 2	Pixel 2 - wikipedia Pixel 2 Pixel 2 Pixel 2 XL Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL Codename Walleye ( Pixel 2 ) Taimen ( Pixel 2 XL ) Developer Google Manufacturer HTC ( Pixel 2 ) LG Electronics ( Pixel 2 XL ) ( as contract manufacturers for both models ) Slogan Ask more of your phone . Series Pixel Model G011A ( Pixel 2 ) G011C ( Pixel 2 XL ) Compatible networks 2G 3G 4G LTE First released October 19 , 2017 ; 10 months ago ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) Predecessor Pixel Type Pixel 2 : Smartphone Pixel 2 XL : Phablet Form factor Slate Pixel 2 : H : 145.7 mm ( 5.74 in ) W : 69.7 mm ( 2.74 in ) D: 7.8 mm ( 0.31 in ) Pixel 2 XL : H : 157.9 mm ( 6.22 in ) W : 76.7 mm ( 3.02 in ) D: 7.9 mm ( 0.31 in ) Weight Pixel 2 : 143 g ( 5.04 oz ) Pixel 2 XL : 175 g ( 6.17 oz ) Operating system Android 8.0 `` Oreo '' , upgradable to Android 9.0 `` Pie '' System on chip Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 CPU Octa - core ( 4 × 2.35 GHz , 4 × 1.9 GHz ) Kryo GPU Adreno 540 Modem Qualcomm Snapdragon X16 LTE ( integrated ) Memory 4 GB LPDDR4X RAM Storage 64 or 128 GB Battery Pixel 2 : 2,700 mAh Pixel 2 XL : 3,520 mAh Display Pixel 2 : 5 in ( 130 mm ) FHD AMOLED , 1920 × 1080 ( 441 ppi ) Pixel 2 XL : 6 in ( 150 mm ) QHD P - OLED , 2880 × 1440 ( 538 ppi ) All : Gorilla Glass 5 Rear camera 12.2 MP 1.4 μm pixel size f / 1.8 aperture Phase - detection autofocus and laser autofocus HDR+ processing Dual pixel HD 720p ( up to 240 FPS ) FHD 1080p video ( up to 120 FPS ) 4K 2160p video ( up to 30 FPS ) EIS OIS Front camera 8 MP Sony Exmor IMX179 1.4 μm pixel size f / 2.4 aperture Connectivity GSM , LTE , LTE Advanced , Voice over LTE , HSDPA , CDMA , TD - LTE , TD - SCDMA Website store.google.com/product/pixel_2 Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL are Android smartphones designed , developed and marketed by Google . They were announced during a Google event on October 4 , 2017 , as the successors to the Pixel and Pixel XL . They were released on October 19 , 2017 , and serve as the second set of smartphones in the Google Pixel hardware line . Contents 1 History 2 Specifications 2.1 Design 2.2 Hardware 2.3 Software 3 Reception 4 Issues 4.1 Screen issues 4.2 Audio issues 4.3 Other issues 4.4 Fixed issues 5 Sales 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) In early March 2017 , Google 's Rick Osterloh confirmed that they would bring a `` next - gen '' Pixel phone later that year . He stated it would `` stay premium '' and that there would be no `` cheap Pixel '' . Google originally intended to use HTC to manufacture both their 2017 flagships , but later shifted to LG to manufacture the bigger Pixel 2 XL . The unreleased device that was supposed to be the Pixel 2 XL under the codename `` Muskie '' , was later re-developed by HTC into the HTC U11+ . The Google Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL are currently carried in the United States by Verizon and Project Fi . Specifications ( edit ) Design ( edit ) The back of the Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL is made from aluminum with a thin `` premium coating '' of plastic and has a top section made from glass to provide wireless transmissivity . Unlike the original Pixel XL , which was simply an enlarged version of the Pixel design with no other changes , the Pixel 2 XL 's external design differs from its smaller sibling , employing a taller 18 : 9 P - OLED display instead of the Pixel 2 's 16 : 9 AMOLED . Hardware ( edit ) The Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL are both powered by the Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 , coupled with 4 GB LPDDR4X RAM . They both come in storage options of 64 or 128 GB . Magnified view showing the diagonal PenTile pixel arrangement on the Pixel 2 ( not XL ) The Pixel 2 has a 5 - inch ( 130 mm ) AMOLED display panel with 1920 × 1080 resolution , coming in at around 441 ppi , while the Pixel 2 XL comes with a 6 - inch ( 150 mm ) P - OLED display panel with a 18 : 9 aspect ratio and a 2880 × 1440 resolution at 538 ppi . Both phones have a 12.2 megapixel rear camera capable of recording 4K video at 30 FPS , 1080p video at 120 FPS , and 720p video at 240 FPS . The camera also contains phase - detection autofocus , laser autofocus , and HDR+ processing . The Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL also include the Intel - designed Pixel Visual Core image processor for faster and lower power image processing , though it was not enabled until Android 8.1 was released in January 2018 . The camera does not allow capturing Raw images and lacks manual controls . Unlike Apple 's iPhone 8 and iPhone X , the Pixels do not have support for 4K video at 60 FPS , as the processor is not powerful enough . Although the camera has Optical Image Stabilization it is unable to remove some high frequency vibrations that other smartphones are able to remove . Pixel 2 owners receive free unlimited storage for all photos and videos taken on the phone in original quality through the end of 2020 , with unlimited high - quality storage continuing afterwards . The Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL support USB Power Delivery quick charging , have a fingerprint sensor on the rear , IP67 dust and water resistance and are Daydream - ready . Software ( edit ) The phones ship with stock Android 8.0 `` Oreo '' on launch . Google has promised three years of software and security updates , making it closer to the average four years of support that Apple provides for its iPhones . The new Pixels also include a feature called `` Active Edge '' . With this , the Google Assistant can be launched by squeezing the phone 's sides , similar to the HTC U11 's `` Edge Sense '' feature . This phone was also released with the new Google Lens app , which is designed to bring up relevant information using visual analysis by the camera . Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL also automatically reverse searches songs which are playing around the device . Android 8.1 Oreo was released for the Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL on December 5 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) The Pixel 2 camera received a score of 98 from DxOMark , making it the highest performing mobile device camera at the end of 2017 , and was overtaken in March 2018 by Samsung 's Galaxy S9+ . The Pixel 2 and the Pixel 2 XL received mixed reviews . The phone was praised for the camera quality and water resistance , but was criticized for the removal of the headphone jack , particularly after Google mocked Apple for doing the same with its iPhone 7 phone at the launch of the first generation Pixel phone just 12 months prior . Google was also criticized for the price of the USB - C to 3.5 mm headphone adapter it sells , which costs US $20 while Apple 's Lightning to 3.5 mm adapter costs US $9 , as well as for not including headphones with the phone . However , news outlets noted that because USB - C is a standard interface , unlike Lightning , there are a variety of third - party adapters that retail for less than Google 's official one . Google later dropped the price of the adapter to US $9 , keeping the price in - line with Apple 's offering . YouTuber JerryRigEverything , who performs durability tests on various smartphones , criticized Google for their design choice with the antenna lines on the sides of the handset . When he bent the Pixel 2 , it cracked at the antenna line near the middle of the phone , voiding its water resistance and warranty , while most other phones from competitors pass his bend test . This does not apply to the Pixel 2 XL . The design of the smaller Pixel 2 was regarded as plain , and its big chunky bezels were not well received , considering that earlier 2017 phones like the Samsung Galaxy S8 and LG G6 had moved to nearly bezel-less screens . The Pixel 2 XL screen became infamous for quality control issues , a flaw shared with the LG V30 which also has the same manufacturer and P - OLED screen type . The Pixel 2 XL has a blue tint visible on the screen when the phone is viewed at an angle . Many were dissatisfied and it was speculated that Google had installed the polarizer incorrectly . However , when Google addressed the tint , they stated that it was a design choice to have the blue tint to go along with the cooler color temperature used by the screen ( it is calibrated to a D67 white point , which is 6700K ) . Issues ( edit ) Screen issues ( edit ) Vlad Savov of The Verge has complained of under - saturated and distorted OLED displays , and there have also been reports of screen burn - in on some Pixel 2 XL units . The Pixel 2 XL also suffers from a `` black smear '' problem , which occurs when a group of black pixels transition to colored ones , and tend to linger for a while , before changing to their expected state . Google conducted an investigation and said that a software update would be coming soon that would add a new mode for more saturated colors , reducing the maximum brightness of the Pixel 2 XL devices by 50 cd / m to reduce load on the display , and fading out the navigation bar after a period of inactivity . The November security patch came with three new screen modes that Google promised earlier , although Google has also said that further enhancements would be included in a separate software update to be released in December . Google also extended device warranty to two years for both devices worldwide . The Pixel 2 XL has an issue where the screen may flash randomly . It occurs when the phone is locked or unlocked . The issue was fixed in the June system software update , but returned back with the July update . Audio issues ( edit ) Hundreds of Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL owners have been complaining of high - pitched and clicking sounds coming from the phone . Google investigated the issue and recommended turning off NFC to temporarily fix the problem until a software update comes out . The November security patch fixed the clicking sound as well as the KRACK WPA2 Wi - Fi security issue , however , it did not fix the buzzing sounds heard during calls on some devices . Google has promised a fix in a future update . The Pixel 2 XL has a volume flaw that reduces the sound level of audio clips sent through messaging apps such as Google Allo , Instagram , and Telegram among others . Google is aware of the problem and is looking into it . Some of the USB - C to 3.5 mm adapters for the headphones do not work . In some cases , rebooting the phone can fix the issue temporarily . Google is offering replacements for the faulty adapters . Some Pixel 2 XL suffer from speaker rattling when playing content or even during phone calls . Multiple users reported that the microphone can randomly stop working . A possible solution is to blow into the microphone . Some units suffer from Bluetooth connectivity issues . There is an issue where Google Assistant does not work with some Bluetooth headphones . Other issues ( edit ) The Pixel 2 XL comes with a charger capable of fast charging at 18 W , but the phone is not able to charge at more than 10.5 W , taking two and a half hours for a full charge . Below 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) the charging speed is just a mere 3 - 4W , but the phone will still display `` Charging rapidly '' , which is misleading . The phones are known to randomly reboot . Google promised a fix in the coming weeks . The random reboots are believed to be caused by the LTE modem . The Android 8.1 release in 2017 did not fix the problem . The Android 8.1 update introduces an issue in the Pixel 2 XL making the fingerprint sensor slower . Google is investigating the issue . The phones have issues with Wi - Fi mesh networks , where disconnects are common . Google is already investigating this issue . Users started reporting battery drain issues after the February security update . The battery drain become worse after the April security updates . Google is looking for a fix . Users are reporting proximity sensor issues . Google is aware of the issue and looking for a fix . Some users are having issues making calls and receiving MMS messages . Google claims these issues are fixed but users are still complaining about them . The Pixel 2 produces blurry panoramas . Google has known about this issue since December 2017 , but has not been able to deliver a fix . There is a workaround for this issue but it requires rooting the phone ( which requires a full wipe if the bootloader was n't previously unlocked ) . Google has promised a fix later in 2018 . The June OTA update introduces an issue that makes the phone much slower to wake up from sleep . Google is already aware of the issue and looking for a fix . The camera has an issue where it sometimes shows `` fatal camera error '' . Google is aware of the issue and working on a fix . Android Pie update causes an issue with the fast charge functionality on the Pixel 2 XL . Google is aware of the issue and looking for a fix . The phone has lag issues and can get extremely laggy without a known cause . The only known fix is to replace the device . Google is aware of the issue and looking for a fix . Fixed issues ( edit ) Some Pixel 2 XL devices also fail to register touch near the edges of the screen . Android 8.1 fixes this issue . Some Pixel 2 XL units suffer from poor audio recording quality . The recorded audio is high - pitched and distorted . Android 8.1 fixes this issue . Some Pixel 2 XL devices were shipped to consumers without an operating system , rendering them unusable . Many users are reporting that unlocked devices have a locked bootloader . Google fixed the issue , but the solution includes factory resetting the device . Sales ( edit ) In the United States , Verizon and Project Fi are the exclusive carriers for the Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL . They are available direct - to - consumer for use on any wireless network through Google 's online store , or from Best Buy and Target . On March 21 , 2018 , Google did a temporary offer if a consumer financed a Pixel for 2 years the consumer receives $200 cashback , to compete with the Samsung Galaxy S9 and iPhone X . The promotion ended March 31 , 2018 . On July 9th , 2018 , Google reduced the Pixel 2 XL price significantly . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` These are the Google Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL VentureBeat '' . venturebeat.com . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Google Pixel 2 XL vs. iPhone X vs. Note 8 : Phablet spec showdown Archived February 22 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pixel boss Rick Osterloh : Pixel 2 is coming this year and staying premium '' . AndroidPIT . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The HTC U11 Plus was originally intended to be the Google Pixel 2 XL '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JerryRigEverything rips into the Pixel 2 and exposes easily scratched plastic coating '' . Android Police . October 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Pixel 2 's custom camera SoC uses Intel technology '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amadeo , Ron ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Instagram , Snapchat , and WhatsApp get better photos on the Pixel 2 '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Amadeo , Ron ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Surprise ! The Pixel 2 is hiding a custom Google SoC for image processing '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google on Pixel 2 's Noisy 4K Videos , RAW and Manual Modes , 4K@60fps , More '' . NDTV Gadgets360.com . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Explains Decisions Made on the Pixel 2 Camera '' . xda - developers . November 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galaxy Note 8 crushes iPhone X and Pixel 2 in OIS video recording comparison Archived December 26 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 '' . Google Store . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pixel 2 and 2 XL review -- The best Android phone you can buy Ars Technica Archived January 7 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Google Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL : Specs , pricing , and everything else ! '' . Android Central . October 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google guarantees three years of Android software updates for the Pixel 2 '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How to enable Now Playing on your Google Pixel 2 '' . Android Central . October 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hager , Ryne . `` Android 8.1 OTA files and factory images are now live '' . Android Police . Illogical Robot LLC . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Google Pixel 2 reviewed : Sets new record for overall smartphone camera quality - DxOMark '' . DxOMark . October 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL : Google takes on the iPhone X '' . CNET . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Tim ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Google announces Pixel 2 smartphones and a whole host of other hardware '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Pixel 's missing headphone jack proves Apple was right '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim . `` Google 's replacement Pixel 2 USB - C headphone dongles cost $20 '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's Replacement USB - C Headphone Adaptor Will Cost You £ 20 '' . Gizmodo UK . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google drops price of its USB - C to headphone jack dongle down to $9 from $20 '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Copying Apple , Google mercifully drops its $20 Pixel USB - C headphone dongle to $9 '' . 9to5Google . October 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Brett . `` Google avoids the wrath of wired headphone lovers , cuts Pixel 2 dongle price '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Forget the Pixel 2 's display problems , Google 's new flagships are far too fragile '' . BGR . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 torture test shows just how destructible the handset 's ' premium coating ' really is '' . 9to5Google . October 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Aaron ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Google Pixel 2 might have the same problem as iPhone 6 Plus , and this video shows why '' . Daily Express . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Pixel 2 review : plainly great '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Pixel 2 XL drama is undermining Google 's entire Pixel project '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why I am put off by the Pixel 2 XL display , but you might not be '' . Android Authority . October 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 XL screen blue tint likely caused by poorly applied polarizer '' . Phone Arena . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google says that the Pixel 2 XL display 's blue shift is normal , much to owners ' dissatisfaction '' . Android Police . October 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Groups '' . Google . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Pixel 2 XL would be the best phone in the world if its screen was n't so weird '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google could be forced to recall £ 1000 Pixel 2 XL after screen burn pics emerge TheINQUIRER '' . theINQUIRER . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Pixel 2 `` black smearing , '' `` clicking , '' and speaker volume issues reported `` . Android Authority . October 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 XL 's pOLED display has a ' black smear ' problem that 's definitely worse than average '' . 9to5Google . October 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google responds to Pixel 2 XL screen burn - in and color concerns with upcoming software updates , 2 - year warranty '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google updates Pixel 2 XL with new ' saturated ' color display option and other bug fixes '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` November security patch adds color modes & burn - in protections to Pixel 2 , Pixel 2 XL '' . 9to5Google . November 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google responds to Pixel 2 issues : Extended warranty and updates '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Some Google Pixel 2 XL owners reporting screen flashing issue w / Always - On Display and lockscreen ( Video ) '' . 9to5Google . November 8 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Did July OTA re-trigger Pixel 2 screen flashing issue ? Jump up ^ `` Some Pixel 2 phones are making strange noises '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google plans software update to fix Pixel 2 clicking sound '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kumparak , Greg . `` Google responds to Pixel 2 XL display complaints , promises fix for ' clicking ' noise on the Pixel 2 '' . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google will issue a fix for Pixel 2 's buzzing sounds heard during calls '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pixel 2 XL Users Report Voice Messaging Issue , Google Promises Fix Archived January 13 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Some Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL owners claiming included headphone adapter does n't work '' . December 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL headphone adapter not working for some folks '' . December 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Some are experiencing a rattling or buzzing problem with the Pixel 2 XL 's speakers '' . December 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Google Pixel 2 mic not working during calls ? Try blowing into bottom speaker - GSMArena.com news Archived November 9 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Some Pixel 2 users are reporting Bluetooth connectivity issues '' . Android Central . November 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 bug prevents Google Assistant from working on Bluetooth headphones '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegal , Jacob ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Another Google Pixel 2 XL issue arises as users report slow battery charging '' . BGR . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Pixel 2 charges much more slowly below certain temperatures , but it does n't tell you that Archived February 19 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Google will fix Pixel 2 reboot issues `` in the coming weeks '' - The Verge Archived November 28 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Random Reboots On The Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL Caused By LTE Modem Archived December 6 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Google Pixel 2 XL fingerprint scanner slower following Android 8.1 update '' . December 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 XL fingerprint sensor slower after 8.1 update '' . December 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Google looking into Pixel 2 WiFi disconnect issue on mesh networks Archived December 25 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pixel 2 battery drain issue being looked into , Google says Archived February 25 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Google Pixel 2 battery drainage mess got worse in April Archived May 1 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fix In The Works For Google Pixel 2 Proximity Sensor Issues Jump up ^ Google Pixel 2 Users Experience MMS Issue And Outgoing Call Delay Jump up ^ Google claims Pixel 2 MMS issues fixed despite continued reports Archived April 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Google says that the Pixel 2 / 2 XL MMS issues have been fixed , but users are still complaining Archived April 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Google Pixel 2 owners reporting blurry panoramas Archived April 15 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Google still has n't fixed the Pixel 2 's 8 - month - old panorama issue , so someone made a workaround ( root required ) Jump up ^ June OTA update may have made the Pixel 2 XL much slower to wake up Archived June 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Google `` working on a fix '' for long - standing Pixel 2 camera problem Jump up ^ Android 9 Pie seems to be messing with the Pixel XL 's ability to fast charge Jump up ^ Pixel 2 XL lag may lead to device ( hardware ) replacements Jump up ^ If your Pixel 2 has been lagging lately , you 're not alone Jump up ^ `` The Pixel 2 XL has another screen issue : unresponsive edges '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Some Pixel 2 XL touchscreens are unresponsive near the edges . Fixed in DP2 Archived December 6 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Google 's Pixel 2 XL also appears to suffer from poor audio recording quality '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Android 8.1 DP2 fixes poor audio Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL experienced when recording video Archived December 6 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Google is apparently shipping some Pixel 2 XLs without an operating system '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Some Google Pixel 2 XL phones are reportedly shipping without Android '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Ian . `` Google 's New Pixel Failure Sees Customers Getting A Totally Unusable Phone '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haselton , Todd ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Some of Google 's new Pixel 2 XL phones are being shipped without Android installed '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Some Pixel 2 devices bought from the Google Store seem to have locked - down bootloaders - Android Authority Archived November 17 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ More users chime in about Google Pixel 2 devices with locked bootloaders - Neowin Archived November 19 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Google fixes disabled bootloader unlock on Pixel 2 phones '' . Android Police . November 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where to Get the Best Deal on the New Pixel 2 '' . Fortune . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Google Slashes Pixel 2 XL Price To Fight Off iPhone X And Galaxy S9 Archived March 24 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . 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4223281753792095566	Love the Way You Lie	Love the Way You Lie - wikipedia Love the Way You Lie Jump to : navigation , search For the song by Rihanna , featuring Eminem , see `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' . `` Love the Way You Lie '' Single by Eminem featuring Rihanna from the album Recovery Released August 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 09 ) Format CD single Recorded 2009 Studio Effigy Studios ( Ferndale , Michigan ) Sun Studios ( Dublin , Ireland ) Genre Hip - hop Length 4 : 23 Label Aftermath Shady Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Eminem Alex da Kid Skylar Grey Producer ( s ) Alex da Kid Makeba Riddick Eminem singles chronology `` Not Afraid '' ( 2010 ) `` Love the Way You Lie '' ( 2010 ) `` No Love '' ( 2010 ) `` Not Afraid '' ( 2010 ) `` Love the Way You Lie '' ( 2010 ) `` No Love '' ( 2010 ) Rihanna singles chronology `` Te Amo '' ( 2010 ) Te Amo 2010 `` Love the Way You Lie '' ( 2010 ) Love the Way You Lie2010 `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' ( 2010 ) Only Girl ( In the World ) 2010 Music video `` Love the Way You Lie '' on YouTube `` Love the Way You Lie '' is a song recorded by the American rapper Eminem , featuring Barbadian singer Rihanna , from Eminem 's seventh studio album Recovery ( 2010 ) . The singer and songwriter Skylar Grey wrote and recorded a demo of the song alongside the producer Alex da Kid when she felt she was in an abusive romantic relationship with the music industry . Eminem wrote the verses and chose Rihanna to sing the chorus , resulting in a collaboration influenced by their past experiences in difficult relationships . Recording sessions were held in Ferndale , Michigan , and Dublin , Ireland . Backed by guitar , piano and violin , the track is a midtempo hip - hop ballad with a pop refrain , sung by Rihanna , and describes two lovers who refuse to separate despite being in a dangerous love -- hate relationship . Interscope Records released the song in August 2010 as the second single from Recovery . Critics praised its melody but were divided on thematic aspects such as poignancy and accuracy . Eminem promoted the single with performances at the 2010 Electronic Entertainment Expo , the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards and festivals . The music video , directed by Joseph Kahn , stars Dominic Monaghan and Megan Fox in a violent relationship and shows Eminem and Rihanna in front of a burning house . The clip had a mixed reception due to scenes of domestic violence . Reporters suggested that the song and its accompanying video were influenced by Eminem 's and Rihanna 's relationships with their respective ex-lovers Kimberly Scott and Chris Brown . Critics listed `` Love the Way You Lie '' among the best tracks of 2010 and of Eminem 's career . The song won many awards and received five Grammy nominations . It is Eminem 's best - selling single and ranked number one on several record charts , including the United States ' Billboard Hot 100 for seven weeks . The single sold six million copies in the US and was the best - selling song of 2010 in the United Kingdom . Musical acts such as Cher Lloyd and The Band Perry have performed cover versions . Rihanna has said that the theme of domestic violence , a topic on which she claims many people do not have insight , is what makes the song effective . She later recorded `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' , narrated mostly from her perspective . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and production 2 Recording 3 Composition 4 Release and response 4.1 Themes 4.2 Recognition 5 Commercial performance 6 Music video 6.1 Production 6.2 Synopsis 6.3 Reception 7 Live performances 8 Cover versions 9 Sequel 10 Awards 11 Track listing 12 Personnel 13 Charts 13.1 Weekly charts 13.2 Year - end charts 13.3 All - time charts 14 Certifications 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Writing and production ( edit ) Rihanna 's approval of the song 's topic ultimately influenced her decision to work with Eminem . Development of `` Love the Way You Lie '' began with the backing track and hook melody , which were created by the British hip hop producer Alex da Kid . When making a track , he said he spends hours making loops and produces an electronic drum rhythm before adding live instrumentation . The drums are sampled from live recordings he saves . Alex da Kid recorded an acoustic guitar for the verses with a Georg Neumann U87 microphone and an Avid Mbox audio interface . He told Sound on Sound magazine that this song had given him an opportunity to reintroduce live guitar in hip hop music . During the session , he used Waves RVerb and REQ equalization on his main kick track and a MaxxBass plug - in on two others . Writing began in late 2009 , when the American singer Holly Hafermann resided at the Artula Retreat in Bandon , Oregon , and composed songs . Later , in New York City , under her new stage name Skylar Grey , she visited her Universal Music publisher , Jennifer Blakeman , to seek help presenting her work ; Blakeman suggested she collaborate with Alex da Kid . The producer emailed Grey his track , which suggested a theme of abusive romantic relationships to her as she spontaneously sang lyrics to the melody . She told the Los Angeles Times that she was in an abusive relationship with the music industry : `` I love it so much , and I give it all that I have , yet it beats me down . '' This idea inspired her writing , a process she found came naturally , as if she were creating an alternative pop song for herself . She wrote the chorus to `` Love the Way You Lie '' in fifteen minutes and recorded vocals for Alex da Kid 's demo . In early 2010 , Alex da Kid offered the Shady Records Senior Director Rigo `` Riggs '' Morales some backing tracks . Morales enjoyed the tracks and sent them to Eminem , who was seeking a different musical approach for his next album . Impressed with Alex da Kid 's work , Eminem asked for more tracks and subsequently heard `` Love the Way You Lie '' . He chose it and told his manager Paul Rosenberg he wanted to collaborate with the Barbadian singer Rihanna . Eminem told Skyrock , `` It 's one of those tracks that I felt like only she could pull it off . '' Rosenberg sent the track to Rihanna , who accepted Eminem 's request `` at the last moment . '' Eminem then wrote the rapped verses . Rihanna said she joined the collaboration because she could relate to the theme of the song , as she and Eminem had been in difficult relationships on `` different ends of the table '' . Eminem had released the songs `` ' 97 Bonnie & Clyde '' ( 1998 ) and `` Kim '' ( 2000 ) , in which he fantasizes , respectively , about murdering and verbally abusing his then - wife Kimberly Scott . They had divorced in 2001 and again in 2006 after a remarriage . In February 2009 , Rihanna 's relationship with the American singer Chris Brown had ended following his felony assault on her . Rihanna described `` Love the Way You Lie '' as unique , realistic and deep , saying that it `` broke down the cycle of domestic violence '' because few people had insight on the topic . Recording ( edit ) Mike Strange recorded and mixed Eminem 's vocals at Effigy Studios in Ferndale , Michigan . The sessions took two days . Strange edited the vocals with D - Verb -- a reverberation software -- and an Extra Long Delay plug - in . He preferred to make few changes ; for `` Love the Way You Lie '' he almost exclusively used board compression and console equalization . Strange used the Bricasti and Eventide Reverb 2016 mixing tools for `` brighter '' reverberation . Detroit musician Luis Resto has contributed to the arrangement on many of Eminem 's songs , but did not do so for `` Love the Way You Lie '' . According to Strange , `` Everything we needed was already in the track , apart from the vocals . '' Two to three weeks after the sessions , Alex da Kid arrived to help mix and master the track . He wanted to replace the acoustic guitar on the demo , but Eminem chose to keep it . Strange said , `` It was simply a matter of trying to match and then to improve on the demo ( Alex da Kid ) 'd sent us . '' Strange 's brother Joe engineered the track . Rihanna 's recording sessions took place at Sun Studios in Dublin , Ireland , and were engineered by Marcos Tovar . The American songwriter Makeba Riddick provided additional vocal production . Strange used equalization , compression and reverberation but left the vocal balance . He assumed that Rihanna was satisfied with her recorded vocals and did not make major changes on her seven stereo vocal tracks . Composition ( edit ) `` Love the Way You Lie '' A 26 - second song sample . Backed by an electric guitar and a piano , Rihanna sings the second half of the chorus in a sad voice without vibrato . Eminem begins the second verse over an acoustic guitar , violin and drums , expressing frustration in his voice . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Love the Way You Lie '' is a midtempo hip hop ballad . The lyrics describe a couple 's refusal to separate despite having an abusive relationship . According to the sheet music from Universal Music Publishing Group , the song is in the key of B ♭ major with a common time signature and a tempo of 84 beats per minute . The vocal range spans from B ♭ to D. `` Love the Way You Lie '' opens as Rihanna sings the pop refrain over a piano : Just gon na stand there and watch me burn But that 's alright , because I like the way it hurts . Just gon na stand there and hear me cry But that 's alright , because I love the way you lie . The refrain is based on a Gm -- E ♭ -- B ♭ -- F / A chord progression . Fraser McAlpine of the BBC wrote that Rihanna feels confined `` in a cell of ( her ) own creation '' . She sings without vibrato , a pulsating musical effect used to add expression . One commentator , The New York Times ' David Brownie , wrote that despite this , her voice subtly shows grief and regret . Eminem then `` zap ( s ) out into a ballady rap '' : `` I ca n't tell you what it really is / I can only tell you what it feels like . '' The verses follow a Gm -- E ♭ B ♭ -- Fsus / A chord progression . Eminem regrets an end to an abusive , failed relationship , describing mutual violence and expressing both fondness and anger . The two artists ' characters are portrayed in a romantic relationship when he responds to Rihanna by concluding the verse : `` I laid hands on her . I 'll never stoop so low again / I guess I do n't know my own strength . '' Rihanna sings the chorus again , backed by an electric guitar and a piano . Acoustic guitar , violin and drums accompany Eminem 's verses . The lyrics transition from discussing positive aspects of love to describing violent events . Eminem raps , `` It 's the rage that took over , it controls you both , so they say it 's best to go your separate ways . Guess that they do n't know ya , cause today that was yesterday . '' Sady Doyle of The Atlantic interpreted these lyrics as the rapper 's confession to having abused Scott , as he `` turns the anger and accusations toward himself '' . In the second verse , Eminem accepts the outcome after feeling sorry , admitting , `` Yesterday is over , it 's a different day . '' His frustration increases and he raps that two personalities can clash and devastate : `` maybe that 's what happens when a tornado meets a volcano '' . The described love -- hate relationship worsens and leads to domestic violence . Eminem admits to lying about promises he makes and says late in the song , `` If she ever tries to fuckin ' leave again , I'ma tie her to the bed and set this house on fire '' , a reference to Rihanna 's lyrics . Release and response ( edit ) On May 27 , 2010 , Eminem revealed the title of `` Love the Way You Lie '' as part of the track list of his seventh studio album Recovery , which came out on June 21 . Initially a radio single , the song was released later by Polydor Records as a CD in the United Kingdom on August 9 , 2010 . Interscope Records distributed it in Germany on August 20 . `` Love the Way You Lie '' received generally favorable reviews . An editor for Rap - Up listed it among the four best tracks from the album . New York Times writer Jon Caramanica considered it `` one of the album 's most engaging songs '' and praised Eminem 's ability to assess issues from the perspectives of both sexes . MTV 's Rodriguez wrote that the song echoes content from Eminem 's earlier albums , but finds him `` sober '' and `` more mature '' . He added that the lyrics allude to Eminem 's relationship with Scott and that `` Love the Way You Lie '' is his closest approach to a love song . Editors of The A.V. Club compared the single with `` Kim '' and `` ' 97 Bonnie & Clyde '' ; they found he is more tempered in `` Love the Way You Lie '' when discussing a `` mutually destructive relationship '' and that Rihanna 's involvement creates an eerie mood . Critics especially praised Rihanna 's contribution . Michael Menachem of Billboard complimented her `` exquisitely melodic and surprisingly hopeful '' vocal performance and `` Eminem 's dark , introspective '' rapping . He noted that the percussion complements both artists and that Alex da Kid gave the classical arrangement a mainstream touch . Kyle Anderson , writing for MTV , remarked that the song showcases Rihanna 's emotional vocals and Eminem 's `` most intense rhymes about his tumultuous relationships '' . He regarded `` Love the Way You Lie '' as an honest , `` well - constructed pop song with a killer hook '' and likened the `` slow - burning '' music to that of `` Someone like You '' , a 2011 single by the British singer Adele . The Houston Chronicle pop critic Joey Guerra commented that Rihanna brought a `` sandpaper and silk sheen '' to the track . Themes ( edit ) Many critics believed the song was about Rihanna 's past relationship with Chris Brown . Critics have commented on the message in the lyrics . Anderson noted a dark theme , while Nick Levine of Digital Spy , Allie Townsend of Time magazine and Jocelyn Noveck of The Associated Press suggested the previous relationships of both artists influenced the song . Levine gave it four stars out of five . According to Eric Hayden of The Atlantic Wire , the song refers to an alcoholic couple , possibly inspired by Rihanna 's relationship with Brown . McAlphine awarded `` Love the Way You Lie '' four stars out of five . According to him , the song would not have been effective if it had featured only Eminem 's point of view and feelings of regret ; he wrote that Rihanna 's representing the opposite side of the relationship shows `` proper storytelling '' and `` sends a message '' because of her breakup with Brown . McAlphine wrote that as a result the song depicts a more realistic abusive relationship and could be featured in a campaign for women 's shelters . He praised Eminem 's accuracy and understanding of the topic . Winston Robbins from Consequence of Sound attributed the song 's poignancy to Rihanna 's past abusive relationship , and a theme of infidelity and abuse . On the critical side , The Daily Telegraph 's Jenny McCartney dismissed the metaphors in the chorus and thought the song 's topic was over-hyped . She disagreed with the critical praise , arguing that women accept abusive relationships for deeper reasons than sexual and emotional pleasure , such as family and financial issues and helplessness . In an NPR article , the writer Maura Johnston commented that the lyrics portray Rihanna as the subject of Eminem 's violence . Jay Smooth , a New York radio personality , responded that `` while Eminem explores the psyche of the abuser with an almost disturbing amount of depth and detail , '' Rihanna 's perspective is downplayed and not explained fully . Johnston and Smooth wrote that such imbalances are a prevalent issue in popular music duets . To Sady Doyle , although `` Love the Way You Lie '' is one of Eminem 's most affecting tracks and finds him remorseful , it does not make up for his past misogynistic actions and hateful songs . Noveck questioned whether the lyrics are `` a treatise against ( or apology for ) domestic violence , or an irresponsible glorification of it ? Or , is it something uncomfortable in between ? '' Marjorie Gilberg , executive director of the anti-teenage violence group Break the Cycle , commented that `` Love the Way You Lie '' can teach listeners about the dangers of abusive relationships if interpreted correctly . She believed that because popular culture often depicts what is socially acceptable , people may accept such violence more easily . She added , `` One problem , though , ... is that the song reflects myths about domestic violence -- myths that lead to blaming the victim . '' Gilberg said the victim is often accused of being as guilty as the partner but wants to be loved , not abused . Terry O'Neill , a feminist and the president of the National Organization for Women , criticized the lyric , `` But your temper 's just as bad as mine is / You 're the same as me '' , saying it is a typical excuse used by abusive men for aggression and that `` it 's only 2 - year - olds and violent men who use violence to get what they want . '' She added that Rihanna unintentionally glorifies domestic violence in the song despite attempting to fight it . Recognition ( edit ) `` Love the Way You Lie '' ranked in various best - of - 2010 lists . Claire Suddath of Time placed it at number five on her top - ten list and wrote , `` That this song did n't come across sounding clichéd or tasteless is a testament to both artists ' skill . '' AOL Radio considered the song the best of 2010 hip hop music , regarding Eminem as imaginative and passionate . It ranked ninth on MTV News ' top - twenty - five list . Its editor James Montgomery attributed the song 's success to its theme and relation to the artists ' past abusive relationships . He concluded , `` You can not write a song any better than that , because that 's how this kind of thing happens in real life . '' The New York Post placed the song at second place on their `` top 210 songs from 2010 '' list and regarded it as a `` comeback club anthem . '' In April 2011 , Gabriel Alvarez of Complex magazine ranked it at number 100 on their `` 100 Best Eminem Songs '' list , calling it a love song and praising Rihanna 's vocals as beautiful . `` Love the Way You Lie '' and its accompanying music video were nominated for five Grammy Awards at the 2011 ceremony , including `` Record of the Year '' , `` Song of the Year '' and `` Best Short Form Music Video '' . It won the People 's Choice Awards for `` Favorite Music Video '' and `` Favorite Song '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) `` Love the Way You Lie '' reached number one on several record charts worldwide . It entered the United States ' Billboard Hot 100 at number two in the issue dated July 10 , 2010 . The single debuted at number one on the US Digital Songs after selling 338,000 digital copies in its first week . From July 31 to September 11 , 2010 , it had a seven - week run at the top of the Hot 100 , giving Eminem his fourth , and Rihanna her seventh , number - one US hit . The single sold more than 300,000 digital copies in the week of August 14 , 2010 , rising to number two on the Pop Songs and Radio Songs charts . In the Billboard issue for August 21 , 2010 , Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems recognized the single with the BDS Certified Award for 50,000 radio spins . It topped the Pop Songs chart in the same issue , giving Eminem his third number - one track on the chart and Rihanna her sixth . `` Love the Way You Lie '' was the first number - one hit on the Rap Songs chart with Eminem as the lead artist since his 2000 single `` The Real Slim Shady '' . With sales of 4,245,000 copies , `` Love the Way You Lie '' was the third - best - selling single of 2010 in the US . There , it sold 6 million copies by October 2013 and 6.5 million copies by October 2015 . The song entered the Australian Singles Chart on July 4 , 2010 , at number fourteen . It rose to the top three weeks later , occupying the position for six weeks and staying on the chart for 38 weeks in total . In Austria , `` Love the Way You Lie '' debuted at number 31 , on July 2 , 2010 , and ascended to number one on September 4 . After making a final consecutive appearance on March 4 , 2011 , it reappeared at number 75 on August 26 . The song spent 47 weeks on the chart . `` Love the Way You Lie '' charted for 30 weeks in France , where debuted and peaked at number three on July 2 , 2010 . It was South Korea 's third - best - selling song in 2010 by a foreign artist , with 1,200,653 downloads . On the UK Singles Chart , the song debuted at number seven on June 27 , 2010 , and peaked at number two four weeks later . By the end of 2010 , `` Love the Way You Lie '' had sold 854,000 copies in the UK , making it the country 's biggest - selling song of the year . In October 2011 , it became the 109th song to reach 1 million sales there . By November 2012 , the single had sold 1.05 million copies in the UK , placing at number 100 on the Official Charts Company 's `` The Million Sellers '' list . As of June 2015 , it is the 17th best - selling single of the 2010s in the UK . According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry , `` Love the Way You Lie '' sold 9.3 million copies worldwide in 2010 . In December 2011 , it was certified as Eminem 's best - selling single . Music video ( edit ) Production ( edit ) Megan Fox helped the video have a strong impact , according to the director Joseph Kahn . The music video for `` Love the Way You Lie '' was Eminem 's third to be directed by the American filmmaker Joseph Kahn . Despite having planned to shoot a feature film and stop directing pop videos , Kahn chose to work on `` Love the Way You Lie '' because , according to him , the song discusses an important topic . This was an opportunity for him to direct a video for Eminem without the comedic themes of their previous collaborations . For the video , Kahn considered the British actor Dominic Monaghan as a co-star for his versatility , which he thought would help him play an antagonist . Kahn cast the American actress Megan Fox , which he had presumed would be almost impossible because of her popularity with directors . Fox , a fan of Eminem , accepted the role unhesitatingly . Rosenberg gave Kahn one day to write a treatment , which Kahn finished in 45 minutes . He filmed Eminem 's and Rihanna 's parts on July 20 , 2010 ; scenes with Fox and Monaghan were shot three days later . By July 24 , 2010 , they finished the shoot . Kahn confirmed the completion of the director 's cut the next day . He said Fox 's involvement made the video powerful , commenting for Vibe : We wanted to make a specific story about two people -- Meg and Dom -- not a video that was representative of all couples or all domestic violence situations . I 'm not saying that all couples fight this way . I just want people just to be able to identify with the characters and recognize that they 've seen relationships like this where two people are together that are completely wrong for each other and things spiral out of control ... Megan was the key to this video ... I 'll tell you as a director the reason why ( Fox and Monaghan 's ) scenes in the video feel so real is because in the moment they were real . Monaghan told MTV he thought the couple represents Eminem and Scott . The clip was produced by Kathy Angstadt and MaryAnn Tanedo of HSI Productions . Shortly before its release , Eminem reported in a press statement : `` Joseph and I worked pretty closely together to make sure we got this right '' . He said the difficult topic resulted in a powerful video because of the contributions of Rihanna , Fox and Monaghan . Fox donated her appearance fee to the Soujourn House , a battered women 's shelter . On August 5 , 2010 , the video premiered on MTV and the music video website Vevo . Synopsis ( edit ) Eminem and Rihanna stand in front of a burning house in the video . Rihanna sings the chorus in front of a burning house , while an interspersing scene shows fire on a woman 's ( Fox ) palms . In another scene , the woman is asleep with her lover ( Monaghan ) and wakes up . As Eminem begins to rap in an open field , the woman attacks her lover after seeing the name `` Cindy '' and a phone number written on his hand . He unsuccessfully tries to kiss the woman and brings her back after she attempts to leave him . The man then pushes her onto the wall and aims his fist at her , puncturing the wall instead . After Rihanna sings again , the video flashes back to when the couple first meet `` at a seedy dive bar next door '' to a liquor store . The man steals a bottle of vodka and they kiss on the rooftop . During the present , the man apologizes to his lover and they are reconciled . In another flashback , he attacks someone who plays pool with his lover . Eminem joins Rihanna in front of the burning house for the final verse . Meanwhile , after the flashback , the woman comes home and locks herself in the bathroom to stop her abusive lover from entering . In another scene , the fire on her palms vanishes as she clasps her hands . Flames later engulf Eminem and the couple , who are then shown fighting in front of the burning house . In the end , the couple stays together and the video returns to their first scene , in which they sleep . Reception ( edit ) `` It 's the story of them getting to know each other , and it 's the story of their tumultuous relationship , and it was the story of the breakdown of their relationship . Ultimately , what I think ( Eminem ) 's trying to say in the song ... is that he should have walked away a little bit quicker than he did and not let it get as messy as it did . '' -- Monaghan 's interpretation of `` Love the Way You Lie '' The clip broke what was a YouTube record at the time of its release for the most views in one day , with 6.6 million . It had a mixed reception from critics , most of whom commented on scenes of domestic violence . NPR 's Zoe Chace deemed the video sickening , while AOL Music listed it at number five on their list of the `` Top 10 Most Controversial Music Videos in Pop '' . Stephanie Nilva -- the executive director of trauma resource center Day One -- told MTV News that it mainly raises `` the topic of dating violence among young people '' . Nilva praised the clip 's accurate depiction of patterns in an abusive relationship and thought the video 's potency came from Eminem 's history of violence - themed songs and Brown 's assault on Rihanna . A writer for Rap - Up considered the video realistic , as `` art imitates life '' . Conor Friedersdorf of The Atlantic called it an inaccurate portrayal of domestic violence due to insufficient violence , as evidenced by the lack of injuries after punching through a wall . Mariel Concepcion of Billboard suggested the video was inspired by the lyric , `` Just gon na stand there and watch me burn , but that 's alright because I like the way it hurts . '' Rihanna 's appearance was criticized . Writing for Rolling Stone magazine , Daniel Kreps called it `` especially striking '' and noted her relationship with Brown . An editor from The Boston Globe commented that although the video is realistic , it hinders Rihanna 's ability to set an example for women in abusive relationships . Billy Johnson Jr. from Yahoo ! Music wrote that Fox 's character alternated between vulnerable and confrontational personalities , while Monaghan 's character is similar to Eminem . Kahn , who understood why viewers thought Eminem 's and Rihanna 's relationships influenced the video , asked that they realize this is untrue . He said the team had been conscious of such personal matters and Fox 's and Monaghan 's characters are only significant to each other . Reviewers discussed the acting . Peter Gicas of E ! News noted that Fox and Monaghan portray `` combustible behavior the tune is hellbent on describing . '' The New York Post 's Jarett Wieselman wrote that they play their roles perfectly and help make the video powerful . Entertainment Weekly 's Whitney Pastorek found the violent acting sexually appealing , while Willa Paskin of New York magazine wrote that the cast 's appeal `` hypnotize ( s ) '' viewers . Paskin noted the use of sepia toning in the burning - house scenes . Matthew Wilkening of AOL Radio commented that the video leaves viewers to decide `` if it 's a good thing or a bad thing that the pair always end up reconciling . '' Mikey Fresh of Vibe commented that Fox 's natural reaction when Monaghan pierces the wall and almost hits her is an `` incredible act of vulnerability '' . L Magazine 's Benjamin Sutton likened the scene in which the characters burn to the Marvel Comics character Chris Bradley , whom Monaghan portrays in the 2009 action film X-Men Origins : Wolverine . As of December 2017 , the video is the site 's 36th most viewed video , with more than 1.4 billion views . Live performances ( edit ) Eminem and Rihanna performing `` Love the Way You Lie '' at E3 2010 Eminem has promoted `` Love the Way You Lie '' at concerts . On June 15 , 2010 , he and Rihanna performed the song at Los Angeles ' Electronic Entertainment Expo 2010 , accompanied by the drummer Travis Barker and D12 's Mr. Porter . Eminem sang `` Love the Way You Lie '' at the Scottish festival T in the Park on July 10 , 2010 , dedicating it to `` everybody who ' ( d ) been in a fucked - up relationship . '' He then performed the song at Ireland 's annual Oxegen festival on July 11 , 2010 . James Hendicott from State wrote that the rapper 's personality `` fill ( ed ) the stage '' and that his vocals were sharp and packed `` plenty of punch '' . He criticized the use of a pre-recorded backing track and noted the lack of live music and female vocals . Eamon Sweeney from the Irish Independent called Eminem 's performance only `` mildly impressive '' . On July 21 , 2010 , the rapper joined Rihanna on her Last Girl on Earth Tour to perform in Los Angeles . He then performed at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards and was voted the best performer of the ceremony in an MTV poll , earning 34 percent of votes . Rihanna made a surprise appearance despite having said she could not perform because of her schedule . Suddath of Time called their duet dull . Eminem sang `` Love the Way You Lie '' without Rihanna at the 2011 Bonnaroo Music Festival for almost 80,000 people . According to MTV News ' Montgomery , the `` sheer tenacity with which he attacked '' was his strength . Patrick Doyle of Rolling Stone felt Eminem delivered a triumphal act by `` constantly bouncing across the stage '' and singing energetically . Eminem performed `` Love the Way You Lie '' on the second day of Chicago 's annual Lollapalooza festival on August 6 , 2011 . Members of the audience sang the chorus to compensate for Rihanna 's absence . Piet Levy of USA Today named the show a `` tragic stunner '' , while Katie Hasty of HitFix added that it displayed competition between the sexes . Eminem and Rihanna performed in Staffordshire on the first day of V2011 ( V Festival ) , on August 20 , 2011 . James Lachno of The Daily Telegraph considered it an `` affecting '' rendition . The Guardian called their performance thrilling and an editor for the British newspaper Metro felt that it was the best part of the evening . Eminem closed the festival on the night of August 21 in Chelmsford , Essex , for an audience of 120,000 . A reporter for the International Business Times thought that Eminem 's duet with Rihanna was the highlight of the show . Cover versions ( edit ) Various musical acts have performed cover versions of `` Love the Way You Lie '' . Eric Stanley , an American violinist , remixed the song on the violin . The country music group The Band Perry sang the song at the June 2010 CMT Music Awards . Two months later , Taylor Momsen -- the lead singer of the American rock band The Pretty Reckless -- performed a cover version for BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge as part of a mashup with the song `` Islands '' by the English pop band The xx . Assisted by a guitarist from her band , she began with a section of `` Islands '' and transitioned into the chorus of `` Love the Way You Lie '' . Cher Lloyd , a British singer , performed the song in the final five of The X Factor UK 's seventh season . A writer from The Sun called the performance `` stripped - back '' and `` without any of her usual stage gimmicks . '' Mernie Gilmore of the Daily Express commented that the song is `` a duet for a reason '' as Lloyd performed both Eminem 's and Rihanna 's parts . In 2010 , the Russian guitarist Alex Feather Akimov , released `` Love The Way You Lie ( Heavy Remix ) '' , a recording that was recognized by Billboard.biz ( Web Trends ) . The American post-hardcore band A Skylit Drive recorded a cover of the single for Punk Goes Pop 4 , the 2011 release of the Punk Goes ... series . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) Rihanna performing `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' on the Loud Tour ( 2011 ) in Birmingham , England On November 3 , 2010 , an alternative version titled `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' leaked onto the Internet . Rihanna is the lead vocalist and Eminem is a featured guest . The song mainly views matters from Rihanna 's perspective and is based on Grey 's demo . Rihanna agreed to record a sequel despite initially thinking `` the original could n't be beaten '' . She said that the sequel involved less production , with only piano and drums . It is the eleventh and final track on her 2010 studio album Loud . Grey 's version appears on her 2012 extended play The Buried Sessions of Skylar Grey and her 2013 studio album Do n't Look Down as `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part III ) '' . Rihanna performed a short medley that comprised `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' , `` What 's My Name ? '' and `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' at the American Music Awards of 2010 . Another medley , consisting of `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' and `` I Need a Doctor '' , was performed at the 2011 Grammy Awards . While the Chicago Sun - Times considered the track an unnecessary sequel , the BBC reviewer James Skinner wrote , `` ' Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) ' even bests the original , Eminem 's verse exuding the kind of volatile , simmering menace that got everyone so excited about him in the first place . But it is Rihanna 's vocal -- at once commanding , soulful and vulnerable -- that anchors the song '' . Awards ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by Eminem Year Ceremony Award Result Teen Choice Awards Choice Music : Rap / Hip - Hop Track Won MTV Europe Music Awards Best Song Nominated Best Video Nominated Soul Train Music Awards Best Hip - Hop Song of the Year Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Music Video Won Favorite Song Won 2011 Barbados Music Awards Best Collaboration Won NRJ Music Awards Chanson Internationale de l'Année ( International Song of the Year ) Nominated Clip de l'Année ( Video of the Year ) Nominated Grammy Awards Record of the Year Nominated Song of the Year Nominated Best Rap Song Nominated Best Rap / Sung Collaboration Nominated Best Short Form Music Video Nominated Billboard Music Awards Top Digital Song Nominated Top Hot 100 Song Nominated Top Radio Song Nominated Top Rap Song Won Top Streaming Song ( Audio ) Nominated Top Streaming Song ( Video ) Nominated MuchMusic Video Awards Best International Artist Video Nominated MuchMusic.com Most Watched Video Nominated UR Fave : International Video Nominated Detroit Music Awards Outstanding National Single Nominated Outstanding Video / Major Budget ( Over $10,000 ) Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Best Cinematography Nominated Best Direction Nominated Best Male Video Nominated Best Video with a Message Nominated Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` Love the Way You Lie '' ( featuring Rihanna ) -- 4 : 15 `` Not Afraid '' ( Live at T in the Park ) -- 6 : 54 Personnel ( edit ) The credits for `` Love the Way You Lie '' are adapted from the liner notes of Recovery . Eminem -- mixing engineer , writer , vocalist Rihanna -- vocalist Alex da Kid -- mastering engineer , mixing engineer , producer , writer Skylar Grey -- writer Mike Strange -- mixing engineer , recording engineer Marcos Tovar -- recording engineer Joe Strange -- engineering assistant James Darkin -- engineering assistant Makeba Riddick -- producer ( vocals ) J. Brow -- guitarist Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 55 Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Poland ( Video Chart ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Russia ( Download Chart ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) South Korea ( GAON ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 29 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 7 US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) 23 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Australia Urban ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 75 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 21 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 11 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 7 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 7 European Hot 100 Singles 8 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 35 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 11 Spain Top 20 TV ( PROMUSICAE ) 19 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 59 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 9 Chart ( 2011 ) Position Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 41 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 133 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 89 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 10 × Platinum 700,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 60,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Russia ( NFPF ) Ringtone 3 × Platinum 600,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 3 × Platinum 90,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,552,222 United States ( RIAA ) 12 × Platinum 12,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Since May 9 , 2013 , RIAA certifications for digital singles include on - demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads . See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in the United States List of best - selling singles in Australia List of number - one singles of 2010 ( Australia ) List of number - one hits of 2010 ( Austria ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 2010 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles of 2010 ( Denmark ) List of European number - one hits of 2010 List of number - one singles of 2010 ( Finland ) List of number - one hits of 2010 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 2010 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 2010 ( Hungary ) List of number - one singles of 2010 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 2010 ( Italy ) List of number - one singles in 2010 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles of 2010 ( Norway ) List of number - one singles of 2010 ( Poland ) List of number - one singles of 2010 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles of 2010 ( Sweden ) List of UK R&B Singles Chart number ones of 2010 List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2010 List of Mainstream Top 40 number - one hits of 2010 ( U.S. ) Hip hop portal R&B and Soul Music portal Eminem portal Rihanna portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tingen , Paul . `` Secrets Of The Mix Engineers : Mike Strange Jr '' . 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External links ( edit ) Eminem -- Love the Way You Lie ( music video ) ft . Rihanna on YouTube Eminem `` Love The Way You Lie '' lyrics Eminem songs Discography Production discography Awards and nominations D12 discography Bad Meets Evil Slim Shady EP `` Just Do n't Give a Fuck '' The Slim Shady LP `` My Name Is '' `` Role Model '' `` Guilty Conscience '' The Marshall Mathers LP `` The Real Slim Shady '' `` The Way I Am '' `` Stan '' The Eminem Show `` Without Me '' `` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' `` Superman '' `` Sing for the Moment '' `` Business '' 8 Mile soundtrack `` Lose Yourself '' Encore `` Just Lose It '' `` Mosh '' `` Encore '' `` Like Toy Soldiers '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Ass Like That '' Curtain Call : The Hits `` When I 'm Gone '' `` Shake That '' Eminem Presents : The Re-Up `` You Do n't Know '' `` Jimmy Crack Corn '' Relapse `` Crack a Bottle '' `` We Made You '' `` 3 a.m. '' `` Old Time 's Sake '' `` Beautiful '' Refill `` Forever '' `` Hell Breaks Loose '' `` Elevator '' `` Music Box '' Recovery `` Not Afraid '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' `` No Love '' `` Space Bound '' The Marshall Mathers LP 2 `` Berzerk '' `` Survival '' `` Rap God '' `` The Monster '' `` Headlights '' Shady XV `` Guts Over Fear '' `` Detroit vs. Everybody '' Southpaw soundtrack `` Phenomenal '' `` Kings Never Die '' Revival `` Walk on Water '' `` Untouchable '' `` River '' `` Nowhere Fast '' Collaborations `` Dead Wrong '' `` Forgot About Dre '' `` The Watcher '' `` Renegade '' `` Rock City '' `` Hellbound '' `` Rap Name '' `` Shit Hits the Fan '' `` One Day at a Time '' `` Welcome 2 Detroit '' `` Smack That '' `` Touchdown `` Drop the World '' `` Roman 's Revenge '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' `` That 's All She Wrote '' `` I Need a Doctor '' `` Writer 's Block '' `` Throw That '' `` My Life '' `` C'mon Let Me Ride '' `` Numb '' `` Calm Down '' `` Best Friend '' `` No Favors '' `` Revenge '' Other songs `` ' 97 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Kim '' `` Bitch Please II '' `` White America '' `` ' Till I Collapse '' `` The Warning '' `` Wo n't Back Down '' `` Bad Guy '' `` Rhyme or Reason '' `` Legacy '' `` So Far ... '' `` Campaign Speech '' Rihanna songs Discography Music of the Sun `` Pon de Replay '' `` If It 's Lovin ' that You Want '' `` You Do n't Love Me ( No , No , No ) '' A Girl like Me `` SOS '' `` Unfaithful '' `` We Ride '' `` Break It Off '' Good Girl Gone Bad `` Umbrella '' `` Do n't Stop the Music '' `` Shut Up and Drive '' `` Hate That I Love You '' `` Rehab '' Good Girl Gone Bad : Reloaded `` Disturbia '' `` Take a Bow '' `` If I Never See Your Face Again '' Rated R `` Wait Your Turn '' `` Hard '' `` Stupid in Love '' `` Rockstar 101 '' `` Russian Roulette '' `` Rude Boy '' `` Te Amo '' `` Cold Case Love '' Loud `` S&M '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` Cheers ( Drink to That ) '' `` Fading '' `` Only Girl ( In the World ) '' `` California King Bed '' `` Man Down '' `` Raining Men '' `` Complicated '' `` Skin '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' Talk That Talk `` You da One '' `` Where Have You Been '' `` We Found Love '' `` Talk That Talk '' `` Cockiness ( Love It ) '' `` Birthday Cake '' `` Drunk on Love '' `` Roc Me Out '' `` Watch n ' Learn '' `` Farewell '' `` Do Ya Thang '' `` Fool in Love '' Unapologetic `` Phresh Out the Runway '' `` Diamonds '' `` Numb '' `` Pour It Up '' `` Loveeeeeee Song '' `` Jump '' `` Right Now '' `` What Now '' `` Stay '' `` Nobody 's Business '' `` Love Without Tragedy / Mother Mary '' `` No Love Allowed '' `` Half of Me '' Home `` Towards the Sun '' `` Dancing in the Dark '' Anti `` Consideration '' `` Kiss It Better '' `` Work '' `` Desperado '' `` Needed Me '' `` Love on the Brain '' `` Pose '' `` Sex with Me '' Collaborations `` All of the Lights '' `` Bad ( Remix ) '' `` Ca n't Remember to Forget You '' `` Famous '' `` Fly '' `` Lemon '' `` Live Your Life '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' `` Loyalty '' `` Nothing Is Promised '' `` Numba 1 ( Tide Is High ) '' `` Princess of China '' `` Roll It '' `` Run This Town '' `` Selfish '' `` Stranded ( Haiti Mon Amour ) '' `` Take Care '' `` The Monster '' `` This Is What You Came For '' `` Too Good '' `` Who 's That Chick ? '' `` Wild Thoughts '' Non-album songs `` American Oxygen '' `` Bad Girl '' `` Birthday Cake ( Remix ) '' `` Bitch Better Have My Money '' `` Cockiness ( Love It ) ( Remix ) '' `` FourFiveSeconds '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Redemption Song '' `` S&M ( Remix ) '' `` Sledgehammer '' `` Turn Up the Music ( Remix ) '' Book Portal Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_the_Way_You_Lie&oldid=834356132 '' Categories : 2010 singles 2010 songs 2010s ballads Aftermath Entertainment singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Eminem songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Interscope Records singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Denmark Number - one singles in Finland Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Poland Number - one singles in Sweden Polydor Records singles Contemporary R&B ballads Rihanna songs Shady Records singles Song recordings produced by Alex da Kid Songs about domestic violence Songs written by Alex da Kid Songs written by Eminem Songs written by Skylar Grey UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles Torch songs Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 uses Korean - language script ( ko ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use mdy dates from March 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100 Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for French Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Russia Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Македонски Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 08 : 40 . 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-2345580553301833619	Super Bowl XXXVIII	Super Bowl XXXVIII - wikipedia Super Bowl XXXVIII Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl XXXVIII Carolina Panthers ( NFC ) New England Patriots ( AFC ) 29 32 Total CAR 0 10 0 19 29 NE 0 14 0 18 32 Date February 1 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 ) Stadium Reliant Stadium , Houston , Texas MVP Tom Brady , Quarterback Favorite Patriots by 7 Referee Ed Hochuli Attendance 71,525 Future Hall of Famers Patriots : None Panthers : None Ceremonies National anthem Beyoncé Coin toss Earl Campbell , Ollie Matson , Don Maynard , Y.A. Tittle , Mike Singletary , Gene Upshaw Halftime show Jessica Simpson , Ocean of Soul , Spirit of Houston , Janet Jackson , Justin Timberlake , P. Diddy , Kid Rock , and Nelly TV in the United States Network CBS Announcers Greg Gumbel , Phil Simms , Armen Keteyian and Bonnie Bernstein Nielsen ratings 41.3 ( est . 89.8 million viewers ) Market share 63 Cost of 30 - second commercial $2.2 million ← XXXVII Super Bowl XXXIX → Super Bowl XXXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Carolina Panthers and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2003 season . The Patriots defeated the Panthers by the score of 32 - 29 . The game was played at Reliant Stadium in Houston , Texas , on Sunday , February 1 , 2004 . At the time , this was the most watched Super Bowl ever with 144.4 million viewers . The Panthers were making their first ever Super Bowl appearance after posting an 11 -- 5 regular season record . They also made it the second straight year that a team from the NFC South division made the Super Bowl , with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers winning Super Bowl XXXVII . The Patriots were seeking their second Super Bowl title in three years after posting a 14 -- 2 record . NFL fans and sports writers widely consider this game one of the most well - played and thrilling Super Bowls ; Sports Illustrated writer Peter King hailed it as the `` Greatest Super Bowl of all time . '' Although neither team could score in the first and third quarters , they ended up with a combined total of 868 yards and 61 points . The game was scoreless for a Super Bowl record 26 : 55 before the two teams combined for 24 points prior to halftime . The clubs then combined for a Super Bowl record 37 points in the fourth quarter . The contest was finally decided when the Patriots kicker Adam Vinatieri 's 41 - yard field goal was made with four seconds left . Patriots quarterback Tom Brady was named Super Bowl MVP for the second time in his career . The game is also known for its controversial halftime show in which Janet Jackson 's breast , adorned with a nipple shield , was exposed by Justin Timberlake for about half a second , in what was later referred to as a `` wardrobe malfunction '' . Along with the rest of the halftime show , it led to an immediate crackdown by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) , and widespread debate on perceived indecency in broadcasting . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 The Panthers go from 1 -- 15 to the Super Bowl 1.2 The Patriots go for two out of three 1.3 Common opponents of both teams 1.4 Playoffs 2 Broadcasting and entertainment 2.1 Pregame ceremonies 2.2 Halftime show 3 Game summary 3.1 First Quarter 3.2 Second Quarter 3.3 Third Quarter 3.4 Fourth Quarter 3.5 Box score 3.6 Statistical overview 4 Final statistics 4.1 Statistical comparison 4.2 Individual statistics 5 Starting lineups 6 Gambling 7 Officials 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) NFL owners voted to award Super Bowl XXXVIII to Houston during their November 1 , 2000 meeting held in Atlanta . This was the first Super Bowl to be played in a stadium with a retractable roof ( but it was eventually closed during the game ) . It also marked the first time in 4 tries that the Patriots played a Super Bowl that was not in New Orleans . This game marked a six - month stretch for Texas hosting the Super Bowl , NCAA men 's Division I basketball Final Four and Major League Baseball ( MLB ) All - Star Game . The Final Four was played at the Alamodome in San Antonio and the MLB All - Star Game was also played in Houston at nearby Minute Maid Park . Beginning with this game , all Super Bowl games have been played on the first Sunday in February every year . This is based on the 22 weeks necessary from opening week through Super Bowl Sunday , which includes scheduling no games until after Labor Day , granting a bye week to each team during the sixteen - game season , and granting a bye week to the teams qualifying for the Super Bowl after each wins their respective conference championship game . Consequently , the Super Bowl is currently scheduled no earlier than February 1 and no later than February 7 . This game set the record for most Roman numerals in a Super Bowl title ( seven ) . This will not be matched until Super Bowl LXXVIII after the 2043 NFL season and Super Bowl LXXXVII after the 2052 season , and not surpassed until Super Bowl LXXXVIII after the 2053 season . The Panthers go from 1 -- 15 to the Super Bowl ( edit ) Main article : 2003 Carolina Panthers season The Panthers made their first trip to the Super Bowl after posting a one - win regular season just two years earlier . The franchise was only in their ninth year of existence , joining the league as an expansion team in 1995 . In just their second season , they posted a 12 -- 4 regular season record and advanced to the NFC Championship Game , but lost to the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers 30 -- 13 ( the Packers coincidentally went on to defeat the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXI 35 -- 21 ) . But from 1997 onward , they had just one non-losing season ( an 8 -- 8 finish in 1999 ) until they finally suffered through a franchise worst 1 -- 15 record in 2001 , winning only the first game of the regular season against the Minnesota Vikings . After that year , head coach George Seifert was relieved of his duties and replaced by John Fox , former defensive coordinator for the New York Giants who helped lead the Giants to Super Bowl XXXV in 2000 . With John Fox at the helm and the team taking advantage of the free agent market and the salary cap rules , the Panthers improved in 2002 , finishing with a 7 -- 9 record . Then in 2003 , they recorded an 11 -- 5 record and won the NFC South . One of the free agents that Carolina signed before the 2003 season was quarterback Jake Delhomme . Delhomme was not picked by any team in the NFL Draft , but later joined the New Orleans Saints as an undrafted free agent in 1998 . Delhomme also then played for the NFL Europe 's Frankfurt Galaxy in 1999 , and along with Pat Barnes , he was part of the `` double - headed quarterback monster '' that led the Galaxy to a World Bowl victory over the Barcelona Dragons . Although he only played 6 games in his 5 seasons with New Orleans , the Panthers signed Delhomme in 2003 to be the backup to starting quarterback Rodney Peete . However , after the Panthers fell to a 17 -- 0 third quarter deficit in their first game of the season against the Jacksonville Jaguars , gaining only one first down and 36 offensive yards , Fox immediately replaced Peete with Delhomme . Delhomme ended up leading Carolina to a 24 -- 23 comeback victory over the Jaguars . Delhomme became the team 's starting quarterback for the rest of the season , throwing for 3,219 yards and 19 touchdowns , with 16 interceptions . The team 's main receiving threat was multi-talented third - year wide receiver Steve Smith , who also specialized as a kickoff and punt returner. Smith caught 88 passes for 1,110 yards and 7 touchdowns , rushed for 42 yards , gained 439 yards and another touchdown returning punts , and recorded 309 kickoff return yards . Wide receiver Muhsin Muhammad was also a constant breakaway threat , recording 54 receptions for 837 yards and 3 touchdowns . However , the Panthers ' strength on offense was their running game , led by running backs Stephen Davis and DeShaun Foster . Davis was the team 's leading rusher with a franchise record 1,444 yards and 8 touchdowns , while Foster rushed for 429 yards and caught 26 passes for 207 yards . Carolina also had running back Rod Smart on their roster , who became widely known for his XFL debut jersey name `` He Hate Me '' during that league 's only season in 2001 . During 2003 , Smart was primarily used as the Panthers ' other kickoff returner , recording 947 yards and one touchdown . On defense , Carolina 's main strength was their defensive line , anchored by defensive ends Julius Peppers ( 7 sacks and 3 forced fumbles ) and Mike Rucker ( 12 sacks and 1 interception ) , and Pro Bowl defensive tackle Kris Jenkins ( 5 sacks and 1 fumble recovery ) . The secondary was led by defensive backs Reggie Howard ( 2 interceptions ) , Mike Minter ( 3 interceptions for 100 return yards and 2 touchdowns ) , Deon Grant ( 3 interceptions ) , and Ricky Manning Jr. ( 3 interceptions for 33 return yards and 1 touchdown ) . The Patriots go for two out of three ( edit ) Main article : 2003 New England Patriots season Despite their victory in Super Bowl XXXVI after the 2001 season , the Patriots stumbled early in the 2002 season , recorded a 9 -- 7 regular season record , and failed to make the playoffs . Then , New England seemed to implode before the 2003 season ever started . Five days before their opening game against the Buffalo Bills , Pro Bowl safety Lawyer Milloy , one of the Patriots ' defensive leaders , was unexpectedly cut by the team after refusing to restructure his contract . The move devastated many of the New England players , while Milloy immediately signed with the Bills two days later . With the Patriots seemingly in emotional disarray , Buffalo defeated New England , 31 -- 0 , with Milloy forcing an interception and recording one sack and five tackles . However , after a 2 -- 2 start , the Patriots ended up winning their last 12 games ( including a mirror 31 -- 0 shutout of the Bills in the final week ) to earn a league - best 14 -- 2 record . Tom Brady , the Super Bowl XXXVI MVP , had become the team 's permanent starter in 2002 after quarterback Drew Bledsoe left the team to lead the Bills . Brady had a solid season in 2003 , completing 317 out of 527 ( 60.2 percent ) of his passes for 3,620 yards and 23 touchdowns , with only 12 interceptions . His primary weapon was second year wide receiver Deion Branch , who caught 57 passes for 803 yards . Another key contributor was wide receiver David Givens , who filled in for the injured starter David Patten . Givens recorded 34 receptions for 510 yards and 6 touchdowns . Other weapons in the passing game included veteran wide receiver Troy Brown , who had 40 receptions , 472 yards , 4 touchdowns , and 293 yards returning punts , and tight end Daniel Graham who recorded 28 catches , 409 yards , and 4 touchdowns . In the backfield , the team 's rushing game was led by running backs Antowain Smith and Kevin Faulk , who carried the ball equally . Smith was the team 's leading rusher with 642 yards and 3 touchdowns , while Faulk rushed for 638 yards and caught 48 passes for 440 yards . New England 's defense was retooled before the 2003 season when the team signed veteran safety Rodney Harrison as a free agent and traded for defensive lineman Ted Washington . With these additions , the Patriots led the league in fewest passing yards allowed per attempt ( 5.64 ) , fewest passing touchdowns allowed ( 11 ) , and most interceptions ( 29 ) . They also ranked 4th in fewest rushing yards allowed ( 1,434 ) and 7th in fewest total yards ( 4,919 ) . Washington helped anchor New England 's defensive line , recording 32 tackles and 2 sacks . Pro Bowl defensive tackle Richard Seymour also contributed with 8 sacks . Behind them , the Patriots had 3 outstanding linebackers : Pro Bowl linebacker Willie McGinest ( 5.5 sacks , 2 fumble recoveries and 1 interception ) , Mike Vrabel ( 9.5 sacks , 1 fumble recovery , four forced fumbles , and 2 interceptions ) , and Tedy Bruschi ( 131 tackles , 2 sacks , 1 fumble recovery , 3 interceptions , and 2 touchdowns ) . Harrison became the veteran leader in the secondary , recording 92 tackles , 3 interceptions , and 3 sacks . Meanwhile , Pro Bowl cornerback Ty Law recorded 6 interceptions , cornerback ( and ex-Panthers player ) Tyrone Poole had 6 interceptions for 112 return yards and 1 touchdown , and rookie safety Eugene Wilson recorded 4 interceptions . Overall , the secondary combined for 19 interceptions . Common opponents of both teams ( edit ) The Patriots and Panthers both played against the AFC South and NFC East in the regular season . The Patriots lost to the Washington Redskins 20 -- 17 in Week Four but swept the rest of the NFC East and the entire AFC South ; the Patriots shut out Dallas in bitter cold and edged the Giants in the rain while hammering Philly following the infamously erroneous `` They hate their coach '' quote from Tom Jackson ; the Patriots also edged the Titans , Houston in overtime , and former division rival Indianapolis in shootouts while routing Jacksonville ( which , like Carolina , had entered the NFL in 1995 ) in the regular season , and then edged the Titans and hammered the Colts in the playoffs . The Panthers had less success , going 6 -- 4 against the two divisions , losing to the Titans and Houston while defeating Jacksonville and the Colts , and defeating Washington and the Giants while losing to Philadelphia and Dallas in the regular season , then routing the Cowboys and edging the Eagles in the playoffs . Scores of games against common opponents - VS . Jacksonville Jaguars Panthers 24 vs. Jaguars 23 -- Jake Delhomme 's first game with the Panthers Patriots 27 vs. Jaguars 13 VS . Philadelphia Eagles Patriots 31 @ Eagles 10 Panthers 16 vs. Eagles 25 / ( playoffs ) Panthers 14 @ Eagles 3 VS . Washington Redskins Patriots 17 @ Redskins 20 -- last loss until Halloween 2004 Panthers 20 vs. Redskins 17 VS . Tennessee Titans Patriots 38 vs. Titans 30 / ( playoffs ) Patriots 17 vs. Titans 14 Panthers 17 vs. Titans 37 -- loss ended six - game win streak VS . New York Giants Patriots 17 vs. NY Giants 6 Panthers 37 @ NY Giants 24 VS . Indianapolis Colts Panthers 23 @ Colts 20 ( OT ) -- win ended Colts five - game win streak Patriots 38 @ Colts 34 / ( playoffs ) Patriots 24 vs. Colts 14 VS . Houston Texans Panthers 10 @ Texans 14 Patriots 23 @ Texans 20 ( OT ) VS . Dallas Cowboys Patriots 12 vs. Cowboys 0 Panthers 20 @ Cowboys 24 / ( playoffs ) Panthers 29 vs. Cowboys 10 Playoffs ( edit ) See also : 2003 -- 04 NFL playoffs Since the Panthers finished with the third best regular season record in the NFC , they had to win three playoff games to reach the Super Bowl . The St. Louis Rams and the Philadelphia Eagles had better regular season records at 12 -- 4 , and thus under the playoff format , each would have to win two playoff games to reach the league championship game . Against Carolina 's first opponent , the Dallas Cowboys , Delhomme threw for 273 yards and a touchdown , Davis recorded 104 rushing yards and a touchdown , and kicker John Kasay made 5 field goals , en route to a thorough 29 -- 10 victory . The Panthers then eliminated the Rams on the road , 29 -- 23 in double overtime . St. Louis built a 6 -- 0 lead early in the second quarter , but Carolina took the lead after Muhammad 's fumble recovery in the end zone . Both teams spent the rest of the second and the third quarter exchanging field goals before Brad Hoover 's 7 - yard rushing touchdown gave the Panthers a 23 -- 12 fourth quarter lead . However , the Rams rallied back with a touchdown , a successful two - point conversion , and a field goal to send the game into overtime . Both teams missed field goals in the first overtime period , but Delhomme threw a 69 - yard touchdown pass to Smith on the first play of the second overtime period to win the game . The Panthers then went on the road again to eliminate the Eagles in the NFC Championship Game , 14 -- 3 . Philadelphia was coming off of a 20 -- 17 overtime win over the Green Bay Packers , that included quarterback Donovan McNabb 's 28 - yard pass to Freddie Mitchell on a famous play known as `` 4th and 26 '' . This was the third consecutive NFC Championship Game appearance for Philadelphia , and thus they were heavily favored to win . But Carolina 's defense only allowed a field goal and held McNabb to just 10 of 22 completions for 100 yards . Ricky Manning also intercepted McNabb 3 times . Although Carolina 's offense only scored 14 points , it was more than enough for the team to earn their first trip to the Super Bowl with a 14 -- 3 win . The Panthers became the first No. 3 seed to advance to the Super Bowl since the league expanded to a 12 - team playoff format in 1990 . In doing so , they were also the first division winner to advance to the league championship after playing three playoff games . All other instances up to this point where teams advanced to the Super Bowl after playing all three rounds of the playoffs were wild card teams in Super Bowls XV , XX , XXVII , XXXII , XXXIV , and XXXV . Prior to Super Bowl XVII , the Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins both won three playoff games to reach the Super Bowl , but that came during the strike - shortened 1982 season when the regular season was reduced to nine games and the playoffs were expanded to 16 teams , with no teams receiving first - round byes . Since then , there have been six instances of teams advancing to the Super Bowl after playing three playoff games : the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XL as the No. 6 seeded team , the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLI as the No. 3 seed , the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII as the No. 5 seed , the Arizona Cardinals in Super Bowl XLIII as the No. 4 seed , the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XLV as the No. 6 seed , and again the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLVI as the No. 4 seed . The Colts , Cardinals , and the Giants in 2011 , like the Panthers , were division winners in those years ( Although in the Colts case , they played the No. 4 seeded New England Patriots in the AFC Championship that year , ensuring at least the second division winner to play three rounds to make it to the Super Bowl . ) , and all but the Cardinals went on to win it all . The Super Bowl would mark the third game ( out of four ) of the playoffs in which Carolina scored 29 points . Meanwhile , the Patriots first defeated the Tennessee Titans , 17 -- 14 , in one of the coldest games in NFL history , with temperatures reaching 4 ° F ( − 15 ° C ) . New England jumped to 14 -- 7 lead in the first half with a touchdown pass by Brady and a touchdown run from Smith . However , quarterback Steve McNair 's 11 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Derrick Mason tied the game in the third period . With 4 : 06 remaining in the game , Patriots kicker Adam Vinatieri made a 46 - yard field goal to take the lead . New England 's defense later clinched a victory as they stopped the Titans from scoring on fourth down on their last drive of the game . New England then eliminated the Indianapolis Colts , 24 -- 14 , in the AFC Championship Game . The Colts entered the game leading the NFL in passing yards and ranked third in total offensive yards . With quarterback Peyton Manning , wide receiver Marvin Harrison , and running back Edgerrin James , the Colts had scored 79 points in their 2 playoff victories against the Denver Broncos and the Kansas City Chiefs , including a 38 -- 31 victory over the Chiefs in the first punt-less game in NFL playoff history . However , New England 's defense dominated the Colts , only allowing 14 points , intercepting 4 passes from Manning ( 3 of them by Ty Law ) , and forcing a safety . Although New England 's offense only scored one touchdown , Vinatieri scored 5 field goals to make up the difference . Broadcasting and Entertainment ( edit ) The game was broadcast on television in the United States by CBS , with Greg Gumbel handling the play - by - play duties and color commentator Phil Simms in the broadcast booth . Armen Keteyian and Bonnie Bernstein roamed the sidelines . Jim Nantz hosted all the events with help from his fellow cast members from The NFL Today : Dan Marino , Deion Sanders , and Boomer Esiason . This would be the final Super Bowl game Greg Gumbel would call ; as before the 2004 season began , he and Nantz would switch roles ; though by the time CBS next aired a Super Bowl ; James Brown was brought in as host of The NFL Today while Gumbel had moved to a secondary play - by - play role . Westwood One carried the game nationwide over terrestrial radio with Marv Albert on play - by - play and Boomer Esiason on color commentary , with Jim Gray hosting the pregame and halftime shows . Locally , Gil Santos and Gino Cappelletti called the game for the Patriots and Bill Rosinski and Eugene Robinson served that position for the Panthers . After the postgame coverage was complete , CBS aired the season premiere for Survivor : All Stars . Pregame ceremonies ( edit ) Both teams passed on the opportunity for their starters to be introduced individually before the game , a move perpetuated by the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXVI . The game was held exactly one year , to the day , after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster , in Houston , the same city as the Johnson Space Center . Thus , the lost crew of the Columbia was honored in a pregame tribute by singer Josh Groban , performing `` You Raise Me Up '' . Also appearing on the field was the crew of STS - 114 , the `` Return to Flight '' Space Shuttle mission that eventually launched Space Shuttle Discovery on July 26 , 2005 . Houston - native Beyoncé then sang the national anthem . Aerosmith performed Baby , Please Do n't Go and Dream On as part of the pre-show ceremony . The coin toss ceremony featured former NFL players and Texas natives Earl Campbell , Ollie Matson , Don Maynard , Y.A. Tittle , Mike Singletary , Gene Upshaw . Tittle tossed the coin . The NFL logo was painted at midfield for the first time since Super Bowl XXX , and the Super Bowl XXXVIII logo was placed on the 25 - yard lines . From Super Bowls XXXI through XXXVII , the Super Bowl logo was painted at midfield , and the helmets of the teams painted at the 30 - yard lines . From Super Bowl VI through Super Bowl XXX , the NFL logo was painted on the 50 - yard line , except for Super Bowls XXV and XXIX . The Super Bowl XXV logo was painted at midfield and the NFL logo was painted at each 35 - yard line . In Super Bowl XXIX , the NFL 75th Anniversary logo was painted at midfield with the Super Bowl logo at each 30 - yard line . Halftime show ( edit ) Further information : Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime - show controversy Janet Jackson and Justin Timberlake ( pictured ) became the center of controversy during the end of the halftime show The most controversial and widely discussed moment of Super Bowl XXXVIII came during halftime . The show was produced by Viacom 's MTV and CBS Sports , and was sponsored by America Online 's TopSpeed software for dial - up Internet service . The show was themed supposedly around MTV 's Choose or Lose vote campaign , however beyond some flag imagery , Jessica Simpson 's declaration that Houston should `` Choose to Party ! '' and a vague call to action for younger persons to vote in a celebrity montage the first minute of the program and an audio outro about choices , the theme was not called out for the remainder of the show . After a brief appearance by Simpson , the show began with a joint performance by marching bands the Spirit of Houston , from the University of Houston , and the `` Ocean of Soul '' of Texas Southern University . Next , Janet Jackson made her first appearance , singing `` All for You '' . Then , P. Diddy , Nelly , and Kid Rock appeared respectively , and performed a mixture of their hits . After Jackson 's performance of her song `` Rhythm Nation '' , Justin Timberlake appeared , and he and Jackson sang a duet of Timberlake 's song `` Rock Your Body '' . The performance featured many suggestive dance moves by both Timberlake and Jackson . As the song reached the final line , `` I 'm gon na have you naked by the end of this song , '' Timberlake pulled off a part of Jackson 's costume , revealing her outer right breast ( adorned with a large , sun - shaped nipple shield , a piece of jewelery worn to accentuate the appearance of a nipple piercing ) . CBS quickly cut to an aerial view of the stadium , however the action was too late to be effective . Many people considered this indecent exposure , and numerous viewers contacted the network to complain , saying it was inappropriate in the context of a football game . This was the most rewatched moment in TiVo history . Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show Spirit of Houston Ocean of Soul `` All for You '' `` Hey Mickey '' `` Hot in Herre '' `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' `` Bawitdaba '' `` Cowboy '' `` Rhythm Nation '' `` The Knowledge '' `` Rock Your Body '' Just before the start of the second half , a British streaker , Mark Roberts , ran onto the field disguised as a referee , undressed , and performed a dance wearing only a thong . He was tackled to the ground by Patriots linebacker Matt Chatham and arrested . It is customary for American television to avoid broadcasting such events , but it was later shown on Late Show with David Letterman . He received a $1,000 fine for trespassing . Game Summary ( edit ) This game is noted for its unusual scoring pattern between the teams . Nearly ninety percent of the first half and all of the third quarter were scoreless . Twenty - four points were scored in the last three minutes of the first half , and a record 37 points were scored in the fourth quarter . First quarter ( edit ) Most of the first half was a defensive struggle , with neither team able to score until late in the second quarter , despite several early scoring opportunities for New England . After Carolina was forced to punt on their opening drive , Patriots receiver Troy Brown gave his team great field position with a 28 - yard return to the Panthers 47 - yard line . The Patriots subsequently marched to the 9 - yard line , but Carolina kept them out of the end zone and Adam Vinatieri missed a 31 - yard field goal attempt . The Patriots forced Carolina to punt after 3 plays and again got the ball with great field position , receiving Todd Sauerbrun 's 40 - yard punt at the Panthers 49 - yard line . New England then drove to the 31 - yard line , but on third down , linebacker Will Witherspoon tackled Brown for a 10 - yard loss on an end - around play , pushing the Patriots out of field goal range . Second quarter ( edit ) Later on , New England drove 57 yards to the Panthers 18 - yard line with 6 minutes left in the second quarter , but once again they failed to score as Carolina kept them out of the end zone and Vinatieri 's 36 - yard field goal attempt was blocked by Panthers defender Shane Burton . Meanwhile , the Carolina offense was stymied by the New England defense , with quarterback Jake Delhomme completing just one out of his first nine passes , sacked three times , and fumbling once . That fumble occurred 3 plays after Vinatieri 's second missed field goal ; Delhomme lost the ball while being sacked by linebacker Mike Vrabel , and Patriots defensive tackle Richard Seymour recovered the ball at the Panthers 20 - yard line ; by this point of the game the Panthers had suffered a net loss of nine yards on twenty offensive snaps . Two plays later , New England faced a third down and 7 , but quarterback Tom Brady scrambled 12 yards to the 5 - yard line for a first down . Then wide receiver Deion Branch caught a 5 - yard touchdown pass from Brady on the next play . The play was a play - action fake to Antowain Smith . Carolina 's Dan Morgan bit on the route , causing the touchdown . Branch 's touchdown came after 26 : 55 had elapsed in the game , setting the record for the longest amount of time a Super Bowl remained scoreless . The play also suddenly set off a scoring explosion from both teams for the remainder of the first half . The Panthers stormed down the field on their ensuing possession , driving 95 yards in 8 plays , and tying the game on a 39 - yard touchdown pass from Delhomme to wide receiver Steve Smith with just 1 : 07 left in the half . The Patriots immediately countered with a 6 - play , 78 - yard scoring drive of their own . Starting from their own 22 - yard line , Brady completed a 12 - yard pass to wide receiver David Givens . Then after throwing an incompletion , Brady completed a long pass to Branch , who caught it at the Panthers 24 - yard line in stride before being tackled at the 14 - yard line for a 52 - yard gain . Three plays later , Givens caught a 5 - yard touchdown from Brady to give New England a 14 -- 7 lead with only 18 seconds left in the half . The Patriots decided to squib kick the ensuing kickoff to prevent a long return , but their plan backfired as Carolina tight end Kris Mangum picked up the ball at his own 35 - yard line and returned it 12 yards to the 47 . The Patriots expected a pass play from the Panthers , but instead running back Stephen Davis ran for 21 yards on the next play to set up kicker John Kasay 's 50 - yard field goal as time expired in the half , cutting Carolina 's deficit to 14 -- 10 . Third quarter ( edit ) The third quarter was scoreless as each team exchanged punts twice . However , with 3 : 57 left in the period , the Patriots put together a 71 - yard , 8 - play scoring drive , featuring tight end Daniel Graham 's 33 - yard reception to advance to the Carolina 9 - yard line . Fourth quarter ( edit ) Running back Antowain Smith then capped off the drive with a 2 - yard touchdown run on the second play on the fourth quarter to increase their lead , 21 -- 10 . This was the start of another scoring explosion , one that became one of the biggest explosions in Super Bowl history , with both teams scoring a combined 37 points in the last 15 minutes , the most ever in a single quarter of a Super Bowl . Delhomme started out Carolina 's ensuing drive with a 13 - yard completion to wide receiver Muhsin Muhammad . After committing a false start penalty on the next play , Delhomme completed a pair of passes to Smith for gains of 18 and 22 yards . Running back DeShaun Foster then scored on a 33 - yard touchdown run , cutting the Panthers ' deficit to 21 -- 16 after Delhomme 's 2 - point conversion pass fell incomplete . The Patriots responded on their ensuing possession by driving all the way to Carolina 's 9 - yard line , but the drive ended when Panthers defensive back Reggie Howard intercepted a third down pass from Brady in the end zone . Then on 3rd down from his own 15 - yard line , Delhomme threw for the longest play from scrimmage in Super Bowl history , an 85 - yard touchdown completion to Muhammad . Carolina 's 2 - point conversion attempt failed again , but they took their first lead of the game , 22 -- 21 , with 6 : 53 remaining . It was the first time in Super Bowl history a team down 10 + points during the 4th quarter had come back to take the lead . Three other times teams have come back to tie the game ; the Tennessee Titans against the Rams in Super Bowl XXXIV , the Rams against the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXVI , and the Patriots against the Falcons in Super Bowl LI . However , New England retook the lead on their next drive , advancing 68 yards with the aid of a pair of completions from Brady to Givens for gains of 18 and 25 yards . Once again the Patriots were faced with third down and goal , but this time they scored with Brady 's 1 - yard pass to Vrabel , who had lined up in an eligible tight end position . Then on a two - point conversion attempt , running back Kevin Faulk took a direct snap and ran into the end zone to make the score 29 -- 22 . Despite amassing over 1,000 combined yards , Faulk 's two - point conversion constituted the only points he scored all season . The Panthers countered on their next possession . Foster started the drive with a 9 - yard run and a 7 - yard reception . After that , Delhomme completed a 19 - yard pass to Muhammad , followed by a 31 - yard completion to receiver Ricky Proehl . Then Proehl , who caught the fourth quarter game - tying touchdown pass against the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXVI two years earlier for the St. Louis Rams , finished the drive with a 12 - yard touchdown reception . Kasay 's ensuing extra point tied the game , 29 -- 29 , with 1 : 08 to play in regulation and it appeared that the game would be the first Super Bowl ever to go into overtime . However , Kasay kicked the ensuing kickoff out of bounds , giving New England the ball on their own 40 - yard line . Brady led the Patriots offense down the field with a 13 - yard pass to Brown on second down . An offensive pass interference penalty on Brown pushed New England back to their own 43 - yard line , but another 13 - yard reception to Brown and a 4 - yard pass to Graham brought up a critical 3rd down and 3 from the Carolina 40 - yard line . The Panthers defense could not prevent the Patriots from gaining the first down , as Brady completed a 17 - yard pass to Branch . On the next play , Vinatieri kicked a 41 - yard field goal to give New England the lead , 32 -- 29 , with four seconds left in the game . Carolina failed on their last chance , as Rod Smart went nowhere on the ensuing kickoff , and the Patriots had won their second Super Bowl in three years . This was the fourth Super Bowl to be decided on a field goal in the final seconds ( Super Bowl V was won on a last second kick by the Baltimore Colts ' Jim O'Brien to defeat the Dallas Cowboys , Super Bowl XXV had the Buffalo Bills ' Scott Norwood miss his field goal chance against the New York Giants , and in Super Bowl XXXVI Vinatieri made his to defeat the St. Louis Rams ) . Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl XXXVIII : New England Patriots 32 , Carolina Panthers 29 Total Panthers 0 10 0 19 29 Patriots 0 14 0 18 32 at Reliant Stadium , Houston , Texas Date : February 1 , 2004 Game time : 5 : 25 p.m. CST Game weather : Played with roof closed , retractable roof stadium ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP CAR NE 3 : 05 20 2 : 10 NE Deion Branch 5 - yard touchdown reception from Tom Brady , Adam Vinatieri kick good 0 7 1 : 07 8 95 1 : 58 CAR Steve Smith 39 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Delhomme , John Kasay kick good 7 7 0 : 18 6 78 0 : 49 NE David Givens 5 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Vinatieri kick good 7 14 0 : 00 21 0 : 18 CAR 50 - yard field goal by Kasay 10 14 14 : 49 8 71 4 : 08 NE Antowain Smith 2 - yard touchdown run , Vinatieri kick good 10 21 12 : 39 6 81 2 : 10 CAR DeShaun Foster 33 - yard touchdown run , 2 - point pass failed 16 21 6 : 53 90 0 : 45 CAR Muhsin Muhammad 85 - yard touchdown reception from Delhomme , 2 - point pass failed 22 21 2 : 51 11 68 4 : 02 NE Mike Vrabel 1 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , 2 - point run good ( Kevin Faulk ) 22 29 1 : 08 7 80 1 : 43 CAR Ricky Proehl 12 - yard touchdown reception from Delhomme , Kasay kick good 29 29 0 : 04 6 37 1 : 04 NE 41 - yard field goal by Vinatieri 29 32 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 29 32 Statistical overview ( edit ) The game set a number of marks for offensive production . The two teams combined for 868 yards of total offense , the second - highest total in Super Bowl history . Both starting quarterbacks threw for at least 300 yards for only the second time in Super Bowl history , with Dan Marino and Joe Montana each passing for at least 300 yards in Super Bowl XIX . This was also only the second Super Bowl to feature one 100 - yard receiving performance on each team , with Deion Branch and Muhsin Muhammad each reaching 100 yards . Andre Reed and Michael Irvin first accomplished the feat in Super Bowl XXVII . The 37 total points scored in the 4th quarter were the most combined points in a 4th quarter in a Super Bowl and the most in any quarter by two teams . Washington 's 35 points in Super Bowl XXII was the previous high for most combined points in a single quarter in a Super Bowl . The fourth quarter was the second in Super Bowl history to have five touchdowns scored in a single quarter , the first being when the Redskins had five in Super Bowl XXII in the second quarter . It was also the first time in Super Bowl history that both teams would score at least two touchdowns in the same quarter . Delhomme finished the game with 16 completions out of 33 attempts for 323 yards , three touchdowns , and no interceptions for a passer rating of 113.6 . He was seen standing on the field during the Patriots ' post-game celebration ; he later commented : `` I wanted to catch up to the moment of what it feels like to be on the other side , to be on this side , the losing side . To let it sink in , to hurt , so when we start practice in the fall , the two - a-days and there are days during the season when I 'm tired and I want to go home , but I need to watch that extra film . I want to get back there , but I want to get on the other side of that field . They rope you off , the losing team basically . I just want to get on the other side of that rope . I just wanted to watch and let it sink in and hurt a little bit . When I have a tough day , I 'll just think about that feeling and it will make me dig down just a little deeper . '' Muhsin Muhammad caught four passes for 140 yards , an average of 35 yards per catch , and a touchdown . Steve Smith caught four passes for 80 yards and a touchdown . He also returned a punt for two yards , and returned a kickoff for 30 yards , giving him 112 total yards . Proehl caught four passes for 71 yards and a touchdown . Proehl joined Jerry Rice as only two players to score touchdowns with two different teams in Super Bowls . Tom Brady 's 32 completions were the most in Super Bowl history . His 48 attempts were the most for a winning quarterback . His 354 yards passing is now the fifth best total in Super Bowl history . Brady 's passer rating for this game was 100.5 . Branch was the top receiver of the game with 10 receptions for 143 yards and a touchdown . Brown caught 8 passes for 76 yards , and returned four punts for 40 yards . Antowain Smith was the top rusher of the game with 83 yards and a touchdown . Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl XXXVIII , Super Bowl XXXVIII Play Finder NE , Super Bowl XXXVIII Play Finder Car , USA Today Super Bowl XXXVIII Play by Play Statistical comparison ( edit ) Statistic Carolina Panthers New England Patriots First downs 17 29 First downs rushing 7 First downs passing 12 19 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 4 / 12 8 / 17 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 0 1 / 1 Net yards rushing 92 127 Rushing attempts 16 35 Yards per rush 5.8 3.6 Passing -- Completions - attempts 16 / 33 32 / 48 Times sacked - total yards 4 -- 28 0 -- 0 Interceptions thrown 0 Net yards passing 295 354 Total net yards 387 481 Punt returns - total yards 1 -- 2 5 -- 42 Kickoff returns - total yards 6 -- 116 4 -- 78 Interceptions - total return yards 1 -- 12 0 -- 0 Punts - average yardage 7 -- 44.3 5 -- 34.6 Fumbles - lost 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 Penalties - yards 12 -- 73 8 -- 60 Time of possession 21 : 02 38 : 58 Turnovers Individual statistics ( edit ) Panthers Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Jake Delhomme 16 / 33 323 0 113.6 Panthers Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Stephen Davis 13 49 0 21 3.77 DeShaun Foster 43 33t 14.33 Panthers Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Muhsin Muhammad 140 85t 10 Steve Smith 80 39t 9 Ricky Proehl 71 31 5 Jermaine Wiggins 21 0 15 DeShaun Foster 9 0 9 Kris Mangum 0 Brad Hoover 0 0 0 0 Patriots Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Tom Brady 32 / 48 354 100.5 Patriots Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Antowain Smith 26 83 9 3.19 Kevin Faulk 6 42 0 23 7.00 Tom Brady 12 0 12 6.00 Troy Brown -- 10 0 -- 10 -- 10.00 Patriots Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Deion Branch 10 143 52 13 Troy Brown 8 76 0 13 10 David Givens 5 69 25 11 Daniel Graham 46 0 33 Kevin Faulk 19 0 7 Mike Vrabel 1t Larry Centers 0 0 0 0 Christian Fauria 0 0 0 0 Bethel Johnson 0 0 0 0 Dedric Ward 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Carolina Position Position New England Offense Muhsin Muhammad WR Deion Branch Todd Steussie LT Matt Light Jeno James LG Russ Hochstein Jeff Mitchell Dan Koppen Kevin Donnalley RG Joe Andruzzi Jordan Gross RT Tom Ashworth Jermaine Wiggins TE Daniel Graham Steve Smith WR Troy Brown Jake Delhomme QB Tom Brady Stephen Davis RB Antowain Smith Brad Hoover FB Larry Centers Defense Julius Peppers LDE LE Bobby Hamilton Brentson Buckner LDT NT Ted Washington Kris Jenkins RDT RE Richard Seymour Mike Rucker RDE OLB Willie McGinest Greg Favors SLB ILB Tedy Bruschi Dan Morgan MLB ILB Roman Phifer Will Witherspoon WLB OLB Mike Vrabel Ricky Manning , Jr . LCB Ty Law Reggie Howard RCB Tyrone Poole Mike Minter SS Eugene Wilson Deon Grant FS Rodney Harrison Gambling ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Most sportsbooks had the Patriots as seven - point favorites entering the game . As the Patriots only won by three points , the Patriots failed to cover this spread . The over-under bet was set at 37.5 by most sportsbooks . As the total combined score of the two teams was 61 points , the over bet won . Officials ( edit ) Referee : Ed Hochuli # 85 second Super Bowl ( XXXII ) Umpire : Jeff Rice # 44 second Super Bowl ( XXXVI ) Head Linesman : Mark Hittner # 28 second Super Bowl ( XXXVI ) Line Judge : Ben Montgomery # 117 second Super Bowl ( XXXII ) Field Judge : Tom Sifferman # 118 second Super Bowl ( XXXVII ) Side Judge : Laird Hayes # 125 second Super Bowl ( XXXV ) Back Judge : Scott Green # 19 second Super Bowl ( XXXVI ) Alternate Referee : Bill Carollo # 63 ( side judge for XXXI , referee for XXXVII ) Alternate Umpire : Jim Quirk # 5 ( umpire for XXXII ) Alternate Field Judge : Bill Lovett # 98 ( field judge for XXXIII ) Tom Sifferman became the second official to work consecutive Super Bowls on the field . The first was Jim Tunney , the referee for Super Bowls XI and XII . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DiNitto , Marcus ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll '' . The Linemakers . Sporting News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Vegas Insider . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Winners '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` America 's Game '' . NFL Network . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( February 3 , 2004 ) . `` Peter King : Super Bowl XXXVIII had it all , making it the best ever '' . SI.com . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2004 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apologetic Jackson says ' costume reveal ' went awry '' . CNN . Associated Press . February 3 , 2004 . Retrieved July 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Babineck , Mark ( 2004 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Columbia Astronauts Honored at Super Bowl '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` NFL honors shuttle crew in ceremony '' . Amarillo Globe - News . 2004 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith setlist at Reliant Stadium , Houston , TX , USA '' . Setlist.fm. 2004 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Kid Rock , P. Diddy Make ' Friendly ' $10,000 Bet On Super Bowl '' . Jump up ^ Nicolas Coleman . `` Good God , where do I begin '' . Super Bowl XXXVIII : Halftime . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CNN '' . February 3 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Streaker Avoids Jail '' . Sky News . July 22 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Jake Delhomme '' . Louisiana Department of Agriculture & Forestry. 2004 - 03 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII - National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 1 , 2004 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ vegasinsider.com External links ( edit ) Super Bowl official website Game box score and play - by - play list from Pro Football Reference Super Bowl XXXVIII play - by - play from USA Today 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . Time Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . All - Time Super Bowl Odds from The Sports Network ( Last accessed October 16 , 2005 ) BBC News on Jackson 's exposure Boxscore from Sports Illustrated Large online database of NFL data and statistics Super Bowl coverage from the Boston Globe Super Bowl coverage from Sports Illustrated The Sporting News : History of the Super Bowl ( Last accessed August 31 , 2006 ) Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXVIII champions 4 Adam Vinatieri 6 Rohan Davey 10 Jamin Elliott 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 13 Ken Walter 16 Kliff Kingsbury 17 Dedric Ward 18 Chas Gessner 19 Damon Huard 21 Mike Cloud 22 Asante Samuel 23 Antwan Harris 24 Ty Law 26 Eugene Wilson 30 Je'Rod Cherry 31 Larry Centers 32 Antowain Smith 33 Kevin Faulk 34 Chris Akins 35 Patrick Pass 37 Rodney Harrison 38 Tyrone Poole 39 Shawn Mayer 44 Fred McCrary 46 Brian Kinchen 48 Tully Banta - Cain 49 Sean McDermott 50 Mike Vrabel 51 Don Davis 52 Ted Johnson 53 Larry Izzo 54 Tedy Bruschi 55 Willie McGinest 58 Matt Chatham 59 Rosevelt Colvin 60 Wilbert Brown 61 Stephen Neal 62 Tim Provost 63 Joe Andruzzi 64 Gene Mruczkowski 65 Damien Woody 66 Lonie Paxton 67 Dan Koppen 68 Tom Ashworth 70 Adrian Klemm 71 Russ Hochstein 72 Matt Light 75 Jamil Soriano 76 Brandon Gorin 77 Mike Compton 80 Troy Brown 81 Bethel Johnson 82 Daniel Graham 83 Deion Branch 84 Fred Baxter 85 J.J. Stokes 86 David Patten 87 David Givens 88 Christian Fauria 90 Dan Klecko 91 Bobby Hamilton 92 Ted Washington 93 Richard Seymour 94 Ty Warren 95 Roman Phifer 96 Rick Lyle 97 Jarvis Green 98 Anthony Pleasant 99 Ethan Kelley Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Romeo Crennel Brian Daboll Jeff Davidson Ivan Fears Sean Gustus John Hufnagel Pepper Johnson Josh McDaniels Eric Mangini Markus Paul Rob Ryan Dante Scarnecchia Brad Seely Charlie Weis Mike Woicik New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who beat the carolina panthers in the super bowl	[ "\nSuper Bowl XXXVIII\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCarolina Panthers\n(NFC)\nNew England Patriots\n(AFC)\n\n\n29\n32\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\nTotal\n\n\nCAR\n0\n10\n0\n19\n29\n\n\nNE\n0\n14\n0\n18\n32\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nFebruary 1, 2004 (2004-02)\n\n\nStadium\nReliant Stadium, Houston, Texas\n\n\nMVP\nTom Brady, Quarterback\n\n\nFavorite\nPatriots by 7[1][2]\n\n\nReferee\nEd Hochuli\n\n\nAttendance\n71,525[3]\n\n\nFuture Hall of Famers\n\n\nPatriots: None\nPanthers: None\n\n\nCeremonies\n\n\nNational anthem\nBeyoncé\n\n\nCoin toss\nEarl Campbell, Ollie Matson, Don Maynard, Y. A. Tittle, Mike Singletary, Gene Upshaw\n\n\nHalftime show\nJessica Simpson, Ocean of Soul, Spirit of Houston, Janet Jackson, Justin Timberlake, P. Diddy, Kid Rock, and Nelly\n\n\nTV in the United States\n\n\nNetwork\nCBS\n\n\nAnnouncers\nGreg Gumbel, Phil Simms, Armen Keteyian and Bonnie Bernstein\n\n\nNielsen ratings\n41.3\n(est. 89.8 million viewers)[4]\n\n\nMarket share\n63\n\n\nCost of 30-second commercial\n$2.2 million\n\n\n\n\n← XXXVII\nSuper Bowl\nXXXIX →\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "New England Patriots" ]
-3825934329923626906	Oogenesis	Oogenesis - wikipedia Oogenesis Jump to : navigation , search Oogenesis Identifiers MeSH D009866 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Oogenesis , ovogenesis , or oögenesis / ˌoʊ. əˈdʒɛnɪsɪs / is the differentiation of the ovum ( egg cell ) into a cell competent to further development when fertilized . It is developed from the primary oocyte by maturation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Oogenesis in mammals 1.1 The creation of oogonia 2 Human oogenesis 2.1 Oogenesis 2.1. 1 Number of primary oocytes 2.2 Ootidogenesis 2.2. 1 Meiosis I 2.2. 2 Meiosis II 2.2. 3 Folliculogenesis 2.3 Maturation into ovum 2.4 In vitro maturation 3 Oogenesis in non-mammals 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Oogenesis in mammals ( edit ) Diagram showing the reduction in number of the chromosomes in the process of maturation of the ovum . ( In mammals , the first polar body normally disintegrates before dividing , so only two polar bodies are produced. ) In mammals , the first part of oogenesis starts in the germinal epithelium , which gives rise to the development of ovarian follicles , the functional unit of the ovary . Oogenesis consists of several sub-processes : oocytogenesis , ootidogenesis , and finally maturation to form an ovum ( oogenesis proper ) . Folliculogenesis is a separate sub-process that accompanies and supports all three oogenetic sub-processes . Cell type ploidy / chromosomes chromatids Process Time of completion Oogonium diploid / 46 ( 2N ) 2C Oocytogenesis ( mitosis ) Third trimester primary oocyte diploid / 46 ( 2N ) 4C Ootidogenesis ( meiosis I ) ( Folliculogenesis ) Dictyate in prophase I for up to 50 years secondary oocyte haploid / 23 ( 1N ) 2C Ootidogenesis ( meiosis II ) Halted in metaphase II until fertilization Ootid haploid / 23 ( 1N ) 1C Ootidogenesis ( meiosis II ) Minutes after fertilization Ovum haploid / 23 ( 1N ) 1C Oogonium -- ( Oocytogenesis ) -- > Primary Oocyte -- ( Meiosis I ) -- > First Polar Body ( Discarded afterward ) + Secondary oocyte -- ( Meiosis II ) -- > Second Polar Body ( Discarded afterward ) + Ovum Oocyte meiosis , important to all animal life cycles yet unlike all other instances of animal cell division , occurs completely without the aid of spindle - coordinating centrosomes . The creation of oogonia ( edit ) The creation of oogonia traditionally does n't belong to oogenesis proper , but , instead , to the common process of gametogenesis , which , in the female human , begins with the processes of folliculogenesis , oocytogenesis , and ootidogenesis . Human oogenesis ( edit ) Oogenesis ( edit ) Oogenesis starts with the process of developing primary oocytes , which occurs via the transformation of oogonia into primary oocytes , a process called oocytogenesis . Oocytogenesis is complete either before or shortly after birth . Number of primary oocytes ( edit ) It is commonly believed that , when oocytogenesis is complete , no additional primary oocytes are created , in contrast to the male process of spermatogenesis , where gametocytes are continuously created . In other words , primary oocytes reach their maximum development at ~ 20 weeks of gestational age , when approximately seven million primary oocytes have been created ; however , at birth , this number has already been reduced to approximately 1 - 2 million . Recently , however , two publications have challenged the belief that a finite number of oocytes are set around the time of birth . The renewal of ovarian follicles from germline stem cells ( originating from bone marrow and peripheral blood ) has been reported in the postnatal mouse ovary . In contrast , DNA clock measurements do not indicate ongoing oogenesis during human females ' lifetimes . Thus , further experiments are required to determine the true dynamics of small follicle formation . Ootidogenesis ( edit ) The succeeding phase of ootidogenesis occurs when the primary oocyte develops into an ootid . This is achieved by the process of meiosis . In fact , a primary oocyte is , by its biological definition , a cell whose primary function is to divide by the process of meiosis . However , although this process begins at prenatal age , it stops at prophase I. In late fetal life , all oocytes , still primary oocytes , have halted at this stage of development , called the dictyate . After menarche , these cells then continue to develop , although only a few do so every menstrual cycle . Meiosis I ( edit ) Meiosis I of ootidogenesis begins during embryonic development , but halts in the diplotene stage of prophase I until puberty . The mouse oocyte in the dictyate ( prolonged diplotene ) stage actively repairs DNA damage , whereas DNA repair is not detectable in the pre-dictyate ( leptotene , zygotene and pachytene ) stages of meiosis . For those primary oocytes that continue to develop in each menstrual cycle , however , synapsis occurs and tetrads form , enabling chromosomal crossover to occur . As a result of meiosis I , the primary oocyte has now developed into the secondary oocyte and the first polar body . Meiosis II ( edit ) Immediately after meiosis I , the haploid secondary oocyte initiates meiosis II . However , this process is also halted at the metaphase II stage until fertilization , if such should ever occur . When meiosis II has completed , an ootid and another polar body have now been created . Folliculogenesis ( edit ) Main article : Folliculogenesis Synchronously with ootidogenesis , the ovarian follicle surrounding the ootid has developed from a primordial follicle to a preovulatory one . Maturation into ovum ( edit ) Both polar bodies disintegrate at the end of Meiosis II , leaving only the ootid , which then eventually undergoes maturation into a mature ovum . The function of forming polar bodies is to discard the extra haploid sets of chromosomes that have resulted as a consequence of meiosis . In vitro maturation ( edit ) Main article : In vitro maturation In vitro maturation ( IVM ) is the technique of letting ovarian follicles mature in vitro . It can potentially be performed before an IVF . In such cases , ovarian hyperstimulation is n't essential . Rather , oocytes can mature outside the body prior to IVF . Hence , no ( or at least a lower dose of ) gonadotropins have to be injected in the body . Immature eggs have been grown until maturation in vitro at a 10 % survival rate , but the technique is not yet clinically available . With this technique , cryopreserved ovarian tissue could possibly be used to make oocytes that can directly undergo in vitro fertilization . Oogenesis in non-mammals ( edit ) Diagram of oogenesis in a digenean ( Platyhelminthes ) Main article : Evolution of sexual reproduction Some algae and the oomycetes produce eggs in oogonia . In the brown alga Fucus , all four egg cells survive oogenesis , which is an exception to the rule that generally only one product of female meiosis survives to maturity . In plants , oogenesis occurs inside the female gametophyte via mitosis . In many plants such as bryophytes , ferns , and gymnosperms , egg cells are formed in archegonia . In flowering plants , the female gametophyte has been reduced to an eight - celled embryo sac within the ovule inside the ovary of the flower . Oogenesis occurs within the embryo sac and leads to the formation of a single egg cell per ovule . In ascaris , the oocyte does not even begin meiosis until the sperm touches it , in contrast to mammals , where meiosis is completed in the estrus cycle . See also ( edit ) Anisogamy Archegonium Evolution of sexual reproduction Female infertility Female reproductive system Meiosis Oncofertility Oogonium Oocyte Origin and function of meiosis Sexual reproduction Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Prenatal and Postnatal stages of oogenesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary Definition : Oogenesis Jump up ^ Gilbert , Scott F. ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Oogenesis '' . Jump up ^ Szollosi D , Calarco P , Donahue RP ( 1972 ) . `` Absence of centrioles in the first and second meiotic spindles of mouse oocytes '' . J Cell Sci. 11 ( 2 ) : 521 -- 541 . PMID 5076360 . Jump up ^ Manandhar G , Schatten H , Sutovsky P ( January 2005 ) . `` Centrosome reduction during gametogenesis and its significance '' . Biol. Reprod. 72 : 2 -- 13 . doi : 10.1095 / biolreprod. 104.031245 . PMID 15385423 . Jump up ^ NCBI - The saga of the germ line Jump up ^ Lobo RA ( September 2003 ) . `` Early ovarian ageing : a hypothesis . What is early ovarian ageing ? '' . Hum . Reprod. 18 ( 9 ) : 1762 -- 4 . doi : 10.1093 / humrep / deg377 . PMID 12923124 . Jump up ^ Johnson J , Bagley J , Skaznik - Wikiel M , et al. ( July 2005 ) . `` Oocyte generation in adult mammalian ovaries by putative germ cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood '' . Cell. 122 ( 2 ) : 303 -- 15 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2005.06. 031 . PMID 16051153 . Jump up ^ Johnson J , Canning J , Kaneko T , Pru J , Tilly J ( 2004 ) . `` Germline stem cells and follicular renewal in the postnatal mammalian ovary '' . Nature . 428 ( 6979 ) : 145 -- 50 . doi : 10.1038 / nature02316 . PMID 15014492 . Jump up ^ Forster P , Hohoff C , Dunkelmann B , Schürenkamp M , Pfeiffer H , Neuhuber F , Brinkmann B ( 2015 ) . `` Elevated germline mutation rate in teenage fathers '' . Proc R Soc B. 282 : 20142898 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2014.2898 . PMC 4345458 . PMID 25694621 . Jump up ^ Biochem Jump up ^ Guli CL , Smyth DR ( 1988 ) . `` UV - induced DNA repair is not detectable in pre-dictyate oocytes of the mouse '' . Mutat Res. 208 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 119 . doi : 10.1016 / s0165 - 7992 ( 98 ) 90010 - 0 . PMID 3380109 . Jump up ^ Vejledning om kunstig befrugtning 2006 ( Danish ) ^ Jump up to : McLaughlin , M ; Albertini , DF ; Wallace , WHB ; Anderson , RA ; Telfer , EE ( 2018 ) . `` Metaphase II oocytes from human unilaminar follicles grown in a multi-step culture system '' . MHR : Basic science of reproductive medicine . doi : 10.1093 / molehr / gay002 . ISSN 1360 - 9947 . Further comments in BBC news article : James Gallagher ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) . `` First human eggs grown in laboratory '' . 14 Prenatal and Postnatal stages of oogenesis Bibliography Manandhar G , Schatten H and Sutovsky P ( 2005 ) . Centrosome reduction during gametogenesis and its significance . Biol Reprod , 72 ( 1 ) 2 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Reproductive Physiology ( hide ) Female reproductive system Internal Adnexa Ovaries Follicles corpus hemorrhagicum luteum albicans Theca of follicle externa interna Follicular antrum Follicular fluid Corona radiata Zona pellucida Membrana granulosa Perivitelline space Other Germinal epithelium Tunica albuginea cortex Cumulus oophorus Stroma Medulla Fallopian tubes Isthmus Ampulla Infundibulum Fimbria Ostium Ligaments Ovarian ligament Suspensory ligament Wolffian vestiges Gartner 's duct Epoophoron Vesicular appendages of epoophoron Paroophoron Uterus Regions Body Uterine cavity Fundus Cervix External orifice Cervical canal Internal orifice Supravaginal portion Vaginal portion Uterine horns Layers Endometrium epithelium Myometrium Perimetrium Parametrium Ligaments Round ligament Broad ligament Cardinal ligament Uterosacral ligament Pubocervical ligament General Uterine glands Vagina Fossa of vestibule of vagina Vaginal fornix Hymen Vaginal rugae Support structures Vaginal epithelium External Vulva Labia Mons pubis Labia majora Anterior commissure Posterior commissure Pudendal cleft Labia minora Frenulum of labia minora Frenulum of clitoris Vulval vestibule Interlabial sulci Bulb of vestibule Vaginal orifice vestibular glands / ducts Bartholin 's glands / Bartholin 's ducts Skene 's glands / Skene 's ducts Clitoris Crus of clitoris Corpus cavernosum Clitoral glans Hood Urethra Urethral crest Other G - spot Urethral sponge Perineal sponge Human physiology of sexual reproduction Menstrual cycle Menarche Menstruation Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis ( spermatogonium spermatocyte spermatid sperm ) Oogenesis ( oogonium oocyte ootid ovum ) Germ cell ( gonocyte gamete ) Human sexual behavior Sexual arousal Sexual intercourse Masturbation Erection Orgasm Ejaculation Insemination Fertilisation / Fertility Implantation Pregnancy Postpartum period Mechanics of sex Life span Prenatal development / Sexual dimorphism / Sexual differentiation ( Feminization Virilization ) Puberty ( Gonadarche Pubarche Menarche Spermarche Adrenarche ) Maternal age / Paternal age Climacteric ( Menopause Late - onset hypogonadism ) Tanner scale Egg Ovum Oviposition Oviparity Ovoviviparity Vivipary Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis Andrology Hormone Breast Thelarche Breast development Lactation Breastfeeding Sex Biological terms Sexual dimorphism Male Female Sexual differentiation Feminization Virilization Sex - determination system XY ZW XO Temperature - dependent Haplodiploidy Heterogametic sex Homogametic sex Sex chromosome X chromosome Y chromosome Testis - determining factor Hermaphrodite Sequential hermaphroditism Intersex parasexuality Sexual reproduction Evolution of sexual reproduction Anisogamy Isogamy Germ cell Reproductive system Sex organ Meiosis Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis Oogenesis Gamete spermatozoon ovum Fertilization External Internal Sexual selection Plant reproduction Fungal reproduction Sexual reproduction in animals Sexual intercourse Copulation Human reproduction Sexuality Plant sexuality Animal sexuality Human sexuality Mechanics Differentiation Activity Sex portal Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oogenesis&oldid=841608685 '' Categories : Developmental biology Genetics Human female endocrine system Meiosis Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 21 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does oogenesis begin and end in females	[]	[]
3948542400978553464	History of Germany (1945–90)	History of Germany ( 1945 -- 90 ) - wikipedia History of Germany ( 1945 -- 90 ) Jump to : navigation , search `` History of Germany since 1945 '' redirects here . For events after reunification , see History of Germany since 1990 . Inter -- German relations East Germany West Germany Part of a series on the History of Germany Early history ( show ) Germanic peoples Migration Period Frankish Empire Medieval Germany ( show ) East Francia Kingdom of Germany Holy Roman Empire Eastward settlement Early Modern period ( show ) Sectionalism 18th century Kingdom of Prussia Unification ( show ) Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Zollverein German revolutions of 1848 German Empire ( 1849 ) North German Confederation German Reich ( show ) German Empire World War I Weimar Republic Alsace - Lorraine Saar Danzig Memel Austria Sudetenland Nazi Germany Cold War era ( show ) Occupation Ostgebiete Expulsion of Germans West Germany East Germany Saar German reunification Contemporary ( show ) New federal states Reunified Germany By topic ( show ) Timeline Economic history Military history Territorial evolution Berlin Women 's history Names of Germany Germany portal As a consequence of the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II , Germany was cut between the two global blocs in the East and West , a period known as the division of Germany . Germany was stripped of its war gains and lost territories in the east to Poland and the Soviet Union . At the end of the war , there were in Germany some eight million foreign displaced persons ; mainly forced laborers and prisoners ; including around 400,000 from the concentration camp system , survivors from a much larger number who had died from starvation , harsh conditions , murder , or being worked to death . Over 10 million German - speaking refugees arrived in Germany from other countries in Central and Eastern Europe . Some 9 million Germans were POWs , many of whom were kept as forced laborers for several years to provide restitution to the countries Germany had devastated in the war , and some industrial equipment was removed as reparations . The Cold War divided Germany between the Allies in the west and Soviets in the east . Germans had little voice in government until 1949 when two states emerged : Federal Republic of Germany ( FRG ) , commonly known as West Germany , was a parliamentary democracy with a capitalist economic system and free churches and labour unions . German Democratic Republic ( GDR ) , commonly known as East Germany , was the smaller Marxist -- Leninist socialist republic with its leadership dominated by the Soviet - aligned Socialist Unity Party of Germany ( SED ) in order to retain it within the Soviet sphere of influence . After experiencing its Wirtschaftswunder or `` economic miracle '' in 1955 , West Germany became the most prosperous economy in Europe . Under Chancellor Konrad Adenauer , West Germany built strong relationships with France , the United States , and Israel . West Germany also joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Economic Community ( later to become the European Union ) . East Germany stagnated as its economy was largely organized to meet the needs of the Soviet Union ; the secret police ( Stasi ) tightly controlled daily life , and the Berlin Wall ( 1961 ) ended the steady flow of refugees to the west . Germany was reunited in 1990 , following the decline and fall of the SED as the ruling party of the GDR . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Division of Germany 1.1 Four occupation zones 1.2 Expulsion and denazification 1.3 Industrial disarmament in western Germany 1.4 French designs 1.5 Dismantling in East Germany 1.6 Marshall plan and currency reform 1.7 Reparations to the U.S. 1.8 Nutritional levels and famine 1.9 Forced labour reparations 1.10 Mass rape 1.11 The different German states 2 West Germany ( Federal Republic of Germany ) 2.1 The Sixties : a time for reform 2.2 Political developments 1969 -- 1990 3 East Germany ( German Democratic Republic ) 3.1 Industry and agriculture in East Germany 4 Berlin 5 Relations between East Germany and West Germany 6 The reunification of East Germany and West Germany 6.1 Background 6.2 Treaty negotiations 6.3 Aftermath 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 GDR 9 External links The division of Germany ( edit ) Occupation zone borders in Germany , 1947 . The territories east of the Oder - Neisse line , ceded to Poland and the Soviet Union , are shown as white as is the likewise detached Saar Protectorate . Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone . Four occupation zones ( edit ) Further information : Office of Military Government , United States At the Potsdam Conference ( 17 July to 2 August 1945 ) , after Germany 's unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 , the Allies divided Germany into four military occupation zones -- France in the southwest , Britain in the northwest , the United States in the south , and the Soviet Union in the east , bounded eastwards by the Oder - Neisse line . At Potsdam these four zones in total were denoted as ' Germany as a whole ' , and the four Allied Powers exercised the sovereign authority they now claimed within Germany in agreeing ' in principle ' the future transfer of lands of the former German Reich east of ' Germany as a whole ' to Poland and the Soviet Union . These eastern areas were notionally placed under Polish and Soviet administration pending a final peace treaty ( which was not formalized until 1990 , 45 years later ) ; but in actuality were promptly reorganized as organic parts of their respective sovereign states . In addition , under the Allies ' Berlin Declaration ( 1945 ) , the territory of the extinguished German Reich was to be treated as the land area within its borders as of 31 December 1937 . All Nazi land expansion from 1938 to 1945 was hence treated as automatically invalid . Such expansion included the League of Nations administered City - State of Danzig ( occupied by Nazi Germany immediately following Germany 's 1 September 1939 invasion of Poland ) , Austria , the occupied territory of Czechoslovakia , Suwalki , Alsace - Lorraine , Luxembourg , post 27 September 1939 `` West Prussia '' , post 27 September 1939 `` Posen Province '' , northern Slovenia , Eupen , Malmedy , the part of Southern Silesia ultimately detached from 1918 Germany by action of the Versailles Treaty , likewise , the Hultschiner Laendchen . Expulsion and denazification ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Flight and expulsion of Germans ( 1944 -- 50 ) The northern half of East Prussia in the region of Königsberg was administratively assigned by the Potsdam Agreement to the Soviet Union , pending a final Peace Conference ( with the commitment of Britain and the United States to support its incorporation into Russia ) ; and was then annexed by the Soviet Union . Gdańsk and the southern half of East Prussia were incorporated into Poland on a similar basis ; the Allies having assured the Polish government - in - exile of their support for this after the Tehran Conference in 1943 . It was also agreed at Potsdam that Poland would receive all former German lands east of the Oder - Neisse line , although the exact delimitation of the boundary was left to be resolved at an eventual Peace Conference . Under the wartime alliances of the United Kingdom with the Czechoslovak and Polish governments - in - exile , the British had agreed in July 1942 to support `` ... the General Principle of the transfer to Germany of German minorities in Central and South Eastern Europe after the war in cases where this seems necessary and desirable '' . In 1944 roughly 12.4 million ethnic Germans were living in territory that became part of post-war Poland and Soviet Union . Approximately 6 million fled or were evacuated before the Red Army occupied the area . Of the remainder , around 2 million died during the war or in its aftermath ( 1.4 million as military casualties ; 600,000 as civilian deaths ) , 3.6 million were expelled by the Poles , one million declared themselves to be Poles , and 300,000 remained in Poland as Germans . The Sudetenland territories , surrendered to Germany by the Munich Agreement , were returned to Czechoslovakia ; these territories containing a further 3 million ethnic Germans . ' Wild ' expulsions from Czechoslovakia began immediately after the German surrender . August 1948 , German children deported from the eastern areas of Germany taken over by Poland arrive in West Germany . The Potsdam Conference subsequently sanctioned the `` orderly and humane '' transfer to Germany of individuals regarded as `` ethnic Germans '' by authorities in Czechoslovakia , Poland , and Hungary . The Potsdam Agreement recognized that these expulsions were already underway and were putting a burden on authorities in the German Occupation Zones , including the re-defined Soviet Occupation Zone . Most of the Germans who were being expelled were from Czechoslovakia and Poland , which included most of the territory to the east of the Oder - Neisse Line . The Potsdam Declaration stated : Since the influx of a large number of Germans into Germany would increase the burden already resting on the occupying authorities , they consider that the Allied Control Council in Germany should in the first instance examine the problem with special regard to the question of the equitable distribution of these Germans among the several zones of occupation . They are accordingly instructing their respective representatives on the control council to report to their Governments as soon as possible the extent to which such persons have already entered Germany from Poland , Czechoslovakia , and Hungary , and to submit an estimate of the time and rate at which further transfers could be carried out , having regard to the present situation in Germany . The Czechoslovak Government , the Polish Provisional Government and the control council in Hungary are at the same time being informed of the above and are being requested meanwhile to suspend further expulsions pending the examination by the Governments concerned of the report from their representatives on the control council . Many of the ethnic Germans , who were primarily women and children , and especially those under the control of Polish and Czechoslovakian authorities , were severely mistreated before they were ultimately deported to Germany . Thousands died in forced labor camps such as Lambinowice , Zgoda labour camp , Central Labour Camp Potulice , Central Labour Camp Jaworzno , Glaz , Milecin , Gronowo , and Sikawa . Others starved , died of disease , or froze to death while being expelled in slow and ill - equipped trains ; or in transit camps . Altogether , around 8 million ethnic German refugees and expellees from across Europe eventually settled in West Germany , with a further 3 million in East Germany . In West Germany these represented a major voting block ; maintaining a strong culture of grievance and victimhood against Soviet Power , pressing for a continued commitment to full German reunification , claiming compensation , pursuing the right of return to lost property in the East , and opposing any recognition of the postwar extension of Poland and the Soviet Union into former German lands . Due to the Cold War rhetoric and successful political machinations of Konrad Adenauer , this block eventually became substantially aligned with the Christian Democratic Union of Germany ; although in practice ' westward - looking ' CDU policies favouring the Atlantic Alliance and the European Union worked against the possibility of achieving the objectives of the expellee population from the east through negotiation with the Soviet Union . But for Adenauer , fostering and encouraging unrealistic demands and uncompromising expectations amongst the expellees would serve his `` Policy of Strength '' by which West Germany contrived to inhibit consideration of unification or a final Peace Treaty until the West was strong enough to face the Soviets on equal terms . Consequently , the Federal Republic in the 1950s adopted much of the symbolism of expellee groups ; especially in appropriating and subverting the terminology and imagery of the Holocaust ; applying this to post-war German experience instead . Eventually in 1990 , following the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany , the unified Germany indeed confirmed in treaties with Poland and the Soviet Union that the transfer of sovereignty over the former German eastern territories in 1945 had been permanent and irreversible ; Germany now undertaking never again to make territorial claims in respect of these lands . The intended governing body of Germany was called the Allied Control Council , consisting of the commanders - in - chief in Germany of the United States , the United Kingdom , France and the Soviet Union ; who exercised supreme authority in their respective zones , while supposedly acting in concert on questions affecting the whole country . In actuality however , the French consistently blocked any progress towards re-establishing all - German governing institutions ; substantially in pursuit of French aspirations for a dismembered Germany , but also as a response to the exclusion of France from the Potsdam conference . Berlin , which lay in the Soviet ( eastern ) sector , was also divided into four sectors with the Western sectors later becoming West Berlin and the Soviet sector becoming East Berlin , capital of East Germany . Provisional Civil Ensign A key item in the occupiers ' agenda was denazification . The swastika and other outward symbols of the Nazi regime were banned , and a Provisional Civil Ensign was established as a temporary German flag . It remained the official flag of the country ( necessary for reasons of international law ) until East Germany and West Germany ( see below ) were independently established in 1949 . The United States , the United Kingdom , and the Soviet Union had agreed at Potsdam to a broad program of decentralization , treating Germany as a single economic unit with some central administrative departments . These plans never materialised as the Soviet Union was intent on extracting as much material as possible in order to make good in part the enormous destruction caused by the German Wehrmacht , and the policy broke down completely in 1948 when the Russians blockaded West Berlin and the period known as the Cold War began . It was agreed at Potsdam that the leading members of the Nazi regime who had been captured should be put on trial accused of crimes against humanity , and this was one of the few points on which the four powers were able to agree . In order to secure the presence of the western allies in Berlin , the United States agreed to withdraw from Thuringia and Saxony in exchange for the division of Berlin into four sectors . The State Department and individual U.S. congressmen pressured to have this policy lifted . In June 1945 the prohibition against speaking with German children was loosened . In July troops were permitted to speak to German adults in certain circumstances . In September 1945 the entire policy was dropped . Only the ban on marriage between Americans and German or Austrian civilians remained in place . Industrial Disarmament in Western Germany ( edit ) The initial proposal for the post-surrender policy of the Western powers , the so - called Morgenthau Plan proposed by Henry Morgenthau , Jr. , was one of `` pastoralization '' . The Morgenthau Plan , though subsequently ostensibly shelved due to public opposition , influenced occupation policy ; most notably through the U.S. punitive occupation directive JCS 1067 and The industrial plans for Germany The `` ' Level of Industry plans for Germany '' were the plans to lower German industrial potential after World War II . At the Potsdam conference , with the U.S. operating under influence of the Morgenthau plan , the victorious Allies decided to abolish the German armed forces as well as all munitions factories and civilian industries that could support them . This included the destruction of all ship and aircraft manufacturing capability . Further , it was decided that civilian industries which might have a military potential , which in the modern era of `` total war '' included virtually all , were to be severely restricted . The restriction of the latter was set to Germany 's `` approved peacetime needs '' , which were defined to be set on the average European standard . In order to achieve this , each type of industry was subsequently reviewed to see how many factories Germany required under these minimum level of industry requirements . The first plan , from 29 March 1946 , stated that German heavy industry was to be lowered to 50 % of its 1938 levels by the destruction of 1,500 listed manufacturing plants . In January 1946 the Allied Control Council set the foundation of the future German economy by putting a cap on German steel production -- the maximum allowed was set at about 5,800,000 tons of steel a year , equivalent to 25 % of the prewar production level . The UK , in whose occupation zone most of the steel production was located , had argued for a more limited capacity reduction by placing the production ceiling at 12 million tons of steel per year , but had to submit to the will of the U.S. , France and the Soviet Union ( which had argued for a 3 million ton limit ) . Germany was to be reduced to the standard of life it had known at the height of the Great Depression ( 1932 ) . Car production was set to 10 % of pre-war levels , etc . By 1950 , after the virtual completion of the by then much watered - down plans , equipment had been removed from 706 factories in the west and steel production capacity had been reduced by 6,700,000 tons . Timber exports from the U.S. occupation zone were particularly heavy . Sources in the U.S. government stated that the purpose of this was the `` ultimate destruction of the war potential of German forests . '' With the beginning of the Cold war , the Western policies changed as it became evident that a return to operation of the West German industry was needed not only for the restoration of the whole European economy but also for the rearmament of West Germany as an ally against the Soviet Union . On 6 September 1946 United States Secretary of State , James F. Byrnes made the famous speech Restatement of Policy on Germany , also known as the Stuttgart speech , where he amongst other things repudiated the Morgenthau plan - influenced policies and gave the West Germans hope for the future . Reports such as The President 's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria helped to show the U.S. public how bad the situation in Germany really was . The next improvement came in July 1947 , when after lobbying by the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and Generals Clay and Marshall , the Truman administration decided that economic recovery in Europe could not go forward without the reconstruction of the German industrial base on which it had previously been dependent . In July 1947 , President Harry S. Truman rescinded on `` national security grounds '' the punitive occupation directive JCS 1067 , which had directed the U.S. forces in Germany to `` take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany . '' It was replaced by JCS 1779 , which instead stressed that `` ( a ) n orderly , prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany . '' The dismantling did however continue , and in 1949 West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer wrote to the Allies requesting that it end , citing the inherent contradiction between encouraging industrial growth and removing factories and also the unpopularity of the policy . Support for dismantling was by this time coming predominantly from the French , and the Petersberg Agreement of November 1949 reduced the levels vastly , though dismantling of minor factories continued until 1951 . The final limitations on German industrial levels were lifted after the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951 , though arms manufacture remained prohibited . French designs ( edit ) Under the Monnet Plan , France -- intent on ensuring that Germany would never again have the strength to threaten it -- began in 1945 to attempt to gain economic control of the remaining German industrial areas with large coal and mineral deposits ; the Rhineland , the Ruhr and the Saar ( Germany 's second largest center of mining and industry , Upper Silesia , had been handed over by the Allies to Poland at the Potsdam conference and the German population was being forcibly expelled ) The Ruhr Agreement had been imposed on the Germans as a condition for permitting them to establish the Federal Republic of Germany . ( see also the International Authority for the Ruhr ( IAR ) ) . French attempts to gain political control of or permanently internationalize the Ruhr were abandoned in 1951 with the West German agreement to pool its coal and steel resources in return for full political control over the Ruhr ( see European Coal and Steel Community ) . With French economic security guaranteed through access to Ruhr coal now permanently ensured France was satisfied . The French attempt to gain economic control over the Saar was temporarily even more successful . In the speech Restatement of Policy on Germany , held in Stuttgart on 6 September 1946 , the United States Secretary of State James F. Byrnes stated the U.S. motive in detaching the Saar from Germany as `` The United States does not feel that it can deny to France , which has been invaded three times by Germany in 70 years , its claim to the Saar territory '' . The Saar came under French administration in 1947 as the Saar Protectorate , but did return to Germany in January 1957 ( following a referendum ) , with economic reintegration with Germany occurring a few years later . Although not a party to the Potsdam conference where the policy of industrial disarmament had been set , as a member of the Allied Control Council France came to champion this policy since it ensured a weak Germany . In August 1954 the French parliament voted down the treaty that would have established the European Defense Community , a treaty they themselves had proposed in 1950 as a means to contain German revival . France instead focused on another treaty also under development . In May 1950 France had proposed the European Coal and Steel Community with the purpose of ensuring French economic security by perpetuating access to German Ruhr coal , but also to show to the U.S. and the UK that France could come up with constructive solutions , as well as to pacify Germany by making it part of an international project . Germany was eventually allowed to rearm , but under the auspices of the Western European Union , and later NATO . Dismantling in East Germany ( edit ) The Soviet Union engaged in a massive industrial dismantling campaign in its occupation zone , much more intensive than that carried out by the Western powers . While the Soviet powers soon realized that their actions alienated the German workforce from the Communist cause , they decided that the desperate economic situation within the Soviet Union took priority over alliance building . The allied leaders had agreed on paper to economic and political cooperation but the issue of reparations dealt an early blow to the prospect of a united Germany in 1945 . The figure of $20 Billion had been floated by Stalin as an adequate recompense but as the United States refused to consider this a basis for negotiation The Soviet Union was left only with the opportunity of extracting its own reparations , at a heavy cost to the East Germans . This was the beginning of the formal split of Germany . Marshall Plan and currency reform ( edit ) With the Western Allies eventually becoming concerned about the deteriorating economic situation in their `` Trizone '' , the American Marshall Plan of economic aid was extended to Western Germany in 1948 and a currency reform , which had been prohibited under the previous occupation directive JCS 1067 , introduced the Deutsche Mark and halted rampant inflation . Though the Marshall Plan is regarded as playing a key psychological role in the West German recovery , other factors were also significant . The Soviets had not agreed to the currency reform ; in March 1948 they withdrew from the four - power governing bodies , and in June 1948 they initiated the Berlin blockade , blocking all ground transport routes between Western Germany and West Berlin . The Western Allies replied with a continuous airlift of supplies to the western half of the city . The Soviets ended the blockade after 11 months . Reparations to the U.S. ( edit ) Further information : German reparations for World War II The Allies confiscated intellectual property of great value , all German patents , both in Germany and abroad , and used them to strengthen their own industrial competitiveness by licensing them to Allied companies . Beginning immediately after the German surrender and continuing for the next two years , the U.S. pursued a vigorous program to harvest all technological and scientific know - how as well as all patents in Germany . John Gimbel comes to the conclusion , in his book `` Science Technology and Reparations : Exploitation and Plunder in Postwar Germany '' , that the `` intellectual reparations '' taken by the U.S. and the UK amounted to close to $10 billion . During the more than two years that this policy was in place , no industrial research in Germany could take place , as any results would have been automatically available to overseas competitors who were encouraged by the occupation authorities to access all records and facilities . Meanwhile , thousands of the best German scientists were being put to work in the U.S. ( see also Operation Paperclip ) Nutritional levels and famine ( edit ) The average daily food ration in the UK occupation zone ( 1948 ) Collapsed employee of the labor office during the hunger - winter , December 1948 . During the war , Germans seized food supplies from occupied countries and forced millions of foreigners to work on German farms , in addition to food shipped from farms in eastern Germany . When this ended in 1945 , the German rationing system ( which stayed in place ) had much lower supplies of food . The U.S. Army sent in large shipments of food to feed some 7.7 million prisoners of war -- far more than they had expected -- as well as the general population . For several years following the surrender , German nutritional levels were low . The Germans were not high on the priority list for international aid , which went to the victims of the Nazis . It was directed that all relief went to non-German displaced persons , liberated Allied POWs , and concentration camp inmates . During 1945 it was estimated that the average German civilian in the U.S. and UK occupation zones received 1200 kilocalories a day in official rations , not counting food they grew themselves or purchased on the large - scale black market . In early October 1945 the UK government privately acknowledged in a cabinet meeting that German civilian adult death rates had risen to 4 times the pre-war levels and death rates amongst the German children had risen by 10 times the pre-war levels . The German Red Cross was dissolved , and the International Red Cross and the few other allowed international relief agencies were kept from helping Germans through strict controls on supplies and on travel . The few agencies permitted to help Germans , such as the indigenous Caritasverband , were not allowed to use imported supplies . When the Vatican attempted to transmit food supplies from Chile to German infants , the U.S. State Department forbade it . The German food situation became worse during the very cold winter of 1946 -- 1947 when German calorie intake ranged from 1,000 -- 1,500 kilocalories per day , a situation made worse by severe lack of fuel for heating . Forced labour reparations ( edit ) See also : Forced labor of Germans after World War II As agreed by the Allies at the Yalta conference Germans were used as forced labor as part of the reparations to be extracted . By 1947 it is estimated that 400,000 Germans ( both civilians and POWs ) were being used as forced labor by the U.S. , France , the UK , and the Soviet Union . German prisoners were for example forced to clear minefields in France and the Low Countries . By December 1945 it was estimated by French authorities that 2,000 German prisoners were being killed or injured each month in accidents . In Norway the last available casualty record , from 29 August 1945 , shows that by that time a total of 275 German soldiers died while clearing mines , while 392 had been injured . Death rates for the German civilians doing forced labor in the Soviet Union ranged between 19 % and 39 % , depending on category . Mass rape ( edit ) Main article : Rape during the occupation of Germany See also : Soviet war crimes Norman Naimark writes in The Russians in Germany : A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation , 1945 -- 1949 that although the exact number of women and girls who were raped by members of the Red Army in the months preceding and years following the capitulation will never be known , their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands , quite possibly as high as the 2,000,000 victims estimate made by Barbara Johr , in `` Befreier und Befreite '' . Many of these victims were raped repeatedly . Naimark states that not only had each victim to carry the trauma with her for the rest of her days , it inflicted a massive collective trauma on the East German nation ( the German Democratic Republic ) . Naimark concludes `` The social psychology of women and men in the Soviet zone of occupation was marked by the crime of rape from the first days of occupation , through the founding of the GDR in the fall of 1949 , until -- one could argue -- the present . '' Some of the victims had been raped as many as 60 to 70 times . The different German states ( edit ) In 1947 , the Saar Protectorate had been established under French control , in the area corresponding to the current German state of Saarland . It was not allowed to join its fellow German neighbors until a plebiscite in 1955 rejected the proposed autonomy . This paved the way for the accession of the Saarland to the Federal Republic of Germany as its 12th state , which went into effect on 1 January 1957 . On 23 May 1949 , the Federal Republic of Germany ( FRG , Bundesrepublik Deutschland ) was established on the territory of the Western occupied zones , with Bonn as its `` provisional '' capital . It comprised the area of 11 newly formed states ( replacing the pre-war states ) , with present - day Baden - Württemberg being split into three states until 1952 ) . The Federal Republic was declared `` fully sovereign '' on 5 May 1955 . On 7 October 1949 the German Democratic Republic ( GDR , Deutsche Demokratische Republik ( DDR ) ) , with East Berlin as its capital , was established in the Soviet Zone . The 1952 Stalin Note proposed German reunification and superpower disengagement from Central Europe but Britain , France , and the United States rejected the offer as insincere . Also , West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer preferred `` Westintegration '' , rejecting `` experiments '' . In English , the two larger states were known informally as `` West Germany '' and `` East Germany '' respectively . In both cases , the former occupying troops remained permanently stationed there . The former German capital , Berlin , was a special case , being divided into East Berlin and West Berlin , with West Berlin completely surrounded by East German territory . Though the German inhabitants of West Berlin were citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany , West Berlin was not legally incorporated into West Germany ; it remained under the formal occupation of the western allies until 1990 , although most day - to - day administration was conducted by an elected West Berlin government . West Germany was allied with the United States , the United Kingdom , and France . A western democratic country with a `` social market economy '' , the country would from the 1950s onwards come to enjoy prolonged economic growth ( Wirtschaftswunder ) following the Marshall Plan help from the Allies , the currency reform of June 1948 and helped by the fact that the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) led to a worldwide increased demand for goods , where the resulting shortage helped overcome lingering resistance to the purchase of German products . East Germany was at first occupied by and later ( May 1955 ) allied with the Soviet Union . West Germany ( Federal Republic of Germany ) ( edit ) See also : West Germany Konrad Adenauer The Western Allies turned over increasing authority to West German officials and moved to establish a nucleus for a future German government by creating a central Economic Council for their zones . The program later provided for a West German constituent assembly , an occupation statute governing relations between the Allies and the German authorities , and the political and economic merger of the French with the British and American zones . On 23 May 1949 , the Grundgesetz ( Basic Law ) , the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany , was promulgated . Following elections in August , the first federal government was formed on 20 September 1949 , by Konrad Adenauer ( CDU ) . Adenauer 's government was a coalition of the CDU , the CSU and the Free Democrats . The next day , the occupation statute came into force , granting powers of self - government with certain exceptions . In 1949 the new provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany was established in Bonn , after Chancellor Konrad Adenauer intervened emphatically for Bonn ( which was only fifteen kilometers away from his hometown ) . Most of the members of the German constitutional assembly ( as well as the U.S. Supreme Command ) had favored Frankfurt am Main where the Hessian administration had already started the construction of a plenary assembly hall . The Parlamentarischer Rat ( interim parliament ) proposed a new location for the capital , as Berlin was then a special administrative region controlled directly by the allies and surrounded by the Soviet zone of occupation . The former Reichstag building in Berlin was occasionally used as a venue for sittings of the Bundestag and its committees and the Bundesversammlung , the body which elects the German Federal President . However , the Soviets disrupted the use of the Reichstag building by institutions of the Federal Republic of Germany by flying supersonic jets near the building . A number of cities were proposed to host the federal government , and Kassel ( among others ) was eliminated in the first round . Other politicians opposed the choice of Frankfurt out of concern that , as one of the largest German cities and a former centre of the Holy Roman Empire , it would be accepted as a `` permanent '' capital of Germany , thereby weakening the West German population 's support for reunification and the eventual return of the Government to Berlin . After the Petersberg agreement West Germany quickly progressed toward fuller sovereignty and association with its European neighbors and the Atlantic community . The London and Paris agreements of 1954 restored most of the state 's sovereignty ( with some exceptions ) in May 1955 and opened the way for German membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) . In April 1951 , West Germany joined with France , Italy and the Benelux countries in the European Coal and Steel Community ( forerunner of the European Union ) . The outbreak of the Korean War ( June 1950 ) led to U.S. calls for the rearmament of West Germany in order to defend western Europe from the perceived Soviet threat . But the memory of German aggression led other European states to seek tight control over the West German military . Germany 's partners in the Coal and Steel Community decided to establish a European Defence Community ( EDC ) , with an integrated army , navy and air force , composed of the armed forces of its member states . The West German military would be subject to complete EDC control , but the other EDC member states ( Belgium , France , Italy , Luxembourg and the Netherlands ) would cooperate in the EDC while maintaining independent control of their own armed forces . Though the EDC treaty was signed ( May 1952 ) , it never entered into force . France 's Gaullists rejected it on the grounds that it threatened national sovereignty , and when the French National Assembly refused to ratify it ( August 1954 ) , the treaty died . The French had killed their own proposal . Other means had to be found to allow West German rearmament . In response , the Brussels Treaty was modified to include West Germany , and to form the Western European Union ( WEU ) . West Germany was to be permitted to rearm , and have full sovereign control of its military ; the WEU would , however , regulate the size of the armed forces permitted to each of its member states . Fears of a return to Nazism , however , soon receded , and as a consequence , these provisions of the WEU treaty have little effect today . The Volkswagen Beetle was an icon of West German reconstruction . Between 1949 and 1960 , the West German economy grew at an unparalleled rate . Low rates of inflation , modest wage increases and a quickly rising export quota made it possible to restore the economy and brought a modest prosperity . According to the official statistics the German gross national product grew in average by about 7 % annually between 1950 and 1960 . GNP growth 1950 -- 1960 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 + 10.5 + 8.3 + 7.5 + 7.4 + 11.5 + 6.9 + 5.4 + 3.3 + 6.7 + 8.8 The initial demand for housing , the growing demand for machine tools , chemicals , and automobiles and a rapidly increasing agricultural production were the initial triggers to this ' Wirtschaftswunder ' ( economic miracle ) as it was known , although there was nothing miraculous about it . The era became closely linked with the name of Ludwig Erhard , who led the Ministry of Economics during the decade . Unemployment at the start of the decade stood at 10.3 % , but by 1960 it had dropped to 1.2 % , practically speaking full employment . In fact , there was a growing demand for labor in many industries as the workforce grew by 3 % per annum , the reserves of labor were virtually used up . The millions of displaced persons and the refugees from the eastern provinces had all been integrated into the workforce . At the end of the decade , thousands of younger East Germans were packing their bags and migrating westwards , posing an ever - growing problem for the GDR nomenklatura . With the construction of the Berlin wall in August 1961 they hoped to end the loss of labor and in doing so they posed the West German government with a new problem -- how to satisfy the apparently insatiable demand for labor . The answer was to recruit unskilled workers from Southern European countries ; the era of the Gastarbeiter ( foreign laborers ) began . In October 1961 an initial agreement was signed with the Turkish government and the first Gastarbeiter began to arrive . By 1966 , some 1,300,000 foreign workers had been recruited mainly from Italy , Turkey , Spain , and Greece . By 1971 , the number had reached 2.6 million workers . The initial plan was that single workers would come to Germany , would work for a limited number of years and then return home . The significant differences between wages in their home countries and in Germany led many workers to bring their families and to settle -- at least until retirement -- in Germany . That the German authorities took little notice of the radical changes that these shifts of population structure meant was the cause of considerable debate in later years . In the 1950s Federal Republic , restitution laws for compensation for those who had suffered under the Nazis was limited to only those who had suffered from `` racial , religious or political reasons '' , which were defined in such a way as to sharply limit the number of people entitled to collect compensation . According to the 1953 law on compensation for suffering during the National Socialist era , only those with a territorial connection with Germany could receive compensation for their suffering , which had the effect of excluding the millions of people , mostly from Central and Eastern Europe , who had been taken to Germany to work as slave labor during World War II . In the same vein , to be eligible for compensation they would have to prove that they were part of the `` realm of German language and culture '' , a requirement that excluded most of the surviving slave laborers who did not know German or at least enough German to be considered part of the `` realm of German language and culture '' . Likewise , the law excluded homosexuals , Gypsies , Communists , Asoziale ( `` Asocials '' - people considered by the National Socialist state to be anti-social , a broad category comprising anyone from petty criminals to people who just were merely eccentric and non-conformist ) , and homeless people for their suffering in the concentration camps under the grounds that all these people were `` criminals '' whom the state was protecting German society from by sending them to concentration camps , and in essence these victims of the National Socialist state got what they deserved , making them unworthy of compensation . In this regard it is significant that the 1935 version of Paragraph 175 was not repealed until 1969 . As a result , German homosexuals - in many cases survivors of the concentration camps -- between 1949 and 1969 continued to be convicted under the same law that had been used to convict them between 1935 and 1945 , though in the period 1949 -- 69 they were sent to prison rather than to a concentration camp . A study done in 1953 showed that of the 42,000 people who had survived the Buchenwald concentration camp , only 700 were entitled to compensation under the 1953 law . The German historian Alf Lüdtke wrote that the decision to deny that the Roma and the Sinti had been victims of National Socialist racism and to exclude the Roma and Sinti from compensation under the grounds that they were all `` criminals '' reflected the same anti-Gypsy racism that made them the target of persecution and genocide during the National Socialist era . The cause of the Roma and Sinti excited so little public interest that it was not until 1979 that a group was founded to lobby for compensation for the Roma and the Sinti survivors . Communist concentration camp survivors were excluded from compensation under the grounds that in 1933 the KPD had been seeking `` violent domination '' by working for a Communist revolution , and thus the banning of the KPD and the subsequent repression of the Communists were justified . In 1956 , the law was amended to allow Communist concentration camp survivors to collect compensation provided that they had not been associated with Communist causes after 1945 , but as almost all the surviving Communists belonged to the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime , which had been banned in 1951 by the Hamburg government as a Communist front organisation , the new law did not help many of the KPD survivors . Compensation started to be paid to most Communist survivors regardless if they had belonged to the VVN or not following a 1967 court ruling , through the same court ruling had excluded those Communists who had `` actively '' fought the constitutional order after the banning of the KPD again in 1956 . Only in the 1980s were demands made mostly from members of the SPD , FDP and above all the Green parties that the Federal Republic pay compensation to the Roma , Sinti , gay , homeless and Asoziale survivors of the concentration camps . In regards to the memory of the Nazi period in the 1950s Federal Republic , there was a marked tendency to argue that everyone regardless of what side they had been on in World War II were all equally victims of the war . In the same way , the Nazi regime tended to be portrayed in the 1950s as a small clique of criminals entirely unrepresentative of German society who were sharply demarcated from the rest of German society or as the German historian Alf Ludtke argued in popular memory that it was a case of `` us '' ( i.e ordinary people ) ruled over by `` them '' ( i.e. the Nazis ) . Though the Nazi regime itself was rarely glorified in popular memory , in the 1950s World War II and the Wehrmacht were intensely gloried and celebrated by the public . In countless memoirs , novels , histories , newspaper articles , films , magazines , and Landserheft ( a type of comic book in Germany glorifying war ) , the Wehrmacht was celebrated as an awesome , heroic fighting force that had fought a `` clean war '' unlike the SS and which would have won the war as the Wehrmacht was always portrayed as superior to the Allied forces had not been for mistakes on the part of Hitler or workings of `` fate '' . The Second World War was usually portrayed in heavily romantic aura in various works that celebrated the comradeship and heroism of ordinary soldiers under danger with the war itself being shown as `` ... a great adventure for idealists and daredevils ... '' who for the most part had a thoroughly fun time . The tendency in the 1950s to glorify war by depicting World War II as a fun - filled , grand adventure for the men who served in Hitler 's war machine meant the horrors and hardship of the war were often downplayed . In his 2004 essay `` Celluloid Soldiers '' about post-war German films , the Israeli historian Omer Bartov wrote that German films of the 1950s always showed the average German soldier as a heroic victim : noble , tough , brave , honourable and patriotic , while fighting hard in a senseless war for a regime that he did not care for . Commendations of the victims of the Nazis tended to center around honoring those involved in the July 20 putsch attempt of 1944 , which meant annual ceremonies attended by all the leading politicians at the Bendlerblock and Plötzensee Prison to honor those executed for their involvement in the 20 July putsch . By contrast , almost no ceremonies were held in the 1950s at the ruins of the concentration camps like Bergen - Belsen or Dachau , which were ignored and neglected by the Länder governments in charge of their care . Not until 1966 did the Land of Lower Saxony opened Bergen - Belsen to the public by founding a small `` house of documentation '' , and even then it was in response to criticism that the Lower Saxon government was intentionally neglecting the ruins of Bergen - Belsen . Though it was usually claimed at the time that everybody in the Second World War was a victim , Ludtke commented that the disparity between the millions of Deutsche Marks spent in the 1950s in turning the Benderblock and Plötzensee prison into sites of remembrance honoring those conservatives executed after the 20 July putsch versus the neglect of the former concentration camps suggested that in both official and popular memory that some victims of the Nazis were considered more worthy of remembrance than others . It was against this context where popular memory was focused on glorifying the heroic deeds of the Wehrmacht while treating the genocide by the National Socialist regime as almost a footnote that in the autumn of 1959 that the philosopher Theodor W. Adorno gave a much - publicized speech on TV that called for Vergangenheitsbewältigung ( `` coming to terms with the past '' ) . Adorno stated that most people were engaged in a process of `` willful forgetting '' about the Nazi period and used euphemistic language to avoid confronting the period such as the use of the term Kristallnacht ( Crystal Night ) for the pogrom of November 1938 . Adorno called for promoting a critical `` consciousness '' that would allow people to `` come to terms with the past '' . West German authorities made great efforts to end the denazification process that had been started by the occupying powers and to liberate war criminals from prison , including those that had been convicted at the Nuremberg trials , while demarcating the sphere of legitimate political activity against blatant attempts at a political rehabilitation of the Nazi regime . Until the end of occupation in 1990 , the three Western Allies retained occupation powers in Berlin and certain responsibilities for Germany as a whole . Under the new arrangements , the Allies stationed troops within West Germany for NATO defense , pursuant to stationing and status - of - forces agreements . With the exception of 45,000 French troops , Allied forces were under NATO 's joint defense command . ( France withdrew from the collective military command structure of NATO in 1966 . ) Political life in West Germany was remarkably stable and orderly . The Adenauer era ( 1949 -- 63 ) was followed by a brief period under Ludwig Erhard ( 1963 -- 66 ) who , in turn , was replaced by Kurt Georg Kiesinger ( 1966 -- 69 ) . All governments between 1949 and 1966 were formed by coalitions of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) and Christian Social Union ( CSU ) , either alone or in coalition with the smaller Free Democratic Party ( FDP ) . The sixties : a time for reform ( edit ) The grand old man of German postwar politics had to be dragged -- almost literally -- out of office in 1963 . In 1959 , it was time to elect a new President and Adenauer decided that he would place Erhard in this office . Erhard was not enthusiastic , and to everybody 's surprise , Adenauer decided at the age of 83 that he would take on the position . His aim was apparently to remain in control of German politics for another ten years despite the growing mood for change , but when his advisers informed him just how limited the powers of the president were he quickly lost interest . An alternative candidate was needed and eventually the Minister of Agriculture , Heinrich Lübke took on the task and was duly elected . In October 1962 , the weekly news magazine Der Spiegel published an analysis of the West German military defense . The conclusion was that there were several weaknesses in the system . Ten days after publication , the offices of Der Spiegel in Hamburg were raided by the police and quantities of documents were seized under the orders of the CSU Defense Minister Franz Josef Strauss . Chancellor Adenauer proclaimed in the Bundestag that the article was tantamount to high treason and that the authors would be prosecuted . The editor / owner of the magazine , Rudolf Augstein spent some time in jail before the public outcry over the breaking of laws on freedom of the press became too loud to be ignored . The FDP members of Adenauer 's cabinet resigned from the government , demanding the resignation of Franz Josef Strauss , Defence Minister , who had decidedly overstepped his competence during the crisis by his heavy - handed attempt to silence Der Spiegel for essentially running a story that was unflattering to him ( which incidentally was true ) . The British historian Frederick Taylor argued that the Federal Republic under Adenauer retained many of the characteristics of the authoritarian `` deep state '' that existed under the Weimar Republic , and that the Der Spiegel affair marked an important turning point in German values as ordinary people rejected the old authoritarian values in favor of the more democratic values that are today seen as the bedrock of the Federal Republic . Adenauer 's own reputation was impaired by Spiegel affair and he announced that he would step down in the Fall of 1963 . His successor was to be the Economics Minister Ludwig Erhard , who was the man widely credited as the father of the `` economic miracle '' of the 1950s and of whom great things were expected . The proceedings of the War Crimes Tribunal at Nuremberg had been widely publicised in Germany but , a new generation of teachers , educated with the findings of historical studies , could begin to reveal the truth about the war and the crimes committed in the name of the German people . In 1963 , a German court ruled that a KGB assassin named Bohdan Stashynsky who had committed several murders in the Federal Republic in the late 1950s was not legally guilty of murder , but was only an accomplice to murder as the responsibility for Stashynsky 's murders rested only with his superiors in Moscow who had given him his orders . The legal implications of the Stashynsky case , namely that in a totalitarian system only executive decision - makers can be held legally responsible for any murders committed and that anyone else who follows orders and commits murders were just accomplices to murder was to greatly hinder the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in the coming decades , and ensured that even when convicted , that Nazi criminals received the far lighter sentences reserved for accomplices to murders than the harsher sentences given to murderers . The term executive decision - maker who could be found guilty of murder was reserved by the courts only for those at the highest levels of the Reich leadership during the Nazi period . The only way that a Nazi criminal could be convicted of murder was to show that they were not following orders at the time and had acted on their initiative when killing someone . One courageous attorney , Fritz Bauer patiently gathered evidence on the guards of the Auschwitz death camp and about twenty were put trial in Frankfurt between 1963 - 1965 in what came to be known as the Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials . The men on trial in Frankfurt were tried only for murders and other crimes that they committed on their own initiative at Auschwitz and were not tried for anything that they did at Auschwitz when following orders , which was considered by the courts to be the lesser crime of accomplice to murder . Because of this , Bauer could only indict for murder those who killed when not following orders , and those who had killed when following orders were indicted as accomplices to murder . Moreover because of the legal distinction between murderers and accomplices to murder , an SS man who killed thousands while operating the gas chambers at Auschwitz could only be found guilty of being accomplice to murder because he had been following orders , while an SS man who had beaten one inmate to death on his initiative could be convicted of murder because he had not been following orders . Daily newspaper reports and visits by school classes to the proceedings revealed to the German public the nature of the concentration camp system and it became evident that the Shoah was of vastly greater dimensions than the German population had believed . ( The term ' Holocaust ' for the systematic mass - murder of Jews first came into use in 1979 , when an American mini-series with that name was shown on German television . ) The processes set in motion by the Auschwitz trial reverberated decades later . In the early sixties , the rate of economic growth slowed down significantly . In 1962 , the growth rate was 4.7 % and the following year , 2.0 % . After a brief recovery , the growth rate petered into a recession , with no growth in 1967 . The economic showdown forced Erhard 's resignation in 1966 and he was replaced with Kurt Georg Kiesinger of the CDU . Kiesinger was to attract much controversy because in 1933 he had joined the National Socialist Legal Guild and NSDAP ( membership in the former was necessary in order to practice law , but membership in the latter was entirely voluntary ) . In order to deal with the problem of the economic slowdown , a new coalition was formed . Kiesinger 's 1966 -- 69 grand coalition was between West Germany 's two largest parties , the CDU / CSU and the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) . This was important for the introduction of new emergency acts -- the grand coalition gave the ruling parties the two - thirds majority of votes required for their ratification . These controversial acts allowed basic constitutional rights such as freedom of movement to be limited in case of a state of emergency . Rudi Dutschke , student leader During the time leading up to the passing of the laws , there was fierce opposition to them , above all by the Free Democratic Party , the rising German student movement , a group calling itself Notstand der Demokratie ( Democracy in Crisis ) , the Außerparlamentarische Opposition and members of the Campaign against Nuclear Armament . In the late 1960s saw the rise of the student movement and university campuses in a constant state of uproar . A key event in the development of open democratic debate occurred in 1967 when the Shah of Iran visited West Berlin . Several thousand demonstrators gathered outside the Opera House where he was to attend a special performance . Supporters of the Shah ( later known as ' Jubelperser ' ) , armed with staves and bricks , attacked the protesters while the police stood by and watched . A demonstration in the center was being forcibly dispersed when a bystander named Benno Ohnesorg was shot in the head and killed by a plain - clothed policeman Karl - Heinz Kurras . ( It has now been established that the policeman , Kurras , was a paid spy of the East German Stasi security forces . ) Protest demonstrations continued , and calls for more active opposition by some groups of students were made , which was declared by the press , especially the tabloid Bild - Zeitung newspaper , to be acts of terrorism . The conservative Bild - Zeitung waged a massive campaign against the protesters who were declared to be just hooligans and thugs in the pay of East Germany . The press baron Axel Springer emerged as one of the principal hate figures for the student protesters because of Bild - Zeitung 's often violent attacks on them . Protests against the US intervention in Vietnam , mingled with anger over the vigor with which demonstrations were repressed , led to mounting militancy among the students at the universities of Berlin . One of the most prominent campaigners was a young man from East Germany called Rudi Dutschke who also criticised the forms of capitalism that were to be seen in West Berlin . Just before Easter 1968 , a young man tried to kill Dutschke as he bicycled to the student union , seriously injuring him . All over West Germany , thousands demonstrated against the Springer newspapers which were seen as the prime cause of the violence against students . Trucks carrying newspapers were set on fire and windows in office buildings broken . In the wake of these demonstrations , in which the question of America 's role in Vietnam began to play a bigger role , came a desire among the students to find out more about the role of their parents ' generation in the Nazi era . In 1968 , the Bundestag passed a Misdemeanors Bill dealing with traffic misdemeanors , into which a high - ranking civil servant named Dr. Eduard Dreher who had been drafting the bill inserted a prefatory section to the bill under a very misleading heading that declared that henceforth there was a statute of limitations of 15 years from the time of the offense for the crime of being an accomplices to murder which was to apply retroactively , which made it impossible to prosecute war criminals even for being accomplices to murder since the statute of limitations as now defined for the last of the suspects had expired by 1960 . The Bundestag passed the Misdemeanors Bill without bothering to read the bill in its entirety so its members missed Dreher 's amendment . It was estimated in 1969 that thanks to Dreher 's amendment to the Misdemeanors Bill that 90 % of all Nazi war criminals now enjoyed total immunity from prosecution . The prosecutor Adalbert Rückerl who headed the Central Bureau for the Prosecution of National Socialist Crimes told an interviewer in 1969 that this amendment had done immense harm to the ability of the Bureau to prosecute those suspected of war crimes and crimes against humanity . The calling in question of the actions and policies of the government led to a new climate of debate by the late 1960s . The issues of emancipation , colonialism , environmentalism and grass roots democracy were discussed at all levels of society . In 1979 , the environmental party , the Greens , reached the 5 % limit required to obtain parliamentary seats in the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen provincial election . Also of great significance was the steady growth of a feminist movement in which women demonstrated for equal rights . Until 1979 , a married woman had to have the permission of her husband if she wanted to take on a job or open a bank account . Parallel to this , a gay movement began to grow in the larger cities , especially in West Berlin , where homosexuality had been widely accepted during the twenties in the Weimar Republic . In 1969 , the Bundestag repealed the 1935 Nazi amendment to Paragraph 175 , which not only made homosexual acts a felony , but had also made any expressions of homosexuality illegal ( before 1935 only gay sex had been illegal ) . However , Paragraph 175 which made homosexual acts illegal remained on the statute books and was not repealed until 1994 , although it had been softened in 1973 by making gay sex illegal only with those under the age of 18 . RAF symbol Anger over the treatment of demonstrators following the death of Benno Ohnesorg and the attack on Rudi Dutschke , coupled with growing frustration over the lack of success in achieving their aims , led to growing militancy among students and their supporters . In May 1968 , three young people set fire to two department stores in Frankfurt ; they were brought to trial and made very clear to the court that they regarded their action as a legitimate act in what they described as the ' struggle against imperialism ' . The student movement began to split into different factions , ranging from the unattached liberals to the Maoists and supporters of direct action in every form -- the anarchists . Several groups set as their objective the aim of radicalizing the industrial workers and , taking an example from activities in Italy of the Brigade Rosse , many students went to work in the factories , but with little or no success . The most notorious of the underground groups was the ' Baader - Meinhof Group ' , later known as the Red Army Faction , which began by making bank raids to finance their activities and eventually went underground having killed a number of policemen , several bystanders and eventually two prominent West Germans , whom they had taken captive in order to force the release of prisoners sympathetic to their ideas . The `` Baader - Meinhof gang '' was committed to the overthrow of the Federal Republic via terrorism in order to achieve the establishment of a Communist state . In the 1990s attacks were still being committed under the name `` RAF '' . The last action took place in 1993 and the group announced it was giving up its activities in 1998 . Evidence that the groups had been infiltrated by German Intelligence undercover agents has since emerged , partly through the insistence of the son of one of their prominent victims , the State Counsel Buback . Political developments 1969 -- 1990 ( edit ) In the 1969 election , the SPD -- headed by Willy Brandt -- gained enough votes to form a coalition government with the FDP . Although Chancellor for only just over four years , Brandt was one of the most popular politicians in the whole period . Brandt was a gifted speaker and the growth of the Social Democrats from there on was in no small part due to his personality . Brandt began a policy of rapprochement with West Germany 's eastern neighbors known as Ostpolitik , a policy opposed by the CDU . The issue of improving relations with Poland , Czechoslovakia , and East Germany made for an increasingly aggressive tone in public debates but it was a huge step forward when Willy Brandt and the Foreign Minister , Walther Scheel ( FDP ) negotiated agreements with all three countries ( Moscow Agreement , August 1970 , Warsaw Agreement , December 1970 , Four - Power Agreement over the status of West Berlin in 1971 and an agreement on relations between West and East Germany , signed in December 1972 ) . These agreements were the basis for a rapid improvement in the relations between east and west and led , in the long term , to the dismantlement of the Warsaw Treaty and the Soviet Union 's control over East - Central Europe . During a visit to Warsaw on 7 December 1970 , Brandt made the Warschauer Kniefall by kneeling before a monument to those killed in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising , a gesture of humility and penance that no German Chancellor had made until that time . Chancellor Brandt was forced to resign in May 1974 , after Günter Guillaume , a senior member of his staff , was uncovered as a spy for the East German intelligence service , the Stasi . Brandt 's contributions to world peace led to his winning the Nobel Peace Prize for 1971 . U.S. military convoys were still a regular sight in West Germany in the 1970s and 1980s . U.S. Army tanks being transported by rail in 1978 Finance Minister Helmut Schmidt ( SPD ) formed a coalition and he served as Chancellor from 1974 to 1982 . Hans - Dietrich Genscher , a leading FDP official , became Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister . Schmidt , a strong supporter of the European Community ( EC ) and the Atlantic alliance , emphasized his commitment to `` the political unification of Europe in partnership with the USA '' . Throughout the 1970s , the Red Army Faction had continued its terrorist campaign , assassinating or kidnapping politicians , judges , businessmen , and policemen . The highpoint of the RAF violence came with the German Autumn in autumn 1977 . The industrialist Hanns - Martin Schleyer was kidnapped on 5 September 1977 in order to force the government to free the imprisoned leaders of the Baader - Meinhof Gang . A group from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijacked Lufthansa Flight 181 to seize further hostages to free the RAF leaders . On 18 October 1977 , the Lufthansa jet was stormed in Mogadishu by the GSG 9 commando unit , who were able to free the hostages . The same day , the leaders of the Baader - Meinhof gang , who had been waging a hunger strike , starved themselves to death , which led to Schleyer being executed by his captors . The Red Army Faction was to continue its terrorist campaign into the 1990s , but the German Autumn of 1977 was the highpoint of its campaign . That the Federal Republic had faced a crisis caused by a terrorist campaign from the radical left without succumbing to dictatorship as many feared that it would , was seen as vindication of the strength of German democracy . In January 1979 , the American mini-series Holocaust aired in West Germany . The series , which was watched by 20 million people or 50 % of West Germans , first brought the matter of the genocide in World War II to widespread public attention in a way that it had never been before . After each part of Holocaust was aired , there was a companion show where a panel of historians could answer questions from people phoning in . The historians ' panels were literally overwhelmed with thousands of phone calls from shocked and outraged Germans , a great many of whom stated that they were born after 1945 and that was the first time that they learned that their country had practiced genocide in World War II . By the late 1970s , an initially small number of young people had started to demand that the Länder governments stop neglecting the sites of the concentration camps , and start turning them into proper museums and sites of remembrance , turning them into `` locations of learning '' meant to jar visitors into thinking critically about the Nazi period . In 1980 , the CDU / CSU ran Strauss as their joint candidate in the elections , and he was crushingly defeated by Schmidt . In October 1982 , the SPD - FDP coalition fell apart when the FDP joined forces with the CDU / CSU to elect CDU chairman Helmut Kohl as Chancellor in a Constructive Vote of No Confidence . Genscher continued as Foreign Minister in the new Kohl government . Following national elections in March 1983 , Kohl emerged in firm control of both the government and the CDU . The CDU / CSU fell just short of an absolute majority , due to the entry into the Bundestag of the Greens , who received 5.6 % of the vote . In 1983 , despite major protests from peace groups , the Kohl government allowed Pershing II missiles to be stationed in the Federal Republic to counter the deployment of the SS - 20 cruise missiles by the Soviet Union in East Germany . In 1985 , Kohl , who had something of a tin ear when it came to dealing with the Nazi past , caused much controversy when he invited President Ronald Reagan of the United States to visit the war cemetery at Bitburg to mark the 40th anniversary of the end of World War II . The Bitburg cemetery was soon revealed to contain the graves of SS men , which Kohl stated that he did not see as a problem and that to refuse to honor all of the dead of Bitburg including the SS men buried there was an insult to all Germans . Kohl stated that Reagan could come to the Federal Republic to hold a ceremony to honor the dead of Bitburg or not come at all , and that to change the venue of the service to another war cemetery that did not have SS men buried in it was not acceptable to him . Even more controversy was caused by Reagan 's statement that all of the SS men killed fighting for Hitler in World War II were `` just kids '' who were just as much the victims of Hitler as those who been murdered by the SS in the Holocaust . Despite the huge controversy caused by honoring the SS men buried at Bitburg , the visit to Bitburg went ahead , and Kohl and Reagan honored the dead of Bitburg . What was intended to promote German - American reconciliation turned out to be a public relations disaster that had the opposite effect . Public opinion polls showed that 72 % of West Germans supported the service at Bitburg while American public opinion overwhelming disapproved of Reagan honoring the memory of the SS men who gave their lives for Hitler . Despite or perhaps because of the Bitburg controversy , in 1985 a campaign had been started to build a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust in Berlin . It was felt by at least some Germans that there was something wrong about the Chancellor and the President of the United States honoring the memory of the SS men buried at Bitburg while there was no memorial to any of the people killed in the Holocaust . The campaign to build a Holocaust memorial , which Germany until then lacked , was given a major boost in November 1989 by the call by television journalist Lea Rosh to build the memorial at the site for the former Gestapo headquarters . In April 1992 , the City of Berlin finally decided that a Holocaust memorial could be built . Along the same lines , in August 1987 , protests put a stop to plans by the City of Frankfurt to raze the last remains of the Frankfurt Jewish Ghetto in order to redevelop the land , arguing that the remnants of the Frankfurt ghetto needed to be preserved . In January 1987 , the Kohl - Genscher government was returned to office , but the FDP and the Greens gained at the expense of the larger parties . Kohl 's CDU and its Bavarian sister party , the CSU , slipped from 48.8 % of the vote in 1983 to 44.3 % . The SPD fell to 37 % ; long - time SPD chairman Brandt subsequently resigned in April 1987 and was succeeded by Hans - Jochen Vogel . The FDP 's share rose from 7 % to 9.1 % , its best showing since 1980 . The Greens ' share rose to 8.3 % from their 1983 share of 5.6 % . Later in 1987 , Kohl had a summit with the East German leader Erich Honecker . Unknown to Kohl , the meeting room had been bugged by the Stasi , and the Stasi tapes of the summit had Kohl saying to Honecker that he did not see any realistic chance of reunification in the foreseeable future . East Germany ( German Democratic Republic ) ( edit ) Main article : East Germany In the Soviet occupation zone , the Social Democratic Party was forced to merge with the Communist Party in April 1946 to form a new party , the Socialist Unity Party ( Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands or SED ) . The October 1946 elections resulted in coalition governments in the five Land ( state ) parliaments with the SED as the undisputed leader . A series of people 's congresses were called in 1948 and early 1949 by the SED . Under Soviet direction , a constitution was drafted on 30 May 1949 , and adopted on 7 October , the day when East Germany was formally proclaimed . The People 's Chamber ( Volkskammer ) -- the lower house of the East German parliament -- and an upper house -- the States Chamber ( Länderkammer ) -- were created . ( The Länderkammer was abolished again in 1958 . ) On 11 October 1949 , the two houses elected Wilhelm Pieck as President , and an SED government was set up . The Soviet Union and its East European allies immediately recognized East Germany , although it remained largely unrecognized by noncommunist countries until 1972 -- 73 . East Germany established the structures of a single - party , centralized , communist state . On 23 July 1952 , the traditional Länder were abolished and , in their place , 14 Bezirke ( districts ) were established . Even though other parties formally existed , effectively , all government control was in the hands of the SED , and almost all important government positions were held by SED members . The National Front was an umbrella organization nominally consisting of the SED , four other political parties controlled and directed by the SED , and the four principal mass organizations -- youth , trade unions , women , and culture . However , control was clearly and solely in the hands of the SED . Balloting in East German elections was not secret . As in other Soviet bloc countries , electoral participation was consistently high , as the following results indicate . In October 1950 , a year after the formation of the GDR , 98.53 % of the electorate voted. 99.72 % of the votes were valid and 99.72 % were cast in favor of the ' National Front ' -- the title of the ' coalition ' of the Unity Party plus their associates in other conformist groups . In election after election , the votes cast for the Socialist Unity Party were always over 99 % , and in 1963 , two years after the Berlin Wall was constructed , the support for the S.E.D. was 99.95 % . Only 0.05 % of the electorate opposed the party according to these results , the veracity of which is disputable . Industry and agriculture in East Germany ( edit ) With the formation of a separate East German communist state in October 1949 , the Socialist Unity Party faced a huge range of problems . Not only were the cities in ruins , much of the productive machinery and equipment had been seized by the Soviet occupation force and transported to The Soviet Union in order to make some kind of reconstruction possible . While West Germany received loans and other financial assistance from the United States , the GDR was in the role of an exporter of goods to the USSR -- a role that its people could ill afford but which they could not avoid . The S.E.D. 's intention was to transform the GDR into a socialist and later into a communist state . These processes would occur step by step according to the laws of scientific ' Marxism - Leninism ' and economic planning was the key to this process . In July 1952 , at a conference of the S.E.D. , Walter Ulbricht announced that `` the democratic ( sic ) and economic development , and the consciousness ( Bewusstsein ) of the working class and the majority of the employed classes must be developed so that the construction of Socialism becomes their most important objective . '' This meant that the administration , the armed forces , the planning of industry and agriculture would be under the sole authority of the S.E.D. and its planning committee . Industries would be nationalized and collectivization introduced in the farm industry . When the first Five - Year Plan was announced , the flow of refugees out of East Germany began to grow . As a consequence , production fell , food became short and protests occurred in a number of factories . On 14 May 1952 , the S.E.D. ordered that the production quotas ( the output per man per shift ) were to be increased by 10 % , but wages to be kept at the former level . This decision was not popular with the new leaders in the Kremlin . Stalin had died in March 1953 and the new leadership was still evolving . The imposition of new production quotas contradicted the new direction of Soviet policies for their satellites . Gerhard Behrendt with Sandmännchen On 5 June 1953 , the S.E.D. announced a ' new course ' in which farmers , craftsmen , and factory owners would benefit from a relaxation of controls . The new production quotas remained ; the East German workers protested and up to sixty strikes occurred the following day . One of the window - dressing projects in the ruins of East Berlin was the construction of Stalin Allee , on which the most ' class - conscious ' workers ( in S.E.D. propaganda terms ) were involved . At a meeting , strikers declared `` You give the capitalists ( the factory owners ) presents , and we are exploited ! '' A delegation of building workers marched to the headquarters of the S.E.D. demanding that the production quotas be rescinded . The crowd grew , demands were made for the removal of Ulbricht from office and a general strike called for the following day . On 17 June 1953 strikes and demonstrations occurred in 250 towns and cities in the GDR . Between 300,000 and 400,000 workers took part in the strikes , which were specifically directed towards the rescinding of the production quotas and were not an attempt to overthrow the government . The strikers were for the most part convinced that the transformation of the GDR into a socialist state was the proper course to take but that the S.E.D. had taken a wrong turn . The S.E.D. responded with all of the force at its command and also with the help of the Soviet Occupation force . Thousands were arrested , sentenced to jail and many hundreds were forced to leave for West Germany . The S.E.D. later moderated its course but the damage had been done . The real face of the East German regime was revealed . The S.E.D. claimed that the strikes had been instigated by West German agents , but there is no evidence for this . Over 250 strikers were killed , around 100 policemen and some 18 Soviet soldiers died in the uprising ; 17 June was declared a national day of remembrance in West Germany . Berlin ( edit ) Shortly after World War II , Berlin became the seat of the Allied Control Council , which was to have governed Germany as a whole until the conclusion of a peace settlement . In 1948 , however , the Soviet Union refused to participate any longer in the quadripartite administration of Germany . They also refused to continue the joint administration of Berlin and drove the government elected by the people of Berlin out of its seat in the Soviet sector and installed a communist regime in East Berlin . From then until unification , the Western Allies continued to exercise supreme authority -- effective only in their sectors -- through the Allied Kommandatura . To the degree compatible with the city 's special status , however , they turned over control and management of city affairs to the West Berlin Senate and the House of Representatives , governing bodies established by constitutional process and chosen by free elections . The Allies and German authorities in West Germany and West Berlin never recognized the communist city regime in East Berlin or East German authority there . During the years of West Berlin 's isolation -- 176 kilometers ( 110 mi . ) inside East Germany -- the Western Allies encouraged a close relationship between the Government of West Berlin and that of West Germany . Representatives of the city participated as non-voting members in the West German Parliament ; appropriate West German agencies , such as the supreme administrative court , had their permanent seats in the city ; and the governing mayor of West Berlin took his turn as President of the Bundesrat . In addition , the Allies carefully consulted with the West German and West Berlin Governments on foreign policy questions involving unification and the status of Berlin . Between 1948 and 1990 , major events such as fairs and festivals were sponsored in West Berlin , and investment in commerce and industry was encouraged by special concessionary tax legislation . The results of such efforts , combined with effective city administration and the West Berliners ' energy and spirit , were encouraging . West Berlin 's morale was sustained , and its industrial production considerably surpassed the pre-war level . The Final Settlement Treaty ended Berlin 's special status as a separate area under Four Power control . Under the terms of the treaty between West and East Germany , Berlin became the capital of a unified Germany . The Bundestag voted in June 1991 to make Berlin the seat of government . The Government of Germany asked the Allies to maintain a military presence in Berlin until the complete withdrawal of the Western Group of Forces ( ex-Soviet ) from the territory of the former East Germany . The Russian withdrawal was completed 31 August 1994 . Ceremonies were held on 8 September 1994 , to mark the final departure of Western Allied troops from Berlin . Government offices have been moving progressively to Berlin , and it became the formal seat of the federal government in 1999 . Berlin also is one of the Federal Republic 's 16 Länder . Relations between East Germany and West Germany ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Under Chancellor Adenauer West Germany declared its right to speak for the entire German nation with an exclusive mandate . The Hallstein Doctrine involved non-recognition of East Germany and restricted ( or often ceased ) diplomatic relations with countries that gave East Germany the status of a sovereign state . The constant stream of East Germans fleeing across the Inner German border to West Germany placed great strains on East German - West German relations in the 1950s . East Germany sealed the borders to West Germany in 1952 , but people continued to flee from East Berlin to West Berlin . On 13 August 1961 , East Germany began building the Berlin Wall around West Berlin to slow the flood of refugees to a trickle , effectively cutting the city in half and making West Berlin an enclave of the Western world in communist territory . The Wall became the symbol of the Cold War and the division of Europe . Shortly afterward , the main border between the two German states was fortified . The Letter of Reconciliation of the Polish Bishops to the German Bishops of 1965 was controversial at the time , but is now seen as an important step toward improving relations between the German states and Poland . In 1969 , Chancellor Willy Brandt announced that West Germany would remain firmly rooted in the Atlantic alliance but would intensify efforts to improve relations with the Eastern Bloc , especially East Germany . West Germany commenced this Ostpolitik , initially under fierce opposition from the conservatives , by negotiating nonaggression treaties with the Soviet Union , Poland , Czechoslovakia , Bulgaria , and Hungary . West Germany 's relations with East Germany posed particularly difficult questions . Though anxious to relieve serious hardships for divided families and to reduce friction , West Germany under Brandt 's Ostpolitik was intent on holding to its concept of `` two German states in one German nation . '' Relations gradually improved . In the early 1970s , the Ostpolitik led to a form of mutual recognition between East and West Germany . The Treaty of Moscow ( August 1970 ) , the Treaty of Warsaw ( December 1970 ) , the Four Power Agreement on Berlin ( September 1971 ) , the Transit Agreement ( May 1972 ) , and the Basic Treaty ( December 1972 ) helped to normalise relations between East and West Germany and led to both states joining the United Nations , in September 1973 . The two German states exchanged permanent representatives in 1974 , and , in 1987 , East German head of state Erich Honecker paid an official visit to West Germany . The reunification of East Germany and West Germany ( edit ) Main article : German reunification Background ( edit ) International plans for the unification of Germany were made during the early years following the establishment of the two states , but to no avail . In March 1952 , the Soviet government proposed the Stalin Note to hold elections for a united German assembly while making the proposed united Germany a neutral state , i.e. a neutral state approved by the people , similar to the Austrians ' approval of a neutral Austria . The Western Allied governments refused this initiative , while continuing West Germany 's integration into the Western alliance system . The issue was raised again during the Foreign Ministers ' Conference in Berlin in January -- February 1954 , but the western powers refused to make Germany neutral . Following Bonn 's adherence to NATO on 9 May 1955 , such initiatives were abandoned by both sides . During the summer of 1989 , rapid changes took place in East Germany , which ultimately led to German reunification . Widespread discontent boiled over , following accusations of large scale vote - rigging during the local elections of May 1989 . Growing numbers of East Germans emigrated to West Germany via Hungary after the Hungarians decided not to use force to stop them . Thousands of East Germans also tried to reach the West by staging sit - ins at West German diplomatic facilities in other East European capitals . The exodus generated demands within East Germany for political change , and mass demonstrations ( Monday demonstrations ) with eventually hundreds of thousands of people in several cities -- particularly in Leipzig -- continued to grow . On 7 October , the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev visited Berlin to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the establishment of East Germany and urged the East German leadership to pursue reform , without success . The movement of civil resistance against the East German regime -- both the emigration and the demonstrations -- continued unabated . On 18 October , Erich Honecker was forced to resign as head of the SED and as head of state and was replaced by Egon Krenz . But the exodus continued unabated , and pressure for political reform mounted . On 4 November , a demonstration in East Berlin drew as many as 1 million East Germans . Finally , on 9 November 1989 , the Berlin Wall was opened , and East Germans were allowed to travel freely . Thousands poured through the wall into the western sectors of Berlin , and on 12 November , East Germany began dismantling it . On 28 November , West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl outlined the 10 - Point Plan for the peaceful unification of the two German states , based on free elections in East Germany and a unification of their two economies . In December , the East German Volkskammer eliminated the SED monopoly on power , and the entire Politbüro and Central Committee -- including Krenz -- resigned . The SED changed its name to the Party of Democratic Socialism ( PDS ) and the formation and growth of numerous political groups and parties marked the end of the communist system . Prime Minister Hans Modrow headed a caretaker government which shared power with the new , democratically oriented parties . On 7 December 1989 , an agreement was reached to hold free elections in May 1990 and rewrite the East German constitution . On 28 January , all the parties agreed to advance the elections to 18 March , primarily because of an erosion of state authority and because the East German exodus was continuing apace ; more than 117,000 left in January and February 1990 . In early February 1990 , the Modrow government 's proposal for a unified , neutral German state was rejected by Chancellor Kohl , who affirmed that a unified Germany must be a member of NATO . Finally , on 18 March , the first free elections were held in East Germany , and a government led by Lothar de Maizière ( CDU ) was formed under a policy of expeditious unification with West Germany . The freely elected representatives of the Volkskammer held their first session on 5 April , and East Germany peacefully evolved from a communist to a democratically elected government . Free and secret communal ( local ) elections were held in the GDR on 6 May , and the CDU again won most of the available seats . On 1 July , the two German states entered into an economic and monetary union . Treaty negotiations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During 1990 , in parallel with internal German developments , the Four Powers -- the Allies of World War II , being the United States , United Kingdom , France , and the Soviet Union -- together with the two German states negotiated to end Four Power reserved rights for Berlin and Germany as a whole . These `` Two - plus - Four '' negotiations were mandated at the Ottawa Open Skies conference on 13 February 1990 . The six foreign ministers met four times in the ensuing months in Bonn ( 5 May ) , Berlin ( 22 June ) , Paris ( 17 July ) , and Moscow ( 12 September ) . The Polish Foreign Minister participated in the part of the Paris meeting that dealt with the Polish - German borders . Overcoming Soviet objections to a united Germany 's membership in NATO was of key importance . This was accomplished in July when the alliance , led by President George H.W. Bush , issued the London Declaration on a transformed NATO . On 16 July , President Gorbachev and Chancellor Kohl announced the agreement in principle on a united Germany in NATO . This cleared the way for the signing in Moscow , on 12 September , of the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany -- in effect the peace treaty that was anticipated at the end of World War II . In addition to terminating Four Power rights , the treaty mandated the withdrawal of all Soviet forces from Germany by the end of 1994 , made clear that the current borders ( especially the Oder - Neisse line ) were viewed as final and definitive , and specified the right of a united Germany to belong to NATO . It also provided for the continued presence of British , French , and American troops in Berlin during the interim period of the Soviet withdrawal . In the treaty , the Germans renounced nuclear , biological , and chemical weapons and stated their intention to reduce the ( combined ) German armed forces to 370,000 within 3 to 4 years after the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe , signed in Paris on 19 November 1990 , entered into force . The conclusion of the final settlement cleared the way for the unification of East and West Germany . Formal political union occurred on 3 October 1990 , preceded by the GDR declaring its accession to the Federal Republic through Article 23 of West Germany 's Basic Law ( meaning that constitutionally , East Germany was subsumed into West Germany ) ; but affected in strict legality through the subsequent Unification Treaty of 30 August 1990 , which was voted into their constitutions by both the West German Bundestag and the East German Volkskammer on 20 September 1990 . These votes simultaneously extinguished the GDR and affected fundamental amendments to the West German Basic Law ( including the repeal of the very Article 23 under which the GDR had recently declared its post-dated accession ) . On 2 December 1990 , all - German elections were held for the first time since 1933 . The `` new '' country stayed the same as the West German legal system and institutions were extended to the east . The unified nation kept the name Bundesrepublik Deutschland ( though the simple ' Deutschland ' would become increasingly common ) and retained the West German `` Deutsche Mark '' for currency as well . Berlin would formally become the capital of the united Germany , but the political institutions remained at Bonn for the time being . Only after a heated 1991 debate did the Bundestag conclude on moving itself and most of the government to Berlin as well , a process that took until 1999 to complete , when the Bundestag held its first session at the reconstructed Reichstag building . Many government departments still maintain sizable presences in Bonn as of 2008 . Aftermath ( edit ) Further information : New states of Germany To this day , there remain vast differences between the former East Germany and West Germany ( for example , in lifestyle , wealth , political beliefs , and other matters ) and thus it is still common to speak of eastern and western Germany distinctly . The eastern German economy has struggled since unification , and large subsidies are still transferred from west to east . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stragart , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . The German War ; a nation under arms , 1939 - 45 . Bodley Head . p. 549 . Jump up ^ Wachsmann , Nikolaus ( 2015 ) . KL ; A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps. Little , Brown . p. 544 . Jump up ^ Stragart , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . The German War ; a nation under arms , 1939 - 45 . Bodley Head . p. 549 . Jump up ^ Stragart , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . The German War ; a nation under arms , 1939 - 45 . Bodley Head . p. 551 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Chris ( 29 January 2014 ) . `` Germany 1945 - 1949 : a case study in post-conflict reconstruction '' . History & Policy . History & Policy . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Beevor , Antony ( 2003 ) ( 2002 ) . Berlin : The Downfall 1945 . Penguin Books . pp. 402 ff . ISBN 0 - 14 - 028696 - 9 . Jump up ^ Uniting Germany : documents and debates , 1944 - 1993 . Jarausch , Konrad Hugo. , Gransow , Volker . Providence : Berghahn Books . 1994 . p. 1 . ISBN 9781571810113 . OCLC 30624400 . Jump up ^ Stragart , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . The German War ; a nation under arms , 1939 - 45 . Bodley Head . p. 557 . Jump up ^ Alrich , Amy ( 2004 ) . `` An Exploration of the Inner Landscape of Experience '' . H - Net Reviews . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Stragart , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . The German War ; a nation under arms , 1939 - 45 . Bodley Head . p. 556 . Jump up ^ Stragart , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . The German War ; a nation under arms , 1939 - 45 . Bodley Head . p. 558 . Jump up ^ Biddiscombe , Perry ( 2001 ) . `` Dangerous Liaisons : The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the US Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria , 1945 -- 1948 '' . Journal of Social History . 34 ( 3 ) : 619 . Jump up ^ Morgenthau , Henry Jr ( September 1944 ) . `` Suggested Post-Surrender Program for Germany '' . President 's Secretary 's Files ( PSF ) , German Diplomatic Files , Jan. -- Sept. 1944 ( i297 ) . Franklin D. Roosevelt Digital Archives . Retrieved 27 January 2007 . It should be the aim of the Allied Forces to accomplish the complete demilitarization of Germany in the shortest possible period of time after its surrender . This means completely disarming the German Army and people ( including the removal or destruction of all war material ) , the total destruction of the whole German armament industry , and the removal or destruction of other key industries which are basic to military strength . ( ... ) Within a short period , if possible not longer than 6 months after the cessation of hostilities , all industrial plants and equipment not destroyed by military action shall either be completely dismantled and removed from the ( Ruhr ) area or completely destroyed . All equipment shall be removed from the mines and the mines shall be thoroughly wrecked . Jump up ^ Beschloss , Michael R . The Conquerors : Roosevelt , Truman and the Destruction of Hitler 's Germany , 1941 -- 1945 . p. 233 . Jump up ^ Petrov , Vladimir ( 1967 ) . Money and conquest ; allied occupation currencies in World War II . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press . pp. 228 -- 229 . ^ Jump up to : Gareau , Frederick H. ( June 1961 ) . `` Morgenthau 's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany '' . The Western Political Quarterly . 14 ( 2 ) : 517 -- 534 . doi : 10.2307 / 443604 . Jump up ^ Wallich , Henry C. ( 1955 ) . Mainsprings of the German Revival . p. 348 . Jump up ^ `` ECONOMICS : Cornerstone of Steel '' . Time Magazine . 21 January 1946 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GERMANY : Cost of Defeat '' . Time Magazine . 8 April 1946 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Hoover , Herbert ( March 1947 ) . `` The President 's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria , Report 3 '' . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Balabkins , Nicholas ( 1964 ) . Germany Under Direct Controls ; Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945 -- 1948 . Rutgers University Press . p. 119 . The two quotes used by Balabkins are referenced to respectively : A Year of Potsdam : The German Economy Since the Surrender . U.S. Office of Military Government . 1946 . p. 70 . and The German Forest Resources Survey . U.S. Office of Military Government . 1948 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Jennings , Ray Salvatore ( May 2003 ) . `` The Road Ahead : Lessons in Nation Building from Japan , Germany , and Afghanistan for Postwar Iraq '' ( PDF ) . Peaceworks . p. 15 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CONFERENCES : Pas de Pagaille ! '' . Time Magazine . 28 July 1947 . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bark , Dennis L. ; Gress , David R. ( 1989 ) . A History of West Germany : From Shadow to Substance. 1 . Oxford Press . Jump up ^ `` French proposal regarding the detachment of German industrial regions '' . Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l'Europe. 8 September 1945 . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Yoder , Amos ( July 1955 ) . `` The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem '' . The Review of Politics . Cambridge University Press . 17 ( 3 ) : 345 -- 358 . doi : 10.1017 / s0034670500014261 . Jump up ^ Stern , Susan ( 2001 , 2007 ) . `` Marshall Plan 1947 -- 1997 A German View '' . Germany Info . German Embassy 's Department for Press , Information and Public Affairs , Washington D.C. Archived from the original on 9 July 2006 . Retrieved 3 May 2007 . There is another reason for the Plan 's continued vitality . It has transcended reality and become a myth . To this day , a truly astonishing number of Germans ( and almost all advanced high school students ) have an idea what the Marshall Plan was , although their idea is very often very inaccurate . ( ... ) Many Germans believe that the Marshall Plan was alone responsible for the economic miracle of the Fifties . And when scholars come along and explain that reality was far more complex , they are skeptical and disappointed . They should not be . For the Marshall Plan certainly did play a key role in Germany 's recovery , albeit perhaps more of a psychological than a purely economic one . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Walker , C. Lester ( October 1946 ) . `` Secrets By The Thousands '' . Harper 's Magazine . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Naimark , Norman M. The Russians in Germany . p. 206 . Jump up ^ Note : The $10 billion compares to the U.S. annual GDP of $258 billion in 1948 . It also compares to the total Marshall plan expenditure ( 1948 -- 1952 ) of $13 billion , of which Germany received $1 , 4 billion ( partly as loans ) . ^ Jump up to : Bessel , Richard ( 2009 ) . Germany 1945 : From War to Peace . Jump up ^ Hitchcock , , William I. ( 2008 ) . The Bitter Road to Freedom : The Human Cost of Allied Victory in World War II Europe . pp. 205 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Wiggers , Richard Dominic . `` The United States and the Refusal to Feed German Civilians after World War II '' . In Vardy , Steven Bela ; Tooley , T. Hunt . Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth - Century Europe . ISBN 0 - 88033 - 995 - 0 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , S.P. ( September 1994 ) . `` The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II '' . The Journal of Modern History . 66 ( 3 ) : 487 -- 520 . doi : 10.1086 / 244883 . Jump up ^ Tjersland , Jonas ( 8 April 2006 ) . `` Tyske soldater brukt som mineryddere '' ( German soldiers used for mine - clearing ) ( in Norwegian ) . VG Nett . Retrieved 2 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Naimark , Norman M. ( 1995 ) . The Russians in Germany : A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation , 1945 -- 1949 . Harvard University Press . pp. 132 , 133 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 78405 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hitchcock , William I . The Struggle for Europe The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent 1945 to the Present . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 49799 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Informationen für Politische Bildung ( in German ) ( 256 ) . 1997 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Ludtke , Alf ( 1993 ) . `` ' Coming to Terms with the Past ' : Illusions of Remembering , Ways of Forgetting Nazism in West Germany '' . The Journal of Modern History . 65 . doi : 10.1086 / 244674 . ^ Jump up to : Burleigh , Michael ; Wippermann , Wolfgang ( 1991 ) . The Racial State : Germany 1933 - 1945 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 183 . ^ Jump up to : Wette , Wolfram ( 2006 ) , The Wehrmacht : History , Myth , Reality , Cambridge : Harvard University Press , p. 235 Jump up ^ Bartov , Omer ( 2004 ) . `` Celluloid Soldiers : Cinematic Images of the Wehrmacht '' . In Erickson , Ljubica ; Erickson , Mark . Russia War , Peace , and Diplomacy . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . pp. 134 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Frei , Norbert ( 1996 ) . Vergangenheitspolitik : Die Anfänge der Bundesrepublik und die NS - Vergangenheit . C.H. Beck . ISBN 978 - 3 - 406 - 63661 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Exorcising Hitler . London : Bloomsbury Press . p. 371 . ^ Jump up to : Fulford , Robert ( 4 June 2005 ) . `` How the Auschwitz Trial failed '' . National Post . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kraushaar , Wolfgang ( 1998 ) . Frankfurter Schule und Studentenbewegung ( Frankfurt School and the Student Movement ) ( in German ) . 2 . Rogner und Bernhard . p. 356 . Jump up ^ Denso , Christian ( 8 August 2011 ) . `` Gefangen in der Geschichte '' . ZEIT ONLINE ( in German ) . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Otte , Max ; Greve , Jürgen ( 2000 ) . A rising middle power ? : German foreign policy in transformation , 1989 -- 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Buchanan 'S Response To Norman Podhoretz 'S Op - Ed '' . Wall Street Journal . Internet Archive. 5 November 1999 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Zahlenspiegel ein Vergleich Bundesrepublik Deutschland Deutsche Demokratische Republik Ministerium für Innerdeutsche Beziehungen ( in German ) . 1973 . p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Steininger . Deutsch Geschichte 1945 -- 1961 . 2 . Jump up ^ Maier , Charles S. ( 2009 ) . `` Civil Resistance and Civil Society : Lessons from the Collapse of the German Democratic Republic in 1989 '' . In Roberts , Adam ; Ash , Timothy Garton . Civil Resistance and Power Politics : The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present . Oxford University Press . pp. 260 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Kommers , Donald P ( 2012 ) , The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany , Duke University Presss , p. 309 Works cited Fulbrook , Mary . ( 1 ) `` The Two Germanies , 1945 -- 90 '' ( ch. 7 ) and `` The Federal Republic of Germany Since 1990 '' ( ch. 8 ) in A Concise History of Germany ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2004 ) : 203 -- 249 ; 249 -- 257 . Jean Edward Smith , Germany Beyond The Wall : People , Politics , and Prosperity , Boston : Little , Brown , & Company , 1969 . Jean Edward Smith , Lucius D. Clay : An American Life , New York : Henry , Holt , & Company , 1990 . Jean Edward Smith , The Defense of Berlin , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press , 1963 . Jean Edward Smith , The Papers of Lucius D. Clay , 2 Vols. , Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press , 1974 . David H Childs , Germany in the Twentieth Century , ( From pre-1918 to the restoration of German unity ) , Batsford , Third edition , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 7134 - 6795 - 9 David H Childs and Jeffrey Johnson , West Germany : Politics And Society , Croom Helm , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 7099 - 0702 - 8 David H Childs , The Two Red Flags : European Social Democracy & Soviet Communism Since 1945 , Routledge , 2000 . ( 2 ) Further reading ( edit ) Ahonen , Pertti . `` Germany and the Aftermath of the Second World War . '' Journal of Modern History 89 # 2 ( 2017 ) : 355 - 387 . Bark , Dennis L. , and David R. Gress . A History of West Germany Vol 1 : From Shadow to Substance , 1945 -- 1963 ( 1992 ) ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 16787 - 7 ; vol 2 : Democracy and Its Discontents 1963 -- 1988 ( 1992 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 16788 - 4 Berghahn , Volker Rolf . Modern Germany : society , economy , and politics in the twentieth century ( 1987 ) ACLS E-book online Bernhard , Michael . `` Democratization in Germany : A Reappraisal . '' Comparative Politics 33 # 4 ( 2001 ) : 379 - 400 . in JSTOR Bessel , Richard . Germany 1945 : From War to Peace ( Harper Collins Publishers , 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 054036 - 4 Davis , Franklin M. , Jr . Come as Conqueror : The United States Army 's Occupation of Germany , 1945 - 49 ( Macmillan , 1967 ) . Hanrieder , Wolfram F. Germany , America , Europe : Forty Years of German Foreign Policy ( 1989 ) ISBN 0 - 300 - 04022 - 9 Jarausch , Konrad H. After Hitler : Recivilizing Germans , 1945 -- 1995 ( 2008 ) Junker , Detlef , ed . The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War ( 2 vol 2004 ) , 150 short essays by scholars covering 1945 -- 1990 excerpt and text search vol 1 ; excerpt and text search vol 2 Lovelace , Alexander G ( 2013 ) . `` Trends in the Western Historiography of the United States ' Occupation of Germany '' . International Bibliography of Military History . 33 ( 2 ) : 148 -- 163 . doi : 10.1163 / 22115757 - 03302004 . Merritt , Anna J. , and Richard L. Merritt . Public opinion in occupied Germany : the OMGUS surveys , 1945 - 1949 ( University of Illinois Press , 1970 ) , OMGUS polls . Miller , Paul D ( 2013 ) . `` A bibliographic essay on the Allied occupation and reconstruction of West Germany , 1945 -- 1955 '' . Small Wars & Insurgencies. 24 ( 4 ) : 751 -- 759 . doi : 10.1080 / 09592318.2013. 857935 . Schwarz , Hans - Peter . Konrad Adenauer : A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War , Revolution and Reconstruction ( 2 vol 1995 ) excerpt and text search vol 2 ; also full text vol 1 ; and full text vol 2 Smith , Jean Edward . Lucius D. Clay : An American Life ( 1990 ) , a major scholarly biography Smith , Gordon , ed , Developments in German Politics ( 1992 ) ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1266 - 2 , broad survey of reunified nation Weber , Jurgen . Germany , 1945 -- 1990 ( Central European University Press , 2004 ) online edition Ziemke , Earl Frederick ( 1975 ) . The U.S. Army in the Occupation of Germany : 1944 - 1946 . Government Printing Office . , the official Army history GDR ( edit ) Fulbrook , Mary . Anatomy of a Dictatorship : Inside the GDR , 1949 -- 1989 ( 1998 ) Jarausch , Konrad H. and Eve Duffy . Dictatorship As Experience : Towards a Socio - Cultural History of the GDR ( 1999 ) Jarausch , Konrad H. , and Volker Gransow , eds . Uniting Germany : Documents and Debates , 1944 -- 1993 ( 1994 ) , primary sources on reunification Pritchard , Gareth . The Making of the GDR , 1945 -- 53 ( 2004 ) Ross , Corey . The East German Dictatorship : Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of the GDR ( 2002 ) Steiner , André . The Plans That Failed : An Economic History of East Germany , 1945 -- 1989 ( 2010 ) External links ( edit ) East Germany portal Germany portal Germany at the onset of the cold war James F. Byrnes , Speaking Frankly ( The division of Germany ) The President 's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria , Report No. 1 ( 1947 ) The President 's Economic Mission to Germany and Austria , Report 3 ( 1947 ) The Struggle for Germany and the Origins of the Cold War by Melvyn P. Leffler Contemporary History maintained by the Institute for Contemporary Historical Research in Potsdam ( in German ) Special German series 2 . The Committee on Dismemberment of Germany Allied discussions on the dismemberment of Germany into separate states , 29 March 1945 . The overlooked majority : German women in the four zones of occupied Germany , 1945 -- 1949 , a comparative study East Berlin , Past and Present Germany Under Reconstruction is a digital collection that provides a varied selection of publications in both English and German from the period immediately following World War II . Many are publications of the U.S. occupying forces , including reports and descriptions of efforts to introduce U.S. - style democracy to Germany . Some of the other books and documents describe conditions in a country devastated by years of war , efforts at political , economic and cultural development , and the differing perspectives coming from the U.S. and British zones and the Russian zone of occupation . For representation of the German Partition in literature , one can consult the Raiganj University - Associate Professor Pinaki Roy 's `` Das Bewusstsein für die Wand : A Very Brief Review of German Partition Literature '' , in The Atlantic Critical Review Quarterly ( ISSN 0972 - 6373 ; ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 1747 - 1 ) 11 ( 2 ) , April -- June 2012 : 157 -- 68 . In his `` Patriots in Fremden Landern : 1939 - 45 German Émigré Literature '' , collected in Writing Difference : Nationalism , Identity , and Literature , edited by G.N. Ray , J. Sarkar , and A. Bhattacharyya , and published by the New Delhi - based Atlantic Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd. in 2014 ( ISBN 978 - 81 - 269 - 1938 - 3 ; pages - 367 - 90 ) , Roy examines the attitudes and ideologies of those anti-Nazi German litterateurs who were forced to relocate due to their opposition to National Socialism and hence suffered from a sort of identity - crisis . 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4977313681426254590	Perpendicular	Perpendicular - wikipedia Perpendicular Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Perpendicular ( disambiguation ) . The segment AB is perpendicular to the segment CD because the two angles it creates ( indicated in orange and blue ) are each 90 degrees . The segment AB can be called the perpendicular from A to the segment CD , using `` perpendicular '' as a noun . The point B is called the foot of the perpendicular from A to segment CD , or simply , the foot of A on CD . Geometry Projecting a sphere to a plane . Outline History Branches ( show ) Euclidean Spherical Non-Euclidean Elliptic Hyperbolic Synthetic Analytic Algebraic Riemannian Differential Symplectic Finite Projective Concepts Features ( hide ) Dimension Compass - and - straightedge constructions Angle Curve Diagonal Orthogonal ( Perpendicular ) Parallel Vertex Congruence Similarity Symmetry Zero / One - dimensional ( show ) Point Line segment ray Length Two - dimensional ( show ) Plane Area Polygon Triangle Altitude Hypotenuse Pythagorean theorem Parallelogram Square Rectangle Rhombus Rhomboid Quadrilateral Trapezoid Kite Circle Diameter Circumference Area Three - dimensional ( show ) Volume Cube cuboid Cylinder Pyramid Sphere Four - / other - dimensional ( show ) Tesseract Hypersphere Geometers by name ( show ) Aida Aryabhata Ahmes Alhazen Apollonius Archimedes Atiyah Baudhayana Bolyai Brahmagupta Cartan Coxeter Descartes Euclid Euler Gauss Gromov Hilbert Jyeṣṭhadeva Kātyāyana Khayyám Klein Lobachevsky Manava Minkowski Minggatu Pascal Pythagoras Parameshvara Poincaré Riemann Sakabe Sijzi al - Tusi Veblen Virasena Yang Hui al - Yasamin Zhang List of geometers by period ( show ) BCE Ahmes Baudhayana Manava Pythagoras Euclid Archimedes Apollonius 1 -- 1400s Zhang Kātyāyana Aryabhata Brahmagupta Virasena Alhazen Sijzi Khayyám al - Yasamin al - Tusi Yang Hui Parameshvara 1400s -- 1700s Jyeṣṭhadeva Descartes Pascal Minggatu Euler Sakabe Aida 1700s -- 1900s Gauss Lobachevsky Bolyai Riemann Klein Poincaré Hilbert Minkowski Cartan Veblen Coxeter Present day Atiyah Gromov Geometry portal In elementary geometry , the property of being perpendicular ( perpendicularity ) is the relationship between two lines which meet at a right angle ( 90 degrees ) . The property extends to other related geometric objects . A line is said to be perpendicular to another line if the two lines intersect at a right angle . Explicitly , a first line is perpendicular to a second line if ( 1 ) the two lines meet ; and ( 2 ) at the point of intersection the straight angle on one side of the first line is cut by the second line into two congruent angles . Perpendicularity can be shown to be symmetric , meaning if a first line is perpendicular to a second line , then the second line is also perpendicular to the first . For this reason , we may speak of two lines as being perpendicular ( to each other ) without specifying an order . Perpendicularity easily extends to segments and rays . For example , a line segment A B _̄ ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( AB ) ) ) is perpendicular to a line segment C D _̄ ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( CD ) ) ) if , when each is extended in both directions to form an infinite line , these two resulting lines are perpendicular in the sense above . In symbols , A B _̄ ⊥ C D _̄ ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( AB ) ) \ perp ( \ overline ( CD ) ) ) means line segment AB is perpendicular to line segment CD . A line is said to be perpendicular to a plane if it is perpendicular to every line in the plane that it intersects . This definition depends on the definition of perpendicularity between lines . Two planes in space are said to be perpendicular if the dihedral angle at which they meet is a right angle ( 90 degrees ) . Perpendicularity is one particular instance of the more general mathematical concept of orthogonality ; perpendicularity is the orthogonality of classical geometric objects . Thus , in advanced mathematics , the word `` perpendicular '' is sometimes used to describe much more complicated geometric orthogonality conditions , such as that between a surface and its normal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Foot of a perpendicular 2 Construction of the perpendicular 3 In relationship to parallel lines 4 In computing distances 5 Graph of functions 6 In circles and other conics 6.1 Circles 6.2 Ellipses 6.3 Parabolas 6.4 Hyperbolas 7 In polygons 7.1 Triangles 7.2 Quadrilaterals 8 Lines in three dimensions 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Foot of a perpendicular ( edit ) The word foot is frequently used in connection with perpendiculars . This usage is exemplified in the top diagram , above , and its caption . The diagram can be in any orientation . The foot is not necessarily at the bottom . More precisely , let A be a point and m a line . If B is the point of intersection of m and the unique line through A that is perpendicular to m , then B is called the foot of this perpendicular through A . Construction of the perpendicular ( edit ) Construction of the perpendicular ( blue ) to the line AB through the point P . Construction of the perpendicular to the half - line h from the point P ( applicable not only at the end point A , M is freely selectable ) , animation at the end with pause 10 s To make the perpendicular to the line AB through the point P using compass and straightedge , proceed as follows ( see figure left ) : Step 1 ( red ) : construct a circle with center at P to create points A ' and B ' on the line AB , which are equidistant from P . Step 2 ( green ) : construct circles centered at A ' and B ' having equal radius . Let Q and R be the points of intersection of these two circles . Step 3 ( blue ) : connect Q and R to construct the desired perpendicular PQ . To prove that the PQ is perpendicular to AB , use the SSS congruence theorem for ' and QPB ' to conclude that angles OPA ' and OPB ' are equal . Then use the SAS congruence theorem for triangles OPA ' and OPB ' to conclude that angles POA and POB are equal . To make the perpendicular to the line g at or through the point P using Thales ' theorem , see the animation at right . The Pythagorean theorem can be used as the basis of methods of constructing right angles . For example , by counting links , three pieces of chain can be made with lengths in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5 . These can be laid out to form a triangle , which will have a right angle opposite its longest side . This method is useful for laying out gardens and fields , where the dimensions are large , and great accuracy is not needed . The chains can be used repeatedly whenever required . In relationship to parallel lines ( edit ) The arrowhead marks indicate that the lines a and b , cut by the transversal line c , are parallel . If two lines ( a and b ) are both perpendicular to a third line ( c ) , all of the angles formed along the third line are right angles . Therefore , in Euclidean geometry , any two lines that are both perpendicular to a third line are parallel to each other , because of the parallel postulate . Conversely , if one line is perpendicular to a second line , it is also perpendicular to any line parallel to that second line . In the figure at the right , all of the orange - shaded angles are congruent to each other and all of the green - shaded angles are congruent to each other , because vertical angles are congruent and alternate interior angles formed by a transversal cutting parallel lines are congruent . Therefore , if lines a and b are parallel , any of the following conclusions leads to all of the others : One of the angles in the diagram is a right angle . One of the orange - shaded angles is congruent to one of the green - shaded angles . Line c is perpendicular to line a . Line c is perpendicular to line b . In computing distances ( edit ) The distance from a point to a line is the distance to the nearest point on that line . That is the point at which a segment from it to the given point is perpendicular to the line . Likewise , the distance from a point to a curve is measured by a line segment that is perpendicular to a tangent line to the curve at the nearest point on the curve . Perpendicular regression fits a line to data points by minimizing the sum of squared perpendicular distances from the data points to the line . The distance from a point to a plane is measured as the length from the point along a segment that is perpendicular to the plane , meaning that it is perpendicular to all lines in the plane that pass through the nearest point in the plane to the given point . Graph of functions ( edit ) In the two - dimensional plane , right angles can be formed by two intersected lines if the product of their slopes equals − 1 . Thus defining two linear functions : y = a x + b and y = a x + b , the graphs of the functions will be perpendicular and will make four right angles where the lines intersect if a a = − 1 . However , this method can not be used if the slope is zero or undefined ( the line is parallel to an axis ) . For another method , let the two linear functions be : a x + b y + c = 0 and a x + b y + c = 0 . The lines will be perpendicular if and only if a a + b b = 0 . This method is simplified from the dot product ( or , more generally , the inner product ) of vectors . In particular , two vectors are considered orthogonal if their inner product is zero . In circles and other conics ( edit ) Circles ( edit ) Each diameter of a circle is perpendicular to the tangent line to that circle at the point where the diameter intersects the circle . A line segment through a circle 's center bisecting a chord is perpendicular to the chord . If the intersection of any two perpendicular chords divides one chord into lengths a and b and divides the other chord into lengths c and d , then a + b + c + d equals the square of the diameter . The sum of the squared lengths of any two perpendicular chords intersecting at a given point is the same as that of any other two perpendicular chords intersecting at the same point , and is given by 8r -- 4p ( where r is the circle 's radius and p is the distance from the center point to the point of intersection ) . Thales ' theorem states that two lines both through the same point on a circle but going through opposite endpoints of a diameter are perpendicular . This is equivalent to saying that any diameter of a circle subtends a right angle at any point on the circle , except the two endpoints of the diameter . Ellipses ( edit ) The major and minor axes of an ellipse are perpendicular to each other and to the tangent lines to the ellipse at the points where the axes intersect the ellipse . The major axis of an ellipse is perpendicular to the directrix and to each latus rectum . Parabolas ( edit ) In a parabola , the axis of symmetry is perpendicular to each of the latus rectum , the directrix , and the tangent line at the point where the axis intersects the parabola . From a point on the tangent line to a parabola 's vertex , the other tangent line to the parabola is perpendicular to the line from that point through the parabola 's focus . The orthoptic property of a parabola is that If two tangents to the parabola are perpendicular to each other , then they intersect on the directrix . Conversely , two tangents which intersect on the directrix are perpendicular . This implies that , seen from any point on its directrix , any parabola subtends a right angle . Hyperbolas ( edit ) The transverse axis of a hyperbola is perpendicular to the conjugate axis and to each directrix . The product of the perpendicular distances from a point P on a hyperbola or on its conjugate hyperbola to the asymptotes is a constant independent of the location of P . A rectangular hyperbola has asymptotes that are perpendicular to each other . It has an eccentricity equal to 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) . ) In polygons ( edit ) Triangles ( edit ) The legs of a right triangle are perpendicular to each other . The altitudes of a triangle are perpendicular to their respective bases . The perpendicular bisectors of the sides also play a prominent role in triangle geometry . The Euler line of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular to the triangle 's base . The Droz - Farny line theorem concerns a property of two perpendicular lines intersecting at a triangle 's orthocenter . Harcourt 's theorem concerns the relationship of line segments through a vertex and perpendicular to any line tangent to the triangle 's incircle . Quadrilaterals ( edit ) In a square or other rectangle , all pairs of adjacent sides are perpendicular . A right trapezoid is a trapezoid that has two pairs of adjacent sides that are perpendicular . Each of the four maltitudes of a quadrilateral is a perpendicular to a side through the midpoint of the opposite side . An orthodiagonal quadrilateral is a quadrilateral whose diagonals are perpendicular . These include the square , the rhombus , and the kite . By Brahmagupta 's theorem , in an orthodiagonal quadrilateral that is also cyclic , a line through the midpoint of one side and through the intersection point of the diagonals is perpendicular to the opposite side . By van Aubel 's theorem , if squares are constructed externally on the sides of a quadrilateral , the line segments connecting the centers of opposite squares are perpendicular and equal in length . Lines in three dimensions ( edit ) Up to three lines in three - dimensional space can be pairwise perpendicular , as exemplified by the x , y , and z axes of a three - dimensional Cartesian coordinate system . See also ( edit ) Tangential and normal components Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kay ( 1969 , p. 114 ) Jump up ^ Kay ( 1969 , p. 91 ) Jump up ^ Kay ( 1969 , p. 91 ) Jump up ^ Posamentier and Salkind , Challenging Problems in Geometry , Dover , 2nd edition , 1996 : pp. 104 -- 105 , # 4 -- 23 . Jump up ^ College Mathematics Journal 29 ( 4 ) , September 1998 , p. 331 , problem 635 . References ( edit ) Altshiller - Court , Nathan ( 1925 ) , College Geometry : An Introduction to the Modern Geometry of the Triangle and the Circle ( 2nd ed . ) , New York : Barnes & Noble , LCCN 52 - 13504 Kay , David C. ( 1969 ) , College Geometry , New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , LCCN 69 - 12075 External links ( edit ) Look up perpendicular in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Definition : perpendicular with interactive animation . How to draw a perpendicular bisector of a line with compass and straight edge ( animated demonstration ) . How to draw a perpendicular at the endpoint of a ray with compass and straight edge ( animated demonstration ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perpendicular&oldid=799405670 '' Categories : Elementary geometry Orientation ( geometry ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 14 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which of these are characteristics of two parallel lines	[]	[]
-6248780807475802932	Iron & Wine	Iron & Wine - wikipedia Iron & Wine Jump to : navigation , search Iron & Wine Beam performing in 2015 Background information Birth name Samuel Ervin Beam ( 1974 - 07 - 26 ) July 26 , 1974 ( age 43 ) Chapin , South Carolina , United States Genres Folk folk rock indie folk Instruments Vocals guitar banjo piano percussion harmonica bass Labels Sub Pop Warner Bros . 4AD Nonesuch Associated acts Calexico Rosie Thomas Ben Bridwell Jesca Hoop Website www.ironandwine.com Iron & Wine at a 2006 concert at Brooklyn 's McCarren Park Pool Samuel `` Sam '' Ervin Beam ( born July 26 , 1974 ) , better known by his stage and recording name Iron & Wine , is an American singer - songwriter . He has released five studio albums , several EPs and singles , as well as a few download - only releases , which include a live album ( a recording of his 2005 Bonnaroo performance ) . He occasionally tours with a full band . Beam was raised in South Carolina before moving to Virginia and then Florida to attend school . He now resides in Durham , North Carolina . The name Iron & Wine is taken from a dietary supplement named `` Beef , Iron & Wine '' that he found in a general store while shooting a film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Musical career 3 Personal life 4 Discography 4.1 Albums 4.2 EPs 4.3 Singles 4.4 Other contributions 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Beam was raised in Chapin , South Carolina , where his father worked in land management and his mother was a schoolteacher . When he was a child , his family took regular trips to the country , where his grandfather ran a farm . He attended Seven Oaks Elementary School , Chapin Middle School , and Chapin High School . While home from college , he was a waiter at California Dreaming restaurant in Columbia . Beam earned a bachelor 's degree in art from Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond , Virginia . He specialized in painting before graduating from the Florida State University Film School with an MFA degree . Before the release of the first Iron & Wine album , Beam 's main source of income was as a professor of film and cinematography at the University of Miami and Miami International University of Art & Design . He had been writing songs for over seven years before a friend lent him a four - track recorder . He began making demos and gave one to his friend Michael Bridwell , brother of Band of Horses lead singer , Ben Bridwell . Michael handed it to Mike McGonigal , editor of Yeti magazine , who chose `` Dead Man 's Will '' , later released on In the Reins , for inclusion on one of his magazine 's compilation CDs . Beam later came to the attention of Sub Pop Records co-owner , Jonathan Poneman , who contacted Beam to propose a deal . Musical career ( edit ) Beam released his first Iron & Wine album , The Creek Drank the Cradle , on the Sub Pop label in 2002 . Beam wrote , performed , recorded and produced the album in his home studio . Featuring acoustic guitars , banjo , and slide guitar , the album 's music has been compared to that of Nick Drake , Simon and Garfunkel , Elliott Smith , Neil Young and John Fahey . Also in 2002 , Beam recorded a cover of The Postal Service 's then - unreleased song `` Such Great Heights '' . Rather than being included on an Iron & Wine release , the track was initially included as a b - side of the original version by The Postal Service . It was later included on the B - sides and rarities album , Around the Well . He then followed up on his debut album in 2003 with The Sea & The Rhythm , an EP containing other home - recorded tracks with a similar style to the songs on the debut . Beam 's second full - length album , Our Endless Numbered Days ( 2004 ) , was recorded in a professional studio with a significant increase in fidelity . Produced in Chicago by Brian Deck , the focus was still on acoustic material , but the inclusion of other band members gave rise to a slightly different sound . That same year , he recorded the song `` The Trapeze Swinger '' for the film In Good Company , and had his version of `` Such Great Heights '' featured in an advertisement for M&M 's and in the film and soundtrack for Garden State . This version was later used in a 2006 Ask.com advertisement , and eventually released as a single in 2006 backed with recordings of `` The Trapeze Swinger '' and `` Naked as We Came '' made for Radio Vienna . Sarah Beam , Samuel 's sister , at the Beachland Ballroom in Cleveland In February 2005 , he released an EP entitled Woman King , which expanded on the sounds of his previous LP with the addition of electric guitars . Each track features a spiritual female figure , and had subtle Biblical undertones . The EP In the Reins , a collaboration with the Arizona - based rock band Calexico , was released in September 2005 . Beam wrote all of the EP 's songs years earlier , but Calexico added their trademark fusion of southwestern rock , traditional Mexican music and jazz to the songs ' arrangements . Several tracks , most notably , `` Burn That Broken Bed '' , feature brass instruments , a first for Beam 's music . The third full - length Iron & Wine album , entitled The Shepherd 's Dog , was released September 25 , 2007 . This album was voted one of the ten best of 2007 by Paste magazine . Contributors included Joey Burns and Paul Niehaus of Calexico , as well as jazz musicians Matt Lux and Rob Burger . When asked to describe the album to The Independent , Beam remarked that `` it 's not a political propaganda record , but it 's definitely inspired by political confusion , because I was really taken aback when Bush got reelected . '' Beam has released most of his music on iTunes , including several exclusive EPs . The Iron & Wine iTunes Exclusive EP features unreleased studio recordings , including a Stereolab cover and two tracks which had previously only appeared on vinyl . The Live Session ( iTunes Exclusive ) features Beam and his sister , Sarah Beam , performing a number of tracks from his albums , as well as a cover of New Order 's `` Love Vigilantes '' . Sarah Beam has contributed backing vocals on many of Beam 's studio recordings . Beam 's music has appeared in television series such as Grey 's Anatomy , The L Word and House M.D. `` Flightless Bird , American Mouth '' was used in the film Twilight . The song was specifically chosen for the film 's prom scene by Kristen Stewart , the female lead , and appears on the film 's soundtrack . The B - sides and rarities album Around the Well was released in 2009 . Iron & Wine also contributed the song `` Stolen Houses ( Die ) '' to the AIDS benefit album Dark Was the Night produced by the Red Hot Organization . On November 26 , 2010 Iron & Wine released a special edition Record Store Day Black Friday 12 '' vinyl and CD single called , Walking Far From Home for independent record stores . Kiss Each Other Clean , Iron & Wine 's fourth full - length album , was released on January 25 , 2011 on Warner Bros. Records in North America and 4AD for the rest of the world . With this album , Beam blended his earlier styles with a stronger pop influence . Ghost on Ghost , Iron & Wine 's fifth studio album , was released in April 2013 on Nonesuch Records in North America and 4AD for the rest of the world . Ghost on Ghost marked a further exploration into the pop sounds of Kiss Each Other Clean while also exhibiting jazz and R&B influences , with jazz drummer Brian Blade contributing to the album . In January 2014 , recording during the polar vortex in Chicago , Beam and his regular collaborator Brian Deck co-produced eight of the ten songs on Chadwick Stokes ' 2015 album The Horse Comanche . Beam contributed the Iron & Wine band to the sessions and sang backing vocals . Iron & Wine released two albums in 2015 . Archive Series : Volume 1 , released in February , featured unreleased songs recorded during the same period as The Creek Drank the Cradle . Covers album , Sing Into My Mouth , recorded with Band of Horses singer Ben Bridwell , was released in July . Love Letter for Fire , an album of duets with American singer - songwriter Jesca Hoop , was released in 2016 on Sub Pop . Produced , recorded , and mixed by Tucker Martine , the album also featured contributions from Wilco 's Glenn Kotche , Rob Burger , Eyvind Kang , Sebastian Steinberg , and Edward Rankin - Parker . In August 2017 , Iron & Wine 's sixth studio album Beast Epic was released through Sub Pop Records . The record saw Beam strip back the production and array of instruments from previous records to return to more simple and melodic song structures . Personal life ( edit ) Beam , his wife Kim , and their five daughters live in Durham , North Carolina . He was raised in the Bible belt as a Christian , but is now an agnostic : `` That was a confusing time for me , but I do n't miss being misled . I 'm not an atheist . There 's an undeniable unseen world that some people call God and think they know more about than other people . I try not to get hung up on the names . '' In 2011 , a portrait of Beam was painted by British artist Joe Simpson . The painting was exhibited around the UK , including in a solo exhibition at The Royal Albert Hall . Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) List of albums , with selected chart positions , sales figures and certifications Year Album Peak chart positions US AUS CAN NLD NOR SWE SWI UK 2002 The Creek Drank the Cradle -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Our Endless Numbered Days 158 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2007 The Shepherd 's Dog 24 98 -- -- 24 -- -- 74 2011 Kiss Each Other Clean 36 15 54 10 24 57 32 2013 Ghost on Ghost 26 -- -- 88 32 43 100 40 2015 Sing into My Mouth ( with Ben Bridwell ) 116 -- -- 67 -- -- -- -- 2016 Love Letter for Fire ( with Jesca Hoop ) 173 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2017 Beast Epic 44 83 77 93 -- -- -- 60 `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart or was not released in that territory Compilations Year Album US Notes 2009 Around the Well 25 B - sides and rarities compilation 2015 Archive Series Volume No. 1 -- Previously unreleased early home recordings 2017 Archive Series Volume No. 3 -- 7 '' covers single Live albums Year Album 2005 Iron & Wine Live Bonnaroo 2009 Norfolk 6 / 20 / 05 2011 Morning Becomes Eclectic EPs ( edit ) Year EPs US UK Notes 2002 Iron & Wine Tour EP -- -- -- 2003 The Sea & The Rhythm -- -- -- Iron & Wine iTunes Exclusive EP -- -- iTunes only 2005 Woman King 128 -- -- 2005 In the Reins 135 -- with Calexico 2006 Live Session ( iTunes Exclusive ) -- -- iTunes only 2006 Live at Lollapalooza 2006 -- -- iTunes only Singles ( edit ) `` Call Your Boys '' b / w `` Dearest Forsaken '' via Sub Pop Singles Club ( CD + Clear 7 '' Vinyl ) ( 2002 ) `` No Moon '' b / w `` Sinning Hands '' ( Limited 7 '' Vinyl Bonus with first Pressing of Our Endless Numbered Days ) ( 2004 ) `` Passing Afternoon '' ( CD only ) ( 2004 ) `` The Trapeze Swinger '' ( iTunes only ) ( 2005 ) `` Such Great Heights '' ( UK only CD ) ( 2006 ) `` Boy with a Coin '' b / w `` Carried Home '' and `` Kingdom of the Animals '' ( CD + UK only 10 '' Vinyl ) ( 2007 ) `` Dark Eyes '' ( Bob Dylan cover w / Calexico ) ( 2007 ) `` Lovesong of the Buzzard '' ( CD + UK only 10 '' Vinyl ) ( 2008 ) `` Flightless Bird , American Mouth '' ( iTunes only ) ( 2008 ) `` Walking Far from Home '' ( 2010 ) Other contributions ( edit ) The Six Parts Seven Lost Notes from Forgotten Songs ( 2003 ) `` Sleeping Diagonally '' The O.C. Soundtrack ( 2004 ) -- `` The Sea & the Rhythm '' Garden State Soundtrack ( 2004 ) -- `` Such Great Heights '' Sweetheart : Love Songs ( 2004 ) -- `` Ab 's Song '' ( The Marshall Tucker Band cover ) L Word : Season Two soundtrack ( 2004 ) -- `` Naked as We Came '' Grey 's Anatomy : Season Two soundtrack ( 2004 ) -- `` Naked as We Came '' In Good Company ( 2004 ) -- `` Naked as We Came , '' `` Sunset Soon Forgotten , '' `` The Trapeze Swinger '' Fighting in a Sack ( 2004 ) -- `` New Slang ( Featuring Iron & Wine ) ( Live ) '' KCRW Sounds Eclectic Volume 3 ( 2005 ) -- `` Waitin ' for a Superman '' ( Flaming Lips cover ) I Am a Cold Rock . I Am Dull Grass. ( 2006 ) -- `` We All , Us Three , Will Ride '' I 'm Not There soundtrack ( 2007 ) -- `` Dark Eyes '' ( with Calexico ) The Road Mix Volume 3 , music from One Tree Hill ( 2007 ) -- `` He Lays in the Reins '' ( with Calexico ) Acoustic 07 ( 2007 ) -- `` Naked as We Came '' Numb3rs Season 3 , Episode 19 , `` Pandora 's Box '' ( 2007 ) -- `` Naked as We Came '' Friday Night Lights Season 1 , Episode 12 ( 2007 ) -- `` Upward Over the Mountain '' Friday Night Lights : Original Television Soundtrack ( 2007 ) -- `` Dead Man 's Will '' ( with Calexico ) Twilight soundtrack ( 2008 ) -- `` Flightless Bird , American Mouth '' Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 1 soundtrack ( 2011 ) - `` Flightless Bird , American Mouth ( wedding version ) '' 90210 Season 1 , Episode 18 , `` Off the Rails '' ( 2008 ) -- `` Cinder & Smoke '' House M.D. Season 4 , Episode 16 ( Season Finale , Part 2 ) Wilson 's Heart ( 2008 ) -- `` Passing Afternoon '' Season 6 , Episode 1 ( Season Premiere , Part 1 ) Broken ( 2009 ) -- `` Love Vigilantes '' ( New Order cover ) Dark Was the Night ( 2009 ) -- `` Stolen Houses ( Die ) '' Ugly Betty Season 3 , Episode 16 ( 2009 ) -- `` Naked as We Came '' The Mysteries of Pittsburgh ( 2009 ) -- `` Naked as We Came '' Misfits Season 1 , Episode 6 ( 2009 ) -- `` Such Great Heights '' TiMER ( 2009 ) -- `` The Trapeze Swinger '' The Last Song soundtrack ( 2010 ) -- `` Each Coming Night '' Degrassi ( season 10 ) Episode 31 , Halo Part . 2 ( 2010 ) - `` Passing Afternoon '' The Lone Ranger : Wanted ( 2013 ) - `` Rattling Bone '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ACE . `` ACE Repertory '' . Mobile.ascap.com . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Tangari , Joe `` Iron & Wine Interview '' Pitchfork - October 1 , 2007 Jump up ^ McDonald , Sam `` Iron and Wine returns for solo show '' dailypress.com - February 21 , 2014 Jump up ^ Marchese , David `` Why He 's Called ... Iron and Wine '' Spin.com - January 10 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Iron and Wine , Jason Ferguson , Miami New Times , April 10 , 2008 '' . Jump up ^ `` '' Iron and Wine `` , Georgiana Cohen '' . Ssplendidezine.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gross , Joe ( 26 Sep 2007 ) . `` Music '' . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Planting Together : An interview with Iron and Wine 's Sam Beam `` , Maud Newton '' . Thehighhat.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` '' Iron & Wine : Biography `` , James Christopher Monger , Rovi '' . Pandora.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Kearney , Ryan ( 2002 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Iron & Wine : The Creek Drank the Cradle '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Bickford , B.R. ( 2003 - 02 - 19 ) . `` Iron & Wine : `` The Creek Drank the Cradle '' `` . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Burn That Broken Bed '' ( Media notes ) . Iron & Wine . 2011 . Jump up ^ Khanna , Vish. `` Iron and Wine 's Guiding Light '' , Exclaim ! , October 2007 . Jump up ^ Paste magazine issue # 38 Jump up ^ Khanna , Vish ( October 2007 ) . `` Iron and Wine 's Guiding Light '' . Exclaim.ca . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( 2006 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Sam Beam : Love , God , death and a tree of bees '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jody ( 3 February 2011 ) . `` Iron & Wine 's Technicolor Roots '' . The Rolling Stone . p. 64 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Iron & Wine Return With New Album Ghost on Ghost , Share New Track `` Lovers ' Revolution '' News `` . Pitchfork. 2013 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Asha . `` Chadwick Stokes ' The Horse Comanche Out Now to Widespread Acclaim '' . Sacks & Co . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Shane ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Iron & Wine , Band of Horses to Collaborate on Covers Album '' . Paste . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Monroe , Jazz ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Sam Beam ( Iron & Wine ) Teams With Jesca Hoop for Duets Album and Tour '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Mason , Danielle . `` Beast Epic '' . IronandWine.com . Jump up ^ Menconi , David `` Iron & Wine finds a new home in Durham '' The News & Observer - June 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ Newton , Maud `` Planting Together : An interview with Iron and Wine 's Sam Beam '' The High Hat Jump up ^ Brown , Helen `` Iron and Wine : Do n't mention the beard '' The Telegraph - September 15 , 2007 Jump up ^ Breihan , Tom `` Ezra Koenig , Matt Berninger , Sam Beam Immortalized in Oil Paintings '' Pitchfork - February 23 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Iron & Wine -- Chart history ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron and Wine -- Chart history ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peaks in Australia : All except noted : `` Discography Iron & Wine '' . australian-charts.com . Australian Recording Industry Association . Beast Epic : `` ARIA Chart Watch # 436 '' . auspOp . September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron & Wine Album & Song Chart History : `` Canadian Albums '' `` . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Iron and Wine -- Chart history ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron & Wine '' . Dutch charts . Jump up ^ `` Iron & Wine '' . Norwegian charts . Jump up ^ `` Iron & Wine '' . Swedishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Iron & Wine '' . Schweizer Hitparade . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Iron & Wine '' . The Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Young , Alex ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Iron & Wine 's Sam Beam announces new album with Jesca Hoop , shares `` Every Songbird Says '' -- listen `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Iron & Wine In the Reins Charts > Billboard Albums , AllMusic External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iron & Wine . Official site ( hide ) Iron & Wine Studio albums The Creek Drank the Cradle Our Endless Numbered Days The Shepherd 's Dog Kiss Each Other Clean Ghost on Ghost Sing into My Mouth ( with Ben Bridwell ) Love Letter for Fire ( with Jesca Hoop ) Beast Epic Compilation albums Around the Well Archive Series Volume No. 1 EPs Tour EP The Sea & the Rhythm iTunes Exclusive EP Woman King In the Reins with Calexico Such Great Heights Live Session Live at Lollapalooza 2006 Live albums Norfolk 6 / 20 / 05 Iron & Wine Live Bonnaroo Singles `` Call Your Boys '' `` No Moon '' `` Passing Afternoon '' `` The Trapeze Swinger '' `` Such Great Heights '' `` Boy with a Coin '' `` Dark Eyes '' with Calexico `` Lovesong of the Buzzard '' `` Flightless Bird , American Mouth '' `` Walking Far from Home '' `` Grace for Saints and Ramblers '' Related articles Sub Pop VIAF : 261642093 LCCN : no2004049127 GND : 1075344638 MusicBrainz : c3f28da8 - 662d - 4f09 - bdc7 - 3084bf685930 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_%26_Wine&oldid=799292041 '' Categories : 1974 births American agnostics American folk guitarists American male guitarists American folk singers American rock guitarists American rock singers American rock songwriters American male singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters Florida State University alumni Singers from South Carolina Sub Pop artists Living people People from Lexington County , South Carolina 4AD artists 21st - century American singers 21st - century American guitarists Songwriters from South Carolina Guitarists from South Carolina Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 20 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does iron and wines new album come out	[ "In August 2017, Iron & Wine's sixth studio album Beast Epic was released through Sub Pop Records. The record saw Beam strip back the production and array of instruments from previous records to return to more simple and melodic song structures.[23]" ]	[ "August 2017" ]
642803086770551850	Bigg Boss Kannada 5	Bigg Boss Kannada 5 - Wikipedia Bigg Boss Kannada 5 Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bigg Boss Kannada 5 Bigg Boss Kannada ◄ Series 5 ( 2017 / 2018 ) Name Entry Exit Anupama Day 1 Chandan Day 1 Diwakar Day 1 Day 83 Day 77 Karthik Day 1 Shruthi Day 1 Niveditha Day 1 Riyaz Day 1 Day 91 Sameer Day 1 Day 77 Day 73 Krishi Day 1 Day 42 Day 35 Day 84 Sreenivasan Day 1 Day 73 Day 77 Lasya Day 58 Day 70 Jagan Day 1 Day 63 Ashitha Day 1 Day 56 Vaishnavi Day 50 Day 54 Chandru Day 1 Day 49 Tejaswini Day 1 Day 26 Day 25 Day 28 Dayal Day 1 Day 21 Megha Day 1 Day 14 Suma Day 1 Day 7 Legend Evicted Walked Nominated Ejected House Captain Bigg Boss Kannada 5 ( BBK5 ) is the fifth season of the Kannada reality television series Bigg Boss Kannada , that premiered on 15 October 2017 with the finale set in 2018 . Sudeep reprised his role as the host of the show . The grand opening ceremony was aired on 15 October at 6pm in Colors Super channel , and will be airing from Monday to Sunday from 8 pm to 9 : 30 pm in the same channel , where contestants will perform and enter the house , where they have to stay for more than 100 days , to be a winner . Sudeep had signed a ₹ 20 crore ( US $3.2 million ) deal with the channel Colors Kannada to host the next five seasons starting from the previous season . During the grand finale of Bigg Boss Kannada 4 , it was announced that the next season will start with new contestants and a renovated Bigg Boss house built for the previous season in the Innovative Film City at Bidadi , Bangalore . This will be the first season to allow non-celebrities to the Bigg Boss house with online auditions taking place from July 2017 . The application process of the auditions for non-celebrities was exclusively carried by Voot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Housemates 2 Guests 2.1 Sunil 2.2 Sruthi Hariharan 2.3 Kirik Keerthi 2.4 Shalini Satyanarayan 2.5 Sheetal Shetty 2.6 Niranjan Deshpande 2.7 Akul Balaji 2.8 Samyuktha Hegde 3 Voting history 3.1 Notes 4 Vote Count 5 References Housemates ( edit ) Along with the usual celebrity contestants , the housemates of this season includes contestants selected through online audition process . The total of 17 housemates are contain 11 celebrities and 6 commoners . Housemates Occupation Contestant type Status Anupama Gowda Television actor Celebrity Contestant Ashitha Chandrappa Television actor Celebrity Contestant Evicted on Day 56 Chandan Shetty Kannada Rapper Celebrity Contestant Divakar Sales representative Auditioned Contestant secret room on day 77 Karthik Jayaram Television and film actor Celebrity Contestant Jagannath Chandrashekhar Television Celebrity Contestant Evicted on Day 63 Jaya Sreenivasan Numerologist Celebrity Contestant Evicted on Day 77 Niveditha Gowda Student Auditioned Contestant Riyaz Basha Radio jockey Auditioned Contestant Sameer Acharya Priest Auditioned Contestant Shruti Prakash Singer and television actor Celebrity Contestant Sihi Kahi Chandru Actor and television presenter Celebrity Contestant Evicted on Day 49 Krishi Thapanda Model and actor Celebrity Contestant Evicted on Day 35 , Reentered on Day 42 & reevicted on Day 84 Tejaswini Prakash Film and television actor Celebrity Contestant Walked on Day 25 ; Reentered on Day 26 ; Evicted on Day 28 Dayal Padmanabhan Film director , producer , and actor Celebrity Contestant Evicted on Day 21 Megha Student Auditioned Contestant Evicted on Day 14 Suma Rajkumar Homemaker and ventriloquist Auditioned Contestant Evicted on Day 7 Wild Card Contestant Vaishnavi Film actor Wild card Contestant Entered on Day 50 ; Walked on Day 54 , due to health problem Lasya Film actor Wild card Contestant Entered on Day 58 ; evicted on Day 70 Guests ( edit ) Sunil ( edit ) Sunil , the lead actor of the upcoming serial Shani , entered the house in character to promote it . Sruthi hariharan ( edit ) She visited the Bigg Boss house to promote her new movie Upendra Matte Baa . Kirik keerthi ( edit ) Keerthi was an alumnus of Bigg Boss Kannada 4 . He entered the house as a Kannada teacher . Incidentally , he had played the same character during a task in season 4 . Shalini satyanarayan ( edit ) Shalini was an alumni of Bigg Boss Kannada 4 . She entered the house as an Arts teacher . Sheetal shetty ( edit ) Sheetal was an alumna of Bigg Boss Kannada 4 . She entered the house as a PT teacher . Niranjan deshpande ( edit ) Niranjan was an alumnus of Bigg Boss Kannada 4 . He entered the house as Drama teacher . Akul balaji ( edit ) Akul was an alumnus of Bigg Boss Kannada 2 . He stayed in the house for 4 days . Samyuktha Hegde ( edit ) Samyuktha is an actor who gained fame with Kirik Party . She entered the house as a guest with her best friend , Lasya Nagraj . She was asked to leave the house on Day 66 for assaulting her fellow housemate , Sameer . Voting history ( edit ) Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 Week 15 House Captain Anupama Gowda Shruthi Prakash sameer Acharya Riaz bhasha Chandan Nivedita karthik Jagan Krishi None Riaz Sameer Anupama Captain 's Nomination Niveditha Karthik Anupama Karthik Riaz Chandru Diwakar None Sameer Diwakar Anupama Chandan Vote to : Evict Save Evict Save Evict - Evict - Evict Anupama House Captain Diwakar , Chandan Riyaz , Sreenivasan Sameer , Chandan Niveditha , Riyaz Sameer , Chandan Ashitha , Jagan Nominated Shruthi Sameer , Diwakar Sameer , Niveditha Riyaz , Niveditha House captain Chandan Karthik , Riaz Krishi , Karthik Niveditha , Dayal Anupama , Chandru House Captain Shruthi , Riyaz Diwakar , Niveditha Nominated Chandan Samyuktha , Krishi Sreenivasan , Karthik Karthik , Shruthi Shruthi Riaz Diwakar Sreenivasan , Karthik Krishi , Jagan Niveditha , Chandru Tejaswini , Jagan Jagan , Krishi Shruthi , Anupama Chandan , Ashitha Nominated Diwakar Anupama , Niveditha Niveditha , Krishi Karthik Diwakar , Krishi Sameer , Diwakar Riyaz , Sreenivasan Niveditha , Sreenivasan Riyaz , Diwakar Riyaz , Sreenivasan House Captain Nominated Jagan Samyuktha , Niveditha Sameer , Niveditha Riyaz , Chandan Krishi Diwakar , Suma Diwakar , Megha Sreenivasan , Riyaz Sreenivasan , Sameer Riyaz , Sreenivasan Evicted ( Day 35 ) Shruthi , Anupama Nominated House Captain Sameer , Chandan Sameer , Niveditha Niveditha , Riyaz Niveditha Diwakar , Jagan Sameer , Diwakar Dayal , Sreenivasan Jagan , Anupama Anupama , Ashitha House Captain Chandan , Sreenivasan Nominated Chandan Sameer , Sreenivasan Sreenivasan , Krishi Shruthi , Krishi Riyaz Sreenivasan , Jagan Dayal , Krishi Dayal , Anupama House Captain Ashitha , Krishi Shruthi , Jagan Sameer , Ashitha Nominated Sreenivasan Niveditha , Shruthi House Captain Krishi , Anupama Sameer Jagan , Suma Karthik , Ashita House Captain Chandru , Tejaswini Chandru , Jagan Sreenivasan , Shruthi Riyaz , Anupama Nominated Diwakar Samyuktha , Anupama Krishi Shruthi House Captain Shruthi Sameer , Niveditha House Captain Niveditha , Riyaz Niveditha , Sameer Niveditha , Riyaz Chandan , Anupama Chandru , Jagan Nominated Shruthi Sameer , Diwakar Sameer , Niveditha Niveditha , Riyaz Sreenivasan Dayal , Diwakar Jagan , Ashita Dayal , Jagan Jagan , Chandru Chandru , Karthik Chandru , Jagan Niveditha , Shruthi Nominated Sreenivasan Lasya , Niveditha Chandan , Diwakar Evicted ( Day 77 ) Lasya Not in House Exempt Sreenivasan , Sameer Evicted ( Day 70 ) Samyuktha Not in House Exempt Sameer , Sreenivasan Ejected ( Day 66 ) Jagan Megha , Diwakar Megha , Riaz Sreenivasan , Riyaz Sreenivasan , Niveditha Riyaz , Niveditha Chandan , Sameer Ashitha , Anupama House Captain Jagan Evicted ( Day 63 ) Ashitha Diwakar , Suma Sameer , Riaz Riyaz , Sreenivasan Sameer , Sreenivasan Riyaz , Niveditha Sameer , Sreenivasan Jagan , Diwakar Nominated Evicted ( Day 56 ) Vaishnavi Not in House Walked ( Day 54 ) Chandru Diwakar , Sreenivasan Megha , Diwakar Dayal , Riyaz Niveditha Sameer Sameer , Diwakar Chandan , Riyaz Anupama , Ashitha Evicted ( Day 49 ) Tejaswini Megha , Chandan Megha , Diwakar Sreenivasan , Niveditha Sreenivasan , Sameer Evicted ( Day 28 ) Dayal Megha , Ashitha Megha , Sameer Sreenivasan , Riyaz Evicted ( Day 21 ) Megha Jagan , Niveditha Dayal , Anupama Evicted ( Day 14 ) Suma Karthik , Jagan Evicted ( Day 7 ) Notes 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Against public vote Diwakar Jagan Karthik Megha Niveditha Sreenivasan Suma Ashitha Dayal Diwakar Jagan Krishi Megha Sameer Riaz Anupama Dayal Diwakar Niveditha Riyaz Shruthi Sreenivasan Anupama Chandru Jagan Karthik Niveditha Sameer Sreenivasan Tejaswini Ashitha Chandru Diwakar Jagan Krishi Niveditha Anupama Chandan Chandru Jagan Riyaz Sameer Shruthi Sreenivasan Chandru Diwakar Krishi Riyaz Sameer Sreenivasan Anupama Ashitha Chandan Diwakar Karthik Krishi Niveditha Riyaz Sameer Shruthi Sreenivasan Chandan Diwakar Jagan Sameer Shruthi Sreenivasan Anupama Diwakar Lasya Niveditha Sameer Samyuktha Sreenivasan Diwakar Niveditha sameer Krishi Sreenivasan Anupama Karthik Krishi Niveditha Riyaz Shruthi Walked none Vaishnavi none Evicted Suma Megha Dayal Tejaswini Krishi None Chandru Ashitha Jagan Lasya Sreenivasan Krishi Notes ( edit ) This housemate was the current House Captain . This Housemate was directly nominated for eviction by Bigg Boss . This Housemate was granted immunity from nominations . Ejected for hitting contestant . ^ 1 : As the captain , Anupama had the power to directly nominate one housemate , and she picked Niveditha 's name for eviction . ^ 2 : Chandru had a Special Adhikara to nominate 3 housemates instead of two . Captain Shruthi had the power to save one nominated housemate , and she decided to save Karthik . ^ 3 : Diwakar and Shruthi were directly nominated by Bigg Boss . Sameer became the first captain as a commoner . Anupama was directly nominated by Sameer . ^ 4 : Sameer had a Special Adhikara to nullify the nominations made by one housemate , and he chose to nullify the nominations made by Anupama . Karthik was directly nominated by Captain Riyaz . Tejaswini walked out of the house due to her father 's health condition . She re-entered the house a day later . ^ 5 : An open nomination process took place in the garden area in Week 5 . But Karthik exercised his Super Adhikara by nominating two people in the confession room . Captain Chandan had the power to save one nominated housemate , and he decided to save Riyaz . ^ 6 : On account of winning the General Knowledge quiz , Niveditha became the youngest captain in the history of Bigg Boss Kannada . Chandru was directly nominated by Niveditha for eviction . There was no eviction in Week 6 . Krishi re-entered the Bigg Boss House as a contestant . ^ 7 : Karthik Jayram became the captain of the house . The housemates were asked to nominate two people whom they want to save this week . Diwakar was directly nominated by Karthik for eviction . ^ 8 : Jagan became the captain of the house . Vaishnavi enters the house as a wild card contestant . Except for Jagan and Vaishnavi , all the other housemates are directly nominated for eviction by Bigg Boss . Vaishnavi exited the house on Day 54 due to recurring health issues . ^ 9 : Krishi became the new captain of the house . While Lasya Nagraj entered the house as a wild card contestant , Samyuktha Hegde arrived as a guest . Sameer was directly nominated by Krishi for eviction . ^ 10 : Bigg Boss announced that a captain will not be appointed this week . The women nominate two male housemates ; the men nominate two female housemates . Karthik exercised his Super Adhikara to directly nominate Lasya . Guest Samyuktha Hegde was ejected from the house for assaulting her fellow housemate , Sameer Acharya . ^ 11 : Riyaz became the captain for the second time and uses his powers to directly nominate Diwakar . Sreenivasan is sent to the secret room . Sameer is evicted in a surprise midnight eviction , but he too joins Sreenivasan in the secret room . ^ 12 : Diwakar is sent to the secret room . Riyaz exercises his Super Adhikara to nominate Krishi , Anupama , Shruthi , and Karthik . Sameer becomes the captain for the second time and directly nominates Anupama for eviction . Vote count ( edit ) Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 Week 15 Nominations Received Eviction Faced Anupama - 0 0 Chandan 0 - Diwakar 7 7 - 0 Karthik 0 0 - 0 0 Krishi 0 - Evicted 0 - Niveditha 0 - 0 5 Riyaz 8 - 6 0 0 - Sameer - 6 6 Shruthi 0 - - 0 Sreenivasan 8 5 Evicted tbd tbd Lasya Not in house 0 Evicted Samyuktha Not in house 0 Ejected N / A Jagan 5 - Evicted 18 6 Ashitha 0 - 0 5 Evicted 11 Vaishnavi Not in house 0 Walked 0 0 Chandru 0 0 Evicted 9 Tejaswini 0 0 0 Evicted Dayal 5 Evicted 8 Megha 5 Evicted 8 Suma Evicted This housemate was the current House Captain . This Housemate was directly nominated for eviction by Bigg Boss . This Housemate was granted immunity from nominations This Housemate was ejected from the house . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss season 5 to go on air from October 15 - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Sudeep keen to host Bigg Boss season 3 ? '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` ' Bigg Boss Kannada ' : Kiccha Sudeep Turns ' Salman Khan of Sandalwood ' , Gets Record Offer to Host Show on Small Screen '' . International Business Times , India Edition . 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OMG ! What Is Sudeep 's Remuneration To Host Bigg Boss ? '' . www.filmibeat.com . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss kannada shooting set shifted to bidadi '' . kannadaprabha.com . Jump up ^ `` Big Boss 3 to be shot at Bidadi ? '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ `` Here 's your chance to enter into Bigg Boss house - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Grab Your Only Chance To Be A Participant On The Reality Show , Bigg Boss Kananda Season 5 '' . www.filmibeat.com. 2017 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss kannada Season 5 '' . www.biggbosskannadaseason5.in . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Indiatimes - Bigg Boss Kannada Applications on Voot '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bigg_Boss_Kannada_5&oldid=819403807 '' Categories : Bigg Boss seasons 2017 Indian television seasons Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2017 Use Indian English from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 05 : 01 . About Wikipedia	who got eliminated in bigg boss season 5 kannada today	[]	[]
3426777596188074722	Glazer ownership of Manchester United	Glazer ownership of Manchester United - wikipedia Glazer ownership of Manchester United Manchester United Football Club is an English football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester . The club was formed as Newton Heath LYR Football Club , the works team of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway depot in Newton Heath , in 1878 . The club split from the railway company in 1892 and remained under private ownership for almost 100 years , changing its name to Manchester United after being saved from bankruptcy in 1902 . The club went public in 1990 and was the subject of takeover bids from property trader Michael Knighton and Rupert Murdoch 's BSkyB corporation before Malcolm Glazer 's stake was announced in September 2003 . By the end of the year , Glazer had increased his shareholding from 3.17 % to around 15 % , which he almost doubled in the year up to October 2004 . His acquisition of John Magnier and J.P. McManus 's 28.7 % stake in May 2005 pushed his own up to around 57 % , well over the 30 % threshold that would force him to launch a takeover bid . A few days later , he took control of 75 % of the club 's shares , allowing him to delist the company from the stock exchange , and within a month , the Glazers took 98 % ownership of the club via their Red Football parent company , forcing a squeeze out of the remaining 2 % . The final purchase price of the club totalled almost £ 800 million . Most of the capital used by Glazer to purchase Manchester United came in the form of loans , the majority of which were secured against the club 's assets , incurring interest payments of over £ 60 million per annum . The remainder came in the form of PIK loans ( payment in kind loans ) , which were later sold to hedge funds . Manchester United was not liable for the PIKs , which were held by Red Football Joint Venture and were secured on that company 's shares in Red Football ( and thus the club ) . The interest on the PIKs rolled up at 14.25 % per annum . Despite this , the Glazers did not pay down any of the PIK loans in the first five years they owned the club . In January 2010 , the club carried out a successful £ 500 million bond issue , and by March 2010 , the PIKs stood at around £ 207 million . The PIKs were eventually paid off in November 2010 by unspecified means . In August 2012 , as part of further refinancing , the Glazers sold a number of shares in Manchester United in an initial public offering ( IPO ) on the New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE ) . Some Manchester United fans opposed Glazer 's takeover of the club , particularly once they realised the level of debt that the club would have to take on after having been debt - free for so many years . Disgruntled fans launched the football club F.C. United of Manchester in 2005 , which entered the North West Counties Football League and has played in the sixth tier National League North since 2015 . Since 2005 , the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust has been working on a way of returning ownership of the club to supporters ; in 2010 , they met with a group of wealthy Manchester United fans -- dubbed the `` Red Knights '' -- to discuss a billion - pound takeover bid . However , the bid fell through when the Red Knights refused to meet the Glazers ' valuation of the club . Contents 1 Background 2 Acquisition of shares and gaining control 3 Aftermath 4 Refinancing 5 Red Knights takeover plans 6 New York share issue 7 Death of Malcolm Glazer 8 See also 9 References Background ( edit ) Manchester United was the subject of a takeover bid from Rupert Murdoch 's BSkyB corporation in 1998 . Manchester United was formed as Newton Heath L&YR F.C. in 1878 by the workers in the Carriage and Wagon Works of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway 's Newton Heath depot . In 1901 , the club was in over £ 2,500 of debt and facing a winding - up order ; however , they were saved by local brewer John Henry Davies , who changed their name to Manchester United in 1902 . After Davies ' death in 1927 , the club fell into financial difficulties once again , but James W. Gibson stepped in as a new financial benefactor in 1931 . Gibson himself died in 1951 , but while ownership of the club passed to his widow , Violet , control of the club passed to director and former player Harold Hardman . Meanwhile , a local businessman named Louis Edwards began accruing shares in Manchester United and was eventually made chairman on Hardman 's death in 1965 . His son , Martin Edwards , purchased a percentage of shares from Alan Gibson -- son of former owner James Gibson -- and became the majority shareholder and chairman when Louis Edwards died in 1980 . During Martin Edwards ' time as chairman , Manchester United was the subject of several takeover bids ; the first came from media tycoon Robert Maxwell , who bid £ 10 million in February 1984 , but the sale fell through before any serious talks could take place . In 1989 , property magnate Michael Knighton was on the verge of completing a £ 20 million takeover , but his financial backers pulled out at the last minute and he had to be content with merely a seat on the board . Manchester United was floated on the stock market in 1991 , and they received yet another takeover bid in 1998 , this time from Rupert Murdoch 's BSkyB Corporation . The Manchester United board accepted a £ 623 million offer , but the takeover was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission at the final hurdle in April 1999 . A few years later , a power struggle emerged between the club 's manager , Sir Alex Ferguson , and his horse - racing partners , John Magnier and J.P. McManus , who had gradually become the largest shareholders via their company , Cubic Expression . In a dispute that stemmed from contested ownership of the horse Rock of Gibraltar , Magnier and McManus attempted to have Ferguson removed from his position as manager , and the board responded by approaching investors to attempt to reduce the Irishmen 's influence . Meanwhile , Avram Glazer -- the son of Malcolm Glazer -- was looking into investment in European football . The Glazer family already owned several businesses in the United States and had purchased the Tampa Bay Buccaneers National Football League franchise in 1995 . They convinced the local government to fund a new stadium for the Buccaneers in 1998 and the franchise won its first Super Bowl in January 2003 . Acquisition of shares and gaining control ( edit ) The building of Raymond James Stadium in Tampa , Florida was one of the first major changes made by the Glazers after their acquisition of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Following the Manchester United board 's search for new investors , the Glazers purchased their first tranche of Manchester United shares on 2 March 2003 , spending around £ 9 million on a 2.9 % stake , which they purchased through a holding company called Red Football . On 26 September 2003 , it was reported that they had increased their share to 3.17 % , taking their shareholding above the 3 % threshold that required them to inform the club 's management . There had already been considerable speculation about the possibility of a takeover of the club , either by the Glazers or by one of several other interested parties . By 20 October , they had increased their shareholding to 8.93 % , and on 29 November it was reported that they owned around 15 % of the club and had met David Gill , its chief executive , to discuss their intentions . On 12 February 2004 , the Glazers increased their stake in the club to 16.31 % and the following day 's Financial Times reported that they had instructed Commerzbank to explore a takeover bid . The club 's share price increased by 5 % that day , valuing the club at a total of £ 741 million . The Glazers increased their shareholding to over 19 % the following June , although they were still not the largest shareholders . Their shareholding continued to increase , nearing 30 % by October 2004 . Upon reaching 30 % , they would have to launch a formal takeover bid . On 12 May 2005 , Red Football announced that it had reached an agreement with shareholders J.P. McManus and John Magnier to purchase Cubic Expression 's 28.7 % stake in the club , which gave the Glazers a controlling stake with just under 57 % of the club 's shares . They then managed to secure the stake of the third - largest stakeholder , Scottish mining entrepreneur Harry Dobson , taking their share total to 62 % of the club . By 13 May , the Glazers had bought a further 12.8 % stake taking their total ownership to 74.81 % , just shy of the 75 % threshold that would allow them to end the club 's public limited company ( PLC ) status and delist it from the London Stock Exchange . On 16 May , the Glazers took their shareholding in Manchester United to 75.7 % , and a month later , on 22 June , they removed the club 's shares from the stock exchange for the first time in 14 years . The Glazers ' shareholding increased gradually to 76.2 % by 23 May , when they made their final offer of 300 pence per share , with a deadline of 3 p.m. on 13 June . On 26 May , the Manchester United board wrote to the remaining shareholders indicating their intention to sell their own shares and advising the others to follow suit ; in the same letter , chairman Sir Roy Gardner and non-executive directors Ian Much and Jim O'Neill offered their resignations . Despite the board 's encouragement , the Glazers ' share in the club had only reached 97.3 % by 14 June , short of the 97.6 % threshold required for a compulsory buyout of all remaining shareholders , prompting them to extend the deadline on their offer to purchase the remaining shares until 27 June . A statement released on 28 June said that Red Football 's shareholding had reached 98 % ( 259,950,194 shares ) , prompting a squeeze out of the remaining shareholders . The final valuation of the club was almost £ 790 million ( approximately $ 1.5 billion at the exchange rate at the time ) . Aftermath ( edit ) The Glazers retained David Gill as chief executive of Manchester United after taking control in 2005 . As a result of the Glazer takeover , a small group of disgruntled Manchester United supporters created a new club called F.C. United of Manchester . This so - called `` phoenix club '' was accepted into the North West Counties Football League second division , six promotions away from The Football League , and secured promotion in each of its first three seasons , twice as league champions . Following the takeover , Manchester United continued to thrive , with the 2005 -- 06 season seeing Old Trafford 's capacity being expanded and a lucrative new shirt sponsorship deal signed in April 2006 with American company AIG ( which had a large stake in a hedge fund company that helped to fund Glazer 's takeover of the club ) . Increased revenue from TV rights to each competition the club participates in , as well as its various sponsorship deals , also boosted the club 's profitability . This came despite fears among many supporters that the debt incurred in buying the club could lead to insolvency . Contrary to the fears of many fans , the Glazers took action to ensure that Gill and veteran manager Sir Alex Ferguson remained at Manchester United , citing the duo 's success with the club . In 2006 , Malcolm Glazer 's other two sons , Kevin and Edward , and his daughter , Darcie , were appointed to the Manchester United board as non-executive directors . Refinancing ( edit ) The debt taken on by the Glazers to finance the takeover was split between the club and the family ; between £ 265 million and £ 275 million was secured against Manchester United 's assets , putting the club into debt for the first time since James Gibson saved them in 1931 . This loan was provided by three New York hedge funds : Citadel , Och - Ziff Capital Management and Perry Capital . The total amount was £ 660 million , on which interest payments came to £ 62 million a year . The club stated , `` The value of Manchester United has increased in the last year , which is why lenders want to invest in the club ... This move represents good housekeeping and it ensures that Sir Alex Ferguson will be provided with sufficient funds to compete in the transfer market . '' The Manchester United Supporters Trust responded , `` ' The amount of money needed to be repaid overall is huge ... The interest payment is one thing but what about the actual £ 660 million ? It is difficult to see how these sums can be reached without significant increases in ticket prices , which , as we always suspected , means the fans will effectively be paying for someone to borrow money to own their club . '' Under the terms of the Glazers ' refinancing , as they were unable to repay bondholders by 16 August 2010 , the overall interest rate on the loans rose from 14.25 % to 16.25 % , resulting in annual payments of around £ 38 million . On 11 January 2010 , shortly before an announcement that Red Football 's debt had increased to £ 716.5 million ( $1.17 billion ) , Manchester United announced their intention to refinance the debt through a bond issue worth approximately £ 500 million . They managed to raise £ 504 million in just under two weeks , meaning that they were able to pay off almost all of the £ 509 million owed to international banks . The bonds were issued in two tranches , one with a coupon rate of 8.75 % worth £ 250 million , and the other with a coupon rate of 8.375 % worth $425 million . The annual interest payable on the bond came to approximately £ 45 million per annum , with the bond due to mature on 1 February 2017 . Contained within the bond prospectus were covenants that would allow the Glazers to filter large sums of money out of the club to repay the PIKs by 2015 . These include the carving out of £ 95 million in cash , the sale and lease - back of the Trafford Training Centre at Carrington , and the ability of the Glazers to pay themselves 50 % of the Consolidated Net Income of the club every year . On 16 November 2010 , it was revealed that the Glazers were to pay off the remaining £ 220 million contained within the PIK loans by 22 November 2010 . The loans were by then accruing interest at a rate of 16.25 % , as the club 's overall debt had exceeded its earnings before interest , taxes , depreciation and amortization ( EBITDA ) by more than five times . However , the club claimed that none of its own money had been put towards the repayment , raising questions as to how the Glazer family had raised the funds ; suggested methods include the sale of a minority stake in the club to a third party , the sale of some or all of the family 's other businesses , and -- the most likely option -- the refinancing of the PIKs with another loan at a lower interest rate . Red Knights takeover plans ( edit ) An anti-Glazer sticker on a lamppost in Strangeways , Manchester A fan campaign known as `` Love United Hate Glazer '' was formed following the family 's bid to take over the club . The campaign involved the spreading of the slogan and the acronym `` LUHG '' around various locations via stickers and graffiti . A number of banners have also been displayed in the stands at Old Trafford . Despite its restructuring , the announcement about the club 's debt prompted vociferous protests from Manchester United fans on the weekend of 23 January 2010 , both at Old Trafford and at the club 's Carrington training facility . A non-violent protest was organised by the club 's supporters groups , following up on the `` Love United Hate Glazer '' campaign that had existed since 2005 , and encouraging match - going fans to wear green and gold , the colours of Manchester United 's precursor club , Newton Heath . A few days later , on 30 January , reports emerged that the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust had held meetings with a group of wealthy fans with a view to buying out the Glazers ' controlling interest in the club . The group then met with Keith Harris , a Manchester United fan and the chairman of investment bank Seymour Pierce , to broker a takeover . On 2 March 2010 , further reports emerged that the group -- dubbed the `` Red Knights '' -- had met again to discuss the possibility of a billion - pound takeover of the club . Those present at the meeting included investment bank Goldman Sachs ' chief economist and former Manchester United director Jim O'Neill and lawyer Mark Rawlinson , a partner at law firm Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer , as well as Duncan Drasdo , the chief executive of the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust , and Keith Harris , Executive Chairman of Seymour Pierce . The initial goal of the group was to increase the Supporters ' Trust 's membership to at least 100,000 , to demonstrate the fans ' support for a change in ownership . To better promote themselves , the Trust enlisted the services of Blue State Digital , the Internet strategy firm that worked on Barack Obama 's 2008 presidential election campaign . Later that day , Manchester United announced that their gross debt for the final three months of 2009 totalled £ 507.5 million , a reduction of £ 30.6 million compared to the same period in 2008 . They also reported pre-tax profits of £ 6.9 million , an increase of £ 9.6 million after making a loss of £ 2.7 million the previous year . This announcement was accompanied by a statement from the Glazers ' spokesperson that the club was not for sale , as well as public support from David Gill , who claimed that the Glazers were `` running the club the right way '' . Meanwhile , membership of the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust passed the 100,000 mark on 3 March , before exceeding 125,000 a week later . The green - and - gold scarf campaign also grew , with large portions of the Old Trafford crowd showing the colours . Following Manchester United 's 4 -- 0 victory over Milan in their Champions League first knockout round tie , former Manchester United player David Beckham was seen wearing a scarf that had been thrown onto the pitch ; however , he later said that he was merely showing his support for Manchester United , and that the running of the club is `` not ( his ) business '' . It was also claimed that United manager Alex Ferguson would be prepared to invest his own money in the Red Knights ' bid , but he dismissed these reports as `` absolute rubbish '' . Given the amount of debt on Manchester United 's books at the time , some analysts estimated in 2010 that any takeover bid would have had to total more than £ 2 billion , of which around £ 1.6 billion would be needed to match the Glazers ' valuation of the club -- double what they paid for the club in 2005 . However , the Red Knights publicly stated that they would only pay `` a fair price '' when their takeover bid finally came . On 11 March 2010 , the Red Knights appointed Nomura Securities Co. as their advisers for their takeover bid . Nomura previously advised the Manchester United board before the Glazers ' bid to buy the club . The Red Knights later admitted that they would not make a bid for the club before the end of the 2009 -- 10 season , but it was believed that their preferred bid option would have involved retaining the £ 500 million bond issued by the Glazers . Two - thirds of a further £ 700 million would be provided by 30 -- 40 wealthy Manchester United fans , with the remainder provided by fund - raising from ordinary fans . Once the club was secured , shares would then be offered to fans , allowing them to take ownership of the club . Despite these plans , the Red Knights put their takeover bid `` on hold '' in June 2010 , citing `` inflated valuation aspirations '' in the media as the reason . Having already stated that they would only pay a `` sensible '' amount for the club , the group was thought to have baulked at the suggestion that the Glazers ' valuation of the club was significantly higher than the amount they were willing to pay . New York share issue ( edit ) In 2011 , rumours surfaced that the Glazers intended to list a number of shares in Manchester United on an Asian market such as Hong Kong or Singapore , in an attempt to raise a potential £ 400 -- 600 million . The Singapore flotation looked to be gaining traction in August 2011 , when it emerged that the club had applied to list its shares on the Singapore Exchange ; approval for the listing was given in September 2011 . In June 2012 , after several months with no further developments on the Singapore front , several sources reported that the club was considering moving its share issue to the United States , and in July 2012 , an application was made for the club to sell shares on the New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE ) , with a target of raising $100 million ( £ 64 million ) . More details of the sale were released at the end of July , with the club announcing that they intended to sell 16.7 million shares ( approximately 10 % of the club ) at between $16 and $20 each , raising up to $330 million ( £ 210 million ) . Shares in the club would be divided into two groups , with Class A shares sold to the public and Class B shares retained by the Glazer family . Ahead of the opening of the IPO , concerns were raised among both investors and Manchester United supporters regarding the details of the share offering . Although the share prospectus specified that the proceeds from the sale would go towards paying down the club 's debts , it was revealed that much of the money would go directly to the Glazers . Furthermore , holders of class A shares would not be entitled to a regular dividend , and the structure of the share issue meant that the Glazers ' class B shares had 10 times the voting power of class A shares , essentially denying a controlling interest in the club to anyone but the Glazers . These issues drove down interest and forced a drop in the share price from the planned $16 -- 20 each to $14 each , representing a potential total sale value of $233 million ( £ 150 million ) . The shares debuted on the NYSE on 10 August 2012 , and initially showed a slight rise to $14.05 per share , but closed the day back at the offer price of $14 each , valuing the club as a whole at $2.3 billion , and making it one of the most valuable sports teams in the world . One of the biggest investors in the IPO was American billionaire George Soros , whose investment company purchased about 3.1 million class A shares ( 1.9 % of the club ) , valued at $40.7 million ( £ 25.8 million ) at the time . Club records announced in November 2012 revealed that gross debt had fallen to £ 359.7 million after the share sale paid off £ 62.6 million of bonds . The club 's debts were further remedied in May 2013 , after a new loan deal was agreed that would save the club £ 10 million a year in interest payments on debts now totalling around £ 307 million . In March 2014 , American investment group Baron Capital purchased 24 % of all of the shares available on the NYSE ( equivalent to 5.8 % of the entire club , but widely misreported as 2.4 % ) . At the closing price on the day of purchase of $15.84 per share , Baron Capital 's total investment was valued at $151 million ( £ 90 million ) . In September 2014 , Baron Capital raised its stake in the club to 9.2 % of the entire club ( equivalent to 37.8 % of all shares available on the NYSE . ) Death of Malcolm Glazer ( edit ) Malcolm Glazer died on 28 May 2014 at the age of 85 . His death was seen as unlikely to mean any significant changes to the running of the club . See also ( edit ) History of Manchester United F.C. References ( edit ) Bibliography Bose , Mihir ( 2007 ) . Manchester Disunited : Trouble and Takeover at the World 's Richest Football Club . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 1 - 84513 - 121 - 5 . Conn , David ( 1997 ) . The Football Business : The Modern Football Classic . Edinburgh : Mainstream Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84018 - 101 - X . Crick , Michael ; Smith , David ( 1990 ) . Manchester United : The Betrayal of a Legend . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 31440 - 8 . Murphy , Alex ( 2012 ) ( 2006 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United ( 5th ed . ) . London : Orion Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4711 - 0262 - 2 . White , Jim ( 2008 ) . Manchester United : The Biography . London : Sphere . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84744 - 088 - 4 . Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Analysis of the Glazer bond documents shows Manchester United will haemorrhage over half a billion £ in cash in the next seven years '' . the andersred blog . 18 January 2010 . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Bond , David ( 16 November 2010 ) . `` Manchester United 's Glazer family to pay off PIK loans '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United shares debut in New York '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd : Red Knights takeover attempt shelved '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 2 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Murphy , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 15 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Murphy , pp. 36 , 39 . Jump up ^ White , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Crick and Smith , p. 58 . Jump up ^ White , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Crick and Smith , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Crick and Smith , pp. 168 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Crick and Smith , pp. 184 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Crick and Smith , pp. 277 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Crick and Smith , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Crick and Smith , p. 293 . Jump up ^ Bose , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Bose , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Bose , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Bose , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Bose , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Bose , pp. 234 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Bose , pp. 219 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Bose , p. 235 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl hero takes a slice of Man Utd '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 2 March 2003 . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` US investor ups Man Utd stake '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 26 September 2003 . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` US tycoon ups Man Utd stake '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 20 October 2003 . Retrieved 5 September 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Share deal sparks Man U bid talk '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 29 November 2003 . Retrieved 5 September 2005 . Jump up ^ `` US bid talk lifts Man Utd shares '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 February 2004 . Retrieved 5 September 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Glazer raises stake in Man United '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 24 June 2004 . Retrieved 5 September 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Glazer stake in Man Utd nears 30 % '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 19 October 2004 . Retrieved 5 September 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Glazer wins control of Man United '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 12 May 2005 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Malcolm Glazer and Man Utd '' . BBC News ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 16 May 2005 . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Glazer statement infuriates fans '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 May 2005 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Glazer Man Utd stake exceeds 75 % '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 16 May 2005 . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd shares leave stock market '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 22 June 2005 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Glazer makes final Man Utd offer '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 23 May 2005 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United board accepts Glazer bid '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 26 May 2005 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glazer extends Man Utd deadline '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 14 June 2005 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Glazer gets 98 % of Man Utd shares '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 23 June 2005 . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Bose , pp. 341 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Downes , Steven ( 6 April 2006 ) . `` United score record sponsor deal '' . Times Online . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Manchester United 's profits flat '' . BBC News ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 26 January 2007 . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 14 May 2005 ) . `` Ferguson seeks head to head with Glazer '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 8 April 2006 ) . `` Ferguson heaps pressure on rivals after Gill confirms he will stay on '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Murray - Watson , Andrew ( 18 June 2006 ) . `` Glazer puts three more of his children on Manchester United 's board '' . Telegraph.co.uk . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Stone , Simon ( 19 June 2006 ) . `` Three more Glazer siblings to join United board '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Stone , Simon ( 24 January 2006 ) . `` Manchester United profits fall by £ 12.3 m '' . The Scotsman . Johnston Press Digital Publishing . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bond , David ( 20 August 2010 ) . `` Manchester United owners hit by debt payment rise '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd play down fears after £ 660m refinancing '' . ESPN Soccernet . ESPN . 18 July 2006 . Retrieved 6 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Power , Helen ( 6 August 2008 ) . `` Credit crisis one year on : Risky debt notes could be a losing game '' . Telegraph.co.uk . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United debt hits £ 716m '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 20 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United to raise £ 500m '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Bill ( 22 January 2010 ) . `` Manchester United raise £ 504m in bond issue '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ; Taylor , Daniel ( 16 November 2010 ) . `` Manchester United fans want answers as Glazers prepare to pay off debt '' . guardian.co.uk . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The full details on the terms of the PIKs '' . the andersred blog . 16 November 2010 . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` So how did the Glazers raise the money to pay off a £ 220m loan ? '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United fans ' discontent with Glazer family : in pictures '' . Telegraph.co.uk . London : Telegraph Media Group . 16 November 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Ian ( 23 January 2010 ) . `` Man Utd 4 -- 0 Hull '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister Gordon Brown warns football over debts '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Conn , David ( 27 February 2010 ) . `` Manchester United fans prepare to show their true colours at Wembley '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Nabil ; Roan , Dan ( 30 January 2010 ) . `` Wealthy Man Utd fans approach broker about takeover '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 4 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sinnott , John ( 2 March 2010 ) . `` Financiers ' hold Manchester United takeover talks ' '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 4 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United says debts have fallen '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 2 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Bill ( 3 March 2010 ) . `` Manchester United owners Glazers get backing from Gill '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Pearce , James ( 10 March 2010 ) . `` Old Trafford under the spotlight '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 March 2010 ) . `` Beckham shows true colours '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 13 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Alex Ferguson dismisses Red Knights link '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 7 March 2010 . Retrieved 14 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Bill ( 2 March 2010 ) . `` Would - be Man Utd buyers will need deep pockets '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United Red Knights ' will not overpay ' '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 5 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United suitors Red Knights appoint advisers '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 11 March 2010 . Retrieved 14 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fans group Red Knights delays bid for Manchester United '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 26 March 2010 . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Bond , David ( 2 April 2010 ) . `` Red Knights continue to plot '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Moya , Elena ( 2 June 2010 ) . `` Manchester United 's ' inflated valuation ' dents Red Knights ' ambitions '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 5 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd : Red Knights takeover attempt shelved '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 2 June 2010 . Retrieved 11 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Wachman , Richard ( 12 June 2011 ) . `` Glazers eye Hong Kong listing for Manchester United '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd considers partial Asian flotation '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 17 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd to float stake in club on Singapore market '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 18 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United get approval for Singapore share sale '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 16 September 2011 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United may move share sale to US reports say '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United seeks $100 m New York stock sale '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 July 2012 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd to sell shares at $16 each in New York sale '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 30 July 2012 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Conn , David ( 4 July 2012 ) . `` Manchester United tackle debt by floating on New York Stock Exchange '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Richard ( 1 August 2012 ) . `` Manchester United share sale causes controversy among fans and investors '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ James , Stuart ( 26 July 2012 ) . `` Manchester United 's New York setback exposes failings of Glazers plan '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United lowers stock float value '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 10 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United shares debut in New York '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 10 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United : George Soros invests in football club '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 21 August 2012 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United reduces debt to £ 359.7 m '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United cuts debt costs '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 24 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Green , Andy ( 13 March 2014 ) . `` Baron Capital 's stake in Manchester United - getting the numbers right '' . Andy Green . Andy Green . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United shares bought by US investment firm '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 11 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Dzombak , Dan ( 7 October 2014 ) . `` Here 's Why This Billionaire Fund Manager is Betting Big on Manchester United Stock '' . The Motley Fool . The Motley Fool . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Malcolm Glazer dies : Man Utd 's former owner dies aged 85 '' . 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-4136490657504866828	The Legend of Bhagat Singh	The Legend of Bhagat Singh - Wikipedia The Legend of Bhagat Singh Jump to : navigation , search The Legend of Bhagat singh Theatrical release poster Directed by Rajkumar Santoshi Produced by Kumar Taurani Ramesh Taurani Written by Piyush Mishra ( Dialogue ) Screenplay by Anjum Rajabali Starring Ajay Devgan Amrita Rao Sushant Singh D. Santosh Raj Babbar Farida Jalal Music by A.R. Rahman Cinematography K.V. Anand Edited by V.N. Mayekar Distributed by Tips Industries Limited Release date 7 June 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 07 ) Running time 155 minutes Country India Language Hindi The Legend of Bhagat Singh is a 2002 Indian historical biographical film about Bhagat Singh , a freedom fighter who fought for Indian independence . It was directed by Rajkumar Santoshi and starred Ajay Devgan , Sushant Singh , and D. Santosh . It was released on 7 June 2002 and went on to win two National Film Awards , including the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi , and three Filmfare Awards , including the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie . The Legend of Bhagat Singh shows in detail how Singh came to develop his views on the British Raj and his struggle for Indian independence . The film begins with scenes depicting how the British attempted to dispose of Singh 's body , so that he could not be made into a martyr , and then flashbacks to the past to tell his story . A historical feel was created by using a sepia tint throughout the film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Awards 4.1 50th National Film Awards 4.2 Filmfare Awards 4.3 Zee Cine Awards 5 Release and reception 6 Notes 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Bhagat Singh was born in British India in 1907 . As a child he witnessed numerous atrocities committed on fellow Indians by the British rulers , who came to trade under the guise of East India Company , but ended up controlling most of the nation , and permitting tyrants such as General Reginald Dyer to massacre thousands of innocent men , women and children in Jallianwala Bagh . As a child he was impressed by Mahatma Gandhi , especially his call to launch the non-cooperation movement , which led to thousands of people burning British - made clothing , giving up school , college studies , and government jobs -- only to be let down by Gandhi when he called off the movement . Undaunted , Bhagat Singh ( Ajay Devgan ) decided to be a revolutionary , starting with getting into petty fights , then as a grown - up joining the Hindustan Republic Association . His father , Kishan , paid Rs. 60,000 / - and bailed him out , so that he could get him to run a dairy - farm and get married to a girl named Mannavali ( Amrita Rao ) . When Lala Lajpat Rai was beaten to death by the police , Bhagat , with Shivaram Rajguru , Sukhdev ( Sushant Singh ) , and Chandra Shekhar Azad ( Akhilendra Mishra ) daringly carried out the assassination of a police officer named Saunders , which eventually led to Bhagat 's arrest . He was lodged in a cell , tortured and beaten mercilessly . But being a revolutionary was in Bhagat 's blood : When the British proposed the Trade Disputes and Public Safety Bills , he initiated the bombing in the Indian Parliament Building , with Batukeshwar Dutt , He took utmost care of the safety of people in parliament by throwing bombs at empty benches . He was arrested , and tried in an open court . This is where Bhagat launched his much - publicized revolution , and became popular with the masses , especially the younger generation , laborers , and farmers , so much so that his popularity rivaled that of Gandhi himself . Even in Lahore prison , Bhagat made headline news when he and other prisoners undertook a 63 - day fast unto death to improve the conditions of Indian freedom - fighter prisoners . On the other hand , Azad , whom the British had repeatedly failed to capture , was attacked in Alfred Park of Allahabad on 27 February 1931 . With the police surrounding the entire park , a shootout followed ; refusing to be captured by the British , Azad committed suicide with the last remaining bullet in his revolver . The British re-opened the Saunders ' murder case , which led to death sentences being imposed on Bhagat , Shivram , and Sukhdev . The entire nation rose up in protest , including the Congress party -- with the ball in Gandhi 's court -- for he was due to sign the Irwin Pact , and Indians hoped that he would use this as a bargaining chip to save the lives of the heroic trio . But as Gandhi agreed with the clause of `` Release of political prisoners except for the ones involved in violence '' , the hopes of the nation dashed to the ground . Bhagat , Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged in utmost secrecy , during the early hours of 23 March 1931 . Cast ( edit ) Ajay Devgn as Bhagat Singh Sushant Singh as Sukhdev D. Santosh as Shivaram Rajguru Bhaswar Chatterjee as Batukeshwar Dutt Amrita Rao as Mannavali Akhilendra Mishra as Chandrashekhar Azad Amitabh Bhattacharjee as Jatin Das Ganesh Yadav as Ram Prasad Bismil Tony Mirchandani as Ashfaqulla Khan Sunil Grover as a Jaidev Kapoor Farida Jalal as Vidyavati Singh Raj Babbar as Sardar Kishan Singh Sitaram Panchal as Lala Lajpat Rai Indrani Banerjee as Durga Bhabhi Gil Alon as Lord Irwin Rajesh Tripathi as Veerbhadra Tiwari ( betrayer of C.S. Azad ) Mishra as Parghat Singh Khalon aka Jailor Abir Goswami as Fanindra Nath Ghosh Manu Malik as Agya Ram Keneth Desai as Subhash Chandra Bose Surendra Rajan as Mahatma Gandhi Saurabh Dubey as Jawaharlal Nehru Lalit Tiwari as Prof. Vidyalankar Mukesh Tiwari as Jailor Kapil Sharma as Shiv Verma Ian Davies as Saunders Joseph Howlett as Extra Vasudevan as Murari Sharma Giovanni Daniele as Referee Matt Aconley as the police officer Soundtrack ( edit ) The Legend of Bhagat Singh Soundtrack album by A.R. Rahman Released 7 June 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 07 ) Recorded Panchathan Record Inn Genre Film soundtrack Length 42 : 04 Label TIPS Producer A.R. Rahman A.R. Rahman chronology Kannathil Muthamittal ( 2002 ) Kannathil Muthamittal 2002 The Legend of Bhagat Singh ( 2002 ) Baba ( 2002 ) Baba 2002 The soundtrack of The Legend of Bhagat Singh was composed by A.R. Rahman , while the lyrics were written by Sameer . No . Title Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Mera Rang De Basanti '' Sonu Nigam & Manmohan Waris 05 : 07 2 . `` Pagdi Sambhal Jatta '' Sukhwinder Singh 04 : 45 3 . `` Mahive Mahive '' Alka Yagnik & Udit Narayan 05 : 28 4 . `` Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna '' Sonu Nigam 01 : 47 5 . `` Dil Se Niklegi '' Sukhwinder Singh 03 : 31 6 . `` Shora So Pahchaniye '' Karthik , Raquib & Sukhwinder Singh 01 : 22 7 . `` Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna ( Sad ) '' Sonu Nigam & Hariharan 06 : 44 8 . `` Kasam Tumko Watan '' Sukhwinder Singh 02 : 15 9 . `` Jogiya Jogiya '' Alka Yagnik & Udit Narayan 05 : 41 10 . `` Des Mere Des '' Sukhwinder Singh & A.R. Rahman 05 : 24 Total length : 42 : 04 Awards ( edit ) 50th National Film Awards ( edit ) Best Feature Film in Hindi -- Raj Kumar Santoshi Best Actor -- Ajay Devgan Filmfare Awards ( edit ) Critics Award for Best Film -- Raj Kumar Santoshi Best Background Score -- A.R. Rahman Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance -- Ajay Devgan Zee Cine Awards ( edit ) Zee Cine Award Best Action -- Allan Amin Best Background Music -- A.R. Rahman Best Dialogue -- Raj Kumar Santoshi , Piyush Mishra , Ranjit Kapoor Best Editing -- A.V. Mayeker BFJA Awards , Best Actor - Ajay Devgan Release and reception ( edit ) The Legend of Bhagat Singh 's release coincided with another based on Bhagat Singh , 23rd March 1931 : Shaheed which starred Bobby Deol in the lead role . Both were disasters at box office , although the film won rave reviews . The background score composed by A.R. Rahman also received critical acclaim . It was considered for the Best Background Score nomination in the 50th National Film Awards , which falls under the Best Music Direction category . Rahman 's critically acclaimed Saathiya was also considered for a nomination for Best Music Direction . However , it lost to Kannathil Muthamittal in the same year , which was also composed by Rahman himself . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Christopher Pinney ( 2004 ) . ' Photos of the Gods ' : The Printed Image and Political Struggle in India . Reaktion Books . pp. 124 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 184 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Bhagat Singh ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Bhagat Singh Jukebox '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Awards IMDB . External links ( edit ) The Legend of Bhagat Singh on IMDb The Legend of Bhagat Singh at AllMovie The Legend of Bhagat Singh at rottentomatoes Films of Rajkumar Santoshi Ghayal ( 1990 ) Damini ( 1993 ) Andaz Apna Apna ( 1994 ) Barsaat ( 1995 ) Ghatak : Lethal ( 1996 ) China Gate ( 1998 ) Pukar ( 2000 ) Lajja ( 2001 ) The Legend of Bhagat Singh ( 2002 ) Khakee ( 2004 ) Family - Ties of Blood ( 2006 ) Halla Bol ( 2008 ) Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani ( 2009 ) Phata Poster Nikhla Hero ( 2013 ) National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi 1954 -- 1960 Mirza Ghalib ( 1954 ) Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje ( 1955 ) No Award ( 1956 ) Do Aankhen Barah Haath ( 1957 ) Madhumati ( 1958 ) Anari ( 1959 ) Mughal - e-Azam ( 1960 ) Certificate of Merit Jagriti ( 1954 ) Shree 420 and Devdas ( 1955 ) Basant Bahar ( 1956 ) Mother India and Musafir ( 1957 ) Lajwanti and Karigar ( 1958 ) No Award ( 1959 ) Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai and Kanoon ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1980 Dharmputra ( 1961 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1962 ) Bandini ( 1963 ) Dosti ( 1964 ) Shaheed ( 1965 ) -- ( 1966 ) Hamraaz ( 1967 ) Aashirwad ( 1968 ) Satyakam ( 1969 ) Anand ( 1970 ) -- ( 1971 ) Maya Darpan ( 1972 ) 27 Down ( 1973 ) No Award ( 1974 ) Nishant ( 1975 ) -- ( 1976 ) Shatranj Ke Khilari ( The Chess Players ) ( 1977 ) Kasturi and Junoon ( 1978 ) Sparsh ( 1979 ) Aakrosh ( 1980 ) Certificate of Merit Gunga Jumna and Pyaar Ki Pyaas ( 1961 ) No Award ( 1962 ) Mere Mehboob and Gumrah ( 1963 ) Yaadein and Geet Gaya Patharon Ne ( 1964 ) Oonche Log and Guide ( 1965 ) Discontinued after 1965 1981 -- 2000 Arohan ( 1981 ) Katha ( 1982 ) Ardh Satya ( 1983 ) Paar ( 1984 ) Anantyatra ( 1985 ) Mirch Masala ( 1986 ) Pestonjee ( 1987 ) Salaam Bombay ! ( 1988 ) Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro ( 1989 ) Drishti ( 1990 ) Diksha and Dharavi ( 1991 ) Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda ( 1992 ) Patang ( 1993 ) Mammo ( 1994 ) Bandit Queen ( 1995 ) Gudia ( 1996 ) Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa ( 1997 ) Godmother ( 1998 ) Shool ( 1999 ) Zubeidaa ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Dil Chahta Hai ( 2001 ) The Legend of Bhagat Singh ( 2002 ) Raghu Romeo ( 2003 ) Raincoat ( 2004 ) Black ( 2005 ) Khosla Ka Ghosla ( 2006 ) 1971 ( 2007 ) Rock On ! ! ( 2008 ) Paa ( 2009 ) Do Dooni Chaar ( 2010 ) I Am ( 2011 ) Filmistaan ( 2012 ) Jolly LLB ( 2013 ) Queen ( 2014 ) Dum Laga Ke Haisha ( 2015 ) Neerja ( 2016 ) Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie 1971 - 1980 Uski Roti ( 1971 ) Ashadh Ka Ek Din ( 1972 ) Maya Darpan ( 1973 ) Duvidha ( 1974 ) Rajnigandha ( 1975 ) Aandhi ( 1976 ) Mrigayaa ( 1977 ) Shatranj Ke Khilari ( The Chess Players ) ( 1978 ) Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan ( 1979 ) Jeena Yahan ( 1980 ) 1981 - 2000 Albert Pinto Ko Gussa Kyoon Aata Hai ( 1981 ) Aadharshila ( 1982 ) Masoom ( 1983 ) Sookha ( 1984 ) Damul ( 1985 ) Aghaat ( 1986 ) Om - Dar - Ba - Dar ( 1989 ) Khayal Gatha ( 1990 ) Kasba ( 1991 ) Diksha ( 1992 ) Idiot ( 1993 ) Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa ( 1994 ) Bandit Queen ( 1995 ) Bombay ( 1996 ) Khamoshi ( 1997 ) Virasat ( 1998 ) Satya ( 1999 ) Sarfarosh ( 2000 ) 2001 - present Halo ( 2001 ) Dil Chahta Hai ( 2002 ) The Legend of Bhagat Singh ( 2003 ) Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. ( 2004 ) Dev and Yuva ( 2005 ) Black ( 2006 ) Lage Raho Munna Bhai ( 2007 ) Chak De ! India ( 2008 ) Mumbai Meri Jaan ( 2009 ) Firaaq ( 2010 ) Udaan ( 2011 ) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2012 ) Gangs of Wasseypur ( 2013 ) The Lunchbox ( 2014 ) Ankhon Dekhi ( 2015 ) Piku ( 2016 ) Neerja ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Legend_of_Bhagat_Singh&oldid=802983788 '' Categories : 2002 films Hindi - language films 2000s biographical films Films about Bhagat Singh Films directed by Rajkumar Santoshi Films featuring a Best Actor National Award - winning performance Films set in 1931 2000s Hindi - language films Indian films Indian historical films Hindi film scores by A.R. 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-2408812663732339765	Wonder Woman (2017 film)	Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Wonder Woman Theatrical release poster Directed by Patty Jenkins Produced by Charles Roven Deborah Snyder Zack Snyder Richard Suckle Screenplay by Allan Heinberg Story by Zack Snyder Allan Heinberg Jason Fuchs Based on Wonder Woman by William Moulton Marston Starring Gal Gadot Chris Pine Robin Wright Danny Huston David Thewlis Connie Nielsen Elena Anaya Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Matthew Jensen Edited by Martin Walsh Production company RatPac - Dune Entertainment DC Films Tencent Pictures Wanda Pictures Atlas Entertainment Cruel and Unusual Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) ( Shanghai ) June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) ( United States ) Running time 141 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $149 million Box office $820.4 million Wonder Woman is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name , distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the fourth installment in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) . The film is directed by Patty Jenkins , with a screenplay by Allan Heinberg , from a story by Heinberg , Zack Snyder , and Jason Fuchs , and stars Gal Gadot , Chris Pine , Robin Wright , Danny Huston , David Thewlis , Connie Nielsen , and Elena Anaya . Wonder Woman is the second live action theatrical film featuring the titular character , following her debut in 2016 's Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . Jenkins 's role as director makes her the first female director of a studio superhero comic book live - action theatrical release film . The film tells the story of Princess Diana , who grows up on the Amazon island of Themyscira . After American pilot Steve Trevor crashes offshore of the island and is rescued by her , he tells the Amazons about the ongoing World War . Diana then leaves her home in order to end the conflict , becoming Wonder Woman in the process . While development for the film began in 1996 , Jenkins signed on to direct in 2015 . Principal photography began on November 21 , 2015 , with filming taking place in the United Kingdom , France , and Italy before wrapping up on May 9 , 2016 , the 123rd anniversary of the birth of the creator , William Moulton Marston . Additional filming took place in November 2016 . Wonder Woman premiered in Shanghai on May 15 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on June 2 , 2017 , in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D . It received largely positive reviews from critics , being praised for the direction , performances , action sequences and musical score . The film set numerous box office records , including becoming the highest - grossing film directed by a woman , the biggest domestic opening for a film directed by a woman , the highest - grossing superhero origin film domestically , and the largest opening for a female - led comic book film . Wonder Woman is also the fifth highest - grossing superhero film domestically and 20th highest - grossing film in the United States . It has grossed over $820 million worldwide , making it the seventh highest - grossing film of 2017 . It also helped the DCEU to push past $3 billion at the worldwide box office , making it the seventeenth highest - grossing film franchise of all time . A sequel , Wonder Woman 2 , is set to be released on December 13 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Background 3.2 Development 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 5.3 Controversies 5.3. 1 Bans 5.3. 2 Women - only screenings 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 International 6.2 Critical response 7 Accolades 8 Sequel 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In present - day Paris , Diana Prince receives a photographic plate of herself during World War I , which prompts her to recall her past . The daughter of Queen Hippolyta , Diana was raised on the hidden island of Themyscira , home to the Amazonian race of warrior women created by Zeus to protect mankind . Hippolyta shares the Amazonian history with Diana , including how Ares , Zeus 's son , became jealous of humanity and worked to orchestrate its destruction . When the other gods of Mount Olympus attempted to stop him , Ares killed all but Zeus , who managed to hurt Ares enough to force a retreat . Zeus left the Amazons a weapon , the `` Godkiller '' , to prepare them for Ares ' return . Hippolyta forbids Diana to train , then relents by having her sister Antiope train Diana , but so long as her training is more difficult than that received by any other warrior in the army . As a young woman in 1918 , Diana rescues American pilot Captain Steve Trevor when his plane crashes off the Themyscira coast . He is pursued by a German cruiser . The Amazons kill the crew and Antiope sacrifices herself to save Diana . Steve is interrogated with the Lasso of Hestia . He reveals that a war is consuming the outside world , and that he is an Allied spy . He has stolen a notebook of the Spanish chief chemist Isabel Maru , who is attempting to engineer a deadlier form of mustard gas , under the orders of General Erich Ludendorff . Diana believes Ares is responsible for the war . She arms herself with the `` Godkiller '' sword , the lasso and her armor before leaving Themyscira with Steve to find and destroy Ares . In London , they deliver Maru 's notebook to the Supreme War Council , where Sir Patrick Morgan is trying to negotiate an armistice with Germany . Diana translates Maru 's notes and reveals that the Germans plan to release the deadly gas at the War Front . Although forbidden by his commanders to act , Steve , with secret funding from Sir Patrick , recruits spy Sameer , marksman Charlie , and smuggler Chief to help prevent the gas from being released . When the team reaches the Western Front in Belgium , they are halted by the enemy lines . Diana goes alone through No Man 's Land and captures the enemy trench , allowing the Allied forces to help her liberate the village of Veld . The team briefly celebrates , while Diana and Steve grow closer romantically and spend the night together . The team learns a gala will be held at the nearby German High Command . Steve and Diana each infiltrate the party , with Steve intending to locate the gas and destroy it while Diana intends to kill Ludendorff , believing that he is Ares and killing him will end the war . Steve stops her to avoid jeopardizing the mission . Ludendorff then unleashes the gas on Veld , killing its inhabitants . Outraged , and blaming Steve for intervening , Diana pursues Ludendorff to a base where the gas is being loaded into a bomber aircraft bound for London . Diana fights and kills Ludendorff but is confused when his death does not stop the war . Sir Patrick appears and reveals himself as Ares . He tells Diana that although he has subtly given humans ideas and inspirations using Ludendorff and Maru as pawns , it is ultimately their decision to cause violence as they are inherently corrupt . She attempts to kill Ares with the Godkiller sword but he destroys it . Ares reveals Diana to be the `` Godkiller '' , as the daughter of Zeus and Queen Hippolyta , but he fails to persuade her to help him destroy humankind to restore paradise on Earth . While the two battle , the others on Steve 's team destroy Maru 's laboratory . Steve pilots the bomber carrying the gas to a safe altitude and detonates it , sacrificing himself . Ares attempts to direct Diana 's rage and grief at Steve 's death by convincing her to kill Maru , but memories of her experience with Steve cause her to realize that mankind has good within it . She spares Maru and redirects Ares ' lightning into him , killing him . Later , the team celebrates the end of the war . In the present day , Diana sends an email to Bruce Wayne thanking him for the photographic plate of her and Steve , and reaffirms her new mission to protect and give to the world . Cast ( edit ) Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman : An immortal Amazon princess , god , the daughter of Queen Hippolyta and of Zeus given to the Amazons to raise , and half - sister of Ares , contradicting the earlier claims of Diana being a `` demigoddess '' . Describing Wonder Woman and her appeal , Gadot said `` She 's relatable . She has the heart of a human and is very compassionate , but her experiences -- or lack of them , her naivete , really -- make her interested in everything around her and able to view the world in a way that we 'd all like to : with a genuine curiosity . '' On Diana 's relationship with her mother , Gadot said `` Diana is a very opinionated girl . Her mother is very opinionated . Her mother is very protective as well , and they have , you know , the very natural clash that a mother has with her daughter , with their daughters , the first time they want to leave home . '' On taking on the role as Wonder Woman , Gadot stated `` I feel very privileged that I got the opportunity to portray such an iconic , strong female character . I adore this character and everything that she stands for and everything that she symbolizes . '' On Diana going to the world , Gadot stated `` When Diana comes to the real world she 's completely oblivious about gender and society rules , that women are not equal to men . '' Describing Diana 's relationship with her mother and aunts , Jenkins said `` She is the only child they raised together . And their love for her manifests in a different way for each of them . '' On working with Gadot , Jenkins said `` Gal quickly became the person I wanted to talk to about everything . We 'd shoot together all day . And then on weekends , we 'd be like , ' What do you want to do ? ' That 's maybe not totally normal . '' Lilly Aspel was cast as the 8 - year - old Diana and Emily Carey was cast as the 12 - year - old Diana . Chris Pine as Steve Trevor : An American pilot and the love interest of Diana . On his role for the film , Pine said `` I am an American pilot who 's a spy . It 's like a boy 's dream : You 're either a spy or a fighter pilot . The first thing I wanted to be was a fighter pilot a long time ago . I wanted to be Goose ( from Top Gun ) '' . As to how his mortal character would interact with an Amazon , Pine stated `` When I first read the script , it had elements of Romancing the Stone , kind of a very classic fish out of water . Two people that do n't really bond well at first and they 're butting heads and just fun , witty banter '' . When speaking about meeting the director and being cast , Pine said `` Patty is a pretty incredible human being . When we first met about the part of Steve , she sat across from me and essentially acted out the entire film over the course of a two - hour lunch . She was so specific , so articulate , and so ardent . I would 've said yes just for Patty alone . '' Pine went through a workout regime for the film , commenting `` I got in incredible shape for this film '' but also joking `` I was also wearing about 75 pounds of clothing . What I realized is that I made a major mistake , I got in great shape and they just put clothes over all my hard work . '' Robin Wright as Antiope : The sister of Hippolyta , General of the Amazonian army , Diana 's aunt , and mentor . On being cast for the film , Wright said `` It 's two-fold because when Patty Jenkins called me , the director , it was a three minute long conversation . She said , ' I 'm doing a movie about Wonder Woman . Do you want to be her trainer ? ' And I was like , ' Yes . Of course . ' And the general of the Amazonian army . That was pretty cool . '' Describing her character mentoring and training Diana to be a warrior , Wright said `` It 's a sixth sense that it is coming and I think that 's also in the mythological story behind Antiope and Queen Hippolyta . They know it 's coming and it 's her duty as the aunt to her young niece to make sure she is the fiercest warrior of all time . '' On the Amazons fighting style , Wright said `` It 's hand combat . Yes , swords and knives and arrows , but the precision that they have , right , as these warrior women ; it 's so nice to see that disparity between what we had in the day of just raw fighting materials and the guns and how easy that is in comparison . '' On the message of the film , Wright stated `` Is not just female empowerment . It 's about love and justice . That 's what the film 's about . And what a great message to spread to our little ones . '' Commenting about training for the film , Wright said `` The most empowering was to get into that physical shape . So we were doing horseback riding training , weight training , martial arts , and 2,000 to 3,000 calories a day '' . Danny Huston as General Erich Ludendorff : An ambitious and iron - fisted general of the German Army during World War I. Huston described Ludendorff as a `` pragmatist , realist , patriotic , fighting for his country , '' further explaining , `` he lost his son on the German front lines and was just quite tortured , diabolical , stubborn and believes that what he 's doing is for the betterment of mankind . '' On his character , Huston said `` Ludendorff is a believer that war is a natural habitat for humans . '' Huston stated the film as an anti-war film and `` somebody like Ludendorff would probably think that the idea that love conquers all is quite a naive concept . But finally it 's true and sometimes the best way to examine mankind is from another perspective . '' On the genre of the film , Huston said `` It 's Greek mythology . It 's the origin of story and sometimes we need demigods to look at us to understand what our weaknesses are . It serves the mythological world . '' David Thewlis as Ares : The treacherous son of Zeus and half - brother of Diana , based on the Greek mythological god of War , who masquerades as Sir Patrick Morgan , a speaker for peace on the Imperial War Cabinet as part of his deceptive master plan of conquest and destruction . Describing the Sir Patrick persona of his character , Thewlis said `` Sir Patrick 's entire drive through the other half of the story is to bring about the armistice . That 's his whole intention no matter what 's going on . He meets Diana and see in her somebody who is sympathetic to his cause quite vehemently so . '' Connie Nielsen as Hippolyta : The Amazon Queen of Themyscira and Diana 's mother . On meeting the director for the role , Nielsen said `` Patty and I met in London , and we just hit it off from the get - go . We could n't stop talking . What was supposed to be a one - hour meeting turned into a two - and - a-half - hour lunch and we just really got each other . '' She described Jenkins ' directing style for the film as `` She 's also the kind of director that I really flourish under . She has very strong and particular and specific ideas about what it is she wants to say . She comes from a place of strength always . And so , when you are dealing with someone like that , you feel absolutely free to be vulnerable , to be creative , and I am a big researcher . '' On playing the character , Nielsen said `` It was a complete and utter pleasure and I absolutely loved every second of playing her . '' On her character being Diana 's mother and Amazonian queen , Nielsen stated `` I 'm queen and I 'm preparing my child for a world that entails a lot of responsibility . So it was important to me to bring that into the character . '' She read The Amazons by Adrienne Mayor to familiarize herself with women warriors and said `` I used what I learned in Mayor 's book as a rallying cry for how I approached Hippolyta . And then , of course , what is a leader who is elected by her peers every year and has been doing this for a thousand years ? That too was interesting to think about '' . Nielsen went through a workout regime for the film , saying `` I did six hours a day . You know , two hours of weight training , two hours of swords training , and then two hours of horseback riding '' . Nicole Kidman was in negotiations for the role but was forced to drop due to scheduling conflicts with Big Little Lies . Previously , Nielsen had been considered for the role of Superman 's mother , Lara Lor - Van , in Man of Steel . Elena Anaya as Isabel Maru / Doctor Poison : A nefarious Spanish chief chemist associated with General Ludendorff who specializes in chemistry and poisons . On her role , Anaya said `` Well , it was a small role in this big ensemble , but it is an important character in the story . I 'm going to be a big nightmare '' for Wonder Woman and Steve Trevor . Describing her character , Anaya said `` Dr. Maru loves rage and enjoys people 's pain . She 's creating terrible weapons , and her purpose in life is to kill as many people as possible , and provoke as much pain as possible '' . She researched World War I and Fritz Haber , the scientist who created mustard gas , to prepare for the role . On the character 's facial scars , Anaya stated `` I went to Patty Jenkins and asked , ' What happened to her ? ' And she said , ' She did it on purpose . ' I was like , ' What ? Patty , you 're going further than I ever imagined . ' She said , ' She wants to provoke painful suffering , so she tested her own gas on her own face . She wanted to know how deep this form of her gas would go , so she put it on her own face . ' You can see half of her face is completely gone . This is the sadistic side of Dr. Maru '' . She also stated her character `` is quite the opposite to the lead role of this movie , one of the strongest characters ever of DC comics , Wonder Woman . I can tell you that Doctor Poison is someone with a capacity to provoke so much pain . '' On Dr. Maru 's relationship with General Ludendorff , Anaya said `` I think that they have a relationship based on loyalty . Ludendorff is a very tormented General that lacks self - confidence . That 's why , in part , he takes these drugs that Dr. Poison gives him . They are from different worlds , but they complement each other '' . Lucy Davis as Etta Candy : Steve Trevor 's comical , loyal , and friendly secretary who befriends Diana . Describing her character , Davis said `` She 's a woman in a man 's world and so being heard and seen are n't the easiest things , but it kind of does n't deter her '' , adding , `` Etta is unapologetically herself and I think that that 's the thing that has drawn me to her the most '' . When asked if she was previously familiar with the character , Davis responded `` No . I was n't . It took me a while to know that I was auditioning for Etta because even when I found out it was Wonder Woman , I still had no idea what the role was . It took a little while then I Googled the character '' . On Etta Candy 's relationship with Steve Trevor , Davis said `` One of the great things that Etta gets to work with Steve Trevor is because Steve is not your typical man , in that he does entrust her with things that in 1918 probably would n't have been entrusted to a secretary of somebody who is quite important '' , further explaining , `` So I think that ( Trevor ) needs her just as much as she needs that because now she 's been given responsibility that she would n't have normally be given before , and equally he has somebody who could probably fly under the radar a bit . So he can trust the person who no one 's really looking at '' . Saïd Taghmaoui as Sameer : A French Moroccan secret agent who is a master of disguise and an ally of Steve Trevor . On his casting , Taghmaoui stated `` I was among hundreds of potential candidates , and I slowly became the favorite '' , adding , `` It was n't easy . It took me three months . ( I 'll have to go through ) extensive physical training . '' Ewen Bremner as Charlie : A heavy - drinking Scottish sharpshooter who has already had a tour of duty and has post-traumatic stress disorder . He is an ally of Steve Trevor . On his role , Bremner said `` I play a character who 's enlisted by Wonder Woman to help save the world as part of a small , unlikely band '' . Describing his character , Bremner stated `` He 's a shellshocked soldier who 's been discharged from the war and is brought back to help on a secret mission '' . On working with Jenkins , Bremner commented `` Patty Jenkins is a force of nature . She has fantastic vision , strength and enthusiasm , which is completely infectious and motivates a cast and crew of thousands to really go beyond themselves . '' Eugene Brave Rock as Chief Napi : A Blackfoot Native American demi - god , and a smuggler who trades with both sides of the war and knows how to get people across the front lines . On his casting , Brave Rock said `` I had no idea it was for Wonder Woman . I lost it when I showed up and I could n't remember my lines . I did n't take it literally until a month later , I got a call saying I got the role and they wanted me to fly to London for a fitting . '' Brave Rock raised several concerns with Jenkins over the representation of the character in the film , particularly that he was not comfortable playing into stereotypes and that he was not keen on his character being simply known as `` Chief '' . Jenkins responded by giving him some extra creative control over his character which Brave Rock says was `` unprecedented '' . Lisa Loven Kongsli as Menalippe : Antiope 's lieutenant and Diana 's aunt . Describing her character , Kongsli said `` Menalippe is a fearless warrior with a strong justice needs . She lives with the other Amazons on the island Themiscyra and exercising continuous battle to assist man in the fight for the good . '' On filming , Konglsi stated `` It 's a blast . I 've worked damn hard to make this happen , so it 's absolutely absurd and fun all at once . '' Additionally , James Cosmo appears as Field Marshal Haig , Mayling Ng as Orana , Florence Kasumba as Acantha , Madeleine Vall Beijner as Egeria , Hayley Jane Warnes as Aella and Ann Wolfe as Artemis , all of whom are Amazons . Dutch model Doutzen Kroes portrays the Amazon Venelia . Samantha Jo was cast as the Amazonian Euboea , and previously played the Kryptonina , Car - Vex , in Man of Steel . Zack Snyder also makes a brief cameo appearance in the film as an unnamed soldier . Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Development for a live action Wonder Woman feature film began in 1996 , with Ivan Reitman attached as producer and possible director . In 1999 the project became attached to Jon Cohen , who adapted Wonder Woman for producer Joel Silver , with the hope that Sandra Bullock would star . By 2001 , Todd Alcott was hired to write the screenplay , with Silver Pictures backing the project . At that time , performers such as Mariah Carey and Catherine Zeta - Jones were also rumored to be possible candidates for the role of Wonder Woman . Leonard Goldberg , however , focused on Bullock who said that she was approached for the role . In addition , wrestler Chyna also expressed interest . Lucy Lawless , the star of Xena : Warrior Princess , was also under consideration , though she stated that she would have been more interested if Wonder Woman was portrayed as a `` flawed hero . '' The screenplay went through various drafts written by Alcott , Cohen , Becky Johnston , and Philip Levens , and by August 2003 , Levens had been replaced by screenwriter Laeta Kalogridis . In March 2005 , Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures announced that Joss Whedon would write and direct the film , with a reported salary was of $2 to $3 million . Since Whedon was directing Serenity at the time , and required time to research Wonder Woman 's background , he did not begin the screenplay until late 2005 . Early drafts of his screenplay included Steve Trevor as the narrator , a fierce battle between Diana and her mother over Trevor 's welfare , and after leaving Themyscira , his need to frequently rescue a Diana rendered helpless by the modern world . Whedon was not able to complete a final version of his screenplay however , and left the project in 2007 . Although Whedon stated in May 2005 that he would not cast the part of Wonder Woman until he finished the script , actors such as Kate Beckinsale were linked to the part . A few years later in 2010 however , Whedon admitted that he did have an actress in mind for the part , stating that `` Wonder Woman was basically Angelina Jolie . '' A few years later in May 2017 , Indie Ground Films leaked a version of Whedon 's script in - progress online . Some reacted negatively to it on social media in June 2017 , shortly after the release of Patty Jenkins version of the film . When asked about this response to his script , Jenkins said in a June 2017 interview that she has not read it and that Whedon is `` in the DC universe now , and I do n't think there 's any reason to go there ( ... ) It was what it was . I 'm lucky that I 'm the person who got to do it . But I do n't see what would be beneficial about comparing what he would 've done versus what I would have done . '' A day before Whedon 's departure from Wonder Woman , Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures purchased a spec script for the film written by Matthew Jennison and Brent Strickland . Set during World War II , the script impressed executives at Silver Pictures . However , Silver stated that he had purchased the script because he did not want the rights reverting ; while stating the script had good ideas , Silver did not want the film to be a period piece . By April 2008 , Silver hired Jennison and Strickland to write a new script set in contemporary times that would not depict Wonder Woman 's origin , but explore Paradise Island 's history . In November 2008 , Beyoncé met with representatives from DC Comics and Warner Bros. , to discuss her interest in portraying Wonder Woman . In 2010 , Warner Bros. stated that a film was in development , along with films based on DC Comics superheroes the Flash and Aquaman . Both Wonder Woman and Aquaman were still under consideration for solo film subjects as of June 2013 . DC Chief Diane Nelson said Wonder Woman `` has been , since I started , one of the top three priorities for DC and for Warner Bros . We are still trying right now , but she 's tricky . '' On October 5 , 2013 , WB chairman Kevin Tsujihara said he wanted to get Wonder Woman in a film or on TV . Shortly afterward , Paul Feig said he had pitched the studio an idea for Wonder Woman as an action - comedy film . The studio then began to search for female directors to direct the film . While Michelle MacLaren was the studio 's initial choice to direct ( and while she initially indicated interest ) , she eventually left the project due to creative differences . Development ( edit ) DC Films ' co-chairman Geoff Johns and director Patty Jenkins at the WonderCon 2017 . In 2015 , Patty Jenkins accepted an offer to direct Wonder Woman , based on a screenplay by Allan Heinberg and a story co-written by Heinberg , Zack Snyder , Geoff Johns and Jason Fuchs . Of this version , Gadot stated that , for a long time , people did n't know how to approach the story . When Patty and I had our creative conversations about the character , we realized that Diana can still be a normal woman , one with very high values , but still a woman . She can be sensitive . She is smart and independent and emotional . She can be confused . She can lose her confidence . She can have confidence . She is everything . She has a human heart . This version was conceived of as a prequel to the first live - action , theatrical appearance of Wonder Woman , in the 2016 film , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , placing Wonder Woman in the 1910s and World War I ( a decision which differs from her comic book origins as a supporter of the Allies during World War II ) . As for story development , Jenkins credits the stories by the character 's creator William Moulton Marston in the 1940s and George Perez 's seminal stories in the 1980s in which he modernized the character . In addition , it follows some aspects of DC Comics ' origin changes in The New 52 reboot , where Diana is the daughter of Zeus . Jenkins cited Richard Donner 's Superman as an inspiration . Casting ( edit ) `` I remember when I read in the news that Wonder Woman had been cast and my heart sank ( ... ) I 'm sure we would n't have made the same choice . And then I started paying attention to her , and watching her and looking at her and it was just unbelievable . Frankly , I think they did a better job than I could have because I do n't know that I would have scoured the earth as hard to find her ( ... ) They were looking for all the same things I would have looked for -- all the values that Wonder Woman stands for exuding from someone in an honest way , and boy did they find it ( ... ) She shares every quality with Wonder Woman and that 's no joke . It 's one of those rare things . You need someone who can appear to be Wonder Woman on screen ( ... ) Every once in a while , there 's superhero casting that transcends , because that person is so authentic to the character that it becomes identified with them , like Lynda Carter or Christopher Reeve . '' -- Director Patty Jenkins in response to the interview questions : `` Let 's talk a bit about Gal . You inherited her from Zack Snyder . Was it difficult to not get to choose your own Wonder Woman ? '' and `` What is it about Gal that makes her such a good fit ? '' In late 2013 , Zack Snyder cast Gal Gadot in the role of Wonder Woman for the 2016 film , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice over Élodie Yung and Olga Kurylenko . Some fans initially reacted to this choice by criticizing Gadot 's appearance . Snyder would later comment on his decision to cast Gadot , stating that he tested a bunch of actresses , as you can imagine . But the thing with Gal is that she 's strong , she 's beautiful , and she 's a kind person , which is interesting , but fierce at the same time . It 's that combination of being fierce but kind at the same time that we were looking for . Gadot described Diana as having `` the heart of a human so she can be emotional , she 's curious , she 's compassionate , she loves people . And then she has the powers of a goddess . She 's all for good , she fights for good . '' She also said that Diana has `` many strengths and powers , but at the end of the day she 's a woman with a lot of emotional intelligence '' . As to how her character is different from her appearance in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , Gadot said `` We go back 100 years to when she 's more naive '' , further explaining , `` She 's this young idealist . She 's pure . Very different to the experienced , super-confident , grown - up woman you 've seen '' . Gadot underwent a diet and training regimen , practiced different martial arts and gained 17 pounds of muscle for the role . Gadot was previously offered a different role ( as a villain ) in Man of Steel , which she declined because she was pregnant at the time ; this allowed her to later be cast as Wonder Woman in the film 's follow - up . Gadot signed a three - picture deal . She was only paid a base salary of $300,000 for the film itself . Chris Pine was cast as Steve Trevor , a character he described as a `` rogue - ish , cynical realist who 's seen the awful brutish nature of modern civilization '' and added that he is a `` worldly guy , a charming guy '' . He signed a multi-picture deal . Lucy Davis ' performance as Etta Candy is the first live - action cinematic portrayal of the character . As well , Elena Anaya 's performance as Doctor Poison is the cinematic debut of that character . Nicole Kidman was in negotiations for the role of Queen Hippolyta , but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts with Big Little Lies . Filming ( edit ) Production began on November 21 , 2015 , under the working title Nightingale . Among the film sets were Lower Halstow , Kent , Australia House , and the Sassi di Matera , Castel del Monte and Camerota in Southern Italy . Matthew Jensen was the director of photography , filming in the United Kingdom , France and Italy . Production in London ended on March 13 , 2016 . On March 20 , 2016 , filming was underway in Italy . In late April , filming took place at a museum in France , where a Wayne Enterprises truck was spotted alongside Gadot . Production ended on May 9 , 2016 . Patty Jenkins and director of photography Matt Jensen revealed that the film 's look was inspired by painter John Singer Sargent . Reshoots took place in November 2016 , while Gadot was five months pregnant . A green cloth was placed over her stomach to edit out her pregnancy during post-production . To find the perfect location to shoot the Amazon island of Themyscira , the birthplace of Wonder Woman herself , the film 's producers searched all over the world , finally settling on the Amalfi Coast : a stretch of coastline on the Tyrrhenian Sea , located in the Province of Salerno in Southern Italy . It was chosen because most beaches in the world that sit below big cliffs disappear beneath the tide for part of every day . Production designer Aline Bonetto and her location manager Charles Somers considered 47 countries and visited several of them before they found what they were looking for . Bonetto explained that , `` Italy had beautiful weather , a beautiful blue - green sea , not too much tide , not too much wave . Our effects team added some cliffs in post-production , and it was the perfect way to go '' . Post-production ( edit ) Bill Westenhofer served as the visual effects supervisor for the film and Martin Walsh served as editor . Music ( edit ) Main article : Wonder Woman ( soundtrack ) On November 3 , 2016 , Rupert Gregson - Williams was hired to write and compose the film 's music . He was joined by Evan Jolly , Tom Howe , Paul Mounsey , and Andrew Kawczynski , who provided additional music . The soundtrack was released on CD , digital , and vinyl the same day as the film . Australian musician Sia sang a song for the film , titled `` To Be Human '' , featuring English musician Labrinth . Written by Florence Welch and Rick Nowels , the track is also featured on the soundtrack . Additional music featured in the film are : `` Another Little Drink Would n't Do Us Any Harm '' by Clifford Grey and Nat Ayer and performed by Edgar Trevor and Cecil Cooper ; `` Molly O'Morgan '' written by Fred Godfrey and Will Letters and performed by Ella Retford ; `` It 's a Long Way to Tipperary '' written by Jack Judge and Harry Williams ; `` Sous les ponts de Paris '' written by Jean Rodor and Vincent Scotto and performed by Lucienne Delyle ; `` I 'll Walk Beside You '' written by Edward Lockton and Alan Murray and performed by Ewen Bremner ; `` Green Grow the Rushes , O '' written by Robert Burns and performed by Ewen Bremner ; and `` Schatzwalzer Op. 4 '' written by Johann Strauss II and performed by the Berlin String Quartet . Also features samples from the movie 's soundtrack `` Is She with You '' from Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice composed by Hans Zimmer and Junkie XL . Release ( edit ) Wonder Woman had its world premiere on May 25 , in Los Angeles . The film 's London premiere , which was scheduled to take place on May 31 , 2017 at the Odeon Leicester Square , was cancelled due to the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing . The film had its Latin America premiere in Mexico City on May 27 . It was released in most of the world , including in IMAX , on June 2 , 2017 , after originally being scheduled for June 23 . Belgium , Singapore and South Korea received the film first , with May 31 openings . On April 17 , it was announced that Wonder Woman would be released in China on June 2 , the same day as its North American release . Marketing ( edit ) The success of the superhero television series Supergirl informed the marketing and promotion strategy used for Wonder Woman . According to Time Warner chief marketing officer Kristen O'Hara , they wanted to approach the Wonder Woman marketing campaign in a light manner , similar to how they did with Supergirl . O'Hara elaborated that the modest campaign route they took for Supergirl aided in establishing a large central fanbase among women well in advance of the series , which reportedly generated 5 million female superhero fans in one week . They were then able to model over time , and grow that audience leading up to the 15 months later release of Wonder Woman . Though neither the film nor the series are aimed exclusively at women , the latter 's campaign gave them their first opportunity to begin collecting data about female superhero fans . In May 2017 , a promo for Wonder Woman was released during the season finale of Supergirl , featuring a remix of the song `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' and Supergirl ( Melissa Benoist ) wearing Wonder Woman 's boots . The promo included an appearance by Lynda Carter , star of the 1970s Wonder Woman , who plays the American president on Supergirl . The costs for television advertisements for Wonder Woman are higher in comparison to that of previous DCEU film Suicide Squad . Warner Bros. has spent over $3 million on advertisements for Wonder Woman , whereas they spent $2.6 million on advertisements for Suicide Squad . Ticket selling site Fandango reported that Wonder Woman rounded the final leg of its marketing campaign as the most anticipated blockbuster of summer 2017 , according to a poll conducted by 10,000 voters , the biggest survey in company history . Separately , Fandango also found that 92 % of people surveyed said that they are looking forward to seeing a film that features a standalone woman superhero , and 87 % wished Hollywood would make more women - led superhero films . In May 2017 , NASCAR driver Danica Patrick drove her No. 10 car with a Wonder Woman paint scheme at the Go Bowling 400 in Kansas and at the Monster Energy Open in Charlotte . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on Digital HD on August 29 , 2017 and on Blu - ray , Blu - Ray 3D , 4K Ultra-HD Blu - Ray and DVD on September 19 , 2017 . Controversies ( edit ) Bans ( edit ) On May 31 , Wonder Woman was banned in Lebanon after the Campaign to Boycott Supporters of Israel asked the Lebanese government 's Ministry of Economy and Trade to block the film because its star , Gal Gadot , had served in the Israeli military . The Lebanese government did not , however , ban Gadot 's Fast & Furious films which did screen in Lebanon . On June 7 , Variety reported that a Tunisian court suspended the theatrical release of Wonder Woman after a lawsuit brought by the Al - Chaab party and the Tunisian Association of Young Lawyers to have the film blocked due to Gadot 's Israeli citizenship , military service , and public comments in support of the Israeli military during the 2014 war in Gaza . Jordan was reportedly also considering a ban of the film and suspended screenings pending a decision , but on June 11 , Al Bawaba reported that the government decided not to do so , as there was no legal precedent for it . Women - only screenings ( edit ) Some men were unhappy with women - only screenings held at the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in Austin , with some opponents of the gender - restricted screening stating on platforms such as Facebook that such screenings were discriminatory against men . A gay Albany Law School professor initiated a complaint with Austin 's Equal Employment and Fair Housing Office claiming discrimination against male prospective customers and employees of the theater . The chain responded with an online statement saying the event `` may have created confusion -- we want everybody to see this film '' and announced a similar event at their Brooklyn location . Tickets sold out in less than an hour , prompting the chain to schedule additional screenings . On July 18 , Alamo Drafthouse proposed settlement offers of a Wonder Woman DVD to the complainants , stating `` Respondent did not realize that advertising a ' women 's only ' screening was a violation of discrimination laws '' Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of September 24 , 2017 , Wonder Woman has grossed $412 million in the United States and Canada and $408.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $820.4 million , against a production budget of $149 million . Estimates for the number the film needed to surpass internationally in order to cover its production and promotional costs and break even ranged from $300 million to $460 million . North America ( edit ) In May 2017 , early tracking had Wonder Woman opening with $65 -- 75 million , and possibly as high as $105 million . The film opened Friday , June 2 , 2017 , across 4,165 theaters and made $38.7 million on its opening day , including $3.7 million in IMAX . It was the biggest single - day gross for a woman - directed film , ahead of the $35.9 million opening Friday of Catherine Hardwicke 's Twilight in 2008 and the biggest opening day for a woman - led comic book superhero film , ahead of Ghost in the Shell ( $7 million ) . This included $11 million it made from Thursday previews , also the best start for a film directed by a woman , surpassing Fifty Shades of Grey 's $8.6 million which was directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson , and the third biggest of the year , behind Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Of that , $1.5 million came from IMAX screenings . Earning a total of $103.3 million on its opening weekend , the film recorded a number of records : the biggest domestic opening of all - time for a female director ( surpassing previous record holder Fifty Shades of Grey by Sam Taylor - Johnson ) , the biggest DC Comics release without Batman or Superman ( ahead of Constantine ) , the sixth - biggest non-sequel comic book superhero debut ever , as well as the sixth - biggest June debut weekend . Its three - day opening alone made it the highest - grossing woman - led comic book superhero film ever ( surpassing Ghost in the Shell ) . It was also the 16th superhero film to cross $100 million in its domestic box office launch . About 9 % ( $9 million ) of the opening weekend came from IMAX screenings from 343 theaters . In its second week the film grossed $58.5 million , again topping the box office . It marked a 43.3 % drop for its second weekend at the box office , better than the average 50 -- 60 % decline superhero films tend to see , and was a better second weekend than Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $51.3 million ) and Suicide Squad ( $43.5 million ) . In its third weekend it grossed $40.8 million , finishing second behind newcomer Cars 3 ( $53.5 million ) . It was the second best third weekend ever for Warner Bros. and was nearly double what Batman v Superman ( $23.3 million ) , Suicide Squad ( $20.9 million ) and Man of Steel ( $20.7 million ) made in their third weekends . It earned $24.9 million and $15.7 million in its fourth and fifth weekends respectively , dropping just 39 % and 36 % despite facing rough competition from opening films Transformers : The Last Knight and Despicable Me 3 . It eventually became the highest - grossing film directed by a woman , surpassing the previous records of Jennifer Yuh Nelson 's Kung Fu Panda 2 and Phyllida Lloyd 's Mamma Mia ! . By August 8 , the film had garnered $400 million in ticket sales , becoming the second female - fueled film ( after Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ) , Warner Bros . ' third - biggest movie ( after Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises ) , holding the record of the highest origin superhero film ; supplanting the previous record held by Spider - Man ( 2002 ) and also becoming the highest - earning film with a female director in terms of domestic earnings , surpassing Frozen ( 2013 ) . International ( edit ) Internationally , the film was released day - and - date with its North American debut in 55 markets ( 72 % of its total release ) , and was projected to debut with anywhere between $92 -- 118 million . It ended up opening to $125 million , including $38 million in China , $8.5 million in Korea , $8.4 million in Mexico , $8.3 million in Brazil and $7.5 million in the UK . In its second week of release , the film brought in another $60 million , including holding the top spot on France , the UK , Australia and Brazil . As of June 25 , 2017 , the biggest markets of Wonder Woman outside North America are China ( US $90 million ) followed by Brazil ( US $34 million ) , UK ( US $28 million ) and Australia ( US $24 million ) . In the Philippines , it broke 2017 box office record for highest earning non-holiday opening day -- earning $4.7 million and becoming the 6th most successful commercial film of all time as well overtaking the record set by Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . The film opened in its last market , Japan , on August 25 and debuted to $3.4 million , helping the international gross cross the $400 million mark . Critical response ( edit ) The performances of Gal Gadot and Chris Pine were praised by critics . Wonder Woman received largely positive reviews , with some critics calling it the best film in the DC Extended Universe , and praising Jenkins ' direction and the performances and chemistry of Gadot and Pine . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 92 % based on 344 reviews , with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Thrilling , earnest , and buoyed by Gal Gadot 's charismatic performance , Wonder Woman succeeds in spectacular fashion . '' It is the highest - rated superhero film on the site . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Critics commented favorably on Gadot 's performance and Chris Pine 's Steve Trevor . Andrew Barker of Variety found the film to be more lighthearted than recent DC Comics films : `` Never prone to stewing in solitude , and taking more notes from Richard Donner than from Christopher Nolan , Patty Jenkins ' Wonder Woman provides a welcome respite from DC 's house style of grim darkness -- boisterous , earnest , sometimes sloppy , yet consistently entertaining -- with star Gal Gadot proving an inspired choice for this avatar of truth , justice , and the Amazonian way . '' Vox stated `` Trevor is the superhero girlfriend comic book movies need '' . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle lauded the performances of Gadot , Pine , Huston , and Thewlis while commending the film 's `` different perspective '' and humor . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times described Gadot 's performance as inspirational , heroic , heartfelt and endearing and the most `` real '' Wonder Woman portrayal . A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that it `` briskly shakes off blockbuster branding imperatives and allows itself to be something relatively rare in the modern superhero cosmos . It feels less like yet another installment in an endless sequence of apocalyptic merchandising opportunities than like ... what 's the word I 'm looking for ? A movie . A pretty good one , too . '' Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune compared the film to Captain America : The First Avenger , noting that as with `` the first Captain America movie over in the Marvel Comics universe , DC 's Wonder Woman offers the pleasures of period re-creation for a popular audience . Jenkins and her design team make 1918 - era London ; war - torn Belgium ; the Ottoman Empire ; and other locales look freshly realized , with a strong point of view . There are scenes here of dispossessed war refugees , witnessed by an astonished and heartbroken Diana , that carry unusual gravity for a comic book adaptation . '' Katie Erbland of IndieWire commended its thematic depth , explaining that `` Wonder Woman is a war movie . Patty Jenkins ' first -- and we hope not last -- entry into the DC Expanded Universe is primarily set during World War I , but while the feature does n't balk at war - time violence , it 's the internal battles of its compelling heroine that are most vital . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap similarly felt that , `` Diana 's scenes of action are thrilling precisely because they 're meant to stop war , not to foment it ; the idea of a demi - god using love to fight war might sound goofy in the abstract , but Jenkins makes the concept work . '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post praised Gadot and Pine 's performances as well the film 's detailed plot and narrative while comparing of some slow - motion action sequences to The Matrix . Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine hailed the film as a `` cut above nearly all the superhero movies that have been trotted out over the past few summers '' while praising Gadot 's performance as `` charming '' and `` marvelous '' and commending Jenkins ' direction of the film as a step forward for women directors in directing big - budget blockbuster films in Hollywood . Elise Jost of Moviepilot observed that `` Gadot 's take on Wonder Woman is one of those unique cases of an actor merging with their story , similar to Robert Downey Jr. 's Tony Stark . Gal Gadot is Wonder Woman , and Wonder Woman is Gal Gadot . '' Jost praised Gadot 's interpretation of Wonder Woman as the one in which Gadot `` absolutely nails the character 's unwaveringly positive outlook on life . She 's a force of nature who believes in the greater good ; her conviction that she 's meant to save the world is stronger than her bullet - deflecting shield . She 's genuine , she 's fun , she 's the warm source of energy at the heart of the movie . '' The Federalist suggests that Wonder Woman is `` a story of Jesus '' . `` The movie is wrapped up in faux Greek mythology , true , but there 's no mistaking the Christology here . '' `` Perhaps Christ in the form of a beautiful and kick - ass Amazon is all that our contemporary society can handle right now '' , stated M. Hudson , a Christian feminist . On HuffPost cultural critic , G. Roger Denson , who regards the superhero genre as a source of contemporary `` Mainstream Mythopoetics '' ( `` the making of new yet vitally meaningful , if not symbolic , stories filled with imagery reflecting , yet also shaping and advancing , the political , legal , moral and social practices of today '' ) , wrote that the `` No Man 's Land '' scene `` that people are crying over in theaters and raving about afterward happens to be among the most powerfully mythopoetic scenes ever filmed at the same time it is one of the oldest myths to have been utilized by artists and writers after it had been invented by early military strategists and leaders . '' Specifically `` used by director Patty Jenkins '' , the scene raises `` the esteem for powerful yet compassionate women as heroes and leaders to a level equal with that of men for having won over a huge and adoring popular audience around the world '' . Steve Rose in The Guardian criticized the film for failing to explore the material 's potential for `` patriarchy - upending subversion '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone criticized the film 's over-reliance on exposition : `` Wonder Woman is hobbled by a slogging origin story and action that only comes in fits and starts . Just when Gadot and director Patty Jenkins ... are ready to kick ass , we get backstory . '' `` Gas was intended to win the war . On that much Wonder Woman is absolutely right . '' said David Hambling in Popular Mechanics . Rachel Becker of The Verge stated that despite the scientific liberties of using a `` hydrogen - based '' chemical weapon as a plot device , the film succeeds in evoking real and horrifying history . `` First off , mustard gas is such a horrible , terrifying weapon , it does n't need to be made more potent . But if you were a chemist bent on raining destruction on the Allied forces , you would n't do it by replacing the sulfur atom in mustard gas with a hydrogen atom . You 'd know that sulfur is the linchpin holding together this poisonous molecule . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . IndieWire Critic 's Poll December 19 , 2016 Most Anticipated of 2017 Wonder Woman Nominated Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best of Show Won Best Fantasy / Adventure Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster Poster Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Action Movie Choice Action Movie Actor Chris Pine Choice Action Movie Actress Gal Gadot Choice Movie Ship Gal Gadot & Chris Pine Nominated Choice Liplock Chris Pine & Gal Gadot Choice Summer Movie Wonder Woman Choice Summer Movie Actor Chris Pine Choice Summer Movie Actress Gal Gadot Dragon Awards September 3 , 2017 Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Movie Wonder Woman Won Sequel ( edit ) Originally signed for three feature films , with Wonder Woman and Justice League being her second and third films , Gadot signed an extension to her contract for additional films . Jenkins initially signed for only one film , but in an interview with Variety , Geoff Johns revealed that he and Jenkins are writing the treatment for a Wonder Woman sequel and that he has a `` cool idea for the second one '' . At the 2017 San Diego Comic Con , Warner Bros. officially announced a sequel would be released on December 13 , 2019 , and would be titled Wonder Woman 2 . Later , Jenkins was officially signed to return as director , with confirmation that Gadot will be returning as the titular role . On August 19 , 2017 , actress Geena Davis stated that she would like very much to play a role in Wonder Woman 2 and that she is in talks with Jenkins about that matter . Days later , the studio hired Dave Callaham to co-write the film 's script with Jenkins and Johns . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is by an adjusted Tomatometer with at least 20 reviews each that , uses a weighted Bayesian based formula to account for the differences in ratings . 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March 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hu , Tiffany ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Production Had ' Special Moments ' for Actress Samantha Jo '' . NBC . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Zack Snyder 's Wonder Woman Cameo Finally Found '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bur , Ty ( April 19 , 1996 ) . `` Comic movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( October 28 , 1999 ) . `` Hoffman on the ' Radio ' ; Col deal for Cohen '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( January 24 , 2001 ) . `` Wonder Woman Scribe Chosen '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( April 18 , 2001 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's Powers '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( May 3 , 2001 ) . `` Estrogen Explosion '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( May 18 , 2001 ) . `` Wonder Woman : It could be Sandra Bullock , Lucy Lawless or Chyna '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Worley , Rob ( May 6 , 2003 ) . `` Wonder Woman Scribe '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Worley , Rob ( August 12 , 2003 ) . `` Wonder Woman '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Pictures and Warner Bros. Pictures Sign Joss Whedon to Write & Direct DC Comics ' Wonder Woman '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. March 17 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Murray , Daisy ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Josh Whedon 's Sexist Wonder Woman Script Was Leaked and the Women of Twitter Are Going In '' . ELLE . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` This Is What Director Patty Jenkins Has Learned Since ' Wonder Woman ' Destroyed The Box Office '' . Buzzfeed News . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mithaiwala , Mansoor ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman Director Discourages Comparisons to Joss Whedon 's Script '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rotten , Ryan ; Douglas , Edward ( March 25 , 2007 ) . `` Joel Silver 's Wonder Woman Update '' . SuperHeroHype.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2007 . Retrieved March 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Stephanie ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Wonder Woman Still in Development says Joel Silver '' . 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Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Superman and Batman Film Casts Its Wonder Woman '' . DC Comics . December 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sloan , Jodie B. ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Why Placing ' Wonder Woman ' In World War I Could Work Wonders '' . Moviepilot.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex . `` Wonder Woman Director Reveals Comic Book Influences '' . ScreenRant.com . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Subtle Genius of Wonder Woman 's Cinematic Origin '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins on Being Inspired by Richard Donner 's ' Superman ' '' . Collider.com . March 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barna , Daniel ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins Might Finally End Marvel 's Chokehold on Hollywood '' . Playboy . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` New Actresses Test for ' Batman vs. Superman ' ... as Wonder Woman ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Gal Gadot Signs Three - Picture Deal with Warner Bros . '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Gal Gadot Signs Three - Picture Deal with Warner Bros . '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hawksley , Rupert ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wonder Woman to be first female - led superhero film since 2005 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Luchina ( December 28 , 2013 ) . `` Gal Gadot Defends ' Wonder Woman ' Casting '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pringle , Gill ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' . Filmink . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Gal Gadot : Wonder Woman ' not there because of a love story ' in Batman v Superman '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Russell , Scarlett ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman star Gal Gadot says that her solo movie has ' moments of humour ' '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wayne , Teddy ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` Gal Gadot '' . Interview . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Taryn ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` How Gal Gadot Transformed Her Body to Play Wonder Woman '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Matt ( September 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's Gal Gadot Had Turned Down a Role in Man of Steel '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` No , Gal Gadot Is n't Making 46 Times Less Than Henry Cavill '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Pine in Talks to Co-Star in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Slotek , Jim ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Chris Pine talks ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Finest Hours ' '' . Toronto Sun . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Angelique ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` From ' The Office ' to ' Wonder Woman ' : Get to Know Lucy Davis '' . ET Online . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Nicole Kidman in Talks to Join Gal Gadot in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Casts Superhero 's Mother '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roach , Araceli ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Wonder Woman : First Look at Chris Pine as Steve Trevor '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . 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Archived from the original on October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Deehan , Tom ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman to film in multiple Italian locations '' . TheLocationGuide.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sapienza , Cinzia ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Neanche la frana ferma Wonder Woman , al via le riprese a Camerota '' ( Not even the landslide stops Wonder Woman , starts filming in Camerota ) . InfoCilento.it ( in Italian ) . Agropoli , Italy : Qwerty Publishing House . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : First Official Image , Full Cast Revealed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Kinsey ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` Gal Gadot Tweets ' Wonder Woman ' Photo , Signals That Filming Is ' Underway ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Varma , Arjun ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman officially wraps filming in London ; will first trailer release at 2016 Comic Con ? '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Scenic Wonder Woman Filming Locations Across Europe '' . Condé Nast Traveler . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Patty ( @ pattyjenks ) ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` So happy and excited to have wrapped the first Wonder Woman film ! ! And one William Marston 's birthday , no less ! ( WW 's creator ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman movie 's look was inspired by someone very surprising '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot did reshoots for Wonder Woman while pregnant '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beck , Laura ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Here Are the Magical Places the Cast of Wonder Woman Stayed in Italy '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where is Wonder Woman 's idyllic island Themiscyra ? '' . Radio Times . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Gersh , CEC , WPA Book Clients '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Lena ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman Gets Hacksaw Ridge Composer '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Tom Howe '' . tomhowe.co.uk . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Paul Mounsey '' . hans-zimmer.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Andrew Kawczynski '' . hans-zimmer.com . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rupert Gregson - Williams ( @ RupertGWilliams ) ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Yes it 'll be released on vinyl '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Wiederhorn , Jon ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sia 's New Track , ' To Be Human , ' Featured on ' Wonder Woman ' Soundtrack '' . Radio.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' . Soundtrack.net . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Andrea ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) . `` Gal Gadot glitters at the ' Wonder Woman ' world premiere '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' London Premiere Canceled After Manchester Attack ; Ariana Grande Tour Dates Shelved '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IMAX and Warner Bros. Extend Deal to Include 12 More Films '' . ComingSoon.net . October 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Pushes ' Jungle Book ' to 2018 , ' Wonder Woman ' Gets New Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` DC Comics Movies Announced : ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Justice League , ' ' The Flash , ' ' Aquaman ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman de Patty Jenkins avec Gal Gadot et Chris Pine '' ( in French ) . cinenews.be. April 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' ( in French ) . CineBel. April 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Belgium ( @ WarnerBrosBE ) ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` C'est la guerrière la plus redoutable . Gal Gadot est # WonderWoman , dès le 31 mai au cinéma '' ( Tweet ) ( in French ) . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` China Sets Release Dates for ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Transformers 5 , ' ' Wonder Woman , ' More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mueller , Matthew ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` How Supergirl Influenced Wonder Woman 's Marketing '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' Cast Unites to Promote ' Wonder Woman ' Film '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` What 's Going on with Wonder Woman '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman tops Fandango survey of most anticipated summer movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Holpuch , Amanda ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman banned in Lebanon due to Israeli lead , Gal Gadot '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AP ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Lebanon Seeks to Ban ' Wonder Woman ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keslassy , Elsa ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Screenings Suspended in Tunisia Amid Opposition to Gal Gadot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan bans screening of ' Wonder Woman ' film over controversy '' . Xinhua News Agency . June 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Jordan Will Not be Banning Wonder Woman '' . Al Bawaba . June 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Buckley , Cara ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Solidarity at an All - Female Screening of ' Wonder Woman ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' women - only screenings cause uproar '' . CNN . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holley , Peter ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' It 's sexist ' : Men flip out over women - only ' Wonder Woman ' screenings '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holley , Peter ( June 1 , 2017 ) , `` Why a gay law professor is trying to shut down women - only ' Wonder Woman ' screenings '' , The Washington Post , archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 Jump up ^ Cheong , Ian Miles ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Alamo Drafthouse 's Women - Only ' Wonder Woman ' Screenings Were Illegal '' . DailyCaller.com . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : All The World Is Waiting For You As Warner Bros. / DC Pic Eyes $175 M+ Global Opening '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is Going To Be Bigger at the Box Office Than Estimates '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Tracking for Solid $65 M Box - Office Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Wonder Woman ' Flies Onto Tracking With Projected $65 M+ Opening , On Par With ' Thor ' & ' Captain America ' , Deadline.com , May 12 , 2017 , archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman ' : Early Tracking for Debut All Over the Map , From $65 Million to $105 Million '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Box Office : How Big Is Big Enough ? '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Soars To Record - Breaking $39 M Friday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Nabs Marvel - ous $11 M Thursday '' . Forbes . 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Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Breaks Glass Ceiling For Female Directors & Stomps On ' Iron Man ' With $100.5 M Debut -- Sunday AM '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Soars on Saturday ; ' Mummy ' Still Crummy -- Sunday AM Box Office '' . Deadline.com . June 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cars 3 ' $53 M+ Is Third Best Debut For Pixar Series ; ' Wonder Woman ' Still Wows With $40 M+ ; ' All Eyez on Me ' Solid '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Wonder Woman ' Crosses $400 M in North America '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is Now the Top Female - Helmed Film at the Domestic Box Office '' . Blog.womenandhollywood.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Lassos $122.5 M Offshore , $223 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M at International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . June 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' now biggest Warner Bros. film in PH '' . ABS - CBN News . July 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' grosses P48. 39M on PH opening day '' . Rappler . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Valerian ' Tops China ; ' Wonder Woman ' Hits $400 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam . `` Review : ' Wonder Woman ' delivers action , humor , thrills '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Wonder Woman finally gives DC a superhero story that soars '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jost , Elise ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` # WonderWoman : Why Gal Gadot Was The Perfect Choice To Play Wonder Woman '' . Moviepilot . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Superhero Movies of All Time '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Breaks Glass Ceiling For Female Directors With $97 M+ Debut ; Earns ' A ' CinemaScore '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman is the smart , satisfying DC movie you 've been waiting for '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linden , Sheri ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abad - Santos , Alex ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Chris Pine 's Steve Trevor is the superhero girlfriend comic book movies need '' . Vox . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' gives different perspective to an action movie '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Heartfelt ' Wonder Woman ' finally gives a brave superhero her due '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Wonder Woman ' Is a Blockbuster That Lets Itself Have Fun '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' review : Finally , a DC Comics movie that works '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Katie ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is the DC Universe 's Best Superhero Movie Yet , Proving the Future Is Very Much Female -- Review '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Review : Gal Gadot 's Amazon Warrior Conquers Superhero Doldrums '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' saves the day , in more ways than one '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Can We Build a Better Blockbuster ? Wonder Woman Points a Way Forward '' . Time . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hudson , M. ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' Wonder Woman ' Is Really A Story About Jesus '' . The Federalist . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Woman ' No Man 's Land ' Scene Is Rooted in History , Myth and Art '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Steve ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman review -- glass ceiling still intact as Gal Gadot reduced to weaponised Smurfette '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Review : Gal Gadot Brings Comics ' Original Riot Girl to Life '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hambling , David ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` How Realistic Is the WWI Warfare of ' Wonder Woman ' ? '' . Popular Mechanics . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Becker , Rachel ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's chemical weapon makes no scientific sense , but it evokes real and horrifying history '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Critics Poll : The Best Films and Performances of the Year According to Over 200 Critics '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards Reveals Full List of Nominees '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . August 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman Sequel Details Emerge , and More Movie News '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Bory ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins Not Signed for Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Officially Announces Wonder Woman Sequel '' . Screen Rant . July 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' sequel title revealed '' . Fox News . July 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` Patty Jenkins Closes Deal to Direct ' Wonder Woman ' Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Terror , Jude ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Geena Davis Available For Wonder Woman 2 Role , Says Geena Davis '' . Bleeding Cool News And Rumors . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` ' The Expendables ' Writer Joins Patty Jenkins , Geoff Johns to Write ' Wonder Woman 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . ( The Hollywood Reporter ) ) . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) . Official website Official Final Trailer -- Warner Bros. Pictures Wonder Woman on IMDb Wonder Woman at the TCM Movie Database `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins Talks Gal Gadot , Sequel Hopes '' . Forbes , June 28 , 2017 . ( Video clip -- Forbes interview with director Patty Jenkins ) . Related topic navboxes Wonder Woman William Moulton Marston Elizabeth Holloway Marston H.G. 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5683639966309028645	Le bonheur de vivre	Le bonheur de vivre - wikipedia Le bonheur de vivre Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Joy of life . Le bonheur de vivre Artist Henri Matisse Year Between October 1905 and March 1906 Medium Oil on canvas 176.5 cm × 240.7 cm ( 69.5 in × 94.75 in ) Location Barnes Foundation , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Le bonheur de vivre ( The Joy of Life ) is a painting by Henri Matisse . Along with Picasso 's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon , Le bonheur de vivre is regarded as one of the pillars of early modernism . The monumental canvas was first exhibited at the Salon des Indépendants of 1906 , where its cadmium colors and spatial distortions caused a public expression of protest and outrage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Inspiration 3 Conservation 4 References 5 External links Description ( edit ) In the central background of the piece is a group of figures that is similar to the group depicted in his painting The Dance ( 1909 -- 10 ) . In the picture , there are several nude bodies of women and men in a landscape drenched with vivid color . Inspiration ( edit ) `` The work is known to have invigorated fellow artists , especially Pablo Picasso , who , in an effort to outdo Matisse in terms of shock value , immediately began work on his watershed Les Demoiselles D'Avignon '' , writes Martha Lucy , associate curator at the Barnes Foundation . James B. Cuno and Thomas Puttfarken suggest that the inspiration for the work was Agostino Carracci 's engraving of Reciproco Amore or Love in the Golden Age after the similarly named painting by the 16th - century Flemish painter Paolo Fiammingo . Based on the many similarities with the engraving , in particular its theme of pastoral fantasy and its composition with the circle of dancers in the background , Cuno came to the conclusion that Carracci 's engraving had a decisive influence on the final composition of Le Bonheur de Vivre . According to Hilton Kramer Le bonheur de vivre , owing to its long sequestration in the collection of the Barnes Foundation which never permitted its reproduction in color , is the least familiar of modern masterpieces . Yet this painting was Matisse 's own response to the hostility his work had met with in the Salon d'Automne of 1905 , a response that entrenched his art even more deeply in the esthetic principles that had governed his Fauvist paintings which had caused a furor and which did so on a far grander scale , too . '' ( The `` sequestration '' Kramer referred to relates to the very limited hours of the museum , when its collection was located in suburban Merion , Pennsylvania ; in 2012 , the collection was moved to a new , more accessible facility in downtown Philadelphia . ) Conservation ( edit ) Le bonheur de vivre features a large amount of cadmium sulfide - based yellow . Portions of the painting containing cadmium sulfide are turning white or brown , degrading the work . University of Delaware Prof. Robert L. Opila , in collaboration with Barbara Buckley , head of conservation at the Barnes , and Jennifer Mass , a senior scientist and head of the Scientific Research and Analysis Laboratory at Winterthur , studied the paint 's material microstructure in an attempt to determine why the cadmium sulfide is changing color . `` It is a very disheartening phenomenon , considering the painting 's position in history , '' says Opila , professor of materials science at UD . Preliminary tests carried out by UD doctoral student Jonathan Church at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility ( ESRF ) in Grenoble , France , show that carbon dioxide is reacting with the cadmium sulfide , causing the formation of cadmium carbonate , which is white . Also , the presence of chloride in the paint appears to be acting as a catalyst for the deterioration . Opila and his research team theorize that the binder , an oil similar to linseed oil , may be turning brown . `` The scientific studies being undertaken will contribute significantly to the preservation of the painting and to our understanding of the change that has taken place to the visual appearance of the painting , '' says Buckley . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Martha Lucy , Matisse Mystery , the Barnes Foundation Jump up ^ James B. Cuno , Matisse and Agostino Carracci : A Source for the Bonheur de Vivre , The Burlington Magazine , Vol. 122 , No. 928 , Special Issue Devoted to Twentieth Century Art ( Jul. , 1980 ) , pp. 503 -- 505 Jump up ^ Thomas Puttfarken , Mutual Love and Golden Age : Matisse and ' gli Amori de ' Carracci , Burlington Magazine 124 ( Apr. 1982 ) : 203 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Andrew Graham - Dixon , The Dance by Henri Matisse Archived 2014 - 08 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kramer , Hilton , The Triumph of Modernism : The Art World , 1985 -- 2005 , 2006 , Reflections on Matisse , p. 162 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 666370 - 8 ^ Jump up to : UDaily , Matisse Mystery , Materials science reveals clues about pigment degrading on painting , University of Delaware , Dec. 20 , 2011 External links ( edit ) Barnes Foundation , Le Bonheur de vivre Photo - oxidative degradation of yellow pigments in Matisse 's Le Bonheur de Vivre ( 1905 - 6 ) : a comparison of XANES , XPS , Raman , and FTIR methodologies . ( O - 1 ) Jennifer Mass ( Winterthur Museum , Scientific Research and Analysis Laboratory , Winterthur , Delaware , U.S.A. ) Cadmium yellow degradation mechanisms in Henri Matisse 's Le Bonheur de vivre ( 1905 - 6 ) compared to the Munch Museum 's The Scream ( 1910 ) using chemical speciation as a function of depth , Jennifer L. Mass , et al Fauvism Leaders Henri Matisse André Derain Others Georges Braque Charles Camoin Kees van Dongen Raoul Dufy Othon Friesz Henri Manguin Albert Marquet Jean Metzinger Jean Puy Georges Rouault Louis Valtat Maurice de Vlaminck Paintings Luxe , Calme et Volupté Le bonheur de vivre The Open Window Landscape at Collioure Les toits de Collioure Blue Nude ( Souvenir de Biskra ) Green Stripe Paysage coloré aux oiseaux aquatique Woman with a Hat Influences Paul Cézanne Paul Gauguin Vincent van Gogh Gustave Moreau ( teacher ) Georges Seurat Paul Signac Neo-impressionism Pointillism Salon d'Automne 1905 exhibit Influenced Die Brücke Neo-Fauvism See also Louis Vauxcelles ( critic ) ( hide ) Henri Matisse Works Woman Reading ( 1894 ) Le Mur Rose ( Landscape , the Pink Wall ) ( 1898 ) Notre - Dame , une fin d'après - midi ( A Glimpse of Notre - Dame in the Late Afternoon ) ( 1902 ) Luxe , Calme et Volupté ( Luxury , Calm and Pleasure ) ( 1904 ) La Raie Verte ( The Green Line ) ( 1905 ) The Open Window ( 1905 ) Woman with a Hat ( 1905 ) Les toits de Collioure ( 1905 ) Landscape at Collioure ( 1905 ) Le bonheur de vivre ( 1906 ) The Young Sailor II ( 1906 ) Self - Portrait in a Striped T - shirt ( 1906 ) Madras Rouge ( 1907 ) Blue Nude ( Souvenir de Biskra ) ( 1907 ) The Dessert : Harmony in Red ( The Red Room ) ( 1908 ) Game of Bowls ( 1908 ) Bathers with a Turtle ( 1908 ) Dance ( 1910 ) Music ( 1910 ) Still Life with Geraniums ( 1910 ) L'Atelier Rouge ( 1911 ) The Conversation ( 1908 -- 1912 ) Zorah on the Terrace ( 1912 ) Window at Tangier ( 1912 ) Le Rifain assis ( 1912 ) View of Notre - Dame ( 1914 ) Woman on a High Stool ( 1914 ) Le rideau jaune ( The Yellow Curtain ) ( 1915 ) The Window ( 1916 ) The Painter and His Model ( 1917 ) The Music Lesson ( 1917 ) Piano Lesson ( 1918 ) Interior A Nice ( 1920 ) Odalisque with Raised Arms ( 1923 ) Yellow Odalisque ( 1926 ) The Back Series ( 1909 - 1930 ) The Dance II ( mural ) ( 1932 ) Robe violette et Anémones ( 1937 ) Woman in a Purple Coat ( 1937 ) La Blouse Roumaine ( 1940 ) Annelies , White Tulips and Anemones ( 1944 ) L'Asie ( 1946 ) Le Lanceur De Couteaux ( 1947 ) Deux fillettes , fond jaune et rouge ( 1947 ) The Plum Blossoms ( 1948 ) Beasts of the Sea ( 1950 ) Facial - maschera ( red ) ( 1951 ) The Sorrows of the King ( 1952 ) Black Leaf on Green Background ( 1952 ) La Négresse ( 1952 ) Blue Nude II ( 1952 ) The Snail ( 1953 ) Le Bateau ( 1953 ) Chapelle du Rosaire de Vence ( Chapel of the Rosary ) Jazz ( book ) People Pierre Matisse Paul Matisse Lydia Delectorskaya Museums Matisse Museum ( Le Cateau ) Musée Matisse ( Nice ) Related An Essay on Matisse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_bonheur_de_vivre&oldid=816080682 '' Categories : 1906 paintings Collection of the Barnes Foundation Paintings by Henri Matisse Nude art Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 03 : 47 . About Wikipedia	the joy of life was painted in which style	[ "Le bonheur de vivre (The Joy of Life) is a painting by Henri Matisse. Along with Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, Le bonheur de vivre is regarded as one of the pillars of early modernism.[1] The monumental canvas was first exhibited at the Salon des Indépendants of 1906, where its cadmium colors and spatial distortions caused a public expression of protest and outrage.[1]" ]	[ "early modernism" ]
7730044937769367922	Silk in the Indian subcontinent	Silk in the Indian subcontinent - wikipedia Silk in the Indian subcontinent hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Colours of India -- Silk yarn waiting to be made into saris , Kanchipuram . Silk in the Indian subcontinent is a luxury good . In India , about 97 % of the raw mulberry silk is produced in the five Indian states of Karnataka , Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu , West Bengal and Jammu and Kashmir . Mysore and North Bangalore , the upcoming site of a US $20 million `` Silk City '' , contribute to a majority of silk production . Another emerging silk producer is Tamil Nadu where mulberry cultivation is concentrated in Salem , Erode and Dharmapuri districts . Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh and Gobichettipalayam , Tamil Nadu were the first locations to have automated silk reeling units . yoyo quantity : : : Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The Silk Route 1.2 Silk goes to India 2 Types of silk cloth 2.1 Silk brocades 2.1. 1 Kinkhwab ( Brocade ) 2.1. 2 Pot - thans 2.1. 3 Mashru 2.1. 4 Himru or Amru 2.2 Kinkhwabs 2.2. 1 Gyasar 2.2. 2 Gyanta 2.3 Jamawar 2.3. 1 Origin 2.3. 2 Weaving of Jamawar in Pakistan 3 Significant regions of silk 3.1 Assam silk 3.2 Mysore 3.3 Kanchipuram 3.4 Banarasi 3.4. 1 Origin 3.4. 2 Distinguishing characteristics 3.4. 2.1 Katan 3.4. 2.2 Tanchoi 3.5 Karachi 3.5. 1 Contemporary designs and motifs 4 References History ( edit ) The silk route ( edit ) Silk merchants in the 19th century Weaving silk in Khotan , on the ' Southern Silk Road ' 2011 Recent archaeological discoveries in Harappa and Chanhu - daro suggest that sericulture , employing wild silk threads from native silkworm species , existed in South Asia during the time of the Indus Valley Civilization dating between 2450 BC and 2000 BC , while evidence for silk production in China back to around 2570 BC and earlier . The Indus silks were obtained from more than one species Antheraea and Philosamia ( Eri silk ) . Antheraea assamensis and A. mylitta were widely used . These findings were published in the journal Archaeometry by archaeologists from Harvard University who examined the silk fibre excavated from two Indus valley cities of Harappa and Chanhudaro . The fibers were dated to around 2450 -- 2000 BCE and were processed using similar techniques of degumming and reeling as that of the Chinese . Scanning electron micrograph of the fibre revealed that some fibers were spun after the silk moth was allowed to escape from the cocoon , similar to the Ahimsa silk promoted by Mahatma Gandhi . Silk goes to India ( edit ) Tradition silk handlooms , in Varanasi India , where it usually takes two months to weave a Banarasi sari . The brocade weaving centers of India developed in and around the capitals of kingdoms or holy cities because of the demand for expensive fabrics by the royal families and temples . Rich merchants of the trading ports or centers also contributed to the development of these fabrics . Besides trading in the finished product , they advanced money to the weavers to buy the costly raw materials that is silk and zari . The ancient centers were situated mainly in Gujarat , Malwa and South India . In the North , Delhi , Lahore , Agra , Fatehpur Sikri , Varanasi , Mau , Azamgarh and Murshidabad were the main centers for brocade weaving . Northern weavers were greatly influenced by the brocade weaving regions of eastern and southern Persia , Turkey , Central Asia and Afghanistan . Gujrati builders and weavers were brought by Akbar to the royal workshops in 1572 AD . Akbar took an active role in overseeing the royal textile workshops , established at Lahore , Agra and Fatehpur Sikri where skilled weavers from different backgrounds worked . Expert weavers from those distant lands worked with the local weavers and imparted their skills to the locals . This intermingling of creative techniques brought about a great transformation in the textile weaving industry . The exquisite latifa ( beautiful ) buti was the outcome of the fusion of Persian and Indian designs . Brocades produced at the royal workshops of other well - known Muslim centers in Syria , Egypt , Turkey and Persia were also exported to India . Under the Mughals , sericulture and silk - weaving received special encouragement and silk cloth produced in the Punjab came to be prized throughout the world . Lahore and Multan developed into major centers of silk industry . The tradition continues . See also : Assam silk , Tussar Silk Types of silk cloth ( edit ) Silk brocades ( edit ) Silk brocades , texturally , are divided mainly into two groups : Kinkhwab Pot - thans Kinkhwab ( brocade ) ( edit ) Kinkhwab was originally an elegant , heavy silk fabric with a floral or figured pattern known most for its butis and jals woven with silk as the warp and tilla as the weft , produced in China and Japan . Tilla in the earlier times was known as kasab . It was a combination of silver and tamba ( copper ) which was coated with a veneer of gold and silver . Kinkhwabs have also been known as ' Kimkhabs ' , ' Kamkhwabs ' , ' Kincobs ' , ' Zar - baft ' ( Gold Woven ) , zartari , zarkashi , mushaiar . Kam means little or scarcely . Khwab means a dream and it 's said that even with such a name ' Its beauty , splendor and elegance can be hardly dreamt of ' . Kinkhwabs are heavy fabrics or several layers of warp threads with an elaborate all - over pattern of extra weft , which may be of silk , gold and / or silver threads or combinations . There may be three to seven layers of warp threads . ( Tipara means three layers and Chaupara means four layers to Satpara meaning seven layers ) . Kin means golden in Chinese . Its specialty is in profusely using the gold and silver thread in a manner that sometimes leaves the silk background hardly visible . When the figure work is in silver threads with a background of gold threads it is called ' Tashi Kinkhwab ' . This is a variety of ' Kinkhwab ' which has a ground worked with an extra warp of gold ( badla ( flat wire ) zari ) and the pattern created with an extra weft of silver badla zari or vice versa . A satin weave is very often used , resulting in a smooth ground for the fabric . The heavy fabric appears to be in layers , as the warp ends are crammed drawing three , four and up to seven ends per dent for the Tipara , Chaupara up to Satpara respectively . Zari is generally of two types Badla and Kala batto . Badla Zari was made of flattened gold or silver wire with the ancient method of making zari from pure metal without any core thread . This accounted for its peculiar stiffness . Sometimes cracks would develop in the metal during the process of weaving which resulted in the loss of its natural luster and smoothness . Therefore , weaving with Badla Zari was difficult and required great skill . Often a touch of Badla was given to floral motives to enhance the beauty . This type of zari has mostly gone out of favor amongst the contemporary weavers and they mostly depend on polyester or pure silk as a substitute . Silk brocade of Banaras , Ahmedabad and Surat were well known in the seventeenth century . While Banaras continues to be a center of production of Silk Brocades , Ahmedabad and Surat have practically nothing to show today . On the other hand , Silk Brocade weaving has gained ground in the South of India . Pot - thans ( edit ) These are called katan ( a thread prepared by twisting a different number of silk filaments ) brocades . Pot - thans are lighter in textures ( lower thread count ) than Kinkhwabs but closely woven in silk and all or certain portions of the pattern are in gold or silver zaris . These fabrics are mostly used for making expensive garments and saris . Very often the satin ground weave is particularly used for garments fabrics . These fabrics are characterized by their jals which are normally made out of silk and tilla . Mashru ( edit ) The cloth was distinguished by its butis woven in circular shapes that gave an impression of ashrafis ( gold coins ) . The ashrafis were usually woven in gold zari . This is a mixed fabric with a woven stripe or zigzag pattern . The warp and weft used were of two different materials ( silk and cotton , cotton and linen , silk and wool or wool and cotton ) in different colors . It was used mostly for lower garments such as trousers , the lining of the heavy brocade garments or as furnishing . Gul Badan ( the literal meaning of which is ' flower like body ' ) was a known variety of mushru ( cotton and silk ) popular in the late 19th century . Sangi , Ganta , Ilaycha were types of mashru too . These were popular since ancient times and were known to be woven at all leading silk centers . One reason for their popularity was Islam . Since Islam does not allow men to wear pure silk , mashru ( literally meaning permitted ) became very popular amongst Muslims . Himru or amru ( edit ) A type of Indian brocade is the Himru , a specialty of Hyderabad and Aurangabad , which is woven from silk and zari on silk to produce variegated designs , woven on the principle of extra weft . Himru can be very pretty with a pseudo-rich effect in general . It continued to be in popular demand on the account of its low price as compared to the pure silk brocades . Another point in its favor is that it can be woven very fine so as to give it a soft feel , thus making it more suitable as a fabric for personal wear than the true brocade . The cloth is distinguished by its intricate char - khana ( four squares ) jal . These are woven like kinkhwabs , but without the use of kala battu ( zari ) instead badla zari is used . Kinkhwabs ( edit ) Kinkhwabs fabrics of India have earned a great reputation for their craftsmanship and grandeur . By and large , still continue to do so , even in the face of fierce competition from other types of woven and printed fabrics . Kinkhwabs today are typically ornate , jacquard - woven fabrics . The pattern is usually emphasized by contrasting surfaces and colours and appears on the face of the fabric , which is distinguished easily from the back . Uses include apparel , draperies , upholstery and other decorative purposes . Gyasar ( edit ) Gyasar is a silk fabric of a Kinkhwab structure with ground , in which the gold thread is profusely used with Tibetan designs . The fabric is especially popular with Tibetans and used extensively in their dresses as well as in decorative hangings , prayer mats , etc . Gyanta ( edit ) Gyanta is a silk fabric of Kinkhwab structure of a satin body with or without the use of gold thread . These sometimes have a tantric design ( which is also known as Tchingo ) of human heads with three eyes woven in gold and silver threads on a black satin ground . Jamawar ( edit ) `` Jama '' means robe and `` war '' is yard . The base of the Jamawar is mostly resham , with perhaps an addition of a little polyester . The brocaded parts are woven in similar threads of silk and polyester . Most of the designs seen today are floral , with the kairy ( i.e. the paisley ) as the predominant motif . Today , the best Jamawar is woven in Pakistan . This fabric is widely used in that country for bridal and special occasion outfits . The texture and weave of patterns is such that the fabric often gets caught when rubbed against rough surfaces ( metallic embroidery , jewellery etc . ) it must therefore be handled delicately when worn . Origin ( edit ) Traders introduced this Chinese silk cloth to India , mainly from Samarkand and Bukhara and it gained immense popularity among the royalty and the aristocracy . King and nobles bought the woven fabric by the yard , wearing it as a gown or using it as a wrap or shawl . Jamawar weaving centres in India developed in the holy cities and the trade centres . The most well known Jamawar weaving centres were in Assam , Gujrat , Malwa and South India . Due to its rich and fine raw materials , the rich and powerful merchants used Jamawar and noblemen of the time , who could not only afford it but could even commission the weavers to make the fabric for them , as in the case of the Mughals . Emperor Akbar was one of its greatest patrons . He brought many weavers from East Turkestan to Kashmir . One of the main reasons for the diversity in the designs of the Jamawar cloth was the migratory nature of its weavers . Ideas from almost all parts of the world influenced these designs . The Indian motifs were greatly influenced by nature like the sun , moon , stars , rivers , trees , flowers , birds etc . The figural and geometrical motifs such as trees , lotus flower , bulls , horses , lions , elephants , peacocks , swans , eagles , the sun , stars , diagonal or zigzag lines , squares , round shapes , etc. can be traced through the entire history of Jamawar and are still being used but in a rather different form in terms of intricacy and compositions , thus creating new patterns . Indian weaver predominantly used a wide variety of classical motifs such as the swan ( hamsa ) , the Lotus ( kamala ) , The Tree Of Life ( kulpa , vriksha ) , the Vase of Plenty ( purna , kumbha ) , the Elephant ( hathi ) , the Lion ( simha ) , flowing floral creepers ( lata patra ) , Peacocks ( mayur ) and many more . Mythical creatures such as winged lions , centaurs , griffins , decorative of ferocious animals , animals formally in profile or with turned heads , animals with human figures in combat or represented in roundels were also commonly used motifs . These motifs have remained in existence for more than two thousand years . However , new patterns have consistently been introduced ; sometimes some of these are even an amalgamation of the existing patterns . Such attempts at evolving new designs were particularly noticeable from the 10th century onwards , when patterns were altered to meet the specific demands of the Muslim rulers . The bull or the swan , arranged between vertical and diagonal stripes can still be found iasitn the silk Jamawar saris of India . Patterns with small flowers and two - coloured squares ( chess board design ) are seen , used both as a garment and as furnishing material -- bed spreads with same kind of pattern are still woven in some parts of Gujarat . Jamawar dating back to the Mughal era however contained big , bold and realistic patterns , which were rather simple with ample space between the motifs . The designs stood out prominently against the background of the cloth . Complex patterns were developed only when additional decorative elements were included in the basic pattern . During later periods , the gap between the motives was also filled with smaller motives or geometrical forms . The iris and narcissus flowers became the most celebrated motifs of this era and were combined with tulips , poppies , primulas , roses and lilies . A lot of figurative motives were also used in the Mughal era such as deers , horses , butterflies , peacocks and insects . The Mughal kings played a vital role in the enhancement of Jamawar by putting their inspirations into the cloth 's designing and visiting the weavers on a regular basis to supervise its making . Shining , decorative pallus were jals were the main designs of this time . The borders were usually woven with silk and zari . After the Mughal period , the figurative motifs were discouraged by the Muslims and more floral and paisleys were introduced . However , inspiration was taken from these figurative motives and put into designs as in the case of using only the peacock feathers instead of the complete figure . Another big change was brought about in 1985 , where the source of inspiration was the Chinese Shanghai cloth . The patterns of the Chinese Shanghai were amended in accordance to the weave construction of the Jamawar cloth and introduced in the cloth . This proved to be a very successful change and is still appreciated by many . In recent years , the Indian government has attempted a modest revival of this art by setting up a shawl - weaving centre at Kanihama in Kashmir . Efforts to revive this art have also been made by bringing in innovations like the creation of Jamawar saris by craftsmen in Varanasi . Each sari is a shimmering tapestry of intricate design , in colours that range from the traditionally deep , rich shades to delicate pastels . A minimum of four months of patient effort goes into the creation of each Jamawar sari . Many of the Jamawar saris now have matching silk shawls attached to them , creating elegant ensembles fit for royalty . Weaving of Jamawar in Pakistan ( edit ) Pakistan makes its own yarn from the imported cocoons that come from China . The yarn is cultivated in areas like Orangi and Shershah in Karachi which is then sold to the weavers . The pure silk yarn , before it can be used , has to undergo treatment such as bleaching or washing ( in soap ) and then dyeing . In its raw state , the silk is hard due to the sericlan ; therefore it has to be removed . A single filament of the silk yarn is not strong enough to be woven on its own ; therefore , it needs to be twisted in order to give it strength and hold . A specific person who is called a naqsha - bandh first draws the patterns or designs on paper which are then transferred on a graph paper on a comparatively much bigger scale . Every square in the graph signifies a specific number of threads on the loom . The unfinished , rough ideas and sketches are provided to these naqsha - bandhs by the wholesalers and are thus plotted on the graph . The use of various threads in the pattern such as zari , resham , polyester , etc. are separated on the graph with the help of colours indicated on a key chart . The wholesalers later decide the main colours and this information are forwarded to the weavers . The naqsha - bandhs do not have say in the designing of the motifs and patterns . They do what they are told to do . In this way , the pattern or motif is drawn on the graph paper to provide the weaver with the exact picture of each thread making up the design in the process of weaving . The designs and patterns are then transferred from the graph paper on a wooden frame and are referred to as the naqsha . The naqsha that is made with cotton threads is a smaller sample of the actual design , which is to be woven on the loom . The warp is then taken for the weaving process , which is carried out , on various looms such as the pit loom , jacquard loom and power loom . There is a vast difference between the outputs of the three types of looms . The power looms can not match the intricacy that can be achieved using the pit or jacquard loom . This is the reason for the far superior workmanship that can be found in the earlier designs dating back to the Mughal era . Significant regions of silk ( edit ) Assam silk ( edit ) Main article : Assam silk Assam silk denotes the three major types of indigenous wild silks produced in Assam -- golden Muga , white Pat and warm Eri silk . The Assam silk industry , now centered in Sualkuchi , is a labor - intensive industry . It 's registered trademark is SUALKUCHI 'S . In 2015 , Adarsh Gupta K of Nagaraju 's research team at Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics , Hyderabad , India discovered the complete sequence and the protein structure of Muga Silk Fibroin and published it in Nature ( journal ) Scientific Reports Mysore ( edit ) Karnataka produces 9,000 metric tons of mulberry silk of a total of 14,000 metric tons produced in the country , thus contributing to nearly 70 % of the country 's total mulberry silk . In Karnataka , silk is mainly grown in the Mysore district . In the second half of the 20th century , it revived and the Mysore State became the top multivoltine silk producer in India . Kanchipuram ( edit ) Weaving silk in Kanchipuram , Tamil Nadu , India in 2010 Kanchipuram is located very close to Chennai , the capital of Tamil Nadu . From the past Kanchipuram silk sarees stand out from others due to its intricate weaving patterns and the quality of the silk itself . Kanchipuram silk sarees are large and heavy owing to the zari work on the saree . Kanchipuram attracts large number of people , both from India and abroad , who come specifically to buy the silk sarees . Most of the sarees are still hand woven by workers in the weaving unit . More than 5000 families still indulge in silk weaving . In 2008 the noted film director Priyadarshan made a Tamil film ' Kanchivaram ' about the silk weavers of the town during the pre-independence period . The film won the Best Film Award at the annual National Film Awards . Banarasi ( edit ) Main article : Banarasi A Banarasi sari is a sari made in Varanasi , a city which is also called Benares or Banaras . The saris are among the finest saris in India and are known for their gold and silver brocade or zari , fine silk and opulent embroidery . The saris are made of finely woven silk and are decorated with intricate design , and , because of these engravings , are relatively heavy . Their special characteristics are Mughal inspired designs such as intricate intertwining floral and foliate motifs , kalga and bel , a string of upright leaves called jhallar at the outer , edge of border is a characteristic of these saris . Other features are gold work , compact weaving , figures with small details , metallic visual effects , pallus , jal ( a net like pattern ) , and mina work. ( 1 ) The saris are often part of an Indian bride 's trousseau. ( 2 ) ( 3 ) Depending on the intricacy of its designs and patterns , a sari can take from 15 days to a month and sometimes up to six months to complete . Banarasi saris are mostly worn by Indian women on important occasions such as when attending a wedding and are expected to be complemented by the woman 's best jewelry . it is from Banarasi sari . Origin ( edit ) ' Sari ' from Varanasi ( Banaras ) , silk and gold - wrapped silk yarn with supplementary weft brocade Banaras ( Varanasi ) is situated on the Calcutta / Delhi rail route 760 km ( 470 mi ) from Calcutta . It has always been a big textile center of silk weaving . European travelers like Marco Polo ( 1271 -- 1295 ) and Tavernier ( 1665 ) do not mention the manufacture of Brocades in Banaras . Ralph Fitch ( 1583 -- 91 ) describes Banaras as a thriving sector of the cotton textile industry . The earliest mention of the brocade and Zari textiles of Banaras is found in the 19th century . With the migration of silk weavers from Gujarat during the famine of 1603 , it is likely that silk brocade weaving started in Banaras in the seventeenth century and developed in excellence during the 18th and 19th century . Distinguishing characteristics ( edit ) The following are considered to be the main characteristics of the brocade fabrics of Banaras . heavy gold work compact weaving figures have small details metallic visual effects pallus jal ( a net like pattern ) mina work Banarasi brocade produced two sub-variants from its original structure namely : Katan Tanchoi Katan ( edit ) Katan , a thread , prepared by twisting a different number of silk filaments according to requirement gives a firm structure to the background fabric . Katan is a plain woven fabric with pure silk threads . It consists of two threads twisted together and is mostly used for the warp of light fabrics . Katan can be further classified into the following : Katan Butidar : Fabric with Katan warp and weft with butis ( designs and patterns ) in gold or resham ( untwisted silk ) . Katan Butidar Mina : Katan Butidar with Mina work ( design made out of zari thread ) in butis . Katan Butidar Paga Saree : Saree with Katan warp , resham weft , small butis all over body , closely spaced ( about 10 cm ( 4 `` ) apart ) , about 5 cm ( 2 '' ) wide border and 30 -- 55 cm ( 12 - 22 `` ) wide pallu . Katan Brocade : This is a fabric with Katan Warp and Katan weft with figures in gold thread with or without mina , with the traditional styles being ' katrawan ' , ' kardhwan ' and ' Fekva ' . Katrawan : A technique or design in which the floating portions of the extra weft ( laid from selvege to selvege ) at the back of the fabric is cut . Kardhwan : Fekva Jangla : Plain fabric of Katan warp and Katan weft , with all - over floral designs in an extra weft of either silk or zari . Katan Katrawan Mina : A fabric in Katrawan style with Mina . These days the currently used designs and motifs involving Katan are : Katan Jal Set : Over the years with minor innovations and influences from other materials , Jangla is now known as ' Katan Jal Set ' . Katan Buti Zari Resham : Katan Butidar has evolved over time to become Katan Buti Zari Resham . Katan Stripe and Katan Check are also popular variants found in the markets . Tanchoi ( edit ) Plain woven body with one color extra weft , one color weft and one color warp . Relative to the Jamawar , it is lighter and softer . Tanchoi could be further classified into the following : Satan Tanchoi is the satin weave ( four ends and eight picks or five ends and five picks satin ) with the warp in one color and the weft in one or more colors . The extra weft in the design may also be used as body weft . Satan Jari Tanchoi : Satan Tanchoi with weft in the order of one silk and one gold thread ( Jari ) , or two silk ( double ) and one gold thread . Satan Jari Katrawan Tanchoi : Satan Jari tanchoi in which the floating , extra weft , gold thread at the back is cut and removed . Atlas : Atlas is a pure satin body . Relative to other fabrics , Atlas is thicker , heavier and is shinier than other fabrics because of the extra use of zari . It is also known as gilt , because it is even shinier than the katan . Mushabbar : The cloth is distinguished by its jal woven as bushes and branches of trees . The normal association with the design was that of a jungle . Karachi ( edit ) Contemporary designs and motifs ( edit ) The Jamawar weaving technique is often defined as ' embroidery weaving ' or ' loom embroidery ' . This technique can also be applied on other fibres but Jamawar is generally restricted to rich silk threads . Currently , any of the major textile fibres may be used in a wide range of quality and price . Currently , two kinds of Kinkhwab ( Jamawar ) are available in the markets . Mughal Jamawar and Self Jamawar . Mughal Jamawar has a distinct characteristic of the use of gold and silver zari with silk , the use of gold zari with silver zari and the use of zari with polyester . Self Jamawar does not involve zari and basically is either silk on silk or silk with polyester . Silk Sari Weaving at Kanchipuram , Tamil Nadu References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Silk city to come up near B'lore '' . deccanherald.com. 17 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tamil Nadu 's first automatic silk reeling unit opened '' . 24 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2018 -- via www.thehindu.com . ^ Jump up to : Good , I.L. ; Kenoyer , J.M. ; Meadow , R.H. ( 2009 ) . `` New evidence for early silk in the Indus civilization '' . Archaeometry. 50 ( 3 ) : 457 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4754.2008. 00454. x . Jump up ^ Ball , Philip ( 19 February 2009 ) . `` Rethinking silk 's origins '' . Nature : 945 -- 945 . doi : 10.1038 / 457945a . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . More than one of website = and journal = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Blue Silk Brocade 473 Fabric NY Designer Fabrics '' . www.nydesignerfabrics.com . Archived from the original on 1 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ York , Neil ( 2016 ) . Silk Fabrics from the Orient ( First ed . ) . USA : Lulu . ISBN 978 - 1 - 365 - 31798 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` From 2016 , Sualkuchi textile products has a trademark SUALKUCHI 'S in proprietorship of SUALKUCHI TAT SILPA UNNAYAN SAMITY '' . Intellectual Property India . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Adarsh Gupta . K. `` Molecular architecture of silk fibroin of Indian golden silkmoth , Antheraea assama '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ R.k. datta ( 2007 ) . Global Silk Industry : A Complete Source Book . APH Publishing . p. 17 . ISBN 8131300870 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . 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9025714529527315075	Market penetration	Market penetration - wikipedia Market penetration Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Market penetration refers to the successful selling of a product or service in a specific market , and it is measured by the amount of sales volume of an existing good or service compared to the total target market for that product or service . Market penetration is the key performance metric for a business growth strategy stemming from the Ansoff Matrix ( Richardson , M. , & Evans , C. ( 2007 ) . H. Igor Ansoff first devised and published The Ansoff Matrix in the Harvard Business Review in 1957 , within an article titled `` Strategies for Diversification '' . The grid / matrix is utilized across businesses to help evaluate and determine the next stages the company must take in order to grow , and the risks associated with the chosen strategy . With numerous options available , this matrix helps narrow down the best fit for an organization . This strategy involves selling current products or services into the existing market in order to obtain a higher market share . This could involve persuading current customers to buy more and new customers to start buying or even converting customers from their competitors . This could be implemented using methods such as competitive pricing , increase in marketing communications or utilizing reward systems such as loyalty points / discounts . New Strategies involve utilizing pathways and finding new ways to improve profits , increase sales and productivity , in order to stay relevant and competitive in the long run . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 In an emerging market 3 Purpose 4 Strategies 4.1 Price adjustments 4.2 Increased promotion 4.3 More distribution channels 4.4 Product improvements 4.5 Market development 4.6 Penetration pricing 5 Construction 6 Methodologies 7 References 8 Further reading Definition ( edit ) Market penetration , although it can be performed throughout the business 's life , it can be especially helpful in the primary stages of set up . It helps establish the businesses current station and which direction it needs to expand in to achieve market growth . Successful outcomes stem from careful monitoring by key staff and leaders . Timing is key to a successful market growth ; this can be dependent on the overall market welfare , the business 's competitors and current events . Questions , brainstorming and discussions can help distinguish whether it is the best time for market growth . These can include questions surrounding market share increases or decreases . Sales can be declining but shows opportunity for the business , it could be the perfect time to make alterations so as to grow market share . Market penetration can also be helpful when sales are proving to slow down , customers often need to be re-introduced to a company or reminded why they need a company 's goods / services . With the consumers attention span becoming less and less , organizations need to constantly keep on top of competitors to stay relevant . Some factors of market penetration are holding costs , advanced inventory management practices and technology ( e.g. ongoing replenishment and vendor managed inventory ) , supply chain problems and economies of scale ( e.g. , Chang and Lee 1995 , Chen et al. 2005 , Gaur and Kesavan 2005 , Gaur et al. 2005 , Hendricks and Singhal 2005 , Huson and Nanda 1995 , Lieberman et al. 1996 ) . Market penetration , market development , and product development together establish market growth for a company . Overall the major growth opportunities they implement , attempts to peak sales through stressing current products in present markets and present products in new markets . This includes developing new products for existing markets , subsequently . It is about finding new ways to boost sales and keep customers loyal and increase market share . When implementing change companies must be careful not to compromise their existing revenue or customers . If packaging or visual aspects of a company are altered drastically , existing customers may not recognise a brand and opt for a competitor 's product or service . Too much alteration can make consumers wary so change must be implemented in a subtle manner so as to only increase market share and build on profits . Managers and leaders should monitor this throughout the entire process to ensure smooth changes . Clear and precise planning will also help minimise this risk and will lead to a successful improvement and boost in market share . A few different options for market penetration are as followed Developing a new marketing strategy to entice more customers to purchase or continue purchasing . Become price competitive as a swaying factor for customers to choose a product or service over another company . Use special promotions or offers to grab attention . Utilise the Boston Matrix to decipher which product or service benefits further investment and time and which can be disregarded . Purchase a competitors company ( in mature markets ) to expand market share . For a business to come up with a decision using the grid , key personal must consider numerous factors such as market penetration , product development , market development and diversification , it measures the brand popularity . It is defined as the number of people who buy a specific brand or a category of goods at least once in a given period , divided by the size of the relevant market population . Market penetration is one of the four growth strategies of the Product - Market Growth Matrix as defined by Ansoff . Market penetration occurs when a company penetrates a market in which current or similar products already exist . A way to achieve this is by gaining competitors ' customers ( part of their market share ) . Other ways include attracting non-users of a product or convincing current clients to use more of a product / service ( by advertising , etc . ) . Ansoff developed the Product - Market Growth Matrix to help firms recognize if there was any advantage to entering a market . The other three growth strategies in the Product - Market Growth Matrix are : Product development ( existing markets , new products ) : McDonald 's is always within the fast - food industry , but frequently markets new burgers . Market development ( new markets , existing products ) : Apple introduced the iPhone , in a developed cell phone market . Diversification ( new markets , new products ) : Market penetration refers to the successful selling of a product or service in a specific market , and it is a measure of the amount of sales volume of an existing good or service compared to the total target market for that product or service . Market penetration involves targeting on selling existing goods or services in the targeted markets to increase a better market share / value . It can be achieved in four different way including growing the market share of current goods or services ; obtaining dominance of existing markets ; reforming a mature market by monopolising the market and driving out competitors ; or increasing consumptions by existing customers . Another alternative to calculating market penetration is if the dividend growth rate is more than the ratio of the percentage population of wealth distribution ratio then market penetration is possible . Market penetration is a way to determine successfulness of the business model and marketing strategy for a product . To check the successfulness , one must have a way to gauge the amount of the targeted market and how much potential localized or otherwise customers there are that would be susceptible to a product . To this end Charles Hill came up with a five step system to understanding advertising 's influence on the market . Identify the demographic most suited to a product . Even though other demographics may use a product it is about identifying the largest demographic so that the majority of advertising is tailored to them . ( e.g. candy for children , salad for adult woman who may be dieting ) Decide upon the area in which they live . Location is important and wholly depends on the reach of a brand . If a company operates at a national level , then the entirety of the country will have to be averaged to reach the largest number of people . The smaller the area the more specific one can be about the people of each demographic within it . Knowing the size of the market is integral to understanding market penetration . Understanding competitors market penetration . What benchmark should one go for ? Based on the penetration that other products have reached , calculate the number that should be reached in the demographic by multiplying the total number of the demographic by whatever the percentage that other products are reaching . Calculate the number of customers that a business needs to sell to too earn a profit and then compare that to the number other competitors are reaching ; if the business does not make a profit with average market penetration , it 's time to rethink the business strategy . Market penetration is a tool for understanding potential earnings of a business and is integral to calculating a resourceful business model . In an emerging market ( edit ) A model was theorized for market penetration by Yan Dong , Martin Dresner and Chaodong Han . This is meant for emerging markets but the connection extends across to more established markets as well . Essentially the model illustrates that market penetration and understanding of the number of people that will be reached with a product is indicative to how much stock must be ordered and both that and market penetration are of utmost importance for financial performance . However , emerging markets are difficult to predict as they are categorized by large amounts of growth . This means demand is hard to forecast and therefore inventory supply as well . The connection between emerging market penetration and inventory supply are bridged by several factors such as advanced inventory management practices , technologies and holding costs . So while the market penetration may dictate how much supply is needed other factors must dictate how much inventory it is prudent to keep . Understanding market penetration for an emerging market is more difficult due to the lack of established competitors and similar products . Emerging markets are susceptible to large companies and are sought after by globalized businesses due to the increase in disposable income the average person will have and weak local competitors . The weakness of local competitors is due to their poor customer service and limit in resources as they do n't have the capital and reach that large corporations have . The four big emerging markets are Brazil , Russia , India and China as they were the fastest to recover after the 2008 / 2009 economic crisis . These markets are untapped potential for revenue and a good spot for globalization for dominant company 's . Large market penetration is the key to fully tapping these markets . Purpose ( edit ) As a strategy , market penetration is used when the business seeks to increase sales growth of its existing products or services to its existing markets in order to gain a higher market share . This strategy is often used during the early stages of the business or before it enters the market , in order to prove the market existence and show market size for its products or services , also to gain an understanding to the number of competitors and how well they are doing . Hence , the business can decide on either it is a good to enter their target market or not , and how it can make its products or services more attractive to consumers than its competitors . During the operation of the business , if the sales are decreasing or flatlining comparing to previous years , then it is also appropriate to apply market penetration strategy to seek for opportunities to increase sales . Therefore , it is unnecessary to this strategy if the sales are increasing . However , it is exceptional if the sales growth trend shows the gross increase but is much less significant comparing to its competitors , because this could indicate the business 's market share is actually shrinking , then this strategy can be a good approach to try regain its market share . To achieve the goal of higher market share , the primary idea is that the business has to either increase sales volume to their existing customers by encouraging for more frequent or greater usages , or expanding the population size of customers in the current market by attracting potential new customers to buy its goods or services . Since the market penetration strategy is conducted based on established capabilities and characteristics of the business and the market , therefore it contains the lowest risk out of the four strategies in Ansoff 's product - market growth matrix . Hence , a business should give special consideration to conducts it , since this strategy is important for the evaluation work on the intended market and the existing businesses within this market . Especially when the business or product or service is about to enter the market or during its initial stage , and when it is not comfortable with risk - taking , or the owners of the business do not intend or not in a position to invest heavily into it . The amount of risk involved with each of the four types of Ansoff 's strategies increases from market penetration to market development , to production development , to diversification . Because the both market and product development involve with one aspect of new developments , changes , and innovation . The diversification strategy is with most risk because the business is growing into both a new market and product , and thus contains with most uncertainties . Market penetration is not only a strategy but also a measurement ( in percentage ) for popularity of a brand or a product in the category , in other words , the number of customers in the market that buys from a brand or product . Strategies ( edit ) Price adjustments ( edit ) One of the common market penetration strategies is to lower the products ' prices . Businesses aim to generate more sales volume by increasing the number of products purchased by putting on lower prices ( price competition ) for consumers comparing to the alternative goods . Companies may alternatively pursue strategies of higher prices depending on the demand elasticity of the product , in the hope that it will generate an increased sales volume and result in higher market penetration . Increased promotion ( edit ) Businesses can also increase their market penetration by offering promotions to customers . A promotion is a strategy often linked with pricing , used to raise awareness of the brand and generate profit to maximise their market share . More distribution channels ( edit ) A distribution channel is the connection between businesses and intermediaries before a good or service is purchased by the consumers . Distribution can also contribute to sales volumes for businesses . It can increase consumer awareness , change the strategies of competitors and alter the consumer 's perception of the product and the brand , and is another method to increase market penetration . Product improvements ( edit ) Product management is crucial to a high market penetration in the targeted market and by improving the quality of products , businesses are able to attract and out - quality the competitors ' products to match customers ' requirements and eventually lead to more sales made . Product improvements can be utilised to create new interests in a declining product , for example by changing the design of the packaging or material / ingredients . Market development ( edit ) Market development aims at non-buying shoppers in targeted markets and new customers in order to maximise the potential market . Before developing a new market , companies should consider all the risks associated with the decision including its profitability . If a company is confident about their products , believes in their strengths , and is enticing to new consumers , then market development is a suitable strategy for the business . Penetration pricing ( edit ) Penetration pricing is a marketing technique which used to gain market share by selling a new product for a price that is significantly lower than its competitors . The company begins to raise the price of the product once it has achieved a large customer base and market share . Penetration pricing is frequently used by network provider and cable or satellite services companies . Many of the providers will initially offer an unbeatable price to attract customers into switching to their service and after the discount period has ended , the price increases dramatically and some customers will be forced to stay with the provider because of contract issues . Penetration pricing benefits from the influence of word - of - mouth advertising , allowing customers to spread the words of how affordable the products are prior to business increasing the prices . It will also discourage and disadvantage competitors who are not willing to undersell and losing sales to others . However , businesses have to ensure they have enough capital to stay in surplus before the price is raised up again . Construction ( edit ) Market penetration can be defined as the proportion of people in the target who bought ( at least once in the period ) a specific brand or a category of goods . Two key measures of a product 's ' popularity ' are penetration rate and penetration share . The penetration rate ( also called penetration , brand penetration or market penetration as appropriate ) is the percentage of the relevant population that has purchased a given brand or category at least once in the time period under study . A brand 's penetration share , in contrast to penetration rate , is determined by comparing that brand 's customer population to the number of customers for its category in the relevant market as a whole . Here again , to be considered a customer , one must have purchased the brand or category at least once during the period . Methodologies ( edit ) The penetration that brands and products have can be recorded by companies such as Kantar Worldpanel and ACNielsen who offer panel measurement services to calculate this and other consumer measures . In these cases penetration is given as a percentage of a country 's households who have bought that particular brand or product at least once within a defined period of time . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Higuera , Valencia . `` How to develop market penetration '' . Chron.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Farris , Paul W. ; Neil T. Bendle ; Phillip E. Pfeifer ; David J. Reibstein ( 2010 ) . Marketing Metrics : The Definitive Guide to Measuring Marketing Performance . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Education , Inc . ISBN 0137058292 . The definitions , purposes , and constructs of classes of measures that appear in Marketing Metrics are part of the Marketing Accountability Standards Board ( MASB ) ongoing Common Language in Marketing Project . Jump up ^ `` Market Penetration Strategy : Everything You Need to Know '' . Inevitable Steps . June 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arkolakis , C. ( 2010 ) . Market penetration costs and the new consumers margin in international trade . Journal of Political Economy , 118 ( 6 ) , 1151 -- 1199 . Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/papers/w14214.pdf ^ Jump up to : Free Management Ebooks. ( 2013 ) . Ansoff Matrix : Strategy skills . Retrieved from http://www.free-management-ebooks.com/dldebk-pdf/fme-ansoff-matrix.pdf Jump up ^ Nordmeyer , B. `` How to Estimate Market Penetration '' . Smallbusiness. chron . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Han , C. , Dong , Y. , & Dresner , M ( 2013 ) . `` Emerging Market Penetration , Inventory Supply , and Financial Performance '' . Production and Operations Management : 336 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1937 - 5956.2011. 01311. x . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Johansson , J.K. ( 2011 ) . `` The rate of penetration by multinationals into emerging markets : '' . Multinational Business Review , . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kwortnik , R. ( 2010 ) . International encyclopedia of hospitality management . London , United Kingdom : Routledge . ISBN 9781856177146 . Jump up ^ Smartling . ( n.d. ) . `` The complete guide to market penetration '' . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schroder , H. ( 2015 ) . Integrated sales and marketing management : Successful integration of marketing and sales after mergers & acquisitions . Hamburg , Germany : Anchor Academic Publishing . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Farris , P.W. , Bendle , N.T. , Pfeifer , P.E. , & Reibstein , D.J. ( 2006 ) . Marketing metrics : 50 + Metrics every executive should master . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Wharton Press . ^ Jump up to : Joseph , C. ( n.d. ) . Examples of penetration strategies . Retrieved from March 20 , 2016 , from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/examples-penetration-strategies-11699.html Jump up ^ McGrath , M.E. ( 2001 ) . Product strategy for high technology companies ( 2nd ed . ) . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill Jump up ^ QuickMBA . ( n.d. ) . Market share . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 , from http://www.quickmba.com/marketing/market-share/ Jump up ^ Applebaum , W. ( 1966 ) . Methods for determining store trade areas , market penetration , and potential sales . Journal of Marketing Research , 3 ( 2 ) , 127 -- 141 . doi : 10.2307 / 3150201 Further reading ( edit ) Richardson , M. , & Evans , C. ( 2007 ) . Strategy in Action Applying Ansoff 's Matrix . Manager : British Journal of Administrative Management , ( 59 ) , i - iii . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Market_penetration&oldid=818619946 '' Categories : Market ( economics ) Marketing terminology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from October 2013 Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 16 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-6282671176435681757	Centre points of the United Kingdom	Centre points of the United Kingdom - wikipedia Centre points of the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search This stake is one of several way markers across the moor which are often mistaken for markers of the location of the geographic centre of Britain ( including all islands ) which is in fact a patch of heather next to a bog . It is located just to the West of Whitendale Hanging Stones in Lancashire at SD 64188 56541 . `` Centrographers '' at the centre of mainland Great Britain , in a field near Whalley , Lancashire at Grid Ref SD 72321.72 36671.1 ( approximately ) , in December 2005 . There has long been debate over the exact location of the geographical centre of the United Kingdom , and its constituent countries , due to the complexity and method of the calculation , such as whether to include offshore islands , and the fact that erosion will cause the position to change over time . There are two main methods of calculating this `` centre '' : either as the centroid of the two - dimensional shape made by the country ( projected to the Airy ellipsoid then flattened using the Transverse Mercator projection ) , or as the point farthest from the boundary of the country ( either the sea , or , in the case of constituent countries , a land border ) . These two methods give quite different answers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Traditional locations 2 Centroid locations 3 Locations found by other methods 4 See also 5 Further reading 6 References Traditional locations ( edit ) The town of Haltwhistle in Northumberland has banners stating that it is the `` Centre of Britain '' . By another calculation the centre can also be said to be Dunsop Bridge , Lancashire ( historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire ) , 71 miles ( 114 km ) to the south . However , in 2002 the Ordnance Survey conducted studies that pinpointed the respective centres more precisely , and it is their results that are quoted below . Centroid locations ( edit ) 5 6 7 8 9 Map of centres Whitendale Hanging Stones Morecambe Bay Calderstones Lindley Hall Farm Annaghone Near Blair Atholl Cwmystwyth Church Flatts Farm Near Hammerwich Whitendale Hanging Stones Morecambe Bay Calderstones Map of centres of the UK and Great Britain Lindley Hall Farm Church Flatts Farm Near Hammerwich Map of centres of UK and England by various methods . Put simply , the centroid is the point at which a cardboard cut - out of the area could be perfectly balanced on the tip of a pencil . Islands are assumed fixed to the mainland in their precise position by invisible rigid weightless wires . A mathematical method is used to do the balancing to a much greater accuracy than the practical method could achieve . Unless stated , positions are the centroids of the two - dimensional shapes made by the countries . Calculations include offshore islands unless stated . Great Britain Whitendale Hanging Stones , near Brennand Farm , outside Dunsop Bridge , Lancashire in the Forest of Bowland. ( 54 ° 0 ′ 13.176 '' N 2 ° 32 ′ 52.278 '' W / 54.00366000 ° N 2.54785500 ° W / 54.00366000 ; - 2.54785500 ( Centre of Great Britain ) ; grid reference SD6418856541 ) Great Britain ( excluding islands other than the island of Great Britain itself ) A field south of Calderstones Partnership NHS Foundation Trust , near Whalley , Lancashire ( grid reference SD7232136671 ) England Lindley Hall Farm , Leicestershire ( near Fenny Drayton and Higham on the Hill ) ( 52 ° 33 ′ 42.942 '' N 1 ° 27 ′ 53.474 '' W / 52.56192833 ° N 1.46485389 ° W / 52.56192833 ; - 1.46485389 ( Centre of England ) ; SP 36373.66 96143.05 ) A plaque denoting this point , and disputing the `` traditional '' centre of England as being at Meriden in the West Midlands , was erected by Ordnance Survey on 14 June 2013 Northern Ireland Annaghone , near Cookstown , County Tyrone ( 54 ° 36 ′ 27.277 '' N 6 ° 41 ′ 35.323 '' W / 54.60757694 ° N 6.69314528 ° W / 54.60757694 ; - 6.69314528 ( Centre of Northern Ireland ) grid reference NV9706433729 ) Irish grid ref H 84494 74047 . Scotland Between Blair Atholl and Dalwhinnie , Perthshire ( 56 ° 49 ′ 0.257 '' N 4 ° 11 ′ 2.267 '' W / 56.81673806 ° N 4.18396306 ° W / 56.81673806 ; - 4.18396306 ( Centre of Scotland ) ; grid reference NN6678471599 ) Wales Near Cwmystwyth , Devil 's Bridge , Ceredigion ( 52 ° 19 ′ 48.791 '' N 3 ° 45 ′ 59.072 '' W / 52.33021972 ° N 3.76640889 ° W / 52.33021972 ; - 3.76640889 ( Centre of Wales ) ; grid reference SN7972871704 ) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland A position `` in the middle of Morecambe Bay '' , approximately 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) off the coast at Morecambe , Lancashire , at Ordnance Survey grid reference SD4157566760 . Locations found by other methods ( edit ) Point farthest from the sea Church Flatts Farm , Coton in the Elms , Derbyshire ( 52 ° 43 ′ 39 '' N 1 ° 37 ′ 31 '' W / 52.72759 ° N 1.6252 ° W / 52.72759 ; - 1.6252 ) Point farthest from high tide mark ( including tidal rivers ) Between Hammerwich and Wall , south - west of Lichfield , Staffordshire ( 52 ° 40 ′ N 1 ° 51 ′ W / 52.66 ° N 1.85 ° W / 52.66 ; - 1.85 ( Point farthest from high tide mark ) ; ) Mid point of the longest north -- south axis Haltwhistle , Northumberland . The midpoint of the longest north -- south meridian ; also approximately the midpoint of each of the lines through it across Great Britain along the 16 main compass directions . Centre of population This calculation depends on the method used ( mean , median or geometric median ; see Centre of population for details ) . A calculation by Danny Dorling using the mean ( least squares ) method based on local authority district data from the 1990s gave the population centre of Great Britain at Appleby Parva , Leicestershire , just south of Derby . Since then , the population centre will have moved slightly south and east . Centre of a rectangle enclosing precisely all of England and Wales Near Woodseaves , south of Market Drayton , Shropshire Centre of England Plaque on the ancient cross at Meriden , West Midlands , the traditional centre of England . Road sign welcoming visitors to the Centre of England at Morton , Derbyshire . For centuries the parish of Meriden to the west of Coventry has claimed to be the geographical centre of England , and there has been a stone cross there commemorating the claim for at least 500 years . The justification is that the point farthest from the sea is in the parish . Morton , Derbyshire also claims to be the centre of England as it is not only mid-way along England 's longest north - south axis , but also midway between the east coast and the Welsh border . Claims are also made for a tree , the Midland Oak , in Leamington Spa , Warwickshire , although the basis for these claims is not clear . See also ( edit ) Centre of Scotland Extreme points of the United Kingdom Geography of the United Kingdom Geographical centre of Ireland Drainage divide Further reading ( edit ) John Michell ( 2009 ) . Sacred Center : the Ancient Art of Locating Sanctuaries . Inner Traditions . ISBN 1594772843 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vanessa Barford ( 22 August 2014 ) . `` Scottish independence : The town at the centre of Britain '' . BBC News . Retrieved 20 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brady Haran ( 20 October 2002 ) . `` Stuck in the middle with ewe '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Social Media Manager , Gemma . `` Where is the centre of Great Britain ? '' . The Official OS Blog . OS . Retrieved 20 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brave hearts of Scotland '' . BBC . 2002 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Q. Where is the centre of mainland Great Britain ? '' . MapZone . Ordnance Survey . Retrieved 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A tale of two centres '' . BBC . 2002 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` New centre of England marked in Fenny Drayton '' . BBC . 2013 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Meg in the middle '' . BBC . 2002 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Saving the centre of Wales '' . BBC . 2002 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ BBC News ( calculation made by Ordnance Survey ) 16 September 2014 Jump up ^ The Centre of Britain Archived January 29 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Centre of Britain Hotel , Haltwhistle , Northumberland . Accessed May 2012 Jump up ^ `` News Item : '' . University of Leeds . Retrieved 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Population Centre '' . Appleby Magna & Appleby Parva . Archived from the original on 23 November 2007 . Retrieved 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Coffee Break : The movable Midlands ; ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS '' . The Daily Mail . London . 7 February 2002 . p. 64 . Jump up ^ Dorling , D ; Atkins , DJ ( 1995 ) . Population density , change and concentration in Great Britain 1971 , 1981 and 1991 ( Studies on Medical and Population Subjects No. 58 ) . HMSO . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centre_points_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=810366613 '' Categories : Geography of the United Kingdom Geographical centres United Kingdom geography - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from November 2017 Articles with OS grid coordinates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 20 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the geographical centre of great britain	[]	[]
-483977981072082188	Crying in the Club	Crying in the Club - wikipedia Crying in the Club Jump to : navigation , search `` Crying in the Club '' Single by Camila Cabello Released May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) Format Digital download Genre Dance - pop tropical club Length 3 : 36 Label Epic Syco Songwriter ( s ) Camila Cabello Sia Furler Producer ( s ) Benny Blanco Happy Perez Cashmere Cat Camila Cabello singles chronology `` Hey Ma '' ( 2017 ) `` Crying in the Club '' ( 2017 ) `` Know No Better '' ( 2017 ) `` Hey Ma '' ( 2017 ) `` Crying in the Club '' ( 2017 ) `` Know No Better '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Crying in the Club '' on YouTube `` Crying in the Club '' is the debut solo single by Cuban - American singer and songwriter Camila Cabello . It was originally released on May 19 , 2017 as the lead single from her debut studio album Camila , then titled The Hurting . The Healing . The Loving . Despite being generally well received from critics , it only managed to attain moderate chart success and thus , was omitted from the album . Its music video premiered the same date . The song was written by Cabello , Sia , and Benny Blanco . It is a mid-tempo tropical pop and dance track . It is her first release as a solo artist since her departure from the girl group Fifth Harmony . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition and lyrical interpretation 3 Critical reception 4 Music video 5 Live performances 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 References 10 External links Background and release ( edit ) Cabello previously collaborated with producers Benny Blanco and Cashmere Cat on the latter 's song `` Love Incredible '' , recorded in May 2016 . Following Cabello 's departure from the girl group Fifth Harmony , and after years of writing in her downtime , she began writing songs in earnest for her debut . In November 2016 , during a writing session with Blanco , singer - songwriter Sia conceived the concept for a demo , and both composed the song . After Blanco offered her `` Crying in the Club '' , Cabello rewrote the song 's bridge and recorded the track . `` It had a message about healing through the power of music , '' she said later , `` That theme was a key part of what I wanted for my album . '' The song was released on May 19 , 2017 to digital music stores and streaming services , following several music collaborations by Cabello , including `` Bad Things '' with Machine Gun Kelly -- which reached the top 10 on several Billboard charts . `` Crying in the Club '' was serviced to US contemporary hit radio on May 23 , 2017 . Composition and lyrical interpretation ( edit ) Benny Blanco ( left ) and Sia ( right ) contributed to the songwriting . `` Crying in the Club '' is a mid-tempo pop and dance track featuring a `` subdued '' minor - key dance groove and dancehall - inspired beat . Some critics described it as a tropical track . Lyrically , the song contains themes of the healing powers of music and dancing your heartbreak away . The song samples Christina Aguilera 's `` Genie in a Bottle '' , written by David Frank , Steve Kipner and Pamela Sheyne . The song is written in the key of F ♯ minor , with Cabello 's vocals spanning from the low note of E3 to the high belted note of F ♯ 5 . Sia Furler performed backing vocals for the song . Critical reception ( edit ) Writing for Billboard , Joe Lynch opined the song `` demonstrates just enough vocal flair for the former Fifth Harmony star to escape the more generic tropes of top 40 , '' while in Rolling Stone , Ryan Reed noted Cabello `` finds emotional redemption '' in the song . Editors from Rap - Up wrote `` the song blends island flavors with intense pop sounds , making it a dance - ready soundtrack for optimism . '' Anna Gaca of Spin described the song as a `` dancehall - inspired beat that bears a passing resemblance to Sia 's ' Cheap Thrills ' . '' Idolator writer Mike Wass called the song a `` moody , mid-tempo bop '' , and opined , `` the 20 - year - old followed Sia 's demo a little too closely . She 's almost unrecognizable and that 's worrying for something trying to establish their independence . '' Music video ( edit ) Directed by Emil Nava , the song 's accompanying music video was released on May 19 , 2017 . The clip opens in black and white with Cabello standing against a brick wall , dancing through the fog and soaking in a tub as she performs the song `` I Have Questions '' , before transitioning into the song itself with the singer getting loose in a crowded club . The video has received positive reviews . Writing for Billboard , Gil Kaufman related the concept to Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde . In Rolling Stone , Ryan Reed opined the video `` mirrors the song 's emotional journey . It opens with black - and - white shots of the singer crying and reclining in a bathtub before exploding with color in the nightclub . '' As of 3 December 2017 , the video has reached 116 million views on YouTube . Live performances ( edit ) Cabello performed the song live for the first time at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards on May 21 . The singer started her performance by singing `` I Have Questions '' before transitioning into `` Crying in the Club '' . Wearing sparkly gold attire , Cabello danced amid male backup dancers and drummers as fires burned behind them . The singer also performed the song on Britain 's Got Talent on May 31 , and at the 2017 iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards on June 18 . Cabello delivered a `` stripped - back '' acoustic rendition on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on June 22 . Idolator 's Mike Wass considered it `` her best live performance yet . '' She also included the song as a part of her setlist as an opening act on tour with Bruno Mars . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 39 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 49 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 43 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 15 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 31 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 31 France ( SNEP ) 49 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 49 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 40 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 30 Ireland ( IRMA ) 17 Italy ( FIMI ) 62 Israel ( Galgalatz ) 6 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) 39 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 10 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 54 New Zealand Heatseekers ( RMNZ ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 86 Portugal ( AFP ) 13 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 15 Serbia ( Top 50 Srbija ) 7 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 71 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 27 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 50 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 58 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 45 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 47 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 39 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 19 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 33 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Platinum 40,000 * Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Various May 19 , 2017 Digital download Epic Syco United States May 23 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio Epic Rhythmic contemporary References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Shares Official Trailer for Debut Solo Single `` Crying in the Club '' `` . Complex . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Is Wet And Moody In The Trailer For Her Debut Solo Single '' . MTV News . May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` How Camila Cabello 's ' Crying In the Club ' Came Together After a Sia Bathroom Break '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / Mainstream > Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best New Music : Camila Cabello , Vince Staples , Linkin Park , Nick Hakim & More '' . Billboard . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Camila Cabello Drops Steamy Video for Debut Solo Singles , ' Crying in the Club ' & ' I Have Questions ' '' . Billboard . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , Ryan ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Hear Camila Cabello 's Sweeping Debut Solo Song ' Crying in the Club ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gaca , Anna ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to Camila Cabello 's `` Crying in the Club '' `` . Spin . ^ Jump up to : `` Camila Cabello Lights Up ' Britain 's Got Talent ' With `` Crying In The Club '' `` . Idolator . June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch now : Camila Cabello releases first solo single , `` Crying in the Club '' `` . ABC News Radio . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crying in the Club '' . Musicnotes.com . Jump up ^ `` Video : Camila Cabello - ' Crying in the Club ' '' . Rap - Up . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Camila Cabello Kicks Off Her Solo Career With `` Crying In The Club '' `` . idolator . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Perez , Lexy ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Billboard Awards : Camila Cabello Gives First Solo Performance Since Leaving Fifth Harmony '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello to Perform at Much Music Video Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Booked To Perform On Jimmy Fallon 's June 22 `` Tonight Show '' `` . Headline Planet . June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 July 15 , 2017 '' . Billboard . July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201728 into search . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés -- SNEP ( Week 21 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 29 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Charts '' ( in Hebrew ) . Glgltz . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . July 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Srbija '' . POP TOP . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201726 into search . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201721 into search . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE -- Spanish Charts '' . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2017 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil gives first platinum certificate for `` Crying in the Club '' by Camila Cabello '' ( in Portuguese ) . Camila Cabello Brasil . August 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Enter Crying in the Club in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Crying in the Club - Single '' . iTunes ( US ) . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Rhythmic - Crossover '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Crying In The Club '' on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on YouTube ( hide ) Camila Cabello Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Camila Singles `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` Bad Things '' `` Crying in the Club '' `` Havana '' `` Never Be the Same '' Promotional singles `` I Have Questions '' `` OMG '' `` Real Friends '' Featured songs `` Love Incredible '' `` Hey Ma '' `` Know No Better '' Related articles Fifth Harmony Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crying_in_the_Club&oldid=819323105 '' Categories : Debut singles 2017 songs 2017 singles Camila Cabello songs Songs about dancing Songs written by Camila Cabello Songs written by Sia ( musician ) Songs written by Benny Blanco Songs written by Cashmere Cat Songs written by David Frank ( musician ) Songs written by Steve Kipner Songs written by Pam Sheyne Song recordings produced by Benny Blanco Song recordings produced by Cashmere Cat Epic Records singles Torch songs Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles with hAudio microformats Use mdy dates from May 2017 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 19 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	camila cabello - crying in the club album	[ "\"Crying in the Club\" is the debut solo single by Cuban-American singer and songwriter Camila Cabello. It was originally released on May 19, 2017 as the lead single from her debut studio album Camila, then titled The Hurting. The Healing. The Loving. Despite being generally well received from critics, it only managed to attain moderate chart success and thus, was omitted from the album.[1][2] Its music video premiered the same date. The song was written by Cabello, Sia, and Benny Blanco. It is a mid-tempo tropical pop and dance track. It is her first release as a solo artist since her departure from the girl group Fifth Harmony." ]	[ "Camila" ]
-3243879823930010745	Kevin Michael Richardson	Kevin Michael Richardson - wikipedia Kevin Michael Richardson Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Kevin Richardson , see Kevin Richardson ( disambiguation ) . Kevin Michael Richardson Richardson at the 2010 Comic Con in San Diego . ( 1964 - 10 - 25 ) October 25 , 1964 ( age 53 ) The Bronx , New York , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Other names Kevin Richardson KMR Kevin M. Richardson Education Syracuse University ( B.F.A. ) Occupation Actor , voice artist Years active 1992 -- present Spouse ( s ) Monica Richardson ( m . 2006 ) Children Kevin Michael Richardson ( born October 25 , 1964 ) is an American actor and voice artist who has portrayed a multitude of characters in animated series and video games . He is known for his distinctively deep voice and has been playing mostly villainous characters since the 1990s . For voicing the Joker in The Batman ( 2004 -- 2008 ) , he was nominated for two Daytime Emmy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Live - action 4.2 Animation 4.3 Feature films 4.4 Direct - to - video and television films 4.5 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) A classically trained actor and a native of the Bronx , New York , Richardson first gained recognition as one of only eight U.S. high school students selected for the National Foundation for the Arts ' `` Arts ' 82 '' program . As a result of this , he earned a scholarship to Syracuse University and a spot on a PBS special directed by John Houseman . Career ( edit ) Richardson has usually portrayed villainous characters due to his deep and powerful voice . In 1995 , he obtained his first voice role ; Mayor Tilton on the animated TV version of The Mask . His credits include Captain Gantu in Lilo & Stitch and its franchise , Shnitzel in the Chowder pilot ( and was later replaced by John DiMaggio ) , Goro in Mortal Kombat , the second voice of Skulker on Danny Phantom , Sarevok in the Baldur 's Gate series , Jolee Bindo in Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic , Crunch Bandicoot in the Crash Bandicoot games , Tartarus from Halo 2 , Chairman Drek in Ratchet & Clank , Antauri in Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go ! , Openly Gator from Queer Duck , Doctor Payne and others on The Proud Family , Dark Laser on The Fairly OddParents , Maurice from The Penguins of Madagascar , Slam Tasmanian and Tech E. Coyote on Loonatics Unleashed and the voice of Exile in the 1990s animated series Road Rovers . Richardson also replaced Keith David as the voice of Tombstone on The Spectacular Spider - Man . He provided a character voice set for Icewind Dale : Heart of Winter and Icewind Dale II . He was the voice of Heihachi in the PlayStation 2 game Soul Calibur II , though he is listed in the role as Victor Stone . He also voiced Stump Smash and Tree Rex in Skylanders : Swap Force , Skylanders : Trap Team and Skylanders : SuperChargers . In 2001 , he voiced Barney Rubble in the animated movie The Flintstones : On the Rocks . In 2003 , he voiced Trigon in the animated series Teen Titans . Trigon is a demonic overlord and the father of Raven . In 2004 , he became the first African - American to voice the Joker in the Kids WB animated series , The Batman , a role for which he was twice nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in a Children 's Series . In 2006 , he appeared in the comedy Clerks II in which he plays a cop who notices the words `` Porch Monkey 4 Life '' written on the back of Randal Graves ' work jacket . In 2008 , he did the voice of Bishop for Wolverine and the X-Men . Later , he did the voice of Nick Fury on The Super Hero Squad Show . He often plays characters based on comedian Bill Cosby , such as on Family Guy ( `` Brian Does Hollywood '' ) , where Stewie is a contestant on the comedian 's Kids Say the Darndest Things ; as Cosby himself on The Boondocks and playing the role of Numbuh 5 's father Mr. Lincoln , who is also a homage of Cosby on Codename : Kids Next Door . His most frequent role on Family Guy is as Jerome , Lois 's ex-boyfriend . He also voiced Cleveland Brown , Jr. , Lester Krinklesac and numerous others on The Cleveland Show . He currently voices Principal Brian Lewis on American Dad ! . Richardson 's voice roles ( in 2011 ) include Panthro in the 2011 Thundercats series , Martian Manhunter on Young Justice , and Bulkhead , one of the Autobots in Transformers : Prime . He played Kilowog in Green Lantern : Rise of the Manhunters , the video game sequel to the live - action film Green Lantern , and later reprised the role in Green Lantern : The Animated Series . Richardson was nominated for Voice Actor of the Year by Behind the Voice Actors in 2012 and in 2013 . In 2015 , Richardson provided the voice of a Nigerian king on The Simpsons episode `` The Princess Guide '' . Later , he provided the voice of Judge Michaels in Tyler Perry 's first animated film Madea 's Tough Love . Personal Life ( edit ) Richardson married his wife in May 2006 and they have two children . Filmography ( edit ) Live - action ( edit ) List of live - action performances in film and television Year Title Role Notes Source 000000001992 - 03 - 29 - 0000 1992 Something to Live for : The Alison Gertz Story Intern # 2 TV movie 000000001992 - 04 - 16 - 0000 1992 The Human Factor Episode : `` Pilot '' 000000001992 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1992 Herman 's Head Male Nurse Episode : `` Sperm ' n ' Herman '' 000000001993 - 06 - 07 - 0000 1993 Dream On Craig Episode : `` The French Conception '' 000000001993 - 10 - 29 - 0000 1993 Fatal Instinct Bailiff 000000001994 - 06 - 12 - 0000 1994 Past Tense Arresting Cop 000000001994 - 11 - 03 - 0000 1994 Mad About You Cable Man Episode : `` Pandora 's Box '' 000000001994 - 11 - 03 - 0000 1994 ER Patrick Episodes : `` Another Perfect Day '' , `` Blizzard '' and `` The Gift '' 000000001994 - 12 - 26 - 0000 1994 Boy Called Hate , AA Boy Called Hate Staff Member 000000001995 - 01 - 14 - 0000 1995 The Boys Are Back Cameraman Episode : `` Bad Hair Day '' 000000001995 - 04 - 12 - 0000 1995 Stuart Saves His Family Uncredited 000000001995 - 04 - 29 - 0000 1995 -- 96 Weird Science Lieutenant , Husky - Voiced Pirate Episodes : `` Rock Hard Chett '' and `` Pirates ! '' 000000001996 - 01 - 16 - 0000 1996 The John Larroquette Show Bartender Episode : `` John 's Lucky Day '' 000000001996 - 05 - 24 - 0000 1996 Spy Hard Security Guard Uncredited 000000001996 - 08 - 27 - 0000 1996 -- 97 Homeboys in Outer Space Vashti 000000001996 - 08 - 31 - 0000 1996 Bound Cop # 2 000000001997 - 10 - 17 - 0000 1997 -- 98 Teen Angel Coach Fortner Episodes : `` Wrestling with an Angel '' and `` The Play 's the Thing '' 000000001998 - 07 - 31 - 0000 1998 BASEketball Peripatetic Player 000000001998 - 11 - 16 - 0000 1998 DiResta Higgins Episode : `` Cookin ' with Gas '' 000000001998 - 12 - 15 - 0000 1998 Working Bartender Episode : `` Greenery '' 000000001999 - 12 - 24 - 0000 1999 Odd Man Out M.L. Episode : `` What About Bob ? '' 000000002000 - 05 - 25 - 0000 2000 2000 The 2000 Essence Awards Announcer 000000002001 - 02 - 02 - 0000 2001 Summoning Bill Short film 000000002002 - 03 - 31 - 0000 2002 Greg the Bunny SK - 2.0 Announcer Episode : `` SK - 2.0 '' 000000002003 - 09 - 19 - 0000 2003 -- 04 Like Family Ed Ward 000000002004 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2004 Bobby Cannon Lincoln Unaired TV pilot 000000002004 - 01 - 27 - 0000 2004 Comic Book : The Movie Ice Tray 000000002005 - 08 - 21 - 0000 2005 Phil of the Future Mr. Littletree Episode : `` Phil Without a Future '' ( voice ) 000000002006 - 02 - 19 - 0000 2006 Malcolm in the Middle Bob Hope Episode : `` Hal Grieves '' ( voice ) 000000002006 - 07 - 21 - 0000 2006 Clerks II Cop 000000002007 - 01 - 03 - 0000 2007 Knights of Prosperity , The The Knights of Prosperity Rockefeller Butts 000000002008 - 07 - 15 - 0000 2008 Cleaner , The The Cleaner Darnell McDowell Season 1 000000002009 - 01 - 19 - 0000 2009 La Mission Dee 000000002009 - 04 - 27 - 0000 2009 How I Met Your Mother Stan Episode : `` The Three Days Rule '' 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 In Security Ben Directed by Peter Segal 000000002013 - 11 - 06 - 0000 2013 I Know That Voice Himself Documentary Animation ( edit ) List of voice performances in animation Year Series Role Notes Source 000000001984 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1984 Gremlins Additional Voices 000000001994 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1994 Skeleton Warriors Additional Voices 000000001995 - 09 - 09 - 0000 1995 -- 97 Mask : The Animated Series , The The Mask : The Animated Series Mayor Mortimer Tilton Grouped under `` Featuring the Voice Talents of '' 000000001995 - 12 - 02 - 0000 1995 Earthworm Jim Anti-Fish Ep . `` The Anti-Fish '' 000000001996 - 09 - 12 - 0000 1996 -- 97 Pinky and the Brain Additional Voices Eps . `` The Pink Candidate '' and `` Hoop Schemes '' 000000001996 - 09 - 02 - 0000 1996 -- 2000 Adventures from the Book of Virtues Plato 000000001996 - 09 - 07 - 0000 1996 Road Rovers Exile 000000001996 - 10 - 30 - 0000 1996 The Cartoon Cartoon Show Flinch , Thugs Ep . `` Buy One , Get One Free '' 000000001996 - 11 - 18 - 0000 1996 Hey Arnold ! Blind Man , Newscaster Eps . `` Dabs Subway '' 000000001996 - 11 - 30 - 0000 1996 Mortal Kombat : Defenders of the Realm Ermac , Kabal , Black Dragon Thug Eps . `` Amends '' and `` Abandoned '' 000000001997 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1997 Rugrats Trash Guy , Sergeant Ep . `` The Mattress / Looking for Jack '' 000000001997 - 11 - 05 - 0000 1997 Dexter 's Laboratory Deep Dee Dee , Action Hank , Cop Ep . `` Dee Dee Be Deep / 911 / Down in the Dumps '' 000000001998 - 04 - 25 - 0000 1998 Animaniacs Additional Voices Ep . `` The Christmas Tree / Punchline : Part I / Prom Night / Punchline : Part II '' 000000001998 - 09 - 12 - 0000 1998 -- 2000 Voltron : The Third Dimension Zarkon , Hunk , Narrator 000000001998 - 10 - 10 - 0000 1998 New Batman Adventures , The The New Batman Adventures Mutant Leader , Cop Ep . `` The Dark Knight Returns '' 000000001998 - 11 - 25 - 0000 1998 -- 2002 Powerpuff Girls , The The Powerpuff Girls Boogie Man , Additional Voices 000000001999 - 01 - 10 - 0000 1999 -- 2002 PJs , The The PJs Papa Hudson , Jamaican 000000001999 - 05 - 09 - 0000 1999 -- present Family Guy Jerome , Cleveland , Jr. , Others 1999 -- 2004 Johnny Bravo Additional Voices 000000001999 - 09 - 18 - 0000 1999 -- 2001 Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot , The The Big Guy and Rusty the Boy Robot Garth 2000 Lobo Webseries Lobo , Slaz , Fat Whutzat Internet cartoon 000000002000 - 02 - 12 - 0000 2000 Godzilla : The Series WGZA Radio DJ , Queens Transit Authority , WGZA Reggae Announcer Ep . `` Twister '' 2000 The Weekenders Diz , Bibson 000000002000 - 04 - 30 - 0000 2000 Recess Mr. LaSalle , Streak Eps . `` Me Know No '' and `` Old Folks Home '' 000000002000 - 05 - 31 - 0000 2000 -- 01 Clerks : The Animated Series Narrator , Morpheus Grouped under `` Also Starring '' 000000002000 - 08 - 08 - 0000 2000 Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Additional Voices 000000002002 - 09 - 20 - 0000 2002 -- 04 ; 000000002017 - 04 - 22 - 0000 2017 Samurai Jack Demongo , Additional Voices 000000002000 - 09 - 23 - 0000 2000 -- 04 Static Shock Robert Hawkins , Kangorr , Bernie Rast , Bouncer 000000002001 - 07 - 20 - 0000 2001 Time Squad Additional Voices 000000002001 - 09 - 21 - 0000 2001 -- 05 Proud Family , The The Proud Family Omar Philips , Doctor Payne Grouped under `` Co-Starring '' 000000002001 - 10 - 26 - 0000 2001 -- 02 Invader Zim Additional Voices 000000002001 - 12 - 09 - 0000 2001 -- 17 Fairly OddParents , The The Fairly OddParents Dark Laser , A.J. 's Father , Santa Clause , Additional Voices 000000002002 - 02 - 16 - 0000 2002 -- 03 The Mummy The Minotaur Eps . `` The Maze '' , `` Just Another Piece of Jewelry '' and `` The Reckoning '' 000000002002 - 05 - 17 - 0000 2002 SpongeBob SquarePants King Neptune Ep . `` SpongeBob 's House Party '' 000000002002 - 09 - 02 - 0000 2002 Disney 's House of Mouse Prince John 000000002002 - 09 - 14 - 0000 2002 -- 04 What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Additional Voices 000000002002 - 12 - 06 - 0000 2002 -- 08 Codename : Kids Next Door Dr. Lincoln , Others 000000002003 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2003 Duck Dodgers Nasty Canasta 000000002003 - 07 - 19 - 0000 2003 - 06 Teen Titans Mammoth , See - More , Trigon , Bear , Snake 000000002003 - 08 - 01 - 0000 2003 -- 05 Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy , The The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy Additional Voices Eps . `` Terror of the Black Knight / Battle of the Bands / Halls of Time '' and `` Mommy Fiercest / The Taking Tree '' 000000002003 - 08 - 01 - 0000 2003 -- 06 The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius Tee Eps . `` A Beautiful Mine / The League of Villains '' 000000002003 - 09 - 20 - 0000 2003 -- 09 My Life as a Teenage Robot Armageddroid , Vladimir , Additional Voices 000000002003 - 09 - 20 - 0000 2003 -- 06 Lilo & Stitch : The Series Captain Gantu , Cobra Bubbles 000000002004 - 01 - 23 - 0000 2004 -- 05 Dave the Barbarian Oswidge , Additional Voices 000000002004 - 04 - 03 - 0000 2004 -- 07 Danny Phantom Skulker ( 2nd Voice ) , Dragon Ghost , Paulina 's Father , Operative M 000000002004 - 05 - 01 - 0000 2004 -- 05 Megas XLR Glorft Commander , Tiny , Georgie , Others 000000002004 - 09 - 11 - 0000 2004 -- 08 Batman , The The Batman The Joker Nominated -- Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer In An Animated Program , The Joker , 2005 and 2008 . 000000002004 - 09 - 12 - 0000 2004 Higglytown Heroes Uncle Lemmo 000000002004 - 09 - 18 - 0000 2004 -- 06 Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go ! Antauri , Morlath , Others 000000002004 - 10 - 09 - 0000 2004 -- 05 Xiaolin Showdown Pandabubba Eps . `` Pandabubba '' and `` The Return of Pandabubba '' 2005 Buzz on Maggie , The The Buzz on Maggie Mrs. Cartflight , Additional Voices 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 2005 -- present American Dad ! Principal Lewis , Tank Bates , Others 000000002005 - 05 - 25 - 0000 2005 -- 08 Avatar : The Last Airbender Tyro , Lion Turtle , Big Bad Hippo , Others Ep . `` Imprisoned '' 000000002005 - 03 - 25 - 0000 2005 Kim Possible Slim Possible Ep . `` Showdown at the Crooked D '' 000000002005 - 07 - 08 - 0000 2005 -- 09 Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends Uncle Pockets , Yeti , Additional Voices 000000002005 - 07 - 09 - 0000 2005 -- 07 Catscratch Lackey Tom Ep . `` EVIL '' 000000002005 - 07 - 30 - 0000 2005 American Dragon : Jake Long Santa Claus Ep . `` Eye Of The Beholder '' 000000002005 - 09 - 03 - 0000 2005 -- 06 Danger Rangers Burble 000000002005 - 09 - 17 - 0000 2005 -- 07 Loonatics Unleashed Slam Tasmanian , Tech E. Coyote , Others 000000002005 - 11 - 13 - 0000 2005 -- 10 Boondocks , The The Boondocks Additional Voices 000000002006 - 08 - 05 - 0000 2006 -- 08 Emperor 's New School , The The Emperor 's New School Kavo , Others 000000002006 - 08 - 11 - 0000 2006 Shorty McShorts ' Shorts Admiral Bozzlebags Ep . `` Bozzlebag 's Zip '' 000000002006 - 11 - 03 - 0000 2006 Class of 3000 Additional Voices 000000002007 - 11 - 02 - 0000 2007 Chowder Schnitzel , Maching Band Guy , Piston Vendor Ep . `` The Froggy Apple Crumple Thumpkin '' 000000002008 - 02 - 16 - 0000 2008 -- 09 Back at the Barnyard Bling , Cow # 1 , Masked Cow , Santa Claus , Thor Ep . `` Raging Cow / The Great Sheep Escape '' 000000002008 - 03 - 22 - 0000 2008 -- 09 Spectacular Spider - Man , The The Spectacular Spider - Man Tombstone ( 2nd Voice ) , Principal Davis , Coach Smith 000000002008 - 04 - 18 - 0000 2008 -- 09 Ben 10 : Alien Force Highbreed Commander , Forever Knight # 1 , Forever Knight # 2 , Sheriff Mason , Emperor Milleous 000000002008 - 06 - 12 - 0000 2008 -- 09 Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack , The The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack Additional Voices 000000002008 - 07 - 05 - 0000 2008 Transformers : Animated Omega Supreme Ep . `` A Bridge Too Close : Part II '' 000000002008 - 09 - 08 - 0000 2008 Mighty B ! , The The Mighty B ! Donald the Postman , Others 000000002008 - 11 - 29 - 0000 2008 -- 13 Penguins of Madagascar , The The Penguins of Madagascar Maurice , Bada , Bing , Pinky , Others 000000002008 - 12 - 05 - 0000 2008 -- 11 Batman : The Brave and the Bold Black Manta , B'Wana Beast , Despero , Steppenwolf , Lex Luthor , Others 000000002009 - 01 - 03 - 0000 2009 Random ! Cartoons Additional Voices 000000002009 - 02 - 06 - 0000 2009 Wolverine and the X-Men Bishop , Shadow King Grouped under `` Voices '' 000000002009 - 02 - 17 - 0000 2009 Phineas and Ferb P.P. Otter , Others Eps . `` Attack of the 50 Foot Sister '' , `` Backyard Aquarium '' and `` Unfair Science Fair '' 000000002009 - 10 - 20 - 0000 2009 -- 10 Super Hero Squad Show , The The Super Hero Squad Show Nick Fury , Scorpio Eps . `` From the Atom ... It Rises ! '' and `` Wrath of the Red Skull ! '' 000000002009 - 09 - 27 - 0000 2009 -- 13 Cleveland Show , The The Cleveland Show Cleveland Brown Jr. , Lester Krinklesac , Others 000000002009 - 09 - 27 - 0000 2009 -- Simpsons , The The Simpsons Additional Voices 000000002009 - 11 - 14 - 0000 2009 Fanboy & Chum Chum Berry Ep . `` I , Fanbot / Berry Sick '' 000000002010 - 01 - 16 - 0000 2010 Black Panther Wolverine , Others 000000002010 - 08 - 09 - 0000 2010 -- 16 Adventure Time Donny , Additional Voices Eps . `` Donny '' , `` The Great Bird Man / Simon & Marcy '' and `` Bad Jubies '' 000000002010 - 08 - 10 - 0000 2010 Zevo - 3 Brett Ronson , Others 000000002010 - 09 - 17 - 0000 2010 Sym - Bionic Titan Additional Voices 000000002010 - 10 - 01 - 0000 2010 -- 13 Star Wars : The Clone Wars Jabba the Hutt , Others 000000002010 - 11 - 05 - 0000 2010 -- 13 Pound Puppies Additional Voices 000000002010 - 11 - 26 - 0000 2010 -- 11 G.I. Joe : Renegades Roadblock , Road Pig , Others 000000002010 - 11 - 26 - 0000 2010 -- 13 Transformers : Prime Bulkhead , Makeshift , Others 000000002010 - 11 - 26 - 0000 2010 -- 13 Young Justice Mal Duncan , Martian Manhunter , John Stewart , Dr. Fate , Nabu , Bruno Mannheim , Magog , David Reid , Forever People , Vykin , Jim Daniels , Blackbriar Thorn , Two - Face , Paul Sloane , Lead Singer , Thomas Kalmaku 000000002010 - 10 - 01 - 0000 2010 Generator Rex Knuckles , EVO Guard , Tripp Ep . `` Rabble '' 000000002010 - 10 - 24 - 0000 2010 Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes Man - Ape , N'Gassi Eps . `` The Man in the Ant Hill '' and `` Panther 's Quest '' 000000002011 - 06 - 21 - 0000 2011 The Looney Tunes Show Guard Ep . `` Devil Dog '' 000000002011 - 07 - 29 - 0000 2011 -- 12 ThunderCats Panthro , Lynx - O , Anet , Sauro , Others 000000002011 - 10 - 21 - 0000 2011 -- 13 Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness Temutai 000000002011 - 11 - 11 - 0000 2011 -- 13 Green Lantern : The Animated Series Kilowog 000000002012 - 04 - 21 - 0000 2012 -- 13 Legend of Korra , The The Legend of Korra Butakha , Doorman , Lightning Bolt Zolt Eps . `` Revelation '' and `` The Rebel Spirit '' 000000002012 - 06 - 29 - 0000 2012 -- 16 Gravity Falls Sheriff Blubs , Leaderar , Chutzpar , Others 000000002012 - 07 - 15 - 0000 2012 -- 13 Ultimate Spider - Man Juggernaut , Awesome Android , Howard the Duck , Bulldozer , Mac Porter , Frankenstein 's Monster , Groot ( 2nd Voice ) , Ulik 000000002012 - 07 - 23 - 0000 2012 -- 13 Mad War Machine , Mailman , Rejected Playground Equipment Announcer Ep . `` This Means War Machine / iCharlie '' 000000002012 - 08 - 13 - 0000 2012 -- 15 Randy Cunningham : 9th Grade Ninja Viceroy Nominated -- Annie Award for Voice Acting in an Animated Television or Other Broadcast Venue Production , Willem Viceroy in the episode `` Gossip Boy '' ( 2013 ) 000000002012 - 09 - 29 - 0000 2012 -- 17 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Shredder , General Unsura , Additional Voices 000000002012 - 10 - 27 - 0000 2012 -- 14 Ben 10 : Omniverse Sir Morton , Blitzwolfer , Emperor Milleous , Snare - Oh 000000002013 - 04 - 30 - 0000 2013 - present Teen Titans Go ! Trigon , Mammoth , See - More 000000002013 - 07 - 14 - 0000 2013 -- 14 Avengers Assemble Ulik , Groot Eps . `` The Serpent of Doom '' and `` Guardians and Space Knights '' 000000002013 - 08 - 16 - 0000 2013 -- 16 Wander Over Yonder Clipper , Papa Doom and Glen Ep . `` The Big Job '' `` The Bad Guy '' and `` The Box '' 000000002013 - 09 - 01 - 0000 2013 -- 14 Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. Ego the Living Planet , Groot , Frankenstein 's Monster 000000002013 - 09 - 02 - 0000 2013 -- 17 Uncle Grandpa Mr. Gus , Additional Voices 000000002014 - 01 - 20 - 0000 2014 -- 15 Sheriff Callie 's Wild West Farmer Stinky , Uncle Bun , Dr. Wolf 000000002014 - 07 - 07 - 0000 2014 -- 16 Seven DThe 7D Happy 000000002014 - 10 - 13 - 0000 2014 Blaze and the Monster Machines Crusher Grouped under `` Featuring the Voices of '' 000000002014 - 12 - 19 - 0000 2014 -- present All Hail King Julien Maurice 000000002015 - 02 - 14 - 0000 2015 Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero Dr. Hissy , Additional Voices 000000002015 - 02 - 19 - 0000 2015 Regular Show Happy Birthday Ep . `` Happy Birthday Song Contest '' 000000002015 - 04 - 02 - 0000 2015 Steven Universe Mr. Gus Ep . `` Say Uncle '' 000000002015 - 04 - 18 - 0000 2015 Transformers : Robots in Disguise Terrashock Ep . `` W.W.O.D. ? '' 000000002015 - 05 - 08 - 0000 2015 The Adventures of Puss in Boots Golem Ep . `` Golem '' 000000002015 - 08 - 16 - 0000 2015 Rick and Morty Frankenstein / Mrs. Refrigerator / Hamurai Ep . `` Total Rickall '' , Grouped under `` Starring '' 000000002015 - 09 - 21 - 0000 2015 New Looney Tunes King Thes , Snorts , Happy Hartle , Others 000000002015 - 09 - 27 - 0000 2015 Guardians of the Galaxy Groot , Others 000000002015 - 11 - 22 - 0000 2015 -- present The Lion Guard Basi 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 -- present Milo Murphy 's Law Nolan Mitchell , Corporal Wolinsky , Additional Voices 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 DC Super Hero Girls Trigon 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 The Jellies Reggie 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Puppy Dog Pals Dr. Stretcho / Great Dane / Enthusiatic Dog 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2018 Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! Smidge 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2018 -- present Bunsen Is a Beast Wolfie Feature films ( edit ) List of voice performances in feature films Year Title Role Notes Source 000000001995 - 08 - 18 - 0000 1995 Mortal Kombat Goro ( voice ) 000000001996 - 03 - 29 - 0000 1996 All Dogs Go to Heaven 2 St. Bernard , Officer Andrews 000000002000 - 10 - 13 - 0000 2000 Whispers : An Elephant 's Tale Adult Whispers 000000002000 - 11 - 17 - 0000 2000 Rugrats in Paris : The Movie Sumo Singer Credited as Kevin Richardson 000000002001 - 02 - 10 - 0000 2001 Recess : School 's Out Cop # 2 000000002002 - 06 - 21 - 0000 2002 Lilo & Stitch Captain Gantu 000000002002 - 07 - 03 - 0000 2002 Powerpuff Girls Movie , The The Powerpuff Girls Movie Rocko Socko , Ojo Tango 000000002002 - 07 - 26 - 0000 2002 Country Bears , The The Country Bears Henry Dixon Taylor 000000002002 - 12 - 20 - 0000 2002 Wild Thornberrys Movie , The The Wild Thornberrys Movie Shaman Mnyambo 000000002003 - 08 - 15 - 0000 2003 Elysium Christopher 000000002003 - 11 - 05 - 0000 2003 Matrix Revolutions , The The Matrix Revolutions Deus Ex Machina 000000002004 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2004 Adventures in Animation 3D Coach 000000002004 - 01 - 16 - 0000 2004 Teacher 's Pet Conductor 000000002005 - 02 - 22 - 0000 2005 Porco Rosso Mamma Aiuto Gang 000000002005 - 08 - 16 - 0000 2005 Pom Poko Bunta , Wonderland President 000000002006 - 01 - 13 - 0000 2006 Hoodwinked ! P - Biggie 000000002006 - 04 - 14 - 0000 2006 Wild , The The Wild Samson 's Father 000000002006 - 07 - 29 - 0000 2006 Tales from Earthsea Additional Voices 2010 Disney dub 000000002007 - 01 - 05 - 0000 2007 Happily N'Ever After Additional Voices 000000002007 - 03 - 03 - 0000 2007 TMNT General Aguila , Additional Voices 000000002008 - 08 - 15 - 0000 2008 Star Wars : The Clone Wars Jabba the Hutt 000000002009 - 06 - 19 - 0000 2009 Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Prime # 2 , Skipjack 000000002009 - 12 - 11 - 0000 2009 Princess and the Frog , The The Princess and the Frog Ian the Gator 000000002013 - 01 - 25 - 0000 2013 John Dies at the End Korrok 000000002013 - 05 - 16 - 0000 2013 Star Trek Into Darkness Additional Voices 000000002014 - 07 - 18 - 0000 2014 Planes : Fire & Rescue Ryker 000000002015 - 01 - 23 - 0000 2015 Strange Magic Brutus 000000002015 - 02 - 06 - 0000 2015 The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water Seagull 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 2016 The Secret Life of Pets Viper Direct - to - video and Television films ( edit ) List of voice performances in direct - to - video and television films Year Title Role Notes ! Source 000000001996 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1996 Siegfried & Roy : Masters of the Impossible Additional Voices 000000001998 - 10 - 08 - 0000 1998 -- 2002 The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald Grimace , King Gonga Video titles : Scared Silly Visitors from Outer Space The Legend of Grimace Island Birthday World Have Time Will Travel 000000001998 - 12 - 22 - 0000 1998 Secret of NIMH 2 : Timmy to the Rescue , The The Secret of NIMH 2 : Timmy to the Rescue Brutus 000000001999 - 09 - 28 - 0000 1999 Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein Bud Wiley , Bodyguard 000000002000 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2000 Thrillseekers : Putt n ' Perish Bartender , Otto , Pig 000000002000 - 04 - 04 - 0000 2000 Tom Sawyer Injurin ' Joe Credit shared with Hank Williams , Jr . 000000002000 - 08 - 08 - 0000 2000 Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins Space Ranger Also broadcast as the first three episodes of the TV series 000000002000 - 10 - 03 - 0000 2000 Scooby - Doo and the Alien Invaders Max 000000002001 - 11 - 03 - 0000 2001 Flintstones : On the Rocks , The The Flintstones : On the Rocks Barney Rubble , Hector , Jewel Guard 000000002002 - 09 - 03 - 0000 2002 Mickey 's House of Villains Chorus 000000002003 - 03 - 04 - 0000 2003 Scooby - Doo ! and the Legend of the Vampire Malcolm Illiwara , Yowie Yahoo , Crocodile 000000002003 - 06 - 03 - 0000 2003 Animatrix , The The Animatrix Thadeus , Agent # 2 , Cop 000000002003 - 07 - 12 - 0000 2003 Fairly OddParents : Abra Catastrophe , The The Fairly OddParents : Abra Catastrophe Bad Guy , Business Man 000000002003 - 08 - 26 - 0000 2003 Stitch ! The Movie Captain Gantu 000000002003 - 10 - 21 - 0000 2003 George of the Jungle 2 Grouchy Ape , Chimp 000000002003 - 10 - 21 - 0000 2003 Batman : Mystery of the Batwoman Carlton Duquesne 000000002004 - 07 - 23 - 0000 2004 Fairly OddParents : Channel Chasers , The The Fairly OddParents : Channel Chasers Future AJ , Dad 's Boss , Snoop , Additional Voices 000000002004 - 11 - 03 - 0000 2004 Mulan II Additional Voices 000000002005 - 01 - 11 - 0000 2005 Lil ' Pimp Smokey 000000002005 - 04 - 08 - 0000 2005 Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama Sumo Ninja , Dr. Gooberman 000000002005 - 08 - 19 - 0000 2005 Proud Family Movie , The The Proud Family Movie Sea Beast , The Mangler , Narrator 000000002005 - 09 - 27 - 0000 2005 Family Guy Presents : Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story Ray Charles , Additional Voices 000000002005 - 10 - 15 - 0000 2005 Batman vs. Dracula , The The Batman vs. Dracula The Joker 000000002005 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2005 Happy Elf , The The Happy Elf Mayor , Derek , Toady , Tucker , Man # 2 000000002006 - 01 - 16 - 0000 2006 Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 2 : When Nerds Collide , The The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 2 : When Nerds Collide Morgan Freeman , Anti-Fairy Walla 000000002006 - 06 - 23 - 0000 2006 Leroy & Stitch Captain Gantu 000000002006 - 07 - 16 - 0000 2006 Queer Duck : The Movie Stephen Arlo ' Openly ' Gator 000000002006 - 08 - 22 - 0000 2006 Tom and Jerry : Shiver Me Whiskers Red Pirate Ron , Blue Pirate Bob , Purple Parrot Chuck 000000002006 - 10 - 20 - 0000 2006 Casper 's Scare School Kibosh 000000002007 - 06 - 01 - 0000 2007 Eggheads Additional Voices 000000002007 - 08 - 14 - 0000 2007 Doctor Strange : The Sorcerer Supreme Baron Mordo 000000002008 - 07 - 08 - 0000 2008 Batman : Gotham Knight Lucius Fox Avery , Wounded Man Bulky Man `` Field Test '' `` Working Through Pain '' `` Dead Shot '' 000000002008 - 08 - 26 - 0000 2008 Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning , The The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Cheeks , Ray - Ray 000000002008 - 09 - 24 - 0000 2008 Open Season 2 Additional Voices 000000002008 - 10 - 28 - 0000 2008 Dead Space : Downfall Samuel Irons , Pendleton , Miner 000000002009 - 01 - 19 - 0000 2009 Powerpuff Girls Rule ! , The The Powerpuff Girls Rule ! Fish Balloon 10th anniversary special 000000002009 - 01 - 25 - 0000 2009 Afro Samurai : Resurrection Blacksmith , Takimoto 000000002009 - 04 - 07 - 0000 2009 Scooby - Doo ! and the Samurai Sword Sojo , The Black Samurai 000000002009 - 05 - 01 - 0000 2009 Fairly OddParents : Wishology , The The Fairly OddParents : Wishology Dark Laser , Waiter TV film trilogy 000000002009 - 09 - 22 - 0000 2009 Haunted World of El Superbeasto , The The Haunted World of El Superbeasto Santa Baby 000000002010 - 02 - 12 - 0000 2010 Planet Hulk Korg 000000002010 - 02 - 19 - 0000 2010 Dante 's Inferno : An Animated Epic King Minos 000000002010 - 07 - 27 - 0000 2010 Batman : Under the Red Hood Tyler 000000002010 - 11 - 09 - 0000 2010 Superman / Shazam ! : The Return of Black Adam Tawky Tawny 000000002010 - 11 - 24 - 0000 2010 Firebreather Belloc 000000002011 - 02 - 22 - 0000 2011 All - Star Superman Steve Lombard 000000002011 - 08 - 05 - 0000 2011 Phineas and Ferb : Across the 2nd Dimension Normbots , Additional Voices 000000002011 - 09 - 06 - 0000 2011 Scooby - Doo ! Legend of the Phantosaur Tex , Cop # 2 , Grad Student # 3 , Miscellaneous Bikers 000000002011 - 10 - 02 - 0000 2011 Night of the Hurricane Cleveland Brown , Jr. , Principal Brian Lewis TV crossover special 000000002011 - 10 - 18 - 0000 2011 DC Showcase : Catwoman Moe 000000002013 - 07 - 30 - 0000 2013 Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox President 000000002013 - 08 - 20 - 0000 2013 Scooby - Doo ! Stage Fright Security Guard # 1 , Hotel Clerk 000000002013 - 10 - 08 - 0000 2013 Transformers Prime Beast Hunters : Predacons Rising Bulkhead 000000002014 - 01 - 21 - 0000 2014 JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time Black Manta , Solomon Grundy 000000002014 - 04 - 01 - 0000 2014 Pirate Fairy , The The Pirate Fairy Yang 000000002014 - 08 - 19 - 0000 2014 Scooby - Doo ! Frankencreepy Cuthbert Crawley , Inspector Krunch 000000002014 - 10 - 27 - 0000 2014 Lego DC Comics : Batman Be-Leaguered Captain Cold , Black Manta 000000002014 - 12 - 19 - 0000 2014 How Murray Saved Christmas Santa Claus 000000002014 - 12 - 19 - 0000 2014 Elf : Buddy 's Musical Christmas Additional Voices 000000002015 - 01 - 20 - 0000 2015 Madea 's Tough Love Judge Michaels 000000002015 - 02 - 10 - 0000 2015 Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League vs. Bizarro League Captain Cold , Gorilla Grodd 000000002015 - 02 - 17 - 0000 2015 Scooby - Doo ! Moon Monster Madness Uvinious `` U-Boat '' Botango , Drake 000000002015 - 03 - 17 - 0000 2015 The Flintstones & WWE : Stone Age SmackDown ! Barney Rubble 000000002015 - 08 - 25 - 0000 2015 Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League : Attack of the Legion of Doom Captain Cold , Gorilla Grodd , Black Manta 000000002018 - 01 - 23 - 0000 2018 Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : The Flash Doctor Fate Video games ( edit ) List of voice performances in video games Year Title Role Notes Source 000000001996 - 10 - 31 - 0000 1996 Leisure Suit Larry : Love for Sail ! Johnson , Judge Graham , Judge Paul 000000001998 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1998 Leisure Suit Larry 's Casino Johnson 000000001998 - 09 - 30 - 0000 1998 Fallout 2 Com Officer 000000001998 - 12 - 01 - 0000 1998 King 's Quest : Mask of Eternity Lord Azriel , Lucreto , Prophet Tree 000000001998 - 12 - 21 - 0000 1998 Baldur 's Gate Narrator , Sarevok , Townsfolk 000000001999 - 02 - 28 - 0000 1999 T'ai Fu : Wrath of the Tiger Boar Boss , Crusher Python 000000001999 - 04 - 30 - 0000 1999 Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace 2 - 3G , Captain Rutger , Gungan Citizen # 1 , Race Fanatic # 1 , Vek Drow 000000001999 - 07 - 31 - 0000 1999 Star Trek : Starfleet Command Additional Voices 000000001999 - 10 - 26 - 0000 1999 Revenant Lucas , Ogrok Chief , Ogrok Torturer 000000002000 - 03 - 21 - 0000 2000 Star Wars : Force Commander Builder Shuttle Pilot , Torpedo Launcher Driver , Y - Wing Pilot 000000002000 - 03 - 31 - 0000 2000 Star Wars Episode I : Jedi Power Battles Mace Windu , Gungan Guard , Thug # 4 000000002000 - 06 - 21 - 0000 2000 Star Trek : Klingon Academy Civil War Communications Officer , Garlock , Starbase # 1 , Tholian Commander , Tutorial Instructor 000000002000 - 09 - 07 - 0000 2000 Star Trek : New Worlds Additional Voices 000000002000 - 09 - 24 - 0000 2000 Baldur 's Gate II : Shadows of Amn Sarevok Anchev , Gorgeig , Cohrvale 000000002000 - 11 - 12 - 0000 2000 Star Wars : Demolition Pugwis , Tamtel Skreej 000000002000 - 11 - 17 - 0000 2000 Sacrifice Pyro , Additional Voices 000000002000 - 11 - 23 - 0000 2000 Star Trek : Deep Space Nine : The Fallen Benjamin Sisko 000000002000 - 12 - 29 - 0000 2000 Star Trek : Starfleet Command II : Empires at War Additional Voices 000000002001 - 02 - 22 - 0000 2001 Icewind Dale : Heart of Winter Additional Voice Talent 000000002001 - 03 - 20 - 0000 2001 Fallout Tactics : Brotherhood of Steel Additional Voice Talent 000000002001 - 04 - 25 - 0000 2001 Star Wars : Super Bombad Racing Boss Nass 000000002001 - 06 - 20 - 0000 2001 Baldur 's Gate II : Throne of Bhaal Sarevok Anchev Yaga - Shura Bhaal Odren Ka'rashur Grouped under `` VO Talent '' 000000002001 - 10 - 03 - 0000 2001 Mummy Returns , The The Mummy Returns Imhotep Grouped as `` Voice Performance '' 000000002001 - 10 - 09 - 0000 2001 Crash Bandicoot : The Wrath of Cortex Crunch Bandicoot Credited as Kevin Michael Richards 000000002001 - 11 - 09 - 0000 2001 Star Wars Rogue Squadron II : Rogue Leader Transport Captain # 4 000000002001 - 11 - 11 - 0000 2001 Metal Gear Solid 2 : Sons of Liberty Scott Dolph Also expansion pack Substance 000000002001 - 11 - 11 - 0000 2001 Star Wars : Galactic Battlegrounds Boss Nass Rebel Trooper 000000002001 - 11 - 15 - 0000 2001 Disney 's Tarzan Untamed Tantor Grouped under `` Voice Talent '' 000000002001 - 12 - 04 - 0000 2001 Baldur 's Gate : Dark Alliance Sess'sth -- Kolgrim Grouped under `` Voice Over Talent '' 000000002002 - 02 - 17 - 0000 2002 Pirates : The Legend of Black Kat King Neptune 000000002002 - 02 - 26 - 0000 2002 EOE : Eve of Extinction Additional Voices 000000002002 - 03 - 10 - 0000 2002 Star Wars : Jedi Starfighter Mace Windu , TF Refinery Droid , TF Scarab Droid 000000002002 - 03 - 15 - 0000 2002 Star Wars : Obi - Wan Eeth Koth , Mace Windu , Male Citizen # 1 000000002002 - 03 - 26 - 0000 2002 Star Wars Jedi Knight II : Jedi Outcast Gran # 2 , Reelo 000000002002 - 03 - 28 - 0000 2002 Kingdom Hearts Sebastian Grouped under `` Disney Voice Actors '' 000000002002 - 06 - 07 - 0000 2002 Disney 's Lilo & Stitch Captain Gantu 000000002002 - 06 - 16 - 0000 2002 Disney 's Stitch : Experiment 626 Captain Gantu 000000002002 - 07 - 03 - 0000 2002 Bruce Lee : Quest of the Dragon Byong Chu Nikolai Additional Voices 000000002002 - 07 - 30 - 0000 2002 Soulcalibur II Heihachi Mishima ( PS2 , PS3 and Xbox 360 versions ) Spawn ( Xbox , PS3 and Xbox 360 versions ) Credited as Victor Stone 000000002002 - 09 - 25 - 0000 2002 Superman : Shadow of Apokolips Darkseid 000000002002 - 09 - 27 - 0000 2002 Law and Order : Dead on the Money Mark Rawlins , Leonard Gower 000000002002 - 09 - 27 - 0000 2002 Run Like Hell Niles , Jaxn'trep Guard # 1 , Miner # 4 000000002002 - 11 - 04 - 0000 2002 Ratchet & Clank Chairman Drek , Commando , Announcer , Bouncer 000000002002 - 11 - 19 - 0000 2002 Star Wars : Bounty Hunter Alien Thug # 3 , Bartender , Sebolto 000000002003 - 02 - 24 - 0000 2003 Indiana Jones and the Emperor 's Tomb Homonculus , Triad Ghoul 000000002003 - 03 - 04 - 0000 2003 Freelancer Additional Voices 000000002003 - 05 - 14 - 0000 2003 Enter the Matrix Thaddeus Uncredited 000000002003 - 06 - 17 - 0000 2003 RTX Red Rock Digitzed Crewmember Grouped under `` Other Voices '' 000000002003 - 07 - 15 - 0000 2003 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic Jolee Bindo 000000002003 - 08 - 13 - 0000 2003 Lionheart : Legacy of the Crusader Additional Voices 000000002003 - 09 - 30 - 0000 2003 Law and Order : Double or Nothing Mark Rawlins 000000002003 - 10 - 07 - 0000 2003 Viewtiful Joe Hulk Davidson , Fire Leo 000000002003 - 11 - 03 - 0000 2003 True Crime : Streets of LA Additional Voices 000000002003 - 11 - 11 - 0000 2003 Crash Nitro Kart Crunch Bandicoot , Advisor 000000002003 - 11 - 21 - 0000 2003 Spawn : Armageddon Spawn 000000002004 - 01 - 14 - 0000 2004 Fallout : Brotherhood of Steel Ghoul High Priest , Cyrus , Grunt , Soldier 000000002004 - 02 - 11 - 0000 2004 Champions of Norrath Additional Voices 000000002004 - 08 - 03 - 0000 2004 Galleon Bosun , Sorcerer # 1 000000002004 - 11 - 09 - 0000 2004 Halo 2 Tartarus 000000002005 - 12 - 22 - 0000 2005 Kingdom Hearts II Sebastian Also Final Mix+ 000000002006 - 05 - 24 - 0000 2006 Teen Titans : The Video Game Mammoth , Trigon 000000002006 - 10 - 10 - 0000 2006 Legend of Spyro : A New Beginning , The The Legend of Spyro : A New Beginning Terrador , The Conductor 000000002006 - 10 - 19 - 0000 2006 Avatar : The Last Airbender Additional Voices 000000002007 - 10 - 02 - 0000 2007 Legend of Spyro : The Eternal Night , The The Legend of Spyro : The Eternal Night Gaul , Terrador , Sniff 000000002008 - 10 - 03 - 0000 2008 Avatar : The Last Airbender - Into the Inferno Additional Voices 000000002008 - 10 - 21 - 0000 2008 Legend of Spyro : Dawn of the Dragon , The The Legend of Spyro : Dawn of the Dragon Terrador , Chief Prowlus , Hermit 000000002008 - 10 - 28 - 0000 2008 Ben 10 : Alien Force HighBreed Commander , Forever Knight Ninja 000000002010 - 09 - 07 - 0000 2010 Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Captain Gantu 000000002011 - 10 - 16 - 0000 2011 Skylanders : Spyro 's Adventure Stump Smash 000000002011 - 12 - 20 - 0000 2011 Star Wars : The Old Republic Jace Malcom 000000002012 - 07 - 31 - 0000 2012 Kingdom Hearts 3D : Dream Drop Distance Black Guard A 000000002012 - 10 - 01 - 0000 2012 Transformers : Prime -- The Game Bulkhead 000000002012 - 10 - 12 - 0000 2012 Skylanders : Giants Stump Smash , Tree Rex 000000002013 - 10 - 13 - 0000 2013 Skylanders : Swap Force Stump Smash , Tree Rex Grouped under `` Voice Talent '' 000000002013 - 10 - 22 - 0000 2013 Nickelodeon 's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Shredder 000000002014 - 04 - 04 - 0000 2014 Elder Scrolls Online , The The Elder Scrolls Online Sai Sahan 000000002014 - 10 - 05 - 0000 2014 Skylanders : Trap Team Additional Voices 000000002014 - 10 - 22 - 0000 2014 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Danger of the Ooze Shredder 000000002014 - 11 - 13 - 0000 2014 World of Warcraft : Warlords of Draenor Grommash Hellscream Grouped under `` Voice Over Cast '' 000000002016 - 03 - 31 - 0000 2016 Baldur 's Gate : Siege of Dragonspear Narrator Grouped under `` Voice Over Cast '' 000000002015 - 08 - 30 - 0000 2015 Disney Infinity 3.0 Jabba the Hutt , Groot 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 2016 King 's Quest - Chapter III : Once Upon A Climb Chester Hobblepot 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 2016 Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue Black Guard A 000000002017 - 09 - 19 - 0000 2017 Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite Groot References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` KevinMichaelRichardson.com -- Frequently Asked Questions '' . KevinMichaelRichardson.com . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Voice Actors -- BTVA Voice Acting Awards -- 2012 general '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Voice Actors -- BTVA Voice Acting Awards -- 2013 general '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Michael Richardson -- Resume '' . Jeff Zannini Celebrity Talent . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brooks & Marsh 2009 , p. 629 Jump up ^ Terrace 2008 , p. 472 Jump up ^ Bound. 1996 . Jump up ^ BASEketball. 1998 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Essence Awards , The ( 2000 ) - Overview - TCM.com '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brooks & Marsh 2009 , p. 795 Jump up ^ Byrne , Bridget ( 2003 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Actress is at home in TV role as busy mom '' . Boston.com . Globe Newspaper Company / The New York Times Company . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . 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Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : `` Behind The Voice Actors -- Kevin Michael Richardson '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Check mark indicates BTVA has verified the entries using screenshots of credits and other confirmed sources Jump up ^ `` Members Only '' . The Powerpuff Girls . Season 4 . Episode 5 . Jump up ^ Brooks & Marsh 2009 , p. 1024 Jump up ^ `` Lobo Webseries Fans on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` A Dissertation on the American Justice System by People Who Have Never Been Inside a Courtroom , Let Alone Know Anything About the Law , but Have Seen Way Too Many Legal Thrillers '' . Clerks : The Animated Series . Episode 4 . 2000 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Samurai Called Jack '' . Samurai Jack . Jump up ^ `` She Drives Me Crazy '' . The Proud Family . Season 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Proud Family '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Fairly OddParents '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Terrace 2008 , p. 288 Jump up ^ `` SDCC 2005 : Teen Titans Live ! '' . Titans Tower . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Terrace 2008 , p. 607 Jump up ^ Brooks & Marsh 2009 , p. 330 Jump up ^ Perlmutter 2014 , p. 316 Jump up ^ Terrace 2008 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Terrace 2008 , p. 458 Jump up ^ Terrace 2008 , p. 622 Jump up ^ Perlmutter 2014 , p. 345 Jump up ^ Terrace 2008 , p. 821 Jump up ^ `` Sparkles and Gloom '' . Random ! Cartoons . Episode 7 . Jump up ^ `` Future X '' . Wolverine and the X-Men . May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Voices Behind ' Cleveland ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved November 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Terrace 2008 , p. 193 Jump up ^ Perlmutter 2014 , pp. 308 -- 309 Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` ThunderCats '' . Variety . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . 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Zap2it . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mandy Moore to Star in SHERIFF CALLIE 'S WILD WEST on WatchDisneyJunior.com '' . Broadway World . 2013 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bryson , Carey . `` Sheriff Callie 's Wild West -- Characters & Photos '' . About.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McLean , Thomas J. ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` Little Stars , Big Voices '' . Animation Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Blaze of Glory '' . Blaze and the Monster Machines . Season 1 . Episode 1 . 2014 - 10 - 13 . Nick Jr . Jump up ^ Beck , Jerry ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` FIRST LOOK : Dreamworks New Netflix Series `` All Hail King Julien '' `` . Animation Scoop . Indiewire . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Babypolypse / That Purple Girl '' . Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero . Season 1 . Episode 3 . February 14 , 2015 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Happy Birthday Song Contest '' . Regular Show . Season 6 . Episode 17 . February 19 , 2015 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` W.W.O.D. ? '' . Transformers : Robots in Disguise . Season 1 . Episode 5 . April 19 , 2015 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Golem '' . The Adventures of Puss in Boots . Season 1 . Episode 7 . May 8 , 2015 . Netflix . Jump up ^ `` Total Rickall '' . Rick and Morty . Season 2 . Episode 4 . August 16 , 2015 . Adult Swim . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy ' Assemble ' again on TV '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Willis , John ; Monush , Barry , eds. ( 2002 ) . Screen World 2001 . 52 . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 208 . ISBN 9781557834782 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Country Bears ( 2002 ) -- Cast and Crew -- AllMovie '' . AllMovie . Jump up ^ `` Adventures in Animation 3D -- Voice Actors '' . Adventures in Animation 3D . Taarna Studios . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Voice Actors -- Happily N'Ever After '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Jump up ^ White , Cindy ( 2009 - 10 - 30 ) . `` Revenge of the Voice Actors '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Star Trek Into Darkness. 2013 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) . `` ' Strange Magic ' Review : George Lucas ' Animated Fairy Tale '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` STRANGE MAGIC -- Movie Production Notes -- Who 's Who In '' . Cinema Review . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Harris , Jeffrey ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 411MANIA -- Strange Magic Review '' . 411 Mania . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The SpongeBob Squarepants Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) - Cast and Crew '' . AllMovie . All Media Network . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xB22hBaIwxM Jump up ^ `` Behind The Voice Actors -- Mulan II '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Open Season 2 ( film ) . 2008 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( January 19 , 2009 ) . `` Review : ' Powerpuff Girls Rule ! ! ! ' '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Powerpuff Girls Rule ! '' . The Powerpuff Girls . 2009 - 01 - 19 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` DC Showcase : Catwoman '' . 2011 - 10 - 18 . Missing or empty series = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lego Batman : Be-Leaguered '' . Lego Batman . October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About -- How Murray Saved Christmas '' . NBCUniversal Media Village ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Elf : Buddy 's Musical Christmas ' Soundtrack Released '' . Film Music Reporter. 2014 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Elf : Buddy 's Musical Christmas . December 16 , 2014 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perrys Madeas Tough Love '' . The Dove Foundation . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Beck , Jerry ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` TRAILER : Tyler Perry 's `` Madea 's Tough Love '' `` . 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World of Warcraft : Warlords of Draenor . Scene : Closing credits , 11 : 30 in , Voice Over Cast . Jump up ^ Kevin M. Richardson ( @ ClevelandJr ) ( November 9 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin confirms that he voiced Grommash Hellscream on the Draenor trailer '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Overhaul Games . Baldur 's Gate : Siege of Dragonspear - Opening Cut - Scene and Huge Battle . Scene : Opening cut - scene . Jump up ^ Avalanche Software . Disney Infinity 3.0 . Scene : Closing credits , 5 : 39 in , Featuring the Voice Talents of . Jump up ^ The Odd Gentlemen . King 's Quest - Chapter III : Once Upon A Climb . Sierra Entertainment . Scene : Closing credits , 1 min in , Cast . Book references Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle F. ( 2009 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 -- Present ( 9th ed . ) . Random House Publishing Group . ISBN 9780307483201 . Terrace , Vincent ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Television Shows , 1925 through 2010 ( 2d ed . ) . McFarland . ISBN 9780786486410 . Perlmutter , David ( 2014 ) . America Toons In : A History of Television Animation . McFarland . ISBN 9781476614885 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kevin Michael Richardson . 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-3502738522153802153	Harry Potter (film series)	Harry Potter ( film series ) - wikipedia Harry Potter ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search Harry Potter Harry Potter logo as used in the last films Directed by Chris Columbus ( 1 -- 2 ) Alfonso Cuarón ( 3 ) Mike Newell ( 4 ) David Yates ( 5 -- 8 ) Produced by David Heyman Chris Columbus ( 3 ) Mark Radcliffe ( 3 ) David Barron ( 5 -- 8 ) J.K. Rowling ( 7 -- 8 ) Screenplay by Steve Kloves ( 1 -- 4 , 6 -- 8 ) Michael Goldenberg ( 5 ) Based on Harry Potter by J.K. Rowling Starring Daniel Radcliffe Rupert Grint Emma Watson ( See below ) Music by John Williams ( 1 -- 3 ) Patrick Doyle ( 4 ) Nicholas Hooper ( 5 -- 6 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 7 -- 8 ) Cinematography John Seale ( 1 ) Roger Pratt ( 2 , 4 ) Michael Seresin ( 3 ) Sławomir Idziak ( 5 ) Bruno Delbonnel ( 6 ) Eduardo Serra ( 7 -- 8 ) Edited by Richard Francis - Bruce ( 1 ) Peter Honess ( 2 ) Steven Weisberg ( 3 ) Mick Audsley ( 4 ) Mark Day ( 5 -- 8 ) Production company Heyday Films 1492 Pictures ( 1 -- 3 ) Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date 2001 -- 2011 Running time 1179 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget Total ( 8 films ) $1.2 billion Box office Total ( 8 films ) $7.7 billion Harry Potter is a British - American film series based on the Harry Potter novels by author J.K. Rowling . The series is distributed by Warner Bros. and consists of eight fantasy films , beginning with Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) and culminating with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) . A spin - off prequel series will consist of five films , starting with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) . The Fantastic Beasts films mark the beginning of a shared media franchise known as J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World . The series was mainly produced by David Heyman , and stars Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , and Emma Watson as the three leading characters : Harry Potter , Ron Weasley , and Hermione Granger . Four directors worked on the series : Chris Columbus , Alfonso Cuarón , Mike Newell , and David Yates . Michael Goldenberg wrote the screenplay for Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) , while the remaining films had their screenplays written by Steve Kloves . Production took place over ten years , with the main story arc following Harry Potter 's quest to overcome his arch - enemy Lord Voldemort . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , the seventh and final novel in the series , was adapted into two feature - length parts . Part 1 was released in November 2010 , and Part 2 was released in July 2011 . Six of the series ' eight films are among the 50 highest - grossing films of all time , with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , the highest - grossing film in the series and one of 31 films to gross over $1 billion , ranking at number eight . Without inflation adjustment , it is the second highest - grossing film series with $7.7 billion in worldwide receipts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Casting the roles of Harry , Ron , and Hermione 2 Production 2.1 Directors 2.2 Scripts 2.3 Cast and crew 2.4 Set design 2.5 Cinematography 2.6 Editing 2.7 Music 2.8 Visual effects 2.9 Final filming 3 Films 3.1 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) 3.2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) 3.3 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) 3.4 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) 3.5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) 3.6 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) 3.7 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) 3.8 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.1. 1 Critical and public response 5.2 Accolades 5.3 Box office performance 5.4 All - time rankings 6 Legacy and influence 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Origins Late in 1997 , film producer David Heyman 's London offices received a copy of the first book in what would become Rowling 's series of seven Harry Potter novels . The book , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , was relegated to a low - priority bookshelf , where it was discovered by a secretary who read it and gave it to Heyman with a positive review . Consequently , Heyman , who had originally disliked `` the rubbish title '' , read the book himself . Highly impressed by Rowling 's work , he began the process that led to one of the most successful cinematic franchises of all time . Heyman 's enthusiasm led to Rowling 's 1999 sale of the film rights for the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £ 1 million ( US $2,000,000 ) . A demand Rowling made was that the principal cast be kept strictly British , allowing nevertheless for the inclusion of many Irish actors , such as Richard Harris as Dumbledore , and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such . Rowling was hesitant to sell the rights because she `` did n't want to give them control over the rest of the story '' by selling the rights to the characters , which would have enabled Warner Bros. to make non-author - written sequels . Although Steven Spielberg initially negotiated to direct the first film , he declined the offer . Spielberg wanted the adaptation to be an animated film , with American actor Haley Joel Osment providing Harry Potter 's voice . Spielberg contended that , in his opinion , there was every expectation of profit in making the film . He claims that making money would have been like `` shooting ducks in a barrel . It 's just a slam dunk . It 's just like withdrawing a billion dollars and putting it into your personal bank accounts . There 's no challenge '' . In the `` Rubbish '' Bin section of her website , Rowling maintains that she had no role in choosing directors for the films , writing `` Anyone who thinks I could ( or would ) have ' veto - ed ' him ( Spielberg ) needs their Quick - Quotes Quill serviced . '' After Spielberg left , conversations began with other directors , including Chris Columbus , Jonathan Demme , Terry Gilliam , Mike Newell , Alan Parker , Wolfgang Petersen , Rob Reiner , Tim Robbins , Brad Silberling , and Peter Weir . Petersen and Reiner both pulled out of the running in March 2000 . It was then narrowed down to Columbus , Gilliam , Parker , and Silberling . Rowling 's first choice was Terry Gilliam . However , on 28 March 2000 Columbus was appointed as director of the film , with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire as influences for their decision . Harry Potter is the kind of timeless literary achievement that comes around once in a lifetime . Since the books have generated such a passionate following across the world , it was important to us to find a director that has an affinity for both children and magic . I ca n't think of anyone more ideally suited for this job than Chris ( Columbus ) . -- Lorenzo di Bonaventura , Warner Bros . Steve Kloves was selected to write the screenplay for the first film . He described adapting the book as `` tough '' since it did not `` lend itself to adaptation as well as the next two books '' . Kloves was sent a `` raft '' of synopses of books proposed as film adaptations , with Harry Potter being the only one that jumped out at him . He went out and bought the book , becoming an instant fan . When speaking to Warner Bros. he stated that the film had to be British and true to the characters . David Heyman was confirmed to produce the film . Rowling received a large amount of creative control for the film , an arrangement that Columbus did not mind . Warner Bros. had initially planned to release the first film over the 4 July 2001 weekend , making for such a short production window that several of the originally proposed directors had withdrawn themselves from contention . Eventually , due to time constraints , the date was put back to 16 November 2001 . Casting the roles of Harry , Ron , and Hermione Daniel Radcliffe , Emma Watson , and Rupert Grint at the world premiere of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 in Trafalgar Square , London on 7 July 2011 . In 2000 , after a seven - month search , lead actor Daniel Radcliffe was discovered by producer David Heyman and writer Steve Kloves seated just behind them in a theatre . In Heyman 's own words , `` There sitting behind me was this boy with these big blue eyes . It was Dan Radcliffe . I remember my first impressions : He was curious and funny and so energetic . There was real generosity too , and sweetness . But at the same time he was really voracious and with hunger for knowledge of whatever kind . '' Radcliffe had already established himself as an actor in the 1999 BBC television production of David Copperfield in which he played the title role 's childhood years . Heyman persuaded Radcliffe 's parents to allow him to audition for the part of Harry Potter , which involved Radcliffe being filmed . ( This screen test footage was released via the first set of Ultimate Editions in 2009 . ) Rowling was enthusiastic after viewing Radcliffe 's filmed test , saying she did n't think there was a better choice for the part of Harry Potter . Also in 2000 , the then unknown British actors Emma Watson and Rupert Grint were selected from thousands of auditioning children to play the roles of Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley , respectively . Their only previous acting experience was in school plays . Grint was eleven years old and Watson ten at the time they were cast . Los Angeles Times writer Geoff Boucher , who conducted the above - mentioned interview with Heyman , added that the casting of the three major roles `` is especially impressive in hindsight . The trio 's selection was arguably one of the best show - business decisions over the past decade ... they have shown admirable grace and steadiness in the face of teen superstardom . '' Production Filming of the series began at Leavesden Studios , Hertfordshire , England , in September 2000 and ended in December 2010 , with post-production on the final film lasting until summer 2011 . Leavesden Studios was the main base for filming Harry Potter , and it opened to the public as a studio tour in 2012 ( renamed as Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden ) . Motion Picture Director Writer Producer ( s ) Composer Novel by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Chris Columbus Steve Kloves David Heyman John Williams Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Alfonso Cuarón Chris Columbus , David Heyman & Mark Radcliffe Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Mike Newell David Heyman Patrick Doyle Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix David Yates Michael Goldenberg David Heyman & David Barron Nicholas Hooper Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Steve Kloves Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 David Heyman , David Barron & J.K. Rowling Alexandre Desplat Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden , where much of the film series was shot . Harry Potter was also filmed in other areas , including Pinewood Studios . David Heyman produced all the films in the series with his production company Heyday Films , while David Barron joined the series as an executive producer on Chamber of Secrets and Goblet of Fire . Barron was later appointed producer on the last four films . Chris Columbus was an executive producer on the first two films alongside Mark Radcliffe and Michael Barnathan , but he became a producer on the third film alongside Heyman and Radcliffe . Other executive producers include Tanya Seghatchian and Lionel Wigram . J.K. Rowling , author of the series , was asked to become a producer on Goblet of Fire but declined . She subsequently accepted the role on the two - part Deathly Hallows . Heyday Films and Columbus ' company 1492 Pictures collaborated with Duncan Henderson Productions in 2001 , Miracle Productions in 2002 , and P of A Productions in 2004 . Even though Prisoner of Azkaban was the final film produced by 1492 Pictures , Heyday Films continued with the franchise and collaborated with Patalex IV Productions in 2005 . The sixth film in the series , Half - Blood Prince , was the most expensive film to produce as of 2009 . Warner Bros. split the seventh and final novel in the series , Deathly Hallows , into two cinematic parts . The two parts were filmed back - to - back from early 2009 to summer 2010 , with the completion of reshoots taking place on 21 December 2010 ; this marked the end of filming Harry Potter . Heyman stated that Deathly Hallows was `` shot as one film '' but released in two feature - length parts . Tim Burke , the visual effects supervisor of the series , said of the production on Harry Potter , `` It was this huge family ; I think there were over 700 people working at Leavesden , an industry in itself . '' David Heyman said , `` When the first film opened , no way did I think we 'd make eight films . That did n't seem feasible until after we 'd done the fourth . '' Nisha Parti , the production consultant on the first film , said that Heyman `` made the first film very much the way he felt the studio Warner Bros. wanted to make it . '' After the film 's success , Heyman was given `` more freedom '' . One of the aims of the filmmakers from the beginning of production was to develop the maturity of the films . Chris Columbus stated , `` We realised that these movies would get progressively darker . Again , we did n't know how dark but we realised that as the kids get older , the movies get a little edgier and darker . '' This transpired with the succeeding three directors who would work on the series in the following years , with the films beginning to deal with issues such as death , betrayal , prejudice , and political corruption as the series developed narratively and thematically . Directors After Chris Columbus had finished working on Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , he was hired to direct the second film , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . The production started within a week after the release of the first film . Columbus was set to direct all entries in the series , but he did not want to return for the third film , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , claiming he was `` burned out '' . He moved to the position of producer , while Alfonso Cuarón was approached for the role of director . He was initially nervous about directing the instalment since he had not read any of the books or seen the films . After reading the series , he changed his mind and signed on to direct since he had immediately connected to the story . David Yates directed four of the films in the series , including the two - part finale Deathly Hallows . Because Cuarón decided not to direct the fourth instalment , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , a new director had to be selected . Mike Newell was chosen to direct the film , but he declined to direct the next film , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , which was given to David Yates , who also directed Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , becoming the only director to helm more than one film since Chris Columbus . Chris Columbus said his vision of the first two films was of a `` golden storybook , an old - fashioned look '' , while Alfonso Cuarón changed the visual tone of the series , desaturated the colour palette , and expanded the landscape around Hogwarts . Mike Newell decided to direct the fourth film as a `` paranoid thriller '' , while David Yates wanted to `` bring a sense of jeopardy and character to the world '' . Cuarón , Newell , and Yates have said that their challenge was striking a balance between making the films according to their individual vision , while working within a cinematic world already established by Columbus . David Heyman commented on the `` generosity of the directors '' by revealing that `` Chris spent time with Alfonso , Alfonso spent time with Mike and Mike spent time with David , showing him an early cut of the film , talking through what it means to be a director and how they went about ( making the films ) . '' David Heyman also said , `` I suppose Chris Columbus was the most conservative choice from the studio 's point of view . But he expressed real passion . '' Producer Tanya Seghatchian said they were `` more adventurous '' in choosing a director for the third film and went straight to Alfonso Cuarón . Mike Newell became the first British director of the series when he was chosen for the fourth film ; Newell was considered to direct the first film before he dropped out . David Yates directed the final films after David Heyman thought him capable of handling the edgy , emotional , and political material of the later novels . All the directors have been supportive of each other . Chris Columbus praised the character development in the films , while Alfonso Cuarón admired the `` quiet poetry '' of David Yates ' films . Mike Newell noted that each director had a different heroism , and David Yates views the first four films `` respectfully and enjoy ( s ) them . '' Daniel Radcliffe said Yates `` took the charm of the films that Chris made and the visual flair of everything that Alfonso did and the thoroughly British , bombastic nature of the film directed by Mike Newell '' and added `` his own sense '' of realism . Scripts Steve Kloves wrote the screenplays for all but the fifth film , which was penned by Michael Goldenberg . Kloves had direct assistance from J.K. Rowling , though she allowed him what he described as `` tremendous elbow room '' . Rowling asked Kloves to remain faithful to the spirit of the books ; thus , the plot and tone of each film and its corresponding book are virtually the same , albeit with some changes and omissions for purposes of cinematic style , time , and budget constraints . Michael Goldenberg also received input from Rowling during his adaptation of the fifth novel ; Goldenberg was originally considered to adapt the first novel before the studio chose Kloves . A studio model of Hogwarts . It is the main setting in the series ; the castle features in every novel and screen adaptation . In a 2010 interview , David Heyman briefly explained the book - to - film transition . He commented on Rowling 's involvement in the series , stating that she understood that `` books and films are different '' and was `` the best support '' a producer could have . Rowling had overall approval on the scripts , which were viewed and discussed by the director and the producers . Heyman also said that Kloves was the `` key voice '' in the process of adapting the novels and that certain aspects from the books needed to have been excluded from the scripts due to the filmmakers ' decision to keep the main focus on Harry 's journey as a character , which would ultimately give the films a defined structure . Heyman mentioned that some fans `` do n't necessarily understand the adaptation process '' and that the filmmakers would have loved to `` have everything '' from the books in the films but noted that it was not possible since they had `` neither time nor cinematic structure '' to do so . He finished by saying that adapting a novel to the screen is `` a really considered process . '' Because the films were being made as the novels were being published , the filmmakers had no idea of the story 's outcome until the release of the final novel in 2007 . Kloves spoke of his relationship with Rowling when adapting the novels by saying , `` The thing is about Jo , which is remarkable for someone who had no experience with the filmmaking process , was her intuition . We had a conversation the very first day I met her where she said , ' I know the movies ca n't be the books ... because I know what 's coming and it 's impossible to fully dramatise on screen what I 'm going to write . But I just ask you to be true to the characters ; that 's all I care about . ' '' Kloves also said , `` I do n't know what compelled me to say this ( to Rowling ) , but I said , ' I 've just got to warn you my favourite character is not Harry . My favourite character is Hermione . ' And I think for some weird reason , from that moment on , she sort of trusted me . '' Cast and crew See also : List of Harry Potter cast members Aside from the three lead actors , other notable cast members include Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid , Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy , Alan Rickman as Severus Snape , and Dame Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall . Richard Harris , who played the role of Professor Albus Dumbledore , died on 25 October 2002 causing the role to be re-cast for the third instalment , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban . David Heyman and director Alfonso Cuarón chose Michael Gambon to portray the character of Dumbledore , which he did for all succeeding films . Notable recurring cast members include Helena Bonham Carter as Bellatrix Lestrange , Warwick Davis as Filius Flitwick , Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort , Brendan Gleeson as Alastor Moody , Richard Griffiths as Vernon Dursley , Jason Isaacs as Lucius Malfoy , Gary Oldman as Sirius Black , Fiona Shaw as Petunia Dursley , Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew , David Thewlis as Remus Lupin , Emma Thompson as Sybill Trelawney , Mark Williams as Arthur Weasley , and Julie Walters as Molly Weasley . The series has seen many returning crew members from various departments , including Tim Burke , visual effects supervisor ; Peter Doyle , digital film colourist ; Nick Dudman , make - up and creature effects designer ; David Holmes , stunt double ; Amanda Knight , make - up artist ; Stephenie McMillan , set designer ; Greg Powell , stunt coordinator ; Jany Temime , costume designer ; and Fiona Weir , casting director . Set design The Hall of Christ Church in Oxford , England , the inspiration for the studio film set of The Great Hall of Hogwarts . The production designer for all eight films is Stuart Craig . Assisted by Stephenie McMillan , Craig has created iconic sets pieces including the Ministry of Magic , the Chamber of Secrets , Malfoy Manor , and the layout for the CGI Horcrux Cave . Because the novels were being published as the films were being made , Craig was required to rebuild some sets for future films and alter the design of Hogwarts . The studio film set of The Great Hall of Hogwarts was one of the first sets ever created for the series . He said , `` In the early days , every time you saw the exterior of Hogwarts , it was a physical miniature , '' which was made by craftsmen and occupied a large sound stage . `` We ended up with a profile of how Hogwarts looked , a skyline that actually I did n't design , and it was n't always satisfactory , and as all the novels got written and movies got made there were new requirements ( for buildings ) . The ( Astronomy Tower ) definitely was n't there originally , and so we were able to add that substantial piece . And in the last film , we needed an arena for the battle for Hogwarts -- the big courtyard outside doubled in size , and if you look at the first movie it was n't there at all . There were quite some liberties taken with the continuity of Hogwarts . '' In the last film , Craig used a digital model instead of a miniature to `` embrace the latest technology '' . On the method of creating the sets , Craig said he often started by sketching ideas onto a blank sheet of paper . Stephanie McMillan also said that `` each film always had plenty of new challenges , '' citing the changes in visual style between directors and cinematographers as an example , along with the developing story in the novels . Due to J.K. Rowling 's descriptions of various settings in the novels , Craig noted his `` responsibility was to place it together '' . Craig commented on his experience working in the studio environment : `` I 'm the production designer , but on a big movie like Harry Potter I may be responsible for 30 to 35 people ; from the supervising art director , and a team of art directors and assistants , to draughtsmen and junior draughtsmen , and then on to model makers , sculptors and scenic artists . '' He said , `` Ten years ago , all the Harry Potter drawings were done in pencil . I would take my roughs and plans and sections and give them to a professional architectural illustrator , who would create concept art using pencil and colour wash on watercolour paper . '' He said the process changed slightly throughout the years due to , what he called , the `` digital revolution '' of making films . When filming of the series was completed , some of Craig 's sets had to be rebuilt or transported for them to be displayed at the Warner Bros. studio tour . Cinematography Six directors of photography worked on the series : John Seale on the first film , Roger Pratt on the second and fourth , Michael Seresin on the third , Sławomir Idziak on the fifth , Bruno Delbonnel on the sixth , and Eduardo Serra on the seventh and eighth . Delbonnel was considered to return for both parts of Deathly Hallows , but he declined , stating that he was `` scared of repeating '' himself . Delbonnel 's cinematography in Half - Blood Prince gained the series its only Academy Award nomination for Best Cinematography . As the series progressed , each cinematographer faced the challenge of shooting and lighting older sets ( which had been around since the first few films ) in unique and different ways . Chris Columbus said the series ' vivid colouring decreased as each film was made . Michael Seresin commented on the change of visual style from the first two films to Prisoner of Azkaban : `` The lighting is moodier , with more shadowing and cross-lighting . '' Seresin and Alfonso Cuarón moved away from the strongly coloured and brightly lit cinematography of the first two films , with dimmer lighting and a more muted colour palette being utilised for the succeeding five films . After comparing a range of digital cameras with 35 mm film , Bruno Delbonnel decided to shoot the sixth movie , Half - Blood Prince , on film rather than the increasingly popular digital format . This decision was kept for the two - part Deathly Hallows with Eduardo Serra , who said that he preferred to work with film because it was `` more technically accurate and dependable '' . Because the majority of Deathly Hallows takes place in various settings away from Hogwarts , David Yates wanted to `` shake things up '' by using different photographic techniques such as using hand - held cameras and very wide camera lenses . Eduardo Serra said , `` Sometimes we are combining elements shot by the main unit , a second unit , and the visual effects unit . You have to know what is being captured -- colours , contrast , et cetera -- with mathematical precision . '' He noted that with Stuart Craig 's `` amazing sets and the story '' , the filmmakers could not `` stray too far from the look of the previous Harry Potter films . '' Editing Along with continuous changes in cinematographers , there have been five film editors to work in post-production on the series : Richard Francis - Bruce edited the first instalment , Peter Honess the second , Steven Weisberg the third , Mick Audsley the fourth , and Mark Day films five through eight . Music See also : Music of the Harry Potter films John Williams scored the first three films and received Academy Award nominations for the first and third films . The Harry Potter series has had four composers . John Williams scored the first three films : Philosopher 's Stone , Chamber of Secrets , and Prisoner of Azkaban . However , the second entry was adapted and conducted by William Ross due to Williams 's conflicting commitments . Williams also created Hedwig 's Theme , which is used in every film in the series . After Williams left the series to pursue other projects , Patrick Doyle scored the fourth entry , Goblet of Fire , which was directed by Mike Newell , with whom Doyle had worked previously . In 2006 , Nicholas Hooper started work on the score to Order of the Phoenix by reuniting with director David Yates . Hooper also composed the soundtrack to Half - Blood Prince but decided not to return for the final films . In January 2010 , Alexandre Desplat was confirmed to compose the score for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . The film 's orchestration started in the summer with Conrad Pope , the orchestrator on the first three Harry Potter films , collaborating with Desplat . Pope commented that the music `` reminds one of the old days . '' Desplat returned to score Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 in 2011 . Director David Yates stated that he wanted John Williams to return to the series for the final installment , but their schedules did not align due to the urgent demand for a rough cut of the film . The final recording sessions of Harry Potter took place on 27 May 2011 at Abbey Road Studios with the London Symphony Orchestra , orchestrator Conrad Pope , and composer Alexandre Desplat . Doyle , Hooper , and Desplat introduced their own personal themes to their respective soundtracks , while keeping a few of John Williams 's themes . Visual effects There have been many visual effects companies to work on the Harry Potter series . Some of these include Rising Sun Pictures , Double Negative , Cinesite , Framestore , and Industrial Light & Magic . The latter three have worked on all the films in the series , while Double Negative and Rising Sun Pictures began their commitments with Prisoner of Azkaban and Goblet of Fire , respectively . Framestore contributed by developing many memorable creatures and sequences to the series . Cinesite was involved in producing both miniature and digital effects for the films . Producer David Barron said that `` Harry Potter created the UK effects industry as we know it . On the first film , all the complicated visual effects were done on the ( US ) west coast . But on the second , we took a leap of faith and gave much of what would normally be given to Californian vendors to UK ones . They came up trumps . '' Tim Burke , the visual effects supervisor , said many studios `` are bringing their work to UK effects companies . Every facility is fully booked , and that was n't the case before Harry Potter . That 's really significant . '' Final filming See also : Production of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows On 12 June 2010 , filming of the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 was completed with actor Warwick Davis stating on his Twitter account , `` The end of an Era -- today is officially the last day of principal photography on ' Harry Potter ' -- ever . I feel honoured to be here as the director shouts cut for the very last time . Farewell Harry & Hogwarts , it 's been magic ! '' . However , reshoots of the epilogue scene were confirmed to begin in the winter of 2010 . The filming was completed on 21 December 2010 , marking the official closure of filming the Harry Potter franchise . Exactly four years earlier on that day , author J.K. Rowling 's official website revealed the title of the final novel in the series -- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Films The Gryffindor Common Room was introduced in the first film . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( film ) Known in India and the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone Harry Potter is an orphaned boy brought up by his unkind Muggle ( non-magical ) aunt and uncle . At the age of eleven , half - giant Rubeus Hagrid informs him that he is actually a wizard and that his parents were murdered by an evil wizard named Lord Voldemort . Voldemort also attempted to kill one - year - old Harry on the same night , but his killing curse mysteriously rebounded and reduced him to a weak and helpless form . Harry became extremely famous in the Wizarding World as a result . Harry begins his first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry and learns about magic . During the year , Harry and his friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger become entangled in the mystery of the Philosopher 's Stone which is being kept within the school . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( film ) Harry , Ron , and Hermione return to Hogwarts for their second year , which proves to be more challenging than the last . The Chamber of Secrets has been opened , leaving students and ghosts petrified by an unleashed monster . Harry must face up to claims that he is the heir of Salazar Slytherin ( founder of the Chamber ) , learn that he can speak Parseltongue , and also discover the properties of a mysterious diary , only to find himself trapped within the Chamber of Secrets itself . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( film ) Harry Potter 's third year sees the boy wizard , along with his friends , attending Hogwarts School once again . Professor R.J. Lupin joins the staff as Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , while convicted murderer Sirius Black escapes from Azkaban Prison . The Ministry of Magic entrusts the Dementors of Azkaban to guard Hogwarts from Black . Harry learns more about his past and his connection with the escaped prisoner . The Riddles ' Gravestone from Lord Voldemort 's rebirth scene in the fourth film . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( film ) During Harry 's fourth year , Hogwarts plays host to a legendary event : the Triwizard Tournament . Three European schools participate in the tournament , with three ' champions ' representing each school in the deadly tasks . The Goblet of Fire chooses Fleur Delacour , Viktor Krum , and Cedric Diggory to compete against each other . However , curiously , Harry 's name is also produced from the Goblet thus making him a fourth champion , which results in a terrifying encounter with a reborn Lord Voldemort . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( film ) Harry 's fifth year begins with him being attacked by Dementors in Little Whinging . Later , he finds out that the Ministry of Magic is in denial of Lord Voldemort 's return . Harry is also beset by disturbing and realistic nightmares , while Professor Umbridge , a representative of Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge , is the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher . Harry becomes aware that Voldemort is after a prophecy which reveals : `` neither can live while the other survives '' . The rebellion involving the students of Hogwarts , secret organisation Order of the Phoenix , the Ministry of Magic , and the Death Eaters begins . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( film ) In Harry 's sixth year at Hogwarts , Lord Voldemort and his Death Eaters are increasing their terror upon the Wizarding and Muggle worlds . Headmaster Albus Dumbledore persuades his old friend Horace Slughorn to return to Hogwarts as a professor as there is a vacancy to fill . There is a more important reason , however , for Slughorn 's return . While in a Potions lesson , Harry takes possession of a strangely annotated school textbook , inscribed ' This is the property of the Half - Blood Prince ' . Draco Malfoy struggles to carry out a deed presented to him by Voldemort . Meanwhile , Dumbledore and Harry secretly work together to discover the method on how to destroy the Dark Lord once and for all . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Potters ' Cottage from the final film . After unexpected events at the end of the previous year , Harry , Ron , and Hermione are entrusted with a quest to find and destroy Lord Voldemort 's secret to immortality -- the Horcruxes . It is supposed to be their final year at Hogwarts , but the collapse of the Ministry of Magic and Voldemort 's rise to power prevents them from attending . The trio undergo a long journey with many obstacles in their path including Death Eaters , Snatchers , the mysterious Deathly Hallows , and Harry 's connection with the Dark Lord 's mind becoming ever stronger . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 After destroying one Horcrux and discovering the significance of the three Deathly Hallows , Harry , Ron and Hermione continue to seek the other Horcruxes in an attempt to destroy Voldemort , who has now obtained the powerful Elder Wand . The Dark Lord discovers Harry 's hunt for Horcruxes and launches an attack on Hogwarts School , where the trio return for one last stand against the dark forces that threaten the Wizarding and Muggle worlds . Release The rights for the first four novels in the series were sold to Warner Bros. for £ 1,000,000 by J.K. Rowling . After the release of the fourth book in July 2000 , the first film , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , was released on 16 November 2001 . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $90 million in the United States alone , which set a record opening worldwide . The succeeding three motion picture adaptations followed suit in financial success , while garnering positive reviews from fans and critics . The fifth film , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , was released by Warner Bros. on 11 July 2007 in English - speaking countries , except for the UK and Ireland , which released the movie on 12 July . The sixth , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , was released on 15 July 2009 to critical acclaim and finished its theatrical run ranked as the number two grossing film of 2009 on the worldwide charts . The final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was split into two cinematic parts : Part 1 was released on 19 November 2010 , and Part 2 , the conclusion to both the final film and the series , was released on 15 July 2011 . Part 1 was originally scheduled to be released in 3D and 2D , but due to a delay in the 3D conversion process , Warner Bros. released the film only in 2D and IMAX cinemas . However , Part 2 was released in 2D and 3D cinemas as originally planned . The television broadcast rights for the series in the United States are currently held by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television , which typically airs the films on the Freeform network . Disney 's contract is expected to end in June 2018 , after which , NBCUniversal will take control of the rights , after their deal with Warner Bros. was made in August 2016 . The film series has accrued nearly 1.3 billion viewings since their television debut -- the highest - watched franchise in television broadcast history . Reception Critical response All the films have been a success financially and critically , making the franchise one of the major Hollywood `` tent - poles '' akin to James Bond , Star Wars , Indiana Jones and Pirates of the Caribbean . The series is noted by audiences for growing visually darker and more mature as each film was released . However , opinions of the films generally divide book fans , with some preferring the more faithful approach of the first two films and others preferring the more stylised character - driven approach of the later films . Some also feel the series has a `` disjointed '' feel due to the changes in directors , as well as Michael Gambon 's interpretation of Albus Dumbledore differing from that of Richard Harris . Author J.K. Rowling has been constantly supportive of the films , and evaluated Deathly Hallows as her favourite one in the series . She wrote on her website of the changes in the book - to - film transition , `` It is simply impossible to incorporate every one of my storylines into a film that has to be kept under four hours long . Obviously films have restrictions -- novels do not have constraints of time and budget ; I can create dazzling effects relying on nothing but the interaction of my own and my readers ' imaginations '' . Critical and public response Motion Picture Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 80 % ( 194 reviews ) 64 ( 35 reviews ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 82 % ( 230 reviews ) 63 ( 35 reviews ) A+ Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 91 % ( 250 reviews ) 82 ( 40 reviews ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 88 % ( 247 reviews ) 81 ( 38 reviews ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 78 % ( 244 reviews ) 71 ( 37 reviews ) A − Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 84 % ( 268 reviews ) 78 ( 36 reviews ) A − Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 78 % ( 262 reviews ) 65 ( 42 reviews ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 96 % ( 311 reviews ) 87 ( 41 reviews ) Accolades At the 64th British Academy Film Awards in February 2011 , J.K. Rowling , David Heyman , David Barron , David Yates , Alfonso Cuarón , Mike Newell , Rupert Grint and Emma Watson collected the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema for the series . In addition , the American Film Institute recognised the entire series with a Special Award at the American Film Institute Awards in 2011 . Special awards `` are given to outstanding achievements in the moving image that do not fit into AFI 's criteria for the other honorees . '' In its press release , the Institute referred to the films as `` a landmark series ; eight films that earned the trust of a generation who wished for the beloved books of J.K. Rowling to come to life on the silver screen . The collective wizardry of an epic ensemble gave us the gift of growing older with Harry , Ron and Hermione as the magic of Hogwarts sprung from the films and into the hearts and minds of Muggles around the world . '' Harry Potter was also recognised by the BAFTA Los Angeles Britannia Awards , with David Yates winning the Britannia Award for Artistic Excellence in Directing for his four Harry Potter films . Motion Picture Academy Award nomination Academy Award nominee Academy Award ceremony Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Best Art Direction Best Costume Design Best Original Score Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan Judianna Makovsky John Williams 74th Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Best Original Score Best Visual Effects John Williams Roger Guyett , Tim Burke , John Richardson and Bill George 77th Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Best Art Direction Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan 78th Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Best Cinematography Bruno Delbonnel 82nd Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Best Art Direction Best Visual Effects Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan Tim Burke , John Richardson , Christian Manz and Nicolas Aithadi 83rd Academy Awards Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Best Art Direction Best Makeup Best Visual Effects Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan Nick Dudman , Amanda Knight and Lisa Tomblin Tim Burke , David Vickery , Greg Butler and John Richardson 84th Academy Awards Six of the eight films were nominated for a total of 12 Academy Awards . Some critics , fans , and general audiences have expressed disappointment that the Harry Potter series did not win any Oscars for its achievements . However , others have pointed out that certain films in the series had uneven reviews , in contrast to the three films of The Lord of the Rings , for example , which were all critically acclaimed . This has been partially attributed to the Harry Potter franchise going through several directors with their own styles in contrast to the Lord of the Rings trilogy , which was filmed in one massive undertaking by the same director , writer , and producer . Although not successful at the Oscars , the Harry Potter series has gained success in many other award ceremonies , including the annual Saturn Awards and Art Directors Guild Awards . The series has also gained a total of 24 nominations at the British Academy Film Awards presented at the annual BAFTAs , winning several , and 5 nominations at the Grammy Awards . Radcliffe , Grint , and Watson were honored outside Grauman 's Chinese Theatre at the Hand , Foot , and Wand Ceremony , Hollywood Walk of Fame , July 2007 . Philosopher 's Stone achieved seven BAFTA Award nominations , including Best British Film and Best Supporting Actor for Robbie Coltrane . The film was also nominated for eight Saturn Awards and won for its costumes design . It was also nominated at the Art Directors Guild Awards for its production design and received the Broadcast Film Critics Award for Best Live Action Family Film along with gaining two other nominations . Chamber of Secrets won the award for Best Live Action Family Film in the Phoenix Film Critics Society . It was nominated for seven Saturn Awards , including Best Director and Best Fantasy Film . The film was nominated for four BAFTA Awards and a Grammy Award for John Williams 's score . Prisoner of Azkaban won an Audience Award , as well as Best Feature Film , at the BAFTA Awards . The film also won a BMI Film Music award along with being nominated at the Grammy Awards , Visual Effect Society Awards , and the Amanda Awards . Goblet of Fire won a BAFTA award for Best Production Design as well as being nominated at the Saturn Awards , Critic 's Choice Awards , and the Visual Effects Society Awards . Order of the Phoenix picked up three awards at the inaugural ITV National Movie Awards . At the Empire Awards , David Yates won Best Director . Composer Nicholas Hooper received a nomination for a World Soundtrack Discovery Award . The film was nominated at the BAFTA Awards , but did not win for Best Production Design or Best Special Visual Effects . Half - Blood Prince was nominated for BAFTA Awards in Production Design and Visual Effects , and it was in the longlists for several other categories , including Best Supporting Actor for Alan Rickman . Amongst other nominations and wins , the film also achieved Best Family Movie at the National Movie Awards as well as Best Live Action Family Film at the Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards , along with being nominated for Best Motion Picture at the Satellite Awards . Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 gained two nominations at the BAFTA Awards for Best Make - Up and Hair and Best Visual Effects , along with receiving nominations for the same categories at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards . Eduardo Serra 's cinematography and Stuart Craig 's production design were also nominated in various award ceremonies , and David Yates attained his second win at the Empire Awards , this time for Best Fantasy Film . He also obtained another Best Director nomination at the annual Saturn Awards , which also saw the film gain a Best Fantasy Film nomination . Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 was released to critical acclaim , gaining a mix of audience awards . Part 2 of Deathly Hallows was also recognised at the Saturn Awards as well as the BAFTA Awards , where the film achieved a win for Best Special Visual Effects . Box Office performance As of 2017 , the Harry Potter film series is the 2nd highest - grossing film franchise of all time , with the eight films released grossing over $7.7 billion worldwide . Without adjusting for inflation , this is higher than the first 22 James Bond films and the six films in the Star Wars franchise . Chris Columbus 's Philosopher 's Stone became the highest - grossing Harry Potter film worldwide upon completing its theatrical run in 2002 , but it was eventually topped by David Yates 's Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , while Alfonso Cuarón 's Prisoner of Azkaban grossed the least . Six films in the Harry Potter franchise -- Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Parts 1 & 2 -- have to date grossed around $216 million in IMAX theaters worldwide . Motion picture Release date Box office gross Budget Ref ( s ) United Kingdom USA & Canada ( approx . ticket sales ) Other countries Worldwide Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 16 November 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 16 ) £ 66,096,060 $317,575,550 ( 55,976,200 ) $657,179,821 $974,755,371 $125 million Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 14 November 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 14 ) £ 54,780,731 $261,988,482 ( 44,978,900 ) $616,991,152 $878,979,634 $100 million Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 31 May 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 31 ) £ 45,615,949 $249,541,069 ( 40,183,700 ) $547,147,480 $796,688,549 $130 million Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 18 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 18 ) £ 48,328,854 $290,013,036 ( 45,188,100 ) $606,898,042 $896,911,078 $150 million Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 11 July 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 11 ) £ 49,136,969 $292,004,738 ( 42,442,500 ) $647,881,191 $939,885,929 $150 million Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 15 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 15 ) £ 50,713,404 $301,959,197 ( 40,261,200 ) $632,457,290 $934,416,487 $250 million Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 19 November 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 19 ) £ 52,364,075 $295,983,305 ( 37,503,700 ) $664,300,000 $960,283,305 Less than $250 million ( official ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 15 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 15 ) £ 73,094,187 $381,011,219 ( 48,046,800 ) $960,500,000 $1,341,511,219 Total £ 440,269,736 $ 7009239007659600000 ♠ 2,390,076,596 $ 7009533335497600000 ♠ 5,333,354,976 $ 7009772343157200000 ♠ 7,723,431,572 $1.155 billion All - time rankings Motion picture Rank Ref ( s ) All - time ( worldwide ) All - time ( United States ) All - time ( United Kingdom ) Yearly ( United States ) Yearly ( worldwide ) Opening day ( all - time ) Opening weekend ( all - time ) Philosopher 's Stone # 29 # 54 # 9 # 1 # 1 # 66 # 55 Chamber of Secrets # 46 # 90 # 17 # 4 # 2 # 81 # 60 Prisoner of Azkaban # 62 # 106 # 33 # 6 # 2 # 47 # 49 Goblet of Fire # 42 # 77 # 28 # 3 # 1 # 41 # 40 Order of the Phoenix # 38 # 73 # 25 # 5 # 2 # 34 # 77 Half - Blood Prince # 39 # 65 # 24 # 3 # 2 # 24 # 75 Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 # 34 # 68 # 18 # 5 # 3 # 22 # 25 Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 # 8 # 27 # 7 # 1 # 1 # 3 # 8 Legacy and influence `` Harry Potter was in the vanguard of a new approach to big - budget film - making . Most modern blockbuster franchises have two things in common : they are based on known properties such as books and comics , and they are steered by respected but little - known directors . '' -- The Economist The Harry Potter films and their success have been retrospectively considered to have had a significant impact on the film industry . They are cited as having helped redefine the Hollywood blockbuster in the 21st century by initiating a shift toward established media franchises forming the basis of successful films . In the wake of the final film 's release , Claudia Puig of USA Today wrote that the films `` inspired every major studio to try to capture ( its ) alchemic formula , spawning a range of copycats and wannabes '' and `` also have shown Hollywood how to make a glossy blockbuster with an eye toward keeping costs down . '' A 2009 article from The Economist argued that the films were `` in the vanguard '' of adaptations of established properties being the modern film franchise model , citing The Lord of the Rings , Spider - Man and The Dark Knight Trilogy as examples of successful film series that followed Harry Potter 's suit . Furthermore , the practice of splitting the finale of a film series into two back - to - back films began with the success of Deathly Hallows , and it would soon be replicated by The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug and The Battle of the Five Armies , The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Parts 1 and 2 , The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Parts 1 and 2 , and Avengers : Infinity War and its untitled sequel . The films are also widely credited with singlehandedly signalling the popularity of films based on children 's and young adult literature in the 2000s and 2010s , correlating with the book series ' own literary influence . Costance Grady and Aja Romano , commenting on the whole Harry Potter franchise 's legacy for Vox in light of its 20th anniversary , wrote that youth - targeted literature has since become `` a go - to well of ideas for Hollywood , '' pointing to the successes of The Twilight Saga , The Hunger Games and The Divergent Series . Notes Jump up ^ Not including executive producers . References Jump up ^ Kois , Dan . `` The Real Wizard Behind Harry Potter '' Slate ( magazine ) , 13 July 2011 . Accessed : 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasy -- Live Action '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fantastic Beasts release shows the magic in brand reinvention '' . Campaignlive.co.uk . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dargis , Manohla ; Scott , A.O. ( 15 July 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Four Directors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter at Leavesden '' . WB Studio Tour . Archived from the original on 10 February 2014 . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Plans Two - Part Film Adaptation of `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows '' to Be Directed by David Yates `` . Business Wire. 13 March 2008 . Retrieved 6 September 2012 ... expand the screen adaptation of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and release the film in two parts . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ; Eller , Claudia ( 7 November 2010 ) . `` The end nears for ' Harry Potter ' on film '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . The fantasy epic begins its Hollywood fade - out Nov. 19 with the release of `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 '' and finishes next summer with the eighth film , `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . '' Jump up ^ Schuker , Lauren A.E. ( 22 November 2010 ) . `` ' Potter ' Charms Aging Audience '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 3 January 2010 . The seventh instalment in the eight - film franchise , `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part I '' took in a franchise record of $125.1 million at domestic theaters this weekend according to Warner Bros. , the Time Warner Inc. - owned movie studio behind the films . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hero Complex '' . Los Angeles Times . 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WiGBPd About Harry '' . Australian Financial Review . 19 July 2000 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2007 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . The Guardian . UK . 16 November 2001 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Ross , Jonathan , J.K. Rowling ( 6 July 2007 ) . Friday Night with Jonathan Ross . UK : BBC One . Retrieved 31 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 23 February 2000 ) . `` No `` Harry Potter '' for Spielberg `` . IGN . Archived from the original on 23 November 2007 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( 17 March 2000 ) . `` Potter 's Field '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` For Spielberg , making a Harry Potter movie would have been no challenge '' . Hollywood.com. 5 September 2001 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. `` Rubbish Bin : J.K. Rowling `` veto - ed '' Steven Spielberg `` . JKRowling.com . Archived from the original on 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean . `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 30 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 7 March 2000 ) . `` Two Potential `` Harry Potter '' Director 's Back Out `` . IGN . Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( 15 March 2000 ) . `` Harry Potter Director Narrowed Down '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 6 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Gilliam bitter about Potter '' . Wizard News . 29 August 2005 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Linder , Bran ( 28 March 2000 ) . `` Chris Columbus to Direct Harry Potter '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 13 January 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Sragow , Michael ( 24 February 2000 ) . `` A Wizard of Hollywood '' . Salon . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 30 March 2000 ) . `` Chris Columbus Talks Potter '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 6 December 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ( 17 May 2000 ) . `` Bewitched Warner Bros. Delays Potter '' . IGN . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Edition : Screen Test , Trio Casting and Finding Harry Potter '' . Mugglenet.com . Archived from the original on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Young Daniel gets Potter part '' . BBC Online . 21 August 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint and Emma Watson bring Harry , Ron and Hermione to life for Warner Bros. Pictures ' `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' `` . Warner Brothers . 21 August 2000 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2002 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter '' . www.wbstudiotour.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Pictures mentions J.K. Rowling as producer '' . Business Wire. 20 September 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Richards , Olly ( 14 March 2008 ) . `` Potter Producer Talks Deathly Hallows '' . Empire . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbey , Ryan ( 7 July 2011 ) . `` Ten years of making Harry Potter films , by cast and crew '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christopher Columbus Remembers Harry Potter '' . Empire Online . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . We realised that these movies would get progressively darker . Again , we did n't know how dark but we realised that as the kids get older , the movies get a little edgier and darker . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter , Dissected '' . The New York Times . 14 July 2007 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Columbus '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus `` Burned Out '' `` . Blogs.coventrytelegraph.net. 6 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Cuaron : the man behind the magic '' . Newsround. 24 May 2004 . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alfonso Cuarón Talks Harry Potter '' . Empire . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mike Newell on Harry Potter '' . Empire Online . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deathly Hallows Director David Yates On Harry Potter '' . Empire Online . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Heyman on directors '' . Orange.co.uk . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Amy Raphael ( 24 June 2007 ) . `` How I raised Potter 's bar '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter & The Order Of The Phoenix -- Daniel Radcliffe interview '' . Indie London . Retrieved 14 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing Michael Goldenberg : The OotP scribe on the Harry Potter films , franchise , and fandom OotP Film '' . The Leaky Cauldron. 10 April 2007 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Heyman talks adaptation '' . Firstshowing.net. 9 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Kloves Talks Harry Potter '' . Empire Online . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter fans boost Oxford Christ Church Cathedral '' . BBC . 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Visitor Information : Harry Potter '' . Christ Church , Oxford . Archived from the original on 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` OSCARS : Production Designer Stuart Craig -- ' Harry Potter ' '' . The Deadline Team . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HARRY POTTER Studio Tour Opens in 2012 '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` From Sketch to Still : From Marbling Gringotts to Painting Diagon Alley , How Harry Potter 's Art Direction Earned Its Oscar Nod '' . Vanity Fair . 14 February 2012 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drawn to cinema : An interview with Stuart Craig '' . Beat Magazine . 30 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryzik , Melena ( 7 February 2012 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Continuity Question '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ ArtInsights Magazine Interview Archived 13 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Tech Support Interview : Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan on a decade of designing ' Harry Potter ' '' . HitFix. 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ : Rosi ( 1 March 2010 ) . `` Delbonnel on Potter '' . The-leaky-cauldron.org . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Delbonnel talks shooting Half - Blood Prince to mark Oscar nomination '' . Mugglenet . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bringing a Wizard 's Dark World to Life '' . The Wall Street Journal . 19 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Wizard Comes Of Age '' . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kodak Celebrates the Oscars ® Feature : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 '' . Kodak . Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Deathly Hallows to Be Shot Using `` Loads of Hand - Held Cameras , '' Tom Felton Talks Sectumsempra in Half - Blood Prince `` . The Leaky Cauldron. 31 March 2009 . Retrieved 31 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lensers are n't afraid of the dark '' . Variety . 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . What I loved about the last film is that David pushed me to go dark , which all cinematographers love to do . And usually you 're fighting with the producers ( about the look ) but they all wanted it dark and atmospheric , too . Jump up ^ MuggleNet ( 19 January 2010 ) . `` CONFIRMED -- Desplat for DH '' . Mugglenet.com . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pope on Desplat 's HP7 Pt. 1 Score '' . Snitchseeker.com. 28 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandre Desplat -- Composer of Part 1 and 2 ( NOTE : Click `` About the Movie '' , then `` Filmmakers '' , then `` Alexandre Desplat '' ) `` . Harrypotter.warnerbros.com . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ MuggleNet ( 12 November 2010 ) . `` Yates on Williams , Part 2 '' . Mugglenet.com . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Conrad Pope '' . www.facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` Framestore - We are Framestore . Extraordinary images , extraordinary talent '' . Framestore . Jump up ^ `` Cinesite , HP 1 -- 7 '' . Cinesite.com . Archived from the original on 18 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` June 2010 Filming completed '' . Snitchseeker.com. 12 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Years Filming -- 24Dec2010 '' . Snitchseeker.com. 21 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ MuggleNet ( 21 December 2010 ) . `` JK Title reveal '' . Mugglenet.com . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) '' . IMDb.com . Jump up ^ `` WB Name Drops Big Titles '' . ERCBoxOffice. 23 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2009 . Retrieved 3 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DH Part 1 and 2 in 3D and 2D '' . Snitchseeker.com. 19 November 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Part 1 Not in 3D '' . Cinemablend.com. 8 October 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Gottfried , Miriam ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Why Harry Potter Is NBCUniversal 's Chosen One '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` NBCUniversal Places Big Bet on ' Harry Potter , ' ' Fantastic Beasts ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Films Get Darker and Darker '' . Wall Street Journal . 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter : Darker , Richer and All Grown Up '' . Time Magazine . 15 July 2009 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Review : `` Harry Potter '' goes out with magical , and dark , bang `` . Reuters. 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Is n't It About Time You Gave The Chris Columbus Harry Potter Films Another Chance ? '' . SFX UK . 3 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Potter Power ! '' . Time For Kids . Archived from the original on 20 January 2007 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( 27 May 2004 ) . `` New Potter movie sneaks in spoilers for upcoming books '' . USA Today . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` JK `` loves '' Goblet Of Fire movie `` . CBBC. 7 November 2005 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. `` How did you feel about the POA filmmakers leaving the Marauder 's Map 's background out of the story ? ( A Mugglenet / Lexicon question ) '' . J.K. Rowling Official Site . Archived from the original on 6 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 17 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1 ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part I ( 2010 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 1 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part 2 ( 2011 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 11 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter franchise to get Outstanding BAFTA award '' . BBC Online . 3 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema in 2011 -- The Harry Potter films '' . BAFTA. 3 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Film Institute '' . afi.com . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Honors John Lasseter and David Yates 11 / 30 '' . Broadway World ( Los Angeles ) . 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . The worldwide success of Mr. Lasseter for Walt Disney and Pixar Animation Studios and Mr. Yates ' contribution to the final four parts of the ' Harry Potter ' franchise makes them global wizards in their own right , and are delighted to honor these remarkable filmmakers with this year 's Britannia Award . Jump up ^ `` John Lasseter and David Yates set to be honored by BAFTA Los Angeles '' . Los Angeles Times . 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Can ' Harry Potter ' Ever Capture Oscar Magic ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 6 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Potter Oscar Magic '' . Thespec.com. 26 November 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Film Nominations 2001 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on 21 September 2010 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Annual Excellence in Production Design Awards '' . Art Directors Guild . Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Broadcast Film Critics Choice Award Winners and Nominations '' . Broadcast Film Critics Choice Awards.com . Archived from the original on 15 February 2012 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Pryor , Fiona ( 28 September 2007 ) . `` Potter wins film awards hat - trick '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Peter ( 10 March 2008 ) . `` '' Atonement '' wins hat - trick of Empire awards `` . Reuters UK . Retrieved 10 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nicholas Hooper nominated for `` World Soundtrack Discovery Award '' `` . HPANA. 7 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 8 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FILM AWARDS NOMINEES IN 2008 '' . BAFTA. 16 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2008 . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Film Awards Winners : 2010 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . 21 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2010 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Orange British Academy Film Awards in 2010 -- Long List . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards 2011 Nominations '' . Saturn Awards . 24 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2005 . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Awards 2011 Best Fantasy Film '' . Empire Awards . 28 March 2011 . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . You must excuse the absence of David Yates ; he 'd love to be here but he 's putting the finishing touches on our epic finale , which is why I 'm here . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards 2012 nominees '' . The Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on 13 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter becomes highest - grossing film franchise '' . The Guardian . UK . 11 November 2007 . Retrieved 17 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 '' Crosses $1 Billion Threshold '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. Pictures . 31 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 29 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Conjures International Box Office Magic , Becoming Top Earner of Entire Film Series '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. Pictures . 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Etan Vlessing ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Movies Returning to Imax Theaters for One Week '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone -- Foreign Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . ^ Jump up to : `` UK Highest Grossing Movies '' . 25thframe.co.uk . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Collett , Mike ( 22 July 2011 ) . `` Harry Potter movies earn $7 billion '' . msnbc.com . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets - Foreign Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . Jump up ^ Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire - Foreign Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) at Box Office Mojo ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix - Foreign Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince -- Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 11 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Frankel , Daniel ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Get Ready for the Biggest ' Potter ' Opening Yet '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Summer ' Potter ' Showdown Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Harry Potter economy '' . The Economist. 17 December 2009 . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Claudia Puig ( 13 July 2011 ) . `` How ' Harry Potter ' magically changed films '' . USA Today . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Graeme McMillan ( 9 January 2015 ) . `` Splitting Tentpole Movies in Two Does n't Make Them Any More Epic ( Opinion ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Costance Grady and Aja Romano ( 26 June 2017 ) . `` How Harry Potter changed the world '' . Vox . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Potter films . Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Harry Potter ( film series ) '' dated 2011 - 01 - 02 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Official website Growing Up with Harry Potter -- photo essay by Time ( 1 ) Harry Potter United States Postal Service The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Book Category Portal Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Fantastic Beasts : The Crimes of Grindelwald Stage play The Cursed Child Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Outside media Video games Lego Creator : Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets Quidditch World Cup The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Book of Spells Book of Potions Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Digital publication Pottermore See also Harry Potter cast Music of the Harry Potter films Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Book Category Cinema of the United Kingdom Culture of the United Kingdom Films by year Pre 1920 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 Production companies and studios Active Aardman Animations BBC Films Big Talk Productions British Lion Films DNA Films Double Negative ( VFX ) Ealing Studios Elstree Studios Eon Productions Film4 Productions Framestore Goldcrest Films Hammer Film Productions HandMade Films Heyday Films The Imaginarium Studios London Films Longcross Studios Palace Pictures Passion Pictures The Pinewood Studios Group Pinewood Studios Shepperton Studios Recorded Picture Company Scott Free Productions Syncopy Inc . S4C Films Thin Man Films Vertigo Films Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden Warp Films Wimbledon Studios Working Title Films Former Amicus Productions Associated British Picture Corporation Astra Films British Instructional Films British National Films Company Butcher 's Film Service Clarendon Film Company Bryanston Films The Danzigers Denham Film Studios Eagle - Lion Films Eros Films G.B. Samuelson Productions Gainsborough Pictures General Film Distributors Halas and Batchelor Hemdale Film Corporation Ideal Film Company Mancunian Films MGM - British Studios Merton Park Studios Rank Organisation Southall Studios Stoll Pictures Tempean Films Tigon British Film Productions Warwick Films Woolf & Freedman Film Service Organisations BAFTA British Board of Film Classification British Film Institute BFI National Archive BFI Southbank British Society of Cinematographers Children 's Film Foundation Cinema Exhibitors ' Association National Film and Television School National Science and Media Museum Northern Ireland Screen Scottish Screen UK Film Council People Actors and actresses Directors Other British Academy Film Awards British Independent Film Awards British New Wave Carry On Cinematograph Films Act 1927 Documentary Film Movement Eady Levy Ealing comedies Edgar Wallace Mysteries Free Cinema Gainsborough melodramas Harry Potter History of British film certificates Home Video Charts James Bond London Film Festival Look at Life London in film National Theatre Live Telecinema Category Harry Potter portal Film in the United States portal 2000s portal 2010s portal GND : 7556067 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_(film_series)&oldid=817529777 '' Categories : English - language films Harry Potter ( film series ) Coming - of - age fiction Film series Film series introduced in 2001 American film series British film series Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from July 2011 Use dmy dates from October 2012 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ অসমীয়া বাংলা Български Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 00 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did harry potter the movie come out	[]	[]
-4725545889451186120	Oregon Trail	Oregon trail - wikipedia Oregon trail This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 6 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Oregon Trail ( disambiguation ) . The Oregon Trail The route of the Oregon Trail shown on a map of the western United States from Independence , Missouri ( on the eastern end ) to Oregon City , Oregon ( on the western end ) Map from The Ox Team , or the Old Oregon Trail 1852 -- 1906 , by Ezra Meeker Location Illinois , Iowa , Missouri , Kansas , Nebraska , Wyoming , Idaho , Oregon Established 1830s by mountain men of fur trade , widely publicized by 1843 Governing body National Park Service Website Oregon National Historic Trail The Oregon Trail is a 2,170 - mile ( 3,490 km ) historic east -- west , large - wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail in the United States that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon . The eastern part of the Oregon Trail spanned part of the future state of Kansas , and nearly all of what are now the states of Nebraska and Wyoming . The western half of the trail spanned most of the future states of Idaho and Oregon . The Oregon Trail was laid by fur traders and traders from about 1811 to 1840 , and was only passable on foot or by horseback . By 1836 , when the first migrant wagon train was organized in Independence , Missouri , a wagon trail had been cleared to Fort Hall , Idaho . Wagon trails were cleared increasingly farther west , and eventually reached all the way to the Willamette Valley in Oregon , at which point what came to be called the Oregon Trail was complete , even as almost annual improvements were made in the form of bridges , cutoffs , ferries , and roads , which made the trip faster and safer . From various starting points in Iowa , Missouri , or Nebraska Territory , the routes converged along the lower Platte River Valley near Fort Kearny , Nebraska Territory and led to rich farmlands west of the Rocky Mountains . From the early to mid-1830s ( and particularly through the epoch years , 1846 -- 69 ) the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by about 400,000 settlers , farmers , miners , ranchers , and business owners and their families . The eastern half of the trail was also used by travelers on the California Trail ( from 1843 ) , Mormon Trail ( from 1847 ) , and Bozeman Trail ( from 1863 ) , before turning off to their separate destinations . Use of the trail declined as the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 , making the trip west substantially faster , cheaper , and safer . Today , modern highways , such as Interstate 80 and Interstate 84 , follow parts of the same course westward and pass through towns originally established to serve those using the Oregon Trail . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Lewis and Clark Expedition 1.2 Pacific Fur Company 1.3 The North West Company and Hudson 's Bay Company 1.4 Great American Desert 1.5 Fur traders , trappers and explorers 1.6 Missionaries 1.7 Early emigrants 1.8 Great Migration of 1843 1.9 Oregon Country 1.10 Women on the Overland Trail 1.11 Mormon emigration 1.12 California Gold Rush 1.13 Later emigration and uses of the trail 1.14 Trail decline 2 Routes 2.1 Missouri 2.2 Iowa 2.3 Kansas 2.4 Nebraska 2.4. 1 Cholera on the Platte River 2.5 Colorado 2.6 Wyoming 2.7 Utah 2.8 Idaho 2.9 Oregon 3 Travel equipment 3.1 Wagons and pack animals 3.2 Food 3.3 Clothing , equipment and supplies 4 Statistics 4.1 Emigrants 4.2 Western census data 4.3 Costs 4.4 Deaths 5 Other trails west 6 Legacy 6.1 Art , entertainment , and media 6.1. 1 Games 6.1. 2 Music 6.1. 3 Television 6.1. 4 Commemorative Coin 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 9.1 Primary sources 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Oregon Trail Lewis and Clark expedition ( edit ) Main article : Lewis and Clark Expedition In 1803 , President Thomas Jefferson issued the following instructions to Meriwether Lewis : `` The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri river , & such principal stream of it , as , by its course & communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean , whether the Columbia , Oregon , Colorado and / or other river may offer the most direct & practicable water communication across this continent , for the purposes of commerce . '' Although Lewis and William Clark found a path to the Pacific Ocean , it was not until 1859 that a direct and practicable route , the Mullan Road , connected the Missouri River to the Columbia River . Oregon Trail reenactment at Scotts Bluff The first land route across what is now the United States was mapped by the Lewis and Clark Expedition between 1804 and 1806 . Lewis and Clark initially believed they had found a practical overland route to the west coast ; however , the two passes they found going through the Rocky Mountains , Lemhi Pass and Lolo Pass , turned out to be much too difficult for prairie schooner wagons to pass through without considerable road work . On the return trip in 1806 , they traveled from the Columbia River to the Snake River and the Clearwater River over Lolo pass again . They then traveled overland up the Blackfoot River and crossed the Continental Divide at Lewis and Clark Pass and on to the head of the Missouri River . This was ultimately a shorter and faster route than the one they followed west . This route had the disadvantages of being much too rough for wagons and controlled by the Blackfoot Indians . Even though Lewis and Clark had only traveled a narrow portion of the upper Missouri River drainage and part of the Columbia River drainage , these were considered the two major rivers draining most of the Rocky Mountains , and the expedition confirmed that there was no `` easy '' route through the northern Rocky Mountains as Jefferson had hoped . Nonetheless , this famous expedition had mapped both the eastern and western river valleys ( Platte and Snake Rivers ) that bookend the route of the Oregon Trail ( and other emigrant trails ) across the continental divide -- they just had not located the South Pass or some of the interconnecting valleys later used in the high country . They did show the way for the mountain men , who within a decade would find a better way across , even if it was not to be an easy way . Pacific fur Company ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Fur Company Founded by John Jacob Astor as a subsidiary of his American Fur Company ( AFC ) in 1810 , the Pacific Fur Company ( PFC ) operated in the Pacific Northwest in the ongoing North American fur trade . Two movements of PFC employees were planned by Astor , one detachment to be sent to the Columbia River by the Tonquin and the other overland under an expedition led by Wilson Price Hunt . Hunt and his party were to find possible supply routes and trapping territories for further fur trading posts . Upon arriving at the river in March 1811 , the Tonquin crew began construction of what became Fort Astoria . The ship left supplies and men to continue work on the station and ventured north up the coast to Clayoquot Sound for a trading expedition . While anchored there , Jonathan Thorn insulted an elder Tla - o - qui - aht who was previously elected by the natives to negotiate a mutually satisfactory price for animal pelts . Soon after , the vessel was attacked and overwhelmed by the indigenous Clayoquot killing most of the crew except its Quinault interpreter , who later told the PFC management at Fort Astoria of the destruction . The next day , the ship was blown up by surviving crew members . Under Hunt , fearing attack by the Niitsitapi , the overland expedition veered south of Lewis and Clark 's route into what is now Wyoming and in the process passed across Union Pass and into Jackson Hole , Wyoming . From there they went over the Teton Range via Teton Pass and then down to the Snake River into modern Idaho . They abandoned their horses at the Snake River , made dugout canoes , and attempted to use the river for transport . After a few days ' travel they soon discovered that steep canyons , waterfalls and impassable rapids made travel by river impossible . Too far from their horses to retrieve them , they had to cache most of their goods and walk the rest of the way to the Columbia River where they made new boats and traveled to the newly established Fort Astoria . The expedition demonstrated that much of the route along the Snake River plain and across to the Columbia was passable by pack train or with minimal improvements , even wagons . This knowledge would be incorporated into the concatenated trail segments as the Oregon Trail took its early shape . Pacific Fur Company partner Robert Stuart led a small group of men back east to report to Astor . The group planned to retrace the path followed by the overland expedition back up to the east following the Columbia and Snake rivers . Fear of an Indian attack near Union Pass in Wyoming forced the group further south where they discovered South Pass , a wide and easy pass over the Continental Divide . The party continued east via the Sweetwater River , North Platte River ( where they spent the winter of 1812 -- 13 ) and Platte River to the Missouri River , finally arriving in St. Louis in the spring of 1813 . The route they had used appeared to potentially be a practical wagon route , requiring minimal improvements , and Stuart 's journals provided a meticulous account of most of the route . Because of the War of 1812 and the lack of U.S. fur trading posts in the Pacific Northwest , most of the route was unused for more than 10 years . The North west Company and Hudson 's Bay Company ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : North West Company and Hudson 's Bay Company The first Fort Laramie as it looked prior to 1840 . Painting from memory by Alfred Jacob Miller In August 1811 , three months after Fort Astor was established , David Thompson and his team of British North West Company explorers came floating down the Columbia to Fort Astoria . He had just completed a journey through much of western Canada and most of the Columbia River drainage system . He was mapping the country for possible fur trading posts . Along the way he camped at the confluence of the Columbia and Snake rivers and posted a notice claiming the land for Britain and stating the intention of the North West Company to build a fort on the site ( Fort Nez Perces was later established there ) . Astor , concerned the British navy would seize their forts and supplies in the War of 1812 , sold to the North West Company in 1812 their forts , supplies and furs on the Columbia and Snake River . The North West Company started establishing more forts and trading posts of their own . By 1821 , when armed hostilities broke out with their Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) rivals , the North West Company was pressured by the British government to merge with the HBC . The HBC had nearly a complete monopoly on trading ( and most governing issues ) in the Columbia District , or Oregon Country as it was referred to by the Americans , and also in Rupert 's Land . That year the British parliament passed a statute applying the laws of Upper Canada to the district and giving the HBC power to enforce those laws . From 1812 to 1840 , the British , through the HBC , had nearly complete control of the Pacific Northwest and the western half of the Oregon Trail . In theory , the Treaty of Ghent , which ended the War of 1812 , restored possession of Oregon territory to the United States . `` Joint occupation '' of the region was formally established by the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 . The British , through the HBC , tried to discourage any U.S. trappers , traders and settlers from work or settlement in the Pacific Northwest . Breaking up Camp at Sunrise , by Alfred Jacob Miller By overland travel , American missionaries and early settlers ( initially mostly ex-trappers ) started showing up in Oregon around 1824 . Although officially the HBC discouraged settlement because it interfered with their lucrative fur trade , their Chief Factor at Fort Vancouver , John McLoughlin , gave substantial help , including employment , until they could get established . In the early 1840s thousands of American settlers arrived and soon greatly outnumbered the British settlers in Oregon . McLoughlin , despite working for the HBC , gave help in the form of loans , medical care , shelter , clothing , food , supplies and seed to U.S. emigrants . These new emigrants often arrived in Oregon tired , worn out , nearly penniless , with insufficient food or supplies , just as winter was coming on . McLoughlin would later be hailed as the Father of Oregon . The York Factory Express , establishing another route to the Oregon territory , evolved from an earlier express brigade used by the North West Company between Fort Astoria and Fort William , Ontario on Lake Superior . By 1825 the HBC started using two brigades , each setting out from opposite ends of the express route -- one from Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River and the other from York Factory on Hudson Bay -- in spring and passing each other in the middle of the continent . This established a `` quick '' -- about 100 days for 2,600 miles ( 4,200 km ) one way -- to resupply their forts and fur trading centers as well as collecting the furs the posts had bought and transmitting messages between Fort Vancouver and York Factory on Hudson Bay . HBC 's York Factory Express trade route , 1820s to 1840s . Modern political boundaries shown . The HBC built a new much larger Fort Vancouver in 1824 slightly upstream of Fort Astoria on the north side of the Columbia River ( they were hoping the Columbia would be the future Canada -- U.S. border ) . The fort quickly became the center of activity in the Pacific Northwest . Every year ships would come from London to the Pacific ( via Cape Horn ) to drop off supplies and trade goods in their trading posts in the Pacific Northwest and pick up the accumulated furs used to pay for these supplies . It was the nexus for the fur trade on the Pacific Coast ; its influence reached from the Rocky Mountains to the Hawaiian Islands , and from Russian Alaska into Mexican - controlled California . At its pinnacle in about 1840 , Fort Vancouver and its Factor ( manager ) watched over 34 outposts , 24 ports , 6 ships , and about 600 employees . When American emigration over the Oregon Trail began in earnest in the early 1840s , for many settlers the fort became the last stop on the Oregon Trail where they could get supplies , aid and help before starting their homestead . Fort Vancouver was the main re-supply point for nearly all Oregon trail travelers until U.S. towns could be established . The HBC established Fort Colvile in 1825 on the Columbia River near Kettle Falls as a good site to collect furs and control the upper Columbia River fur trade . Fort Nisqually was built near the present town of DuPont , Washington and was the first HBC fort on Puget Sound . Fort Victoria was erected in 1843 and became the headquarters of operations in British Columbia , eventually growing into modern - day Victoria , the capital city of British Columbia . By 1840 the HBC had three forts : Fort Hall ( purchased from Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth in 1837 ) , Fort Boise and Fort Nez Perce on the western end of the Oregon Trail route as well as Fort Vancouver near its terminus in the Willamette Valley . With minor exceptions they all gave substantial and often desperately needed aid to the early Oregon Trail pioneers . When the fur trade slowed in 1840 because of fashion changes in men 's hats , the value of the Pacific Northwest to the British was seriously diminished . Canada had few potential settlers who were willing to move more than 2,500 miles ( 4,000 km ) to the Pacific Northwest , although several hundred ex-trappers , British and American , and their families did start settling in Oregon , Washington and California . They used most of the York Express route through northern Canada . In 1841 , James Sinclair , on orders from Sir George Simpson , guided nearly 200 settlers from the Red River Colony ( located at the junction of the Assiniboine River and Red River near present Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada ) into the Oregon territory . This attempt at settlement failed when most of the families joined the settlers in the Willamette Valley , with their promise of free land and HBC - free government . The Oregon Country / Columbia District stretched from 42'N to 54 40'N . The most heavily disputed portion is highlighted . In 1846 , the Oregon Treaty ending the Oregon boundary dispute was signed with Britain . The British lost the land north of the Columbia River they had so long controlled . The new Canada -- United States border was established much further north at the 49th parallel . The treaty granted the HBC navigation rights on the Columbia River for supplying their fur posts , clear titles to their trading post properties allowing them to be sold later if they wanted , and left the British with good anchorages at Vancouver and Victoria . It gave the United States what it mostly wanted , a `` reasonable '' boundary and a good anchorage on the West Coast in Puget Sound . While there were almost no United States settlers in the future state of Washington in 1846 , the United States had already demonstrated it could induce thousands of settlers to go to the Oregon Territory , and it would be only a short time before they would vastly outnumber the few hundred HBC employees and retirees living in Washington . Great American desert ( edit ) Trail ruts near Guernsey , Wyoming Reports from expeditions in 1806 by Lieutenant Zebulon Pike and in 1819 by Major Stephen Long described the Great Plains as `` unfit for human habitation '' and as `` The Great American Desert '' . These descriptions were mainly based on the relative lack of timber and surface water . The images of sandy wastelands conjured up by terms like `` desert '' were tempered by the many reports of vast herds of millions of Plains Bison that somehow managed to live in this `` desert '' . In the 1840s , the Great Plains appeared to be unattractive for settlement and were illegal for homesteading until well after 1846 -- initially it was set aside by the U.S. government for Indian settlements . The next available land for general settlement , Oregon , appeared to be free for the taking and had fertile lands , disease free climate ( yellow fever and malaria were prevalent in much of the Missouri and Mississippi River drainage then ) , extensive uncut , unclaimed forests , big rivers , potential seaports , and only a few nominally British settlers . Fur traders , trappers and explorers ( edit ) Fur trappers , often working for fur traders , followed nearly all possible streams looking for beaver in the years ( 1812 -- 40 ) the fur trade was active . Fur traders included Manuel Lisa , Robert Stuart , William Henry Ashley , Jedediah Smith , William Sublette , Andrew Henry , Thomas Fitzpatrick , Kit Carson , Jim Bridger , Peter Skene Ogden , David Thompson , James Douglas , Donald Mackenzie , Alexander Ross , James Sinclair , and other mountain men . Besides discovering and naming many of the rivers and mountains in the Intermountain West and Pacific Northwest , they often kept diaries of their travels and were available as guides and consultants when the trail started to become open for general travel . The fur trade business wound down to a very low level just as the Oregon trail traffic seriously began around 1840 . Our Camp , by Alfred Jacob Miller In fall of 1823 , Jedediah Smith and Thomas Fitzpatrick led their trapping crew south from the Yellowstone River to the Sweetwater River . They were looking for a safe location to spend the winter . Smith reasoned since the Sweetwater flowed east it must eventually run into the Missouri River . Trying to transport their extensive fur collection down the Sweetwater and North Platte River , they found after a near disastrous canoe crash that the rivers were too swift and rough for water passage . On July 4 , 1824 , they cached their furs under a dome of rock they named Independence Rock and started their long trek on foot to the Missouri River . Upon arriving back in a settled area they bought pack horses ( on credit ) and retrieved their furs . They had re-discovered the route that Robert Stuart had taken in 1813 -- eleven years before . Thomas Fitzpatrick was often hired as a guide when the fur trade dwindled in 1840 . Jedediah Smith was killed by Indians around 1831 . The exploration of the West by Jedediah Smith Up to 3,000 mountain men were trappers and explorers , employed by various British and United States fur companies or working as free trappers , who roamed the North American Rocky Mountains from about 1810 to the early 1840s . They usually traveled in small groups for mutual support and protection . Trapping took place in the fall when the fur became prime . Mountain men primarily trapped beaver and sold the skins . A good beaver skin could bring up to $4 at a time when a man 's wage was often $1 per day . Some were more interested in exploring the West . In 1825 , the first significant American Rendezvous occurred on the Henry 's Fork of the Green River . The trading supplies were brought in by a large party using pack trains originating on the Missouri River . These pack trains were then used to haul out the fur bales . They normally used the north side of the Platte River -- the same route used 20 years later by the Mormon Trail . For the next 15 years the American rendezvous was an annual event moving to different locations , usually somewhere on the Green River in the future state of Wyoming . Each rendezvous , occurring during the slack summer period , allowed the fur traders to trade for and collect the furs from the trappers and their Indian allies without having the expense of building or maintaining a fort or wintering over in the cold Rockies . In only a few weeks at a rendezvous a year 's worth of trading and celebrating would take place as the traders took their furs and remaining supplies back east for the winter and the trappers faced another fall and winter with new supplies . Trapper Jim Beckwourth described the scene as one of `` Mirth , songs , dancing , shouting , trading , running , jumping , singing , racing , target - shooting , yarns , frolic , with all sorts of extravagances that white men or Indians could invent . '' In 1830 , William Sublette brought the first wagons carrying his trading goods up the Platte , North Platte , and Sweetwater rivers before crossing over South Pass to a fur trade rendezvous on the Green River near the future town of Big Piney , Wyoming . He had a crew that dug out the gullies and river crossings and cleared the brush where needed . This established that the eastern part of most of the Oregon Trail was passable by wagons . In the late 1830s the HBC instituted a policy intended to destroy or weaken the American fur trade companies . The HBC 's annual collection and re-supply Snake River Expedition was transformed to a trading enterprise . Beginning in 1834 , it visited the American Rendezvous to undersell the American traders -- losing money but undercutting the American fur traders . By 1840 the fashion in Europe and Britain shifted away from the formerly very popular beaver felt hats and prices for furs rapidly declined and the trapping almost ceased . Map of the Green River watershed Fur traders tried to use the Platte River , the main route of the eastern Oregon Trail , for transport but soon gave up in frustration as its many channels and islands combined with its muddy waters were too shallow , crooked and unpredictable to use for water transport . The Platte proved to be unnavigable . The Platte River and North Platte River Valley , however , became an easy roadway for wagons , with its nearly flat plain sloping easily up and heading almost due west . There were several U.S. government - sponsored explorers who explored part of the Oregon Trail and wrote extensively about their explorations . Captain Benjamin Bonneville on his expedition of 1832 to 1834 explored much of the Oregon trail and brought wagons up the Platte , North Platte , Sweetwater route across South Pass to the Green River in Wyoming . He explored most of Idaho and the Oregon Trail to the Columbia . The account of his explorations in the west was published by Washington Irving in 1838 . ) . John C. Frémont of the U.S. Army 's Corps of Topographical Engineers and his guide Kit Carson led three expeditions from 1842 to 1846 over parts of California and Oregon . His explorations were written up by him and his wife Jessie Benton Frémont and were widely published . The first detailed map of California and Oregon were drawn by Frémont and his topographers and cartographers in about 1848 . Missionaries ( edit ) In 1834 , The Dalles Methodist Mission was founded by Reverend Jason Lee just east of Mount Hood on the Columbia River . In 1836 , Henry H. Spalding and Marcus Whitman traveled west to establish the Whitman Mission near modern - day Walla Walla , Washington . The party included the wives of the two men , Narcissa Whitman and Eliza Hart Spalding , who became the first European - American women to cross the Rocky Mountains . En route , the party accompanied American fur traders going to the 1836 rendezvous on the Green River in Wyoming and then joined Hudson 's Bay Company fur traders traveling west to Fort Nez Perce ( also called Fort Walla Walla ) . The group was the first to travel in wagons all the way to Fort Hall , where the wagons were abandoned at the urging of their guides . They used pack animals for the rest of the trip to Fort Walla Walla and then floated by boat to Fort Vancouver to get supplies before returning to start their missions . Other missionaries , mostly husband and wife teams using wagon and pack trains , established missions in the Willamette Valley , as well as various locations in the future states of Washington , Oregon , and Idaho . Early emigrants ( edit ) On May 1 , 1839 , a group of eighteen men from Peoria , Illinois , set out with the intention of colonizing the Oregon country on behalf of the United States of America and drive out the HBC operating there . The men of the Peoria Party were among the first pioneers to traverse most of the Oregon Trail . The men were initially led by Thomas J. Farnham and called themselves the Oregon Dragoons . They carried a large flag emblazoned with their motto `` Oregon Or The Grave '' . Although the group split up near Bent 's Fort on the South Platte and Farnham was deposed as leader , nine of their members eventually did reach Oregon . In September 1840 , Robert Newell , Joseph L. Meek , and their families reached Fort Walla Walla with three wagons that they had driven from Fort Hall . Their wagons were the first to reach the Columbia River over land , and they opened the final leg of Oregon Trail to wagon traffic . In 1841 , the Bartleson - Bidwell Party was the first emigrant group credited with using the Oregon Trail to emigrate west . The group set out for California , but about half the party left the original group at Soda Springs , Idaho , and proceeded to the Willamette Valley in Oregon , leaving their wagons at Fort Hall . On May 16 , 1842 , the second organized wagon train set out from Elm Grove , Missouri , with more than 100 pioneers . The party was led by Elijah White . The group broke up after passing Fort Hall with most of the single men hurrying ahead and the families following later . Great migration of 1843 ( edit ) In what was dubbed `` The Great Migration of 1843 '' or the `` Wagon Train of 1843 '' , an estimated 700 to 1,000 emigrants left for Oregon . They were led initially by John Gantt , a former U.S. Army Captain and fur trader who was contracted to guide the train to Fort Hall for $1 per person . The winter before , Marcus Whitman had made a brutal mid-winter trip from Oregon to St. Louis to appeal a decision by his mission backers to abandon several of the Oregon missions . He joined the wagon train at the Platte River for the return trip . When the pioneers were told at Fort Hall by agents from the Hudson 's Bay Company that they should abandon their wagons there and use pack animals the rest of the way , Whitman disagreed and volunteered to lead the wagons to Oregon . He believed the wagon trains were large enough that they could build whatever road improvements they needed to make the trip with their wagons . The biggest obstacle they faced was in the Blue Mountains of Oregon where they had to cut and clear a trail through heavy timber . The wagons were stopped at The Dalles , Oregon by the lack of a road around Mount Hood . The wagons had to be disassembled and floated down the treacherous Columbia River and the animals herded over the rough Lolo trail to get by Mt . Hood . Nearly all of the settlers in the 1843 wagon trains arrived in the Willamette Valley by early October . A passable wagon trail now existed from the Missouri River to The Dalles . In 1846 , the Barlow Road was completed around Mount Hood , providing a rough but completely passable wagon trail from the Missouri River to the Willamette Valley : about 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) . Oregon country ( edit ) In 1843 , settlers of the Willamette Valley drafted the Organic Laws of Oregon organizing land claims within the Oregon Country . Married couples were granted at no cost ( except for the requirement to work and improve the land ) up to 640 acres ( 2.6 km ) ( a section or square mile ) , and unmarried settlers could claim 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) . As the group was a provisional government with no authority , these claims were not valid under United States or British law , but they were eventually honored by the United States in the Donation Land Act of 1850 . The Donation Land Act provided for married settlers to be granted 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) and unmarried settlers 160 acres ( 0.65 km ) . Following the expiration of the act in 1854 the land was no longer free but cost $1.25 per acre ( $3.09 / hectare ) with a limit of 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) -- the same as most other unimproved government land . Women on the Overland trail ( edit ) Consensus interpretations , as found in John Faragher 's book , Women and Men on the Overland Trail ( 1979 ) , held that men and women 's power within marriage was uneven . This meant that women did not experience the trail as liberating , but instead only found harder work than they had handled back east . However , feminist scholarship , by historians such as Lillian Schlissel , Sandra Myres , and Glenda Riley , suggests men and women did not view the West and western migration in the same way . Whereas men might deem the dangers of the trail acceptable if there was a strong economic reward at the end , women viewed those dangers as threatening to the stability and survival of the family . Once they arrived at their new western home , women 's public role in building western communities and participating in the western economy gave them a greater authority than they had known back East . There was a `` female frontier '' that was distinct and different from that experienced by men . Women 's diaries kept during their travels or the letters they wrote home once they arrived at their destination supports these contentions . Women wrote with sadness and concern of the numerous deaths along the trail . Anna Maria King wrote to her family in 1845 about her trip to the Luckiamute Valley Oregon and of the multiple deaths experienced by her traveling group : `` But listen to the deaths : Sally Chambers , John King and his wife , their little daughter Electa and their babe , a son 9 months old , and Dulancy C. Norton 's sister are gone . Mr. A. Fuller lost his wife and daughter Tabitha . Eight of our two families have gone to their long home . '' Similarly , emigrant Martha Gay Masterson , who traveled the trail with her family at the age of 13 , mentioned the fascination she and other children felt for the graves and loose skulls they would find near their camps . Anna Maria King , like many other women , also advised family and friends back home of the realities of the trip and offered advice on how to prepare for the trip . Women also reacted and responded , often enthusiastically , to the landscape of the West . Betsey Bayley in a letter to her sister , Lucy P. Griffith described how travelers responded to the new environment they encountered : `` The mountains looked like volcanoes and the appearance that one day there had been an awful thundering of volcanoes and a burning world . The valleys were all covered with a white crust and looked like salaratus . Some of the company used it to raise their bread . '' Mormon emigration ( edit ) Main article : Mormon Trail Following persecution and mob action in Missouri , Illinois , and other states , and the assassination of their prophet Joseph Smith in 1844 , Mormon leader Brigham Young was chosen by the leaders of the Latter Day Saints ( LDS ) church to lead the LDS settlers west . He chose to lead his people to the Salt Lake Valley in present - day Utah . In 1847 Young led a small , especially picked fast - moving group of men and women from their Winter Quarters encampments near Omaha , Nebraska , and their approximately 50 temporary settlements on the Missouri River in Iowa including Council Bluffs . About 2,200 LDS pioneers went that first year as they filtered in from Mississippi , Colorado , California , and several other states . The initial pioneers were charged with establishing farms , growing crops , building fences and herds , and establishing preliminary settlements to feed and support the many thousands of emigrants expected in the coming years . After ferrying across the Missouri River and establishing wagon trains near what became Omaha , the Mormons followed the northern bank of the Platte River in Nebraska to Fort Laramie in present - day Wyoming . They initially started out in 1848 with trains of several thousand emigrants , which were rapidly split into smaller groups to be more easily accommodated at the limited springs and acceptable camping places on the trail . Organized as a complete evacuation from their previous homes , farms , and cities in Illinois , Missouri , and Iowa , this group consisted of entire families with no one left behind . The much larger presence of women and children meant these wagon trains did not try to cover as much ground in a single day as Oregon and California bound emigrants . Typically taking about 100 days to cover the 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) trip to Salt Lake City . ( The Oregon and California emigrants typically averaged about 15 miles ( 24 km ) per day . ) In Wyoming , the Mormon emigrants followed the main Oregon / California / Mormon Trail through Wyoming to Fort Bridger , where they split from the main trail and followed ( and improved ) the rough path known as Hastings Cutoff , used by the ill - fated Donner Party in 1846 . Between 1847 and 1860 , over 43,000 Mormon settlers and tens of thousands of travelers on the California Trail and Oregon Trail followed Young to Utah . After 1848 , the travelers headed to California or Oregon resupplied at the Salt Lake Valley , and then went back over the Salt Lake Cutoff , rejoining the trail near the future Idaho -- Utah border at the City of Rocks in Idaho . Starting in 1855 , many of the poorer Mormon travelers made the trek with hand built handcarts and fewer wagons . Guided by experienced guides , handcarts -- pulled and pushed by two to four people -- were as fast as ox - drawn wagons and allowed them to bring 75 to 100 pounds ( 34 to 45 kg ) of possessions plus some food , bedding , and tents to Utah . Accompanying wagons carried more food and supplies . Upon arrival in Utah , the handcart pioneers were given or found jobs and accommodations by individual Mormon families for the winter until they could become established . About 3,000 out of over 60,000 Mormon pioneers came across with handcarts . Along the Mormon Trail , the Mormon pioneers established a number of ferries and made trail improvements to help later travelers and earn much needed money . One of the better known ferries was the Mormon Ferry across the North Platte near the future site of Fort Caspar in Wyoming which operated between 1848 and 1852 and the Green River ferry near Fort Bridger which operated from 1847 to 1856 . The ferries were free for Mormon settlers while all others were charged a toll of from $3 to $8 . California gold rush ( edit ) Main article : California Trail In January 1848 , James Marshall found gold in the Sierra Nevada portion of the American River , sparking the California Gold Rush . It is estimated that about two - thirds of the male population in Oregon went to California in 1848 to cash in on the opportunity . To get there , they helped build the Lassen Branch of the Applegate - Lassen Trail by cutting a wagon road through extensive forests . Many returned with significant gold which helped jump - start the Oregon economy . Over the next decade , gold seekers from the Midwestern United States and East Coast of the United States dramatically increased traffic on the Oregon and California Trails . The `` forty - niners '' often chose speed over safety and opted to use shortcuts such as the Sublette - Greenwood Cutoff in Wyoming which reduced travel time by almost seven days but spanned nearly 45 miles ( 72 km ) of desert without water , grass , or fuel for fires . 1849 was the first year of large scale cholera epidemics in the United States , and thousands are thought to have died along the trail on their way to California -- most buried in unmarked graves in Kansas and Nebraska . The `` adjusted '' 1850 U.S. Census of California showed this rush was overwhelmingly male with about 112,000 males to 8,000 females ( with about 5,500 women over age 15 ) . Women were significantly underrepresented in the California Gold Rush , and sex ratios did not reach essential equality in California ( and other western states ) until about 1950 . The relative scarcity of women gave them many opportunities to do many more things that were not `` normally '' considered `` women 's work '' of this era . After 1849 , the California Gold Rush continued for several years as the miners continued to find about $50,000,000 worth of gold per year at $21 per ounce . Once California was established as a prosperous state , many thousands more emigrated there each year for the opportunities . Later emigration and uses of the trail ( edit ) The trail was still in use during the Civil War , but traffic declined after 1855 when the Panama Railroad across the Isthmus of Panama was completed . Paddle wheel steamships and sailing ships , often heavily subsidized to carry the mail , provided rapid transport to and from the east coast and New Orleans , Louisiana , to and from Panama to ports in California and Oregon . Over the years many ferries were established to help get across the many rivers on the path of the Oregon Trail . Multiple ferries were established on the Missouri River , Kansas River , Little Blue River , Elkhorn River , Loup River , Platte River , South Platte River , North Platte River , Laramie River , Green River , Bear River , two crossings of the Snake River , John Day River , Deschutes River , Columbia River , as well as many other smaller streams . During peak immigration periods several ferries on any given river often competed for pioneer dollars . These ferries significantly increased speed and safety for Oregon Trail travelers . They increased the cost of traveling the trail by roughly $30 per wagon but increased the speed of the transit from about 160 to 170 days in 1843 to 120 to 140 days in 1860 . Ferries also helped prevent death by drowning at river crossings . In April 1859 , an expedition of U.S. Corps of Topographical Engineers led by Captain James H. Simpson left Camp Floyd , Utah , to establish an army supply route across the Great Basin to the eastern slope of the Sierras . Upon return in early August , Simpson reported that he had surveyed the Central Overland Route from Camp Floyd to Genoa , Nevada . This route went through central Nevada ( roughly where U.S. Route 50 goes today ) and was about 280 miles ( 450 km ) shorter than the `` standard '' Humboldt River California trail route . The Central Route in Nevada The Army improved the trail for use by wagons and stagecoaches in 1859 and 1860 . Starting in 1860 , the American Civil War closed the heavily subsidized Butterfield Overland Mail stage Southern Route through the deserts of the American Southwest . In 1860 -- 61 the Pony Express , employing riders traveling on horseback day and night with relay stations about every 10 miles ( 16 km ) to supply fresh horses , was established from St. Joseph , Missouri , to Sacramento , California . The Pony Express built many of their eastern stations along the Oregon / California / Mormon / Bozeman trails and many of their western stations along the very sparsely settled Central Route across Utah and Nevada . The Pony Express delivered mail summer and winter in roughly 10 days from the midwest to California . In 1861 , John Butterfield , who since 1858 had been using the Butterfield Overland Mail , also switched to the Central Route to avoid traveling through hostile territories during the American Civil War . George Chorpenning immediately realized the value of this more direct route , and shifted his existing mail and passenger line along with their stations from the `` Northern Route '' ( California Trail ) along the Humboldt River . In 1861 , the First Transcontinental Telegraph also laid its lines alongside the Central Overland Route . Several stage lines were set up carrying mail and passengers that traversed much of the route of the original Oregon Trail to Fort Bridger and from there over the Central Overland Route to California . By traveling day and night with many stations and changes of teams ( and extensive mail subsidies ) , these stages could get passengers and mail from the midwest to California in about 25 to 28 days . These combined stage and Pony Express stations along the Oregon Trail and Central Route across Utah and Nevada were joined by the First Transcontinental Telegraph stations and telegraph line , which followed much the same route in 1861 from Carson City , Nevada to Salt Lake City . The Pony Express folded in 1861 as they failed to receive an expected mail contract from the U.S. government and the telegraph filled the need for rapid east -- west communication . This combination wagon / stagecoach / pony express / telegraph line route is labeled the Pony Express National Historic Trail on the National Trail Map . From Salt Lake City the telegraph line followed much of the Mormon / California / Oregon trails to Omaha , Nebraska . After the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869 , telegraph lines usually followed the railroad tracks as the required relay stations and telegraph lines were much easier to maintain alongside the tracks . Telegraph lines to unpopulated areas were largely abandoned . As the years passed , the Oregon Trail became a heavily used corridor from the Missouri River to the Columbia River . Offshoots of the trail continued to grow as gold and silver discoveries , farming , lumbering , ranching , and business opportunities resulted in much more traffic to many areas . Traffic became two - directional as towns were established along the trail . By 1870 the population in the states served by the Oregon Trail and its offshoots increased by about 350,000 over their 1860 census levels . With the exception of most of the 180,000 population increase in California , most of these people living away from the coast traveled over parts of the Oregon Trail and its many extensions and cutoffs to get to their new residences . Even before the famous Texas cattle drives after the Civil War , the trail was being used to drive herds of thousands of cattle , horses , sheep , and goats from the midwest to various towns and cities along the trails . According to studies by trail historian John Unruh the livestock may have been as plentiful or more plentiful than the immigrants in many years . In 1852 , there were even records of a 1,500 - turkey drive from Illinois to California . The main reason for this livestock traffic was the large cost discrepancy between livestock in the midwest and at the end of the trail in California , Oregon , or Montana . They could often be bought in the midwest for about 1 / 3 to 1 / 10 what they would fetch at the end of the trail . Large losses could occur and the drovers would still make significant profit . As the emigrant travel on the trail declined in later years and after livestock ranches were established at many places along the trail large herds of animals often were driven along part of the trail to get to and from markets . Trail decline ( edit ) The first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 , providing faster , safer , and usually cheaper travel east and west ( the journey took seven days and cost as little as $65 or $1189.39 in 2016 dollars ) . Some emigrants continued to use the trail well into the 1890s , and modern highways and railroads eventually paralleled large portions of the trail , including U.S. Highway 26 , Interstate 84 in Oregon and Idaho and Interstate 80 in Nebraska . Contemporary interest in the overland trek has prompted the states and federal government to preserve landmarks on the trail including wagon ruts , buildings , and `` registers '' where emigrants carved their names . Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries there have been a number of re-enactments of the trek with participants wearing period garments and traveling by wagon . Covered wagon replica and Mission Monument at the Whitman Mission National Historic Site about ten miles west of Walla Walla , Washington . Routes ( edit ) Oregon Trail pioneer Ezra Meeker erected this boulder near Pacific Springs on Wyoming 's South Pass in 1906 . As the trail developed it became marked by many cutoffs and shortcuts from Missouri to Oregon . The basic route follows river valleys as grass and water were absolutely necessary . While the first few parties organized and departed from Elm Grove , the Oregon Trail 's primary starting point was Independence , Missouri , or Westport , ( which was annexed into modern day Kansas City ) , on the Missouri River . Later , several feeder trails led across Kansas , and some towns became starting points , including Weston , Fort Leavenworth , Atchison , St. Joseph , and Omaha . The Oregon Trail 's nominal termination point was Oregon City , at the time the proposed capital of the Oregon Territory . However , many settlers branched off or stopped short of this goal and settled at convenient or promising locations along the trail . Commerce with pioneers going further west helped establish these early settlements and launched local economies critical to their prosperity . At dangerous or difficult river crossings , ferries or toll bridges were set up and bad places on the trail were either repaired or bypassed . Several toll roads were constructed . Gradually the trail became easier with the average trip ( as recorded in numerous diaries ) dropping from about 160 days in 1849 to 140 days 10 years later . Many other trails followed the Oregon Trail for much of its length , including the Mormon Trail from Illinois to Utah ; the California Trail to the gold fields of California ; and the Bozeman Trail to Montana . Because it was more a network of trails than a single trail , there were numerous variations with other trails eventually established on both sides of the Platte , North Platte , Snake , and Columbia rivers . With literally thousands of people and thousands of livestock traveling in a fairly small time slot the travelers had to spread out to find clean water , wood , good campsites , and grass . The dust kicked up by the many travelers was a constant complaint , and where the terrain would allow it there may be between 20 and 50 wagons traveling abreast . Remnants of the trail in Kansas , Nebraska , Wyoming , Idaho , and Oregon have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and the entire trail is a designated National Historic Trail . Missouri ( edit ) Initially , the main `` jumping off point '' was the common head of the Santa Fe Trail and Oregon trail -- Independence , and Kansas City . Travelers starting in Independence had to ferry across the Missouri River . After following the Santa Fe trail to near present - day Topeka , they ferried across the Kansas River to start the trek across Kansas and points west . Another busy `` jumping off point '' was St. Joseph -- established in 1843 . In its early days , St. Joseph was a bustling outpost and rough frontier town , serving as one of the last supply points before heading over the Missouri River to the frontier . St. Joseph had good steamboat connections to St. Louis and other ports on the combined Ohio , Missouri , and Mississippi River systems . During the busy season there were several ferry boats and steamboats available to transport travelers to the Kansas shore where they started their travels westward . Before the Union Pacific Railroad was started in 1865 , St. Joseph was the westernmost point in the United States accessible by rail . Other towns used as supply points in Missouri included Old Franklin , Arrow Rock , and Fort Osage . Iowa ( edit ) A bison bull on a Nebraska wildlife refuge In 1803 , President Thomas Jefferson obtained from France the Louisiana Purchase for $15 million ( equivalent to about $230 million today ) which included all the land drained by the Missouri River and roughly doubled the size of U.S. territory . The future states of Iowa and Missouri , located west of the Mississippi River and east of Missouri River , were part of this purchase . The Lewis and Clark Expedition stopped several times in the future state of Iowa on their 1805 -- 1806 expedition to the west coast . A disputed 1804 treaty between Quashquame and William Henry Harrison ( future ninth President of the U.S. ) that surrendered much of the future state of Illinois to the U.S. enraged many Sauk ( Sac ) Indians and led to the 1832 Black Hawk War . As punishment for the uprising , and as part of a larger settlement strategy , treaties were subsequently designed to remove all Indians from Iowa Territory . Some settlers started drifting into Iowa in 1833 . President Martin Van Buren on July 4 , 1838 , signed the U.S. Congress laws establishing the Territory of Iowa . Iowa was located opposite the junction of the Platte and Missouri rivers and was used by some of the fur trapper rendezvous traders as a starting point for their supply expeditions . In 1846 the Mormons , expelled from Nauvoo , Illinois , traversed Iowa ( on part of the Mormon Trail ) and settled temporarily in significant numbers on the Missouri River in Iowa and the future state of Nebraska at their Winter Quarters near the future city of Omaha , Nebraska . ( See : Missouri River settlements ( 1846 -- 1854 ) ) The Mormons established about 50 temporary towns including the town of Kanesville , Iowa ( renamed Council Bluffs in 1852 ) on the east bank of the Missouri River opposite the mouth of the Platte River . For those travelers to Oregon , California , and Utah who were bringing their teams to the Platte River junction Kanesville and other towns became major `` jumping off places '' and supply points . In 1847 the Mormons established three ferries across the Missouri River and others established even more ferries for the spring start on the trail . In the 1850 census there were about 8,000 mostly Mormons tabulated in the large Pottawattamie County , Iowa District 21 . ( The original Pottawattamie County was subsequently made into five counties and parts of several more . ) By 1854 most of the Mormon towns , farms and villages were largely taken over by non-Mormons as they abandoned them or sold them for not much and continued their migration to Utah . After 1846 the towns of Council Bluffs , Iowa , Omaha ( est. 1852 ) and other Missouri River towns became major supply points and `` jumping off places '' for travelers on the Mormon , California , Oregon , and other trails west . Kansas ( edit ) Map of principal rivers in Kansas Starting initially in Independence , Missouri , or Kansas City in Missouri , the initial trail follows the Santa Fe Trail into Kansas south of the Wakarusa River . After crossing Mount Oread at Lawrence , the trail crosses the Kansas River by ferry or boats near Topeka and crossed the Wakarusa and Black Vermillion rivers by ferries . After the Black Vermillion River the trail angles northwest to Nebraska paralleling the Little Blue River until reaching the south side of the Platte River . Travel by wagon over the gently rolling Kansas countryside was usually unimpeded except where streams had cut steep banks . There a passage could be made with a lot of shovel work to cut down the banks or the travelers could find an already established crossing . Nebraska ( edit ) See also : California Hill and O'Fallons Bluff Chimney Rock , Nebraska Those emigrants on the eastern side of the Missouri River in Missouri or Iowa used ferries and steamboats ( fitted out for ferry duty ) to cross into towns in Nebraska . Several towns in Nebraska were used as jumping off places with Omaha eventually becoming a favorite after about 1855 . Fort Kearny ( est. 1848 ) is about 200 miles ( 320 km ) from the Missouri River , and the trail and its many offshoots nearly all converged close to Fort Kearny as they followed the Platte River west . The army maintained fort was the first chance on the trail to buy emergency supplies , do repairs , get medical aid , or mail a letter . Those on the north side of the Platte could usually wade the shallow river if they needed to visit the fort . Map showing the Platte River watershed , including the North Platte and South Platte tributaries The Platte River and the North Platte River in the future states of Nebraska and Wyoming typically had many channels and islands and were too shallow , crooked , muddy and unpredictable for travel even by canoe . The Platte as it pursued its braided paths to the Missouri River was `` too thin to plow and too thick to drink '' . While unusable for transportation , the Platte River and North Platte River valleys provided an easily passable wagon corridor going almost due west with access to water , grass , buffalo , and buffalo chips for fuel . The trails gradually got rougher as it progressed up the North Platte . There were trails on both sides of the muddy rivers . The Platte was about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) wide and 2 to 60 inches ( 5.1 to 152.4 cm ) deep . The water was silty and bad tasting but it could be used if no other water was available . Letting it sit in a bucket for an hour or so or stirring in a 1 / 4 cup of cornmeal allowed most of the silt to settle out . In the spring in Nebraska and Wyoming the travelers often encountered fierce wind , rain and lightning storms . Until about 1870 travelers encountered hundreds of thousands of bison migrating through Nebraska on both sides of the Platte River , and most travelers killed several for fresh meat and to build up their supplies of dried jerky for the rest of the journey . The prairie grass in many places was several feet high with only the hat of a traveler on horseback showing as they passed through the prairie grass . In many years the Indians fired much of the dry grass on the prairie every fall so the only trees or bushes available for firewood were on islands in the Platte River . Travelers gathered and ignited dried cow dung to cook their meals . These burned fast in a breeze , and it could take two or more bushels of chips to get one meal prepared . Those traveling south of the Platte crossed the South Platte fork at one of about three ferries ( in dry years it could be forded without a ferry ) before continuing up the North Platte River Valley into present - day Wyoming heading to Fort Laramie . Before 1852 those on the north side of the Platte crossed the North Platte to the south side at Fort Laramie . After 1852 they used Child 's Cutoff to stay on the north side to about the present day town of Casper , Wyoming , where they crossed over to the south side . Notable landmarks in Nebraska include Courthouse and Jail Rocks , Chimney Rock , Scotts Bluff , and Ash Hollow with its steep descent down Windlass Hill over the South Platte . Today much of the Oregon Trail follows roughly along Interstate 80 from Wyoming to Grand Island , Nebraska . From there U.S. Highway 30 which follows the Platte River is a better approximate path for those traveling the north side of the Platte . The National Park Service ( NPS ) gives traveling advice for those who want to follow other branches of the trail . Cholera on the Platte River ( edit ) Because of the Platte 's brackish water , the preferred camping spots were along one of the many fresh water streams draining into the Platte or the occasional fresh water spring found along the way . These preferred camping spots became sources of cholera in the epidemic years ( 1849 -- 1855 ) as many thousands of people used the same camping spots with essentially no sewage facilities or adequate sewage treatment . One of the side effects of cholera is acute diarrhea which helps contaminate even more water unless it is isolated and / or treated . The cause of cholera , ingesting the Vibrio cholerae bacterium from contaminated water , and the best treatment for cholera infections were unknown in this era . Thousands of travelers on the combined California , Oregon , and Mormon trails succumbed to cholera between 1849 and 1855 . Most were buried in unmarked graves in Kansas , Nebraska and Wyoming . Although also considered part of the Mormon Trail , the grave of Rebecca Winters is one of the few marked ones left . There are many cases cited involving people who were alive and apparently healthy in the morning and dead by nightfall . Colorado ( edit ) A branch of the Oregon trail crossed the very northeast corner of Colorado if they followed the South Platte River to one of its last crossings . This branch of the trail passed through present day Julesburg before entering Wyoming . Later settlers followed the Platte and South Platte Rivers into their settlements there ( much of which became the state of Colorado ) . Wyoming ( edit ) Main article : Emigrant Trail in Wyoming After crossing the South Platte River the Oregon Trail follows the North Platte River out of Nebraska into Wyoming . Fort Laramie , at the confluence of the Laramie and North Platte rivers , was a major stopping point . Fort Laramie was a former fur trading outpost originally named Fort John that was purchased in 1848 by the U.S. Army to protect travelers on the trails . It was the last army outpost till travelers reached the coast . Fort Laramie was the end of most cholera outbreaks which killed thousands along the lower Platte and North Platte from 1849 to 1855 . Spread by cholera bacteria in fecal contaminated water , cholera caused massive diarrhea , leading to dehydration and death . In those days its cause and treatment were unknown , and it was often fatal -- up to 30 percent of infected people died . It is believed that the swifter flowing rivers in Wyoming helped prevent the germs from spreading . Independence Rock After crossing the South Platte the trail continues up the North Platte River , crossing many small swift - flowing creeks . As the North Platte veers to the south , the trail crosses the North Platte to the Sweetwater River Valley , which heads almost due west . Independence Rock is on the Sweetwater River . The Sweetwater would have to be crossed up to nine times before the trail crosses over the Continental Divide at South Pass , Wyoming . From South Pass the trail continues southwest crossing Big Sandy Creek -- about 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) wide and 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) deep -- before hitting the Green River . Three to five ferries were in use on the Green during peak travel periods . The deep , wide , swift , and treacherous Green River which eventually empties into the Colorado River , was usually at high water in July and August , and it was a dangerous crossing . After crossing the Green , the main trail continued approximately southwest until the Blacks Fork of the Green River and Fort Bridger . From Fort Bridger the Mormon Trail continued southwest following the upgraded Hastings Cutoff through the Wasatch Mountains . From Fort Bridger , the main trail , comprising several variants , veered northwest over the Bear River Divide and descended to the Bear River Valley . The trail turned north following the Bear River past the terminus of the Sublette - Greenwood Cutoff at Smiths Fork and on to the Thomas Fork Valley at the present Wyoming -- Idaho border . Over time , two major heavily used cutoffs were established in Wyoming . The Sublette - Greenwood Cutoff was established in 1844 and cut about 70 miles ( 110 km ) off the main route . It leaves the main trail about 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of South Pass and heads almost due west crossing Big Sandy Creek and then about 45 miles ( 72 km ) of waterless , very dusty desert before reaching the Green River near the present town of La Barge . Ferries here transferred them across the Green River . From there the Sublette - Greenwood Cutoff trail had to cross a mountain range to connect with the main trail near Cokeville in the Bear River Valley . Prairie Scene : Mirage , by Alfred Jacob Miller The Lander Road , formally the Fort Kearney , South Pass , and Honey Lake Wagon Road , was established and built by U.S. government contractors in 1858 -- 59 . It was about 80 miles ( 130 km ) shorter than the main trail through Fort Bridger with good grass , water , firewood and fishing but it was a much steeper and rougher route , crossing three mountain ranges . In 1859 , 13,000 of the 19,000 emigrants traveling to California and Oregon used the Lander Road . The traffic in later years is undocumented . The Lander Road departs the main trail at Burnt Ranch near South Pass , crosses the Continental Divide north of South Pass and reaches the Green River near the present town of Big Piney , Wyoming . From there the trail followed Big Piney Creek west before passing over the 8,800 feet ( 2,700 m ) Thompson Pass in the Wyoming Range . It then crosses over the Smith Fork of the Bear River before ascending and crossing another 8,200 - foot ( 2,500 m ) pass on the Salt River Range of mountains and then descending into Star Valley . It exited the mountains near the present Smith Fork road about 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) south of the town of Smoot . The road continued almost due north along the present day Wyoming -- Idaho western border through Star Valley . To avoid crossing the Salt River ( which drains into the Snake River ) which runs down Star Valley the Lander Road crossed the river when it was small and stayed west of the Salt River . After traveling down the Salt River Valley ( Star Valley ) about 20 miles ( 32 km ) north the road turned almost due west near the present town of Auburn , and entered into the present state of Idaho along Stump Creek . In Idaho , it followed the Stump Creek valley northwest until it crossed the Caribou Mountains and proceeded past the south end of Grays Lake . The trail then proceeded almost due west to meet the main trail at Fort Hall ; alternatively , a branch trail headed almost due south to meet the main trail near the present town of Soda Springs . Numerous landmarks are located along the trail in Wyoming including Independence Rock , Ayres Natural Bridge and Register Cliff . Utah ( edit ) In 1847 , Brigham Young and the Mormon pioneers departed from the Oregon Trail at Fort Bridger in Wyoming and followed ( and much improved ) the rough trail originally recommended by Lansford Hastings to the Donner Party in 1846 through the Wasatch Mountains into Utah . After getting into Utah , they immediately started setting up irrigated farms and cities -- including Salt Lake City . In 1848 , the Salt Lake Cutoff was established by Sam Hensley , and returning members of the Mormon Battalion providing a path north of the Great Salt Lake from Salt Lake City back to the California and Oregon trails . This cutoff rejoined the Oregon and California Trails near the City of Rocks near the Utah -- Idaho border and could be used by both California and Oregon bound travelers . Located about half way on both the California and Oregon trails many thousands of later travelers used Salt Lake City and other Utah cities as an intermediate stop for selling or trading excess goods or tired livestock for fresh livestock , repairs , supplies or fresh vegetables . The Mormons looked on these travelers as a welcome bonanza as setting up new communities from scratch required nearly everything the travelers could afford to part with . The overall distance to California or Oregon was very close to the same whether one `` detoured '' to Salt Lake City or not . For their own use and to encourage California and Oregon bound travelers the Mormons improved the Mormon Trail from Fort Bridger and the Salt Lake Cutoff trail . To raise much needed money and facilitate travel on the Salt Lake Cutoff they set up several ferries across the Weber , Bear , and Malad rivers , which were used mostly by travelers bound for Oregon or California . Idaho ( edit ) The main Oregon and California Trail went almost due north from Fort Bridger to the Little Muddy Creek where it passed over the Bear River Mountains to the Bear River Valley , which it followed northwest into the Thomas Fork area , where the trail crossed over the present day Wyoming line into Idaho . In the Eastern Sheep Creek Hills in the Thomas Fork valley the emigrants encountered Big Hill . Big Hill was a detour caused by a then - impassable cut the Bear River made through the mountains and had a tough ascent often requiring doubling up of teams and a very steep and dangerous descent . ( Much later , U.S. Highway 30 , using modern explosives and equipment , was built through this cut ) . In 1852 Eliza Ann McAuley found and with help developed the McAuley Cutoff which bypassed much of the difficult climb and descent of Big Hill . About 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) on they passed present - day Montpelier , Idaho , which is now the site of the National Oregon - California Trail Center . The trail follows the Bear River northwest to present - day Soda Springs . The springs here were a favorite attraction of the pioneers who marveled at the hot carbonated water and chugging `` steamboat '' springs . Many stopped and did their laundry in the hot water as there was usually plenty of good grass and fresh water available . Just west of Soda Springs the Bear River turns southwest as it heads for the Great Salt Lake , and the main trail turns northwest to follow the Portneuf River valley to Fort Hall , Idaho . Fort Hall was an old fur trading post located on the Snake River . It was established in 1832 by Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth and company and later sold in 1837 to the Hudson 's Bay Company . At Fort Hall nearly all travelers were given some aid and supplies if they were available and needed . Mosquitoes were constant pests , and travelers often mention that their animals were covered with blood from the bites . The route from Fort Bridger to Fort Hall is about 210 miles ( 340 km ) , taking nine to twelve days . Storm : Waiting for the Caravan , by Alfred Jacob Miller At Soda Springs was one branch of Lander Road ( established and built with government contractors in 1858 ) , which had gone west from near South Pass , over the Salt River Mountains and down Star Valley before turning west near present - day Auburn , Wyoming , and entering Idaho . From there it proceeded northwest into Idaho up Stump Creek canyon for about 10 miles ( 16 km ) . One branch turned almost 90 degrees and proceeded southwest to Soda Springs . Another branch headed almost due west past Gray 's Lake to rejoin the main trail about 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of Fort Hall . On the main trail about 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) west of Soda Springs Hudspeth 's Cutoff ( established 1849 and used mostly by California trail users ) took off from the main trail heading almost due west , bypassing Fort Hall . It rejoined the California Trail at Cassia Creek near the City of Rocks . Hudspeth 's Cutoff had five mountain ranges to cross and took about the same amount of time as the main route to Fort Hall , but many took it thinking it was shorter . Its main advantage was that it helped spread out the traffic during peak periods , making more grass available . West of Fort Hall the main trail traveled about 40 miles ( 64 km ) on the south side of the Snake River southwest past American Falls , Massacre Rocks , Register Rock , and Coldwater Hill near present - day Pocatello , Idaho . Near the junction of the Raft River and Snake River the California Trail diverged from the Oregon Trail at another Parting of the Ways junction . Travellers left the Snake River and followed Raft River about 65 miles ( 105 km ) southwest past present day Almo . This trail then passed through the City of Rocks and over Granite Pass where it went southwest along Goose Creek , Little Goose Creek , and Rock Spring Creek . It went about 95 miles ( 153 km ) through Thousand Springs Valley , West Brush Creek , and Willow Creek , before arriving at the Humboldt River in northeastern Nevada near present - day Wells . The California Trail proceeded west down the Humboldt before reaching and crossing the Sierra Nevadas . Goodale 's Cutoff of the Oregon Trail at Lava Lake , west of Arco , ID and east of Carey , ID along US 26 , 20 , 93 . Picture of current two track along section of the cutoff of the Oregon Trail . There were only a few places where the Snake River was not buried deep in a canyon , and few spots where the river slowed down enough to make a crossing possible . Two of these fords were near Fort Hall , where travelers on the Oregon Trail North Side Alternate ( established about 1852 ) and Goodale 's Cutoff ( established 1862 ) crossed the Snake to travel on the north side . Nathaniel Wyeth , the original founder of Fort Hall in 1834 , writes in his diary that they found a ford across the Snake River 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) southwest of where he founded Fort Hall . Another possible crossing was a few miles upstream of Salmon Falls where some intrepid travelers floated their wagons and swam their stock across to join the north side trail . Some lost their wagons and teams over the falls . The trails on the north side joined the trail from Three Island Crossing about 17 miles ( 27 km ) west of Glenns Ferry on the north side of the Snake River . Goodale 's Cutoff , established in 1862 on the north side of the Snake River , formed a spur of the Oregon Trail . This cutoff had been used as a pack trail by Indians and fur traders , and emigrant wagons traversed parts of the eastern section as early as 1852 . After crossing the Snake River the 230 - mile ( 370 km ) cutoff headed north from Fort Hall toward Big Southern Butte following the Lost River part of the way . It passed near the present - day town of Arco , and wound through the northern part of what is now Craters of the Moon National Monument . From there it went southwest to Camas Prairie and ended at Old Fort Boise on the Boise River . This journey typically took two to three weeks and was noted for its very rough lava terrain and extremely dry climate , which tended to dry the wooden wheels on the wagons , causing the iron rims to fall off the wheels . Loss of wheels caused many wagons to be abandoned along the route . It rejoined the main trail east of Boise . Goodale 's Cutoff is visible at many points along U.S. Highway 20 , U.S. Highway 26 , and U.S. Highway 93 between Craters of the Moon National Monument and Carey . View across top of Shoshone Falls , Snake River , Idaho ( Timothy H. O'Sullivan , 1874 ) One of Boise 's 21 Oregon Trail monuments . From the present site of Pocatello , the trail proceeded almost due west on the south side of the Snake River for about 180 miles ( 290 km ) . This route passed Cauldron Linn rapids , Shoshone Falls , two falls near the present city of Twin Falls , and Upper Salmon Falls on the Snake River . At Salmon Falls there were often a hundred or more Indians fishing who would trade for their salmon , a welcome treat . The trail continued west to Three Island Crossing ( near present - day Glenns Ferry . ) Here most emigrants used the divisions of the river caused by three islands to cross the difficult and swift Snake River by ferry or by driving or sometimes floating their wagons and swimming their teams across . The crossings were doubly treacherous because there were often hidden holes in the river bottom which could overturn the wagon or entangle the team , sometimes with fatal consequences . Before ferries were established there were several drownings here nearly every year . The north side of the Snake had better water and grass than the south . The trail from Three Island Crossing to Old Fort Boise was about 130 miles ( 210 km ) long . The usually lush Boise River Valley was a welcome relief . The next crossing of the Snake River was near Old Fort Boise . This last crossing of the Snake could be done on bull boats while swimming the stock across . Others would chain a large string of wagons and teams together . The theory was that the front teams , usually oxen , would get out of water first and with good footing help pull the whole string of wagons and teams across . How well this worked in practice is not stated . Often young Indian boys were hired to drive and ride the stock across the river -- they knew how to swim , unlike many pioneers . Today 's Idaho Interstate 84 roughly follows the Oregon Trail until it leaves the Snake River near Burley . From there Interstate 86 to Pocatello roughly approximates the trail . Highway 30 roughly follows the path of the Oregon Trail from there to Montpelier . Starting in about 1848 the South Alternate of Oregon Trail ( also called the Snake River Cutoff ) was developed as a spur off the main trail . It bypassed the Three Island Crossing and continued traveling down the south side of the Snake River . It rejoined the trail near present - day Ontario , Oregon . It hugged the southern edge of the Snake River canyon and was a much rougher trail with poorer water and grass , requiring occasional steep descents and ascents with the animals down into the Snake River canyon to get water . Travellers on this route avoided two dangerous crossings of the Snake River . Today 's Idaho State Route 78 roughly follows the path of the South Alternate route of the Oregon Trail . In 1869 , the Central Pacific established Kelton , Utah as a railhead and the terminus of the western mail was moved from Salt Lake City . The Kelton Road became important as a communication and transportation road to the Boise Basin . Boise has 21 monuments in the shape of obelisks along its portion of the Oregon Trail . Oregon ( edit ) Once across the Snake River ford near Old Fort Boise the weary travelers traveled across what would become the state of Oregon . The trail then went to the Malheur River and then past Farewell Bend on the Snake River , up the Burnt River canyon and northwest to the Grande Ronde Valley near present - day La Grande before coming to the Blue Mountains . In 1843 settlers cut a wagon road over these mountains making them passable for the first time to wagons . The trail went to the Whitman Mission near Fort Nez Perces in Washington until 1847 when the Whitmans were killed by Native Americans . At Fort Nez Perce some built rafts or hired boats and started down the Columbia ; others continued west in their wagons until they reached The Dalles . After 1847 the trail bypassed the closed mission and headed almost due west to present day Pendleton , Oregon , crossing the Umatilla River , John Day River , and Deschutes River before arriving at The Dalles . Interstate 84 in Oregon roughly follows the original Oregon Trail from Idaho to The Dalles . Arriving at the Columbia at The Dalles and stopped by the Cascade Mountains and Mount Hood , some gave up their wagons or disassembled them and put them on boats or rafts for a trip down the Columbia River . Once they transited the Cascade 's Columbia River Gorge with its multiple rapids and treacherous winds they would have to make the 1.6 - mile ( 2.6 km ) portage around the Cascade Rapids before coming out near the Willamette River where Oregon City was located . The pioneer 's livestock could be driven around Mount Hood on the narrow , crooked and rough Lolo Pass . Several Oregon Trail branches and route variations led to the Willamette Valley . The most popular was the Barlow Road , which was carved though the forest around Mount Hood from The Dalles in 1846 as a toll road at $5 per wagon and 10 cents per head of livestock . It was rough and steep with poor grass but still cheaper and safer than floating goods , wagons and family down the dangerous Columbia River . In Central Oregon , there was the Santiam Wagon Road ( established 1861 ) , which roughly parallels Oregon Highway 20 to the Willamette Valley . The Applegate Trail ( established 1846 ) , cutting off the California Trail from the Humboldt River in Nevada , crossed part of California before cutting north to the south end of the Willamette Valley . U.S. Route 99 and Interstate 5 through Oregon roughly follow the original Applegate Trail . Travel equipment ( edit ) Wagons and pack animals ( edit ) Three types of draft and pack animals were used by Oregon Trail pioneers : oxen , mules , and horses . By 1842 , many emigrants favored oxen -- castrated bulls ( males ) of the genus Bos ( cattle ) , generally over four years old -- as the best animal to pull wagons , because they were docile , generally healthy , and able to continue moving in difficult conditions such as mud and snow . Oxen could also survive on prairie grasses and sage , unlike horses , who had to be fed . Moreover , oxen were less expensive to purchase and maintain than horses . Oxen also could stand idle for long periods without suffering damage to the feet and legs . Oxen were trained by leading , the use of a whip or goad , and the use of oral commands ( such as `` Gee '' ( right ) , `` Haw '' ( left ) , and `` Whoa '' ( stop ) ) . Two oxen were typically yoked together at the neck or head ; the left ox was referred to as the `` near '' or `` nigh '' ox , and the right ox as the `` off '' ox . While no reins , bits , or halters were needed , the trainer had to be forceful . Oxen typically traveled at a steady pace up to two miles an hour . One drawback of oxen was the difficulty of shoeing . Oxen hooves are cloven ( split ) , and they had to be shod with two curved pieces of metal , one on each side of the hoof . While horses and mules allowed themselves to be shod relatively easily , the process was more difficult with oxen , which would lie down and tuck their feet under themselves . As a result , several men had to lift and hold an ox while he was being shod . Mules were used by some emigrants . The competing merits of oxen and mules were hotly debated among emigrants . Some found oxen to be more durable . Others , by contrast , believed that mules were more durable , and mules may have had a lower attrition rate on the trail than oxen . Like oxen , mules could survive on prairie grasses . Mules were , however , notoriously ill - tempered . Mules also cost about three times as much as oxen , a deciding factor for many emigrants . Conestoga wagons Covered wagon ( `` prairie schooners '' ) Studebaker Food ( edit ) The typical cost of food for four people for six months was about $150 . Food and water were key concerns for migrants . Wagons typically carried at least one large water keg , and guidebooks available from the 1840s and later gave similar advice to migrants on what food to take . T.H. Jefferson , in his Brief Practice Advice guidebook for migrants , recommended that each adult take 200 pounds of flour : `` Take plenty of bread stuff ; this is the staff of life when everything else runs short . '' Food often took the form of crackers or hardtack ; Southerners sometimes chose cornmeal or pinole rather than wheat flour . Emigrants typically ate rice and beans only at forts stopped at along the way , because boiling water was difficult on the trail , and fuel was not abundant . Lansford Hastings recommended that each emigrant take 200 pounds of flour , 150 pounds of `` bacon '' ( a word which , at the time , referred broadly to all forms of salt pork ) , 20 pounds of sugar , and 10 pounds of salt . Chipped beef , rice , tea , dried beans , dried fruit , saleratus ( for raising bread ) , vinegar , pickles , mustard , and tallow might also be taken . Joseph Ware 's 1849 guide recommends that travelers take for each individual a barrel of flour or 180 pounds of ship 's biscuit ( i.e. , hardtack ) , 150 - 180 pounds of bacon , 60 pounds of beans or peas , 25 pounds of rice , 25 pounds of coffee , 40 pounds of sugar , a keg of lard , 30 or 40 pounds of dried fruit ( peaches or apples ) , a keg of clear , rendered beef suet ( to substitute for butter ) , as well as some vinegar , salt , and pepper . Many emigrant families also carried a small amount of tea and maple sugar . Randolph B. Marcy , an Army officer who wrote a 1859 guide , advised taking less bacon than the earlier guides had recommended . He advised emigrants to drive cattle instead as a source of fresh beef . Marcy also instructed emigrants to store sides of bacon in canvas bags or in boxes surrounded by bran to protect against extreme heat , which could make bacon go rancid . Marcy instructed emigrants to put salt pork on the bottom of wagons to avoid exposure to extreme heat . Marcy also recommended the use of pemmican , as well as the storage of sugar in India - rubber or gutta - percha sacks , to prevent it from becoming wet . Canning technology had just begun to be developed , and it gained in popularity through the period of westward expansion . Initially , only upper - class migrants typically used canned goods . There are references in sources to canned cheese , fruit , meat , oysters , and sardines . By the time Marcy wrote his 1859 guide , canned foods were increasingly available but remained expensive . Canning also added weight to a wagon . Rather than canned vegetables , Marcy suggested that travelers take dried vegetables which had been used in the Crimean War and by the U.S. Army . Some pioneers took eggs and butter packed in barrels of flour , and some took dairy cows along the trail . Hunting provided another source of food along the trail ; pioneers hunted American bison as well as pronghorn antelope , deer , bighorn sheep , and wildfowl . From rivers and lakes , emigrants also fished for catfish and trout . When emigrants faced starvation , they would sometimes slaughter their animals ( horses , mules , and oxen ) . In desperate times , migrants would search for less - popular sources of food , including coyote , fox , jackrabbit , marmot , prairie dog , and rattlesnake ( nicknamed `` bush fish '' in the later period ) . At the time , scurvy was well - recognized , but there was a lack of clear understanding of how to prevent the disease . Nevertheless , pioneers ' consumption of the wild berries ( including chokeberry , gooseberry , and serviceberry ) and currants that grew along the trail ( particularly along the Platte River ) and were consumed , helped make scurvy infrequent . Marcy 's guide correctly suggested that the consumption of wild grapes , greens , and onions could help prevent the disease and that if vegetables were not available , citric acid could be drunk with sugar and water . Emigrant families , who were mostly middle - class , prided themselves on preparing a good table . Although operating Dutch ovens and kneading dough was difficult on the trail , many baked good bread and even pies . For fuel to heat food , travelers would collect cedar wood , cottonwood , or willow wood , when available , and sometimes dry prairie grass . More frequently , however , travelers relied on `` buffalo chips '' -- dried bison dung -- to fuel fires . Buffalo chips resembled rotten wood and would make clear and hot fires . Chips burned quickly , however , and it took up to three bushels of chips to heat a single meal . Collecting buffalo chips was a common task for children and was one chore that even very young children could carry out . As a result , `` memoirs written by those who were very young when they made the journey west invariably refer to this aspect of life on the trail . '' Clothing , equipment and supplies ( edit ) Tobacco was popular , both for personal use , and for trading with Indians and other pioneers . Each person brought at least two changes of clothes and multiple pairs of boots ( two to three pairs often wore out on the trip ) . About 25 pounds of soap was recommended for a party of four , for bathing and washing clothes . A washboard and tub were usually brought for washing clothes . Wash days typically occurred once or twice a month , or less , depending on availability of good grass , water , and fuel . Most wagons carried tents for sleeping , though in good weather most would sleep outside . A thin fold - up mattress , blankets , pillows , canvas , or rubber gutta percha ground covers were used for sleeping . Sometimes an unfolded feather bed mattress was brought for the wagon , if there were pregnant women or very young children along . The wagons had no springs , and the ride along the trail was very rough . Despite modern depictions , hardly anyone actually rode in the wagons ; it was too dusty , too rough , and too hard on the livestock . Oregon Trail , painting by Albert Bierstadt , circa 1863 Travelers brought books , Bibles , trail guides , and writing quills , ink , and paper for writing letters or journalling ( about one in 200 kept a diary ) . A belt and folding knives were carried by nearly all men and boys . Awls , scissors , pins , needles , and thread for mending were required . Spare leather was used for repairing shoes , harnesses , and other equipment . Some used goggles to keep dust out of the eyes . Storage boxes were ideally the same height , so they could be arranged to give a flat surface inside the wagon for a sleeping platform . Saddles , bridles , hobbles , and ropes were needed if the party had a horse or riding mule , and many men did . Extra harnesses and spare wagon parts were often carried . Most carried steel shoes for horses , mules , or livestock . Tar was carried to help repair an ox 's injured hoof . Goods , supplies , and equipment were often shared by fellow travelers . Items that were forgotten , broken , or worn out could be bought from a fellow traveler , post , or fort along the way . New iron shoes for horses , mules , and oxen were put on by blacksmiths found along the way . Equipment repairs and other goods could be procured from blacksmith shops established at some forts and some ferries . Emergency supplies , repairs , and livestock were often provided by local residents in California , Oregon , and Utah for late travelers on the trail who were hurrying to beat the snow . Non-essential items were often abandoned to lighten the load , or in case of emergency . Many travelers would salvage discarded items , picking up essentials or leaving behind their lower quality item when a better one was found abandoned along the road . Some profited by collecting discarded items , hauling them back to jumping off places , and reselling them . In the early years , Mormons sent scavenging parties back along the trail to salvage as much iron and other supplies as possible and haul it to Salt Lake City , where supplies of all kinds were needed . Others would use discarded furniture , wagons , and wheels as firewood . During the 1849 gold rush , Fort Laramie was known as `` Camp Sacrifice '' because of the large amounts merchandise discarded nearby . Travelers had pushed along the relatively easy path to Fort Laramie with their luxury items but discarded them before the difficult mountain crossing ahead , and after discovering that many items could be purchased at the forts or located for free along the way . Some travelers carried their excess goods to Salt Lake City to be sold . Professional tools used by blacksmiths , carpenters , and farmers were carried by nearly all . Axes , crow bars , hammers , hatchets , hoes , mallets , mattocks , picks , planes , saws , scythes , and shovels were used to clear or make a road through brush or trees , cut down the banks to cross a wash or steep banked stream , build a raft or bridge , or repair the wagon . In general , as little road work as possible was done . Travel was often along the top of ridges to avoid the brush and washes common in many valleys . Statistics ( edit ) Overall , some 268,000 pioneers used the Oregon Trail and its three primary offshoots , the Bozeman , California , and Mormon trails to reach the West Coast , 1840 - 60 . Another 48,000 headed to Utah . There is no estimate on how many used it to return East . Emigrants ( edit ) Estimated California Oregon Mormon Trail Emigrants Year Oregon California Utah Total 1834 -- 39 20 − − 20 1840 13 − − 13 1841 24 34 − 58 1842 125 − − 125 1843 875 38 − 913 1844 1,475 53 − 1,528 1845 2,500 260 − 2,760 1846 1,200 1,500 − 2,700 1847 4,000 450 2,200 6,650 1848 1,300 400 2,400 4,100 Total 11,512 2,735 4,600 18,847 1849 450 25,000 1,500 26,950 1850 6,000 44,000 2,500 52,500 1851 3,600 1,100 1,500 6,200 1852 10,000 50,000 10,000 70,000 1853 7,500 20,000 8,000 35,500 1854 6,000 12,000 3,200 21,200 1855 500 1,500 4,700 6,700 1856 1,000 8,000 2,400 11,400 1857 1,500 4,000 1,300 6,800 1858 1,500 6,000 150 7,650 1859 2,000 17,000 1,400 20,400 1860 1,500 9,000 1,600 12,100 Total 53,000 200,300 43,000 296,300 1834 -- 60 Oregon California Utah Total 1861 − − 3,148 5,000 1862 − − 5,244 5,000 1863 − − 4,760 10,000 1864 − − 2,626 10,000 1865 − − 690 20,000 1866 − − 3,299 25,000 1867 − − 700 25,000 1868 − − 4,285 25,000 Total 80,000 250,000 70,000 400,000 1834 -- 67 Oregon California Utah Total Some of the trail statistics for the early years were recorded by the U.S. Army at Fort Laramie , Wyoming , from about 1849 to 1855 . None of these original statistical records have been found -- the Army either lost them or destroyed them . Only some partial written copies of the Army records and notes recorded in several diaries have survived . Emigration to California spiked considerably with the 1849 gold rush . Following the discovery of gold , California remained the destination of choice for most emigrants on the trail up to 1860 , with almost 200,000 people traveling there between 1849 and 1860 . Travel diminished after 1860 , as the Civil War caused considerable disruptions on the trail . Many of the people on the trail in 1861 -- 1863 were fleeing the war and its attendant drafts in both the south and the north . Trail historian Merrill J. Mattes has estimated the number of emigrants for 1861 -- 1867 given in the total column of the above table . But these estimates may well be low since they only amount to an extra 125,000 people , and the 1870 census shows that over 200,000 additional people ( ignoring most of the population increase in California , which had excellent sea and rail connections across Panama by then ) showed up in all the states served by the Bozeman , California , Mormon , and Oregon Trail ( s ) and their offshoots . Mormon emigration records after 1860 are reasonably accurate , as newspaper and other accounts in Salt Lake City give most of the names of emigrants arriving each year from 1847 to 1868 . Gold and silver strikes in Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , and Oregon caused a considerable increase in people using the trails , often in directions different from the original trail users . Though the numbers are significant in the context of the times , far more people chose to remain at home in the 31 states . Between 1840 and 1860 , the population of the United States rose by 14 million , yet only about 300,000 decided to make the trip . Many were discouraged by the cost , effort and danger of the trip . Western scout Kit Carson is thought to have said , `` The cowards never started and the weak died on the way '' , though the general saying was written by Joaquin Miller , in reference to the California gold rush . According to several sources , 3 to 10 percent of the emigrants are estimated to have perished on the way west . Many who went were between the ages 12 and 24 . Between 1860 and 1870 , the U.S. population increased by seven million ; about 350,000 of this increase was in the Western states . Western census data ( edit ) Census Population of western States State 1870 1860 Difference California 560,247 379,994 180,253 Nevada 42,491 6,857 35,634 Oregon 90,923 52,465 38,458 Colorado 39,684 34,277 5,407 Idaho 14,990 − 14,990 Montana 20,595 − 20,595 Utah 86,789 40,273 46,516 Washington 23,955 11,594 12,361 Wyoming 9,118 − 9,118 Totals 888,792 525,460 363,332 These census numbers show a 363,000 population increase in the western states and territories between 1860 and 1870 . Some of this increase is because of a high birth rate in the western states and territories , but most is from emigrants moving from the east to the west and new immigration from Europe . Much of the increase in California and Oregon is from emigration by ship , as there was fast and reasonably low cost transportation via east and west coast steamships and the Panama Railroad after 1855 . The census numbers imply at least 200,000 emigrants ( or more ) used some variation of the California / Oregon / Mormon / Bozeman trails to get to their new homes between 1860 and 1870 . Costs ( edit ) The cost of traveling over the Oregon Trail and its extensions varied from nothing to a few hundred dollars per person . Women seldom went alone . The cheapest way was to hire on to help drive the wagons or herds , allowing one to make the trip for nearly nothing or even make a small profit . Those with capital could often buy livestock in the Midwest and drive the stock to California or Oregon for profit . About 60 to 80 percent of the travelers were farmers and as such already owned a wagon , livestock team , and many of the necessary supplies . This lowered the cost of the trip to about $50 per person for food and other items . Families planned the trip months in advance and made much of the extra clothing and many other items needed . Individuals buying most of the needed items would end up spending between $150 -- $200 per person . As the trail matured , additional costs for ferries and toll roads were thought to have been about $30 per wagon . Deaths ( edit ) Oregon - California - Mormon Trail Deaths Cause Estimated deaths Disease 6,000 -- 12,500 Native American attack 3,000 -- 4,500 Freezing 300 -- 500 Run overs 200 -- 500 Drownings 200 -- 500 Shootings 200 -- 500 Miscellaneous 200 -- 500 Scurvy 300 -- 500 Totals 9,400 -- 21,000 The route west was arduous and fraught with many dangers , but the number of deaths on the trail is not known with any precision ; there are only wildly varying estimates . Estimating is difficult because of the common practice of burying people in unmarked graves that were intentionally disguised to avoid their being dug up by animals or Indians . Graves were often put in the middle of a trail and then run over by the livestock to make them difficult to find . Disease was the main killer of trail travelers ; cholera killed up to 3 percent of all travelers in the epidemic years from 1849 to 1855 . Indian attacks increased significantly after 1860 , when most of the army troops were withdrawn , and miners and ranchers began fanning out all over the country , often encroaching on Indian territory . Increased attacks along the Humboldt led to most travelers ' taking the Central Nevada Route . The Goodall cutoff , developed in Idaho in 1862 , kept Oregon bound travelers away from much of the Indian trouble nearer the Snake River . Other trails were developed that traveled further along the South Platte to avoid local Indian hot spots . Other common causes of death included hypothermia , drowning in river crossings , getting run over by wagons , and accidental gun deaths . Later , more family groups started traveling , and many more bridges and ferries were being put in , so fording a dangerous river became much less common and dangerous . Surprisingly few people were taught to swim in this era . Being run over was a major cause of death , despite the wagons ' only averaging 2 -- 3 miles per hour . The wagons could not easily be stopped , and people , particularly children , were often trying to get on and off the wagons while they were moving -- not always successfully . Another hazard was a dress getting caught in the wheels and pulling the person under . Accidental shootings declined significantly after Fort Laramie , as people became more familiar with their weapons and often just left them in their wagons . Carrying around a ten - pound rifle all day soon became tedious and usually unnecessary , as the perceived Indian threat faded and hunting opportunities receded . A significant number of travelers were suffering from scurvy by the end of their trips . Their typical flour and salted pork / bacon diet had very little vitamin C in it . The diet in the mining camps was also typically low in fresh vegetables and fruit , which indirectly led to early deaths of many of the inhabitants . Some believe that scurvy deaths may have rivaled cholera as a killer , with most deaths occurring after the victim reached California . Miscellaneous deaths included deaths by childbirth , falling trees , flash floods , homicides , kicks by animals , lightning strikes , snake bites , and stampedes . According to an evaluation by John Unruh , a 4 percent death rate or 16,000 out of 400,000 total pioneers on all trails may have died on the trail . Reaching the Sierra Nevada before the start of the winter storms was critical for a successful completion of a trip . The most famous failure in that regard was that of the Donner Party , whose members struggled to traverse what is today called Donner Pass , in November 1846 . When the last survivor was rescued in April 1847 , 33 men , women , and children had died at Donner Lake ; with some of the 48 survivors ' confessing to having resorted to cannibalism to survive . Other trails west ( edit ) There were other possible migration paths for early settlers , miners , or travelers to California or Oregon besides the Oregon trail prior to the establishment of the transcontinental railroads . From 1821 -- 1846 , the Hudson 's Bay Company twice annually used the York Factory Express overland trade route from Fort Vancouver to Hudson Bay then on to London . James Sinclair led a large party of nearly 200 settlers from the Red River Colony in 1841 . These northern routes were largely abandoned after Britain ceded its claim to the southern Columbia River basin by way of the Oregon Treaty of 1846 . The longest trip was the voyage of about 13,600 to 15,000 miles ( 21,900 to 24,100 km ) on an uncomfortable sailing ship rounding the treacherous , cold , and dangerous Cape Horn between Antarctica and South America and then sailing on to California or Oregon . This trip typically took four to seven months ( 120 to 210 days ) and cost about $350 to $500 . The cost could be reduced to zero if you signed on as a crewman and worked as a common seaman . The hundreds of abandoned ships , whose crews had deserted in San Francisco Bay in 1849 -- 50 , showed many thousands chose to do this . Other routes involved taking a ship to Colón , Panama ( then called Aspinwall ) and a strenuous , disease ridden , five - to seven - day trip by canoe and mule over the Isthmus of Panama before catching a ship from Panama City , Panama to Oregon or California . This trip could be done from the east coast theoretically in less than two months if all ship connections were made without waits and typically cost about $450 / person . Catching a fatal disease was a distinct possibility as Ulysses S. Grant in 1852 learned when his unit of about 600 soldiers and some of their dependents traversed the Isthmus and lost about 120 men , women , and children . This passage was considerably sped up and made safer in 1855 when the Panama Railroad was completed at terrible cost in money and life across the Isthmus . The once treacherous 50 - mile ( 80 km ) trip could be done in less than a day . The time and the cost for transit dropped as regular paddle wheel steamships and sailing ships went from ports on the east coast and New Orleans , Louisiana , to Colón , Panama ( $80 -- $100 ) , across the Isthmus of Panama by railroad ( $25 ) and by paddle wheel steamships and sailing ships to ports in California and Oregon ( $100 -- $150 ) . Another route established by Cornelius Vanderbilt in 1849 was across Nicaragua . The 120 - mile ( 190 km ) long San Juan River to the Atlantic Ocean helps drain the 100 - mile ( 160 km ) long Lake Nicaragua . From the western shore of Lake Nicaragua it is only about 12 miles ( 19 km ) to the Pacific Ocean . Vanderbilt decided to use paddle wheel steam ships from the U.S. to the San Juan River , small paddle wheel steam launches on the San Juan River , boats across Lake Nicaragua , and a stage coach to the Pacific where connections could be made with another ship headed to California , Oregon , etc ... Vanderbilt , by undercutting fares to the Isthmus of Panama and stealing many of the Panama Railroad workers , managed to attract roughly 30 % of the California bound steam boat traffic . All his connections in Nicaragua were never completely worked out before the Panama Railroad 's completion in 1855 . Civil strife in Nicaragua and a payment to Cornelius Vanderbilt of a `` non-compete '' payment ( bribe ) of $56,000 per year killed the whole project in 1855 . Another possible route consisted of taking a ship to Mexico traversing the country and then catching another ship out of Acapulco , Mexico to California etc . This route was used by some adventurous travelers but was not too popular because of the difficulties of making connections and the often hostile population along the way . The Gila Trail going along the Gila River in Arizona , across the Colorado River and then across the Sonora Desert in California was scouted by Stephen Kearny 's troops and later by Captain Philip St. George Cooke 's Mormon Battalion in 1846 who were the first to take a wagon the whole way . This route was used by many gold hungry miners in 1849 and later but suffered from the disadvantage that you had to find a way across the very wide and very dry Sonora Desert . It was used by many in 1849 and later as a winter crossing to California , despite its many disadvantages . Running from 1857 to 1861 , the Butterfield Stage Line won the $600,000 / yr . U.S. mail contract to deliver mail to San Francisco , California . As dictated by southern Congressional members , the 2,800 - mile ( 4,500 km ) route ran from St. Louis , Missouri through Arkansas , Oklahoma Indian Territory , Texas , New Mexico Territory , and across the Sonora Desert before ending in San Francisco , California . Employing over 800 at its peak , it used 250 Concord Stagecoaches seating 12 very crowded passengers in three rows . It used 1,800 head of stock , horses and mules and 139 relay stations to ensure the stages ran day and night . A one way fare of $200 delivered a very thrashed and tired passenger into San Francisco in 25 to 28 days . After traveling the route , New York Herald reporter Waterman Ormsby said , `` I now know what Hell is like . I 've just had 24 days of it . '' Other ways to get to Oregon were : using the York Factory Express route across Canada , and down the Columbia River ; ships from Hawaii , San Francisco , or other ports that stopped in Oregon ; emigrants trailing up from California , etc . All provided a trickle of emigrants , but they were soon overwhelmed in numbers by the emigrants coming over the Oregon Trail . The ultimate competitor arrived in 1869 , the First Transcontinental Railroad , which cut travel time to about seven days at a low fare of about $60 ( economy ) Legacy ( edit ) One of the enduring legacies of the Oregon Trail is the expansion of the United States territory to the West Coast . Without the many thousands of United States settlers in Oregon and California , and thousands more on their way each year , it is highly unlikely that this would have occurred . Art , entertainment , and media ( edit ) The western expansion , and the Oregon Trail in particular , inspired numerous creative works about the settlers ' experiences . Games ( edit ) The story of the Oregon Trail inspired the popular educational computer game , The Oregon Trail ( 1971 ) , which became widely popular in the 1980s and early 1990s . Several sequels to the game were also released , such as The Oregon Trail II ( 1995 ) , The Yukon Trail ( 1994 ) , and The Amazon Trail ( 1994 ) . Music ( edit ) The song `` Uncle Sam 's Farm '' encouraged east - coast dwellers to `` Come right away . Our lands they are broad enough , so do n't be alarmed . Uncle Sam is rich enough to give us all a farm . '' In `` Western Country '' , the singer exhorts that , `` if I had no horse at all , I 'd still be a hauling , far across those Rocky Mountains , goin ' away to Oregon . '' Television ( edit ) The Oregon Trail was a television series that ran from September 22 through October 26 , 1977 , on NBC . The show stars Rod Taylor , Tony Becker , Darleen Carr , Charles Napier , and Ken Swofford . Although the show was canceled after six episodes , the remaining seven episodes were later aired on BBC 2 in the United Kingdom , the entire series was shown in the UK on BBC1 , from November 1977 to January 1978 , and in On April 13 , 2010 , Timeless Media Group ( TMG ) released in the USA the entire show on six DVDs , running 750 minutes . The set includes 14 original episodes , including the feature - length pilot and the six episodes that did not air on NBC . Commemorative coin ( edit ) The Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar was coined to commemorate the route . Issued intermittently between 1926 and 1939 , 202,928 were sold to the public . With 131,050 minted in 1926 , that year 's issue remains readily available for collectors . See also ( edit ) Kansas Territory Landmarks of the Nebraska Territory National Historic Oregon Trail Interpretive Center National Historic Trails Interpretive Center Nebraska Territory Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar Route of the Oregon Trail The Oregon Trail : Sketches of Prairie and Rocky - Mountain Life The West as America Art Exhibition Trailside Center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Basic Facts About the Oregon Trail '' . U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR - BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT . n.d. Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Federal Writers Project ( 1939 ) . The Oregon Trail : The Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean . Open Library . p. 215 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Randall A . `` The Mullan Road : A Real Northwest Passage '' ( Reprint of 1995 article in The Pacific Northwesterner , Vol. 39 , No. 2 ) . History Ink . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tonquin '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsh , James H. ( 1999 ) . The Canadian Encyclopedia . The Canadian Encyclopedia . ISBN 9780771020995 . Jump up ^ `` Map of Astorian expedition , Lewis and Clark expedition , Oregon Trail , etc. in Pacific Northwest etc '' . oregon.com . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Philip Ashton ( 1995 ) . The Discovery of the Oregon Trail : Robert Stuart 's Narratives of His Overland Trip Eastward from Astoria in 1812 -- 13 . University of Nebraska . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9234 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Mackie , Richard Somerset ( 1997 ) . Trading Beyond the Mountains : The British Fur Trade on the Pacific ; 1793 - 1843 . UBC Press . p. 318 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0613 - 8 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Colville '' . Nwcouncil.org . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Red River Settlers in Oregon , Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Area Histories : Historical Maps '' . North East Winnipeg Historical Society Inc. ( 2010 ) . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ It was not until later that the Ogallala Aquifer was discovered and used for irrigation , dry farming techniques developed and railtracks laid . Jump up ^ `` IDAHO FUR TRADE '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gowans , Fred R. Rocky Mountain Rendezvous , pg 27 . Gibbs Smith Publisher . ISBN 1 - 58685 - 756 - 8 Jump up ^ The Adventures of Captain Bonneville s : The Adventures of Captain Bonneville Jump up ^ Frémont 's Map of California and Oregon , Retrieved December 23 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Protestant Ladder '' . Oregon Historical Society . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Emigrants 1839 '' . Oregonpioneers.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oldham , Kit ( 2003 ) . `` Robert Newell and Joseph Meek reach Fort Walla Walla '' . www.historylink.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Members of the party later disagreed over the size of the party , one stating 160 adults and children were in the party , while another counted 105 . Jump up ^ `` The Wagon Train of 1843 : The Great Migration '' . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2008 . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Events in The West : 1840 -- 1850 PBS . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lillian Schlissel , `` Women 's diaries on the western frontier . '' American Studies ( 1977 ) : 87 - 100 online . Jump up ^ Sandra L. Myres , ed. , Ho for California ! : Women 's Overland Diaries from the Huntington Library ( Huntington Library Press , 1980 ) Jump up ^ Glenda Riley , `` The Specter of a Savage : Rumors and Alarmism on the Overland Trail . '' Western Historical Quarterly ( 1984 ) : 427 - 444 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Kenneth L. Holmes , Covered Wagon Women , Volume 1 , Introduction by Anne M. Butler , ebook version , University of Nebraska Press , ( 1983 ) pp 1 - 10 . Jump up ^ From the letter of Anna Maria King , in Covered Wagon Women , Volume 1 , by Kenneth L. Holmes , ebook version , University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln , Nebraska , 1983 , Page 41 . Jump up ^ Peavy , Linda S. , and Ursula Smith . Pioneer Women : The Lives of Women on the Frontier . University of Oklahoma Press , 1998 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ From the letter of Betsey Bayley , in Covered Wagon Women , Volume 1 , by Kenneth L. Holmes , ebook version , University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln , Nebraska , 1983 , Page 35 . Jump up ^ `` Mormons in Iowa towns '' . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Peters 1996 , pp. 109 . Jump up ^ `` American West - Oregon Trail '' . American West . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The 1850 U.S. California Census , the first census that included everyone , showed only about 7,019 females with 4,165 non-Indian females older than 15 in the state . To find a `` correct '' census there should be added about 20,000 men and about 1,300 females from San Francisco , Santa Clara , and Contra Costa counties whose censuses were lost and not included in the official totals. ( 1 ) Retrieved August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ U.S. Seventh Census 1850 : California Retrieved August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ Greeley , Horace . `` An Overland Journey from New York to San Francisco in the Summer of 1859 '' . www.yosemite.ca.us . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Unruh : op . cit . pp 410 Jump up ^ Simpson , Capt . J.H. ( 1876 ) . `` Report of Explorations across the Great Basin of the Territory of Utah '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office : 25 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : Pony Express Trail maps , Retrieved January 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Unruh , John D ( 1993 ) . The Plains Across the Overland Emigrants and Trans - Mississippi West 1840 -- 1860 . University of Illinois Press . pp. 392 , 512 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06360 - 2 . Jump up ^ Barry , Louise . The Beginnings of the West . 1972 . pp 1084 -- 85 Jump up ^ `` Railroad ticket 1870 Transcontinental Railroad Statistics '' . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ventures and Adventures of Ezra Meeker : Or , Sixty Years of Frontier Life by Ezra Meeker . Rainer Printing Company 1908 . ASIN : B000861WA8 Jump up ^ North America Travel Guide . `` Saint Peters : Missouri '' . North America Travel Guide . Retrieved August 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Larry and Carolyn . `` Franklin Missouri The Beginning of the Santa Fe Trail '' . www.santafetrailresearch.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Quarters Project '' . Winterquarters.byu.edu . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mattes , Merrill J. The Great Platte River Road . Bison Books , 1987 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8153 - 0 Jump up ^ `` The Oregon Trail in Western Nebraska '' . www.globalclassroom.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Greg . `` NE - OCTA Home Page '' . gnelson.incolor.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Oregon Trail Nebraska eastern Wyoming NPS road guide , accessed February 8 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Chronological List of Fort Laramie History '' . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Treading the Elephant 's Tail : Medical Problems on the Overland Trails '' . Overland Journal , Volume 6 , Number 1 , 1988 ; Peter D. Olch ; Pp. 25 -- 31 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00881 - 6 Jump up ^ `` The Hastings Cutoff Introduction '' . scienceviews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln County Photos II - Wyoming Tales and Trails '' . Wyomingtalesandtrails.com . June 30 , 1952 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sublette -- Greenwood Cutoff Map '' . Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Additional estimate for Fort Kearney , South Pass , and Honey Lake wagon road : letter from the acting Secretary of the Interior , transmitting a communication from Colonel Lander in regard to the Fort Kearney , South Pass and Honey Lake wagon road '' . United States . Dept. of the Interior . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Road Construction '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Unruh : page 119 -- 120 Jump up ^ `` Lander Road Cutoff Map '' . Wyoshpo.state.wy.us . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Emigrant Trails of Southern Idaho '' ; Bureau of Land Management & Idaho State Historical Society ; 1993 ; pp 117 -- 125 ASIN : B000KE2KTU Jump up ^ `` An Emigrant Train from the top of Big Mountain entering the valley of the Great Salt Lake '' . Utah Division of Parks and Recreation . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Schindler , Hal ( June 5 , 1994 ) . `` It 's Sam Hensley - Not Hansel - Who Discovered Cutoff '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . pp. D1 . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Big Hill Idaho . OCTA Idaho accessed February 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ The National Oregon - California Trail Center Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Soda Springs quotes Idaho State Historical Society ( 2 ) Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Hudspeth cutoff map ( OCTA - Idaho ) ( 3 ) Accessed February 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ For an Oregon - California trail map up to the junction in Idaho NPS Oregon National Historic Trail Map . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Northern Nevada and Utah , Southern Idaho Tail Map Accessed February 9 , 2009 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived July 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Oregon Trail North Side Alternate , Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ map of North Side Alternate Archived March 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Goodale 's Cutoff NPS ( 5 ) Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ Three Island Crossing photos Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ Three Island Crossing quotes `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ Three Mile Island Crossing Park , Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ National Trail Map Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` IdahoHistory.net '' ( PDF ) . IdahoHistory.net . July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Trail Monuments '' . Boise City Department of Arts & History . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : David Dary , The Oregon Trail : An American Saga ( Knopt , 2004 ) , pp. 79 - 80 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Stamm , The Mule Alternative : The Saddle Mule in the American West ( 1992 ) , p. 61 - 62 . Jump up ^ George R. Stewart , The California Trail : An Epic with Many Heroes ( 1962 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Dary , David ( 2004 ) . The Oregon Trail an American Saga . New York : Alfred P. Knopf . p. 274 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41399 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : McLynn , Frank ( 2002 ) . Wagons West : The Epic Story of America 's Overland Trails . Random House . pp. 103 -- 04 . ^ Jump up to : Reginald Horsman , Feast or Famine : Food and Drink in American Westward Expansion ( University of Missouri Press , 2008 ) , pp. 128 - 31 . Jump up ^ Unruh : op . cit . pp 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Unruh : pp 149 -- 155 Jump up ^ Unruh : pp 149 -- 150 Jump up ^ Unruh : p 150 Jump up ^ `` Supplies '' . Oregon Trail Center . Jump up ^ Unruh ( 1992 ) . The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 . pp. 119 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mormon Pioneer Companies ( 6 ) Retrieved April 11 , 2009 Jump up ^ Mattes , Merril J. ; `` The Great Platte River Road '' ; p23 ; Nebraska State Historical Society ; 1979 : ISBN 978 - 0 - 686 - 26254 - 1 Jump up ^ Mattes , Merrill J. ; op . cit. ; p 23 Jump up ^ A. Roman , ed . ( January 1881 ) . `` The Californian '' . The Californian . San Francisco , CA : The California Publishing Company . III . Old Californians , page 48 , by Joaquin Miller . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . The cowards did not start to the Pacific Coast in the old days ; all the weak died on the way . And so it was that we had then not only a race of giants , but of gods . Jump up ^ Lloyd W. Coffman , 1993 , Blazing A Wagon Trail To Oregon Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census 1790 -- 1870 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Territory Jump up ^ Dary , David ( 2004 ) . The Oregon Trail an American Saga . New York : Alfred P. Knopf . pp. 272 -- 275 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41399 - 5 . Jump up ^ Unruh : page 408 Jump up ^ Unruh : pp 408 -- 410 , 516 Jump up ^ Steele , Volney M.D. Bleed , Blister , and Purge : A History of Medicine on the American Frontier . Mountain Press Publishing Company , 2005 . pp 115 , 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87842 - 505 - 1 Jump up ^ Unruh , John David ( 1993 ) . ' The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 . University of Illinois Press . pp. 408 -- 410 , 516 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06360 - 2 . Jump up ^ Peters 1996 , pp. 102 - 109 . Jump up ^ Brooks D. Simpson ; Ulysses S. Grant : Triumph Over Adversity , 1822 -- 1865 ; 2000 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 65994 - 6 , pg. 55 Jump up ^ `` Nicaragua Route '' . Jump up ^ Railroad fares 1869 Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Oregon Trail '' . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` The Oregon Trail - The ' 70s NBC Show Starring Rod Taylor Comes to DVD with Unaired Episodes '' . TV Shows on DVD . TV Guide Online . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bagley , Will . So Rugged and Mountainous : Blazing the Trails to Oregon and California , 1812 -- 1848 ( University of Oklahoma Press ; 458 pages ; 2010 ) . First book in a projected four - volume study of the course and impact of western migration . Faragher , John Mack . Women and Men on the Overland Trail ( 2nd ed. 2001 ) excerpt and text search Federal Writers ' Project . The Oregon trail : the Missouri River to the Pacific ocean ( 1939 ) online edition , 244pp Hanson , TJ ( 2001 ) . Western Passage . Bookmasters , Inc . ISBN 0 - 9705847 - 0 - 9 . Peters , Arthur K. ( 1996 ) . Seven trail west . Abbeville Press . ISBN 1 - 55859 - 782 - 4 . Unruh , John David . The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 ( 1979 ) University of Illinois Press . the standard scholarly history Primary sources ( edit ) Crawford , Medorem ( 1897 ) . Journal of Medorem Crawford : an account of his trip across the plains with the Oregon pioneers of 1842 ( DJVU ) . Star Job Office . OCLC 5001642 . Hewitt , Randall ( 1863 ) . Notes by the way : memoranda of a journey across the plains , from Dundee , Ill. , to Olympia , W.T. May 7 , to November 3 , 1862 ( DJVU ) . Washington Standard . OCLC 51465106 . Myres , Sandra L. , ed . Ho for California ! : Women 's Overland Diaries from the Huntington Library ( 2007 ) Parkman , Francis , The Oregon Trail : Sketches of Prairie and Rocky - Mountain Life . University of Virginia Press. , personal account by a famous historian Smedley , William ( 1916 ) . Across the plains in ' 62 ( DJVU ) . ISBN 0 - 87770 - 460 - 0 . OCLC 4981167 . Ward , D.B. ( 1911 ) . Across the plains in 1853 ( DJVU ) . Ward . ISBN 0 - 8466 - 0061 - 7 . OCLC 2931824 . Williams , Joseph ( 1921 ) . Narrative of a tour from the state of Indiana to the Oregon Territory in the years 1841 -- 2 ( DJVU ) . Standard . ISBN 0 - 87770 - 172 - 5 . OCLC 2095243 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oregon Trail . Find more aboutOregon Trailat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Oregon National Historic Trail ( National Park Service ) National Trail Map Oregon Trail Map ( archived from broken National Park Service link ) California Trail Map ( archived from broken National Park Service link ) Oregon Trail history ( archived from broken Oregon Department of Transportation link ) ( with maps ) Pathways of Pioneers : Idaho 's Oregon Trail Legacy Documentary produced by Idaho Public Television U.S. National Trails System National Geologic Trail Ice Age Floods Trail National Historic Trails Scenic motor routes California Trail El Camino Real de los Tejas Trail El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Juan Bautista de Anza Trail Mormon Trail Nez Perce Trail Old Spanish Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Trail Santa Fe Trail Selma to Montgomery Trail Trail of Tears Natural surface trails Ala Kahakai Trail Iditarod Trail Water trails Captain John Smith Chesapeake Trail Combination Lewis and Clark Trail ( motor & land & water ) Overmountain Victory Trail ( motor & land ) Star - Spangled Banner Trail ( motor & water ) Washington -- Rochambeau Revolutionary Route ( motor & water ) National Scenic Trails Appalachian Trail Arizona Trail Continental Divide Trail New England Trail Florida Trail Ice Age Trail Natchez Trace Trail North Country Trail Pacific Crest Trail Pacific Northwest Trail Potomac Heritage Trail National Water Trails Alabama Scenic River Trail Bronx River Blueway Chattahoochee River Water Trail Hudson River Greenway Water Trail Island Loop Route Kansas River Trail Mississippi National River and Recreation Area Water Trail Mississippi River Water Trail ( MRWT ) Great River Water Trail Missouri National Recreational River Water Trail Okefenokee Wilderness Canoe Trails Red Rock Water Trail Rock River Water Trail Waccamaw River Blue Trail Willamette River Water Trail National Recreation Trails National Park Service United States Forest Service Bureau of Land Management Related Triple Crown of Hiking Pioneer history of Oregon ( 1806 -- 1890 ) Topics American Fur Company Columbian Exchange Executive Committee Ferries Hudson 's Bay Company Oregon & California Railroad Oregon boundary dispute Oregon Country Oregon Lyceum Oregon missionaries Oregon Spectator Oregon Territory Oregon Trail Oregon Treaty Organic Laws Pacific Fur Company Provisional Government Events Treaty of 1818 Russo - American Treaty of 1824 Willamette Cattle Company Champoeg Meetings Star of Oregon Whitman massacre Cayuse War Donation Land Claim Act Holmes v. 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8209802572330172753	Great Salt Lake	Great Salt Lake - wikipedia Great Salt Lake Great Salt Lake Satellite photo from August 2003 after five years of drought , reaching near - record lows . Note the difference in colors between the northern and southern portions of the lake , the result of a railroad causeway . Location Utah , United States Coordinates 41 ° 10 ′ N 112 ° 35 ′ W / 41.167 ° N 112.583 ° W / 41.167 ; - 112.583 Coordinates : 41 ° 10 ′ N 112 ° 35 ′ W / 41.167 ° N 112.583 ° W / 41.167 ; - 112.583 Type Endorheic , hypersaline Primary inflows Bear , Jordan , Weber rivers Catchment area 21,500 sq mi ( 55,685 km2 ) Basin countries United States Max. length 75 mi ( 120 km ) Max . width 28 mi ( 45 km ) Surface area 1,700 sq mi ( 4,400 km2 ) Average depth 16 ft ( 4.9 m ) , when lake is at average level Max . depth 33 ft ( 10 m ) average , high of 45 ft ( 14 m ) in 1987 , low of 24 ft ( 7.3 m ) in 1963 Water volume 15,338,693.6 acre ⋅ ft ( 18.92 km ) Surface elevation historical average of 4,200 feet ( 1,283 m ) , 4,192.9 feet ( 1,277 m ) as of 2017 November 17 Islands 8 -- 15 ( variable , see Islands ) Settlements Salt Lake and Ogden metropolitan areas . The Great Salt Lake , located in the northern part of the U.S. state of Utah , is the largest salt water lake in the Western Hemisphere , and the eighth - largest terminal lake in the world . In an average year the lake covers an area of around 1,700 square miles ( 4,400 km ) , but the lake 's size fluctuates substantially due to its shallowness . For instance , in 1963 it reached its lowest recorded size at 950 square miles ( 2,460 km2 ) , but in 1988 the surface area was at the historic high of 3,300 square miles ( 8,500 km ) . In terms of surface area , it is the largest lake in the United States that is not part of the Great Lakes region . The lake is the largest remnant of Lake Bonneville , a prehistoric pluvial lake that once covered much of western Utah . The three major tributaries to the lake , the Jordan , Weber , and Bear rivers together deposit around 1.1 million tons of minerals in the lake each year . As it is endorheic ( has no outlet besides evaporation ) , it has very high salinity ( far saltier than seawater ) and its mineral content is steadily increasing . Due to the high density resulting from its mineral content , swimming in the Great Salt Lake is similar to floating . Its shallow , warm waters cause frequent , sometimes heavy lake - effect snows from late fall through spring . Although it has been called `` America 's Dead Sea '' , the lake provides habitat for millions of native birds , brine shrimp , shorebirds , and waterfowl , including the largest staging population of Wilson 's phalarope in the world . Contents 1 Origin 2 History 3 Geography 3.1 Islands 3.2 Lake - effect precipitation 4 Hydrology 4.1 Salinity 4.2 1930s Fresh Water Project 4.3 Willard Bay Reservoir 4.4 West Desert Pumping Project 5 Ecosystem 5.1 Pink Floyd the flamingo 5.2 Elevated mercury levels 6 Commerce 6.1 Causeway 6.2 Recreation 6.2. 1 Saltair 6.2. 2 Garfield Beach Resort 7 Legends and unusual features 8 See also 9 References 10 Footnotes 10.1 Works cited 11 External links Origin ( edit ) The Great Salt Lake is a remnant of a much larger prehistoric lake called Lake Bonneville . At its greatest extent , Lake Bonneville spanned 22,400 square miles ( 58,000 km ) , nearly as large as present - day Lake Michigan , and roughly ten times the area of the Great Salt Lake today . Bonneville reached 923 ft ( 281 m ) at its deepest point , and covered much of present - day Utah and small portions of Idaho and Nevada during the ice ages of the Pleistocene Epoch . Lake Bonneville existed until about 16,800 years ago , when a large portion of the lake was released through the Red Rock Pass in Idaho . With the warming climate , the remaining lake began to dry , leaving the Great Salt Lake , Utah Lake , Sevier Lake , and Rush Lake behind . History ( edit ) Map showing `` Lake Youta or Salt Lake '' in 1838 when it was in Mexico . From Britannica 7th edition . The Shoshone , Ute , and Paiute have lived near the Great Salt Lake for thousands of years . At the time of Salt Lake City 's founding , the valley was within the territory of the Northwestern Shoshone ; however , occupation was seasonal , near streams emptying from Canyons into the Salt Lake Valley . One of the local Shoshone tribes , the Western Goshute tribe , referred to the lake as Pi'a - pa , meaning `` big water '' , or Ti'tsa - pa , meaning `` bad water '' . The Great Salt Lake entered written European history through the records of Silvestre Vélez de Escalante , who learned of its existence from the Timpanogos Utes in 1776 . No European name was given to it at the time , and it was not shown on the map by Bernardo Miera y Pacheco , the cartographer for the expedition . In 1824 , it was observed , apparently independently , by Jim Bridger and Etienne Provost . Shortly thereafter other trappers saw it and walked around it . Most of the trappers , however , were illiterate and did not record their discoveries . As oral reports of their findings made their way to those who did make records , some errors were made . Escalante had been on the shores of Utah Lake , which he named Laguna Timpanogos . It was the larger of the two lakes that appeared on Miera 's map . Other cartographers followed his lead and charted Lake Timpanogos as the largest ( or larger ) lake in the region . As people came to know of the Great Salt Lake , they interpreted the maps to think that `` Timpanogos '' referred to the Great Salt Lake . On some maps the two names were used synonymously . In time `` Timpanogos '' was dropped from the maps and its original association with Utah Lake was forgotten . In 1843 , John C. Fremont led the first scientific expedition to the lake , but with winter coming on , he did not take the time to survey the entire lake . That happened in 1850 under the leadership of Howard Stansbury ( Stansbury discovered and named the Stansbury mountain range and Stansbury island ) . John Fremont 's overly glowing reports of the area were published shortly after his expedition . Stansbury also published a formal report of his survey work which became very popular . His report of the area included a discussion of Mormon religious practices based on Stansbury 's interaction with the Mormon community in Great Salt Lake City , which had been established three years earlier in 1847 . Beginning in November 1895 , artist and author Alfred Lambourne spent a year living on the remote Gunnison Island , where he wrote a book of musing and poetry , Our Inland Sea . From November 1895 to March 1896 , he was alone . In March , a few guano sifters arrived to harvest and sell the guano of the nesting birds as fertilizer . Lambourne included musings about these guano sifters in his work . Lambourne left the island early in the winter of 1896 along with the first group of guano sifters . Geography ( edit ) Great Salt Lake from airspace over Salt Lake City The Great Salt Lake lends its name to Salt Lake City , originally named `` Great Salt Lake City '' by the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) Brigham Young , who led a group of Mormon pioneers to the Salt Lake Valley southeast of the lake on July 24 , 1847 . The lake lies in parts of five counties : Box Elder , Davis , Tooele , Weber , and Salt Lake . Salt Lake City and its suburbs are located to the south - east and east of the lake , between the lake and the Wasatch Mountains , but land around the north and west shores are almost uninhabited . The Bonneville Salt Flats are to the west , and the Oquirrh and Stansbury Mountains rise to the south . The Great Salt Lake is fed by three major rivers and several minor streams . The three major rivers are each fed directly or indirectly from the Uinta Mountain range in northeastern Utah . The Bear River starts on the north slope of the Uintas and flows north past Bear Lake , into which some of Bear River 's waters have been diverted via a man - made canal into the lake , but later empty back into the river by means of the Bear Lake Outlet . The river then turns south in southern Idaho and eventually flows into the northeast arm of the Great Salt Lake . The Weber River also starts on the north slope of the Uinta Mountains and flows into the east edge of the lake . The Jordan River does not receive its water directly from the Uintas , rather it flows from freshwater Utah Lake , which itself is fed primarily by the Provo River ; the Provo River does originate in the Uintas , a few miles from the Weber and Bear . The Jordan flows from the north part of Utah Lake into the south - east corner of the Great Salt Lake . Due to its shallowness , the water level can fall dramatically in dry years and rise during high - precipitation years , thereby reflecting prolonged drought or wet periods . The change in the level of lake level is strongly modulated by the Pacific Ocean through atmospheric circulations that fluctuate at low frequency . By capturing these climate oscillations while using tree - ring reconstruction of lake level , the lake level fluctuation could be predicted onward for 5 -- 8 years . The Utah Climate Center provides prediction of the Great Salt Lake 's annual lake level . This forecast uses central tropical Pacific Ocean temperature , watershed precipitation , tree - ring data of 750 + years , and the lake level itself . Color difference A railroad line -- the Lucin Cutoff -- runs across the lake , crossing the southern end of Promontory Peninsula . The mostly solid causeway supporting the railway divides the lake into three portions : the north - east arm , north - west arm , and southern . The causeway obstructed the normal mixing of the waters of the lake because there were only three 100 - foot ( 30 m ) breaches . Because no rivers , except a few minor streams , flow directly into the north - west arm , Gunnison Bay , is substantially saltier than the rest of the lake . This saltier environment promotes different types of algae than those growing in the southern part of the lake , leading to a marked color difference on the two sides of the causeway . On December 1 , 2016 , the opening of new 180 - foot - long ( 55 m ) bridge allowed water to flow from the southern arm of the lake into north - west arm . At the time of opening of causeway the north - west arm was nearly 3 feet ( 90 cm ) lower than the southern arm . By April 2017 , the levels of both arms of the lake had risen due to spring runoff , and the north - western arm was within 1 foot ( 30 cm ) of the southern arm . Islands ( edit ) Categorically stating the number of islands is difficult , as the method used to determine what is an island is not necessarily the same in each source . Since the water level of the lake can vary greatly between years , what may be considered an island in a high water year may be considered a peninsula in another , or an island in a low water year may be covered during another year . According to the U.S. Department of the Interior and the U.S. Geological Survey , `` there are eight named islands in the lake that have never been totally submerged during historic time . All have been connected to the mainland by exposed shoals during periods of low water . '' In addition to these eight islands , the lake also contains a number of rocks , reefs , or shoals that become fully or partially submerged at high water levels . The Utah Geological Survey , on the other hand , states `` the lake contains 11 recognized islands , although this number varies depending on the level of the lake . Seven islands are in the southern portion of the lake and four in the northwestern portion . '' The size and whether they are counted as islands during any particular year depends mostly on the level of the lake . From largest to smallest , they are Antelope Island , Stansbury Island , Fremont Island , Carrington Island , Dolphin Island , Cub Island , and Badger Island , and various rocks , reefs , or shoals with names like Strongs Knob , Gunnison Island , Goose , Browns , Hat ( Bird ) , Egg Island , Black Rock , and White Rock . Dolphin Island , Gunnison Island , Cub Island , and Strongs Knob are in the northwestern arm . The rest are in the southern portion of the Great Salt Lake . Sunset viewed from White Rock Bay , on the western shore of Antelope Island . Carrington Island is visible in the distance . Black Rock , Antelope Island , White Rock , Egg Island , Fremont Island , and the Promontory mountain range are each extensions of the Oquirrh Mountain Range , which dips beneath the lake at its southeastern shore . Stansbury , Carrington , and Hat Islands are extensions of the Stansbury mountain range , and Strongs Knob is an extension of the Lakeside Mountains which run along the lake 's western shore . The lake is deepest in the area between these island chains , measured by Howard Stansbury in 1850 at about 35 feet ( 10.7 meters ) deep , and an average depth of 13 feet ( four meters ) . When the water levels are low , Antelope Island becomes connected to the shore as a peninsula , as do Goose Islands , Browns Island , and some of the other islands . Stansbury Island and Strongs Knob remain peninsulas unless the water level rises well - above the average . Lake - effect precipitation ( edit ) Main article : Great Salt Lake effect Due to the warm waters of the Great Salt Lake , lake - effect snowfalls are frequent phenomena in the surrounding area . Cold north , north - west , or west winds generally blow across the lake following the passage of a cold front , and the temperature difference between the warm lake and the cool air can form clouds that lead to precipitation downwind of the lake . It is typically heaviest in Tooele County to the east , and north into central Davis County , and can deposit excessive snowfall amounts , generally within a narrow band which is highly - dependent on the direction the wind is blowing . The lake - effect snowfalls are more likely to occur in late fall , early winter and spring , due to the higher temperature differences between the lake and the air above it . During summer , the temperature differences can cause thunderstorms to form over the lake and drift eastward along the northern Wasatch Front . Some rainstorms may also be partially attributed to the lake effect in fall and spring . It is estimated that approximately six to eight lake effect snowstorms occur in a year , and that 10 % of the average precipitation of Salt Lake City can be attributed to the lake effect . Hydrology ( edit ) Map of Great Salt Lake Because of its high salt concentration , the lake water is unusually dense , and most people can float more easily than in other bodies of water , particularly in Gunnison Bay , the saltier north arm of the lake . Water levels have been recorded since 1875 , averaging about 4,200 feet ( 1,280 m ) above sea level . Since the Great Salt Lake is a shallow lake with gently sloping shores around all edges except on the south side , small variations in the water level greatly affect the extent of the shoreline . The water level can rise dramatically in wet years and fall during dry years . The water level is also affected by the amount of water flow diverted for agricultural and urban uses . The Jordan and Weber rivers , in particular , are diverted for other uses . In the 1880s Grove Karl Gilbert predicted that the lake -- then in the middle of many years of recession -- would virtually disappear except for a small remnant between the islands . A 2014 study used tree rings collected in the watershed of the Great Salt Lake to create a 576 - year record of lake level reconstruction . The lake level change is strongly modulated by Pacific Ocean coupled ocean / atmospheric oscillations at low frequency , and therefore reflects the decadal - scale wet / dry cycles that characterize the region . By capturing these climate oscillations as well as utilizing the tree - ring reconstruction of lake level change , researchers were able to predict the lake level fluctuation onward for as long as 5 -- 8 years . The Great Salt Lake differs in elevation between the south and north parts . The causeway for the Lucin Cutoff divides the lake into two parts . The water - surface elevation of the south part of the lake is usually 0.5 to 2 feet ( 15 -- 61 cm ) higher than that of the north part because most of the inflow to the lake occurs from the south . Salinity ( edit ) Most of the salts dissolved in the lake and deposited in the desert flats around it reflect the concentration of solutes by evaporation ; Lake Bonneville itself was fresh enough to support populations of fish . More salt is added yearly via rivers and streams , though the amount is much less than the relict salt from Bonneville . The salinity of the lake 's main basin , Gilbert Bay , is highly variable and depends on the lake 's level ; it ranges from 5 to 27 % ( 50 to 270 parts per thousand ) . For comparison , the average salinity of the world ocean is 3.5 % ( 35 parts per thousand ) and 33.7 % in the Dead Sea . The ionic composition is similar to seawater , much more so than the Dead Sea 's water ; compared to the ocean , Great Salt Lake 's waters are slightly enriched in potassium and depleted in calcium . 1930s fresh water project ( edit ) In the early 1930s there was a project to dam off a third of the lake with dikes on the east side north of Salt Lake City to make a fresh water reservoir for drinking and irrigation . The project was abandoned before it got beyond the planning stage . Willard Bay reservoir ( edit ) Main article : Willard Bay Willard Bay , also known as Willard Bay Reservoir or Arthur V. Watkins Reservoir is a fresh water reservoir , completed in 1964 , which separated , drained , and subsequently filled with fresh water from the Weber River , a portion of the Great Salt Lake 's northeastern arm . West desert pumping project ( edit ) Record high water levels in the 1980s caused a large amount of property damage for owners on the eastern side of the Great Salt Lake , and the water started to erode the base of Interstate 80 . In response , the State of Utah built the West Desert Pumping Project on the western side of the lake . This project consists of a pumping station at Hogup Ridge , containing three pumps with a combined capacity of moving 1,500,000 US gallons per minute ( 95 m / s ) ; an inlet canal ; and an outlet canal . Also , there are 25 miles ( 40 km ) of dikes and a 10 - mile ( 16 km ) access road between the town of Lakeside and the pumping station . This pumping project was designed to increase the surface area of the Great Salt Lake , and thus increase the rate of water evaporation . The pumps drove some of the water of the Great Salt Lake into the 320,000 - acre ( 1300 - square kilometer ) Newfoundland Evaporation Basin in the desert west of the lake . A weir in the dike at the southern end of the Newfoundland Mountains regulated the level of water in the basin , and it sometimes returned salty water from the evaporation basin into the main body of the Great Salt Lake . At the end of their first year of operation , the pumps had removed about 500,000 acre feet ( 620,000,000 m ) of water from the Great Salt Lake . The project was shut down in June 1989 since the level of the lake had dropped by nearly six feet ( 1.8 meters ) since reaching its peak levels during June 1986 and March 1987 . The Utah Division of Water Resources credits the project with `` over one - third of that decline '' . In total , the pumps removed 2,730,000 acre feet ( 3.37 km ) of water while they operated . Although the pumps are no longer in use , they have been kept in place in case the level of the Great Salt Lake ever rises that high again . Ecosystem ( edit ) American avocets at Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge Mountains of the Great Salt Lake in winter . The high salinity in parts of the lake makes them uninhabitable for all but a few species , including brine shrimp , brine flies , and several forms of algae . The brine flies have an estimated population of over one hundred billion and serve as the main source of food for many of the birds which migrate to the lake . However , the fresh - and salt - water wetlands along the eastern and northern edges of the Great Salt Lake provide critical habitat for millions of migratory shorebirds and waterfowl in western North America . These marshes account for approximately 75 % of the wetlands in Utah . Some of the birds that depend on these marshes include : Wilson 's phalarope , red - necked phalarope , American avocet , black - necked stilt , marbled godwit , snowy plover , western sandpiper , long - billed dowitcher , tundra swan , American white pelican , white - faced ibis , California gull , eared grebe , peregrine falcon , bald eagle , plus large populations of various ducks and geese . There are twenty - seven private duck clubs , seven state waterfowl management areas , and a large federal bird refuge on the Great Salt Lake 's shores . Wetland / wildlife management areas include the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge ; Gillmor Sanctuary ; Great Salt Lake Shorelands Preserve ; Salt Creek , Public Shooting Grounds , Harold Crane , Locomotive Springs , Ogden Bay , Timpie Springs , and Farmington Bay Waterfowl Management Areas . Several islands in the lake provide critical nesting areas for various birds . Access to Hat , Gunnison , and Cub islands is strictly limited by the State of Utah in an effort to protect nesting colonies of American white pelican ( Pelecanus erythrorhynchos ) . The islands within the Great Salt Lake also provide habitat for lizard and mammalian wildlife and a variety of plant species . Some species may have been extirpated from the islands . For example , a number of explorers who visited the area in the mid-1800s ( e.g. Emmanuel Domenech , Howard Stansbury , Jules Rémy ) noted an abundance of yellow - flowered `` onions '' on several of the islands , which they identified as Calochortus luteus . This species today occurs only in California , however , at that time the name C. luteus was applied to plants that later were named C. nuttallii A yellow - flowered Calochortus was first named as a variety of C. nuttallii but was later separated into a new species C. aureus . This species occurs in Utah today , though apparently no longer on the islands of the Great Salt Lake . Because of the Great Salt Lake 's high salinity , it has few fish , but they do occur in Bear River Bay and Farmington Bay when spring runoff brings fresh water into the lake . A few aquatic animals live in the lake 's main basin , including centimeter - long brine shrimp ( Artemia franciscana ) . Their tiny , hard - walled eggs or cysts ( diameter about 200 micrometers ) are harvested in quantity during the fall and early winter . They are fed to prawns in Asia , sold as novelty `` Sea - Monkeys , '' sold either live or dehydrated in pet stores as a fish food , and used in testing of toxins , drugs , and other chemicals . There are also two species of brine fly as well as protozoa , rotifers , bacteria and algae . Salinity differences between the sections of the lake separated by the railroad causeway result in significantly different biota . A phytoplankton community dominated by green algae or cyanobacteria ( blue - green algae ) tint the water south of the causeway a greenish color . North of the causeway , the lake is dominated by Dunaliella salina , a species of algae which releases beta - carotene , and the bacteria - like haloarchaea , which together give the water an unusual reddish or purplish color , and the bacteria converts non-toxic mercury into toxic methyl mercury , which then flows into the Southern portion of the lake in a heavy brine layer through the causeway . Although brine shrimp can be found in the arm of the lake north of the causeway , studies conducted by the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources indicate that these are likely transient . Populations of brine shrimp are mostly restricted to the lake 's south arm . In the two bays that receive most of the lake 's fresh water inflows , Bear River Bay and Farmington Bay , the diversity of organisms is much higher . Salinities in these bays can approach that of fresh water when the spring snow melt occurs , and this allows a variety of bacteria , algae and invertebrates to proliferate in the nutrient - rich water . The abundance of invertebrates such as gnat larvae ( chironomids ) and back swimmers ( Trichocorixa ) are fed upon extensively by the huge shorebird and waterfowl populations that utilize the lake . Fish in these bays are fed upon by diving terns and pelicans . Pink Floyd the flamingo ( edit ) A solitary Chilean flamingo , named Pink Floyd after the English rock band , wintered at the Great Salt Lake . He escaped from Salt Lake City 's Tracy Aviary in 1987 and lived in the wild , eating brine shrimp and socializing with gulls and swans . ( Pink Floyd is often referred to as a `` he '' , although the bird 's sex is not actually known . ) A group of Utah residents suggested petitioning the state to release more flamingos in an effort to keep Floyd company and as a possible tourist attraction . Wildlife biologists resisted these efforts , saying that deliberate introduction of a non-native species would be ecologically unsound and might have detrimental consequences . Pink Floyd was last seen in Idaho , in the area of Camas National Wildlife Refuge ( where he was known to migrate ) , in 2005 . He has not been seen since then and is presumed not to have survived the winter of 2005 -- 2006 . Elevated mercury levels ( edit ) During a survey in the mid-1990s , U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service researchers discovered a high level of methylmercury in the Great Salt Lake with 25 nanograms per liter of water . For comparison , a fish consumption advisory was issued at the Florida Everglades after water there was found to contain 1 nanogram per liter . The extremely high methylmercury concentrations have been only in the lake 's anoxic deep brine layer ( monimolimnion ) below a depth of 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) , but concentrations are also moderately high up in the water column where there is oxygen to support brine shrimp and brine flies . The toxic metal shows up throughout the lake 's food chain , from brine shrimp to eared grebes and cinnamon teal . Mines that use cyanide leaching and ore roasting to gather specks of gold seem a likely source . The finding of high mercury levels prompted further studies and a health advisory warning hunters not to eat common goldeneye or northern shoveler , two species of duck found in the lake . It has been stated that this does not pose a risk to other recreational users of the lake . After later studies were conducted with a larger number of birds , the advisories were revised and another was added for cinnamon teal . Seven other species of duck were studied and found to have levels of mercury below EPA guidelines , thus being determined safe to eat . A study in 2010 concluded that the main source of the mercury is likely worldwide industry , rather than local sources . As water levels rise and fall , mercury accumulation does as well . About 16 percent of the mercury comes in from rivers , and 84 percent comes from the atmosphere in a non-toxic , inorganic form . The non-toxic mercury is converted into toxic methyl mercury by bacteria which thrive in the more saline water of the North arm affected by the causeway . Commerce ( edit ) Solar evaporation ponds in the Northeast portion of the lake . Fremont Island is visible to the South ( top of image ) Great Salt Lake contributes an estimated $1.3 billion annually to Utah 's economy , including $1.1 billion from industry ( primarily mineral extraction ) , $136 million from recreation , and $57 million from the harvest of brine shrimp . Solar evaporation ponds at the edges of the lake produce salts and brine ( water with high salt quantity ) . Minerals extracted from the lake include : sodium chloride ( common salt ) , used in water softeners , salt lick blocks for livestock , and to melt ice on local roadways ( food - grade salt is not produced from the lake , as it would require further costly processing to ensure its purity ) ; potassium sulfate , used as a commercial fertilizer ; and magnesium - chloride brine , used in the production of magnesium metal , chlorine gas , and as a dust suppressant . US Magnesium operates a plant on the southwest shore of the lake , which produces 14 percent of the worldwide supply of magnesium , more than any other North American magnesium operation . Mineral - extraction companies operating on the lake pay royalties on their products to the State of Utah , which owns the lake . The harvest of brine shrimp cysts during fall and early winter has developed into a significant local industry , with the lake providing 35 to 45 percent of the worldwide supply of brine shrimp , and cysts selling for as high as $35 per pound ( $77 / kg ) . Brine shrimp were first harvested during the 1950s and sold as commercial fish food . In the 1970s the focus changed to their eggs , known as cysts , which were sold primarily outside of the United States to be used as food for shrimp , prawns , and some fish . Today , these are mostly sold in East Asia and South America . The amount of cysts and the quality are affected by several factors , but salinity is most important . The cysts will hatch at 2 to 3 % salinity , but the greatest productivity is at salinities above about 10 % . If the salinity drops near 5 to 6 % , the cysts will lose buoyancy and sink , making them more difficult to harvest . The lake 's north arm contains deposits of oil , but it is of poor quality and it is not economically feasible to extract and purify it . As of 1993 , around 3,000 barrels ( 480 m ) of crude oil had been produced from shallow wells along the shore . The oil field at Rozel Point produced an estimated 10,000 barrels ( 1,600 m ) of oil from 30 to 50 wells , but has been inactive since the mid-1980s . Oil seeps in the area had been known since the late 19th century , and attempts at production began in 1904 . Industrial debris from this field remained in place near Spiral Jetty until a cleanup effort by the Division of Oil , Gas and Mining and the Division of Forestry , Fire , and State Lands was completed in December 2005 . Causeway ( edit ) The causeway running across the lake was built in the 1950s by the Morrison - Knudsen construction company for the Southern Pacific Railroad as a replacement to a previously built wooden trestle , which was the major component of what was known as the Lucin Cutoff . The route is now owned and operated by Union Pacific . About 15 trains cross the 20 mi ( 32 km ) causeway each day . Previous to December 2 , 2016 , the causeway constrained the flow of water between northern and southern parts , which has a significant impact on various industries surrounding the lake . With the construction of a 180 - foot - long ( 55 m ) bridge , creating an opening of the causeway for water to flow between the arms of the lake , water levels have begun to equalize . The full impact of the flow of water from the southern arm of the lake to the northern is yet to be seen . The northern arm of the lake has a much higher salinity , to the point that the native brine shrimp can not survive in its waters . In the southern portion of the lake , where the vast majority of the fresh water inlets are found , the salt level can dip below what is necessary for the brine shrimp to survive . With the opening of the bridge , the salinity of northern arm of the lake will likely drop as less saline water from the southern arm of the lake flows into the northern arm . The brine shrimp harvesting industry could benefit from the freer flow of water . However , there were concerns from the brine shrimp harvesting industry that the conditions in the southern arm of the lake were becoming too saline for the brine shrimp , following several years of lower precipitation in the lake 's watershed . The precipitation in the watershed was above normal for the water year beginning on October 1 , 2016 . The additional water allowed the levels of both arms of the lake to rise , and at least for the near future the conditions for a healthy brine shrimp population seem good . Great Salt Lake Minerals Company ( a subsidiary of Compass Minerals ) extracts minerals from the northern bay . The company potentially benefited from the higher salinity of the north - west arm of the lake but had difficulty accessing water from the lake because of lower water level . Prior to the opening of the causeway the intake channels had to be extended to reach the water . Morton Salt , Cargill Salt , Broken Arrow Salt and the Renco Group 's U.S. Magnesium each extract minerals from the southern bay , and could benefit from a more natural mixture of water between the two sides of the lake . Recreation ( edit ) Dramatically fluctuating lake levels have inhibited the creation and success of tourist - related developments . Additionally , there is a problem with pollution from industrial and urban effluent , as well as a natural `` lake stink '' caused by the decay of insects and other wildlife , particularly during times of low water . Despite these issues , the lake remains one of Utah 's largest tourist attractions . Antelope Island State Park is a popular tourist destination that offers panoramic views of the lake , hiking and biking trails , wildlife viewing and access to beaches . The State of Utah operates a marina on the south shore of the lake at Great Salt Lake State Park , and another in Antelope Island State Park . With its sudden storms and expansive spread , the lake is a great test of sailing skills . Single mast , simple sloops are the most popular boats . Sudden storms and lack of experience on the part of boatmen are the two most dangerous elements in boating and sailing on the Great Salt Lake . Saltair ( edit ) The original Saltair , c. 1900 Main article : Saltair ( Utah ) Three resorts , each called Saltair , have been operated on the southern shore of the lake since 1893 , each one built as a successor to the previous one . Rising and lowering water levels have affected each iteration , and the first two were destroyed by fire . The first Saltair pavilion was destroyed by fire on April 22 , 1925 . A new pavilion was built and the resort was expanded at the same location by new investors , but after years of various challenges , it was eventually destroyed by an arsonist in 1970 . The second Saltair included a fun house and a dancing venue . The current Saltair serves as a concert venue . The new resort was completed in 1981 , approximately a mile ( 1600 m ) west of the original . Garfield Beach resort ( edit ) Garfield Beach Resort , late 1800s The Garfield Beach Resort was established by Captain Thomas Douris in 1881 and was originally called Garfield Landing . Located near Black Rock just outside of the town of Corinne , patrons traveled to the resort via a steamboat named `` General Garfield '' in memory of the commander and president James A. Garfield . After the great expansion of the resort , the General Garfield was eventually replaced by two steamers , the Susie Riter and the Whirlwind . The iconic General Garfield was tied to the dock as a landmark . The main attraction of the resort was a massive pavilion located 400 feet from shore . It covered 165 by 400 feet ( 50 by 122 m ) and included 300 feet ( 91 m ) of covered deck . The success of Garfield Beach eventually overtook the neighboring Black Rock resort . In 1887 , the resort was purchased by the Utah and Nevada railroad and they improved the site by adding an extensive array of bathhouses , a restaurant , and other amenities like a bowling alley and venue . The resort was the Salt Lake 's first to have an electric generator which powered its many concerts and parties held on the top of the pavilion tower . Garfield Beach was the most popular Salt Lake resort until Saltair was built in 1893 . The resort was eventually put out of service by a fire in 1904 . Legends and unusual features ( edit ) Robert Smithson 's Spiral Jetty Spiral Jetty The northwest arm of the lake , near Rozel Point , is the location for Robert Smithson 's work of land art , Spiral Jetty ( 1970 ) , which is only visible when the level of Great Salt Lake drops below 4,197.8 feet ( 1,280.2 m ) above sea level . Oolitic sand The lake and its shores contain oolitic sand , which are small , rounded , or spherical grains of sand made up of a nucleus ( generally a small mineral grain ) and concentric layers of calcium carbonate ( lime ) and look similar to very small pearls . Whales in the Great Salt Lake Local legend maintains that in 1875 , entrepreneur James Wickham had two whales released into the Great Salt Lake , with the intent of using them as a tourist attraction . The whales are said to have disappeared into the lake and subsequently sighted multiple times over a number of months , but there have never been any confirmed sightings of the whales since the time of their supposed release . Lake monster In mid-1877 , J.H. McNeil was with many other Barnes and Co . Salt Works employees on the lake 's north shore in the evening . They claimed to have seen a large monster with a body like a crocodile and a horse 's head in the lake . They claimed this monster attacked the men , who quickly ran away and hid until morning . This creature is regarded by some to have simply been a buffalo in the lake . Thirty years prior , `` Brother Bainbridge '' claimed to have sighted a creature that looked like a dolphin in the lake near Antelope Island . This monster is called by some the North Shore Monster . See also ( edit ) List of lakes by area Pyramid Lake Neopluvial Mono Lake Salar de Uyuni References ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2018 ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Great Salt Lake '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Salt Lake , Utah '' . United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ Arave , Lynn . `` Great Salt Lake : A Lively Recreational Jewel '' . Deseret News . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Birds and Great Salt Lake '' . United States Geological Survey . ^ Jump up to : Morgan ( 1947 ) , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Arnow , T ( 1984 ) . `` Water - level and water - quality changes in Great Salt Lake , Utah , 1847 -- 1983 '' . U.S. Geological Survey Circular 913 . Washington , DC : United States Geological Survey . Jump up ^ Madsen , Brigham ( 1985 ) . The Shoshoni Frontier and the Bear River Massacre . University of Utah Press . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 87480 - 494 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Place and Personal Names of the Gosiute Indians of Utah , Page 12 '' . 1913 : 1 -- 20 . doi : 10.2307 / 983995 . JSTOR 983995 . Jump up ^ `` Place and Personal Names of the Gosiute Indians of Utah , Page 9 '' . 1913 : 1 -- 20 . doi : 10.2307 / 983995 . JSTOR 983995 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Britannica . Vol. 10 . 1971 . Jump up ^ Stansbury , Howard ( 1852 ) . Exploration and survey of the valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah . Lippincott , Grambo & Co . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carter , Lyndia ( June 1996 ) . `` Guano Sifters on Gunnison Island '' . History Blazer . Utah State Historical Society . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Arave , Lynn . `` Great Tales Surrounding the Great Salt Lake '' . Deseret News . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2006 . Retrieved July 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Bear Lake '' ( PDF ) . Utah Division of Water Quality . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 24 , 2006 . Retrieved July 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Wang , S. - Y. ; Gillies , R.R. ; Jin , J. & Hipps , L.E. ( 2010 ) . `` Coherence between the Great Salt Lake level and the Pacific quasi-decadal oscillation '' . Journal of Climate . Vol. 23 . pp. 2161 -- 2177 . Jump up ^ Gillies , R.R. ; Chung , O. - Y. ; Wang , S. - Y . & Kokoszka , P. ( 2011 ) . `` Incorporation of Pacific SSTs in a time series model towards a longer - term forecast for the Great Salt Lake elevation '' . Journal of Hydrometeorology . Vol. 12 . pp. 474 -- 480 . ^ Jump up to : DeRose , R. Justin ; Wang , Shih - Yu ; Buckley , Brendan M. & Bekker , Matthew F. ( 2014 ) . `` Tree - ring reconstruction of the level of Great Salt Lake , USA '' . The Holocene . Vol. 24 no . 7 . pp. 805 -- 813 . doi : 10.1177 / 0959683614530441 . ^ Jump up to : `` USGS Surface - Water Daily Data for the Nation '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hassible & Keck ( 1993 ) , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ `` Commonly Asked Questions About Utah 's Great Salt Lake and Ancient Lake Bonneville '' . Utah Geological Survey . p. 05 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan ( 1947 ) , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Islands '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bauman , Joe . `` Lake has great impact on storms , weather '' . Deseret Morning News . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Can I float in Great Salt Lake ? '' . Utah Geological Survey . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Morgan ( 1947 ) , p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` Multidecadal Drought Cycles in the Great Basin Recorded by the Great Salt Lake : Modulation from a Transition - Phase Teleconnection '' . Journal of Climate . Vol. 25 . pp. 1711 -- 1721 . doi : 10.1175 / 2011JCLI4225. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Coherence between the Great Salt Lake Level and the Pacific Quasi-Decadal Oscillation '' . Journal of Climate . Vol. 23 . pp. 2161 -- 2177 . doi : 10.1175 / 2009JCLI2979. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Incorporation of Pacific SSTs in a Time Series Model toward a Longer - Term Forecast for the Great Salt Lake Elevation '' . Journal of Hydrometeorology . Vol. 12 . pp. 474 -- 480 . doi : 10.1175 / 2010JHM1352. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Added value from 576 years of tree - ring records in the prediction of the Great Salt Lake level '' . Journal of Hydrology . Vol. 529 . pp. 962 -- 968 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhydrol. 2015.08. 058 . Jump up ^ `` Prediction Product '' . Utah Climate Center . ^ Jump up to : `` Commonly Asked Questions About Utah 's Great Salt Lake and Ancient Lake Bonneville '' . Utah Geological Survey . p. 3 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commonly Asked Questions About Utah 's Great Salt Lake and Ancient Lake Bonneville '' . Utah Geological Survey . p. 02 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ocean Water : Salinity '' . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved July 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Aim To Change Great Salt Lake Into Fresh Water '' . Popular Science . May 1932 . ^ Jump up to : Hassible & Keck ( 1993 ) , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : West Desert Pumping Project '' . Utah Division of Water Resources . Jump up ^ `` Great Salt Lake Pumping Project '' . Utah Division of Water Resources . ^ Jump up to : `` Great Salt Lake Facts '' . Utah.com . Jump up ^ `` Utah Wetlands Interpretive Network '' . Utah Wetlands Interpretive Network . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Great Salt Lake , UT : What Shorebird Species Use This Site ? '' . Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Utah 's Great Salt Lake : An Undervalued Resource '' . Friends of Great Salt Lake . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` R657 - 15 : Closure of Gunnison , Cub and Hat Islands '' . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael ( 2009 ) . Stromberg , N. , ed . `` Yellow Mariposa Lily : Calochortus luteus '' . GlobalTwitcher.com . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fiedler , P. ( 1993 ) . `` Calochortus '' . Flora of North America North of Mexico . Vol. 26 . Zebell . Flora of North America Editorial Committee . Jump up ^ Shultz , L.M. ; Ramsey , R.D. ; Lindquist , W. & Garrard , C. ( 2010 ) . `` Digital Atlas of the Vascular Plants of Utah '' . Utah State University . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brine Shrimp and Ecology of Great Salt Lake '' . United States Geological Survey . ^ Jump up to : `` Life in the Great Salt Lake '' . Weber State University Department of Botany . ^ Jump up to : `` North Arm ( Gunnison Bay ) '' . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources . ^ Jump up to : Hollenhorst , John . `` Study says mercury in Great Salt Lake is global problem '' . KSL . Jump up ^ `` Could Pink Floyd Be Sick '' . KSL ... Jump up ^ Speckman , Stephen ( January 12 , 2004 ) . `` Floyd may get some pink feathered friends '' . Deseret News . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Flamingo Flies the Coop to Fame '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Jump up ^ `` Feeling Blue About Pink Floyd '' . Deseret News . Jump up ^ `` Reader Tips '' . Roadside America . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Toxic mercury lurking in Great Salt Lake '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grace , S. `` Dam Nation '' 2012 , pp 183 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Waterfowl Advisory '' . Utah Office of Epidemiology . Jump up ^ `` High mercury levels found in two duck species '' ( Press release ) . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources . Jump up ^ `` Duck mercury advisories revised '' ( Press release ) . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources . ^ Jump up to : Fahys , Judy . `` Great Salt Lake causeway sinks , prompting emergency repairs '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . ^ Jump up to : Fahys , Judy . `` Great Salt Lake an economic powerhouse for the state '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Jump up ^ `` What minerals are produced from Great Salt Lake ? '' . Utah Geological Survey . Jump up ^ LaRoe , Lisa Moore . `` Salt Lake Valley 's Leap of Faith '' . National Geographic . Jump up ^ `` South Arm ( Gilbert Bay ) '' . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources . Jump up ^ Hassible & Keck ( 1993 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mark . `` ' Bubblin ' Crude ' at Rozel Point , Box Elder County , Utah '' . Utah Geological Survey . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mark . `` Rozel Point and Spiral Jetty Revisited , Box Elder County , Utah '' . Utah Geological Survey . ^ Jump up to : Hollenhorst , John . `` Union Pacific causeway upgrade proposal could change colors of the Great Salt Lake '' . Deseret News . Jump up ^ `` Great Salt Lake '' . Utah.com . Jump up ^ Stum , Marlin & Miller , Dan ( 1999 ) . Visions of Antelope Island and Great Salt Lake . Utah State University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 87421 - 269 - 3 . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cherny , Peter G. ( 1976 ) . The Great Great Salt Lake . Provo , UT : Brigham Young University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 8425 - 1073 - 7 . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Strack , Don . `` Salt Lake , Garfield & Western Railway '' . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saltair '' . Utah History Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saltair Resort '' . Utah City Guide . ^ Jump up to : `` Resorts flourished at Great Salt Lake during the 1800s '' . Deseret News . March 29 , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Dale ( 1995 ) . The Great Salt Lake . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press . Jump up ^ `` Great Salt Lake Beaches '' . Tooele County Guide to Historical Attractions . Jump up ^ Ison , Yvette . `` The Steamboat Era Was Glamorous But Very Brief in Utah '' . historytogo.utah.gov . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Case , William F. `` Pink Water , White Salt Crystals , Black Boulders , and the Return of Spiral Jetty ! '' . Utah Geological Survey . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` What are the round , white sand grains that make up the beaches ? '' . Utah Geological Survey . Jump up ^ `` The University of Utah '' . biologylabs.utah.edu . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phoenix Roberts ( January 26 , 2006 ) . `` Whale of a tale '' . sltrib.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Twila Van Leer ( 3 October 1995 ) . `` WHALE OF A SALTY TALE SWIMS THROUGH PAGES OF OLD PAPER '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Works cited ( edit ) Hassible , W.R. & Keck , W.G. ( 1993 ) . The Great Salt Lake . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . 1993 0 -- 337 -- 928 : QL 2 . Morgan , Dale L. ( 1947 ) . The Great Salt Lake . Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press . ISBN 0 - 87480 - 478 - 7 . External links ( edit ) External images map ( FWS.gov ) map ( Friends of GSL map ( USGS.gov ) daily surface level volume & area vs surface level photographic survey NASA images research images ( Westminster edu ) boating images ( UTAH.com ) gulls Media related to Great Salt Lake at Wikimedia Commons Texts on Wikisource : `` Great Salt Lake '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . `` Great Salt Lake '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Great Salt Lake '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Great Salt Lake '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . Utah Division of Wildlife Resources Deseret News Monitoring the Weather over the Great Salt Lake at University of Utah Department of Meteorology West Desert Pumping Project at Utah Division of Water Resources Commonly Asked Questions About Utah 's Great Salt Lake and Ancient Lake Bonneville at Utah Geological Survey Utah Museum of Fine Arts State of Utah Salt Lake City ( capital ) Topics Cities Congressional districts Counties Flag Geography Government Governors Healthcare History People Portal State fair Symbols Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Cache Valley Colorado Plateau Dixie Great Basin Great Salt Lake Great Salt Lake Desert Mojave Desert Monument Valley San Rafael Swell Uinta Basin Uinta Mountains Wasatch Back Wasatch Front Wasatch Range Largest cities American Fork Bountiful Cedar City Clearfield Cottonwood Heights Draper Holladay Kaysville Layton Lehi Logan Midvale Millcreek Murray Ogden Orem Pleasant Grove Provo Riverton Roy St. George Salt Lake City Sandy South Jordan South Salt Lake Spanish Fork Springville Taylorsville Tooele West Jordan West Valley City Counties Beaver Box Elder Cache Carbon Daggett Davis Duchesne Emery Garfield Grand Iron Juab Kane Millard Morgan Piute Rich Salt Lake San Juan Sanpete Sevier Summit Tooele Uintah Utah Wasatch Washington Wayne Weber Attractions Festivals America 's Freedom Festival Sundance Film Festival Utah Shakespeare Festival National Monuments Bears Ears National Monument Cedar Breaks National Monument Dinosaur National Monument Grand Staircase - Escalante National Monument Hovenweep National Monument Natural Bridges National Monument Rainbow Bridge National Monument Timpanogos Cave National Monument National parks Arches National Park Bryce Canyon National Park Canyonlands National Park Capitol Reef National Park Zion National Park National Recreation Areas Flaming Gorge National Recreation Area Glen Canyon National Recreation Area Ski resorts Alta Ski Area Beaver Mountain Brian Head Ski Resort Brighton Ski Resort Cherry Peak Resort Deer Valley Park City Mountain Resort Powder Mountain Snowbasin Snowbird Ski Resort Solitude Mountain Resort Sundance Resort Wolf Mountain Other Bonneville Salt Flats Golden Spike National Historic Site Great Salt Lake Lagoon ( amusement park ) Temple Square WorldCat Identities GND : 4093916 - 9 NARA : 10046767 NDL : 00628462 VIAF : 1146095140000371430 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Salt_Lake&oldid=865836491 '' Categories : Great Salt Lake Lakes of Utah Saline lakes Lakes of Box Elder County , Utah Lakes of Davis County , Utah Lakes of Salt Lake County , Utah Lakes of Tooele County , Utah Lakes of Weber County , Utah Lakes of the Great Basin Endorheic lakes of Utah Hidden categories : Articles with incomplete citations from September 2017 All articles with incomplete citations Use mdy dates from September 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles to be expanded from April 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from April 2018 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 14 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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-3455145098859303894	U.S. state temperature extremes	U.S. state Temperature Extremes - wikipedia U.S. state Temperature Extremes The following table lists the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in each state in the United States , in both Fahrenheit and Celsius during the past two centuries . State Record high temperature Date Place ( s ) Record low temperature Date Place ( s ) Alabama 111 ° F / 44 ° C September 5 , 1925 Centreville − 27 ° F / − 33 ° C January 30 , 1966 New Market Alaska 100 ° F / 38 ° C June 27 , 1915 Fort Yukon − 80 ° F / − 62 ° C January 23 , 1971 Prospect Creek Arizona 128 ° F / 53 ° C June 29 , 1994 Lake Havasu City − 40 ° F / − 40 ° C January 7 , 1971 McNary Arkansas 120 ° F / 49 ° C August 10 , 1936 Ozark − 29 ° F / − 34 ° C February 13 , 1905 Gravette California 134 ° F / 56 ° C July 10 , 1913 Furnace Creek , California − 45 ° F / − 43 ° C January 20 , 1937 Boca Colorado 114 ° F / 46 ° C July 11 , 1954 Sedgwick − 61 ° F / − 52 ° C February 1 , 1985 Maybell Connecticut 106 ° F / 41 ° C July 15 , 1995 Danbury − 37 ° F / − 38 ° C February 16 , 1943 Norfolk Delaware 110 ° F / 43 ° C July 21 , 1930 Millsboro − 17 ° F / − 27 ° C January 17 , 1893 Millsboro District of Columbia 106 ° F / 41 ° C July 20 , 1930 Washington − 15 ° F / − 26 ° C February 11 , 1899 Washington Florida 109 ° F / 43 ° C June 29 , 1931 Monticello − 2 ° F / − 19 ° C February 13 , 1899 Tallahassee Georgia 112 ° F / 44 ° C August 20 , 1983 * Greenville − 17 ° F / − 27 ° C January 27 , 1940 Chatsworth Hawaii 98 ° F / 37 ° C July 14 , 1957 Puunene * 15 ° F / - 9 ° C January 5 , 1975 Mauna Kea Observatories Idaho 118 ° F / 48 ° C July 28 , 1934 Orofino − 60 ° F / − 51 ° C January 18 , 1943 Island Park Illinois 117 ° F / 47 ° C July 14 , 1954 East Saint Louis − 36 ° F / − 38 ° C January 5 , 1999 Congerville Indiana 116 ° F / 47 ° C July 14 , 1936 Collegeville − 36 ° F / − 38 ° C January 19 , 1994 New Whiteland Iowa 118 ° F / 48 ° C July 20 , 1934 Keokuk − 47 ° F / − 44 ° C February 3 , 1996 * Elkader Kansas 121 ° F / 49 ° C July 24 , 1936 * Alton − 40 ° F / − 40 ° C February 13 , 1905 Lebanon Kentucky 114 ° F / 46 ° C July 28 , 1930 Greensburg − 37 ° F / − 38 ° C January 19 , 1994 Shelbyville Louisiana 114 ° F / 46 ° C August 10 , 1936 Plain Dealing − 16 ° F / − 27 ° C February 13 , 1899 Minden Maine 105 ° F / 41 ° C July 10 , 1911 * North Bridgton − 50 ° F / − 46 ° C January 16 , 2009 Clayton Lake Maryland 109 ° F / 43 ° C July 10 , 1936 * Cumberland − 40 ° F / − 40 ° C January 13 , 1912 Oakland Massachusetts 107 ° F / 42 ° C August 2 , 1975 New Bedford − 40 ° F / − 40 ° C January 22 , 1984 Chester Michigan 112 ° F / 44 ° C July 13 , 1936 Mio − 51 ° F / − 46 ° C February 9 , 1934 Vanderbilt Minnesota 115 ° F / 46 ° C July 29 , 1917 Beardsley − 60 ° F / − 51 ° C February 2 , 1996 Tower Mississippi 115 ° F / 46 ° C July 29 , 1930 Holly Springs − 19 ° F / − 28 ° C January 30 , 1966 Corinth Missouri 118 ° F / 48 ° C July 14 , 1954 * Warsaw − 40 ° F / − 40 ° C February 13 , 1905 Warsaw Montana 117 ° F / 47 ° C July 5 , 1937 Medicine Lake − 70 ° F / − 57 ° C January 20 , 1954 Lincoln ( Rogers Pass ) Nebraska 118 ° F / 48 ° C July 24 , 1936 * Minden − 47 ° F / − 44 ° C December 22 , 1989 * Oshkosh Nevada 125 ° F / 52 ° C June 29 , 1994 Laughlin − 50 ° F / − 46 ° C January 8 , 1937 San Jacinto New Hampshire 106 ° F / 41 ° C July 4 , 1911 Nashua − 47 ° F / − 44 ° C January 22 , 1885 Randolph New Jersey 110 ° F / 43 ° C July 10 , 1936 Runyon − 34 ° F / − 37 ° C January 5 , 1904 River Vale New Mexico 122 ° F / 50 ° C June 27 , 1994 Waste Isolation Pilot Plant − 50 ° F / − 46 ° C February 1 , 1951 Gavilan New York 109 ° F / 43 ° C July 22 , 1926 Troy − 52 ° F / − 47 ° C February 18 , 1979 * Old Forge North Carolina 110 ° F / 43 ° C August 21 , 1983 Fayetteville − 34 ° F / − 37 ° C January 21 , 1985 Burnsville North Dakota 121 ° F / 49 ° C July 6 , 1936 Steele − 60 ° F / − 51 ° C February 15 , 1936 Parshall Ohio 113 ° F / 45 ° C July 21 , 1934 Gallipolis − 39 ° F / − 39 ° C February 10 , 1899 Milligan Oklahoma 120 ° F / 49 ° C August 12 , 1936 * Altus − 31 ° F / − 35 ° C February 10 , 2011 Nowata Oregon 117 ° F / 47 ° C July 27 , 1939 Umatilla − 54 ° F / − 48 ° C February 10 , 1933 * Seneca Pennsylvania 111 ° F / 44 ° C July 10 , 1936 * Phoenixville − 42 ° F / − 41 ° C January 5 , 1904 Smethport Rhode Island 104 ° F / 40 ° C August 2 , 1975 Providence − 28 ° F / − 33 ° C January 17 , 1942 Richmond South Carolina 113 ° F / 45 ° C June 30 , 2012 * Camden − 22 ° F / − 30 ° C January 21 , 1985 Landrum South Dakota 120 ° F / 49 ° C July 5 , 1936 * Fort Pierre * − 58 ° F / − 50 ° C February 17 , 1936 McIntosh Tennessee 113 ° F / 45 ° C August 9 , 1933 * Perryville − 32 ° F / − 36 ° C December 30 , 1917 Mountain City Texas 120 ° F / 49 ° C June 28 , 1994 * Monahans − 23 ° F / − 31 ° C February 8 , 1933 * Seminole Utah 117 ° F / 47 ° C July 5 , 1985 Saint George − 69 ° F / − 56 ° C February 1 , 1985 Peter Sinks Vermont 105 ° F / 41 ° C July 4 , 1911 Vernon − 50 ° F / − 46 ° C December 30 , 1933 Bloomfield Virginia 110 ° F / 43 ° C July 15 , 1954 Balcony Falls − 30 ° F / − 34 ° C January 22 , 1985 Pembroke Washington 118 ° F / 48 ° C August 5 , 1961 * Burbank − 48 ° F / − 44 ° C December 30 , 1968 Mazama West Virginia 112 ° F / 44 ° C July 10 , 1936 * Martinsburg − 37 ° F / − 38 ° C December 30 , 1917 Lewisburg Wisconsin 114 ° F / 46 ° C July 13 , 1936 Wisconsin Dells − 55 ° F / − 48 ° C February 4 , 1996 Couderay Wyoming 115 ° F / 46 ° C August 8 , 1983 Basin − 63 ° F / − 53 ° C February 9 , 1933 Moran * Also on earlier date or dates in that state See Also ( edit ) Canadian provincial and territorial temperature extremes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Climatic Data Center . `` State Climate Extremes Committee ( SCsEC ) '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : : Christopher C. Burt . `` Some Errors in the NCDC U.S.A. State Weather Extreme Records Data : Part 2 '' . wunderground.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 12 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : : Christopher C. Burt . `` Some Errors in the NCDC U.S.A. State Weather Extreme Records Data : Part 1 '' . wunderground.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 12 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Peter Sinks Temperature Monitoring '' . Utah Climate Center . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) NOAA Satellite and Information Service , National Climatic Data Center NOAA Website - Weather Extremes NOAA Website - Record Highest Temperatures by State NOAA Website - Record Lowest Temperatures by State Extreme temperatures around the world Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Republic of Macedonia Republic of the Congo Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria São Tomé and Príncipe Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Weather portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._state_temperature_extremes&oldid=852996274 '' Categories : Climatology Lists of states of the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 18 : 47 ( UTC ) . 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-4802584568175514227	The Kill	The Kill - wikipedia The Kill Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Thirty Seconds to Mars song . For other uses of the term , see The Kill ( disambiguation ) . `` The Kill '' Single by Thirty Seconds to Mars from the album A Beautiful Lie Released January 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 24 ) Format Compact Disc , digital download Genre Alternative rock , post-hardcore Length 3 : 47 Label Immortal Virgin Songwriter ( s ) Jared Leto Producer ( s ) Josh Abraham Thirty Seconds to Mars Thirty Seconds to Mars singles chronology `` Attack '' ( 2005 ) `` The Kill '' ( 2006 ) `` From Yesterday '' ( 2006 ) `` Attack '' ( 2005 ) `` The Kill '' ( 2006 ) `` From Yesterday '' ( 2006 ) `` The Kill ( Rebirth ) '' Artwork for the UK version of the single . Audio sample file help Music video `` The Kill '' on YouTube `` The Kill '' ( written `` The Kill ( Bury Me ) '' on the single and music video ) is a song by American band Thirty Seconds to Mars , the song was released as the second single from their second album , A Beautiful Lie . The cover art of the single depicts a Venus flytrap . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Music video 2.1 Plot 3 Track listing 4 Personnel 5 Charts 6 Accolades 7 Awards 8 In popular culture 9 Covers 10 References 11 External links Overview ( edit ) Jared Leto described the meaning of the song as , `` It 's really about a relationship with yourself . It 's about confronting your fear and confronting the truth about who you are . '' He has also said it is about `` confrontation as a crossroads '' -- coming face - to - face with who you really are . In September 2007 , `` The Kill '' was re-released again in the UK . It was also available as a Compact Disc with a A Beautiful Lie poster and two stickers , and a special limited edition 7 '' vinyl version . The song is played in 6 / 8 time . Two alternate versions of the songs exist : the `` Rebirth '' version , which adds in orchestral accompaniment and has no screaming , and an acoustic version featuring Brazilian singer Pitty that was only released in Brazil . On May 2 , 2010 , the band performed the song live with Chino Moreno from Deftones . Music video ( edit ) The video is a homage to the Stanley Kubrick 's 1980 film The Shining based on the Stephen King novel . Several scenes are based on the film , such as when Shannon Leto enters Room 6277 and encounters the woman in the bathroom and another when Matt Wachter is served drinks at the bar by a doppelgänger apparition . The video culminates in an elegant ballroom in the same manner as the photo at the end of the film . At 2 : 07 , the papers that Jared Leto has been typing are briefly made visible and the words on them appear to read , over and over , `` This is who I really am . '' This is another allusion to The Shining , in which Jack Torrance types up pages and pages of the same line , `` All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' , over and over in the same sense . The scene with a man in a bear costume , in a bedroom , is also from The Shining . As for the cinematography , Jared Leto adopted the split screen visual from working with Darren Aronofsky in Requiem for a Dream . The haunted room number is changed from 237 to 6277 in the video because it spells out `` Mars '' on a telephone keypad . The number also makes an appearance in the video for `` From Yesterday '' and `` Up in the Air . '' Scenes from the music video - top : Jared Leto confronting himself . Bottom : The band perform the song to the 1920s - themed audience . The music video was selected as the greatest rock video in the Kerrang Rock 100 on 27 June 2009 . When the press release info for `` The Kill '' video was released , Jared stated that the video was directed by an albino Danish man named Bartholomew Cubbins . This was intended as a joke as Cubbins is the main character of the Dr. Seuss book The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins , however airings of the video on music channels still list Cubbins as the director . Bartholomew Cubbins has remained Jared Leto 's alias for directing Thirty Seconds to Mars ' videos ( with the exception of the video for A Beautiful Lie ) . The hotel scenes in the video were filmed at The Carlu in Toronto , Ontario . Plot ( edit ) The music video features the band exploring a hotel which they are care - taking . At the start , Jared Leto states that they have the hotel all to themselves for three days ; although , later on , after the first chorus , it comes on the screen saying `` One Week Later '' , before showing the pages saying `` This is who I really am '' . In the extended version of the video , the other band members complain that they have been at the hotel longer than expected and have canceled shows because of Jared 's peculiar behavior , explaining the discrepancy . A letter from the hotel owner tells the band to `` Enjoy your stay and please stay out of Room 6277 . '' Shannon Leto does not heed the warning and opens Room 6277 . Following the opening of the door , each band member begins to experience the effects of the room opening throughout the hotel . Each member experiences the effects differently , but one thing remains constant for each individual -- they encounter a version of themselves dressed in a 1920s style tuxedo with tails . Several other apparitions then take up residence in the hotel , dispelling the promise Jared made in the beginning of the video that the band will have the hotel all to themselves and that `` there 's not gon na be a single fucking soul '' . The video reaches its climax when Tomo encounters himself in bed with a man in a bear suit ( another Shining reference ) , and immediately the band dressed in tuxedos are shown performing the song in the hotel 's ballroom in front of a crowd of twins , dressed like the roaring 1920 's , dancing with themselves . The theme of duplicity resonates throughout the video . Track listing ( edit ) Standard `` The Kill ( Bury Me ) '' -- 3 : 52 `` Attack '' ( live at CBGB , July 2006 ) -- 4 : 06 `` The Kill ( Bury Me ) '' ( acoustic , live on VH1 ) -- 3 : 48 UK release `` The Kill ( Rebirth ) '' -- 3 : 52 `` The Kill ( Rebirth ) '' ( acoustic , live on VH1 ) -- 3 : 48 UK re-release `` The Kill ( Rebirth ) '' -- 3 : 52 `` Was It a Dream ? '' ( iTunes live session ) -- 3 : 46 Brazil release `` The Kill ( acoustic ) '' ( featuring Pitty ) -- 3 : 44 Personnel ( edit ) Jared Leto -- vocals , guitar Tomo Miličević -- guitar , programming Matt Wachter -- bass guitar , keyboard Shannon Leto -- drums Matt Serletic -- piano Charts ( edit ) The song broke a record on Billboard 's Modern Rock Tracks chart by remaining on the chart for 52 weeks ; however , the song never made it to the top spot , peaking at number 3 . Their next single , `` From Yesterday '' , would be their first to reach the top , but spent less time on the charts than `` The Kill '' . The song crossed to the Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at number 65 . Chart ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 20 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 39 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 36 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 51 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 22 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 52 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 28 US Billboard Hot 100 65 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) Accolades ( edit ) Publication Country Accolade Year Rank AOL Radio United States `` Top Alternative Songs of the Decade - 2000s '' 2009 Awards ( edit ) Won Best Single at the Kerrang ! Awards 2007 . On August 31 , 2006 , the band won the MTV2 Award for `` The Kill '' at the MTV Video Music Awards , one of their two nominations . The second nomination was for best rock video ; however , they lost to AFI 's `` Miss Murder '' . `` The Kill '' was awarded Best Video of the Year and Best Rock Video at the MTV Australia Video Music Awards ( AVMAs ) . Won The Rock Out ! Award at the 2007 MTV EMA 's ( Europe Music Awards ) . In popular culture ( edit ) The song is featured as one of the themes of The Invisible , and a live music video is included on the DVD releases , as well as the song being part of the soundtrack . The song is featured in the January 21 , 2007 Without a Trace episode , `` Primed '' . During the 2007 MTV Movie Awards , `` The Kill '' was played as the background music of the nomination screen for the film 300 , which was nominated for the Best Movie award . The song was featured in the October 25 , 2007 episode of the television show Hollyoaks . The song is available as downloadable content for Rock Band . The song is featured in the video games Guitar Hero World Tour and Guitar Hero Live . The song is featured in the video game Rock Band Track Pack Volume 1 for the PlayStation 2 and Wii . The song is used by the International Luge Federation for their TV live introductions . Covers ( edit ) The American Christian metal band Blood of the Martyrs recorded a cover of the song and released it as a single on November 23 , 2011 . The cover was a departure from the band 's deathcore style , instead opting for a metalcore sound with clean vocals . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thirty Seconds to Mars A Beautiful Lie CD / DVD Making of The Kill music video - Jared Leto & Matt Wachter talk about the song 's meaning . Jump up ^ Bandweblogs ( 2009 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Kerrang ! announces Greatest Rock 100 videos '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Thirty Seconds to Mars A Beautiful Lie CD / DVD Making of The Kill music video Jump up ^ `` The Kill - 30 Seconds to Mars '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Seconds to Mars News 3 / 27 / 2007 '' . 30SecondsToMars.com. 2007 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 19 / 11 / 2007 - COMUICATO '' . ThirtySecondsToMars.it. 2007 - 11 - 19 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Thirty Seconds to Mars -- The Kill ( Bury Me ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Thirty Seconds to Mars -- The Kill ( Bury Me ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Thirty Seconds to Mars -- The Kill ( Bury Me ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Thirty Seconds to Mars -- The Kill ( Bury Me ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Thirty Seconds to Mars -- The Kill ( Bury Me ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Thirty Seconds to Mars -- The Kill ( Bury Me ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Seconds to Mars : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Seconds to Mars Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Seconds to Mars Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Sara ( 2009 - 12 - 11 ) . `` Top Alternative Songs of the Decade - 2000s - AOL Radio Blog '' . AOL Radio . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Rock Band official website . Downloadable content for Rock band video game External links ( edit ) The Kill official video on YouTube Thirty Seconds to Mars Jared Leto Shannon Leto Tomo Miličević Matt Wachter Solon Bixler Studio albums 30 Seconds to Mars A Beautiful Lie This Is War Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams Extended plays AOL Sessions Undercover To the Edge of the Earth MTV Unplugged Singles `` Capricorn ( A Brand New Name ) '' `` Edge of the Earth '' `` Attack '' `` The Kill '' `` From Yesterday '' `` A Beautiful Lie '' `` Kings and Queens '' `` This Is War '' `` Closer to the Edge '' `` Hurricane '' `` Up in the Air '' `` Do or Die '' `` City of Angels '' `` Walk on Water '' Other songs `` Night of the Hunter '' `` Search and Destroy '' `` Conquistador '' Tours Forever Night , Never Day Tour Welcome to the Universe Tour A Beautiful Lie Tour Into the Wild Tour Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams Tour Carnivores Tour Live personnel Kevin Drake Tim Kelleher Matt McJunkins Braxton Olita Related articles Discography Songs Awards and nominations Artifact Into the Wild Bartholomew Cubbins 2006 -- 2014 VyRT Notes from the Outernet Angels & Airwaves Great Northern Morphic The Wondergirls Book Kerrang ! Award for Best Single `` Tequilla '' by Terrorvision ( 1999 ) `` Wait and Bleed '' by Slipknot ( 2000 ) `` Bodies '' by Drowning Pool ( 2001 ) `` Blurry '' by Puddle of Mudd ( 2002 ) `` Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous '' by Good Charlotte ( 2003 ) `` Last Train Home '' by Lostprophets ( 2004 ) `` Best of You '' by Foo Fighters ( 2005 ) `` Tears Do n't Fall '' by Bullet for My Valentine ( 2006 ) `` The Kill '' by Thirty Seconds to Mars ( 2007 ) `` From Yesterday '' by Thirty Seconds to Mars ( 2008 ) `` Omen '' by The Prodigy ( 2009 ) `` Liquid Confidence '' by You Me at Six ( 2010 ) `` Hurricane '' by Thirty Seconds to Mars ( 2011 ) `` Rebel Love Song '' by Black Veil Brides ( 2012 ) `` The Phoenix '' by Fall Out Boy ( 2013 ) `` Fresh Start Fever '' by You Me at Six ( 2014 ) `` Anaesthetist '' by Enter Shikari ( 2015 ) Blood of the Martyrs Studio albums Once More , with Feeling Completionist Extended plays Endgame Singles `` The Kill '' `` Gone Away '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Kill&oldid=801839674 '' Categories : Thirty Seconds to Mars songs 2006 singles Songs written by Jared Leto Canadian Singles Chart number - one singles 2005 songs Virgin Records singles Song recordings produced by Josh Abraham Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Galego Italiano Magyar Nāhuatl Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 05 : 50 . 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About Wikipedia	who wrote the kill by 30 seconds to mars	[ "\n\n\"The Kill\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Thirty Seconds to Mars\n\n\nfrom the album A Beautiful Lie\n\n\nReleased\nJanuary 24, 2006 (2006-01-24)\n\n\nFormat\nCompact Disc, digital download\n\n\nGenre\nAlternative rock, post-hardcore\n\n\nLength\n3:47\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nImmortal\nVirgin\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nJared Leto\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nJosh Abraham\nThirty Seconds to Mars\n\n\n\n\n\nThirty Seconds to Mars singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Attack\"\n(2005)\n\"The Kill\"\n(2006)\n\"From Yesterday\"\n(2006)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Attack\"\n(2005)\n\"The Kill\"\n(2006)\n\"From Yesterday\"\n(2006)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The Kill (Rebirth)\"\n\n\n\n\n\n\nArtwork for the UK version of the single.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAudio sample\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nfile\nhelp\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"The Kill\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Jared Leto" ]
-1569519761577576220	List of Batman: The Animated Series episodes	List of Batman : the Animated series episodes - wikipedia List of Batman : the Animated series episodes Jump to : navigation , search Batman : The Animated Series is an American television series based on the DC Comics superhero Batman , which was produced by Warner Bros. Animation and originally aired on Fox from 1992 to 1995 ; lasting 85 episodes . The series has since aired in re-runs on various other broadcast and cable networks , including The WB , Cartoon Network , Boomerang and The Hub . Each episode is approximately 22 minutes long , excluding commercials . The series is part of what has become known as the DC animated universe , which consists of eight animated television shows and four animated films , largely surrounding DC Comics characters and their respective mythos . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season one ( 1992 -- 1993 ) 2.2 Season two ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 3 See also 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 65 September 5 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 05 ) September 17 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 17 ) 20 May 2 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 02 ) September 15 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 15 ) Episode list ( edit ) Note : This article lists the episodes in their DVD release order , rather than by their original air dates or their production order . Season one ( 1992 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) 65 episodes were produced for season one , due to it being the minimum number of episodes necessary for a TV series to be successfully syndicated . 60 of these episodes were initially aired during the 1992 -- 1993 television season , which ran from September 1992 to May 1993 . The final five episodes of season one were held back until September 1993 . Episodes 1 to 28 were released on DVD in the Batman : The Animated Series Volume One set ; episodes 29 to 56 in the Volume Two set ; and episodes 57 to 65 in the Volume Three set . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Villain ( s ) `` On Leather Wings '' Kevin Altieri Mitch Brian September 6 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 06 ) ( primetime ) September 24 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 24 ) ( weekday ) Man - Bat A mysterious bat - like creature terrorizes Gotham City , causing the police force to pursue Batman . The Dark Knight must find the real perpetrator to clear his name . `` Christmas with the Joker '' Kent Butterworth Eddie Gorodetsky November 13 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 13 ) The Joker After escaping Arkham Asylum on Christmas Eve , The Joker takes over Gotham 's airwaves and terrorizes the city for a crime . He challenges Batman and Robin to find his hidden TV studio and free his hostages -- Commissioner Gordon , Detective Bullock and Summer Gleeson -- before midnight . `` Nothing to Fear '' Boyd Kirkland Henry T. Gilroy and Sean Catherine Derek September 15 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 15 ) The Scarecrow Batman encounters the Scarecrow and attempts to foil his scheme to burn down Gotham University , but in the process is exposed to the Scarecrow 's fear gas , and is forced to face his own guilt over the death of his parents . Note : This episode introduced the popular line ; `` I am vengeance . I am the night . I am Batman ! '' `` The Last Laugh '' Kevin Altieri Carl Swenson September 22 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 22 ) The Joker The Joker covers Gotham City in a cloud of laughing gas and begins plundering the crazed city . But after Alfred is infected with the toxin , Batman has added incentive to stop the Joker and acquire an antidote from him before all of Gotham dies with a smile . 5 5 `` Pretty Poison '' Boyd Kirkland Story by : Paul Dini and Michael Reaves Teleplay by : Tom Ruegger September 14 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 14 ) Poison Ivy When District Attorney Harvey Dent collapses after a meal with his fiancée Pamela Isley and friend Bruce Wayne , doctors discover that he has been poisoned . Batman must find the culprit and the antidote before the DA 's time runs out . 6 6 `` The Underdwellers '' Frank Paur Story by : Tom Ruegger Teleplay by : Jules Dennis and Richard Mueller October 21 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 21 ) Sewer King Batman traces a series of bizarre robberies on the streets of Gotham back to a band of homeless children , who have been raised to do the bidding of their master , the Sewer King . 7 7 `` P.O.V. '' Kevin Altieri Story by : Mitch Brian Teleplay by : Sean Catherine Derek and Laren Bright September 18 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 18 ) The Drug Lord and his Gangsters A botched police operation results in the suspension of those involved : Officer Wilkes , Officer Montoya , and Detective Bullock . Confronted by their superiors , each of them is forced to tell their tale of what happened that night . 8 8 `` The Forgotten '' Boyd Kirkland Jules Dennis , Richard Mueller and Sean Catherine Derek October 8 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 08 ) Boss Biggis and his henchmen While investigating the disappearances of Gotham 's homeless in an undercover disguise , Bruce Wayne is kidnapped and imprisoned in a chain gang mining camp , suffering from amnesia . Alfred must thus track him down , help him escape , and free the rest of the prisoners . 9 9 `` Be a Clown '' Frank Paur Ted Pedersen and Steve Hayes September 16 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 16 ) The Joker Mayor Hamilton Hill 's miserable son , Jordan , becomes even sadder when his father uses his birthday party as a political gathering , and ends up stowing away in the truck of the party clown hired by Hill for the party , whom he does n't know is actually the Joker in disguise . It is now up to Batman , whom Mayor Hill distrusts , to rescue the boy before it is too late . 10 10 `` Two - Face : Part 1 '' Kevin Altieri Story by : Alan Burnett Teleplay by : Randy Rogel September 25 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 25 ) Rupert Thorne Mobster Rupert Thorne attempts to use Harvey Dent 's secret split personality to blackmail him . But when Dent meets with Thorne at a chemical plant , `` Big Bad Harv '' takes over , and the resulting confrontation leads to an explosion that horribly scars half of Dent 's face . 11 11 `` Two - Face : Part 2 '' Kevin Altieri Randy Rogel September 28 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 28 ) Rupert Thorne and Two - Face Harvey Dent , now calling himself Two - Face , resurfaces and starts robbing Rupert Thorne 's illegal businesses , preparing for a final confrontation with the crime boss , and Batman must stop his former friend before he and Thorne kill each other . Note : Batman 's method of defeating Two - Face in this episode ( using a case of coins ) was later used in the climax of Batman Forever . 12 12 `` It 's Never Too Late '' Boyd Kirkland Story by : Tom Ruegger Teleplay by : Garin Wolf September 10 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 10 ) ( weekday ) January 17 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 17 ) ( primetime ) Rupert Thorne and Arnold Stromwell A mob war between crime bosses Rupert Thorne and Arnold Stromwell is nearing its end , and comes to a climax when Stromwell is set up to be killed in an exploding restaurant by Thorne . Batman saves him at the last moment , and aided by Stromwell 's brother ( now a priest who lost his leg years before , an accident for which Stromwell carries a secret guilt ) , tries to persuade him to give up his life of crime and help the police bring Thorne down by testifying against him . 13 13 `` I 've Got Batman in My Basement '' Frank Paur Sam Graham and Chris Hubbell September 30 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 30 ) The Penguin During a fight with Batman over a stolen Fabergé egg , the Penguin incapacitates Batman with poison gas . The Dark Knight is rescued by a teenage amateur detective named Sherman Grant and his friend Roberta , who hide Batman in Sherman 's basement long enough for him to recover before the Penguin finds them . 14 14 `` Heart of Ice '' Bruce W. Timm Paul Dini September 7 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 07 ) Mr. Freeze and Ferris Boyle Bitter scientist Victor Fries , as Mr. Freeze , attacks several divisions of GothCorp , each time stealing a piece for a secret weapon he intends to build . Batman investigates the connections , and discovers that the start of Freeze 's vendetta against GothCorp was a bitter falling out between Fries and GothCorp 's CEO , Ferris Boyle ( Mark Hamill ) , during which Boyle almost killed Fries ( mutating him into Freeze ) and presumably killed Fries ' terminally ill wife , Nora . Batman must find a way to bring Boyle to justice before Freeze carries out his revenge . Note : This episode won the series a 1993 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program . 15 15 `` The Cat and the Claw : Part 1 '' Kevin Altieri Story by : Sean Catherine Derek and Laren Bright September 5 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 05 ) Catwoman and Red Claw Batman encounters a new cat burglar calling herself Catwoman , and around the same time , meets a woman named Selina Kyle ( as Bruce Wayne ) , to whom he is visibly attracted . When Selina runs into trouble with a terrorist group known as The Red Claw , who want the mountain lion sanctuary she was trying to protect , she decides to take matters into her own hands and investigate . 16 16 `` The Cat and the Claw : Part 2 '' Dick Sebast Story by : Sean Catherine Derek and Laren Bright Teleplay by : Jules Dennis and Richard Mueller September 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 12 ) Red Claw The leader of the Red Claw group ( known herself only as Red Claw ) attacks a military train and steals a viral plague , which she intends to release in Gotham if she is n't paid a ransom , and Batman and Catwoman must put aside their differences and work together to stop Red Claw before it is too late . 17 17 `` See No Evil '' Dan Riba Martin Pasko February 24 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 24 ) Lloyd Ventrix Lloyd `` Eddie '' Ventrix is on the verge of losing his daughter , Kimberly , to his ex-wife , Helen , due to his past as a con artist . Determined not to lose Kimberly , Ventrix dons a suit , stolen from where he used to work while on parole , which grants the user invisibility but also becomes highly toxic , and poses as Kimberly 's imaginary friend , Mojo , while stealing jewellery for her . Batman must solve the mystery crimes and stop Ventrix , despite the fact that he can not even see him . Note : Michael Gross , who provided the voice of Ventrix , later voiced Warren McGinnis in Batman Beyond . 18 18 `` Beware the Gray Ghost '' Boyd Kirkland Story by : Dennis O'Flaherty and Tom Ruegger Teleplay by : Garin Wolf and Tom Ruegger November 4 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 04 ) The Mad Bomber Simon Trent , an actor best known for his past role as `` The Gray Ghost '' , is on the verge of bankruptcy thanks to his declining career . To save himself , he sells off all of his Gray Ghost merchandise . Immediately afterwards , a series of crimes related to the old show begin to occur . Batman , having himself been inspired partly by the show to become the crimefighter he now is , goes to Trent for help , and they team up to put an end to the crimes , and also revive Trent 's career . Note : The Gray Ghost was voiced by Adam West , the star of the 1960s television show Batman . 19 19 `` Prophecy of Doom '' Frank Paur Story by : Dennis Marks Teleplay by : Sean Catherine Derek October 6 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 06 ) Nostromos and Lucus Batman investigates a cult , called the Brotherhood , founded by the `` mystic '' Nostromos , after hearing about a number of stories from his colleagues about his ability to predict the future . Batman finds out that Nostromos is actually a con artist who was rigging near - fatal accidents to gain the confidence of Gotham 's upper class citizens , and he must expose this ruse before it is too late . 20 20 `` Feat of Clay : Part 1 '' Dick Sebast Story by : Marv Wolfman and Michael Reaves Teleplay by : Marv Wolfman September 8 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 08 ) Roland Daggett Bruce Wayne is framed for the attempted murder of Lucius Fox . The real perpetrator is an actor and master of disguise named Matt Hagen , who was disfigured in a car accident years ago . In order to keep his fame , he secretly started working for Roland Daggett , who provides him with a monthly supply of an addictive face cream known as Renuyu ( a pun on `` Renew You '' ) that can temporarily reshape his face back to normal , and who wants to take Wayne Enterprises over for marketing expansion . For botching the murder , Hagen 's supply is cut off , and when he breaks into Daggett 's lab for more Renuyu , he pays the price dearly when Daggett 's men drench his face in the formula and force him to swallow liters of it to avoid drowning . Meanwhile , Bruce Wayne is arrested and taken into custody , charged with the assault on Fox . 21 21 `` Feat of Clay : Part 2 '' Kevin Altieri Story by : Marv Wolfman and Michael Reaves Teleplay by : Michael Reaves September 9 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 09 ) Clayface and Roland Daggett Bruce Wayne is released from prison on bail . Hagen , as it turns out , survived the murder attempt on him , but at a high cost : the formula entered his body and soaked every single one of his cells , turning him into a shape - shifting mutant . With his newfound powers , Hagen , now calling himself Clayface , decides to take his revenge on Daggett and his men , and Batman must bring Daggett to justice and stop Clayface before innocent people are hurt . 22 22 `` Joker 's Favor '' Boyd Kirkland Paul Dini September 11 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 11 ) ( weekday ) January 31 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 31 ) ( primetime ) The Joker and Harley Quinn After a man named Charlie Collins curses at the Joker on the road for offensive driving , the Clown Prince of Crime corners him and intimidates him into doing him a `` small favor '' . Two years pass , and the Joker finally decides how to use Charlie : to sneak a bomb into the Peregrinator 's Club , where Commissioner Gordon is to give a speech at an award ceremony . Charlie , who merely has to open the door , is skeptical at first , but for the sake of his family , he reluctantly decides to obey . Note : This episode features the debut appearance of the Joker 's accomplice and love interest , Harley Quinn . 23 23 `` Vendetta '' Frank Paur Michael Reaves October 5 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 05 ) Killer Croc Detective Bullock is arrested for kidnapping . Batman , who dislikes Bullock but nevertheless believes him to be a good man , investigates , and discovers the identity of the real criminal : Killer Croc , who harbors a vendetta against Bullock for capturing him once . Batman must clear Bullock 's name before it is too late . 24 24 `` Fear of Victory '' Dick Sebast Samuel Warren Joseph September 29 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 29 ) The Scarecrow The Scarecrow invents a fear chemical that is activated by adrenaline . Then , he uses it to affect the outcome of athletic events . Whenever a single person becomes agitated , the fear chemical kicks in , turning his excitement to fear . The Scarecrow bets against the sports stars ' teams as part of his criminal scheme to scare up some quick cash , and Batman and Robin must foil his plot . 25 25 `` The Clock King '' Kevin Altieri David Wise September 21 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 21 ) Clock King After his company goes bankrupt , Temple Fugate becomes the Clock King . Fugate sets out to seek his revenge against the man whom he blames for his misfortunes : Mayor Hamilton Hill . Fugate kidnaps Hill , intending to do away with him to accomplish his revenge . Batman must stop Fugate from carrying out his revenge and save the mayor 's life . 26 26 `` Appointment in Crime Alley '' Boyd Kirkland Gerry Conway September 17 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 17 ) Roland Daggett With the help of arsonists , Roland Daggett plans to destroy Crime Alley and use the land to expand his business empire . But that plan would mean killing the residents or forcing them to abandon their homes . Now , Batman must foil Daggett 's plan and try to prove that he is a criminal . Note : Based on the comic - book story `` There Is No Hope in Crime Alley '' ( Detective Comics # 457 , March 1976 ) by Denny O'Neil and Dick Giordano . 27 27 `` Mad as a Hatter '' Frank Paur Paul Dini October 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 12 ) The Mad Hatter Miserable Wayne Industries scientist Jervis Tetch is unable to pursue the girl he loves , Alice the secretary . When she splits up from her boyfriend , he makes an advance and develops a fast friendship with her , until her boyfriend reconciles with her and proposes to her . Enraged , Tetch decides to take matters into his own hands , and dons the mantle of the Mad Hatter , using his mind - control devices to force those who have wronged him all his life to become his mindless slaves . 28 28 `` Dreams in Darkness '' Dick Sebast Judith & Garfield Reeves - Stevens November 3 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 03 ) ( weekday ) December 20 , 1992 ( 1992 - 12 - 20 ) ( primetime ) The Scarecrow Batman is incarcerated in Arkham Asylum after being exposed to the Scarecrow 's fear - inducing gas . Batman knows that the Scarecrow has escaped for the second time and is planning to poison Gotham 's water supply with the same fear - inducing gas , and he must bring himself to break the law and escape from Arkham before the Scarecrow brings Gotham to its knees . Notes : Loosely based on `` Batman : The Last Arkham '' of Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 1 -- 4 by Alan Grant . This episode adapted the comic book story with the inclusion of the Scarecrow instead of Victor Zsasz and Dr. Bartholomew instead of Jeremiah Arkham . The Scarecrow 's scheme in this episode was similarly used by Ra 's al Ghul ( with assistance from the Scarecrow ) in Batman Begins . 29 29 `` Eternal Youth '' Kevin Altieri Beth Bornstein September 23 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 23 ) Poison Ivy Several rich industrialists are invited to the Eternal Youth Health Spa , and that 's where they are last seen before disappearing . The only connection : they had something to do with the death of plants . Bruce Wayne also receives an invitation ( although it was one of his greedy directors who nearly made the deal to destroy a rainforest before Bruce forced him to shut the operation down ) , but Alfred and his `` lady friend '' , Maggie , go in his place . When they do not return , Batman is forced to investigate , discovering that the spa is run by Poison Ivy , and that she has been using a formula to turn the industrialists into humanoid trees , including Alfred and Maggie . 30 30 `` Perchance to Dream '' Boyd Kirkland Story by : Laren Bright and Michael Reaves Teleplay by : Joe R. Lansdale October 19 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 19 ) ( weekday ) March 14 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 14 ) ( primetime ) The Mad Hatter Bruce Wayne wakes up one morning to find that his life is completely upside - down : his parents are alive , the Batcave does not exist , Alfred does not remember Robin , and he is engaged to Selina Kyle . However , it does n't mean that Batman is n't still around , and Bruce starts to wonder what has happened , especially after seeing the characteristics of a dream ( such as book and newspaper prints not making sense ) inside this new life . 31 31 `` The Cape and Cowl Conspiracy '' Frank Paur Elliot S. Maggin October 14 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 14 ) Josiah Wormwood Baron Jozek , furious at Batman for humiliating him at a dinner party ( over Jozek 's underworld connections ) , hires Josiah Wormwood , a master in setting traps for his victims , to hunt down Batman and bring back the hero 's cape and cowl . Note : Based on the comic - book story `` The Cape and Cowl Death Trap ! '' from Detective Comics # 450 August 1975 , written by Elliot S. Maggin . 32 32 `` Robin 's Reckoning : Part 1 '' Dick Sebast Randy Rogel February 7 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 07 ) ( primetime ) May 17 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 17 ) ( weekday ) Tony Zucco and Arnold Stromwell During a fight with some gangsters at a construction yard , Batman and Robin learn the name of their boss : Billy Marin . While Robin looks forward to going up against Marin , Batman becomes distant , and after a falling out at the Batcave , Batman does n't allow Robin to accompany him on the search for Marin . Robin investigates on the Batcomputer , and soon realizes that Billy Marin is not the boss ' real name . Rather , it is an alias of Tony Zucco , the man who killed his parents ( which Batman already knew , but chose not to tell Robin ) . Notes : The flashbacks to Robin 's origin story is based on Detective Comics # June 38 , 1940 . This episode won the 1993 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program ( for Programming Less Than One Hour ) . 33 33 `` Robin 's Reckoning : Part 2 '' Dick Sebast Randy Rogel February 14 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 14 ) ( primetime ) May 18 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 18 ) ( weekday ) Tony Zucco Angered by Batman 's deceit , Robin sets out to find Tony Zucco on his own , all the while plagued by the memories of his parents ' death and how Bruce took him in as his own son . Eventually , Batman manages to find Zucco at an old amusement park , but breaks his leg during the fight . Robin finally arrives and prepares to kill Zucco in revenge . 34 34 `` The Laughing Fish '' Bruce W. Timm Paul Dini January 10 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 10 ) ( primetime ) April 27 , 1993 ( 1993 - 04 - 27 ) ( weekday ) The Joker and Harley Quinn Joker creates a toxin that affects only fish , mutating them into Joker fish . Then , he targets innocent men who refuse to copyright his Joker fish . The Joker also captures Harvey Bullock , and Batman must rescue him and foil the Clown Prince of Crime 's insane scheme . Note : This episode is based on three Batman comics , blended together ; `` The Joker 's Five - Way Revenge '' from Batman # 251 September 1973 by Denny O'Neil with art by Neal Adams , followed by `` The Laughing Fish '' and `` Sign of the Joker ! '' from Detective Comics # 475 and # 476 , of February / March 1978 , both by writer Steve Englehart with art by Marshall Rogers . 35 35 `` Night of the Ninja '' Kevin Altieri Steve Perry October 26 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 26 ) Kyodai Ken A mysterious ninja is robbing Wayne Enterprises subsidiaries , and Batman discovers that the ninja is actually his equal in combat . A grudge against Bruce Wayne and skills to match him can only mean one person : Kyodai Ken , an old rival of Wayne 's teacher from his days in Japan , and who was thrown out of the dojo after attempting to rob it , only to be stopped by Wayne . Ken , it turns out , wants revenge . 36 36 `` Cat Scratch Fever '' Boyd Kirkland Story by : Sean Catherine Derek Teleplay by : Buzz Dixon November 5 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 05 ) Roland Daggett and Professor Milo Batman must stop Roland Daggett 's plan to release a viral plague designed by Professor Milo into Gotham by way of its stray cat population . The case gains new urgency when Catwoman becomes infected with the virus during her search for her missing cat , Isis . Now , Batman must find an antidote to save the woman who loves him most . 37 37 `` The Strange Secret of Bruce Wayne '' Frank Paur Story by : David Wise Teleplay by : Judith & Garfield Reeves - Stevens October 29 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 29 ) ( weekday ) February 28 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 28 ) ( primetime ) Hugo Strange , The Joker , Two - Face and The Penguin After a prominent judge is injured during a struggle with some thugs demanding money from her in exchange for a strange tape , Bruce Wayne decides to take a trip to Yucca Springs , a resort where the judge had vacationed , and consult Dr. Hugo Strange , a psychiatrist . Bruce soon learns that Strange has invented a machine that extracts people 's darkest secrets from their minds and transfers them to videotape -- and now Strange has proof of Bruce 's secret identity as Batman , and plans to auction it to three of Gotham 's prominent crime bosses . Note : Based on the comic stories `` The Dead Yet Live '' and `` I Am the Batman ! '' from Detective Comics # 471 and # 472 , of August / September 1977 by Steve Englehart . Dr. Strange 's scheme in this episode was similarly used by the Riddler in Batman Forever . 38 38 `` Heart of Steel : Part 1 '' Kevin Altieri Brynne Stephens November 16 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 16 ) H.A.R.D.A.C. Several robberies take place at major companies , including Wayne Enterprises , and Bruce Wayne , as Batman , discovers the thief to be a mechanical briefcase . Bruce meets with his old friend , Karl Rossum , an expert in robotics who lost his daughter to a vehicle accident years ago . He also meets Rossum 's assistant , Randa Duane , and Rossum 's ultimate creation : a prototype A.I. known as Holographic Analytical Reciprocating Digital Computer ( H.A.R.D.A.C. ) Bruce invites Duane to dinner , and around the same time , certain civilians start acting strangely . Most surprising is when Duane unexpectedly leaves Wayne Manor while Bruce is on the phone , and the entire Batcave turns on Batman . Note : This episode marks the series ' debut appearance of Barbara Gordon , not yet Batgirl . All of Barbara 's starring appearances were in episodes written by Brynne Stephens . 39 39 `` Heart of Steel : Part 2 '' Kevin Altieri Brynne Stephens November 17 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 17 ) H.A.R.D.A.C. Batman manages to free himself from the Batcave 's clutches , and brings it back under his control , although he fails to track Duane down . Barbara Gordon approaches Batman to inform him of her father 's sudden change in behavior . A brutal fight between Batman and Detective Bullock ensues , during which Batman pushes Bullock onto the Bat Signal , and reveals him to actually be an android , meaning that the real Bullock and James Gordon have gone missing , and Batman knows who the culprit is : H.A.R.D.A.C. Batman must stop the evil supercomputer before it is too late . 40 40 `` If You 're So Smart , Why Are n't You Rich ? '' Eric Radomski David Wise November 18 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 18 ) ( weekday ) January 3 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 03 ) ( primetime ) The Riddler Edward Nygma creates the game The Riddle of the Minotaur and makes millions for the company Competitron . He is then fired by his superior , Daniel Mockridge , who wants the profits for himself . Nygma vows revenge , and two years later , he takes up the mantle of the Riddler and traps Mockridge inside a life - sized version of the Minotaur maze . Batman 's sympathy is with Nygma , but he and Robin have to stop him before he kills Mockridge , despite the fact that Mockridge can not legally be brought to justice . Regardless , Mockridge , despite the resulting rescue , is left in a permanent all - consuming fear of Nygma 's return for revenge . Note : This episode features the series ' debut appearance of The Riddler . Fun fact : When Robin is playing the Minotaur game on the Batcave computer , the majority of the sound effects heard from the game are actually from the NES game Super Mario Bros. 3 . 41 41 `` Joker 's Wild '' Boyd Kirkland Paul Dini November 19 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 19 ) ( weekday ) December 27 , 1992 ( 1992 - 12 - 27 ) ( primetime ) The Joker and Cameron Kaiser Cameron Kaiser builds a casino hotel modeled after the Joker , called `` The Joker 's Wild '' . The Joker sees this on the news and , enraged , escapes from Arkham again , with one thought on his mind : destroying the casino , unaware that this is exactly what Kaiser wants him to do as part of an insurance claim . 42 42 `` Tyger Tyger '' Frank Paur Story by : Michael Reaves and Randy Rogel Teleplay by : Cherie Wilkerson October 30 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 30 ) Emile Dorian Selina Kyle is kidnapped by the villainous genetic engineer Dr. Emile Dorian and becomes his latest experiment to provide his man - cat hybrid named Tygrus with a mate . Batman learns of this and comes to the island to rescue Selina . He is captured and forced into a deadly game of cat - and - flying mouse as Tygrus hunts Batman through the island 's jungles . 43 43 `` Moon of the Wolf '' Dick Sebast Len Wein November 11 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 11 ) The Werewolf and Professor Milo Batman investigates the appearance of a werewolf - like creature in Gotham , not realizing that the monster happens to be one of Bruce Wayne 's associates -- Anthony Romulus , ex-Olympic champion . Behind the scheme is twisted chemist Professor Milo . Note : Based on the comic story of the same name by writer Len Wein with art by Neal Adams , from Batman # 255 , April 1974 . 44 44 `` Day of the Samurai '' Bruce W. Timm Steve Perry February 23 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 23 ) Kyodai Ken Kyodai Ken kidnaps Kari , star pupil of Yoru Sensei , the martial arts instructor who taught both Kyodai and Bruce . The ninja 's ransom for her is a scroll that teaches the location of the fabled Death Touch . 45 45 `` Terror in the Sky '' Boyd Kirkland Story by : Steve Perry and Mark Saraceni Teleplay by : Mark Saraceni November 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 12 ) She - Bat When a giant - sized bat ransacks Gotham harbor , Batman suspects that Dr. Kirk Langstrom is up to his old tricks , taking the Man - Bat formula again . Batman is n't the only one . Kirk 's wife , Francine , is so distrustful of her husband that she decides to leave him . After further investigation , Batman discovers that this Man - Bat is not Kirk , but someone else , and thus he shames Francine 's father into permanently destroying the formula . Note : Loosely based on `` Man - Bat Over Vegas '' , originally presented in Detective Comics # 429 , by Frank Robbins . The setting has been shifted from Las Vegas to Gotham Harbor , and in keeping with the family - friendly rating of the television show , She - Bat is not a vampire in the adaptation . The final line of the episode , `` the nightmare 's finally over '' , is similar to one of the final lines from the original comic , `` Now Fran 's vampire nightmare is about over '' . 46 46 `` Almost Got ' Im '' Eric Radomski Paul Dini November 10 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 10 ) The Joker , Harley Quinn , Two - Face , Poison Ivy , Killer Croc and The Penguin The Joker , Killer Croc , the Penguin , Two - Face , and Poison Ivy all meet at a poker table , each telling a tale of times when they almost defeated Batman . At the same time , Harley Quinn is about to kill Catwoman after she rescued Batman from the Joker 's electric chair , and Batman must save her . Notes : Influenced by a four - issue story arc in Batman ( 1977 ) # 291 -- 294 , entitled `` Where Were You on the Night Batman Was Killed ? '' . In each of the four issues , one of Catwoman , Riddler , and The Joker all recount their claims to have killed the Batman . However , the plot for `` Almost Got ' Im '' is quite different ( six stories in the show , and four completely different ones in the comic book ) , with only the Joker as an overlapping antagonist . Two - Face 's strategy in `` Almost Got ' Im '' ( strapping down Batman to a giant coin and flipping the coin in the air ) was taken from the comic ; World 's Finest Comics # 30 , September 1947 . In a back up tale both Batman and Robin were tied to a giant penny that was catapulted onto spikes by a lesser known villain the Penny Plunderer . 47 47 `` Birds of a Feather '' Frank Paur Story by : Chuck Menville Teleplay by : Brynne Stephens February 8 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 08 ) The Penguin Veronica Vreeland is looking for a way to create a splash with her next party , and arrives at the idea of having a former criminal in attendance -- especially if there is one whose manners would create a stir . The Penguin , who has recently reformed , fits the bill perfectly . In the process of convincing the Penguin to come to her party , Veronica finds she likes the corpulent little guy . For his part , the Penguin begins to fall in love with her , until he overhears that he is merely being used ... 48 48 `` What Is Reality ? '' Dick Sebast Marty Isenberg and Robert N. Skir November 24 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 24 ) ( weekday ) March 7 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 07 ) ( primetime ) The Riddler Seeking to prove once and for all that his is the superior mind , the Riddler lures Batman into a riddle - solving contest inside the virtual reality of a computer game in order to save Commissioner Gordon 's life . In the course of solving the riddles and escaping the Riddler 's traps , Batman learns that he is able to manipulate the virtual reality landscape much like the Riddler does . 49 49 `` I Am the Night '' Boyd Kirkland Michael Reaves November 9 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 09 ) ( weekday ) December 13 , 1992 ( 1992 - 12 - 13 ) ( primetime ) The Jazzman On the anniversary of the death of Bruce 's parents , Batman accompanies Leslie Thompkins to Crime Alley to place roses on the spot where they were gunned down . Meanwhile , Commissioner Gordon is on stakeout to arrest Jimmy `` The Jazzman '' Peake during a drug smuggling ring . Batman had promised to be there , but arrives late to find a gun battle going on . He helps defeat the gangsters and arrest the Jazzman , but at a high cost -- Gordon is severely wounded . The incident traumatizes Batman and he contemplates giving up his crime - fighting career , despite the Jazzman escaping prison to carry out his personal vendetta against Gordon ( who had sent him to prison six years before ) . 50 50 `` Off Balance '' Kevin Altieri Len Wein November 23 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 23 ) Count Vertigo and Talia While following Count Vertigo 's trail , Batman encounters Talia , daughter of the head of the Society of Shadows , who was sent by her father to prevent the capture of a sonic drill that the Count stole . But after his identity is mistakenly revealed to Talia , Batman remains off - balance as to where her true loyalties lie . Note : This episode is a direct adaptation of `` Into the Den of the Death - Dealers '' from Detective Comics # 411 , May 1971 by Denny O'Neil with art by Bob Brown . The story is famous for the first appearance of the character Talia al Ghul . 51 51 `` The Man Who Killed Batman '' Bruce W. Timm Paul Dini February 1 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 01 ) The Joker , Harley Quinn and Rupert Thorne When small - time gang member Sidney `` The Squid '' Debris ( played by Matt Frewer ) seemingly kills Batman by accident , he gets involved with gangs all over Gotham , as well as the Joker and Rupert Thorne , none of whom believe his story that everything that is happening is by preposterous happenstance . 52 52 `` Mudslide '' Eric Radomski Story by : Alan Burnett Teleplay by : Steve Perry September 15 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 15 ) Clayface Clayface is falling apart , literally . His clay - like body is disintegrating . Fortunately , a scientist he knew from his movie star days is working on a remedy . However , Hagen is forced to steal money to pay for the expensive components of the remedy . That is , until one of his targets is Wayne Biomedical Labs ... 53 53 `` Paging the Crime Doctor '' Frank Paur Story by : Mike W. Barr and Laren Bright Teleplay by : Randy Rogel & Martin Pasko September 17 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 17 ) Rupert Thorne Dr. Matthew Thorne ( played by Joseph Campanella ) , losing his medical license and forced into becoming the crime doctor by his younger brother , crime boss Rupert Thorne , must perform delicate surgery on Rupert . He ca n't do it alone , and kidnaps Dr. Leslie Thompkins to assist . Batman discovers Leslie 's disappearance , and rushes to track her down -- and has an additional interest in Matthew , because he was a medical school classmate of Bruce Wayne 's father Thomas . 54 54 `` Zatanna '' Dick Sebast and Dan Riba Paul Dini February 2 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 02 ) Montague Kane When the glamorous magician Zatanna is framed for a robbery during her act , Batman swings to her defense . Zatanna is grateful , though a little puzzled , by the Dark Knight 's commitment to prove her innocence , but the two heroes unite and use the skills her father , Zatara , taught them to expose and combat the culprit : an evil illusionist named Montague Kane . 55 55 `` The Mechanic '' Kevin Altieri Story by : Steve Perry and Laren Bright Teleplay by : Randy Rogel January 24 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 24 ) The Penguin Thanks to a freak accident during a high - speed chase , the Batmobile is virtually demolished . After Batman takes the car to his personal mechanic , Earl Cooper , the Penguin makes his move and tampers with the Batmobile , putting it under his control . Note : The Penguin 's scheme in this episode was similarly featured in Batman Returns . 56 56 `` Harley and Ivy '' Boyd Kirkland Paul Dini January 18 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 18 ) The Joker , Harley Quinn and Poison Ivy When the Joker fires Harley , she tries going on a crime spree of her own , joining up with Poison Ivy , and the two become Gotham 's Queens of Crime , much to the Joker 's fury . 57 57 `` Shadow of the Bat : Part 1 '' Frank Paur Brynne Stephens September 13 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 13 ) Two - Face , Rupert Thorne and Gil Mason When Commissioner Gordon is framed for taking bribes from Rupert Thorne , his daughter Barbara pleads with Batman to show up at a rally being put on in the commissioner 's behalf . But when Batman disappears after finding the person behind the frame - up , Barbara takes the law into her own hands as Batgirl . Note : This episode marks the series ' debut appearance of Barbara Gordon as Batgirl . 58 58 `` Shadow of the Bat : Part 2 '' Frank Paur Brynne Stephens September 14 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 14 ) Two - Face and Gil Mason Robin discovers that Gil Mason is in league with the underworld and goes to investigate him . He encounters Batgirl along the way , and go their separate ways to stop Mason . They then meet again to learn that Gil is working with Two - Face to take out Gordon , and have Batman ( as Matches Malone ) captured . 59 59 `` Blind as a Bat '' Dan Riba Story by : Mike Underwood and Len Wein Teleplay by : Len Wein February 22 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 22 ) The Penguin The Penguin steals an experimental helicopter from an air show , causing an explosion that temporarily blinds Bruce Wayne . Batman knows he wo n't be able to wait until his vision returns to track the Penguin down , and he must find a way to do so without the use of his eyes . 60 60 `` The Demon 's Quest : Part 1 '' Kevin Altieri Dennis O'Neil May 3 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 03 ) Ra 's al Ghul When Robin is mysteriously abducted from his college campus , Batman begins a fruitless search ... until he is astounded by the sudden appearance in the Batcave of Ra 's al Ghul . Ra 's quickly reveals that his daughter , Talia , has been abducted under circumstances similar to Robin 's , suggesting that the same people are responsible . So begins an uneasy truce between Batman and ' The Demon ' . Note : A direct adaptation of `` Daughter of the Demon '' from Batman # 232 , June 1971 , and `` The Demon Lives Again '' Batman # 244 , September 1972 , both by Denny O'Neil and Neal Adams . Famous for introducing one of Batman 's deadlier foes ; Ra 's al Ghul , father of Talia . 61 61 `` The Demon 's Quest : Part 2 '' Kevin Altieri Story by : Dennis O'Neil and Len Wein Teleplay by : Len Wein May 4 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 04 ) Ra 's al Ghul After freeing Talia from her father 's clutches and escaping from an avalanche , Batman and Robin follow the only clue they have -- the word ' Orpheus ' . After discovering that ' Orpheus ' is Ra 's private satellite that will orbit over the Sahara , the duo travel to the Demon 's desert stronghold . There , Batman learns that the satellite is actually a weapon which will explosively destroy all the Lazarus Pits simultaneously throughout the world , destroying all the life that exists . Note : A direct adaptation of `` Daughter of the Demon '' from Batman # 232 , June 1971 , and `` The Demon Lives Again '' Batman # 244 , September 1972 , both by Denny O'Neil and Neal Adams . 62 62 `` His Silicon Soul '' Boyd Kirkland Marty Isenberg and Robert N. Skir November 20 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 20 ) H.A.R.D.A.C. and Duplicate Batman When a Batman impersonator appears in Gotham City , the real Batman deduces that Karl Rossum is somehow involved and confronts the inventor . The other Batman , a duplicate , then shows up and a battle between the two takes place . After the duplicate Batman escapes , it begins its campaign to recreate H.A.R.D.A.C. 's goals of a robotic society . Note : The anime series The Big O was partially inspired by this episode . 63 63 `` Fire from Olympus '' Dan Riba Judith & Garfield Reeves - Stevens May 24 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 24 ) Maxie Zeus Believing himself to be the reincarnation of Zeus , Maxie Zeus steals an experimental weapon that the government developed . The mad man desires to use the weapon against the people of Gotham City and Batman must put a stop to Maxie 's mad plan against the city he loves . 64 64 `` Read My Lips '' Boyd Kirkland Story by : Alan Burnett and Michael Reaves Teleplay by : Joe R. Lansdale May 10 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 10 ) The Ventriloquist A brand - new gang has made its debut committing the slickest crimes ever , thanks to the gang leader , Scarface . It 's up to Batman to stop Scarface and his `` dummy '' , the Ventriloquist . 65 65 `` The Worry Men '' Frank Paur Paul Dini September 16 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 16 ) The Mad Hatter Wealthy socialite Veronica Vreeland returns from Central America , bringing tiny handmade dolls for all her friends . According to native legend , once placed under a pillow , the dolls do the sleeper 's worrying for them . Unknown to Veronica or her guests , each of the dolls was made by the Mad Hatter , and contains a tiny microchip which plants hypnotic suggestions inside the sleepers ' brains . Season two ( 1994 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) Because of the success the show was enjoying , while the 65 episodes of the first season were still airing , the Fox network executives ordered a second season of 20 more episodes . The second season featured Robin more prominently , and most episodes were given the onscreen title The Adventures of Batman & Robin . After airing five of the 20 episodes in May 1994 , the network reduced the series to airing only weekly on Saturday mornings . Ten more episodes were broadcast in this format in September -- November 1994 under the Adventures of Batman & Robin title . Once these fifteen episodes had premiered ( the final five were held back until September 1995 ) , the weekday slot was restored to include reruns of the entire series , with all previous episodes being shown under the new title for all remaining airings on Fox , as well as several VHS releases . The entire second season was released on DVD as part of the Batman : The Animated Series Volume Three set . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Villain ( s ) 66 `` Sideshow '' Boyd Kirkland Story by : Michael Reaves Teleplay by : Michael Reaves and Brynne Stephens May 3 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 03 ) Killer Croc En route to an upstate prison , Killer Croc escapes and leads Batman on a dangerous chase through the wilderness . After throwing Batman temporarily off his trail , the reptile - man takes refuge with a group of retired circus freaks , and convinces them to help him . When Batman arrives , Croc and the freaks band together to capture him . Note : Loosely based on `` A Vow from the Grave '' by Denny O'Neil . This episode adapted the comic book story with the inclusion of a separate Killer Croc story . 67 `` A Bullet for Bullock '' Frank Paur Michael Reaves September 14 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 14 ) Vinnie the Shark Someone has put a hit out on Gotham 's toughest cop , Harvey Bullock . After surviving several near misses , Bullock realizes he has no choice but to ask his arch - rival Batman to help him discover who is behind the murder attempts . During their investigation , Bullock learns that his gruff and mean - spirited manner has created enemies in the unlikeliest of people . Notes : Based on the comic of the same name from Detective Comics # 651 , October 1992 , by Chuck Dixon . This episode won the 1996 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction and Composition . 68 `` Trial '' Dan Riba Story by : Paul Dini and Bruce W. Timm Teleplay by : Paul Dini May 16 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 16 ) The Joker , Harley Quinn , Killer Croc , The Mad Hatter , Poison Ivy , The Riddler , The Scarecrow , Two - Face and The Ventriloquist Gotham 's new DA , Janet Van Dorn , is out to capture Batman , but both she and him end up captured by some of Batman 's main enemies instead . They are soon put on a kangaroo trial by the Joker ( the judge ) , Two - Face ( the prosecutor ) , the Ventriloquist ( the bailiff ) , Poison Ivy , Harley Quinn , the Mad Hatter , Killer Croc , the Scarecrow , and the Riddler ( the jury ) , in front of other criminals held at Arkham . If the defense ( Batman and the D.A. ) can prove that Batman is not the cause for everyone 's turn to crime , they will be set free . When the jury gives the verdict of ' not guilty ' , the villains have little intention of following through on their deal ... Notes : Henry Polic II , the Scarecrow 's voice actor , was recuperating from throat surgery during the episode 's production , so his character has no dialogue in it . Also , Van Dorn mentions in this episode that Harley Quinn was once a doctor at Arkham before the Joker corrupted her mind ; backstory which is later shown in The New Batman Adventures episode `` Mad Love '' . 69 `` Avatar '' Kevin Altieri Michael Reaves May 9 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 09 ) Ra 's al Ghul A mystic Egyptian scroll donated to the Gotham museum by Bruce Wayne is stolen by Ra 's al Ghul , and Batman and Talia must join forces to prevent the power - mad Ra 's from unlocking the scroll 's secrets of life and death . Their quest takes them to a hidden temple deep beneath the Egyptian desert . There , the Dark Knight is forced into a terrifying battle with an ancient Egyptian sorceress . 70 5 `` House & Garden '' Boyd Kirkland Paul Dini May 2 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 02 ) Poison Ivy Not only has Poison Ivy been released from Arkham Asylum , but she 's also married to her doctor and settled down to help him raise his two sons . It would appear that Ivy has gone straight and that her old days as a criminal are over . But wealthy bachelors are being struck down by an unknown toxin , leaving Batman to question Ivy 's innocence . 71 6 `` The Terrible Trio '' Frank Paur Story by : Alan Burnett and Michael Reaves Teleplay by : Michael Reaves September 11 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 11 ) The Terrible Trio Three wealthy , bored friends of Bruce Wayne decide to seek new thrills by becoming master criminals . As the Fox , the Shark and the Vulture ( masters of land , sea and air ) , the Terrible Trio pick Gotham clean , until they encounter one person who can not be bought off -- Batman . 72 7 `` Harlequinade '' Kevin Altieri Paul Dini May 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 23 ) The Joker and Harley Quinn The Joker steals an atomic bomb , and it is up to Batman and Robin to find and stop him . Since there is no time to spare , the duo enlist the help of Harley Quinn to track Joker down . Throughout the episode , it is briefly discussed how Harley met Joker . 73 8 `` Time Out of Joint '' Dan Riba Story by : Alan Burnett Teleplay by : Steve Perry October 8 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 08 ) Clock King The Clock King returns to continue his vendetta against Mayor Hill . This time , the time - obsessed criminal hopes to murder Hill with the help of a stolen invention that allows him to warp time and travel at super-speed . Securing another device from its creator , Batman and Robin take on the Clock King in a furious high - speed battle for the mayor 's life . 74 9 `` Catwalk '' Boyd Kirkland Paul Dini September 13 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 13 ) Catwoman and The Ventriloquist Anxious to take up her old ways as Catwoman , Selina Kyle joins forces with the Ventriloquist to humiliate socialite Veronica Vreeland . But the real victim is Catwoman herself , who has been secretly set up by Scarface to take the fall for another robbery . Batman has to intercede before the furious feline makes things worse by killing the double - talking Ventriloquist . 75 10 `` Bane '' Kevin Altieri Mitch Brian September 10 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 10 ) Bane , Killer Croc and Rupert Thorne Batman comes face - to - face with his most powerful adversary yet : the chemically - enhanced assassin Bane . Originally hired by Rupert Thorne to kill Batman , Bane plans on taking control of Thorne 's criminal empire once Batman is destroyed . It is a fight to the death with all of Gotham in the balance , as Batman takes on the man who has vowed to break the Bat . 76 11 `` Baby - Doll '' Dan Riba Paul Dini October 1 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 01 ) Baby - Doll A washed - up actress named Mary Dahl has become bitter and insane after falling into obscurity and suffering from a disorder that prevents her body from growing to adulthood , thus biologically cursed with literal eternal youth . She kidnaps her TV family , who all led much happier lives and more successful careers than her , and holds them prisoner on the abandoned soundstage of her old show . While Robin works fast to free the actors from Baby - Doll 's explosive death - trap , Batman pursues the tiny fiend through a deadly carnival funhouse . 77 12 `` The Lion and the Unicorn '' Boyd Kirkland Diane Duane , Peter Morwood and Steve Perry September 15 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 15 ) Red Claw The Red Claw organization kidnaps Alfred , seeking a code they need to arm a weapon of mass destruction that Alfred knows from his days as a British secret agent . 78 13 `` Showdown '' Kevin Altieri Story by : Kevin Altieri , Paul Dini and Bruce W. Timm Teleplay by : Joe R. Lansdale September 12 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 12 ) Ra 's al Ghul Ra 's al Ghul narrates a story from his past in which Jonah Hex stops his plan to destroy the transcontinental railroad being completed in 1883 , by using a war blimp . 79 14 `` Riddler 's Reform '' Dan Riba Story by : Alan Burnett , Paul Dini and Randy Rogel Teleplay by : Randy Rogel September 24 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 24 ) The Riddler The Riddler is hired to work for a toy company , vowing to turn over a new leaf . But Batman refuses to believe he has changed , and he suspects that the Riddler is still obsessed with outsmarting and defeating him . Now , the Dark Knight must prove that Riddler is still a criminal at heart and send him back to Arkham . 80 15 `` Second Chance '' Boyd Kirkland Story by : Paul Dini and Michael Reaves Teleplay by : Gerry Conway September 17 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 17 ) Two - Face , The Penguin and Rupert Thorne Just before he is to undergo the operation that will restore his sanity , Harvey Dent is kidnapped by a mysterious villain . Batman and Robin split up to nab the criminal behind the scheme to abduct the Dark Knight 's old friend . They suspect that either the Penguin or Rupert Thorne may be behind the kidnapping . 81 16 `` Harley 's Holiday '' Kevin Altieri Paul Dini October 15 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 15 ) Harley Quinn and Boxy Bennett Harley Quinn is released back into society , after being declared sane at Arkham Asylum . A misunderstanding at a clothing store , however , causes a snowball of comedic chaos to build around her . 82 17 `` Lock - Up '' Dan Riba Story by : Paul Dini Teleplay by : Marty Isenberg and Robert N. Skir November 19 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 19 ) Lock - Up Lyle Bolton , the new head of security at Arkham , is fired for his atrocious mistreatment of the inmates . Six months later , Bolton becomes the vigilante Lock - Up , and decides to put who he feels responsible for the ruin of the city behind bars . It 's up to Batman and Robin to save his victims . 83 18 `` Make ' Em Laugh '' Boyd Kirkland Paul Dini and Randy Rogel November 5 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 05 ) The Joker , Condiment King , Pack Rat , Mighty Mom and The Mad Hatter Using microchips stolen from the Mad Hatter , the Joker brainwashes famous comedians into committing crazy crimes in order to ruin their reputations . As it turns out , the comedians are the judges who tossed the Joker out of the Gotham Comedy Competition the year before . Now , the Clown Prince of Crime wants to seek his revenge , and Batman and Robin must foil the Joker 's plot . 84 19 `` Deep Freeze '' Kevin Altieri Story by : Paul Dini , Bruce W. Timm Teleplay by : Paul Dini November 26 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 26 ) Mr. Freeze and Grant Walker Mr. Freeze is sprung from Arkham by aging billionaire Grant Walker , who is looking to freeze the world and recreate it according to his own design . Batman and Robin infiltrate the billionaire 's underwater city and combat both high - tech robots and Mr. Freeze himself , who has decided to do Walker 's bidding and cover the earth in a new ice age . 85 20 `` Batgirl Returns '' Dan Riba Michael Reaves and Brynne Stephens November 12 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 12 ) Catwoman and Roland Daggett While Bruce is in Europe on a Wayne Enterprises business trip , the theft of a jade cat statue occurs at Gotham State University . Barbara Gordon again becomes Batgirl to investigate , only to run into Catwoman , who is also investigating , pointing out that the acid residue used to destroy the security system is not her style . The two team up to find the statue , with Robin tailing them , and things go from bad to worse when Roland Daggett is revealed to be involved . See also ( edit ) Batman : Mask of the Phantasm Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero References ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The New Batman Adventures Wikiquote has quotations related to : Batman : The Animated Series Cinefantastique , Vol. 24 , # 6 / Vol. 25 , # 1 , February 1994 ( special double - issue , with multiple articles on the Fox Network run ) . `` Batman : The Animated Series Original Airdate and episode list '' . worldsfinestonline.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2007 . `` Batman : The Animated Series Writers '' . Worldsfinestonline.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . `` Batman : The Animated Series Directors '' . Worldsfinestonline.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . `` Batman -- Mask of the Phantasm '' . Worldsfinestonline.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . `` Batman & Mr. Freeze : Sub-Zero '' . Worldsfinestonline.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . `` Batman : The Animated Series Official Website '' . batmantas.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` I am Vengeance . I am the Night . I AM BATMAN ! '' . YouTube.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards -- 1993 '' . Toon Zone . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Batman : The Animated Series / The New Batman Adventures / Batman Beyond DCAU - continuity Batman : The Animated Series ( episodes ) Episodes `` On Leather Wings '' `` Christmas with the Joker '' `` Heart of Ice '' `` The Cat and the Claw '' `` Beware the Gray Ghost '' `` Joker 's Favor '' `` Almost Got ' im '' `` Perchance to Dream '' `` Robin 's Reckoning '' `` Heart of Steel '' `` Zatanna '' `` Bane '' Original characters Andrea Beaumont Roland Daggett Nora Fries Summer Gleeson Lock - Up Renee Montoya Harley Quinn Red Claw Feature films Batman : Mask of the Phantasm Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero Video games Batman : The Animated Series The Adventures of Batman & Robin Comics The Batman Adventures Mad Love The New Batman Adventures ( episodes ) Original characters Roxy Rocket Feature films Batman : Mystery of the Batwoman Shorts Gotham Girls Chase Me Video games Batman : Chaos in Gotham Batman : Gotham City Racer Batman : Vengeance Batman : Rise of Sin Tzu Batman Beyond ( episodes ) Original characters Inque Jokerz Terry McGinnis / Batman Beyond Derek Powers / Blight Warhawk Feature films Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker Video games Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker Comics Batman Beyond Spin - offs The Zeta Project Related articles Batman Animated The New Batman / Superman Adventures DC animated universe Batman franchise media Live - action television Batman episodes Legends of the Superheroes OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Return to the Batcave : The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham episodes season 3 characters Live - action serials and films Batman ( 1943 ) Batman and Robin Batman ( 1966 ) 1989 -- 97 film series Batman ( 1989 ) Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League Animated television Featuring Batman The Adventures of Batman The Batman / Superman Hour The Batman / Tarzan Adventure Hour The New Adventures of Batman Batman : The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures episodes Batman Beyond episodes The Batman episodes Batman : The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman episodes With other heroes Super Friends episodes Justice League episodes Justice League Unlimited episodes Young Justice episodes Justice League Action episodes Animated films Featuring Batman Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Under the Red Hood Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Batman vs. Robin Bad Blood The Killing Joke Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two - Face With Justice League Justice League : The New Frontier Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time Justice League : War The Lego Movie Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts Justice League : Gods and Monsters Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem Justice League vs. Teen Titans Batman Unlimited : Mechs vs. Mutants With Justice League Dark Justice League Dark Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Novels Dead White Fear Itself Inferno The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Enemies in other media Joker Bane Catwoman Other characters in other media Robin Barbara Gordon Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne ( unproduced series ) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Bat phone Bat - Manga ! : The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children 's books Batman music DC animated universe Creators Bruce Timm Paul Dini Alan Burnett Dwayne McDuffie Television Batman : The Animated Series ( 1992 -- 95 ) episodes Superman : The Animated Series ( 1996 -- 2000 ) episodes The New Batman Adventures ( 1997 -- 99 ) episodes The New Batman / Superman Adventures ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Batman Beyond ( 1999 -- 2001 ) episodes characters Static Shock ( 2000 -- 2004 ) episodes characters The Zeta Project ( 2001 -- 2002 ) episodes Justice League / Justice League Unlimited ( 2001 -- 2006 ) episodes Films Batman : Mask of the Phantasm ( 1993 ) Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero ( 1998 ) Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker ( 2000 ) Batman : Mystery of the Batwoman ( 2003 ) Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) Comics The Batman Adventures Mad Love Superman Adventures Batman Beyond Shorts Gotham Girls Chase Me Video games Batman : The Animated Series The Adventures of Batman & Robin Superman Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker Batman : Chaos in Gotham Batman : Gotham City Racer Batman : Vengeance Superman : Shadow of Apokolips Justice League : Injustice for All Superman : Countdown to Apokolips Batman : Rise of Sin Tzu Justice League : Chronicles Original characters Andrea Beaumont Batman ( Terry McGinnis ) Roland Daggett Nora Fries Summer Gleeson Mercy Graves Harley Quinn Inque Jokerz Justice Guild of America Justice Lords Livewire Lock - Up Luminus Renee Montoya Derek Powers / Blight Red Claw Roxy Rocket Volcana Warhawk Miscellaneous Batman Animated List of films based on DC Comics List of television series based on DC Comics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Batman:_The_Animated_Series_episodes&oldid=801554207 '' Categories : Batman : The Animated Series episodes Lists of DC animated universe episodes Batman lists Batman television series episodes Lists of crime television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2012 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Français ქართული Magyar Nederlands Polski Română Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 11 : 25 . 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-2311098105452560259	Intangible asset	Intangible asset - wikipedia Intangible asset Jump to : navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An intangible asset is an asset that lacks physical substance ( unlike physical assets such as machinery and buildings ) and usually is very hard to evaluate . It includes patents , copyrights , franchises , goodwill , trademarks , trade names , the general interpretation also includes software and other intangible computer based assets . Contrary to other assets , they generally -- though not necessarily -- suffer from typical market failures of non-rivalry and non-excludability . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Research and development 3 Financial accounting 3.1 General standards 3.2 Expense allocation 4 Taxation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Definition ( edit ) Intangible assets have been argued to be one possible contributor to the disparity between company value as per their accounting records , and company value as per their market capitalization . Considering this argument , it is important to understand what an intangible asset truly is in the eyes of an accountant . A number of attempts have been made to define intangible assets : Prior to 2005 the Australian Accounting Standards Board issued the Statement of Accounting Concepts number 4 ( SAC 4 ) . This statement did not provide a formal definition of an intangible asset but did provide that tangibility was not an essential characteristic of asset . International Accounting Standards Board standard 38 ( IAS 38 ) defines an intangible asset as : `` an identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance . '' This definition is in addition to the standard definition of an asset which requires a past event that has given rise to a resource that the entity controls and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow . Thus , the extra requirement for an intangible asset under IAS 38 is identifiability . This criterion requires that an intangible asset is separable from the entity or that it arises from a contractual or legal right . The Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standard Codification 350 ( ASC 350 ) defines an intangible asset as an asset , other than a financial asset , that lacks physical substance . The lack of physical substance would therefore seem to be a defining characteristic of an intangible asset . Both the IASB and FASB definitions specifically preclude monetary assets in their definition of an intangible asset . This is necessary in order to avoid the classification of items such as accounts receivable , derivatives and cash in the bank as an intangible asset . IAS 38 contains examples of intangible assets , including : computer software , copyright and patents . Research and development ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) R&D is considered as one among several other intangible assets ( e.g. , about 16 percent of all intangible assets in the US ) , even if most countries treat R&D as current expenses for both legal and tax purposes . While most countries report some intangibles in their National Income and Product Accounts ( NIPA ) , no country has included a comprehensive measure of intangible assets . Yet , economists recognize the growing contribution of intangible assets in long - term GDP growth . IAS 38 requires any project that results in the generation of a resource to the entity be classified into two phases : a research phase , and a development phase . Research is defined as `` the original and planned investigation undertaken with the prospect of gaining new scientific or technical knowledge and understanding . For example , a company can carry a research on one of its products which it will use in the entity of which results in future economic income . Development is defined as `` the application of research findings to a plan or design for the production of new or substantially improved materials , devices , products , processes , systems , or services , before the start of commercial production or use . '' The accounting treatment of such expenses depends on whether it is classified as research or development . Where the distinction can not be made , IAS 38 requires that the entire project be treated as research and expensed through the Statement of Comprehensive Income . As research expenditure is highly speculative , there is no certainty that future economic benefits will flow to the entity . As such , prudence dictates that research expenditure be expensed through the Statement of Comprehensive Income . Development expenditure , however , is less speculative and it becomes possible to predict the future economic benefits that will flow to the entity . The matching concept dictates that development expenditure be capitalised as the expenditure will generate future economic benefit to the entity . The classification of research and development expenditure can be highly subjective , and it is important to note that organisations may have an ulterior motive in its classification of research and development expenditure . Less scrupulous directors may manipulate financial statements through their classification of research and development expenditure . Financial Accounting ( edit ) General Standards ( edit ) The International Accounting Standards Board ( IASB ) offers some guidance ( IAS 38 ) as to how intangible assets should be accounted for in financial statements . In general , legal intangibles that are developed internally are not recognized and legal intangibles that are purchased from third parties are recognized . Wordings are similar to IAS 9 . Under US GAAP , intangible assets are classified into : Purchased vs. internally created intangibles , and Limited - life vs. indefinite - life intangibles . Expense allocation ( edit ) Intangible assets are typically expensed according to their respective life expectancy . Intangible assets have either an identifiable or indefinite useful life . Intangible assets with identifiable useful lives are amortized on a straight - line basis over their economic or legal life , whichever is shorter . Examples of intangible assets with identifiable useful lives include copyrights and patents . Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are reassessed each year for impairment . If an impairment has occurred , then a loss must be recognized . An impairment loss is determined by subtracting the asset 's fair value from the asset 's book / carrying value . Trademarks and goodwill are examples of intangible assets with indefinite useful lives . Goodwill has to be tested for impairment rather than amortized . If impaired , goodwill is reduced and loss is recognized in the Income statement . Taxation ( edit ) For personal income tax purposes , some costs with respect to intangible assets must be capitalized rather than treated as deductible expenses . Treasury regulations generally require capitalization of costs associated with acquiring , creating , or enhancing intangible assets . For example , an amount paid to obtain a trademark must be capitalized . Certain amounts paid to facilitate these transactions are also capitalized . Some types of intangible assets are categorized based on whether the asset is acquired from another party or created by the taxpayer . The regulations contain many provisions intended to make it easier to determine when capitalization is required . Given the growing importance of intangible assets as a source of economic growth and tax revenue , as well as the fact that their non-physical nature makes it easier for taxpayers to engage in tax strategies such as income - shifting or transfer pricing , tax authorities and international organizations have been designing ways to link intangible assets to the place where they were created , hence defining nexus . Intangibles for corporations are amortized over a 15 - year period , equivalent to 180 months . Definition of `` intangibles '' differs from standard accounting , in some US state governments . These governments may refer to stocks and bonds as `` intangibles . '' See also ( edit ) Cognitive assets Intellectual capital Intellectual property Brand Copyright Patent Patent valuation Trademark Trade secret Goodwill ( accounting ) Tangible common equity Tangible property References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Webster , Elisabeth ; Jensen , Paul H. ( 2006 ) . Investment in Intangible Capital : An Enterprise Perspective . The Economic Record , Vol. 82 , No. 256 , March , 82 - 96 . Jump up ^ Lev , Baruch ; Daum , Juergen ( 2004 ) . `` The dominance of intangible assets : consequences for enterprise management and corporate reporting '' ( PDF ) . Measuring Business Excellence. 8 ( 1 ) : 6 -- 17 . doi : 10.1108 / 13683040410524694 . Jump up ^ `` SAC 4 : Definition and Recognition of the Elements of Financial Statements '' ( PDF ) . Australian Accounting Standards Board . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` IAS 38 '' . International Accounting Standards Board . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Bureau of Economic Analysis ( 2013 ) . Preview of the 2013 Comprehensive Revision of the National Income and Product Accounts . http://www.bea.gov/scb/pdf/2013/03%20March/0313_nipa_comprehensive_revision_preview.pdf ^ Jump up to : Corrado , Carol . Charles Hulten , and Daniel Sichel ( 2006 ) . Intangible Capital and Economic Growth . Federal Reserve Board Discussion Paper N. 2006 - 24 . April . http://www.federalreserve.gov/pubs/feds/2006/200624/200624pap.pdf Jump up ^ For international legal lives by class of intangible asset , see the table in Tax amortization lives of intangible assets Jump up ^ Treas . Reg . § 1.263 ( a ) - 4 . Jump up ^ Donaldson , Samuel A. Federal Income Taxation Of Individuals : Cases , Problems and Materials ( 2nd ed . ) . St. Paul : Thomson West , 2007 . pg. 200 . Jump up ^ `` Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting . '' ( 2013 ) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) . http://www.oecd.org/sti/inno/46349020.pdf Jump up ^ Florida Intangible Tax External links ( edit ) National intangible capital NIC 2016 database / Findings and results for economic impacts of national intangible capital 2001 - 2016 NDL : 00567900 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intangible_asset&oldid=803980717 '' Categories : Asset Intangible assets Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from February 2010 Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Polski Русский Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 22 : 16 . About Wikipedia	as defined by ias 38 how are intangible assets unlike other assets	[]	[]
-7466354415959530163	Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)	Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) - wikipedia Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 17 June 2018 . Pirates of the Caribbean Directed by Gore Verbinski ( 1 -- 3 ) Rob Marshall ( 4 ) Joachim Rønning ( 5 -- 6 ) Espen Sandberg ( 5 ) Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Based on Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney ( 1 -- 5 ) On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers ( 4 ) Starring See below Production company Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Running time 726 minutes ( 1 -- 5 ) Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 5 films ) : $1.274 billion Box office Total ( 5 films ) : $4,524,358,182 Pirates of the Caribbean is a series of fantasy swashbuckler films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and based on Walt Disney 's theme park ride of the same name . Directors of the series include Gore Verbinski ( 1 -- 3 ) , Rob Marshall ( 4 ) and Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg ( 5 ) . The series is primarily written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio ( 1 -- 4 ) ; other writers include Stuart Beattie ( 1 ) , Jay Wolpert ( 1 ) and Jeff Nathanson ( 5 ) . The stories follow the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) , Will Turner ( Orlando Bloom ) and Elizabeth Swann ( Keira Knightley ) . Characters such as Hector Barbossa ( Geoffrey Rush ) and Joshamee Gibbs ( Kevin McNally ) follow Jack , Will and Elizabeth in the course of the films . The fourth film features Blackbeard ( Ian McShane ) and Angelica ( Penélope Cruz ) , while the fifth film features Armando Salazar ( Javier Bardem ) , Henry Turner ( Brenton Thwaites ) and Carina Smyth ( Kaya Scodelario ) . The films take place in a fictional historical setting ; a world ruled by the British Empire , the East India Trading Company ( based on the real East India Company ) and the Spanish Empire , with pirates representing freedom from the ruling powers . The film series started in 2003 with Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl , which received positive reviews from critics and grossed US $ 654 million worldwide . After the first film 's success , Walt Disney Pictures revealed that a trilogy was in the works . The franchise 's second film , subtitled Dead Man 's Chest , was released three years later in 2006 ; the sequel proved successful , breaking financial records worldwide the day of its premiere . Dead Man 's Chest ended up being the number one film of the year upon earning almost $1.1 billion at the worldwide box office . The third film in the series , subtitled At World 's End , followed in 2007 earning $960 million , and Disney released a fourth film , subtitled On Stranger Tides , in 2011 in conventional 2D , Digital 3 - D and IMAX 3D . On Stranger Tides succeeded in also grossing more than $1 billion , becoming the second film in the franchise and only the eighth film in history to achieve this . The franchise has grossed over $4.5 billion worldwide ; it is the tenth - highest - grossing film series of all time and it was the first franchise where more than one film grossed $1 billion worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Released films 1.1 The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) 1.2 Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) 1.3 At World 's End ( 2007 ) 1.4 On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) 1.5 Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) 1.6 Upcoming 1.6. 1 Pirates of the Caribbean 6 ( TBA ) 2 Short film 2.1 Tales of the Code : Wedlocked ( 2011 ) 3 Production 3.1 First film 3.2 Second and third films 3.3 Fourth film 3.4 Fifth film 4 Recurring cast & characters 5 Music 5.1 Film soundtracks 6 Additional film crew 7 Reception 7.1 Box office performance 7.2 Critical and public response 7.3 Accolades 7.3. 1 Academy Awards 7.3. 2 Golden Globe Awards 7.3. 3 Golden Raspberry Awards 7.3. 4 MTV Movie Awards 7.3. 5 Teen Choice Awards 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Released films ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producer ( s ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl July 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 09 ) Gore Verbinski Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio Ted Elliott , Terry Rossio , Stuart Beattie & Jay Wolpert Jerry Bruckheimer Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest July 7 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 07 ) Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End May 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 25 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) Rob Marshall Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) Joachim Rønning & Espen Sandberg Jeff Nathanson Jeff Nathanson & Terry Rossio Top to bottom : Johnny Depp , Geoffrey Rush , Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley , who portrayed the principal characters . Only Depp and Rush reprised their roles in every film . Bloom and Knightley did not return for the fourth film and had cameo appearances for the fifth film . The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate Captain Jack Sparrow to save Turner 's love , Elizabeth Swann , from cursed pirates led by Jack 's mutinous former first mate , Captain Barbossa . Jack wants revenge against Barbossa , who left him stranded on an island before stealing his ship , the Black Pearl , along with 882 pieces of cursed Aztec Gold . Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Lord Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company arrests Will and Elizabeth for aiding Captain Jack Sparrow in the previous film . Beckett offers clemency if Will agrees to search for Jack 's compass in a bid to find the Dead Man 's Chest -- and inside , the heart of villainous Davy Jones -- which would give Beckett control of the seas . However , Jack wants the Chest to escape from an unpaid debt with Jones , who made Jack captain of the Black Pearl for 13 years in exchange for 100 years of service aboard Jones ' ship , the Flying Dutchman . At World 's End ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Lord Beckett gains power over Davy Jones and , with the help of the Flying Dutchman , he is now executing his plans to extinguish piracy forever . To stand against the East India Trading Co. , Will , Elizabeth , Barbossa , and the crew of the Black Pearl set out to rescue Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones ' Locker . As one of the Nine Pirate Lords , Jack is needed in order to release an ancient goddess with the power to defeat Beckett 's forces . On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover , Angelica . She forces Jack aboard the Queen Anne 's Revenge , a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard , Angelica 's father . Both are also in search of the Fountain ; Angelica to save her father 's soul , Blackbeard to escape a prophecy of his demise at the hands of a one - legged man . Joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa , now a privateer in King George II 's Navy , who is in a race against the Spanish for the Fountain of Youth . Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Ghost Spanish Royal Navy soldiers led by Jack Sparrow 's old nemesis , Captain Armando Salazar , escape from the Devil 's Triangle , with the goal of killing every pirate at sea , including him . To survive , Jack seeks out the legendary Trident of Poseidon , a powerful artifact whose owner can control the seas and break curses . Upcoming ( edit ) Pirates of the Caribbean 6 ( tba ) ( edit ) Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides , it was reported that Disney was planning to shoot the fifth and the sixth films back - to - back , although it was later revealed that only the fifth film was in development . On March 4 , 2017 , director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure , implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise and that a sixth film could be released . In September 2017 , producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another Pirates sequel is still possible if Dead Men Tell No Tales does well in its home release . In October 2017 , Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return for a sixth film . Shortly after , it was announced that Joachim Rønning is being eyed to direct the film . Short film ( edit ) Tales of the Code : wedlocked ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Wenches Scarlett ( Lauren Maher ) and Giselle ( Vanessa Branch ) fix each other up for their wedding , in which they would each marry their groom . Upon realizing that both their grooms were the same man -- Jack Sparrow -- the two wenches find themselves in an auction led by the Auctioneer . The short film serves as a prequel to The Curse of the Black Pearl , explaining just why Jack Sparrow 's boat , the Jolly Mon , was seen sinking at the beginning of the whole story , and explaining why wenches Scarlett and Giselle were so upset with him , and it also implies how Cotton lost his tongue . The plot took inspiration from the `` Auction scene '' from the original ride . The short was directed by James Ward Byrkit , and was only included as a special feature in the US 15 - disc 3D Blu - ray / 2D Blu - ray / DVD + Digital Copy box set that includes films 1 -- 4 ; and in the similar UK five - disc set . Byrkit conceived the idea for the project while on sets Rick Heinrichs production designed for Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) and Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) . As the pirate cove sets from the feature films -- where the short film takes place -- were set to be demolished , the short project was prepped in a matter of days and shot over three days . Byrkit based the short film on the Pirate Code Book as it was a device that could tie into other stories later . Production ( edit ) First film ( edit ) In the early 1990s screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio conceived a supernatural spin on the pirate genre after completing work on Aladdin , but there was no interest from any studio . Undeterred , the writing team refused to give up the dream , waiting for a studio to pick up their take on a pirate tale . Disney had Jay Wolpert write a script based on the Pirates of the Caribbean , which producer Jerry Bruckheimer rejected , feeling it was `` a straight pirate movie '' . Bruckheimer brought Stuart Beattie in to rewrite the script in March 2002 , due to his knowledge of piracy , and later that month Elliott and Rossio were brought in . Elliott and Rossio , inspired by the opening narration of the Pirates of the Caribbean ride , decided to give the film a supernatural edge . As the budget rose , Michael Eisner and Robert Iger threatened to cancel the film , though Bruckheimer changed their minds when he showed them concept art and animatics . In June 2002 Gore Verbinski signed on to direct The Curse of the Black Pearl , and Johnny Depp and Geoffrey Rush signed on the following month to star . Verbinski was attracted to the idea of using modern technology to resurrect a genre , one that had disappeared after the Golden Age of Hollywood , and recalled his childhood memories of the ride , feeling the film was an opportunity to pay tribute to the `` scary and funny '' tone of it . Depp was attracted to the story as he found it quirky : rather than trying to find treasure , the crew of the Black Pearl were trying to return it in order to lift their curse ; also , the traditional mutiny had already taken place . Verbinski approached Rush for the role of Barbossa , as he knew he would not play it with attempts at complexity , but with a simple villainy that would suit the story 's tone . Orlando Bloom read the script after Rush , with whom he was working on Ned Kelly , suggested it to him . Keira Knightley came as a surprise to Verbinski : he had not seen her performance in Bend It Like Beckham and was impressed by her audition . Tom Wilkinson was negotiated with to play Governor Swann , but the role went to Jonathan Pryce , whom Depp idolized . Shooting for The Curse of the Black Pearl began on October 9 , 2002 and wrapped by March 7 , 2003 . Before its release , many executives and journalists had expected the film to flop , as the pirate genre had not been successful for years , the film was based on a theme - park ride , and Depp rarely made a big film . However , The Curse of the Black Pearl became both a critical and commercial success . Second and third films ( edit ) After seeing how well the first film was made , the cast and crew signed for two sequels to be shot back - to - back , a practical decision on Disney 's part to allow more time with the same cast and crew . Writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio knew that with an ensemble cast , they were n't free to invent totally different situations and characters , as with the Indiana Jones and James Bond series , and so had to retroactively turn The Curse of the Black Pearl into the first of a trilogy . They wanted to explore the reality of what would happen after Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann 's embrace at the end of the first film , and initially considered the Fountain of Youth as the plot device . They settled on introducing Davy Jones , the Flying Dutchman and the Kraken , a mythology mentioned twice in the first film . They introduced the historical East India Trading Company ( also mentioned in the first film ) , which for them represented a counterpoint to the themes of personal freedom represented by pirates . Filming for the sequels began on February 28 , 2005 , with Dead Man 's Chest finishing on March 1 , 2006 , and At World 's End on January 10 , 2007 . The second film was also the first Disney theatrical feature film with the computer - generated Walt Disney Pictures logo . Fourth film ( edit ) Rossio and Elliot discovered the novel On Stranger Tides during production of Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End and decided to use it as the basis for a fourth film . As Gore Verbinski was unavailable , Bruckheimer invited Rob Marshall to direct the film . Elliott and Rossio decided to do a stand - alone film , with a story that would support new characters , and incorporate elements from the novel , such as Blackbeard , the Fountain of Youth and mermaids -- the latter two having been already alluded to in the previous films . Depp , Rush , Greg Ellis and Kevin McNally returned to their roles , and the cast saw the additions of Ian McShane as Blackbeard and Penélope Cruz as Angelica , Blackbeard 's daughter and Jack Sparrow 's love interest . A further addition was Richard Griffiths as King George II of Great Britain . After the costly production of two simultaneous films , Disney tried to scale down the fourth installment , giving a lower budget , which led to cheaper locations and fewer scenes with special effects . It was also filmed in 3D , with cameras similar to the ones used in Avatar . Filming for On Stranger Tides began June 14 , 2010 and ended on November 19 , 2010 . It was released in the United States on May 20 , 2011 . With a budget of $378.5 million , On Stranger Tides holds the record for most expensive film ever made . Fifth film ( edit ) On January 14 , 2011 , it was confirmed that Terry Rossio would write the screenplay for the fifth installment , without his co-writer Ted Elliott . On January 11 , 2013 , Jeff Nathanson signed on to write the script for the film . On May 29 , 2013 , it was announced that Norwegian directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg were selected to direct . On August 22 , 2013 , the two revealed that the title of the fifth film would be Dead Men Tell No Tales , alluding to the line well - known from the Pirates of the Caribbean theme park attractions . Although , the film was given an alternative title , Salazar 's Revenge , in selected European , South American and Asian countries for marketing purposes . They also confirmed that they were working on the film , speaking highly of Jeff Nathanson 's `` funny and touching '' script and that they are inspired by the first film , The Curse of the Black Pearl . On September 10 , 2013 , Disney pushed back the film 's initial 2015 release , with sources indicating that a Summer 2016 release is likely . Producer Jerry Bruckheimer revealed that script issues were behind the delay , and that Jeff Nathanson was at work on a second attempt based on a well - received outline . While Disney originally announced a release on July 7 , 2017 , Dead Men Tell No Tales was released on May 26 , 2017 . A spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea . According to Australian film industry sources , pre-production started in late September 2014 with filming expected to commence in February 2015 . This was officially confirmed by Disney and Ian Walker the Queensland Arts Minister on October 2 , 2014 , stating that filming will take place exclusively in Australia , being the largest production to ever shoot in the country . Village Roadshow Studios and Port Douglas were officially confirmed as filming locations . Production began in Australia on February 17 , 2015 and wrapped on July 9 , 2015 . Recurring cast & characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters List indicator ( s ) This table shows the recurring characters and the actors who have portrayed them throughout the franchise . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film , or that the character 's presence in the film has not yet been announced . A indicates a cameo appearance . A indicates an appearance wherein an actor 's facial features were digitally imprinted upon another actor 's face . A indicates an appearance as a younger version of a pre-existing character . Character Films The Curse of the Black Pearl Dead Man 's Chest At World 's End On Stranger Tides Dead Men Tell No Tales 2003 2006 2007 2011 2017 Jack Sparrow Johnny Depp Johnny Depp Anthony De La Torre Hector Barbossa Geoffrey Rush Joshamee Gibbs Kevin McNally William `` Will '' Turner , Jr . Orlando Bloom Dylan Smith Orlando Bloom Orlando Bloom Elizabeth Swann Pirate King Keira Knightley Lucinda Dryzek Keira Knightley Keira Knightley Marty Martin Klebba Martin Klebba James Norrington Jack Davenport Weatherby Swann Jonathan Pryce Pintel Lee Arenberg Ragetti Mackenzie Crook Cotton David Bailie Mullroy Angus Barnett Angus Barnett Angus Barnett Murtogg Giles New Giles New Giles New Theodore Groves Greg Ellis Greg Ellis Gillette Damian O'Hare Damian O'Hare Anamaria Zoe Saldana Davy Jones Bill Nighy Silhouette only William `` Bootstrap Bill '' Turner , Sr . Stellan Skarsgård Cutler Beckett Tom Hollander Tia Dalma Calypso Naomie Harris Sao Feng Chow Yun - fat Edward Teague Keith Richards Alexander Scheer Keith Richards Henry Turner Dominic Scott Kay Brenton Thwaites Lewis McGowan Scrum Stephen Graham Edward `` Blackbeard '' Teach Ian McShane Angelica Penélope Cruz Philip Swift Sam Claflin Syrena Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey Armando Salazar Javier Bardem Carina Smyth / Barbossa Kaya Scodelario Uncle Jack Paul McCartney Music ( edit ) Main article : List of songs featured in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series Film soundtracks ( edit ) Title U.S. release date Length Label Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( Original Soundtrack ) July 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 07 - 22 ) 43 : 50 Walt Disney Records Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) July 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 07 - 04 ) 58 : 32 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) 55 : 50 Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) May 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) 77 : 11 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( Soundtrack from the Motion Picture ) May 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) 75 : 20 Additional film crew ( edit ) Crew / detail Film Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Composer Klaus Badelt Hans Zimmer Geoff Zanelli Editor Craig Wood , Stephen Rivkin & Arthur Schmidt Craig Wood & Stephen Rivkin Craig Wood David Brenner & Wyatt Smith Roger Barton & Leigh Folsom Boyd Cinematographer Dariusz Wolski Paul Cameron Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Distributor Buena Vista Pictures Distribution Buena Vista Pictures Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Running time 142 minutes 150 minutes 168 minutes 137 minutes 129 minutes Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film U.S. release date Box office gross All - time Ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide North America Worldwide The Curse of the Black Pearl 000000002003 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 2003 $305,413,918 $348,850,097 $654,264,015 64 108 $140 million Dead Man 's Chest 000000002006 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 2006 $423,315,812 $642,863,913 $1,066,179,725 17 21 $225 million At World 's End 000000002007 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 2007 $309,420,425 $654,000,000 $963,420,425 61 35 $300 million On Stranger Tides 000000002011 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2011 $241,071,802 $804,642,000 $1,045,713,802 119 23 $378.5 million Dead Men Tell No Tales 000000002017 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2017 $172,558,876 $622,221,339 $794,780,215 254 69 $230 million Total $ 7009145178083300000 ♠ 1,451,780,833 $ 7009307257734900000 ♠ 3,072,577,349 $ 7009452435818200000 ♠ 4,524,358,182 14 10 $1.452 billion The Pirates of the Caribbean film series was successful at the box office , with each film grossing over $650 million , and all but Dead Men Tell No Tales at some point ranking among the fifty highest - grossing films of all time . It also became the first ever series to have multiple films passing the billion dollar mark in box office revenues with Dead Man 's Chest and On Stranger Tides , since followed by other film franchises . The Curse of the Black Pearl was the third - highest - grossing 2003 film in North America ( behind The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King and Finding Nemo ) and fourth worldwide ( behind The Return of the King , Finding Nemo and The Matrix Reloaded ) . Dead Man 's Chest was the most successful film of 2006 worldwide , and At World 's End led the worldwide grosses in 2007 , though being only fourth in North America ( behind Spider - Man 3 , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Shrek the Third ) . On Stranger Tides was the third - highest - grossing film of 2011 worldwide ( behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 and Transformers : Dark of the Moon ) and the fifth in North America . The first three sequels broke box office records upon release , of which the most notable are the opening - weekend record in North America ( Dead Man 's Chest ) , the Memorial - Day weekend record in North America ( At World 's End ) and the opening - weekend record outside North America ( On Stranger Tides ) . Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Curse of the Black Pearl 79 % ( 210 reviews ) 63 ( 40 reviews ) Dead Man 's Chest 54 % ( 220 reviews ) 53 ( 37 reviews ) A − At World 's End 45 % ( 220 reviews ) 50 ( 36 reviews ) A − On Stranger Tides 32 % ( 262 reviews ) 45 ( 39 reviews ) B+ Dead Men Tell No Tales 30 % ( 230 reviews ) 39 ( 45 reviews ) A − The series is noted for its high quality of acting talent , and is one of the aspects of the films that is always praised . The visual and practical effects are considered some of the best ever done on film , so much so that audiences believed certain CGI elements of the films were real and done practically . However , the plots of the four sequels have received mixed reviews , with the general consensus that they are too bloated and convoluted to follow . Pirates of the Caribbean is noted for reinvigorating the pirate genre of film after decades of either no pirate films or failed pirate films . The success of the series saw Disney and Jerry Bruckheimer try to replicate the franchise 's success by launching films such as Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time and The Lone Ranger , the latter of which directed by Gore Verbinski . Both movies failed critically and commercially . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise Academy Awards ( edit ) Together , all the first three films were nominated for a total of 11 Academy Awards , of which a single award was won . Award Film The Curse of the Black Pearl Dead Man 's Chest At World 's End On Stranger Tides Dead Men Tell No Tales Actor in a Leading Role Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Art Direction Nominated Makeup Nominated Nominated Sound Editing Nominated Nominated Sound Mixing Nominated Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Won Nominated Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) Together , all the four films were nominated for a total of 2 Golden Globe Awards , of which neither were won . Award Film The Curse of the Black Pearl Dead Man 's Chest At World 's End On Stranger Tides Dead Men Tell No Tales Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Golden Raspberry Awards ( edit ) Award Film The Curse of the Black Pearl Dead Man 's Chest At World 's End On Stranger Tides Dead Men Tell No Tales Worst Actor Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Worst Supporting Actor Nominated ( Javier Bardem ) as Captain Armando Salazar Worst Screen Combo Nominated ( Johnny Depp & his worn - out drunk routine ) MTV Movie Awards ( edit ) Together , all the first three films were nominated for a total of 13 MTV Movie Awards , of which 4 were won . Award Film The Curse of the Black Pearl Dead Man 's Chest At World 's End On Stranger Tides Dead Men Tell No Tales Best Movie Nominated Won Nominated Best Male Performance Won ( Johnny Depp ) Won ( Johnny Depp ) Best Female Performance Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Best Breakthrough Female Performance Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Best On - Screen Team Nominated ( Johnny Depp & Orlando Bloom ) Best Villain Nominated ( Geoffrey Rush ) Nominated ( Bill Nighy ) Best Comedic Performance Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Won ( Johnny Depp ) Teen Choice Awards ( edit ) Together , the first four films were nominated for a total of 32 Teen Choice Awards , of which 17 were won . Award Film The Curse of the Black Pearl Dead Man 's Chest At World 's End On Stranger Tides Dead Men Tell No Tales Choice Movie : Chemistry Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie : Fight / Action Sequence Won ( Johnny Depp vs Geoffrey Rush ) Choice Movie : Liar Won ( Johnny Depp ) Choice Movie : Liplock Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Won ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Nominated ( Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie : Female Breakout Star Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie Actor Won ( Johnny Depp ) Won ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Johnny Depp ) Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) Nominated ( Brenton Thwaites ) Choice Summer Movie Won Nominated Choice Movie : Scream Won ( Keira Knightley ) Choice Movie Won Won Nominated Choice Movie : Rumble Won ( Orlando Bloom & Jack Davenport ) Won ( Orlando Bloom ) Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Won ( Keira Knightley ) Choice Male Hottie Nominated ( Orlando Bloom ) Choice Movie Actress Nominated ( Keira Knightley ) Won ( Keira Knightley ) Nominated ( Penélope Cruz ) Nominated ( Kaya Scodelario ) Choice Movie : Villain Won ( Bill Nighy ) Won ( Bill Nighy ) Nominated ( Ian McShane ) Nominated ( Javier Bardem ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Referred to as Pirates of the Caribbean XIII : Dead Careers Tell No Tales on the official nomination list . 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External links ( edit ) Disney portal Official website hide Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales ‎ soundtrack Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Weatherby Swann Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Video games Adventures in the Magic Kingdom Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts III Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_(film_series)&oldid=846216413 '' Categories : English - language films Film series introduced in 2003 American films 1740s in fiction 18th century in fiction Film series Films based on theme - park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) Pirate films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Slovenčina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 05 : 50 . 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-6354806548736434035	Human skin color	Human skin color - wikipedia Human skin color This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 August 2018 . `` Skin pigmentation '' redirects here . For animal skin pigmentation , see Biological pigment . Extended Coloured family from South Africa showing some spectrum of human skin coloration Human skin color ranges in variety from the darkest brown to the lightest hues . An individual 's skin pigmentation is the result of genetics , being the product of both of the individual 's biological parents ' genetic makeup , and exposure to sun . In evolution , skin pigmentation in human beings evolved by a process of natural selection primarily to regulate the amount of ultraviolet radiation penetrating the skin , controlling its biochemical effects . The actual skin color of different humans is affected by many substances , although the single most important substance is the pigment melanin . Melanin is produced within the skin in cells called melanocytes and it is the main determinant of the skin color of darker - skinned humans . The skin color of people with light skin is determined mainly by the bluish - white connective tissue under the dermis and by the hemoglobin circulating in the veins of the dermis . The red color underlying the skin becomes more visible , especially in the face , when , as consequence of physical exercise or the stimulation of the nervous system ( anger , fear ) , arterioles dilate . Color is not entirely uniform across an individual 's skin ; for example , the skin of the palm and the sole is lighter than most other skin , and this is especially noticeable in darker - skinned people . There is a direct correlation between the geographic distribution of ultraviolet radiation ( UVR ) and the distribution of indigenous skin pigmentation around the world . Areas that receive higher amounts of UVR , generally located closer to the equator , tend to have darker - skinned populations . Areas that are far from the tropics and closer to the poles have lower intensity of UVR , which is reflected in lighter - skinned populations . Researchers suggest that human populations over the past 50,000 years have changed from dark - skinned to light - skinned and vice versa as they migrated to different UV zones , and that such major changes in pigmentation may have happened in as little as 100 generations ( ≈ 2,500 years ) through selective sweeps . Natural skin color can also darken as a result of tanning due to exposure to sunlight . The leading theory is that skin color adapts to intense sunlight irradiation to provide partial protection against the ultraviolet fraction that produces damage and thus mutations in the DNA of the skin cells . In addition , it has been observed that adult human females on average are significantly lighter in skin pigmentation than males . Females need more calcium during pregnancy and lactation . The body synthesizes vitamin D from sunlight , which helps it absorb calcium . Females evolved to have lighter skin so their bodies absorb more calcium . The social significance of differences in skin color has varied across cultures and over time , as demonstrated with regard to social status and discrimination . Contents 1 Melanin and genes 2 Evolution of skin color 3 Genetics 3.1 Dark skin 3.2 Light skin 3.2. 1 Europe 3.2. 2 East Asia 3.3 Tanning response 3.4 Albinism 4 Age 5 Sexual dimorphism 6 Disorders of pigmentation 6.1 Depigmentation 6.1. 1 Albinism 6.1. 2 Vitiligo 6.2 Hyperpigmentation 7 Exposure to sun 7.1 Fitzpatrick scale 8 Geographic variation 9 Social status , colorism and racism 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Melanin and genes ( edit ) Main article : Melanin Melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes in a process called melanogenesis . Melanin is made within small membrane -- bound packages called melanosomes . As they become full of melanin , they move into the slender arms of melanocytes , from where they are transferred to the keratinocytes . Under normal conditions , melanosomes cover the upper part of the keratinocytes and protect them from genetic damage . One melanocyte supplies melanin to thirty - six keratinocytes according to signals from the keratinocytes . They also regulate melanin production and replication of melanocytes . People have different skin colors mainly because their melanocytes produce different amount and kinds of melanin . The genetic mechanism behind human skin color is mainly regulated by the enzyme tyrosinase , which creates the color of the skin , eyes , and hair shades . Differences in skin color are also attributed to differences in size and distribution of melanosomes in the skin . Melanocytes produce two types of melanin . The most common form of biological melanin is eumelanin , a brown - black polymer of dihydroxyindole carboxylic acids , and their reduced forms . Most are derived from the amino acid tyrosine . Eumelanin is found in hair , areola , and skin , and the hair colors gray , black , blond , and brown . In humans , it is more abundant in people with dark skin . Pheomelanin , a pink to red hue is found in particularly large quantities in red hair , the lips , nipples , glans of the penis , and vagina . Both the amount and type of melanin produced is controlled by a number of genes that operate under incomplete dominance . One copy of each of the various genes is inherited from each parent . Each gene can come in several alleles , resulting in the great variety of human skin tones . Melanin controls the amount of ultraviolet ( UV ) radiation from the sun that penetrates the skin by absorption . While UV radiation can assist in the production of vitamin D , excessive exposure to UV can damage health . Evolution of skin color ( edit ) Further information : Melanocortin 1 receptor Loss of body hair in Hominini species is assumed to be related to the emergence of bipedalism some 5 to 7 million years ago . Bipedal hominin body hair may have disappeared gradually to allow better heat dissipation through sweating . Reconstruction of a female Homo erectus based on fossils dated c. 1.5 million years ago , the estimated time for the emergence of skin pigmentation in early humans ( John Gurche , Smithsonian Museum of Natural History , 2010 ) . The emergence of skin pigmentation dates to at about 1.2 million years ago , under conditions of a megadrought that drove early humans into arid , open landscapes . Such conditions likely caused excess UV - B radiation . This favored the emergence of skin pigmentation in order to protect from folate depletion due to the increased exposure to sunlight . A theory that the pigmentation helped counter xeric stress by increasing the epidermal permeability barrier has been disproved . With the evolution of hairless skin , abundant sweat glands , and skin rich in melanin , early humans could walk , run , and forage for food for long periods of time under the hot sun without brain damage due to overheating , giving them an evolutionary advantage over other species . By 1.2 million years ago , around the time of Homo ergaster , archaic humans ( including the ancestors of Homo sapiens ) had exactly the same receptor protein as modern sub-Saharan Africans . This was the genotype inherited by anatomically modern humans , but retained only by part of the extant populations , thus forming an aspect of human genetic variation . About 100,000 -- 70,000 years ago , some anatomically modern humans ( Homo sapiens ) began to migrate away from the tropics to the north where they were exposed to less intense sunlight . This was possibly in part due to the need for greater use of clothing to protect against the colder climate . Under these conditions there was less photodestruction of folate and so the evolutionary pressure working against the survival of lighter - skinned gene variants was reduced . In addition , lighter skin is able to generate more vitamin D ( cholecalciferol ) than darker skin , so it would have represented a health benefit in reduced sunlight if there were limited sources of vitamin D. Hence the leading hypothesis for the evolution of human skin color proposes that : From about 1.2 million years ago to less than 100,000 years ago , archaic humans , including archaic Homo sapiens , were dark - skinned . As Homo sapiens populations began to migrate , the evolutionary constraint keeping skin dark decreased proportionally to the distance north a population migrated , resulting in a range of skin tones within northern populations . At some point , some northern populations experienced positive selection for lighter skin due to the increased production of vitamin D from sunlight and the genes for darker skin disappeared from these populations . Subsequent migrations into different UV environments and admixture between populations have resulted in the varied range of skin pigmentations we see today . The genetic mutations leading to light skin , though partially different among East Asians and Western Europeans , suggest the two groups experienced a similar selective pressure after settlement in northern latitudes . At what point these developments took place for sub-populations of Homo sapiens ( and whether light skin also occurred independently in Homo neanderthalensis ) is under debate . There is a long - standing hypothesis that the selection for lighter skin due to higher vitamin D absorption occurred soon after the Out of Africa migration some time before 40,000 years ago . A number of researchers disagree with this and suggest that the northern latitudes permitted enough synthesis of vitamin D combined with food sources from hunting to keep populations healthy , and only when agriculture was adopted was there a need for lighter skin to maximize the synthesis of vitamin D . The theory suggests that the reduction of game meat , fish , and some plants from the diet resulted in skin turning light many thousands of years after settlement in Eurasia . This theory is partially supported by a study into the SLC24A5 gene which found that the allele associated with light skin in Europe `` determined ( ... ) that 18,000 years had passed since the light - skin allele was fixed in Europeans '' but may have originated as recently as 12,000 -- 6,000 years ago `` given the imprecision of method '' , which is in line with the earliest evidence of farming . Research by Nina Jablonski suggests that an estimated time of about 10,000 to 20,000 years is enough for human populations to achieve optimal skin pigmentation in a particular geographic area but that development of ideal skin coloration may happen faster if the evolutionary pressure is stronger , even in as little as 100 generations . The length of time is also affected by cultural practices such as food intake , clothing , body coverings , and shelter usage which can alter the ways in which the environment affects populations . Reconstruction of the head of the Shanidar 1 fossil , a Neanderthal male who lived c. 70,000 years ago ( John Gurche 2010 ) . Examination of the genome of late Neanderthals suggests that at least some populations may have developed light skin by 40,000 years ago . One of the most recently proposed drivers of the evolution of skin pigmentation in humans is based on research that shows a superior barrier function in darkly pigmented skin . Most protective functions of the skin , including the permeability barrier and the antimicrobial barrier , reside in the stratum corneum ( SC ) and the researchers surmise that the SC has undergone the most genetic change since the loss of human body hair . Natural selection would have favored mutations that protect this essential barrier ; one such protective adaptation is the pigmentation of interfollicular epidermis , because it improves barrier function as compared to non-pigmented skin . In lush rainforests , however , where UV - B radiation and xeric stress were not in excess , light pigmentation would not have been nearly as detrimental . This explains the side - by - side residence of lightly pigmented and darkly pigmented peoples . Population and admixture studies suggest a three - way model for the evolution of human skin color , with dark skin evolving in early hominids in Africa and light skin evolving partly separately at least two times after modern humans had expanded out of Africa . For the most part , the evolution of light skin has followed different genetic paths in Western and Eastern Eurasian populations . Two genes however , KITLG and ASIP , have mutations associated with lighter skin that have high frequencies in Eurasian populations and have estimated origin dates after humans spread out of Africa but before the divergence of the two lineages . Genetics ( edit ) The evolutionary genetic architecture of skin pigmentation in Northern Europeans , West Africans and East Asians . See also : Human genetic variation , Race and genetics , and Human genetic clustering The understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying human skin color variation is still incomplete , however genetic studies have discovered a number of genes that affect human skin color in specific populations , and have shown that this happens independently of other physical features such as eye and hair color . Different populations have different allele frequencies of these genes , and it is the combination of these allele variations that bring about the complex , continuous variation in skin coloration we can observe today in modern humans . Population and admixture studies suggest a 3 - way model for the evolution of human skin color , with dark skin evolving in early hominids in sub-Saharan Africa and light skin evolving independently in Europe and East Asia after modern humans had expanded out of Africa . Dark skin ( edit ) Main article : Dark skin All modern humans share a common ancestor who lived around 200,000 years ago in Africa . Comparisons between known skin pigmentation genes in chimpanzees and modern Africans show that dark skin evolved along with the loss of body hair about 1.2 million years ago and that this common ancestor had dark skin . Investigations into dark skinned populations in South Asia and Melanesia indicate that skin pigmentation in these populations is due to the preservation of this ancestral state and not due to new variations on a previously lightened population . MC1R The melanocortin 1 receptor ( MC1R ) gene is primarily responsible for determining whether pheomelanin and eumelanin is produced in the human body . Research shows at least 10 differences in MC1R between African and chimpanzee samples and that the gene has probably undergone a strong positive selection ( a selective sweep ) in early Hominins around 1.2 million years ago . This is consistent with positive selection for the high - eumelanin phenotype seen in Africa and other environments with high UV exposure . Light skin ( edit ) Main article : Light skin For the most part , the evolution of light skin has followed different genetic paths in European and East Asian populations . Two genes however , KITLG and ASIP , have mutations associated with lighter skin that have high frequencies in both European and East Asian populations . They are thought to have originated after humans spread out of Africa but before the divergence of the European and Asian lineages around 30,000 years ago . Two subsequent genome - wide association studies found no significant correlation between these genes and skin color , and suggest that the earlier findings may have been the result of incorrect correction methods and small panel sizes , or that the genes have an effect too small to be detected by the larger studies . KITLG The KIT ligand ( KITLG ) gene is involved in the permanent survival , proliferation and migration of melanocytes . A mutation in this gene , A326G ( rs642742 ) , has been positively associated with variations of skin color in African - Americans of mixed West African and European descent and is estimated to account for 15 -- 20 % of the melanin difference between African and European populations . This allele shows signs of strong positive selection outside Africa and occurs in over 80 % of European and Asian samples , compared with less than 10 % in African samples . ASIP Agouti signalling peptide ( ASIP ) acts as an inverse agonist , binding in place of alpha - MSH and thus inhibiting eumelanin production . Studies have found two alleles in the vicinity of ASIP are associated with skin color variation in humans . One , rs2424984 has been identified as an indicator of skin reflectance in a forensics analysis of human phenotypes across Caucasian , African - American , South Asian , East Asian , Hispanic and Native American populations and is about 3 times more common in non-African populations than in Africa . The other allele , 8188G ( rs6058017 ) is significantly associated with skin color variation in African - Americans and the ancestral version occurs in only 12 % of European and 28 % of East Asian samples compared with 80 % of West African samples . Europe ( edit ) A number of genes have been positively associated with the skin pigmentation difference between European and non-European populations . Mutations in SLC24A5 and SLC45A2 are believed to account for the bulk of this variation and show very strong signs of selection . A variation in TYR has also been identified as a contributor . Research indicates the selection for the light - skin alleles of these genes in Europeans is comparatively recent , having occurred later than 20,000 years ago and perhaps as recently as 12,000 to 6,000 years ago . In the 1970s , Luca Cavalli - Sforza suggested that the selective sweep that rendered light skin ubiquitous in Europe might be correlated with the advent of farming and thus have taken place only around 6,000 years ago ; This scenario found support in a 2014 analysis of mesolithic ( 7,000 years old ) hunter - gatherer DNA from La Braña , Spain , which showed the version of these genes corresponding to dark skin color . In 2015 researchers analysed for light skin genes in the DNA of 94 ancient skeletons ranging from 8,000 to 3,000 years old from Europe and Russia . They found c. 8,000 - year - old hunter - gatherers in Spain , Luxembourg , and Hungary were dark skinned while similarly aged hunter gatherers in Sweden were light skinned ( having predominately derived alleles of SLC24A5 , SLC45A2 and also HERC2 / OCA2 ) . Neolithic farmers entering Europe at around the same time were intermediate , being nearly fixed for the derived SLC24A5 variant but only having the derived SLC45A2 allele in low frequencies . The SLC24A5 variant spread very rapidly throughout central and southern Europe from about 8,000 years ago , whereas the light skin variant of SLC45A2 spread throughout Europe after 5,800 years ago . SLC24A5 Global frequency distribution of the SLC24A5 gene 's ancestral Ala111 allele ( yellow ) and its derived Ala111Thr allele ( blue ) . Solute carrier family 24 member 5 ( SLC24A5 ) regulates calcium in melanocytes and is important in the process of melanogenesis . The SLC24A5 gene 's derived Ala111Thr allele ( rs1426654 ) has been shown to be a major factor in light skin pigmentation and is common in Western Eurasia . Recent studies have found that the variant represents as much as 25 -- 40 % of the average skin tone difference between Europeans and West Africans . This derived allele is a reliable predictor of phenotype across a range of populations . It has been the subject of recent selection in Western Eurasia , and is fixed in European populations . SLC45A2 Solute carrier family 45 member 2 ( SLC45A2 or MATP ) aids in the transport and processing of tyrosine , a precursor to melanin . It has also been shown to be one of the significant components of the skin color of modern Europeans through its Phe374Leu ( rs16891982 ) allele that has been directly correlated with skin color variation in mixed - race populations . This variation is ubiquitous in European populations but extremely rare elsewhere and shows strong signs of selection . TYR The TYR gene encodes the enzyme tyrosinase , which is involved in the production of melanin from tyrosine . It has an allele , Ser192Tyr ( rs1042602 ) , found solely in 40 -- 50 % of Europeans and linked to light - colored skin in studies of both mixed - race South Asian and African - American populations . East Asia ( edit ) A number of genes known to affect skin color have alleles that show signs of positive selection in East Asian populations . Of these only OCA2 has been directly related to skin color measurements , while DCT , MC1R and ATTRN are marked as candidate genes for future study . OCA2 Global frequency distribution of the OCA2 gene 's ancestral allele ( blue ) and derived His615Arg allele ( yellow ) . Oculocutaneous albinism II ( OCA2 ) assists in the regulation of pH in melanocytes . The OCA2 gene 's derived His615Arg ( rs1800414 ) allele has been shown to account for about 8 % of the skin tone difference between African and East Asian populations in studies of an East Asian population living in Toronto and a Chinese Han population . This variant is essentially restricted to East Asia , with highest frequencies in Eastern East Asia ( 49 -- 63 % ) , midrange frequencies in Southeast Asia , and the lowest frequencies in Western China and some Eastern European populations . Candidate Genes A number of studies have found genes linked to human skin pigmentation that have alleles with statistically significant frequencies in Chinese and East Asian populations . While not linked to measurements of skin tone variation directly , dopachrome tautomerase ( DCT or TYRP2 rs2031526 ) , melanocortin 1 receptor ( MC1R ) Arg163Gln ( rs885479 ) and attractin ( ATRN ) have been indicated as potential contributors to the evolution of light skin in East Asian populations . Tanning response ( edit ) Tanning response in humans is controlled by a variety of genes . MC1R variants Arg151Sys ( rs1805007 ) , Arg160Trp ( rs1805008 ) , Asp294Sys ( rs1805009 ) , Val60Leu ( rs1805005 ) and Val92Met ( rs2228479 ) have been associated with reduced tanning response in European and / or East Asian populations . These alleles show no signs of positive selection and only occur in relatively small numbers , reaching a peak in Europe with around 28 % of the population having at least one allele of one of the variations . A study of self - reported tanning ability and skin type in American non-Hispanic Caucasians found that SLC24A5 Phe374Leu is significantly associated with reduced tanning ability and also associated TYR Arg402Gln ( rs1126809 ) , OCA2 Arg305Trp ( rs1800401 ) and a 2 - SNP haplotype in ASIP ( rs4911414 and rs1015362 ) to skin type variation within a `` fair / medium / olive '' context . Albinism ( edit ) Oculocutaneous albinism ( OCA ) is a lack of pigment in the eyes , skin and sometimes hair that occurs in a very small fraction of the population . The four known types of OCA are caused by mutations in the TYR , OCA2 , TYRP1 , and SLC45A2 genes . Age ( edit ) In hominids the parts of the body not covered with hair , like the face and the back of the hands , start out pale in infants and turn darker as animals are exposed to more sun . All human babies are born pale , regardless of what their adult color will be . In humans , melanin production does not peak until after puberty . The skin of children becomes darker as they go through puberty and experience the effects of sex hormones . This darkening is especially noticeable in the skin of the nipples , the areola of the nipples , the labia majora in females , and the scrotum in males . In some people , the armpits become slightly darker during puberty . The interaction of genetic , hormonal , and environmental factors on skin coloration with age is still not adequately understood , but it is known that men are at their darkest baseline skin color around the age of 30 , without considering the effects of tanning . Around the same age , women experience darkening of some areas of their skin . Human skin color fades with age . Humans over the age of thirty experience a decrease in melanin - producing cells by about 10 to 20 percent per decade as melanocyte stem cells gradually die . The skin of face and hands has about twice the amount of pigment cells as unexposed areas of the body , as chronic exposure to the sun continues to stimulate melanocytes . The blotchy appearance of skin color in the face and hands of older people is due to the uneven distribution of pigment cells and to changes in the interaction between melanocytes and keratinocytes . Sexual dimorphism ( edit ) It has been observed that adult human females are consistently lighter in skin pigmentation than males in the same population . This form of sexual dimorphism is due to the requirement in human females for high amounts of calcium during pregnancy and lactation . Breastfeeding newborns , whose skeletons are growing , require high amounts of calcium intake from the mother 's milk ( about 4 times more than during prenatal development ) , part of which comes from reserves in the mother 's skeleton . Adequate vitamin D resources are needed to absorb calcium from the diet , and it has been shown that deficiencies of vitamin D and calcium increase the likelihood of various birth defects such as spina bifida and rickets . Natural selection has led to females with lighter skin than males in all indigenous populations because women must get enough vitamin D and calcium to support the development of fetus and nursing infant and to maintain their own health . The sexes also differ in how they change their skin color with age . Men and women are not born with different skin color , they begin to diverge during puberty with the influence of sex hormones . Women can also change pigmentation in certain parts of their body , such as the areola , during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy and between 50 and 70 % of pregnant women will develop the `` mask of pregnancy '' ( melasma or chloasma ) in the cheeks , upper lips , forehead , and chin . This is caused by increases in the female hormones estrogen and progesterone and it can develop in women who take birth control pills or participate in hormone replacement therapy . Disorders of pigmentation ( edit ) Uneven pigmentation of some sort affects most people , regardless of bioethnic background or skin color . Skin may either appear lighter , or darker than normal , or lack pigmentation at all ; there may be blotchy , uneven areas , patches of brown to gray discoloration or freckling . Apart from blood - related conditions such as jaundice , carotenosis , or argyria , skin pigmentation disorders generally occur because the body produces either too much or too little melanin . Depigmentation ( edit ) Main article : Depigmentation Various types of albinism are a result of genetic mutations affecting different parts of the melanin production pathway . In a person with albinism , melanocytes can be entirely absent , or fail to produce melanin , or melanosomes can fail to mature and be transferred to keranocytes . The ability to produce melanin in patches around the body is a condition known as vitiligo . Albinism ( edit ) Some types of albinism affect only the skin and hair , while other types affect the skin , hair and eyes , and in rare cases only the eyes . All of them are caused by different genetic mutations . Albinism is a recessively inherited trait in humans where both pigmented parents may be carriers of the gene and pass it down to their children . Each child has a 25 % chance of being albino and a 75 % chance of having normally pigmented skin . One common type of albinism is oculocutaneous albinism or OCA , which has many subtypes caused by different genetic mutations . Albinism is a serious problem in areas of high sunlight intensity , leading to extreme sun sensitivity , skin cancer , and eye damage . Albinism is more common in some parts of the world than in others , but it is estimated that 1 in 70 humans carry the gene for OCA . The most severe type of albinism is OCA1A , which is characterized by complete , lifelong loss of melanin production , other forms of OCA1B , OCA2 , OCA3 , OCA4 , show some form of melanin accumulation and are less severe . The four known types of OCA are caused by mutations in the TYR , OCA2 , TYRP1 , and SLC45A2 genes . Albinos often face social and cultural challenges ( even threats ) , as the condition is often a source of ridicule , racism , fear , and violence . Many cultures around the world have developed beliefs regarding people with albinism . Albinos are persecuted in Tanzania by witchdoctors , who use the body parts of albinos as ingredients in rituals and potions , as they are thought to possess magical power . Vitiligo ( edit ) Vitiligo is a condition that causes depigmentation of sections of skin . It occurs when melanocytes die or are unable to function . The cause of vitiligo is unknown , but research suggests that it may arise from autoimmune , genetic , oxidative stress , neural , or viral causes . The incidence worldwide is less than 1 % . Individuals affected by vitiligo sometimes suffer psychological discomfort because of their appearance . Hyperpigmentation ( edit ) Increased melanin production , also known as hyperpigmentation , can be a few different phenomena : Melasma describes the darkening of the skin . Chloasma describes skin discolorations caused by hormones . These hormonal changes are usually the result of pregnancy , birth control pills or estrogen replacement therapy . Solar lentigo , also known as `` liver spots '' or `` senile freckles '' , refers to darkened spots on the skin caused by aging and the sun . These spots are quite common in adults with a long history of unprotected sun exposure . Aside from sun exposure and hormones , hyperpigmentation can be caused by skin damage , such as remnants of blemishes , wounds or rashes . This is especially true for those with darker skin tones . The most typical cause of darkened areas of skin , brown spots or areas of discoloration is unprotected sun exposure . Once incorrectly referred to as liver spots , these pigment problems are not connected with the liver . On lighter to medium skin tones , solar lentigenes emerge as small - to medium - sized brown patches of freckling that can grow and accumulate over time on areas of the body that receive the most unprotected sun exposure , such as the back of the hands , forearms , chest , and face . For those with darker skin colors , these discolorations can appear as patches or areas of ashen - gray skin . Exposure to sun ( edit ) See also : Sun tanning A suntanned arm showing darker skin where it has been exposed . This pattern of tanning is often called a farmer 's tan . Melanin in the skin protects the body by absorbing solar radiation . In general , the more melanin there is in the skin the more solar radiation can be absorbed . Excessive solar radiation causes direct and indirect DNA damage to the skin and the body naturally combats and seeks to repair the damage and protect the skin by creating and releasing further melanin into the skin 's cells . With the production of the melanin , the skin color darkens , but can also cause sunburn . The tanning process can also be created by artificial UV radiation . There are two different mechanisms involved . Firstly , the UVA - radiation creates oxidative stress , which in turn oxidizes existing melanin and leads to rapid darkening of the melanin , also known as IPD ( immediate pigment darkening ) . Secondly , there is an increase in production of melanin known as melanogenesis . Melanogenesis leads to delayed tanning and first becomes visible about 72 hours after exposure . The tan that is created by an increased melanogenesis lasts much longer than the one that is caused by oxidation of existing melanin . Tanning involves not just the increased melanin production in response to UV radiation but the thickening of the top layer of the epidermis , the stratum corneum . A person 's natural skin color affects their reaction to exposure to the sun . Generally , those who start out with darker skin color and more melanin have better abilities to tan . Individuals with very light skin and albinos have no ability to tan . The biggest differences resulting from sun exposure are visible in individuals who start out with moderately pigmented brown skin : the change is dramatically visible as tan lines , where parts of the skin which tanned are delineated from unexposed skin . Modern lifestyles and mobility have created mismatch between skin color and environment for many individuals . Vitamin D deficiencies and UVR overexposure are concerns for many . It is important for these people individually to adjust their diet and lifestyle according to their skin color , the environment they live in , and the time of year . For practical purposes , such as exposure time for sun tanning , six skin types are distinguished following Fitzpatrick ( 1975 ) , listed in order of decreasing lightness : Fitzpatrick scale ( edit ) Main article : Fitzpatrick scale The following list shows the six categories of the Fitzpatrick scale in relation to the 36 categories of the older von Luschan scale : Type Also called Sunburning Tanning behavior Von Luschan 's chromatic scale Light , pale white Always Never 0 -- 6 II White , fair Usually Minimally 7 -- 13 III Medium , white to light brown Sometimes Uniformly 14 -- 20 IV Olive , moderate brown Rarely Easily 21 -- 27 V Brown , dark brown Very rarely Very easily 28 -- 34 VI Very dark brown to black Never Never 35 -- 36 Dark skin with large concentrations of melanin protects against ultraviolet light and skin cancers ; light - skinned people have about a tenfold greater risk of dying from skin cancer , compared with dark - skinned persons , under equal sunlight exposure . Furthermore , UV - A rays from sunlight are believed to interact with folic acid in ways that may damage health . In a number of traditional societies the sun was avoided as much as possible , especially around noon when the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight is at its most intense . Midday was a time when people stayed in the shade and had the main meal followed by a nap , a practice similar to the modern siesta . Geographic variation ( edit ) 1959 map of human skin color distribution by R. Biassutti in the Von Luschan 's chromatic scale for classifying skin color . Approximately 10 % of the variance in skin color occurs within regions , and approximately 90 % occurs between regions . Because skin color has been under strong selective pressure , similar skin colors can result from convergent adaptation rather than from genetic relatedness ; populations with similar pigmentation may be genetically no more similar than other widely separated groups . Furthermore , in some parts of the world where people from different regions have mixed extensively , the connection between skin color and ancestry has substantially weakened . In Brazil , for example , skin color is not closely associated with the percentage of recent African ancestors a person has , as estimated from an analysis of genetic variants differing in frequency among continent groups . In general , people living close to the equator are highly darkly pigmented , and those living near the poles are generally very lightly pigmented . The rest of humanity shows a high degree of skin color variation between these two extremes , generally correlating with UV exposure . The main exception to this rule is in the New World , where people have only lived for about 10,000 to 15,000 years and show a less pronounced degree of skin pigmentation . In recent times , humans have become increasingly mobile as a consequence of improved technology , domestication , environmental change , strong curiosity , and risk - taking . Migrations over the last 4000 years , and especially the last 400 years , have been the fastest in human history and have led to many people settling in places far away from their ancestral homelands . This means that skin colors today are not as confined to geographical location as they were previously . Social status , colorism and Racism ( edit ) Main article : Discrimination based on skin color Skin colors according to von Luschan 's chromatic scale According to classical scholar Frank Snowden , skin color did not determine social status in ancient Egypt , Greece or Rome . These ancient civilizations viewed relations between the major power and the subordinate state as more significant in a person 's status than their skin colors . Nevertheless , some social groups favor specific skin coloring . The preferred skin tone varies by culture and has varied over time . A number of indigenous African groups , such as the Maasai , associated pale skin with being cursed or caused by evil spirits associated with witchcraft . They would abandon their children born with conditions such as albinism and showed a sexual preference for darker skin . Many cultures have historically favored lighter skin for women . Before the Industrial Revolution , inhabitants of the continent of Europe preferred pale skin , which they interpreted as a sign of high social status . The poorer classes worked outdoors and got darker skin from exposure to the sun , while the upper class stayed indoors and had light skin . Hence light skin became associated with wealth and high position . Women would put lead - based cosmetics on their skin to whiten their skin tone artificially . However , when not strictly monitored , these cosmetics caused lead poisoning . Other methods also aimed at achieving a light - skinned appearance , including the use of arsenic to whiten skin , and powders . Women would wear full - length clothes when outdoors , and would utilize gloves and parasols . Colonization and enslavement as carried out by European countries became involved with colorism and racism , associated with the belief that people with dark skin were uncivilized , inferior , and should be subordinate to lighter - skinned invaders . This has been perpetuated in modern times . Institutionalized slavery in North America led people to perceive lighter - skinned African - Americans as more intelligent , cooperative , and beautiful . Such lighter - skinned individuals had a greater likelihood of working as house slaves and of receiving preferential treatment from plantation owners and from overseers . For example , they had a chance to get an education , while darker African - Americans worked in the fields and did not get an education . The preference for fair skin remained prominent until the end of the Victorian era , but racial stereotypes about worth and beauty persisted in the last half of the 20th century and continue in the present day . African - American journalist Jill Nelson wrote that , `` To be both prettiest and black was impossible , '' and elaborated : We learn as girls that in ways both subtle and obvious , personal and political , our value as females is largely determined by how we look. ... For black women , the domination of physical aspects of beauty in women 's definition and value render us invisible , partially erased , or obsessed , sometimes for a lifetime , since most of us lack the major talismans of Western beauty . Black women find themselves involved in a lifelong effort to self - define in a culture that provides them no positive reflection . A Vietnamese motorcyclist wears long gloves to block the sun , despite the tropical heat . A preference for fair or lighter skin continues in some countries , including Latin American countries where whites form a minority . In Brazil , a dark - skinned person is more likely to experience discrimination . Many actors and actresses in Latin America have European features -- blond hair , blue eyes , and pale skin . A light - skinned person is considered more privileged and has a higher social status ; a person with light skin is considered more beautiful and lighter skin suggests that the person has more wealth . Skin color is such an obsession in some countries that specific words describe distinct skin tones - from ( for example ) `` jincha '' , Puerto Rican slang for `` glass of milk '' to `` morena '' , literally `` brown '' . In India , society regards pale skin as more attractive and associates dark skin with lower class status ; this results in a massive market for skin - whitening creams . Fairer skin - tones also correlate to higher caste - status in the Hindu social order -- although the system is not based on skin tone . Actors and actresses in Indian cinema tend to have light skin tones , and Indian cinematographers have used graphics and intense lighting to achieve more `` desirable '' skin tones . Fair skin tones are claimed to be an asset in Indian marketing . Skin - whitening products have remained popular over time , often due to historical beliefs and perceptions about fair skin . Sales of skin - whitening products across the world grew from $40 billion to $43 billion in 2008 . In South and East Asian countries , people have traditionally seen light skin as more attractive , and a preference for lighter skin remains prevalent . In ancient China and Japan , for example , pale skin can be traced back to ancient drawings depicting women and goddesses with fair skin tones . In ancient China , Japan , and Southeast Asia , pale skin was seen as a sign of wealth . Thus skin - whitening cosmetic products are popular in East Asia . Four out of ten women surveyed in Hong Kong , Malaysia , the Philippines and South Korea used a skin - whitening cream , and more than 60 companies globally compete for Asia 's estimated $18 billion market . Changes in regulations in the cosmetic industry led to skin - care companies introducing harm - free skin lighteners . In Japan , the geisha have a reputation for their white - painted faces , and the appeal of the bihaku ( 美白 ) , or `` beautiful white '' , ideal leads many Japanese women to avoid any form of tanning . There are exceptions to this , with Japanese fashion trends such as ganguro emphasizing tanned skin . Skin whitening is also not uncommon in Africa , and several research projects have suggested a general preference for lighter skin in the African - American community . In contrast , one study on men of the Bikosso tribe in Cameroon found no preference for attractiveness of females based on lighter skin color , bringing into question the universality of earlier studies that had exclusively focused on skin - color preferences among non-African populations . Significant exceptions to a preference for lighter skin started to appear in Western culture in the mid-20th century . Though sun - tanned skin was once associated with the sun - exposed manual labor of the lower class , the associations became dramatically reversed during this time -- a change usually credited to the trendsetting Frenchwoman Coco Chanel ( 1883 - 1971 ) presenting tanned skin as fashionable , healthy , and luxurious . As of 2017 , though an overall preference for lighter skin remains prevalent in the United States , many within the country regard tanned skin as both more attractive and healthier than pale or very dark skin . Western mass media and popular culture continued to reinforce negative stereotypes about dark skin , but in some circles pale skin has become associated with indoor office - work while tanned skin has become associated with increased leisure time , sportiness and good health that comes with wealth and higher social status . Studies have also emerged indicating that the degree of tanning is directly related to how attractive a young woman is . See also ( edit ) Human skin Carnation ( heraldry ) Color terminology for race Complexion Health effects of sun exposure Race ( human classification ) Afro - textured hair Eye color Human hair color Human physical appearance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Muehlenbein , Michael ( 2010 ) . Human Evolutionary Biology . Cambridge University Press . pp. 192 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Jablonski , N.G. ( 2006 ) . Skin : A Natural History . Berkeley : University of California Press . Jump up ^ Milburn , Peter B. ; Sian , Corazon S. ; Silvers , David N. 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Jump up ^ Donnelly , Michael P. ; Paschou , Peristera ; Grigorenko , Elena ; Gurwitz , David ; Barta , Csaba ; Lu , Ru - Band ; Zhukova , Olga V. ; Kim , Jong - Jin ; Siniscalco , Marcello ; New , Maria ; Li , Hui ; Kajuna , Sylvester L.B. ; Manolopoulos , Vangelis G. ; Speed , William C. ; Pakstis , Andrew J. ; Kidd , Judith R. ; Kidd , Kenneth K. ( 2012 ) . `` A global view of the OCA2 - HERC2 region and pigmentation '' ( PDF ) . Human Genetics . 131 ( 5 ) : 683 -- 696 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 011 - 1110 - x . PMC 3325407 . PMID 22065085 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs2031526 Archived 2018 - 03 - 28 at the Wayback Machine ... Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Myles , S ; Somel , M ; Tang , K ; Kelso , J ; Stoneking , M ( 2006 ) . `` Identifying genes underlying skin pigmentation differences among human populations '' . Human Genetics . 120 ( 5 ) : 613 -- 621 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 006 - 0256 - 4 . PMID 16977434 . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs885479 Archived 2016 - 09 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Shi , Peng ; Lu , Xue Mei ; Luo , Huai Rong ; Xiang - Yu , Jin - Gong ; Zhang , Ya Ping ( 2001 ) . `` Melanocortin - 1 receptor gene variants in four Chinese ethnic populations '' . Cell Research . 11 ( 1 ) : 81 -- 4 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. cr. 7290070 . PMID 11305330 . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs1805007 Archived 2016 - 11 - 08 at the Wayback Machine ... Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs1805008 Archived 2016 - 11 - 08 at the Wayback Machine ... Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs1805009 Archived 2016 - 11 - 08 at the Wayback Machine ... Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs1805005 Archived 2018 - 03 - 28 at the Wayback Machine ... Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs2228479 Archived 2018 - 03 - 28 at the Wayback Machine ... Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Jump up ^ Valverde , P ; Healy , E ; Jackson , I ; Rees , J.L. ; Thody , A.J. ( 1995 ) . `` Variants of the melanocyte - stimulating hormone receptor gene are associated with red hair and fair skin in humans '' . Nature Genetics . 11 ( 3 ) : 328 -- 30 . doi : 10.1038 / ng1195 - 328 . PMID 7581459 . Jump up ^ `` Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs1126809 * * With Pathogenic allele * * '' . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2006 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs1800401 * * With Pathogenic allele * * '' . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2006 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs4911414 * * clinically associated * * Archived 2018 - 03 - 28 at the Wayback Machine ... Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Reference SNP ( refSNP ) Cluster Report : rs1015362 * * clinically associated * * Archived 2018 - 03 - 28 at the Wayback Machine ... Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Nan , Hongmei ; Kraft , Peter ; Hunter , David J. ; Han , Jiali ( 2009 ) . `` Genetic variants in pigmentation genes , pigmentary phenotypes , and risk of skin cancer in Caucasians '' . International Journal of Cancer . 125 ( 4 ) : 909 -- 17 . doi : 10.1002 / ijc. 24327 . PMC 2700213 . PMID 19384953 . ^ Jump up to : ALBINISM , OCULOCUTANEOUS , TYPE IA ; OCA1A Archived 2010 - 08 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , Johns Hopkins University Jump up ^ Kovacs , Christine ( 2008 ) . `` Vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation : maternal , fetal , and neonatal outcomes from human and animal studies '' . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 88 ( 2 ) : 520S -- 528S . doi : 10.1093 / ajcn / 88.2. 520S . PMID 18689394 . Jump up ^ Costin and Hearing ; Hearing , V.J. ( 2007 ) . `` Human skin pigmentation : Melanocytes modulate skin color in response to stress '' . FASEB Journal . 21 ( 4 ) : 976 -- 994 . doi : 10.1096 / fj. 06 - 6649rev . PMID 17242160 . Jump up ^ Cummings ( 2011 ) . Human Heridity Principles and Issues ' . Cengage 9th edition . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ BBC ( 27 July 2008 ) . `` Tanzania Albinos Targeted Again '' . BBC News ( online edition ) . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Halder , RM ; Chappell , JL ( 2009 ) . `` Vitiligo update '' . Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery . 28 ( 2 ) : 86 -- 92 . doi : 10.1016 / j. sder. 2009.04. 008 . PMID 19608058 . Jump up ^ Nath , S.K. ; Majumder , P.P. ; Nordlund , J.J. ( 1994 ) . `` Genetic epidemiology of vitiligo : multilocus recessivity cross-validated '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 55 ( 5 ) : 981 -- 90 . PMC 1918341 . PMID 7977362 . Jump up ^ Cutis , August 2005 , pp 19 -- 23 Jump up ^ Agar , N ; Young , A.R. ( 2005 ) . `` Melanogenesis : a photoprotective response to DNA damage ? '' . Mutation Research / Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 571 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 121 -- 132 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mrfmmm. 2004.11. 016 . PMID 15748643 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , T.B. ( 2003 ) . `` Normal skin color and general considerations of pigmentary disorders '' . Fitzpatrick 's Dermatology in General Medicine . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 819 -- 825 . Jump up ^ Nina Jablonski , Michael P. Muehlenbein ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . Human Evolutionary Biology . Cambridge University Press . p. 177 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 87948 - 5 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Fitzpatrick Skin Type '' ( PDF ) . Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Vorobey , P ; Steindal , AE ; Off , MK ; Vorobey , A ; Moan , J ( 2006 ) . `` Influence of human serum albumin on photodegradation of folic acid in solution '' . Photochemistry and Photobiology. 82 ( 3 ) : 817 -- 22 . doi : 10.1562 / 2005 - 11 - 23 - RA - 739 . PMID 16454580 . Jump up ^ Frost , P. ( 2005 ) . Fair Women , Dark Men . The Forgotten Roots of Color Prejudice . Christchurch ( New Zealand ) : Cybereditions . pp. 60 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Relethford , J.H. ( 2002 ) . `` Apportionment of global human genetic diversity based on craniometrics and skin color '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 118 ( 4 ) : 393 -- 8 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.473. 5972 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 10079 . PMID 12124919 . Jump up ^ Parra , E.J. ; Kittles , R.A. ; Shriver , M.D. ( 2004 ) . `` Implications of correlations between skin color and genetic ancestry for biomedical research '' ( PDF ) . Nature Genetics . 36 ( 11s ) : 54 -- 60 . doi : 10.1038 / ng1440 . PMID 15508005 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2015 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Parra , FC , F.C. ; Amado , R.C. ; Lambertucci , J.R. ; Rocha , J. ; Antunes , C.M. ; Pena , S.D.J. ( 2003 ) . `` Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 100 ( 1 ) : 177 -- 182 . Bibcode : 2002PNAS ... 100 ... 177P . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0126614100 . PMC 140919 . PMID 12509516 . Jump up ^ Snowden 1970 . Jump up ^ Africa : Dispelling Myths about Albinism Archived 2011 - 06 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , Pambazuka News , 10 September 2009 ^ Jump up to : Kruszelnicki , Karl ( March 1 , 2001 ) . `` News in Science : Skin Colour 1 '' . abc.net.au . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Agredano ( February 2006 ) . `` Accessibility to air travel correlates strongly with increasing melanoma incidence '' . Melanoma Research . 16 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 81 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. cmr. 0000195696.50390. 23 . PMID 16432460 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Hall , Ron ( 1997 ) . `` The Psychogenesis of Color Based Racism : Implications of Projection for Dark - Skinned Puertorriqueños '' ( PDF ) . Julian Samora Research Institute , Michigan State University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` What Are `` Good Looks '' ? `` . Kenyon College . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Paper Bag Test '' . St. Petersburg Times . 2003 - 08 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` For Light - Skinned Only ? '' . 2007 - 08 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Jill ( 1997 ) . `` Straight , No Chaser -- How I Became a Grown - Up Black Woman -- WHO 'S THE FAIREST OF THEM ALL ? '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2011 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 . As a girl and young woman , hair , body , and color were society 's trinity in determining female beauty and identity ... We learn as girls that in ways both subtle and obvious , personal and political , our value as females is largely determined by how we look . Jump up ^ `` Documentary , Studies Renew Debate About Skin Color 's Impact '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 2006 - 12 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Racism Takes Many Hues '' . Miami Herald . 2007 - 08 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Quinonez , Ernesto ( 2003 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Y Tu Black Mama Tambien '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 02 . ; Fletcher , Michael A. ( 2000 - 08 - 03 ) . `` The Blond , Blue - Eyed Face of Spanish TV '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . ; `` Blonde , Blue - Eyed Euro - Cute Latinos on Spanish TV '' . Latinola.com. 2010 - 10 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . ; `` Latinos Not Reflected on Spanish TV '' . Vidadeoro.com. 2010 - 10 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . ; `` What are Telenovelas ? -- Hispanic Culture '' . Bellaonline.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . ; Fletcher , Michael A. ( 2000 - 08 - 06 ) . `` Racial Bias Charged On Spanish - Language TV '' . Sun - Sentinel . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . ; `` Black Electorate '' . Black Electorate. 2 January 2001 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Vanessa E. ( 2004 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Pride or Prejudice ? '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sidner , Sara ( 9 September 2009 ) . `` Skin whitener advertisements labeled racist '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 12 September 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 11 . ' We always have a complex towards a white skin , towards foreign skin or foreign hair , ' Jawed Habib says . Habib should know . He owns a chain of 140 salons located in India and across the world . ' We Indian people , we Asian people are more darker , so we want to look more fair . ' ... A marketing study found sales for skin whitening creams have jumped more than 100 percent in rural India and sales for male grooming products are increasing 20 percent annually . Jump up ^ Saxena , Shobhan ( 26 April 2009 ) . `` Caste : Racism in all but name ? '' . Times of India . New Delhi . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Vaidyanathan , Rajini ( 5 June 2012 ) . `` Has skin whitening in India gone too far ? '' . London : BBC News . Archived from the original on 6 September 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lakshmi , Rama ( 27 January 2008 ) . `` In India 's Huge Marketplace , Advertisers Find Fair Skin Sells '' . Washington Post . Washington DC . Archived from the original on 10 October 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bleaching Creams : Fade to Beautiful ? '' . Northwestern University . 2010 - 03 - 10 . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Skin Deep : Dying to be White '' . CNN . 2002 - 05 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Skin whitening big business in Asia Archived 2010 - 07 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... Pri.Org . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mowbray , Nicole ( 4 April 2004 ) . `` Japanese girls choose whiter shade of pale '' . London : Guardian Unlimited . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Heavy Cost of Light Skin '' . BBC News . 2000 - 04 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Mirror mirror on the wall , who is the FAIREST of them all ? '' Skin lightening Archived 2010 - 09 - 10 at the Wayback Machine ... Scienceinafrica.co.za . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Color Counts : `` ... it is evident that differing color holds considerable importance within the black community and is measurably influencing self - esteem , prestige , and marital status . '' USA Today ( Society for the Advancement of Education ) Archived 2014 - 03 - 30 at the Wayback Machine ... questia.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Dixson , Barnaby J. ; Dixson , Alan F. ; Morgan , Bethan ; Anderson , Matthew J. ( 2006 ) . `` Human Physique and Sexual Attractiveness : Sexual Preferences of Men and Women in Bakossiland , Cameroon '' . Archives of Sexual Behavior . 36 ( 3 ) : 369 -- 75 . doi : 10.1007 / s10508 - 006 - 9093 - 8 . PMID 17136587 . Jump up ^ Singer , Merrill ; Beyer , Hans ( 28 July 2008 ) . Killer Commodities : Public Health and the Corporate Production of Harm . AltaMira Press . p. 151 . ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0979 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 11 . Harris investigated the history of the parasol ... everywhere ordinary people were forbidden to protect themselves with such devices `` pallid skin became a marker of upper - class status '' . At the beginning of the 20th Century , in the United States , lighter - skinned people avoided the sun ... Tanned skin was considered lower class . Jump up ^ Koskoff , Sharon ( 28 May 2007 ) . Art Deco of the Palm Beaches . Arcadia Publishing . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 4415 - 9 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 11 . In 1920s France , the caramel - skinned entertainer Josephine Baker became a Parisian idol . Concurrently , fashion designer Coco Chanel was `` bronzed '' while cruising on a yacht . A winter tan became a symbol of the leisure class and showed you could afford to travel to exotic climates . Jump up ^ Geller , A.C. ; Colditz , G. ; Oliveria , S. ; Emmons , K. ; Jorgensen , C. ; Aweh , G.N. ; Frazier , A.L. ( 1 June 2002 ) . `` Use of Sunscreen , Sunburning Rates , and Tanning Bed Use Among More Than 10 000 US Children and Adolescents '' . Pediatrics. 109 ( 6 ) : 1009 -- 1014 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 109.6. 1009 . Jump up ^ Broadstock , Marita ; Borland , Ron ; Gason , Robyn ( 2006 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Effects of Suntan on Judgements of Healthiness and Attractiveness by Adolescents '' . Journal of Applied Social Psychology . 22 ( 2 ) : 157 -- 172 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1559 - 1816.1992. tb01527. x . Jump up ^ Leary , Mark R. ; Jones , Jody L. ( 2006 - 07 - 31 ) . `` The Social Psychology of Tanning and Sunscreen Use : Self - Presentational Motives as a Predictor of Health Risk '' . Journal of Applied Social Psychology . 23 ( 17 ) : 1390 -- 1406 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1559 - 1816.1993. tb01039. x . Jump up ^ Balkaran , Steven ( 1999 ) . `` Mass Media and Racism '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Leary , Mark R. ; Jones , Jody L. ( 1993 ) . `` The Social Psychology of Tanning and Sunscreen Use : Self - Presentational Motives as a Predictor of Health Risk '' . Journal of Applied Social Psychology . 23 ( 17 ) : 1390 -- 406 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1559 - 1816.1993. tb01039. x . Jump up ^ Banerjee , S.C. ; Campo , S ; Greene , K ( 2008 ) . `` Fact or wishful thinking ? Biased expectations in `` I think I look better when I 'm tanned '' `` . American Journal of Health Behavior . 32 ( 3 ) : 243 -- 52 . doi : 10.5555 / ajhb. 2008.32. 3.243 ( inactive 2018 - 05 - 28 ) . PMID 18067464 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 24 . Bibliography ( edit ) Frost , Peter ( 2006 ) . `` Why Do Europeans Have So Many Hair and Eye Colors ? '' . University of California -- Los Angeles . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 15 . Holick , Michael F. ( 2004 ) . `` Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases , cancers , and cardiovascular disease '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80 ( 6 Suppl ) : 1678S -- 88S . doi : 10.1093 / ajcn / 80.6. 1678S . PMID 15585788 . Millington , G.W.M. ( 2006 ) . `` Proopiomelanocortin ( POMC ) : the cutaneous roles of its melanocortin products and receptors '' . Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 31 ( 3 ) : 407 -- 412 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2230.2006. 02128. x . PMID 16681590 . Rogers , Alan R. ; Iltis , David ; Wooding , Stephen ( 2004 ) . `` Genetic Variation at the MC1R Locus and the Time since Loss of Human Body Hair '' . Current Anthropology. 45 : 105 -- 8 . doi : 10.1086 / 381006 . Snowden , F ( 1970 ) . Blacks in Antiquity : Ethiopians in the Greco - Roman Experience . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 07625 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human skin color . Computer Vision : Skin Color Based Face Tracking Examples of a face tracking in videos using a non parametric skin color model . N Wade ( August 19 , 2003 ) , `` Why Humans and Their Fur Parted Ways '' New York Times ( Science Times ) . Summary of clues to the saga in which humans evolved to lose their hair and had to adjust , including turning from light skin to dark skin , together with an estimation of the time when humans invented clothing . Key gene ' controls skin tone ' SLC24A5 gene controls up to 38 % of the tonal range in people with mixed European and West African ancestry PBS The Biology of Skin Color : Black and White Video The Biology of Skin Color Human evolution Taxonomy ( Hominins ) Orrorin Sahelanthropus Last common ancestors Chimpanzee -- human Gorilla -- human Orangutan -- human Gibbon -- human Australopithecines Ardipithecus Kenyanthropus Australopithecus A. afarensis A. africanus A. anamensis A. bahrelghazali A. deyiremeda A. garhi A. sediba Paranthropus P. aethiopicus P. boisei P. robustus Humans and proto - humans ( Homo ) Proto - humans H. habilis H. floresiensis H. gautengensis H. rudolfensis H. tsaichangensis Homo erectus H. ergaster H. e. erectus H. e. georgicus H. e. lantianensis H. e. nankinensis H. e. palaeojavanicus H. e. pekinensis H. e. soloensis H. e. tautavelensis H. e. yuanmouensis Archaic humans Callao Man ? H. cepranensis H. antecessor H. heidelbergensis H. helmei H. naledi H. rhodesiensis H. neanderthalensis H. denisova Modern humans Homo sapiens H. s . sapiens ( archaic homo sapiens , anatomically modern humans ) Jebel Irhoud H. s . idaltu Cro - Magnon Manot people Red Deer Cave people ? Ancestors Homo habilis → Homo erectus ( → Homo antecessor ) → archaic Homo sapiens → Homo sapiens Models General models Hunting Gathering Endurance running Aquatic ape Sexual selection Self - domestication Specific models Diet Cooking Expensive tissue Shore - based Drunken monkey Behavior Killer ape Cooperative eye Life history Grandmother Patriarch Topics Bipedalism Skeleton Muscles Skin color Hair Thermoregulation Color vision Speech Language Intelligence Gender roles Origin of modern humans Recent African origin Multiregional origin Archaic admixture Behavioral modernity Early migrations Recent evolution Timelines Human evolution Human prehistory Others Theorists Books Fossils Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_skin_color&oldid=854411002 '' Categories : Skin physiology Human physiology Human genetics Skin pigmentation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with DOIs inactive since 2018 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia pending changes protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bosanski Brezhoneg Deutsch فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Português Română Русский Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 04 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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-5953310106477616873	Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star	Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star - wikipedia Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star For the 2010 Indian film , see Twinkle Twinkle Little Star ( film ) . `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' Sheet music Nursery rhyme Published 1806 Lyricist ( s ) Jane Taylor `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' is a popular English lullaby . The lyrics are from an early - 19th - century English poem by Jane Taylor , `` The Star '' . The poem , which is in couplet form , was first published in 1806 in Rhymes for the Nursery , a collection of poems by Taylor and her sister Ann . It is sung to the tune of the French melody Ah ! vous dirai - je , maman , which was published in 1761 and later arranged by several composers including Mozart with Twelve Variations on `` Ah vous dirai - je , Maman '' . The English lyrics have five stanzas , although only the first is widely known . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7666 . This song is usually performed in the key of C major . The song is in the public domain , and has many adaptations around the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Other text versions 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Lyrics ( edit ) The English lyrics were first written as a poem by Jane Taylor ( 1783 -- 1824 ) and published with the title `` The Star '' in Rhymes for the Nursery by Jane and her sister Ann Taylor ( 1782 -- 1866 ) in London in 1806 : Twinkle Twinkle Little Star ( tune ) Tune for Twinkle Twinkle Little Star Problems playing this file ? See media help . Twinkle , twinkle , little star , How I wonder what you are ! Up above the world so high , Like a diamond in the sky . When this blazing sun is gone , When he nothing shines upon , Then you show your little light , Twinkle , twinkle , through the night . Then the traveller in the dark Thanks you for your tiny spark ; He could not see where to go , If you did not twinkle so . In the dark blue sky you keep , And often through my curtains peep , For you never shut your eye Till the sun is in the sky . As your bright and tiny spark Lights the traveller in the dark , Though I know not what you are , Twinkle , twinkle , little star . The lyrics from `` The Star '' were first published with the tune in The Singing Master : First Class Tune Book in 1838 . Although before , when it was just a folk song , there were only 4 verses Other text versions ( edit ) sheet music from Song Stories for the Kindergarten Play ( help info ) Additional variations exist such as from 1896 in Song Stories for the Kindergarten by Mildred J. Hill . Twinkle , twinkle , little star , How we wonder what you are . Up above the world so high , Like a diamond in the sky . When the glorious sun has set , And the grass with dew is wet , Then you show your little light , Twinkle , twinkle , all the night . When the golden sun doth rise , Fills with shining light the skies , Then you fade away from sight , Shine no more ' till comes the night . A parody of `` Twinkle Twinkle Little Star '' titled `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat '' was recited by the Mad Hatter in chapter seven of Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . An adaptation of the song , named `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Earth '' , was written by Charles Randolph Grean , Fred Hertz and Leonard Nimoy . It is included on Nimoy 's first 1967 album Leonard Nimoy Presents Mr. Spock 's Music From Outer Space , with him reciting the text as Spock explaining how the star - people wish upon an earth and so forth . A version using synonyms from Roget 's Thesaurus exists . The song can also be played as a singing game . Play media Woman performs `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' singing game . See also ( edit ) `` Ah ! vous dirai - je , maman '' Little Star ( The Elegants song ) `` Alphabet song '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' Twinkling Are you sleeping Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` LISTSERV 15.5 - OPERA - L Archives '' . listserv.bccls.org . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Public Domain Song List - PD Info '' . www.pdinfo.com . Jump up ^ `` Twinkle twinkle little rip - off : the dark secrets of the world 's most recognisable tune '' . ^ Jump up to : M. Cryer , Love Me Tender : The Stories Behind the World 's Best - loved Songs ( Frances Lincoln , 2009 ) , pp. 83 -- 5 . Jump up ^ I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford University Press , 1951 , 2nd edn. , 1997 ) , pp. 397 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Mildred J. Hill ( 26 July 1896 ) . `` Song Stories for the Kindergarten '' -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Gardner , Martin ( 1998 ) . The Annotated Alice . Random House . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 18920 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Twinkle twinkle little star '' . Jump up ^ G. Hughes , A history of English words ( Wiley - Blackwell , 2000 ) , p. 40 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star Wikiversity has learning resources about Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star Wikimedia Commons has media related to Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star . Lullabies of Europe / Languages from the Cradle Dead Link ! A European Union , government - funded education project to collect lullabies ( in their native language ) from across Europe - includes samples in seven languages . Audio segment from BBC Radio 4 Woman 's Hour , show Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Aiken Drum '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo - Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sing a Song of Sixpence '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Three Little Kittens '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Stella Ella Ola '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Ducks '' `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and Round the Garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You 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3648757336533096184	Requiem (Verdi)	Requiem ( Verdi ) - wikipedia Requiem ( Verdi ) Jump to : navigation , search Messa da Requiem Requiem by Giuseppe Verdi First edition title page , Ricordi , 1874 Related Messa per Rossini Occasion In memory of Alessandro Manzoni Text Requiem Language Latin Performed 18 May 1874 ( 1874 - 05 - 18 ) Scoring four solists double choir orchestra The Messa da Requiem is a musical setting of the Catholic funeral mass ( Requiem ) for four soloists , double choir and orchestra by Giuseppe Verdi . It was composed in memory of Alessandro Manzoni , an Italian poet and novelist whom Verdi admired . The first performance , at the San Marco church in Milan on 22 May 1874 , marked the first anniversary of Manzoni 's death . The work was at one time called the Manzoni Requiem . It is rarely performed in liturgy , but rather in concert form of around 85 -- 90 minutes in length . Musicologist David Rosen calls it ' probably the most frequently performed major choral work composed since the compilation of Mozart 's Requiem ' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition history 2 Performance history 2.1 19th century 2.2 20th century and beyond 2.3 Versions and arrangements 3 Sections 4 Music of the Requiem 5 Instrumentation 6 Recordings 7 References 8 External links Composition history ( edit ) After Gioachino Rossini 's death in 1868 , Verdi suggested that a number of Italian composers collaborate on a Requiem in Rossini 's honor . He began the effort by submitting the concluding movement , the Libera me . During the next year a Messa per Rossini was compiled by Verdi and twelve other famous Italian composers of the time . The premiere was scheduled for 13 November 1869 , the first anniversary of Rossini 's death . Alessandro Manzoni , in whose honour Verdi wrote the Requiem However , on 4 November , nine days before the premiere , the organising committee abandoned it . Verdi blamed this on the scheduled conductor , Angelo Mariani . He pointed to Mariani 's lack of enthusiasm for the project , even though he had been part of the organising committee from the start , and it marked the beginning of the end of their friendship . The composition remained unperformed until 1988 , when Helmuth Rilling premiered the complete Messa per Rossini in Stuttgart , Germany . In the meantime , Verdi kept toying with his Libera me , frustrated that the combined commemoration of Rossini 's life would not be performed in his lifetime . On 22 May 1873 , the Italian writer and humanist Alessandro Manzoni , whom Verdi had admired all his adult life and met in 1868 , died . Upon hearing of his death , Verdi resolved to complete a Requiem -- this time entirely of his own writing -- for Manzoni . Verdi traveled to Paris in June , where he commenced work on the Requiem , giving it the form we know today . It included a revised version of the Libera me originally composed for Rossini . Performance history ( edit ) 19th century ( edit ) Requiem poster for La Scala premiere , 1874 The second performance of the Requiem , at La Scala on 25 May 1874 , with Verdi conducting . The soloists depicted are ( left to right ) Ormondo Maini , Giuseppe Capponi , Maria Waldmann , and Teresa Stolz The Requiem was first performed in the church of San Marco in Milan on 22 May 1874 , the first anniversary of Manzoni 's death . Verdi himself conducted , and the four soloists were Teresa Stolz ( soprano ) , Maria Waldmann ( mezzo - soprano ) , Giuseppe Capponi ( tenor ) and Ormondo Maini ( bass ) . As Aida , Amneris and Ramfis respectively , Stolz , Waldmann , and Maini had all sung in the European premiere of Aida in 1872 , and Capponi was also intended to sing the role of Radames at that premiere but was replaced due to illness . Teresa Stolz went on to a brilliant career , Waldmann retired very young in 1875 , but the male singers appear to have faded into obscurity . Also , Teresa Stolz was engaged to Angelo Mariani in 1869 , but she later left him . The Requiem was repeated at La Scala three days later on 25 May with the same soloists and Verdi again conducting . It won immediate contemporary success , although not everywhere . It received seven performances at the Opéra - Comique in Paris , but the new Royal Albert Hall in London could not be filled for such a Catholic occasion . In Venice , impressive Byzantine ecclesiastical decor was designed for the occasion of the performance . It later disappeared from the standard choral repertoire , but made a reappearance in the 1930s and is now regularly performed and a staple of many choral societies . The playwright and music critic George Bernard Shaw was a great admirer of the work from its first London performance , and had the Libera me played at his funeral . 20th century and beyond ( edit ) The Requiem was reportedly performed approximately 16 times between 1943 and 1944 by prisoners in the concentration camp of Theresienstadt ( also known as Terezín ) under the direction of Rafael Schächter . The performances were presented under the auspices of the Freizeitgestaltung , a cultural organization in the Ghetto . Since the 1990s , commemorations in the US and Europe have included memorial performances of the Requiem in honor of the Terezín performances . On the heels of previous performances held at the Terezín Memorial , Murry Sidlin performed the Requiem in Terezin in 2006 and rehearsed the choir in the same basement where the original inmates reportedly rehearsed . Part of the Prague Spring Festival , two children of survivors sang in the choir with their parents sitting in the audience . The Requiem has been staged in a variety of ways several times in recent years . Achim Freyer created a production for the Deutsche Oper Berlin in 2006 that was revived in 2007 , 2011 and 2013 . In Freyer 's staging , the four sung roles , `` Der Weiße Engel '' ( The White Angel ) , `` Der Tod - ist - die - Frau '' ( Death is the Woman ) , `` Einsam '' ( Solitude ) , and `` Der Beladene '' ( The Load Bearer ) are complemented by choreographed allegorical characters . In 2011 , Oper Köln premiered a full staging by Clemens Bechtel where the four main characters were shown in different life and death situations : the Fukushima nuclear disaster , a Turkish writer in prison , a young woman with bulimia , and an aid worker in Africa . Versions and arrangements ( edit ) For a Paris performance , Verdi revised the Liber scriptus to allow Maria Waldmann a further solo for future performances . Previously , the movement had been set for a choral fugue in a classical Baroque style . With its premiere at the Royal Albert Hall performance in May 1875 , this revision became the definitive edition that has been most performed since and the original fugue now survives only in early published vocal scores . Versions accompanied by four pianos or brass band were also performed . Franz Liszt transcribed the Agnus Dei for solo piano ( S. 437 ) . It has been recorded by Leslie Howard . Sections ( edit ) Beginning of the introit 1 . Introit and Kyrie ( chorus , soloists ) 2 . Dies irae Dies irae ( chorus ) Tuba mirum ( chorus ) Mors stupebit ( bass ) Liber scriptus ( mezzo - soprano , chorus - chorus only in original version ) Quid sum miser ( soprano , mezzo - soprano , tenor ) Rex tremendae ( soloists , chorus ) Recordare ( soprano , mezzo - soprano ) Ingemisco ( tenor ) Confutatis Maledictis ( bass , chorus ) Lacrymosa ( soloists , chorus ) 3 . Offertory Domine Jesu Christe ( soloists ) Hostias ( soloists ) 4 . Sanctus ( double chorus ) 5 . Agnus Dei ( soprano , mezzo - soprano , chorus ) 6 . Lux aeterna ( mezzo - soprano , tenor , bass ) 7 . Libera me ( soprano , chorus ) Libera me Dies irae Requiem aeternam Libera me Music of the Requiem ( edit ) Throughout the work , Verdi uses vigorous rhythms , sublime melodies , and dramatic contrasts -- much as he did in his operas -- to express the powerful emotions engendered by the text . The terrifying ( and instantly recognizable ) Dies irae that introduces the traditional sequence of the Latin funeral rite is repeated throughout . Trumpets surround the stage to produce a call to judgement in the Tuba mirum , and the almost oppressive atmosphere of the Rex tremendae creates a sense of unworthiness before the King of Tremendous Majesty . Yet the well - known tenor solo Ingemisco radiates hope for the sinner who asks for the Lord 's mercy . The Sanctus ( a complicated eight - part fugue scored for double chorus ) begins with a brassy fanfare to announce him `` who comes in the name of the Lord '' . Finally the Libera me , the oldest music by Verdi in the Requiem , interrupts . Here the soprano cries out , begging , `` Deliver me , Lord , from eternal death ... when you will come to judge the world by fire . '' When the Requiem was composed , female singers were not permitted to perform in Catholic Church rituals ( such as a requiem mass ) . However , from the beginning Verdi intended to use female singers in the work . In his open letter proposing the Requiem project ( when it was still conceived as a multi-author Requiem for Rossini ) , Verdi wrote : `` If I were in the good graces of the Holy Father -- Pope Pius IX -- I would beg him to permit -- if only for this one time -- that women take part in the performance of this music ; but since I am not , it will fall to someone else better suited to obtain this decree . '' In the event , when Verdi composed the Requiem alone , two of the four soloists were sopranos , and the chorus included female voices . This may have slowed the work 's acceptance in Italy . At the time of its premiere , the Requiem was criticized by some as being too operatic in style for the religious subject matter . According to Gundula Kreuzer , `` Most critics did perceive a schism between the religious text ( with all its musical implications ) and Verdi 's setting . '' Some viewed it negatively as `` an opera in ecclesiastical robes , '' or alternatively , as a religious work , but one in `` dubious musical costume . '' While the majority of critics agreed that the music was `` dramatic , '' some felt that such treatment of the text was appropriate , or at least permissible . As to the music qua music , the critical consensus agreed that the work displayed `` fluent invention , beautiful sound effects and charming vocal writing . '' Critics were divided between praise and condemnation with respect to Verdi 's willingness to break standard compositional rules for musical effect , such as his use of consecutive fifths . Instrumentation ( edit ) The work is scored for the following orchestra : woodwind : 3 flutes ( 3rd also piccolo ) , 2 oboes , 2 clarinets , 4 bassoons brass : 4 horns , 8 trumpets , 3 trombones , Ophicleide percussion : timpani , bass drum strings : violins I , II , violas , violoncellos , double basses . Jump up ^ an obsolete instrument usually replaced by a tuba or cimbasso in modern performances Recordings ( edit ) Main article : Verdi Requiem discography References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Summer , p. ? ? Jump up ^ Rosen ( 1995 ) , p. vii Jump up ^ Messa da Requiem , on giuseppeverdi.it . Retrieved 29 December 2013 Jump up ^ Resigno , Eduardo ( 2001 ) , p. 14 ^ Jump up to : CD liner notes ( Verdi : Requiem / Quattro pezzi sacri ) . Naxos Records . 1997 . 8.550944 - 45 . Jump up ^ Holroyd , p. 792 Jump up ^ Jeremy Eichler , `` Honoring the conductor who gave Terezin its Requiem '' , Boston Globe , April 5 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Defiant Requiem : Verdi at Terezin '' on pbs.org . Retrieved 29 December 2013 : See Theresienstadt concentration camp for `` Terezin '' Jump up ^ `` Rafael Schächter '' on holocaustmusic.ort.org . Retrieved 29 December 2013 Jump up ^ `` Giuseppe Verdi : Messa da Requiem '' : Trailer for Deutsche Oper 's dramatic staging of the work on youtube.com Jump up ^ Jean - Luc Vannier , `` Messa da Requiem de Verdi d'une sombre beauté au Deutsche Oper de Berlin '' ( in French ) Jump up ^ Oper Köln website details of the staging by Clemens Bechtel . ( In German ) on operkoeln.com Jump up ^ Review : Cologne Opera staging of the Bechtel version ( in German ) on der - neue - merker. ( in German ) ^ Jump up to : Kreuzer , p. 60 -- 61 Jump up ^ Gazzetta Piemontese ( in Italian ) . 22 November 1868 . p. 3 . Se io fossi nelle buone grazie del Santo Padre , lo pregherei a voler permettere , almeno per questa sola volta , che le donne prendessero parte all'esecuzione di questa musica , ma non essendolo , converrá trovar persona piu di me idonea ad ottenere l'intento Missing or empty title = ( help ) Sources Holroyd , Michael ( 1997 ) , Bernard Shaw : A Biography , London : Chatto & Windus . ISBN 07011 - 6279 - 1 Kennedy , Michael ( 2006 ) , The Oxford Dictionary of Music . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861459 - 4 Kreuzer , Gundula ( 2010 ) , Verdi and the Germans : From Unification to the Third Reich . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 51919 - 9 ISBN 0 - 521 - 51919 - 5 Resigno , Eduardo ( 2001 ) , Dizionario Verdiano . Biblioteca Universale Rizzoli , ISBN 88 - 17 - 86628 - 8 Rosen , David ( 1995 ) , Verdi : Requiem , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39448 - 1 Summer , Robert J. ( 2007 ) , Choral Masterworks from Bach to Britten : Reflections of a Conductor . Lanham , MD : The Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5903 - 3 Verdi , Giuseppe ; ( Ed. , Marco Uvietta , 2014 ) Messa da requiem . Critical edition . Kassel : Bärenreiter Verlag . External links ( edit ) Digitised copy of Verdi 's Messa Da Requiem published by Ricordi in Milan 1874 , from National Library of Scotland . Live Recording of Liber Scriptus portion of Requiem ( Mary Gayle Greene , mezzo - soprano ) Requiem ( Verdi ) : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) Free scores of Requiem ( Verdi ) in the Choral Public Domain Library ( ChoralWiki ) Giuseppe Verdi Operas Oberto , Conte di San Bonifacio ( 1839 ) Un giorno di regno ( 1840 ) Nabucco ( 1842 ) I Lombardi alla prima crociata ( 1843 ) Ernani ( 1844 ) I due Foscari ( 1844 ) Giovanna d'Arco ( 1845 ) Alzira ( 1845 ) Attila ( 1846 ) Macbeth ( 1847 ) I masnadieri ( 1847 ) Jérusalem ( 1847 ) Il corsaro ( 1848 ) La battaglia di Legnano ( 1849 ) Luisa Miller ( 1849 ) Stiffelio ( 1850 ) Rigoletto ( 1851 ) Il trovatore ( 1853 ) La traviata ( 1853 ) Les vêpres siciliennes ( June 1855 ) I vespri siciliani ( December 1855 ) Simon Boccanegra ( 1857 / 1881 ) Aroldo ( 1857 ) Un ballo in maschera ( 1859 ) La forza del destino ( 1862 ) Don Carlos ( 1867 ) Aida ( 1871 ) Otello ( 1887 ) Falstaff ( 1893 ) Opera excerpts `` Anvil Chorus '' `` Bella figlia dell'amore '' `` Celeste Aida '' `` Di quella pira '' `` La donna è mobile '' `` Libiamo ne ' lieti calici '' `` Un dì , felice , eterea '' `` Va , pensiero '' Opera discographies Aida Don Carlos Falstaff La forza del destino Macbeth Otello Rigoletto Il trovatore La traviata Un ballo in maschera Other compositions Suona la tromba ( 1848 ) Inno delle nazioni ( 1862 ) String Quartet in E minor ( 1873 ) Messa da Requiem ( 1874 ) Quattro pezzi sacri ( 1889 -- 1897 ) Recognitions Memorials to Giuseppe Verdi Theatres named after Verdi ( Brindisi - Busseto - Florence - Trieste ) Milan Conservatory Giuseppe Verdi Monument Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano Giuseppe Verdi Verdi ( crater ) Verdi Inlet 3975 Verdi Verdi , California Verdi , Kansas Verdi , Nevada Cultural depictions Giuseppe Verdi ( 1938 film ) Verdi , the King of Melody ( 1953 film ) The Life of Verdi ( 1982 miniseries ) After Aida ( 1985 play ) Risorgimento ! ( 2011 opera ) Film adaptations Otello ( 1906 ) Aida ( 1953 ) La Traviata ( 1983 ) Otello ( 1986 ) Macbeth ( 1987 ) Aida ( 1987 ) Giuseppe Verdi 's Rigoletto Story ( 2005 ) Related articles Casa di Riposo per Musicisti Verdi Transcriptions ( Finnissy ) Villa Verdi List of compositions by Giuseppe Verdi Category : Giuseppe Verdi Classical music portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Requiem_(Verdi)&oldid=801244231 '' Categories : Compositions by Giuseppe Verdi Requiem Masses 1874 compositions Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links Articles with German - language external links Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Works with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 15 : 27 . About Wikipedia	giuseppe verdi – messa da requiem dies irae – tuba mirum	[]	[]
4565879288334683307	Do You Know the Way to San Jose	Do You Know the Way to San Jose - wikipedia Do You Know the Way to San Jose This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' became an international best - seller in 1968 . Single by Dionne Warwick from the album Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls B - side `` Let Me Be Lonely '' Released April 1968 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1967 at Bell Sound Studios ; engineer , Ed Smith Genre Soul , pop Length 2 : 58 Label Scepter SCE - 12216 Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David Producer ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David Dionne Warwick singles chronology `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' ( 1968 ) `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' ( 1968 ) `` Who Is Gonna Love Me '' ( 1968 ) `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' ( 1968 ) # 2 `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' ( 1968 ) # 10 `` Who Is Gonna Love Me '' ( 1968 ) # 33 `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' is a 1968 popular song written and composed for singer Dionne Warwick by Burt Bacharach . Hal David wrote the lyrics . The song was Warwick 's biggest international hit to that point , selling several million copies worldwide and winning Warwick her first Grammy Award . David 's lyrics tell the story of a native of San Jose , California who , having failed to break into the entertainment field in Los Angeles , is set to return to her hometown . The song was released on the 1968 RIAA Certified Gold album Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls . `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' was issued as the follow - up single to the double - sided hit `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' / `` I Say a Little Prayer '' in April 1968 . It became Warwick 's third consecutive Top Ten song in the closing months of 1967 and into 1968 , punctuating the most successful period of Warwick 's recording career . The song peaked at # 8 in the UK , Ireland , and Canada . It also charted highly in France , Italy , South Africa , Australia , Germany , Brazil , Mexico , Israel , Lebanon , Japan , and many other countries throughout the world . The single was one of the most successful of Warwick 's international hits , selling over 3,500,000 copies worldwide . The flip - side of the single , `` Let Me Be Lonely , '' also penned by Bacharach / David , charted in the Billboard Hot 100 as well and became one of many double - sided hits for Warwick . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Awards 3 Chart performance 4 Covers 5 In other media 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) Bacharach had composed the music for the song before David wrote its lyrics . David had a special interest in San Jose , having been stationed there while in the Navy . The track was the last Dionne Warwick single to be recorded at New York City 's Bell Studios . It features a prominent use of bass drum , played by session musician Gary Chester . The engineer was Ed Smith , who devised the famous introduction to the tune by directly attaching a mike to the head of Chester 's bass drum . Warwick did not like `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose , '' and she had to be convinced to record it . In a May 1983 interview with Ebony , she said : `` It 's a dumb song and I did n't want to sing it . But it was a hit , just like ( her recent Top Ten hit ) ' Heartbreaker ' is . I 'm happy these songs were successful , but that still does n't change my opinion about them . '' Though she still does not like it , the song remains one of Warwick 's most popular chart selections , and she still includes it in almost every concert she performs . Awards ( edit ) Warwick won her first Grammy , the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance , for `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose . '' She told Jet in May 2002 that winning this award was the overall highlight of her career . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts Billboard Hot 100 * * * Cash Box Top 100 Billboard R&B Billboard Easy Listening AUSTRALIA CANADA IRELAND UK NZ # 10 * * * # 10 # 23 # 4 # 15 # 8 # 8 # 8 # 20 Year - end chart ( 1968 ) Rank U.S. Billboard Hot 100 88 Covers ( edit ) `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' has also been recorded by Connie Francis , Rita Reys , The George Shearing Quintet , The Avalanches , The Baja Marimba Band , The Temptations and The Supremes together , Neil Diamond , Frankie Goes to Hollywood , Nancy Sinatra , The Starlite Orchestra , De-Phazz , Jim O'Rourke , Bossa Rio ( 1970 ) , Trijntje Oosterhuis , Paper Dolls , and the Carpenters , among others . Non-English renderings of the song include `` Le chemin pour San José '' by Ginette Reno -- # 8 Québécois hit for the year 1968 -- , `` Heiß ist der Kaffee in San José '' by Corry Brokken , `` Snart Så Stiger Solen Upp Igen '' by Siw Malmkvist and `` La route du bonheur '' by Liliane Saint - Pierre . Warwick re-recorded the song as a salsa - flavored collaboration with Celia Cruz and the Pete Escovedo Orchestra for her 1998 album Dionne Sings Dionne . The song has been recorded on various Burt Bacharach tribute albums , including by Medeski Martin & Wood on Great Jewish Music : Burt Bacharach ( 1997 ) , by both Yazz and Dionne Warwick ( separately ) on Tribute to Burt Bacharach & Hal David ( 2002 ) , by Trijntje Oosterhuis on The Look of Love ( 2006 ) , and by Kahimi Karie on All Kinds of People ~ Love Burt Bacharach ~ ( 2010 ) . In 1977 , Maureen McCormick , Geri Reischl & Susan Olsen performed the song during a medley on an episode of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour . In other media ( edit ) During the early and mid-1990s , San Jose - based KNTV used the first notes of the song in its news theme . In 1968 through 1969 , the Chrysler - Dodge Corporation used the tune to promote the Dodge Challenger and Charger in television commercials airing in the USA and Canada . In the film The Scout , the character played by Brendan Fraser listens to the song on headphones while flying and disturbs other flyers by singing it off - key . The song was one of many California related songs played throughout `` Sunshine Plaza '' in the original Disney California Adventure . The song opens and closes the pilot episode of Helix , in each case playing over tense scenes featuring Peter Farragut . The song appears again in the opener of Helix Season 2 when Julia arrives to the island . The song was parodied on an episode of MadTV entitled `` Ebay '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dominic , Serene ( 2003 ) . Burt Bacharach , song by song : the ultimate Burt Bacharach reference for fans . New York City : Schirmer Trade Books . p. 190 . ISBN 0 - 8256 - 7280 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Dennis ( May 1983 ) . `` Dionne Wardwick Speaks Out for Strong Black Women '' . Ebony . Johnson Publishing Company : 100 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2014 . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz. 1968 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1968 / Top 100 Songs of 1968 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sunshine Plaza '' . Theme Park Music . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics hide Dionne Warwick Discography Studio albums Presenting Dionne Warwick ( 1963 ) Anyone Who Had a Heart ( 1964 ) Make Way for Dionne Warwick ( 1964 ) The Sensitive Sound of Dionne Warwick ( 1965 ) Here I Am ( 1965 ) Here Where There Is Love ( 1966 ) On Stage and in the Movies ( 1967 ) The Windows of the World ( 1967 ) Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls ( 1968 ) Promises , Promises ( 1968 ) Soulful ( 1969 ) I 'll Never Fall in Love Again ( 1970 ) Very Dionne ( 1970 ) Dionne ( 1979 ) No Night So Long ( 1980 ) Friends in Love ( 1982 ) Heartbreaker ( 1982 ) How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye ( 1983 ) Finder of Lost Loves ( 1985 ) Friends ( 1985 ) Reservations for Two ( 1987 ) Friends Can Be Lovers ( 1993 ) My Friends & Me ( 2006 ) Live albums Dionne Warwick in Paris ( 1966 ) Hot ! Live and Otherwise ( 1981 ) Christmas in Vienna II ( 1993 ) Compilation albums The Love Collection ( 2008 ) Singles `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' `` Walk On By '' `` You 'll Never Get to Heaven ( If You Break My Heart ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` Reach Out for Me '' `` Who Can I Turn To ? '' `` Are You There ( With Another Girl ) '' `` Message to Michael '' `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' `` Alfie '' `` The Windows of the World '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' `` This Girl 's in Love with You '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' `` Make It Easy on Yourself '' `` The Good Life '' `` Then Came You '' `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix `` Only Love Can Break a Heart '' `` I 'll Never Love This Way Again '' `` Déjà Vu '' `` After You '' `` No Night So Long '' `` Easy Love '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` All the Love in the World '' `` Run to Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` Love Power '' `` It 's All Over '' `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_You_Know_the_Way_to_San_Jose&oldid=844412595 '' Categories : 1968 singles Dionne Warwick songs Celia Cruz songs Frankie Goes to Hollywood songs Songs with lyrics by Hal David Songs with music by Burt Bacharach Songs about California 1967 songs Scepter Records singles Songs about cities Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Norsk Norsk nynorsk Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 19 : 15 . 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-3745960165061816364	List of Hillsong songs	List of Hillsong songs - Wikipedia List of Hillsong songs Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for music . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` List of Hillsong songs '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Hillsong Church started in Australia and from there spread as a Pentecostal movement. The Hillsong Church has produced hundreds of Christian songs on CDs since 1992 on over 50 albums , mostly under their own label , Hillsong Music . Below is a list of songs arranged alphabetically by title . Italicised song titles indicate an instrumental recording . Italicised album names indicate an instrumental album . A number in brackets after the song title means that there have been different songs with the same name . If a particular song is on more than one album , all albums are listed alphabetically . A number in brackets after the album name indicates the version number of that song in chronological order . If they are the same number , it means they are the same recording . Note : Songs from the ( non-English ) Hillsong Ukraine albums are not listed . Contents J O Q U V X Y Z Title Author Album Track Worship leader A Million Suns Scott Ligertwood Dean Ussher Zion 11 Taya Smith and Jad Gillies Abba , Father Darlene Zschech Overwhelmed 12 Darlene Zschech Above All Paul Nevison Jesus Is ( 1 ) 12 Jesus Is : Remix ( 2 ) 8 Across the Earth Reuben Morgan Matt Crocker Mike Guglielmucci This Is Our God 11 Adonai Ray Badhamn Mia Fieldes Mighty to Save Paul Andrew 9 Aftermath Joel Houston Aftermath 5 Marty Sampson All Things New ( Live ) Ben Fielding and Dean Ussher No Other Name 8 All Things New ( Alternate Version ) ( Live ) 16 Alive ( 1 ) Gio Galanti Natasha Bedingfield Jonas Myrin Jesus Is My Superhero 8 Alive ( 2 ) Alexander Pappas Aodhan King We Are Young and Free Alive ( Studio Version ) 13 Alive in Us Reuben Morgan Jason Ingram God Is Able 8 Darlene Zschech All About You Joel Houston To the Ends of the Earth ( 1 ) To the Ends of the Earth ( 2 ) 13 All Day Marty Sampson Awake ( 1 ) More Than Life ( 2 ) 15 The I Heart Revolution ( 3 ) 14 ( CD 1 ) All for Love Mia Fieldes God He Reigns ( 2 ) 2 ( CD 2 ) Look to You 5 All I Do Gio Galanti Natasha Bedingfield Blessed 10 All I Need Is You Marty Sampson Look to You ( 1 ) God He Reigns ( 2 ) 7 ( CD 1 ) ( tag ; chorus ) Super Strong God ( 3 ) 13 ( medley ; chorus ) The I Heart Revolution ( 4 ) 3 ( CD 2 ) All I Really Want Leah Cooney Awake 9 All My Hope Reuben Morgan Jason Ingram Cornerstone 6 All of My Days Mark Stevens You Are My World All Praises to the King Andy Wallis Faithful 7 All the Days of My Life Russell Fragar Simply Worship 2 8 All the Heavens Reuben Morgan Blessed ( 1 ) 14 Ultimate Worship ( 1 ) 14 All Things Are Possible Darlene Zschech All Things Are Possible ( 1 ) ? Darlene Zschech All Things Are Possible ( 2 ) 15 Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 4 ) 1 ( CD 2 ) I Believe the Promise ( 3 ) 6 Shout to the Lord 2000 ( 4 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 1 ( CD 2 ) All You Are Miriam Webster Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Miriam Webster Always Mia Fieldes More Than Life 7 Always Forever Kate Spence One 5 Always Singing Your Praise Darlene Zschech Jump to the Jam 13 Always Will Jay Cook Jarred Rogers Jamie Snell Glorious Ruins Always Will ( Intro ) Glorious Ruins Am I to Believe Joel Houston To the Ends of the Earth 12 Amazing Love Michelle Fragar Amazing Love 12 Anchor Ben Fielding Dean Ussher Glorious Ruins 13 And That My Soul Knows Very Well Darlene Zschech Russell Fragar Chosen One ( 2 ) 9 Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 1 ) 3 ( CD 1 ) God Is in the House ( 1 ) 5 I Believe the Promise ( 3 ) 10 Simply Worship 2 ( 1 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 10 ( CD 2 ) Angel of the Lord Miriam Webster Faithful ( 1 ) Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Miriam Webster ( 2 ) Angels Marty Sampson Hope 7 ( CD 1 ) Marty Sampson and Darlene Zschech Angels We Have Heard on High / Gloria traditional ; arranged by : Luke Munns / Reuben Morgan Celebrating Christmas Darlene Zschech Keegan Joyce Anthem of Praise David Wakerley Beci Wakerley Jesus Is My Superhero 7 Anything ( for You ) Reuben Morgan The Plan 5 Are You Hungry Kate Spence The Plan Arms Open Wide Sam Knock Tear Down the Walls ( 1 ) 10 Arise ( Bonus ) Ryan Taubert Steven Robertson Zion ( Deluxe Edition ) At the Cross Reuben Morgan Darlene Zschech Mighty to Save ( 1 ) 5 Darlene Zschech Ultimate Collection Volume II ( 1 ) 14 Awakening Reuben Morgan Chris Tomlin Aftermath 12 Jad Gillies God Is Able ( Deluxe Edition ) 13 Reuben Morgan and Jill McClogrey , b . Darlene Zschech Away in a Manger traditional ; arranged by : Russell Fragar Christmas 6 Awesome God Rich Mullins Look to You 13 Awesome in this Place Ned Davies For This Cause ( 1 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( CD 2 ) Title Author Album Track Back to Life Joel Davies and Aodhan King We Are Young and Free 9 Beautiful Exchange Joel Houston A Beautiful Exchange 11 Because of Your Love Russell Fragar Friends in High Places 10 Before the Throne Russell Fragar All Things Are Possible 8 `` Behold ( Then Sings My Soul ) '' Joel Houston Let There Be Light Believe ( 1 ) Donna Lasit For This Cause 13 Believe ( 2 ) Reuben Morgan Darlene Zschech A Beautiful Exchange 10 Beneath The Waters ( I Will Rise ) Brooke Ligertwood Scott Ligertwood Cornerstone Better Than Life Marty Sampson Hope ( 1 ) 1 ( CD 1 ) Ultimate Worship ( 1 ) 7 Bless the Lord Kate Spence Awake 8 Blessed Darlene Zschech Reuben Morgan Blessed ( 1 ) Jesus Is My Superhero ( 2 ) 5 The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 12 ( CD 1 ) Blessed Be Geoff Bullock The Power of Your Love 5 Break Free Joel Houston Matt Crocker Scott Ligertwood All of the Above ( 1 ) Saviour King ( 2 ) The I Heart Revolution : With Hearts as One ( 3 ) 8 ( CD 1 ) In a Valley by the Sea 7 Bones Jill McCloghry Joel Houston Aftermath 7 Breathe Kylie Fisher Jesus Is My Superhero 11 Breathe on Me Lucy Fisher Shout to the Lord 2000 ( 1 ) 6 The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 10 ( CD 2 ) Brighter Aodhan King , Ben Tan and Melodie Wagner We Are Young and Free Broken Vessels ( Amazing Grace ) ( Live ) Joel Houston and Jonas Myrin No Other Name By Your Side Marty Sampson By Your Side 8 Title Author Album Track Came to My Rescue Marty Sampson Dylan Thomas Joel Davies Ultimate Collection Volume II ( 1 ) 9 United We Stand ( 1 ) 6 The I Heart Revolution ( 2 ) 14 ( CD 2 ) ( chorus ) Calvary ( Live ) Mrs. Walter G. Taylor , Reuben Morgan and Jonas Myrin No Other Name 6 Calvary ( Alternate Version ) 14 Ca n't Stop Praising Tulele Faletolu Marty Sampson Hope 8 ( CD 1 ) Ca n't Stop Talking Russell Fragar All Things Are Possible ( 1 ) 9 Hills Praise ( 1 ) 9 My Redeemer Lives ( 2 ) Shout to the Lord 2000 ( 2 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 16 ( CD 2 ) Can You Hear ? David Andrew Mia Fieldes Celebrating Christmas 11 Captain Benjamin Hastings Seth Simmons Empires 11 Carry Me Marty Sampson Forever ( 2 ) For This Cause ( 1 ) 7 Shout God 's Fame ( 3 ) 10 ( medley ) Centre of My Life Jonas Myrin Natasha Bedingfield Shout God 's Fame 6 Children of The Light Joel Houston Cornerstone 9 Christ Is Enough Reuben Morgan Jonas Myrin Glorious Ruins Christmas Time Again Barry Southgate Celebrating Christmas Chosen As Mine Joanna Haverkamp Faithful Chosen One Paul Iannuzzelli Chosen One Church on Fire Russell Fragar The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 4 ( CD 1 ) Touching Heaven Changing Earth ( 1 ) Close Aodhan King and Dean Ussher We Are Young and Free 5 Closer Joel Davies Jason Ingram Braden Lang Reuben Morgan Glorious Ruins 6 Closer Than You Know Joel Houston Matt Crocker Michael Guy Chislett Empires 12 Come to Me Luke - Henri Peipman Forever 9 Consuming Fire Tim Hughes More Than Life 10 Cornerstone Edward Mote Eric Liljero Jonas Myrin Reuben Morgan Cornerstone O Praise the Name ( Anástasis ) Cry Of The Broken Darlene Zschech God Is Able 11 Cure Kate Spence Michael Neal Lucas Parry One Title Author Album Track Dedication Miriam Webster Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Miriam Webster 8 Deeper ( 1 ) Kate Spence Awake 5 Deeper ( 2 ) Marty Sampson Look to You 10 Deeply in Love Kate Spence One 7 Desert Song Brooke Fraser This Is Our God Tear Down the Walls 5 Depths ( Live ) Brooke Ligertwood and Marty Sampson No Other Name 5 Desperate People Joel Houston Michael Guy Chislett All of the Above Devoted Martyn Layzell Awake 7 Devotion Marty Sampson All of the Above Did You Feel the Mountains Tremble ? Martin Smith King of Majesty ( 1 ) 11 UP : Unified Praise ( 2 ) 7 Did You Know ? Brittany Grey Jesus Is My Superhero 13 The Difference Joel Davies Ben Fielding God Is Able 6 Do What You Say Miriam Webster Amazing Love 7 Draw Me Closer Dean Ussher All of the Above 5 Dwell in Your House Paul Ewing For This Cause Dwelling Places Miriam Webster By Your Side ( 1 ) 5 Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Miriam Webster ( 3 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 13 ( CD 1 ) The Secret Place ( 2 ) 5 Title Author Album Track Eagle 's Wings Reuben Morgan By Your Side ( 1 ) 12 Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 2 ) 4 ( CD 1 ) Shout God 's Fame ( 4 ) 10 ( medley ) Shout to the Lord 2000 ( 2 ) 15 The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 9 ( CD 2 ) The Secret Place ( 3 ) 7 Emmanuel ( 1 ) Raymond Badham Celebrating Christmas ( 2 ) 9 The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 3 ( CD 1 ) You Are My World ( 1 ) Emmanuel ( 2 ) Reuben Morgan God He Reigns 4 ( CD 1 ) Embers Hannah Hobbs and Ben Tan We Are Young and Free 11 Empires Joel Houston Dylan Thomas Chris Davenport Ben Tennikoff Empires 9 Endless Light Dean Ussher Karl Cashwell Cornerstone End of Days Bede Benjamin - Korporaal and Alexander Pappas We Are Young and Free 8 Energy Melodie Wagner Michael Fatkin This Is Living Even When It Hurts ( Praise Song ) Joel Houston Empires 7 Ever Living God Raymond Badham Hope 3 ( CD 1 ) Evermore Joel Houston For All You 've Done ( 2 ) 3 ( CD 1 ) More Than Life ( 1 ) Every Time Tanya Riches Amazing Love Everyday Joel Houston For This Cause ( 2 ) 14 The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 2 ) 9 ( CD 1 ) Everyday ( 1 ) Ultimate Worship ( 3 ) 11 UP : Unified Praise ( 3 ) Everything that has Breath Reuben Morgan You Are My World 8 Everything to Me Marty Sampson King of Majesty Exceeding Joy Miriam Webster Hope 3 ( CD 2 ) Exist Paul Denham One Title Author Album Track Face to Face Hannah Hobbs Laura Toggs Michael Fatkin Youth Revival Faith ( 1 ) Geoff Bullock People Just Like Us 14 Faith ( 2 ) Reuben Morgan Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 1 ) 3 ( CD 2 ) For This Cause ( 1 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 8 ( CD 1 ) Faithful Raymond Badham Amazing Love 5 Faithful to the End Reuben Morgan Faithful 9 Faithfulness Chris Davenport Open Heaven / River Wild 11 Fall Rebecca Mesiti King of Majesty 6 Fall Upon Your Knees Miriam Webster Simply Worship 2 10 Falling into You Aodhan King Benjamin Hastings Ben Tan Cameron Robertson Tracy Pratt Youth Revival 9 Father ( 1 ) Ned Davies Amazing Love Father ( 2 ) Joel Houston Aftermath 8 Father , I Jonathon Douglass To the Ends of the Earth 9 Father of Creation Robert Eastwood Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 11 Simply Worship ( 1 ) 9 Father of Lights Russell Fragar Hills Praise ( 1 ) People Just Like Us ( 1 ) The Father 's Heart Jorim Kelly Gio Galanti A Beautiful Exchange 7 Fill My Heart Simon Refalo The Plan 7 Fire Katya Linedale Chosen One 7 Fire Fall Down Matt Crocker United We Stand 10 The First and The Last Joel Houston Faith + Hope + Love The First Noel traditional : arranged by : Peter King Christmas 11 Follow the Son Gio Galanti Jay Cook Jesus Is ( 1 ) Jesus Is : Remix ( 2 ) 5 Follow You Marty Sampson Awake 12 For All Who Are To Come Michael Guy Chislett All of the Above 9 For All You 've Done Reuben Morgan For All You 've Done ( 1 ) 1 ( CD 1 ) Ultimate Collection Volume II ( 1 ) 12 For The Lord Is Good Reuben Morgan Overwhelmed 11 For This Cause Joel Houston For This Cause ( 1 ) 10 Shout God 's Fame ( 2 ) 10 ( medley ) The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 10 ( CD 1 ) For Your Name Jad Gillies Joel Houston Reuben Morgan Faith + Hope + Love Forever Marty Sampson Forever ( 3 ) Best Friend ( 1 ) The I Heart Revolution ( 4 ) 11 ( CD 1 ) You Are My World ( 2 ) 12 Forever and a Day Raymond Badham For All You 've Done 1 ( CD 2 ) For Who You Are Marty Sampson Mighty to Save ( 1 ) Ultimate Collection Volume II ( 1 ) 13 Forever Reign Jason Ingram Reuben Morgan A Beautiful Exchange Forever Reign ( Radio Version ) 13 Found Dave George Mighty to Save ( 1 ) 7 All of the Above ( 2 ) 7 Free Marty Sampson Hope ( 2 ) 6 ( CD 2 ) Super Strong God ( 4 ) 11 To the Ends of the Earth ( 1 ) UP : Unified Praise ( 3 ) Freedom Is Here Reuben Morgan Scott Ligertwood Tear Down the Walls The Freedom We Know Joel Houston Matt Tennikoff Marty Sampson Mighty to Save ( 1 ) Ultimate Collection Volume II ( 1 ) Free to Dance Darlene Zschech By Your Side 13 Friends in High Places Russell Fragar Friends in High Places ( 1 ) Shout to the Lord 2000 ( 2 ) From God Above Marty Sampson United We Stand From the Inside Out Joel Houston Mighty to Save ( 2 ) 6 The I Heart Revolution ( 3 ) 13 ( CD 2 ) Ultimate Collection Volume II ( 1 ) United We Stand ( 1 ) 5 Title Author Album Track Get Up and Dance Sam Knock Andy Wallis Drew Wikeepa Jesus Is My Superhero 10 Gift of Love Amanda Fergusson Songs for Communion Give It Up Wayne Davis Jump to the Jam 5 Glorified Steve McPherson Touching Heaven Changing Earth 10 Glorify Your Name Darlene Zschech David Holmes For All You 've Done 6 ( CD 2 ) Glorious Darlene Zschech Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech 1 ( CD 1 ) Glorious Ruins Matt Crocker Joel Houston Glorious Ruins 6 Glory ( 1 ) Geoff Bullock The Power of Your Love 14 Glory ( 2 ) Reuben Morgan Hope ( 2 ) 2 ( CD 1 ) To the Ends of the Earth ( 1 ) 8 Ultimate Worship Glory to God Reuben Morgan Christmas ( 1 ) 14 Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 1 ) 8 ( CD 2 ) Glory to the King Darlene Zschech All Things Are Possible ( 1 ) 12 Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 3 ) 2 ( CD 1 ) I Believe the Promise ( 2 ) 8 Shout to the Lord 2000 ( 3 ) 14 The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 5 ( CD 2 ) Glow Matt Crocker Joel Houston Faith + Hope + Love Go Matt Crocker Aftermath God Is Able ( Deluxe Edition ) 12 God Has All the Grace and the Power David Evans Jump to the Jam God He Reigns Marty Sampson God He Reigns ( 1 ) 7 ( CD 1 ) Ultimate Collection Volume II ( 1 ) 16 God Is Able Reuben Morgan Ben Fielding God Is Able 5 God Is Good Alvin Slaughter Shout to the Lord 2000 12 God Is Great Marty Sampson The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 8 ( CD 2 ) King of Majesty ( 2 ) 7 You Are My World ( 1 ) God Is in the House Russell Fragar Darlene Zschech God Is in the House ( 1 ) God Is in the House ( 2 ) 15 Hills Praise ( 1 ) 8 Shout to the Lord 2000 ( 3 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 4 ( CD 2 ) God Is Moving Marty Sampson Everyday 10 God Made the World Paul Denham The Plan 8 God of Ages Ben Fielding Saviour King 8 God of All Creation Mark Stevens Paul Iannuzzelli Best Friend 5 God One and Only Jonathon Douglass Sam Knock Faith + Hope + Love 8 God So Loved Reuben Morgan You Are My World 9 Godly Vibe Dominic Kelsall Greg Griffiths Paul Denham One 8 God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen traditional ; arranged by : Ross Irwin Celebrating Christmas 7 God Who Saves Sam Knock Glorious Ruins 8 God You Make Me Smile Julia A'Bell Super Strong God 5 Gonna Be Alright Gio Galanti Jonas Myrin Shout God 's Fame Gotta Get More Paul Denham One 9 Grace David Moyse Paul Iannuzzelli Overwhelmed 8 Grace Abounds Ben Fielding Dean Ussher Cornerstone 7 Grace to Grace Chris Davenport Joel Houston Grace to Grace - Single Single The Great Southland Geoff Bullock The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 14 ( CD 1 ) The Power of Your Love ( 1 ) 16 Gracious Tempest Matt Crocker , Marty Sampson and Ben Tan We Are Young and Free 7 Greater Than All Autumn Hardman Dave Hodgson Cornerstone 12 Greatest Gift Matt Redman Peter Wilson Jesus Is 10 The Greatest Gift Matt Redman Peter Wilson Jesus Is : Remix 9 The Greatness of our God Jason Ingram Stu Garrad Reuben Morgan A Beautiful Exchange 6 Great in Power Russell Fragar By Your Side ( 1 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 3 ( CD 2 ) Great Is the Lord Nigel Hendroff Amazing Love Title Author Album Track Hallelujah ( 1 ) Darlene Zschech Christmas 13 Hallelujah ( 2 ) Marty Sampson Jonas Myrin For All You 've Done ( 1 ) 6 ( CD 1 ) Ultimate Collection Volume II ( 1 ) 7 Hallelujah ( 3 ) Matt Tennikoff Rolf Wam Fjell Marty Sampson United We Stand 17 Hark the Herald Angels Sing traditional ; arranged by : Peter King / Luke - Henri Peipman Steve McPherson Celebrating Christmas ( 2 ) 8 Christmas Have Faith in God Geoff Bullock People Just Like Us 7 Have Your Way Darlene Zschech Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 1 ) 5 ( CD 2 ) Simply Worship 3 ( 1 ) 5 The Secret Place ( 2 ) He Is Lord Ben Fielding This Is Our God 5 He Shall Be Called Russell Fragar Friends in High Places ( 1 ) Hills Praise ( 1 ) 13 Healer Michael Guglielmucci This Is Our God 7 Hear Me Calling Geoff Bullock The Power of Your Love 7 Heartbeats Ben Tennikoff Joel Houston Matt Crocker Michael Guy Chislett Zion ( Deluxe Edition ) 10 Heart Like Heaven Matt Crocker Joel Houston Empires Open Heaven / River Wild 7 Hear Our Praises Reuben Morgan Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 2 ) 1 ( CD 1 ) Touching Heaven Changing Earth ( 1 ) Shout to the Lord 2000 ( 2 ) 16 The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 2 ) 15 ( CD 1 ) Hear Our Prayer Tanya Riches Overwhelmed ( 2 ) Everyday ( 1 ) 8 Heaven Reuben Morgan Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 2 ) 8 ( CD 1 ) Simply Worship 3 ( 1 ) 8 Everyday ( 2 ) 5 Heaven and Earth ( Live ) Ben Fielding and Sam Kncock No Other Name Heaven in My Heart David Wakerley Beci Wakerley Super Strong God 8 Here I Am ( Father 's Love ) Jonas Myrin Natasha Bedingfield Shout God 's Fame 9 Here I Am to Worship / Call Tim Hughes / Darlene Zschech Hope ( 1 ) 10 ( CD 1 ) Ultimate Worship 8 Here in My Life Mia Fieldes Saviour King 12 Here Now ( Madness ) Joel Houston Michael Guy Chislett Empires Open Heaven / River Wild ( Deluxe Edition ) 13 Here to Eternity Darlene Zschech David Moyse For This Cause 9 Here With You Jamie Snell Johannes Shore Joshua Grimmett Open Heaven / River Wild 9 He 's Real Russell Fragar Hills Praise ( 1 ) Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 8 The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 2 ( CD 1 ) High and Lifted Up Darlene Zschech Mike Guglielmucci This Is Our God 6 Higher / I Believe in You Mia Fieldes / Darlene Zschech Mighty to Save 13 Highest Reuben Morgan Hope ( 1 ) 11 ( CD 1 ) Hope ( 2 ) 7 ( CD 2 ) Ultimate Worship ( 1 ) 15 His Glory Appears Brooke Fraser Faith + Hope + Love 10 His Love Raymond Badham God He Reigns 3 ( CD 1 ) History Maker Martin Smith UP : Unified Praise 11 Shout God 's Fame 8 Holding On Geoff Bullock Friends in High Places 9 Holy One of God Geoff Bullock Stone 's Been Rolled Away 7 Holy Spirit Come Geoff Bullock Stone 's Been Rolled Away 6 Holy Spirit Rain Down Russell Fragar Simply Worship 3 ( 1 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 13 ( CD 2 ) The Secret Place ( 2 ) 9 Touching Heaven Changing Earth ( 1 ) 5 Holy Spirit Rise Geoff Bullock The Power of Your Love 13 Holy , Holy , Holy traditional arranged by : Reuben Morgan Peter King King of Majesty 10 Home Marty Sampson For All You 've Done 8 ( CD 1 ) Hope of The World Reuben Morgan Jason Ingram Matthew Bronleewee Cornerstone 5 Hope of The World ( Studio Version ) 13 Hosanna ( 1 ) Stuart Garrard Peter Wilson Jesus Is 6 Hosanna ( 2 ) Brooke Fraser All of the Above ( 1 ) 8 Saviour King 11 How Can You Refuse Him Now ? Hank Williams Songs for Communion 14 How Great Is Our God Chris Tomlin Jesse Reeves Ed Cash Jesus Is ( 1 ) 13 Jesus Is : Remix ( 2 ) 10 How I Long for You Marty Sampson Faithful 11 Title Author Album Track I Adore Reuben Morgan Blessed ( 2 ) 9 King of Majesty ( 1 ) 5 I Believe ( 1 ) Geoff Bullock Stone 's Been Rolled Away 8 I Believe ( 2 ) Marty Sampson Mighty to Save 10 I Believe the Promise Russell Fragar God Is in the House ( 1 ) 11 I Believe the Promise ( 3 ) Shout to the Lord ( 2 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 2 ( CD 2 ) I Believe in Jesus Mia Fieldes Super Strong God 15 I Belong to You Reuben Morgan Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 1 ) 7 ( CD 2 ) Simply Worship 2 ( 1 ) I Bow My Knee ( I 'll Love You More ) Rob and Debbie Eastwood Simply Worship ( 1 ) Stone 's Been Rolled Away ( 1 ) I Can Feel Your Love Paul Iannuzzelli Jump to the Jam I Ca n't Wait Russell Fragar Friends in High Places ( 1 ) 15 Hills Praise ( 1 ) 6 I Could Sing of Your Love Forever / God 's Romance Martin Smith UP : Unified Praise 5 I Desire Jesus Scott Ligertwood Cornerstone ( Deluxe Edition ) 14 I Draw Near to You Darlene Zschech Reuben Morgan Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 1 ) 4 ( CD 1 ) Simply Worship 2 ( 1 ) 9 I Feel Like I 'm Falling Raymond Badham By Your Side I Found Love Babette Rae Awake I Give You My Heart Reuben Morgan Chosen One ( 2 ) 8 Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 1 ) 10 ( CD 2 ) God Is in the House ( 1 ) 8 My Redeemer Lives ( 1 ) 7 Simply Worship ( 1 ) 5 The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 10 ( CD 1 ) The Secret Place ( 3 ) Ultimate Worship ( 4 ) 10 UP : Unified Praise ( 4 ) I Just Love You So Much Paul Iannuzzelli Jump to the Jam 7 I Just Want to Praise the Lord Geoff Bullock People Just Like Us 9 I Know It Darlene Zschech All Things Are Possible ( 1 ) 11 Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 1 ) 2 ( CD 2 ) I Believe the Promise ( 2 ) 7 I Lift My Hands Jay Cook Jesus Is 9 I Live for You Raymond Badham Best Friend 6 I Live to Know You Darlene Zschech All Things Are Possible ( 1 ) 5 Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 2 ) 9 ( CD 1 ) Simply Worship 3 ( 1 ) 7 I 'll Worship You Geoff Bullock Friends in High Places 13 I Love You Kira Gregson Julia A'Bell Beci Wakerley Super Strong God 14 I 'm Not Ashamed Paul Andrew Dylan Thomas Saviour King I 'm Really Happy David Wakerley Beci Wakerley Jesus Is My Superhero I Need You Matt Wakeling One In Freedom Aran Puddle By Your Side ( 1 ) 9 My Redeemer Lives ( 1 ) In God We Trust Ben Fielding Eric Liljero Reuben Morgan Open Heaven / River Wild 10 In the Gap Wayne Davis Jump to the Jam In the Mystery Joel Houston Saviour King 9 In the Name of the Lord Geoff Bullock People Just Like Us In the Silence Paul Iannuzzelli People Just Like Us ( 1 ) 11 Simply Worship ( 1 ) 7 In You I Stand Paul Nevison Gio Galanti Shout God 's Fame 11 In Your Eyes Benjamin Hastings Ben Tan Youth Revival 11 In Your Freedom Marty Sampson Raymond Badham Saviour King In Your Hands Reuben Morgan All Things Are Possible ( 1 ) 6 Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 1 ) 9 ( CD 1 ) Simply Worship 3 ( 1 ) 9 The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 6 ( CD 1 ) Irresistible Darlene Zschech Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 1 ) 5 ( CD 1 ) Forever ( 2 ) 5 You Are My World ( 1 ) 6 I Simply Live for You Russell Fragar For This Cause 6 I Surrender ( 1 ) Geoff Bullock Stone 's Been Rolled Away 13 I Surrender ( 2 ) Matt Crocker Cornerstone It Is He Miriam Webster Simply Worship 3 It Is You Darlene Zschech Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 1 ) 6 ( CD 2 ) Forever ( 2 ) 6 For This Cause ( 1 ) 12 The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 4 ( CD 2 ) It 's a New Day Tim Michael Jesus Is It 's Your Love Mia Fields Faith + Hope + Love I Wanna Be with You Paul Iannuzzelli Jump to the Jam 6 I Will Bless You Lord Darlene Zschech Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 2 ) 6 ( CD 1 ) Simply Worship 3 ( 1 ) 10 Touching Heaven Changing Earth ( 1 ) 11 I Will Exalt You Brooke Fraser Faith + Hope + Love 5 I Will Go Jonas Myrin Natasha Bedingfield Shout God 's Fame 7 I Will Love Miriam Webster Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Miriam Webster ( 3 ) 5 For All You 've Done ( 1 ) 3 ( CD 2 ) Songs for Communion ( 2 ) 8 I Will Never Be Geoff Bullock Shout to the Lord 5 I Will Run to You Darlene Zschech God Is in the House ( 1 ) 14 Simply Worship ( 1 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 7 ( CD 1 ) I Will Sing Rebecca Mesiti Best Friend 8 I Will Worship You Geoff Bullock The Power of Your Love 11 In Sync Matt Crocker , Aodhan King and Ben Tan We Are Young and Free 10 J ( edit ) Title Author Album Track Jesus ' Blood Martin Smith More Than Life 12 Jesus ' Generation Reuben Morgan Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 1 ) 10 ( CD 1 ) Best Friend ( 1 ) 7 Jesus I Adore You Tanya Riches Simply Worship 3 6 Jesus I Long Marty Sampson Everyday Jesus I Need You Open Heaven / River Wild 8 Jesus in My Life Karen Horn Sam Knock Andy Wallis Super Strong God 10 Jesus Is Gary Clarke Peter Wilson Jesus Is ( 1 ) 14 Jesus Is : Remix ( 2 ) 12 Jesus Is Alive Ron Kenoly Shout to the Lord 2000 5 Jesus Is My Superhero David Wakerley Beci Wakerley Jesus Is My Superhero ( 1 ) Jesus Is My Superhero ( 2 ) 15 Jesus , Jesus Geoff Bullock Shout to the Lord Jesus , Lover of My Soul Daniel Grul John Ezzy Steve McPherson I Believe the Promise ( 4 ) 9 Jump to the Jam ( 2 ) 10 Shout to the Lord ( 3 ) 6 Stone 's Been Rolled Away ( 1 ) 10 The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 3 ) 12 ( CD 1 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 5 ) 11 ( CD 2 ) Best Friend ( 5 ) 9 Jesus , Our Lord Jesus Russell Fragar Overwhelmed 6 Jesus the Same Raymond Badham For All You 've Done 2 ( CD 2 ) Jesus , What a Beautiful Name Tanya Riches Christmas ( 3 ) God Is in the House ( 1 ) 6 I Believe the Promise ( 2 ) Simply Worship ( 1 ) 8 The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 7 ( CD 2 ) Jesus Won It All Miriam Webster Amazing Love ( 1 ) 11 Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Miriam Webster ( 2 ) 6 Jesus , You Gave It All Craig Gower Simply Worship 2 ( 1 ) 7 The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 2 ) 9 ( CD 1 ) Touching Heaven Changing Earth ( 2 ) 7 Jesus , You 're All I Need Darlene Zschech Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 1 ) 9 ( CD 2 ) Touching Heaven Changing Earth ( 1 ) 13 Joy in the Holy Ghost Russell Fragar God Is in the House ( 1 ) Hills Praise ( 1 ) 14 The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 5 ( CD 1 ) Joy to the World traditional ; arranged by Craig Gower Nigel Hendroff Celebrating Christmas Jump to the Jam Paul Iannuzzelli Jump to the Jam 8 Just Let Me Say Geoff Bullock People Just Like Us 12 Title Author Album Track Keep Falling in Love Scott Haslem Overwhelmed 9 Kingdom Come Ben Fielding United We Stand 12 King of All Days Dylan Thomas Tear Down the Walls King of Heaven Matt Crocker Zion ( Deluxe Edition ) 13 King of Kings Geoff Bullock Friends in High Places 11 King of Love Tanya Riches Hope 4 ( CD 2 ) King of Majesty Marty Sampson Blessed ( 2 ) 13 Jesus Is My Superhero ( 4 ) Shout God 's Fame ( 3 ) 12 The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 13 ( CD 1 ) King of Majesty ( 1 ) UP : Unified Praise ( 4 ) 6 Know You More Darlene Zschech God He Reigns 3 ( CD 2 ) Title Author Album Track Latter Rain Geoff Bullock The Power of Your Love 15 Lead Me To The Cross Brooke Fraser All of the Above 6 Let Creation Sing Reuben Morgan God He Reigns ( 1 ) 1 ( CD 1 ) Ultimate Collection Volume II ( 1 ) 6 Let the Children Come Mia Fieldes Super Strong God 7 Let the Fire Robbie Howells Matthew Sage Chosen One Let the Peace of God Reign Darlene Zschech Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 2 ) 8 ( CD 2 ) God Is in the House ( 1 ) 7 Shout to the Lord ( 2 ) Simply Worship 2 ( 1 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 13 ( CD 2 ) Let the Whole World David Kennedy Jay Cook Jesus Is ( 1 ) 5 Jesus Is : Remix ( 2 ) Let Us Adore Reuben Morgan God He Reigns ( 1 ) 1 ( CD 2 ) Ultimate Collection Volume II ( 1 ) 8 Let Your Kingdom Come Russell Fragar Overwhelmed 7 Let Your Light Shine Andy Wallis Super Strong God Let Your Presence Fall Dave Willersdorf Simply Worship ( 1 ) Stone 's Been Rolled Away ( 1 ) 5 Life Peter James Songs for Communion 6 Lifeline Michael Fatkin , Joel Houston , Renee Sieff and Melodie Wagner We Are Young and Free Lift Ben McFall King of Majesty 8 Lift You Higher Tekiva Ledwidge Nait Masuku Reuben Morgan Glorious Ruins 14 Lifted Me High Again Reuben Morgan For This Cause 8 Light Marty Sampson More Than Life Light My Way Matthew Wakeling Tepa Faletoese The Plan 10 Light Will Shine Matt Crocker Marty Sampson Aftermath 10 Live in Me Matthew Wakeling Awake Like Incense / Step By Step Brooke Fraser David Strasser Rich Mullins A Beautiful Exchange 5 Like An Avalanche Dylan Thomas Joel Houston Aftermath Look from Heaven David Wakerley Beci Wakerley Super Strong God 12 Longin ' for Your Touch Paul Iannuzzelli Tim Uluirewa Hills Praise ( 1 ) 12 People Just Like Us ( 1 ) 10 Look to You Marty Sampson Look to You ( 1 ) The I Heart Revolution : With Hearts as One ( 2 ) 9 ( CD 1 ) Lord I Give Myself Darlene Zschech Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 1 ) 7 ( CD 2 ) Friends in High Places ( 1 ) 12 Simply Worship ( 1 ) The Lord Is Good Reuben Morgan Overwhelmed 11 Lord of All ( 1 ) Steve McPherson All Things Are Possible ( 1 ) 7 Simply Worship 2 ( 1 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 11 ( CD 1 ) Lord of All ( 2 ) Gio Galanti Paul Nevison Jesus Is ( 1 ) Jesus Is : Remix ( 2 ) Ultimate Collection Volume II ( 1 ) 5 Lord of the Heavens Lucy Fisher God Is in the House ( 1 ) 13 Simply Worship ( 1 ) 6 Lord of Lords Brooke Fraser Saviour King 5 Lord We Come Geoff Bullock The Power of Your Love 10 Lord Your Goodness Reuben Morgan Touching Heaven Changing Earth The Lost Are Found Sam Knock Ben Fielding God Is Able The Love of God Can Do Christine and Russell Fragar All Things Are Possible 10 Love Enough Braden Lang Scott Ligertwood In a Valley by the Sea Love Goes On Joel Davies , Hannah Hobbs and Laura Toggs We Are Young and Free 6 Love Knows No End Ben Fielding Reuben Morgan Harrison Wood Cornerstone 11 Love Like Fire Matt Crocker A Beautiful Exchange 9 Love is War Joel Houston Zion ( Deluxe Edition ) Love On the Line Aryel Murphy Brooke Ligertwood Scott Ligertwood Open Heaven / River Wild Love So High Matt Redman Chris Tomlin Reuben Morgan Jason Ingram Cornerstone ( Deluxe Edition ) 13 Love Song ( 1 ) Simon Refalo One 6 Love Song ( 2 ) Mia Fieldes Faithful 6 Love You so Much Russell Fragar All Things Are Possible ( 1 ) Shout to the Lord 2000 ( 2 ) 9 Simply Worship 2 ( 1 ) 12 The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 12 ( CD 2 ) The Secret Place ( 3 ) Title Author Album Track Made Me Glad Miriam Webster Blessed ( 1 ) Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Miriam Webster ( 2 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 5 ( CD 1 ) Ultimate Worship ( 1 ) Magnificent Raymond Badham Blessed ( 1 ) 8 Faithful ( 2 ) 12 The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 7 ( CD 2 ) Majesty Martin Smith Stuart Garrard More Than Life ( 1 ) 6 UP : Unified Praise ( 2 ) 9 Make Me Your Servant Russell Fragar Stone 's Been Rolled Away 9 Man of Sorrows ( Live ) Brooke Ligertwood Matt Crocker Glorious Ruins 10 O Praise the Name ( Anástasis ) Melt Babette Rae Warren Jackson Peter King One Mercy Endures Darlene Zschech Faithful Mercy Mercy Matt Crocker Joel Houston Zion 6 Mercy Mercy '' ( Reloaded ) Zion ( Deluxe Edition ) 16 Mighty to Save Ben Fielding Reuben Morgan Mighty to Save ( 1 ) 14 The I Heart Revolution , Live In Miami ( 2 ) 4 ( CD 2 ) Ultimate Collection Volume II ( 1 ) 17 More Reuben Morgan Everyday More to See Darlene Zschech Mia Fieldes Deborah Ezzy Donia Makedonez Nigel Hendroff Mighty to Save 8 More Than Mia Fieldes Faithful More Than Anything Joel Davies Braden Lang Tear Down the Walls More Than Life Reuben Morgan For All You 've Done ( 2 ) 5 ( CD 2 ) More Than Life ( 1 ) 11 Most High Reuben Morgan Blessed ( 2 ) 12 King of Majesty ( 1 ) Most Holy Miriam Webster Faithful 8 Mountain ( Live ) Matt Crocker and Joel Houston No Other Name 11 Mountains ( Bonus ) Zion ( Deluxe Edition ) 15 My Best Friend Marty Sampson Joel Houston Best Friend ( 1 ) You Are My World ( 2 ) 13 My Freedom Leah Cooney Awake 6 My Future Decided Jonathon Douglass Joel Houston All of the Above 11 My God Marty Sampson Shout God 's Fame To the Ends of the Earth ( 1 ) 10 To the Ends of the Earth ( 2 ) 14 My Greatest Love is You Russell Fragar My Redeemer Lives ( 1 ) 5 The Secret Place ( 2 ) 6 Touching Heaven Changing Earth ( 1 ) 12 My Heart Is Overwhelmed Dylan Thomas God Is Able 10 My Heart Sings Praises Russell Fragar God Is in the House ( 1 ) Hills Praise ( 1 ) 7 My Heart Will Trust Reuben Morgan Amazing Love ( 3 ) Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 2 ) 5 ( CD 1 ) Touching Heaven Changing Earth ( 1 ) Shout to the Lord 2000 ( 2 ) 7 My Hope Darlene Zschech Hope ( 2 ) 5 ( CD 1 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 14 ( CD 2 ) My Hope Is Jesus Adrian Lewis Songs for Communion My Redeemer Lives Reuben Morgan By Your Side ( 2 ) Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 2 ) 1 ( CD 2 ) My Redeemer Lives ( 3 ) Touching Heaven Changing Earth ( 1 ) Shout to the Lord 2000 ( 3 ) 11 The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 2 ) 3 ( CD 1 ) Ultimate Worship ( 2 ) My Story ( Live ) Reuben Morgan and Jarrad Rogers No Other Name 9 Title Author Album Track Narrow Road Braden Lang God Is Able 9 Need You Here Reuben Morgan Hope ( 2 ) 4 ( CD 1 ) To the Ends of the Earth ( 1 ) 7 Never Alone Matthew Wakeling Awake 11 Ben Tan Tracy Pratt Youth Revival 7 Never Forsaken Benjamin Hastings and Hannah Hobbs Open Heaven / River Wild 12 Never Give Up Brittany Grey Jesus Is My Superhero Never Let Me Go Joel Houston All of the Above 12 New Day Tim Michael Jesus Is : Remix Night Song Kirsty Thornthwaite David Wakerley Jesus Is My Superhero 12 No More Than a Heartbeat Away Reuben Morgan Overwhelmed None but Jesus Brooke Fraser Mighty to Save 12 Ultimate Collection Volume II ( 1 ) 15 United We Stand ( 1 ) 8 No One Like You Joel Houston United We Stand 13 No Other Name ( Live ) Joel Houston and Jonas Myrin No Other Name No Other Name ( Radio Version ) ( Live ) 18 Nothing but the Blood Robert Lowry Songs for Communion Nothing Like Your Love Hillsong United Zion No Reason To Hide Joel Houston , Matt Crocker Faith + Hope + Love 7 Tear Down the Walls Now Is the Time Geoff Bullock Friends in High Places 6 Now That You 're Near Marty Sampson Blessed ( 1 ) To the Ends of the Earth ( 2 ) 11 Ultimate Worship ( 2 ) 12 Nova Joel Houston Matt Crocker Michael Guy Chislett Aftermath 9 O ( edit ) Title Author Album Track Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) Matt Crocker , Joel Houston and Salomon Ligthelm Zion Oceans ( Where Feet May Fail ) ( Reloaded ) Zion ( Deluxe Edition ) 17 Oceans Will Part Ben Fielding Mighty to Save 11 O Come All Ye Faithful / Jesus You Are All I Live For traditional ; arranged by : Russell Fragar Simeon Webster Christmas 12 O Come , O Come Emmanuel traditional ; arranged by Nigel Hendroff Celebrating Christmas 5 O Holy Night traditional ; arranged by : Reuben Morgan Peter King Christmas 8 Oh Holy Spirit Geoff Bullock Stone 's Been Rolled Away 11 Oh How I Love You Julia A'Bell Jesus Is My Superhero 6 Oh the Blood Darlene Zschech Songs for Communion 9 O Little Town of Bethlehem traditional : arranged by : Peter King Celebrating Christmas 6 O Praise the Name ( Anástasis ) Benjamin Hastings Dean Ussher Marty Sampson O Praise the Name ( Anástasis ) Open Heaven / River Wild Oh You Bring Matt Crocker Tear Down the Walls 6 One Thing Marty Sampson Darlene Zschech Saviour King 6 On the Lord 's Day Reuben Morgan Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 1 ) 9 ( CD 2 ) Everyday ( 1 ) One Day Reuben Morgan Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 1 ) 2 ( CD 1 ) For This Cause ( 1 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( CD 1 ) One Desire Joel Houston Blessed 7 One Hope Russell Fragar Darlene Zschech Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 1 ) 8 ( CD 1 ) Simply Worship ( 1 ) 12 One Thing Joel Houston Aodhan King Dylan Thomas Open Heaven / River Wild One Way Jonathon Douglass Joel Houston For All You 've Done ( 2 ) 2 ( CD 1 ) More Than Life ( 1 ) Super Strong God ( 4 ) Ultimate Worship ( 2 ) The One Who Saves Ben Fielding A Beautiful Exchange The Only Name Darlene Zschech Miriam Webster Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Miriam Webster 10 Songs for Communion ( 1 ) Only One Joel Davies Look to You 9 Only One for Me Jay Cook Jesus Is ( 1 ) Jesus Is : Remix ( 2 ) Only Wanna Sing Aodhan King Ben Tan Michael Fatkin Youth Revival Only You Matt Crocker Nathan Finochio Carl Lentz Dylan Thomas Glorious Ruins ( Deluxe Edition ) 15 Open Heaven ( River Wild ) Marty Sampson and Matt Crocker Open Heaven / River Wild Open My Eyes Reuben Morgan A Beautiful Exchange Open Up the Heavens Joel Houston More Than Life O Rejoice Mia Fieldes Celebrating Christmas Our Father Robert Eastwood Simply Worship 2 6 Our Father ( Live ) Brooke Ligertwood , Scott Ligertwood and Jonas Myrin No Other Name 10 O Praise the Name ( Anástasis ) 5 Our God is Love Joel Houston Scott Ligertwood A Beautiful Exchange Overwhelmed Darlene Zschech Overwhelmed Title Author Album Track Passion Aodhan King Bede Benjamin - Korporaal Ben Tan Laura Toggs Youth Revival 12 Pearls and Gold Darlene Zschech Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech 10 ( CD 2 ) People Get Free Russell Fragar All Things Are Possible People Just Like Us Russell Fragar Hills Praise ( 1 ) I Believe the Promise ( 3 ) People Just Like Us ( 1 ) Shout to the Lord ( 2 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 1 ( CD 1 ) Perfect King Damian Bassett King of Majesty 9 Perfect Love Dylan Thomas In a Valley by the Sea Perfect Love ( Mary 's Song ) Darlene Zschech Russell Fragar Christmas ( 1 ) 7 Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 1 ) 7 ( CD 1 ) Point of Difference Joel Houston All of the Above The Potter 's Hand Darlene Zschech Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 2 ) 4 ( CD 2 ) Shout to the Lord 2000 ( 2 ) 8 The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 11 ( CD 1 ) The Secret Place ( 3 ) Touching Heaven Changing Earth ( 1 ) 14 Ultimate Worship ( 1 ) 5 The Power and the Glory Geoff Bullock People Just Like Us 6 The Power of Your Love Geoff Bullock Shout to the Lord ( 2 ) 9 The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 8 ( CD 2 ) The Power of Your Love ( 1 ) 9 Power to Ya John Waller Chosen One 12 Praise Him Matt Crocker Nathan Finnochio Cornerstone ( Deluxe Edition ) 15 Praise His Holy Name Darlene Zschech Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 1 ) 12 ( CD 1 ) Friends in High Places ( 1 ) Hills Praise ( 1 ) 5 Prayer to the King Marty Sampson Everyday 9 Prince of Peace Dylan Thomas Joel Houston Matt Crocker Empires 8 Pursue Aodhan King Hannah Hobbs This Is Living Pursue / All I Need Is You ( Medley ) Aodhan King Hannah Hobbs Marty Sampson Open Heaven / River Wild ( Deluxe Edition ) 16 Q ( edit ) No songs begin with ' Q ' Title Author Album Track Radio David Wakerley Beci Wakerley Super Strong God 9 Rainbow David Wakerley Beci Wakerley Super Strong God Rain Down Martin Smith Stuart Garrard UP : Unified Praise 8 Reaching for You Raymond Badham For This Cause 11 Real Paul Denham Peter King Marty Sampson The Plan 9 Real Love Alexander Pappas Hannah Hobbs Michael Fatkin Youth Revival Real Love ( Studio Version ) Real Love ( Studio Version ) - Single Single The Real Thing Simon Refalo Chosen One 10 Reason I Live Donia Makedonez Amazing Love 9 The Reason I Live Marty Sampson Best Friend 10 The Reason Why Russell Fragar Christmas 5 Redeeming King Scott Hopkins Miriam Webster Songs for Communion 12 Refresh My Heart Lord Geoff Bullock The Power of Your Love 8 Refuge Reuben Morgan Amazing Love 10 Rejoice Donia Makedonez Christmas 9 Relentless Matt Crocker Joel Houston Zion Rest in You Mia Fieldes Look to You 12 Revolution Scott Ligertwood Joel Houston Marty Sampson Michael Guy Chislett Brooke Fraser United We Stand 11 Rise Joel Houston God Is Able River Darlene Zschech Reuben Morgan Simply Worship 3 Rock of the Ages Geoff Bullock Darlene Zschech Friends in High Places Royalty David Wakerley Beci Wakerley Super Strong God Rule Matt Crocker Joel Houston Ben Tennikoff Empires 10 Open Heaven / River Wild ( Deluxe Edition ) 14 Run Joel Houston This Is Our God Running Matt Crocker Scott Ligertwood Cornerstone 8 Title Author Album Track Salvation George Chosen One ( 2 ) Friends in High Places ( 1 ) 8 Salvation Is Here Joel Houston God He Reigns ( 2 ) 2 ( CD 1 ) Look to You ( 1 ) Ultimate Collection Volume II ( 2 ) Save the People Kate Spence Awake 10 Save Them Kate Spence One 10 Saving Grace Michelle Fragar Best Friend Saviour ( 1 ) Simon Refalo Awake Saviour ( 2 ) Darlene Zschech God He Reigns ( 1 ) 5 ( CD 1 ) Songs for Communion ( 2 ) 5 Saviour Christ the King Craig Gower Celebrating Christmas 12 Saviour King Marty Sampson Mia Fieldes All of the Above ( 1 ) 14 Saviour King ( 2 ) 14 Saviour of the World Katia Bowley Christmas Saviour 's Love Gio Galanti Paul Nevison Jesus Is ( 1 ) 7 Jesus Is : Remix ( 2 ) 11 Say the Word Joel Houston Empires Scandal of Grace Ben Tennikoff Joel Houston Matt Crocker Zion Scarlet Hands Aaron Watson Mia Fieldes Songs for Communion 10 Search Me , O God Nigel Hendroff Steve McPherson Faithful 10 Search My Heart Joel Houston Jad Gillies Aftermath 11 Search My Heart ( Radio Version ) 13 Second Chance Braden Lang Scott Ligertwood In a Valley by the Sea Seeking You Marty Sampson Everyday 6 Send It on Down Geron Davis Jump to the Jam 14 Serve the Man Matt Wakeling Adam Primossich The Plan Shadow of Your Wings Reuben Morgan I Believe the Promise ( 2 ) Simply Worship 2 ( 1 ) 5 Shelter House Steve McPherson All Things Are Possible ( 1 ) Hills Praise ( 1 ) 10 Shine for You Marty Sampson More Than Life 13 Shout of The King Ned Davies Blessed ( 1 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( CD 1 ) Shout to the Lord Darlene Zschech Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 3 ) 11 ( CD 2 ) I Believe the Promise ( 4 ) 5 Jump to the Jam ( 2 ) 11 My Redeemer Lives ( 1 ) 6 People Just Like Us ( 1 ) 13 Shout to the Lord ( 3 ) 12 Shout to the Lord 2000 ( 5 ) 13 Simply Worship ( 1 ) 10 The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 3 ) 11 ( CD 2 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 14 ( CD 1 ) Ultimate Worship ( 6 ) 17 Shout unto God Joel Houston Marty Sampson Look to You 6 Shout Your Fame Jonas Myrin Gio Galanti Natasha Bedingfield Paul Nevison Hope ( 1 ) 2 ( CD 2 ) Shout God 's Fame ( 2 ) Ultimate Worship ( 2 ) 6 Show Me Your Ways Russell Fragar Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 7 Simply Worship ( 1 ) 11 The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 6 ( CD 1 ) The Secret Place ( 2 ) 8 Silent Night traditional ; arranged by : Russell Fragar Christmas Simply Worship Steve McPherson David Moyse Overwhelmed Sing ( Your Love ) Reuben Morgan For All You 've Done ( 2 ) 5 ( CD 1 ) More Than Life ( 1 ) 8 Sing Hallelujah Steve McPherson Chosen One Sing of Your Great Love Darlene Zschech By Your Side ( 1 ) 7 Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 1 ) 10 ( CD 1 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 12 ( CD 2 ) Sing To The Lord Mike Guglielmucci Matt Crocker This Is Our God 13 Sinking Deep Joel Davies and Aodhan King We Are Young and Free 12 This Is Living 5 So You Would Come Russell Fragar All Things Are Possible ( 1 ) 14 The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 14 ( CD 2 ) Soldier Marty Sampson Tulele Faletolu More Than Life 14 Solution Joel Houston Matt Crocker All of the Above 10 Son of God Marty Sampson Lincoln Brewster Blessed 6 Song from Heaven Chris Falson Jump to the Jam 9 Song of Freedom Marty Sampson Hope 1 ( CD 2 ) Song of Love Ned Davies Forever 7 Soon Brooke Fraser Tear Down the Walls 8 Sovereign Hands Mia Fieldes United We Stand 14 Spring of Life Paul Ewing Overwhelmed 10 The Stand Joel Houston Ultimate Collection Volume II ( 1 ) 11 United We Stand ( 1 ) 15 Stand in Awe Ben Fielding Reuben Morgan Cornerstone 10 Star of Bethlehem David Moyse Christmas 10 Stay Luke Munns By Your Side 11 Stay and Wait Joel Houston Zion 5 Stay and Wait ( Reloaded ) Zion ( Deluxe Edition ) 18 Steadfast Love of the Lord Donia and John Makedonez Simply Worship 3 12 Steppin ' Out Steve McPherson Chosen One ( 2 ) 11 God Is in the House ( 1 ) Still Reuben Morgan Hope ( 1 ) 6 ( CD 1 ) Ultimate Worship ( 1 ) 13 Street Called Mercy Matt Crocker Joel Houston Empires 5 The Stone 's Been Rolled Away Geoff Bullock Stone 's Been Rolled Away Stronger Reuben Morgan This Is Our God 7 Stronger Than Paul Ewing Best Friend Sunburst ( Bonus ) Matt Crocker Joel Houston Scott Ligertwood Michael Guy Chislett Empires 13 Super Strong God Julia A'Bell David Wakerley Super Strong God 6 Title Author Album Track Take All of Me Marty Sampson For All You 've Done ( 2 ) 4 ( CD 2 ) More Than Life ( 1 ) 5 Take It All Matt Crocker Scott Ligertwood Marty Sampson Mighty to Save ( 2 ) Ultimate Collection Volume II ( 2 ) 10 United We Stand ( 1 ) Take Heart Joel Houston Aftermath Tell the World Jonathon Douglass Joel Houston Marty Sampson God He Reigns ( 2 ) 6 ( CD 2 ) Look to You ( 1 ) Tapestry Ben Tennikoff Joel Houston Matt Crocker Michael Guy Chislett Scott Ligertwood Zion 12 Thank You , Lord Dennis Jernigan God Is in the House ( 1 ) 12 Simply Worship 2 ( 1 ) 11 Thank You Reuben Morgan Ben Fielding A Beautiful Exchange 12 Thank You Jesus ( Live ) Matt Crocker and Hannah Hobbs No Other Name 7 Thank You Jesus ( Alternate Version ) ( Live ) 17 That 's What We Came Here For Darlene Zschech Russell Fragar Shout to the Lord 2000 ( 2 ) 10 The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 17 ( CD 2 ) Touching Heaven Changing Earth ( 1 ) There is Nothing Like Marty Sampson Jonas Myrin God He Reigns ( 2 ) 4 ( CD 2 ) Look to You ( 1 ) 7 Thirst for You Raymond Badham Amazing Love 8 This I Believe ( The Creed ) ( Live ) Matt Crocker and Ben Fielding No Other Name This I Believe ( The Creed ) ( Alternate Version ) ( Live ) 16 This I Believe ( The Creed ) ( Radio Version ) O Praise the Name ( Anástasis ) This Is How We Overcome Reuben Morgan By Your Side ( 1 ) 14 Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 1 ) 2 ( CD 2 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 5 ( CD 2 ) This is Living Joel Davies and Aodhan King This Is Living Open Heaven / River Wild ( Deluxe Edition ) 15 Youth Revival 10 This is Living ( Acoustic ) This Is Living This is our God Reuben Morgan This Is Our God This Kingdom Geoff Bullock Friends in High Places ( 1 ) 14 Shout to the Lord ( 2 ) 10 Through It All Reuben Morgan Blessed 5 ' Til I See You Joel Houston Jadwin Gillies Jesus Is ( 2 ) 8 The I Heart Revolution 4 ( CD 1 ) Jesus Is : Remix ( 3 ) 6 Look to You ( 1 ) 11 ' Til I See Your Face Miriam Webster Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Miriam Webster 11 The Stand Joel Houston The I Heart Revolution 6 The Stand ( Hillsong Young and Free ) The Stand - Single Single The Time Has Come ( 1 ) Geoff Bullock The Power of Your Love The Time Has Come ( 2 ) Joel Houston The I Heart Revolution 1 ( CD 1 ) United We Stand To Be Like You Matt Crocker Brooke Fraser Glorious Ruins 9 To Know Your Name Matt Crocker Saviour King 7 In a Valley by the Sea 6 To My Knees Aodhan King Joel Davies Youth Revival 5 To the Ends of the Earth Joel Houston Marty Sampson Hope ( 2 ) 5 ( CD 2 ) To the Ends of the Earth ( 1 ) 6 Ultimate Collection Volume II ( 2 ) To You Darlene Zschech Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 1 ) 3 ( CD 2 ) You Are My World ( 1 ) 10 To You Alone Reuben Morgan For All You 've Done 7 ( CD 2 ) Touching Heaven Changing Earth Reuben Morgan Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 1 ) 11 ( CD 1 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 3 ( CD 2 ) Touching Heaven Changing Earth ( 1 ) Touching Heaven Changing Earth ( 2 ) 15 Touch the Sky Joel Houston Dylan Thomas Michael Guy Chislett Empires Transfiguration Aodhan King Brooke Ligertwood Scott Ligertwood Taya Smith Open Heaven / River Wild 5 True Disciple Dominic Kelsall The Plan Trust Aodhan King Ben Tan Melodie Wagner Youth Revival 6 Trust in You Joanna Piessens Amazing Love 6 Turn Your Eyes on Jesus Helen Lemel The Secret Place 10 This Is Our God 15 U ( edit ) Title Author Album Track You Are Why ( U.R.Y. ) Kate Spence The Plan 6 Unending Love Jill McCloghry Sam Knock God Is Able Unify Michelle Fragar To the Ends of the Earth Up in Arms Joel Houston Zion V ( edit ) Victor 's Crown Title Author Album Track Walking in the Light Darlene Zschech God Is in the House ( 1 ) 9 My Redeemer Lives ( 1 ) Wake Joel Davies , Hannah Hobbs and Alexander Pappas We Are Young and Free Wake ( Studio Version ) 14 We Declare the Power Bruce Robertson Jump to the Jam We Glorify Your Name Ed Cash Jason Ingram Matt Maher Reuben Morgan Chris Tomlin Glorious Ruins 11 We The Redeemed Jill McCloghry Faith + Hope + Love 11 We Will Rise Geoff Bullock The Power of Your Love We Will See Him Robert Fergusson Reuben Morgan Faith + Hope + Love 12 Welcome in This Place Miriam Webster Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Miriam Webster ( 2 ) 7 God He Reigns ( 1 ) 9 ( CD 1 ) `` What a Beautiful Name Brooke Ligertwood Ben Fielding Let There Be Light 5 What a Friend I 've Found Martin Smith UP : Unified Praise 10 What a Saviour Chris Davenport Joel Houston Open Heaven / River Wild 6 What Child Is This traditional ; arranged by : Peter King Celebrating Christmas 10 What the Lord has Done in Me Reuben Morgan By Your Side ( 1 ) 6 Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 1 ) 11 ( CD 2 ) Songs for Communion ( 2 ) 13 The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 8 ( CD 1 ) What the World Will Never Take Matt Crocker Scott Ligertwood Marty Sampson God He Reigns ( 2 ) 5 ( CD 2 ) Look to You ( 1 ) 8 Whenever I See Geoff Bullock Friends in High Places 5 When I Lost My Heart to You ( Hallelujah ) Joel Houston Empires 6 Where the Love Lasts Forever Joel Houston Jesus Is ( 2 ) 11 Jesus Is : Remix ( 3 ) 7 More Than Life ( 1 ) 9 When the Fight Calls Aodhan King Melodie Wagner Michael Fatkin Scott Ligertwood Youth Revival 8 Where the Spirit of the Lord Is Ben Fielding Glorious Ruins 5 Where We Belong Reuben Morgan Joel Davies This Is Our God 12 Where You Are Alexander Pappas Aodhan King Benjamin Hastings Michael Fatkin Where You Are - Single Single Youth Revival Where You Are ( Radio Version ) 13 Window of Heaven Colin Battersby The Plan With All I Am Reuben Morgan For All You 've Done 4 ( CD 1 ) With Christ Mia Fieldes Songs for Communion 7 With Everything Joel Houston This Is Our God 16 With Us Reuben Morgan Dylan Thomas God Is Able With You Reuben Morgan Blessed 11 Within Your Love Geoff Bullock Stone 's Been Rolled Away 12 Wonder Raymond Badham Amanda Fergusson Faithful 5 The Wonder Of Your Love Jack Mooring Leeland Mooring Marty Sampson Faith + Hope + Love 9 Wonderful God Ned Davies God He Reigns 6 ( CD 1 ) Worthy Is the Lamb Darlene Zschech Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Darlene Zschech ( 2 ) 11 ( CD 1 ) Songs for Communion ( 4 ) 11 The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 9 ( CD 2 ) Ultimate Worship ( 3 ) 16 UP : Unified Praise ( 3 ) You Are My World ( 1 ) 11 X ( edit ) No song titles begin with X . Y ( edit ) Title Author Album Track Yahweh Reuben Morgan Faith + Hope + Love 6 Yes and Amen Russell Fragar Touching Heaven Changing Earth 8 You ( 1 ) Dylan Thomas Paul Andrew All Of The Above 13 You ( 2 ) Joel Houston A Beautiful Exchange 8 You Alone Are God Ben Fielding Reuben Morgan Mighty to Save You Are Faithful Miriam Webster Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Miriam Webster ( 2 ) 9 Saviour King ( 1 ) 13 You Are Here ( The Same Power ) Dave George This Is Our God 9 You Are Holy Reuben Morgan Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 1 ) 4 ( CD 2 ) Forever ( 2 ) 8 The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 4 ( CD 1 ) Touching Heaven Changing Earth ( 1 ) 6 You Are Holy Lord Renate Koch Bruce Robertson Chosen One 5 You Are More Harrison J. Wood God Is Able 8 You Are My God Geoff Bullock Gail Dunshea The Power of Your Love 12 You Are My Lord Katia Bowley Reuben Morgan Chosen One 6 You Are My Rock ( 1 ) Geoff Bullock The Power of Your Love 6 You Are My Rock ( 2 ) Gio Galanti Natasha Bedingfield Shout God 's Fame You Are My Strength Reuben Morgan Saviour King You Are My World Marty Sampson Forever ( 2 ) Super Strong God ( 4 ) 12 ( medley ; chorus ) The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 6 ( CD 2 ) You Are My World ( 1 ) 7 You Are Near Reuben Morgan Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 1 ) 6 ( CD 1 ) Forever ( 2 ) For This Cause ( 1 ) 5 The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 7 ( CD 1 ) You Are the One Geoff Bullock Stone 's Been Rolled Away 14 You Are Worthy Darlene Zschech For All You 've Done 7 ( CD 1 ) You Are / You Are Lord Darlene Zschech Jennifer Va'a Hope 9 ( CD 1 ) You Crown the Year ( Psalm 65 : 11 ) Brooke Fraser Reuben Morgan Glorious Ruins 12 You Deserve Matt Crocker James Dunlop This Is Our God 10 In a Valley by the Sea You Gave Me Love Reuben Morgan Touching Heaven Changing Earth 9 You Give Me Shelter Geoff Bullock Stone 's Been Rolled Away You Hold Me Now Reuben Morgan Tear Down the Walls 9 Faith + Hope + Love 13 You Never Fail Brandon Carter Chris Davenport Joel Houston Glorious Ruins You Placed Your Love Geoff Bullock The Power of Your Love You Reign Matt Crocker In a Valley by the Sea 5 You Rescued Me Geoff Bullock People Just Like Us 5 You Said Reuben Morgan By Your Side ( 1 ) 10 Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 1 ) 7 ( CD 1 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 15 ( CD 2 ) You Saw Me Reuben Morgan Ben Fielding Mia Fieldes Saviour King 10 You Shine Russell Fragar Simply Worship 3 11 You Stand Alone Mark Stevens Steve McPherson You Are My World 5 You Take Me Higher Raymond Badham Everyday 7 You Will Always Be Steve McPherson Jump to the Jam 12 Your Eyes David Wakerley Beci Wakerley Julia A'Bell Jesus Is My Superhero 14 Your Love ( 1 ) Geoff Bullock The Power of Your Love Your Love ( 2 ) Reuben Morgan All Things Are Possible ( 1 ) 13 Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 1 ) 5 ( CD 2 ) Simply Worship 3 ( 1 ) Your Love Is Beautiful Reuben Morgan Raymond Badham Steve Mcpherson Nigel Hendroff Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 1 ) 3 ( CD 1 ) The Platinum Collection Volume 2 : Shout to the Lord 2 ( 1 ) 1 ( CD 2 ) You Are My World ( 1 ) Your Love Keeps Following Me Russell Fragar Hills Praise ( 1 ) 11 People Just Like Us ( 1 ) 8 The Platinum Collection Volume 1 : Shout to the Lord ( 1 ) 6 ( CD 2 ) Your Name Darlene Zschech Stone 's Been Rolled Away Your Name High Joel Houston Tear Down the Walls 11 This Is Our God Your People Sing Praises Russell Fragar God Is in the House ( 1 ) 10 Hills Praise ( 1 ) Your Spirit Luke Munns King of Majesty Your Unfailing Love Reuben Morgan By Your Side ( 2 ) Extravagant Worship : The Songs of Reuben Morgan ( 2 ) 6 ( CD 2 ) Touching Heaven Changing Earth ( 1 ) Yours Forever Joel Davies Braden Lang Tear Down the Walls 12 You 'll Come Brooke Fraser The I Heart Revolution : With Hearts as One ( 1 ) 7 This Is Our God ( 2 ) 14 You 're All I Need Geoff Bullock Friends in High Places 7 You 're Here with Me Jonas Myrin Shout God 's Fame 5 You 're in My Heart Reuben Morgan Overwhelmed 5 You 're the One Gio Galanti Natasha Bedingfield Jesus Is My Superhero 9 Yours Is the Kingdom Joel Houston God He Reigns 8 ( CD 1 ) Z ( edit ) Title Author Album Track Zion ( Interlude ) Hillsong United Zion ( Deluxe Edition ) 9 Note ( edit ) Nameless , instrumental - only tracks such as introductions are not listed . These include : People Just Like Us : track 1 To the Ends of the Earth : track 1 United We Stand : tracks 1 , 7 , 9 and 16 ( labelled as Selah , Hebrew for ' pause ' or ' reflection ' ) Aftermath : track 6 See also ( edit ) Hillsong Church Hillsong musicians List of Hillsong albums ( hide ) Hillsong Ministries Hillsong Church ( Hillsong Brisbane Campus ) Hillsong Church UK Hillsong Church Kiev Hillsong Church São Paulo Hillsong College Hillsong Channel ( joint venture with Trinity Broadcasting Network ) Hillsong Music Albums Musicians Songs Hillsong Worship Hillsong United Hillsong Young & Free Leadership Brian Houston Bobbie Houston Other Hillsong : Let Hope Rise Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Hillsong_songs&oldid=803149572 '' Categories : Hillsong Church Christian music lists Hidden categories : Articles with topics of unclear notability from August 2013 All articles with topics of unclear notability Wikipedia articles needing style editing from August 2013 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from August 2013 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles lacking sources from August 2013 All articles lacking sources Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 19 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings who you say i am by hillsong	[]	[]
1215054309421412669	Only Human (Calum Scott album)	Only Human ( Calum Scott album ) - wikipedia Only Human ( Calum Scott album ) Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There do not appear to be enough references currently present in this article to demonstrate notability . However , a user has performed a search that indicated that this is a notable topic . You can help to improve it by adding citations to reliable sources . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Only Human Studio album by Calum Scott Released 9 March 2018 Recorded 2015 -- 2017 Venue Hollywood , Los Angeles , US ; Hull , London , UK ; Stockholm , Sweden Studio Blue Room Studios , Deborah - J Studios , MyAudiotonic Studios , Paramount Recording Studios , Poinsettia Place Studios , RAK Studios , SuCasa Studios , TempleBase Studios , Wolf Cousins Studios Length 53 : 20 Label Capitol Producer Fraser T Smith ( exec . ) John McIntyre Jayson DeZuzio Phil Paul Warren `` Oak '' Felder OzGo Singles from Only Human `` Dancing on My Own '' Released : 15 April 2016 `` Rhythm Inside '' Released : 25 November 2016 `` You Are the Reason '' Released : 24 November 2017 `` What I Miss Most '' Released : 4 May 2018 Only Human is the debut studio album , written and conducted by British singer / songwriter Calum Scott , released on 9 March 2018 through Capitol Records . Contents ( hide ) 1 Critical reception 2 Track listing 3 Charts 4 References Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating auspOp Express & Star 5 / 10 Gay Times Metro Weekly Renowned for Sound David from auspOp gave the album four of out five , and complimented the `` personal '' lyrics , writing : `` Most of the songs here are a great listen and you can appreciate the effort that 's gone into creating such a great debut '' . Francesca Lamaina of Renowned for Sound gave the album three out of five stars , saying : `` Only Human is a decent debut album ... Some tracks lack of spirit and suffocates among incessant repetitions . However , Calum Scott 's voice is incredibly wonderful . '' Nick Lavine of Gay Times gave the album four of out five and said that `` Only Human offers a classy assortment of soulful stompers , gospel - tinged ballads and more reflective downtempo moments '' , adding : `` This is an impressive and affecting debut that proves there 's much more to Calum Scott than a kinda surprising Robyn cover . '' Track listing ( edit ) Only Human -- Standard edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` If Our Love Is Wrong '' Calum Scott Philip Plested Kane Parfitt Fraser T Smith 3 : 23 2 . `` Give Me Something '' Scott Jayson DeZuzio Hayley Warner DeZuzio 3 : 16 3 . `` Rhythm Inside '' Scott Jonathan Maguire Corey Sanders Kasper Larsen Mich Hansen Smith 3 : 32 4 . `` You Are the Reason '' Scott Maguire Corey Sanders Smith 3 : 24 5 . `` Come Back Home '' Scott Jordan Riley Saunders Smith 3 : 10 6 . `` Stop Myself ( Only Human ) '' Scott Warren `` Oak '' Felder Sean Douglas Talay Riley James Harris III Terry Lewis Felder 3 : 27 7 . `` Dancing on My Own '' Robin Carlsson Patrik Berger Smith Jon McIntyre 4 : 20 8 . `` Only You '' Scott Steve Garrigan Mark Prendergast Smith 3 : 45 9 . `` Wo n't Let You Down '' Scott Phil Cook Saunders Smith 3 : 14 10 . `` What I Miss Most '' Scott Oscar Gorres James Alan Ghaleb Saunders OzGo 3 : 51 11 . `` Hotel Room '' Scott Jamie Scott Saunders Smith 3 : 40 ( show ) Only Human -- Deluxe edition bonus tracks No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 12 . `` Good to You '' Scott Phil Shaouy Ross Golan Phil Paul Andrew Bolooki 3 : 50 13 . `` Not Dark Yet '' Bob Dylan Scott Smith 3 : 35 14 . `` Dancing on My Own '' ( Tiësto Remix ) Carlsson Berger Smith McIntyre Tiësto 3 : 42 ( show ) Only Human -- CD deluxe edition bonus track No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 15 . `` You Are the Reason '' ( Duet version with Leona Lewis ) Scott Maguire Sanders Smith 3 : 10 Notes ( a ) signifies the remixer . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 41 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 35 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 90 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 27 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 75 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 34 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 19 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 26 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 13 UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 66 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Only Human -- Calum Scott Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calum Scott Drops New Single ' What I Miss Most ' '' . Female First . 6 May 2018 . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calum Scott releases new single What I Miss Most '' . Entertainment Focus . May 2018 . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Stickler , Jon ( 24 November 2017 ) . `` Calum Scott Confirms April Shows , Announces Debut Album ' Only Human ' '' . stereoboard.com . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calum Scott Is Only Human '' . AuspOp. 24 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : David ( 26 March 2018 ) . `` David Checks Out Calum Scott 's ' Only Human ' '' . auspOp . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Leigh Sanders ( 18 March 2018 ) . `` Calum Scott , Only Human - album review '' . Express & Star . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Nick Lavine ( 11 March 2018 ) . `` Calum Scott 's impressive debut album proves there 's much more to him than a Robyn cover -- review '' . Gay Times . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Shaun Maunier ( 15 March 2018 ) . `` Music Review : Calum Scott 's Impressive Debut with Only Human '' . Metro Weekly . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Francesca Lamaina ( 28 February 2018 ) . `` Album Review : Calum Scott Only Human '' . Renowned for Sound . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Only Human Standard Vinyl SIGNED '' . shop.virginemi.com . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Only Human ( Deluxe ) ' van Calum Scott '' . iTunes Netherlands . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Only Human by Calum Scott : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Amazon . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Calum Scott -- Only Human '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Calum Scott -- Only Human '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Calum Scott -- Only Human '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calum Scott Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Calum Scott -- Only Human '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Calum Scott -- Only Human '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Calum Scott '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ. 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Calum Scott -- Only Human '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calum Scott Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Only_Human_(Calum_Scott_album)&oldid=843633289 '' Categories : 2018 debut albums Albums by British artists Albums produced by Fraser T Smith Albums produced by Warren `` Oak '' Felder Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking page references from March 2018 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 12 : 19 . About Wikipedia	when is calum scott's album being released	[]	[]
-7720331182507484373	Branch Rickey	Branch Rickey - wikipedia Branch Rickey Jump to : navigation , search Branch Rickey Rickey in 1912 Catcher / Manager / Executive Born : ( 1881 - 12 - 20 ) December 20 , 1881 Portsmouth , Ohio Died : December 9 , 1965 ( 1965 - 12 - 09 ) ( aged 83 ) Columbia , Missouri Batted : Left Threw : Right MLB debut June 16 , 1905 , for the St. Louis Cardinals Last MLB appearance August 25 , 1914 , for the St. Louis Cardinals MLB statistics Batting average . 239 Hits 82 Home runs Runs batted in 39 Games managed 1,277 Managerial record 597 -- 664 Winning % . 473 Teams As player St. Louis Browns ( 1905 -- 1906 ) New York Highlanders ( 1907 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1914 ) As manager St. Louis Browns ( 1913 -- 1915 ) St. Louis Cardinals ( 1919 -- 1925 ) As general manager St. Louis Browns ( 1913 -- 1915 , 1919 ) St. Louis Cardinals ( 1919 -- 1942 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1943 -- 1950 ) Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1950 -- 1955 ) Career highlights and awards 4 × World Series Champion : ( 1926 , 1931 , 1934 , 1942 ) 4 × National League pennant : 1928 , 1930 , 1947 , 1949 Played major part in development of the farm system Signed Jackie Robinson for the Dodgers and helped integrate African - American baseball players into Major League Baseball in 1947 Signed Roberto Clemente for the Pirates , opening Major League Baseball for Latino players . St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Induction 1967 Election Method Veterans Committee Branch Rickey Battling Bishops Career information College Ohio Wesleyan University University of Michigan Career history As coach 1904 -- 1905 Allegheny College 1907 -- 1908 Ohio Wesleyan University 1910 -- 1913 University of Michigan As player 1902 -- 1903 Shelby Blues Military career Allegiance United States Service / branch U.S. Army Years of service 1917 -- 1918 Rank Major Unit Chemical Warfare Service 1st Gas Regiment Battles / wars World War I Western Front Wesley Branch Rickey ( December 20 , 1881 -- December 9 , 1965 ) was an American sports executive . He was perhaps best known for breaking Major League Baseball 's color barrier by signing African American player Jackie Robinson , for drafting the first Hispanic superstar , Roberto Clemente , for creating the framework for the modern minor league farm system , for encouraging the Major Leagues to add new teams through his involvement in the proposed Continental League , and for introducing the batting helmet . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1967 . Rickey played in MLB for the St. Louis Browns and New York Highlanders from 1905 through 1907 . After struggling as a player , Rickey returned to college , where he learned about administration from Philip Bartelme . Returning to MLB in 1913 , Rickey embarked on a successful managing and executive career with the St. Louis Browns , the St. Louis Cardinals , Brooklyn Dodgers and Pittsburgh Pirates . The Cardinals elected him to their team Hall of Fame in 2014 . Rickey also had a career in the sport of American football , as a player for the professional Shelby Blues and as a coach at Ohio Wesleyan University and Allegheny College . His many achievements and deep Christian faith earned him the nickname `` the Mahātmā . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Professional playing career 2.1. 1 Football 2.1. 2 Baseball 2.2 Return to college 2.3 Return to professional baseball 2.4 World War I ( 1917 -- 19 ) 2.5 St. Louis Cardinals ( 1919 -- 42 ) 2.5. 1 Fruition of the farm system 2.6 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1942 -- 50 ) 2.6. 1 Further innovations 2.6. 2 Breaking the color barrier 2.6. 3 Later career with Dodgers 2.7 Pirates 2.8 Return to Cardinals 3 Death 4 Honors and legacy 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 Additional reading 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Rickey was born in Stockdale , Ohio , the son of Jacob Frank Rickey and Emily ( née Brown ) . Rickey was a relative of Beth Rickey , a Louisiana political activist . He graduated from Valley High School in Lucasville , Ohio , in 1899 , and he was a catcher on the baseball team at Ohio Wesleyan University , where he obtained his B.A. Rickey was a member of the Delta Tau Delta Fraternity . Rickey was a Master Mason in Tuscan Lodge # 240 in Saint Louis . After arriving in Brooklyn , Rickey joined Montauk Masonic Lodge # 286 in Brooklyn . Stricken with tuberculosis , he took the `` cure '' in Saranac Lake , New York in 1908 and 1909 at the Trudeau Sanatorium . Later , he moved into the Jacob Schiff cottage . Career ( edit ) Professional playing career ( edit ) Before his front office days , Rickey played both football and baseball professionally . He played in both baseball 's minor and major leagues . Football ( edit ) In 1902 , Rickey played professional football for the Shelby Blues of the `` Ohio League '' , the direct predecessor to the modern National Football League ( NFL . ) Rickey often played for pay with Shelby while he was attending Ohio Wesleyan . During his time with Shelby , Rickey became friends with his teammate Charles Follis , who was the first black professional football player . He also played against him on October 17 , 1903 , when Follis ran for a 70 - yard touchdown against the Ohio Wesleyan football team . After that game Rickey praised Follis , calling him `` a wonder . '' It is also possible that Follis ' poise and class under the pressures of such racial tension , as well as his exceptional play in spite of it , could have inspired Rickey to sign Jackie Robinson decades later . Baseball ( edit ) In 1903 , Rickey signed a contract with Terre Haute , Indiana of the Class B Central League , making his professional debut on June 20 . Rickey was assigned to Le Mars , Iowa of the Class D Iowa -- South Dakota League . During this period , Rickey also spent two seasons -- 1904 and 1905 -- coaching baseball , basketball and football and teaching at Allegheny College in Pennsylvania where he also served as Athletic Director . Rickey debuted in the major leagues , with the St. Louis Browns in 1905 . Sold to the New York Highlanders in 1907 , Rickey could neither hit nor field while with the club , and his batting average dropped below . 200 . One opposing team stole 13 bases in one game while Rickey was behind the plate , setting a record which still stands a century later . Rickey also injured his throwing arm and retired as a player after just one year . Return to College ( edit ) Rickey attended the University of Michigan , where he received his J.D. While at Michigan , Rickey applied for the job as Michigan 's baseball coach . Rickey asked every alumnus he had ever met to write letters to Philip Bartelme , the school 's athletic director , on his behalf . Bartelme recalled , `` Day after day those letters came in . '' Bartelme was reportedly impressed with Rickey 's passion for baseball and his idealism about the proper role of athletics on a college campus . Bartelme convinced the dean of the law school that Rickey could handle his law studies while serving as the school 's baseball coach . Bartelme reportedly called Rickey into his office to tell him he had the job if only `` to put a stop to those damn letters that come in every day . '' The hiring also marked the beginning of a lifelong friendship and business relationship between Rickey and Bartelme . Bartelme and Rickey worked together for most of the next 35 years , and in 1944 a California newspaper noted : `` He and Rickey have had a close association in baseball ever since Bartelme was head of the athletic department of the University of Michigan where Rickey took to baseball just as a means to build up his failing health . '' During his four years as head baseball coach from 1910 - 1913 his record was 68 - 32 - 4 . Return to professional baseball ( edit ) Rickey batting for the Browns in 1906 . Rickey returned to the big leagues in 1913 , as a front office executive with the Browns . He was responsible for signing young George Sisler . Rickey became the team 's manager for the final 12 games of the season , and managed the team for two more full seasons . But the Browns finished under . 500 both years . World War I ( 1917 -- 19 ) ( edit ) Rickey served as an officer in the U.S. Army in France during World War I. He commanded a chemical training unit that included Ty Cobb and Christy Mathewson . Rickey served in the 1st Gas Regiment during the war , and spent over four months as a member of the Chemical Warfare Service . St. Louis Cardinals ( 1919 -- 42 ) ( edit ) Further information : History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1920 -- 52 ) He then returned to St. Louis in 1919 , but clashed with new Browns owner Phil Ball and jumped to the crosstown rivals Cardinals , to become team president and manager . In 1920 , Rickey gave up the team presidency to the Cards ' new majority owner , Sam Breadon . The Cardinals wore uniforms for the first time that featured the two familiar cardinal birds perched on a baseball bat over the name `` Cardinals '' with the letter `` C '' of the word hooked over the bat in 1922 . The concept of this pattern originated in a Presbyterian church in Ferguson , Missouri , at which Rickey was speaking . He noticed a colorful cardboard arrangement featuring two cardinal birds perched on a branch on a table . The arrangement 's designer was a woman named Allie May Schmidt . Schmidt 's father , a graphic designer , assisted Rickey in creating the logo that is part of a familiar staple on Cardinals uniforms . Under Rickey 's leadership as on - the - field manager for six relatively mediocre years , the Cardinals posted winning records from 1921 to 1923 . Breadon fired him early in the 1925 season . However , he could not deny Rickey 's acumen for player development , and offered to let him stay to run the front office . An embittered Rickey stated , `` You ca n't do this to me , Sam . You are ruining me . '' `` No '' , Breadon responded . `` I am doing you the greatest favor one man has ever done to another . '' Rickey had wisely invested in several minor league baseball clubs , using them to develop future talent and supplement the Cardinals major league roster . At 43 years of age upon his firing , he had been a player , manager and executive in the Major Leagues . However , there had been little indication to this point that he would ever belong in the Baseball Hall of Fame . Although he was not the first executive titled as a general manager in Major League Baseball history -- his actual title was business manager -- through his activities , including inventing and building the farm system , Rickey came to embody the position of the baseball operations executive who mastered scouting , player acquisition and development and business affairs , which is the definition of the modern GM . Second baseman Rogers Hornsby , winner of two Major League Baseball Triple Crowns , replaced Rickey to become a player - manager , and in 1926 , his first full year as manager , Hornsby then led the Cardinals to their first World Series championship . Fruition of the farm system ( edit ) Rickey with the Cardinals By 1930 , Rickey 's Cardinals , known as the `` Gashouse Gang '' , were the class of the National League . They won 101 games in 1931 and won the World Series in seven games . The star of the 1931 World Series was rookie Pepper Martin , one of the first Cardinal stars that came from Branch 's minor league system . Soon , other minor league graduates joined the team , among them future hall of famers Dizzy Dean and Joe Medwick , nicknamed `` Ducky '' , and Dean 's brother Paul `` Daffy '' Dean . The Deans and Medwick were integral parts of the 1934 Cardinals , who won the franchise 's third World Series title . Kenesaw Mountain Landis , the Commissioner of Baseball , was concerned that Rickey 's minor league system was going to ruin baseball by destroying existing minor league teams , and he twice released over 70 Cardinal minor leaguers . Despite Landis ' efforts , Rickey 's minor league system stayed in existence , and similar systems were adopted by every major league team within a few years . Arguably , the farm system saved the minor leagues , by keeping them necessary after the television age began and minor league attendance figures declined . Rickey continued to develop the Cardinals up until the early 1940s . In his final year at St. Louis , 1942 , the Cardinals had their best season in franchise history , winning 106 games and the World Series title . The team was led by a new crop of players developed by the Cardinals , two of whom , Enos Slaughter and Stan Musial , became Hall of Famers ; and several others , among them future MVP Marty Marion , who were among the best at their position during their eras . Even their manager Billy Southworth was a product of their farm system . Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1942 -- 50 ) ( edit ) Rickey was a good friend of Brooklyn Dodgers general manager Larry MacPhail , himself a sound baseball man . MacPhail enlisted in the army to serve in World War II after the 1942 season , and the Dodgers hired Branch Rickey to replace him as President and GM , ending a tenure of over two decades with the Cardinals . Further innovations ( edit ) Rickey continued to innovate in his time with Brooklyn . He was responsible for the first full - time spring training facility , in Vero Beach , Florida , and encouraged the use of now - commonplace tools such as the batting cage , pitching machines , and batting helmets . He also pioneered the use of statistical analysis in baseball ( what is now known as sabermetrics ) , when he hired statistician Allan Roth as a full - time analyst for the Dodgers in 1947 . After viewing Roth 's evidence , Rickey promoted the idea that on - base percentage was a more important hitting statistic than batting average . While working under Rickey , Roth was also the first person to provide statistical evidence that platoon effects were real and quantifiable . Breaking the color barrier ( edit ) Rickey 's most memorable act with the Dodgers involved signing Jackie Robinson , thus breaking baseball 's color barrier , which had been an unwritten rule since the 1880s . This policy had continued under a succession of baseball leaders , including Landis , who was openly opposed to integrating Major League Baseball for what he regarded as legitimate reasons . Landis died in 1944 , but Rickey had already set the process in motion , having sought ( and gained ) approval from the Dodgers Board of Directors in 1943 to begin the search for `` the right man . '' On August 28 , 1945 , Rickey signed Robinson to a minor league contract . Robinson had been playing in the Negro leagues for the Kansas City Monarchs . On October 23 , 1945 , it was announced that Robinson would join the Montreal Royals , the Dodgers ' International League affiliate , for the 1946 season . He would end up as the league 's batting champion , and led the Royals to a dominant league championship . There was no statute officially banning blacks from baseball , only a universally recognized unwritten rule which no club owner was prepared to break that was perpetuated by culturally entrenched racism and a desire by club owners to be perceived as representing the values and beliefs of everyday American white men . The service of black Americans in the Second World War , and the celebrated pre-war achievements of black athletes in American sports , such as Joe Louis in boxing and Jesse Owens in track , helped pave the way for the cultural shift necessary to break the barrier . Rickey knew that Robinson would face racism and discrimination . Rickey made it clear in their momentous first meeting that he anticipated wide - scale resistance both inside and outside baseball to opening its doors to Negroes . As predicted by Rickey , right from the start Robinson faced obstacles among his teammates and other teams ' players . No matter how harsh the white people were towards Robinson , he could not retaliate . Robinson had agreed with Rickey not to lose his temper and jeopardize the chances of all the blacks who would follow him if he could help break down the barriers . Usually placing fourth in team stats he still made history ending up in Baseball 's Hall of Fame . Red Barber recounted in Ken Burns 's documentary Baseball that Rickey 's determination to desegregate Major League Baseball was born out of a combination of idealism and astute business sense . The idealism was at least partially rooted in an incident involving a team for which Rickey worked early on . While managing at Ohio Wesleyan University , a black player , Charles Thomas , was extremely upset at being refused accommodation , because of his race , at the hotel where the team stayed . Though an infuriated Rickey managed to get him into the hotel for the night , he never forgot the incident and later said , `` I may not be able to do something about racism in every field , but I can sure do something about it in baseball . '' The business element was based on the fact that the Negro Leagues had numerous star athletes , and logically , the first Major League team to hire them would get first pick of the players at an attractive price . At the time , Mexican brewery czar Jorge Pasquel was raiding America for black talent ( e.g. , Satchel Paige ) , as well as disgruntled white players , for the Mexican League with the idea of creating an integrated league that could compete on a talent level with the U.S. major leagues . However idealistic , Rickey did not compensate Monarchs ownership for the rights to obtain Robinson , nor did he pay for rights to Don Newcombe , who would also join the Dodgers from a Negro leagues club . Rickey also attempted to sign Monte Irvin but Newark Eagles business owner Effa Manley refused to allow Irvin to leave her club without compensation . When she threatened to sue him in court , Rickey stopped the pursuit of Irvin , who would later sign with the New York Giants . Amid much fanfare , Jackie debuted , and turned out to be a success . Robinson was baseball 's first rookie of the year , and while he was often jeered by opposing baseball players , managers , and fans , he became extremely popular with the American public . His success became the crowning achievement of Rickey 's illustrious career . His Dodgers would make the World Series that year . Although they lost in seven games to the New York Yankees , Rickey 's vision and action had set the stage for the Dodgers to be contenders for decades to come . And it opened the door for other leaders like Larry Doby of the Cleveland Indians , who integrated the American League in 1947 , as well . Later career with Dodgers ( edit ) In 1950 , there were four owners of the Dodgers , each with one quarter of the franchise . When one of the four ( John L. Smith ) died , Walter O'Malley took control of that quarter . Also in 1950 , Branch Rickey 's contract as Dodger president expired , and Walter O'Malley decided that were Rickey to retain the job , almost all of Rickey 's power would be gone ; for example , he would no longer take a percentage of every franchise sale ; Rickey declined a new contract as President . Then , in order to be a majority owner , O'Malley offered to buy Rickey 's portion . Seeing no reason to hold on to the club , Rickey decided to comply . However , in a final act of retaliation against O'Malley , Rickey instead offered the club percentage to a friend for one million dollars . His chances at complete franchise control at risk , O'Malley was forced to offer more money , and Rickey finally sold his portion for $1,050,000 . Pirates ( edit ) After leaving the Dodgers , Rickey was offered the position of general manager for the Pittsburgh Pirates . During the 1953 season , the Pirates became the first team to permanently adopt batting helmets on both offense and defense . These helmets resembled a primitive fiberglass `` miner 's cap '' . This was the mandate of Rickey , who also owned stock in the company producing the helmets . Under Rickey 's orders , all Pirate players had to wear the helmets both at bat and in the field . The helmets became a permanent feature for all Pirate hitters , but within a few weeks the team began to abandon their use of helmets on defense , partly because of their awkwardly heavy feel . Once the Pirates discarded the helmets on defense , the trend disappeared from the game . After presiding over a last place season with the Pirates , Branch Rickey proposed cutting the pay of power superstar Ralph Kiner . When Kiner objected , Rickey famously quipped , `` Son , we could have finished last without you ! '' Health problems forced Branch Rickey to retire in 1955 ; however , his contributions would help lead to a World Championship for Pittsburgh in 1960 . This includes the drafting of Roberto Clemente . Return to Cardinals ( edit ) On October 29 , 1962 , Rickey returned to the Cardinals exactly 20 years to the day he left to become general consultant on production and development of Cardinal players . He had previously worked as a field manager , business manager , and vice president for the Cardinals from 1917 until 1942 . He returned to be closer to home after suffering a heart attack in Canada a year earlier and after the death of his son Branch Rickey , Jr . Rickey near the stadium in Cincinnati Death ( edit ) A public speaker in his later years , on November 13 , 1965 , Rickey collapsed in the middle of a speech in Columbia , Missouri , as he was being elected to the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame . He had told a story of physical courage and was about to relate an illustration from the Holy Bible . `` Now I 'm going to tell you a story from the Bible about spiritual courage , '' he said . Rickey murmured he could not continue , collapsed and never spoke again . He faltered , fell back into his seat and slipped onto the floor . He never regained consciousness . His brain was damaged when his breathing stopped momentarily , though his heart picked up its rhythm again . Through the next 26 days , hospitalized in a coma , there was little change . On December 9 , at about 10 p.m. he died of heart failure at Boone County Memorial Hospital in Columbia , Missouri , 11 days before his 84th birthday . Branch Rickey was interred at Rush Township Burial Park in Rushtown , Ohio , near where his parents , his widow Jane ( who died in 1971 ) , and three of his children ( including his son , Branch Rickey Jr. , who died from complications of diabetes in 1961 ) also rest . Rickey 's grave overlooks the Scioto Valley , about three miles from his boyhood home in Stockdale , Ohio . Honors and legacy ( edit ) In addition to Rickey 's election to the Baseball Hall of Fame as a contributor in 1967 , in 1997 he was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame , in 2009 he was elected to the College Baseball Hall of Fame . In January 2014 , the Cardinals announced Rickey among 22 former players and personnel to be inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum for the inaugural class of 2014 . A ballpark in Portsmouth , Ohio , once used by the Portsmouth Explorers , a charter member of the Frontier League before the club folded in 1996 , is named in Rickey 's honor . The Branch Rickey Arena at Ohio Wesleyan University is also named in his honor . A section of State Highway 23 in Ohio , running north from the Franklin County border to the city of Delaware , has been named the Branch Rickey Memorial Highway . In 1992 , Rotary International of Denver , Colorado , created the Branch Rickey Award , which is given annually to a Major League Baseball player in recognition of exceptional community service . Outside of Coors Field in Denver is a monument to Rickey by the sculptor George Lundeen , dedicated in 2005 , with this simple inscription : It is not the honor that you take with you but the heritage you leave behind . Another quotation attributed to Rickey is : Luck is the residue of design . His descendants also became involved in baseball : his son , Branch Jr. , who died four years before his father , and Branch Rickey III , a president of the Pacific Coast League . In popular Culture ( edit ) In the 1950 movie The Jackie Robinson Story , he is portrayed by Minor Watson . In the 1996 HBO movie Soul of the Game Rickey is played by Edward Herrmann . In the 2013 film 42 , Rickey is played by Harrison Ford . Rickey 's great - granddaughter , actress Kelley Jakle , also appears in the film . Rickey is featured in the 2013 book Dissident Gardens by Jonathan Lethem . See also ( edit ) Biography portal Baseball portal Ohio portal Pennsylvania portal Missouri portal List of Major League Baseball player -- managers List of St. Louis Cardinals owners and executives History of the Brooklyn Dodgers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rickey , Branch ( 1890 -- 1969 ) . `` Branch Rickey papers '' . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Tom Sharpe , `` Eizabeth Ann ' Beth ' Rickey , 1956 - 2009 : David Duke nemesis dies in Santa Fe Activist who helped scuttle neo-Nazi's political career had hoped to rebuild life here '' `` . Santa Fe New Mexican . September 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Redrup , Jessie Dunathan . `` Branch Rickey with Delta Tau Delta fraternity brothers '' . Branch Rickey Collection . Ohio Wesleyan University . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Well Known Freemasons '' . Grand Lodge of British Columbia . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Milt ( 1980 ) . `` Charles Follis '' ( PDF ) . Coffin Corner . Professional Football Researchers Association . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 27 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Nash , Kimberly . `` Breaking Pro Football 's Color Line : The Story of Charles W. Follis '' . Bleacher Report . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Law Quadrangle Notes '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray Polner , Branch B. Rickey ( 2007 ) . Branch Rickey : A Biography , p. 57 . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2643 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lowenfish , p. 49 , Jump up ^ Lowenfish , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Polner , p. 57 . Jump up ^ `` Bartelme Is Scout '' . Fresno Bee Republican . 1944 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Baseball ( TV series ) Jump up ^ Polner , Murray , and Rickey , Branch . Branch Rickey : A Biography , ( Google Books ) , McFarland , 2007 , p. 76 , ( ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2643 - 8 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Theme of the week '' . www.stlouis.cardinals.mlb.com Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Goodby to Some Old Baseball Ideas '' . www.baseballthinkfactory.org . ^ Jump up to : Jackie Robinson and the Integration of Major League Baseball . By : Rubinstein , William D. , History Today , 00182753 , September 2003 , Vol. 53 , Issue 9 . Jump up ^ Beyond the box score : Jackie Robinson , civil rights crusader , Negro History Bulletin , 1995 p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Robinson Breaks Baseball 's Color Barrier , 1945 '' . www.eyewitnesstohistory.com . Jump up ^ I never had it made . Jackie Robinson ; New York , 1972 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Ilan Stavans , ed. ( 2012 ) . Béisbol . The Ilan Stavans Library of Latino Civilization . Santa Barbara , California : Greenwood . ISBN 9780313375132 . Jump up ^ Simons , William M. Alvin L. Hall , ed . The Cooperstown Symposium on Baseball and American Culture , 2000 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 0786411201 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland A 's Fan Coalition -- Athletics baseball enthusiasts dedicated to watching a winner '' . Oaklandfans.com . July 12 , 1980 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Branch Rickey Returns to Cardinals After 20 Years '' . Nevada , Missouri : Nevada Daily Mail . 30 October 1962 . p. 6 . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ St. Louis Walk of Fame . `` St. Louis Walk of Fame Inductees '' . stlouiswalkoffame.org . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` College Baseball Hall of Fame : Hall of Famers : 2009 Inductees '' . www.collegebaseballhall.org . Jump up ^ Cardinals Press Release ( January 18 , 2014 ) . `` Cardinals establish Hall of Fame & detail induction process '' . www.stlouis.cardinals.mlb.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Branch Rickey Park '' . Shawnee State Bears . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Branch Rickey Memorial Highway '' . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Yale Book of Quotations , citing The Sporting News , February 21 , 1946 . Jump up ^ `` Branch rickey jr. , dies '' . The Washington Post , Times Herald ( 1959 - 1973 ) . April 11 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Paisley , Joe ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Commissioner Branch Rickey III likes what PCL is doing while watching Colorado Springs Sky Sox lose '' . TCA Regional News . Jump up ^ Harris , Aisha ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Trailer Critic 42 '' . Slate . Jump up ^ `` Actress Kelley Jakle of `` 42 '' `` . The McCarthy Project . March 29 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Additional reading ( edit ) Branch Rickey : Baseball 's Ferocious Gentleman , by Lee Lowenfish ( University of Nebraska Press ) ; winner of the Seymour Medal for 2008 , nominee for 2007 CASEY Award , Roy Kaplan 's Baseball Bookshelf Branch Rickey : A Biography by Murray Polner Atheneum ; Signet ; and MacFarland , publishers Branch Rickey by Jimmy Breslin ; Viking 2011 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Branch Rickey . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Branch Rickey Career statistics and player information from Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Branch Rickey managerial career statistics at Baseball-Reference.com Branch Rickey at the Baseball Hall of Fame Branch Rickey at Find a Grave Allegheny Gators head football coaches No coach ( 1893 -- 1894 ) No team ( 1895 ) No coach ( 1896 ) Charles N. Crosby ( 1897 ) Martin Smallwood ( 1898 ) Alonzo G. Brown ( 1899 ) Fred E. Heckel ( 1900 ) Edward N. Eisenberg ( 1901 ) V.P. Whelan ( 1902 ) Walter E. Bachman ( 1903 ) Branch Rickey ( 1904 -- 1905 ) Charles B. Lewis ( 1906 ) Herbert Scheetz ( 1907 -- 1908 ) E.J. Stewart ( 1909 -- 1910 ) David L. Dunlap ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Charles Hammett ( 1913 -- 1917 ) Carl A. Gilbert ( 1918 ) Charles Hammett ( 1919 ) Clarence Applegran ( 1920 ) Herb McCracken ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Tom Davies ( 1924 -- 1925 ) Mel Merritt ( 1926 -- 1928 ) Harry W. Crum ( 1929 -- 1931 ) Waldo S. Tippin ( 1932 -- 1934 ) Karl J. Lawrence ( 1935 -- 1940 ) Alfred C. Werner ( 1941 -- 1942 ) No team ( 1943 -- 1945 ) Bob Garbark ( 1946 ) Bill Daddio ( 1947 -- 1951 ) David C. Henderson ( 1952 -- 1953 ) William R. Moore ( 1954 -- 1957 ) John R. Chuckran ( 1958 -- 1969 ) Sam T. Timer ( 1970 -- 1983 ) Robert Wolfe ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Peter Vaas ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Ken O'Keefe ( 1990 -- 1997 ) Blair Hrovat ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Mark Matlak ( 2002 -- 2015 ) B.J. Hammer ( 2016 -- ) Ohio Wesleyan Battling Bishops head football coaches No coach ( 1890 -- 1891 ) Lilly ( 1892 ) No coach ( 1893 ) George Dygert ( 1894 ) Scott & Holly Farrar ( 1895 ) Dick ( 1896 ) Fielding H. Yost ( 1897 ) C. Sumner Welch ( 1898 ) Ritchie ( 1899 ) G.A. Teller ( 1900 ) Sam Boyle ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Victor M. Place ( 1903 -- 1905 ) Branch Rickey ( 1906 -- 1908 ) Lynn St. John ( 1909 -- 1911 ) M.B. Banks ( 1912 ) Roy Thomas ( 1913 ) Frederick Dixon ( 1914 -- 1915 ) Charles McCoy ( 1916 -- 1917 ) Harry W. Ewing ( 1918 -- 1920 ) George Gauthier ( 1921 -- 1946 ) Glenn Fraser ( 1947 -- 1963 ) Jack Fouts ( 1964 -- 1983 ) Steve Farkasovsky ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Mike Hollway ( 1987 -- 2011 ) Tom Watts ( 2012 -- ) Michigan Wolverines head baseball coaches No coach ( 1866 -- 1890 ) Pete Conway ( 1891 -- 1892 ) No coach ( 1893 -- 1895 ) Frank Sexton ( 1896 ) Charles F. Watkins ( 1897 -- 1898 ) Henry Clarke ( 1898 -- 1899 ) Charles F. Watkins ( 1900 ) Frank Sexton ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Skel Roach ( 1903 ) Jerome Utley ( 1904 ) Sport McAllister ( 1905 -- 1906 ) Bobby Lowe ( 1907 ) Sport McAllister ( 1908 -- 1909 ) Branch Rickey ( 1910 -- 1913 ) Carl Lundgren ( 1914 -- 1920 ) Ray Fisher ( 1921 -- 1958 ) Don Lund ( 1959 -- 1962 ) Moby Benedict ( 1963 -- 1979 ) Bud Middaugh ( 1980 -- 1989 ) Bill Freehan ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Geoff Zahn ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Chris Harrison ( 2002 ) Rich Maloney ( 2003 -- 2012 ) Erik Bakich ( 2013 -- ) St. Louis Browns / Baltimore Orioles managers Hugh Duffy ( 1901 ) Jimmy McAleer ( 1902 -- 1909 ) Jack O'Connor ( 1910 ) Bobby Wallace ( 1911 -- 1912 ) George Stovall ( 1912 -- 1913 ) Jimmy Austin ( 1913 ) Branch Rickey ( 1913 -- 1915 ) Fielder Jones ( 1916 -- 1918 ) Jimmy Austin ( 1918 ) Jimmy Burke ( 1918 -- 1920 ) Lee Fohl ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Jimmy Austin ( 1923 ) George Sisler ( 1924 -- 1926 ) Dan Howley ( 1927 -- 1929 ) Bill Killefer ( 1930 -- 1933 ) Allen Sothoron ( 1933 ) Rogers Hornsby ( 1933 -- 1937 ) Jim Bottomley ( 1937 ) Gabby Street ( 1938 ) Ski Melillo ( 1938 ) Fred Haney ( 1939 -- 1941 ) Luke Sewell ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Zack Taylor ( 1946 ) Muddy Ruel ( 1947 ) Zack Taylor ( 1948 -- 1951 ) Rogers Hornsby ( 1952 ) Marty Marion ( 1952 -- 1953 ) Jimmy Dykes ( 1954 ) Paul Richards ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Lum Harris ( 1961 ) Billy Hitchcock ( 1962 -- 1963 ) Hank Bauer ( 1964 -- 1968 ) Earl Weaver ( 1968 -- 1982 ) Joe Altobelli ( 1983 -- 1985 ) Cal Ripken ( 1985 ) Earl Weaver ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Cal Ripken ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Frank Robinson ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Johnny Oates ( 1991 -- 1994 ) Phil Regan ( 1995 ) Davey Johnson ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Ray Miller ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Mike Hargrove ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Lee Mazzilli ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Sam Perlozzo ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Dave Trembley ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Juan Samuel ( 2010 ) Buck Showalter ( 2010 -- ) St. Louis Cardinals managers Ned Cuthbert ( 1882 ) Ted Sullivan ( 1883 ) Charles Comiskey ( 1883 ) Jimmy Williams ( 1884 ) Charles Comiskey ( 1884 -- 1889 ) Tommy McCarthy ( 1890 ) John Kerins ( 1890 ) Chief Roseman ( 1890 ) Count Campau ( 1890 ) Joe Gerhardt ( 1890 ) Charles Comiskey ( 1891 ) Jack Glasscock ( 1892 ) Cub Stricker ( 1892 ) Jack Crooks ( 1892 ) George Gore ( 1892 ) Bob Caruthers ( 1892 ) Bill Watkins ( 1893 ) Doggie Miller ( 1894 ) Al Buckenberger ( 1895 ) Chris von der Ahe ( 1895 ) Joe Quinn ( 1895 ) Lew Phelan ( 1895 ) Harry Diddlebock ( 1896 ) Arlie Latham ( 1896 ) Chris von der Ahe ( 1896 ) Roger Connor ( 1896 ) Tommy Dowd ( 1896 -- 1897 ) Hugh Nicol ( 1897 ) Bill Hallman ( 1897 ) Chris von der Ahe ( 1897 ) Tim Hurst ( 1898 ) Patsy Tebeau ( 1899 -- 1900 ) Louie Heilbroner ( 1900 ) Patsy Donovan ( 1901 -- 1903 ) Kid Nichols ( 1904 -- 1905 ) Jimmy Burke ( 1905 ) Stanley Robison ( 1905 ) John McCloskey ( 1906 -- 1908 ) Roger Bresnahan ( 1909 -- 1912 ) Miller Huggins ( 1913 -- 1917 ) Jack Hendricks ( 1918 ) Branch Rickey ( 1919 -- 1925 ) Rogers Hornsby ( 1925 -- 1926 ) Bob O'Farrell ( 1927 ) Bill McKechnie ( 1928 ) Billy Southworth ( 1929 ) Gabby Street ( 1929 ) Bill McKechnie ( 1929 ) Gabby Street ( 1930 -- 1933 ) Frankie Frisch ( 1933 -- 1938 ) Mike González ( 1938 ) Ray Blades ( 1939 -- 1940 ) Mike González ( 1940 ) Billy Southworth ( 1940 -- 1945 ) Eddie Dyer ( 1946 -- 1950 ) Marty Marion ( 1951 ) Eddie Stanky ( 1952 -- 1955 ) Harry Walker ( 1955 ) Fred Hutchinson ( 1956 -- 1958 ) Stan Hack ( 1958 ) Solly Hemus ( 1959 -- 1961 ) Johnny Keane ( 1961 -- 1964 ) Red Schoendienst ( 1965 -- 1976 ) Vern Rapp ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Jack Krol ( 1978 ) Ken Boyer ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Jack Krol ( 1980 ) Whitey Herzog ( 1980 ) Red Schoendienst ( 1980 ) Whitey Herzog ( 1981 -- 1990 ) Red Schoendienst ( 1990 ) Joe Torre ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Mike Jorgensen ( 1995 ) Tony La Russa ( 1996 -- 2011 ) Mike Matheny ( 2012 -- ) St. Louis Cardinals general managers Rickey Walsingham , Jr . Meyer Lane Devine Howsam Musial Devine Claiborne Herzog McDonald Maxvill Jocketty Mozeliak Girsch Los Angeles Dodgers general managers Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1932 -- 1957 ) MacPhail Rickey Bavasi Los Angeles Dodgers ( 1958 -- present ) Bavasi Thompson Campanis Claire Lasorda Malone Wallace Evans DePodesta Colletti Zaidi Principal owners of the Los Angeles Dodgers franchise Brooklyn Atlantics / Grays / Bridegrooms / Grooms / Superbas / Robins / Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Abell & Byrne Abell , Byrne & Chauncey Abell & C. Ebbets Abell , C. Ebbets , Hanlon & Von der Horst Abell , C. Ebbets , Hanlon & Medicus C. Ebbets & Medicus C. Ebbets , E. McKeever & S. McKeever Brooklyn Trust Company , G. Ebbets , Gilleaudeau & Stephen McKeever Brooklyn Trust Company , G. Ebbets , Gilleaudeau , J. Mulvey & D. Mulvey J. Mulvey & D. Mulvey , W. O'Malley , Rickey & Smith W. O'Malley Los Angeles Dodgers ( 1958 -- present ) W. O'Malley P. O'Malley Fox Entertainment Group McCourt Guggenheim Baseball Management ( Walter , Johnson , Guber , Kasten , Patton and Boehly ) Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers presidents Brooklyn Atlantics / Grays / Bridegrooms / Grooms / Superbas / Robins / Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Charles Byrne Charles Ebbets Ed McKeever Wilbert Robinson Frank B. York Stephen McKeever Larry MacPhail Branch Rickey Walter O'Malley Los Angeles Dodgers ( 1958 -- present ) Walter O'Malley Peter O'Malley Bob Graziano Jamie McCourt Dennis Mannion Stan Kasten Pittsburgh Pirates general managers McKnight ( 1882 -- 1883 ) Converse ( 1884 -- 1887 ) Nimick ( 1887 -- 1890 ) O'Neill ( 1891 ) Temple ( 1892 ) Buckenberger ( 1893 ) Kerr ( 1894 -- 1897 ) Watkins ( 1898 ) Kerr ( 1899 ) Dreyfuss ( 1900 -- 1932 ) Benswanger ( 1932 -- 1945 ) Kennedy ( 1946 ) Hamey ( 1946 -- 1950 ) Rickey ( 1951 -- 1955 ) Brown ( 1956 -- 1976 ) Peterson ( 1976 -- 1985 ) Brown ( 1985 ) Thrift ( 1985 -- 1988 ) Doughty ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Simmons ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Bonifay ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Smith ( 2001 ) Littlefield ( 2001 -- 2007 ) Graham ( 2007 ) Huntington ( 2007 -- present ) Branch Rickey -- awards and honors Sporting News Executive of the Year Award 1936 : Rickey 1937 : Barrow 1938 : Giles 1939 : La . MacPhail 1940 : Briggs 1941 : Barrow 1942 : Rickey 1943 : Cl . Griffith 1944 : DeWitt 1945 : Wrigley 1946 : Yawkey 1947 : Rickey 1948 : Veeck 1949 : Carpenter 1950 : Weiss 1951 : Weiss 1952 : Weiss 1953 : Perini 1954 : Stoneham 1955 : O'Malley 1956 : Paul 1957 : Lane 1958 : Brown 1959 : Bavasi 1960 : Weiss 1961 : Topping 1962 : Haney 1963 : Devine 1964 : Devine 1965 : Ca . Griffith 1966 : Le . MacPhail 1967 : O'Connell 1968 : Campbell 1969 : Murphy 1970 : Dalton 1971 : Tallis 1972 : Hemond 1973 : Howsam 1974 : Paul 1975 : O'Connell 1976 : Burke 1977 : Veeck 1978 : Richardson 1979 : Peters 1980 : Smith 1981 : McHale 1982 : Dalton 1983 : Peters 1984 : Green 1985 : Schuerholz 1986 : Cashen 1987 : Rosen 1988 : Claire 1989 : Hemond 1990 : Quinn 1991 : A. MacPhail 1992 : Duquette 1993 : Thomas 1994 : Hart 1995 : Hart 1996 : Melvin 1997 : Bonifay 1998 : Hunsicker 1999 : Beane 2000 : Jocketty 2001 : Gillick 2002 : Ryan 2003 : Sabean 2004 : Jocketty 2005 : Shapiro 2006 : Ryan 2007 : Shapiro 2008 : Friedman 2009 : O'Dowd 2010 : Jocketty 2011 : Dombrowski / Melvin 2012 : Beane 2013 : Cherington 2014 : Duquette 2015 : Anthopoulos 2016 : Epstein Baseball Hall of Fame Class of 1967 BBWAA Vote Red Ruffing ( 86.9 % ) Veterans Committee Branch Rickey Lloyd Waner J.G. Taylor Spink Award Grantland Rice St. Louis Cardinals in the National Baseball Hall of Fame Inducted as a Cardinal Jim Bottomley Lou Brock Dizzy Dean Frankie Frisch Bob Gibson Chick Hafey Jesse Haines Rogers Hornsby Whitey Herzog Joe Medwick Johnny Mize Stan Musial Red Schoendienst Enos Slaughter Ozzie Smith Billy Southworth Bruce Sutter Inductees who played for the Cardinals Grover Cleveland Alexander Walter Alston Jake Beckley Roger Bresnahan Mordecai Brown Jesse Burkett Steve Carlton Orlando Cepeda Charles Comiskey Leo Durocher Dennis Eckersley Burleigh Grimes Miller Huggins Rabbit Maranville John McGraw Kid Nichols Wilbert Robinson Joe Torre Dazzy Vance Bobby Wallace Hoyt Wilhelm Vic Willis Cy Young Cardinals managers Roger Bresnahan Charles Comiskey Frankie Frisch Whitey Herzog Miller Huggins Tony La Russa Bill McKechnie Kid Nichols Branch Rickey Red Schoendienst Billy Southworth Joe Torre Cardinals executives Stan Musial Branch Rickey Frick Award Jack Buck Harry Caray Spink Award Bob Broeg ( St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) Rick Hummel ( St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) J.G. Taylor Spink ( The Sporting News ) J. Roy Stockton ( St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) New York Yankees Hall of Famers Inductees in Yankees cap Yogi Berra Jack Chesbro Earle Combs Joe DiMaggio Bill Dickey Whitey Ford Lou Gehrig Lefty Gomez Joe Gordon Goose Gossage Waite Hoyt Reggie Jackson Tony Lazzeri Mickey Mantle Phil Rizzuto Red Ruffing Babe Ruth Inductees who played for the Yankees Home Run Baker Wade Boggs Roger Bresnahan Frank Chance Stan Coveleski Clark Griffith Burleigh Grimes Bucky Harris Rickey Henderson Catfish Hunter Randy Johnson Willie Keeler Joe McGinnity John McGraw Johnny Mize Phil Niekro Herb Pennock Gaylord Perry Tim Raines Branch Rickey Wilbert Robinson Joe Sewell Enos Slaughter Dazzy Vance Paul Waner Dave Winfield Yankees ' managers Miller Huggins Bob Lemon Joe McCarthy Casey Stengel Joe Torre Yankees ' executives Ed Barrow Larry MacPhail Lee MacPhail George Weiss Frick Award Mel Allen Red Barber Buck Canel Jerry Coleman Joe Garagiola Curt Gowdy Russ Hodges Members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Pitchers Alexander Bender Blyleven M. Brown R. Brown Bunning Carlton Chesbro Clarkson Cooper Coveleski Cummings Day Dean Dihigo Drysdale Eckersley Faber Feller Fingers Ford B. Foster Galvin B. Gibson Glavine Gomez Gossage Grimes Grove Haines Hoffman Hoyt Hubbell Hunter Jenkins R. Johnson W. Johnson Joss Keefe Koufax Lemon Lyons Maddux Marichal Marquard Martínez Mathewson McGinnity Méndez Morris Newhouser Nichols Niekro Paige Palmer Pennock Perry Plank Radbourn Rixey Roberts Rogan Ruffing Rusie Ryan Seaver H. Smith Smoltz Spahn Sutter Sutton Vance Waddell Walsh Welch Wilhelm J. Williams Willis Wynn Young Catchers Bench Berra Bresnahan Campanella Carter Cochrane Dickey Ewing Ferrell Fisk J. Gibson Hartnett Lombardi Mackey Piazza Rodríguez Santop Schalk First basemen Anson Bagwell Beckley Bottomley Brouthers Cepeda Chance Connor Foxx Gehrig Greenberg G. Kelly Killebrew Leonard McCovey Mize Murray Pérez Sisler Suttles Taylor Terry Thomas Thome Second basemen Alomar Biggio Carew E. Collins Doerr Evers Fox Frisch Gehringer Gordon Grant Herman Hornsby Lajoie Lazzeri Mazeroski McPhee Morgan J. Robinson Sandberg Schoendienst Third basemen Baker Boggs Brett J. Collins Dandridge J. Johnson Jones Kell Lindstrom Mathews Molitor B. Robinson Santo Schmidt Traynor J. Wilson D. White Shortstops Aparicio Appling Bancroft Banks Boudreau Cronin Davis T. Jackson Jennings Larkin Lloyd Maranville Reese Ripken Jr . Rizzuto Sewell O. Smith Tinker Trammell Vaughan Wagner Wallace Ward Wells Yount Outfielders Aaron Ashburn Averill Bell Brock W. Brown Burkett Carey Charleston Clarke Clemente Cobb Combs Crawford Cuyler Dawson Delahanty DiMaggio Doby Duffy Flick Goslin Griffey Jr . Guerrero Gwynn Hafey Hamilton Heilmann Henderson Hill Hooper Irvin R. Jackson Kaline Keeler Kelley K. Kelly Kiner Klein Mantle Manush Mays T. McCarthy Medwick Musial O'Rourke Ott Puckett Raines J. Rice S. Rice F. Robinson Roush Ruth Simmons Slaughter Snider Speaker Stargell Stearnes Thompson Torriente L. Waner P. Waner Wheat B. Williams T. Williams H. Wilson Winfield Yastrzemski Youngs Managers Alston Anderson Cox Durocher Hanlon Harris Herzog Huggins La Russa Lasorda López Mack J. McCarthy McGraw McKechnie W. Robinson Selee Southworth Stengel Torre Weaver D. Williams Executives / pioneers Barrow Bulkeley Cartwright Chadwick Chandler Comiskey Dreyfuss R. Foster Frick Giles Gillick Griffith Harridge Hulbert B. Johnson Kuhn Landis La . MacPhail Le . MacPhail Manley O'Malley Pompez Posey Rickey Ruppert Schuerholz Selig Spalding Veeck Weiss S. White Wilkinson G. Wright H. Wright Yawkey Umpires Barlick Chylak Conlan Connolly Evans Harvey Hubbard Klem McGowan O'Day Members of the National College Baseball Hall of Fame Players Jim Abbott Steve Arlin Joe Arnold Eddie Bane Sal Bando Alan Bannister Floyd Bannister Lance Berkman Bill Bordley Tom Borland Lou Brock Joe Carter Will Clark Matt DeSalvo Darren Dreifort Kirk Dressendorfer J.D. Drew Alex Fernandez Mike Fiore Terry Francona Eddy Furniss Nomar Garciaparra Ralph Garr Danny Goodwin Dick Groat Neal Heaton Don Heinkel Al Holland Burt Hooton Bob Horner Dick Howser Pete Incaviglia Tim Jorgensen Mike Kelly Brooks Kieschnick Fred Lynn Barry Larkin Tino Martinez William Clarence Matthews Ben McDonald Oddibe McDowell Dave Magadan Rick Monday Keith Moreland John Olerud Tom Paciorek Rafael Palmeiro Rick Reichardt Roy Smalley III Phil Stephenson Mickey Sullivan B.J. 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4975365310632980157	Gobi Desert	Gobi desert - wikipedia Gobi desert Jump to : navigation , search `` Gobi '' redirects here . For other uses , see Gobi ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is largely based on an article in the out - of - copyright Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , which was produced in 1911 . It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship ( including the references , if any ) . When you have completed the review , replace this notice with a simple note on this article 's talk page . ( January 2011 ) Gobi Desert ( Говь ) Desert Gobi Desert landscape in Ömnögovi Province , Mongolia Countries Mongolia , China Mongolian Aimags Bayankhongor , Dornogovi , Dundgovi , Govi - Altai , Govisümber , Ömnögovi , Sükhbaatar Chinese Autonomous Region Inner Mongolia Landmark Nemegt Basin Length 1,500 km ( 932 mi ) , SE / NW Width 800 km ( 497 mi ) , N / S Area 1,295,000 km ( 500,002 sq mi ) The Gobi Desert lies in the territory of the People 's Republic of China and Mongolia . This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . The Gobi Desert ( / ˈɡoʊ. bi / ; Mongolian : Говь , Gowĭ , ( ɢɔwj ) , `` semidesert '' ; Chinese : 戈壁 ; pinyin : Gēbì , Xiao'erjing : قْبِ , ( kɤ́. pî ) , Dungan : Гәби ) is a large desert region in Asia . It covers parts of northern and northwestern China , and of southern Mongolia . The desert basins of the Gobi are bounded by the Altai Mountains and the grasslands and steppes of Mongolia on the north , by the Taklamakan Desert to the west , by the Hexi Corridor and Tibetan Plateau to the southwest , and by the North China Plain to the southeast . The Gobi is notable in history as part of the great Mongol Empire , and as the location of several important cities along the Silk Road . The Gobi is a rain shadow desert , formed by the Tibetan Plateau blocking precipitation from the Indian Ocean reaching the Gobi territory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Climate 3 Conservation , ecology , and economy 4 Desertification 5 Ecoregions of the Gobi 5.1 Eastern Gobi desert steppe 5.2 Alashan Plateau semi-desert 5.3 Dzungarian Basin semi-desert 6 European exploration up to 1911 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Geography ( edit ) The Gobi measures over 1,600 km ( 1,000 mi ) from southwest to northeast and 800 km ( 500 mi ) from north to south . The desert is widest in the west , along the line joining the Lake Bosten and the Lop Nor ( 87 ° -- 89 ° east ) . It occupies an arc of land 1,295,000 km ( 500,000 sq mi ) in area as of 2007 ; it is the fifth - largest desert in the world and Asia 's second largest . Much of the Gobi is not sandy but has exposed bare rock . In its broadest definition , the Gobi includes the long stretch of desert and semi-desert area extending from the foot of the Pamirs , 77 ° east , to the Greater Khingan Mountains , 116 ° - 118 ° east , on the border of Manchuria ; and from the foothills of the Altay , Sayan , and Yablonoi mountain ranges on the north to the Kunlun , Altyn - Tagh , and Qilian mountain ranges , which form the northern edges of the Tibetan Plateau , on the south . A relatively large area on the east side of the Greater Khingan range , between the upper waters of the Songhua ( Sungari ) and the upper waters of the Liao - ho , is reckoned to belong to the Gobi by conventional usage . Some geographers and ecologists prefer to regard the western area of the Gobi region ( as defined above ) : the basin of the Tarim in Xinjiang and the desert basin of Lop Nor and Hami ( Kumul ) , as forming a separate and independent desert , called the Taklamakan Desert . Archeologists and paleontologists have done excavations in the Nemegt Basin in the northwestern part of the Gobi Desert ( in Mongolia ) , which is noted for its fossil treasures , including early mammals , dinosaur eggs , and prehistoric stone implements , some 100,000 years old . Climate ( edit ) Gobi by NASA World Wind Sand dunes in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region , China A summer monsoon produces a flash flood , 2004 Bactrian camels by the sand dunes of Khongoryn Els , Gurvansaikhan NP , Mongolia . The sand dunes of Khongoryn Els , Gurvansaikhan NP , Mongolia Remains of Great Chinese Wall in Gobi Desert The Gobi is a cold desert , with frost and occasionally snow occurring on its dunes . Besides being quite far north , it is also located on a plateau roughly 910 -- 1,520 metres ( 2,990 -- 4,990 ft ) above sea level , which contributes to its low temperatures . An average of approximately 194 millimetres ( 7.6 in ) of rain falls annually in the Gobi . Additional moisture reaches parts of the Gobi in winter as snow is blown by the wind from the Siberian Steppes . These winds cause the Gobi to reached − 40 ° C or − 40 ° F in winter to 45 ° C or 113 ° F in summer . The climate of the Gobi is one of great extremes , combined with rapid changes of temperature of as much as 35 ° C ( 63 ° F ) . These can occur not only seasonally but within 24 hours . Temperature Sivantse ( 1190 m ) Ulaanbaatar ( 1150 m ) Annual mean − 2.5 ° C ( 27.5 ° F ) − 0.4 ° C ( 31.3 ° F ) January mean − 26.5 ° C ( − 15.7 ° F ) − 21.6 ° C ( − 6.9 ° F ) July mean 17.5 ° C ( 63.5 ° F ) 18.2 ° C ( 64.8 ° F ) Extremes − 43 to 38 ° C ( − 45 to 100 ° F ) − 42.2 to 39.0 ° C ( − 44.0 to 102.2 ° F ) In southern Mongolia , the temperature has been recorded as low as − 32.8 ° C ( − 27.0 ° F ) . In contrast , in Alxa , Inner Mongolia , it rises as high as 37 ° C ( 99 ° F ) in July . Average winter minimums are a frigid − 21 ° C ( − 6 ° F ) , while summertime maximmums are a warm 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) . Most of the precipitation falls during the summer . Although the southeast monsoons reach the southeast parts of the Gobi , the area throughout this region is generally characterized by extreme dryness , especially during the winter , when the Siberian anticyclone is at its strongest . The southern and central parts of the Gobi Desert have variable plant growth due to this monsoon activity . The more northern areas of the Gobi are very cold and dry , making it unable to support much plant growth ; this cold and dry weather is attributed to Siberian - Mongolian high pressure cells . Hence , the icy sandstorms and snowstorms of spring and early summer plus early January ( winter ) . Conservation. , ecology , and economy ( edit ) The Gobi Desert is the source of many important fossil finds , including the first dinosaur eggs . Despite the harsh conditions , these deserts and the surrounding regions sustain many animals , including black - tailed gazelles , marbled polecats , wild Bactrian camels , Mongolian wild ass and sandplovers . They are occasionally visited by snow leopards , brown bears , and wolves . Lizards are especially well - adapted to the climate of the Gobi Desert , with approximately 30 species distributed across its southern Mongolian border . The most common vegetation in the Gobi desert are shrubs adapted to drought . These shrubs included gray sparrow 's saltwort ( Salsola passerina ) , gray sagebrush , and low grasses such as needle grass and bridlegrass . Due to livestock grazing , the amount of shrubs in the desert has decreased . Several large nature reserves have been established in the Gobi , including Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park , Great Gobi A and Great Gobi B Strictly Protected Area . The area is vulnerable to trampling by livestock and off - road vehicles ( effects from human intervention are greater in the eastern Gobi Desert , where rainfall is heavier and may sustain livestock ) . In Mongolia , grasslands have been degraded by goats , which are raised by nomadic herders as source of cashmere wool . The economic trends of livestock privatization and the collapse of the urban economy have caused people to return to subsistence rural lifestyles , away from urbanization . Large copper and gold deposits located at Oyuu Tolgoi , about 80 kilometres from the Chinese border into Mongolia , are being investigated for development as mining operations . The Oyu Tolgoi copper and gold mine , under construction by Rio Tinto in the South Gobi Desert , is expected to begin operation in early 2013 , and is the biggest economic undertaking in the country 's history . Rio Tinto estimates that taxes , royalties and dividends generated by the Oyu Tolgoi project is expected to add a third to the country 's gross domestic product by 2020 . Rio Tinto forecasts average annual production of 450,000 tonnes of copper and 330,000 ounces of gold , and with 1.4 billion tonnes of reserves and a resource of 3.1 billion tonnes , the mine is expected to last for more than 50 years . The mine has been and remains controversial . There is significant opposition in Mongolia 's parliament to the terms under which the mine will proceed , and some are calling for the terms to be renegotiated . Specifically , the contention revolves primarily around the question of whether negotiations were fair ( Rio Tinto is far better resourced ) and whether Rio Tinto will pay adequate taxes on the revenues it derives from the mine ( an agreement was reached whereby the operation will be exempt from windfall tax . Desertification ( edit ) The Gobi Desert is expanding at an alarming rate , in a process known as desertification . The expansion is particularly rapid on the southern edge into China , which has seen 3,600 km ( 1,390 sq mi ) of grassland overtaken every year by the Gobi Desert . Dust storms , which used to occur regularly in China , have increased in frequency in the past 20 years , mainly due to desertification . They have caused further damage to China 's agriculture economy . The northern and eastern boundaries between desert and grassland are constantly changing . This is mostly due to the climate conditions before the growing season , which influence the rate of evapotranspiration and subsequent plant growth . The expansion of the Gobi is attributed mostly to human activities , notably deforestation , overgrazing , and depletion of water resources . China has tried various plans to slow the expansion of the desert , which have met with some small degree of success , but no major effects . The most recent plan involves the planting of the Green Wall of China , a huge ring of newly planted forests ; the government hopes the forests will help stabilize the soil , retain moisture , and act as a buffer against further desertification . Ecoregions of the Gobi ( edit ) The Gobi , broadly defined , can be divided into five distinct dry ecoregions , based on variations in climate and topography . Eastern Gobi desert steppe , the easternmost of the Gobi ecoregions , covering an area of 281,800 km ( 108,804 sq mi ) . It extends from the Inner Mongolian Plateau in China northward into Mongolia . It includes the Yin Mountains and many low - lying areas with salt pans and small ponds . It is bounded by the Mongolian - Manchurian grassland to the north , the Yellow River Plain to the southeast , and the Alashan Plateau semi-desert to the southeast and east . Alashan Plateau semi-desert , lies west and southwest of the Eastern Gobi desert steppe . It consists of the desert basins and low mountains lying between the Gobi Altai range on the north , the Helan Mountains to the southeast , and the Qilian Mountains and northeastern portion of the Tibetan Plateau on the southwest . Gobi Lakes Valley desert steppe , ecoregion lies north of Alashan Plateau semi-desert , between the Gobi Altai range to the south and the Khangai Mountains to the north . Dzungarian Basin semi-desert , includes the desert basin lying between the Altai mountains on the north and the Tian Shan range on the south . It includes the northern portion of China 's Xinjiang province and extends into the southeastern corner of Mongolia . The Alashan Plateau semi-desert lies to the east , and the Emin Valley steppe to the west , on the China - Kazakhstan border . Tian Shan range , separates the Dzungarian Basin semi-desert from the Taklamakan Desert , which is a low , sandy desert basin surrounded by the high mountain ranges of the Tibetan Plateau to the south and the Pamirs to the west . The Taklamakan Desert ecoregion includes the Desert of Lop . Eastern Gobi desert steppe ( edit ) A Khulan ( Mongolian wild ass ) on a hill in the eastern Gobi of Mongolia at sunset . The surface is extremely diversified , although there are no great differences in vertical elevation . Between Ulaanbaatar ( 48 ° 00 ′ N 107 ° 00 ′ E / 48.000 ° N 107.000 ° E / 48.000 ; 107.000 ) and the small lake of Iren - dubasu - nor ( 43 ° 45 ′ N 111 ° 50 ′ E / 43.750 ° N 111.833 ° E / 43.750 ; 111.833 ) , the surface is greatly eroded . Broad flat depressions and basins are separated by groups of flat - topped mountains of relatively low elevation 150 to 180 m ( 490 to 590 ft ) ) , through which archaic rocks crop out as crags and isolated rugged masses . The floors of the depressions lie mostly between 900 to 1,000 m ( 3,000 to 3,300 ft ) above sea - level . Farther south , between Iren - dutiasu - nor and the Yellow River , comes a region of broad tablelands alternating with flat plains , the latter ranging at altitudes of 1000 -- 1100 m and the former at 1,070 to 1,200 m ( 3,510 to 3,940 ft ) . The slopes of the plateaus are more or less steep , and are sometimes penetrated by `` bays '' of the lowlands . As the border - range of the Hyangan is approached , the country steadily rises up to 1,370 m ( 4,490 ft ) and then to 1,630 m ( 5,350 ft ) . Here small lakes frequently fill the depressions , though the water in them is generally salt or brackish . Both here and for 320 km ( 199 mi ) south of Ulaanbaatar , streams are frequent and grass grows more or less abundantly . Through all the central parts , until the bordering mountains are reached , trees and shrubs are utterly absent . Clay and sand are the predominant formations ; the watercourses , especially in the north , being frequently excavated 2 to 3 m ( 6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in ) deep . In many places in the flat , dry valleys or depressions farther south , beds of loess , 5 to 6 m ( 16 to 20 ft ) thick , are exposed . West of the route from Ulaanbaatar to Kalgan , the country presents approximately the same general features , except that the mountains are not so irregularly scattered in groups but have more strongly defined strikes , mostly east to west , west - north - west to east - south - east , and west - south - west to east - north - east . The altitudes are higher , those of the lowlands ranging from 1,000 to 1,700 m ( 3,300 to 5,600 ft ) , and those of the ranges from 200 to 500 m ( 660 to 1,640 ft ) higher , though in a few cases they reach altitudes of 2,400 m ( 7,900 ft ) . The elevations do not form continuous chains , but make up a congeries of short ridges and groups rising from a common base and intersected by a labyrinth of ravines , gullies , glens and basins . But the tablelands , built up of the horizontal red deposits of the Han - gai ( Obruchev 's Gobi formation ) which are characteristic of the southern parts of eastern Mongolia , are absent here or occur only in one locality , near the Shara - muren river . They are greatly intersected by gullies or dry watercourses . Water is scarce , with no streams , no lakes , no wells , and precipitation falls seldom . The prevailing winds blow from the west and northwest , and the pall of dust overhangs the country as in the Takla Makan and the desert of Lop . Characteristic of the flora are wild garlic , Kalidium gracile , wormwood , saxaul , Nitraria schoberi , Caragana , Ephedra , saltwort and the grass Lasiagrostis splendens . The taana wild onion Allium polyrrhizum is the main browse eaten by many herd animals , and Mongolians claim that this is essential to produce the correct , slightly hazelnut - like flavour of camel airag ( fermented milk ) . This great desert country of Gobi is crossed by several trade routes , some of which have been in use for thousands of years . Among the most important are those from Kalgan ( at the Great Wall ) to Ulaanbaatar ( 960 km ( 597 mi ) ) ; from Jiuquan ( in Gansu ) to Hami 670 km ( 416 mi ) ; from Hami to Beijing ( 2,000 km ( 1,243 mi ) ) ; from Hohhot to Hami and Barkul ; and from Lanzhou ( in Gansu ) to Hami . Alashan Plateau semi-desert ( edit ) The southwestern portion of the Gobi , known also as the Hsi - tau and the Little Gobi , fills the space between the great north loop of the Yellow River on the east , the Ejin River on the west , and the Qilian Mountains and narrow rocky chain of Longshou , 3,200 to 3,500 m ( 10,500 to 11,500 ft ) in altitude , on the southwest . The Ordos Desert , which covers the northeastern portion of the Ordos Plateau , in the great north loop of the Yellow River , is part of this ecoregion . It belongs to the middle basin of the three great depressions into which Potanin divides the Gobi as a whole . `` Topographically , '' says Nikolai Przhevalsky , `` it is a perfectly level plain , which in all probability once formed the bed of a huge lake or inland sea . '' He concludes this based on the level area of the region as a whole , the hard saldgine clay and the sand - strewn surface and , lastly , the salt lakes which occupy its lowest parts . For hundreds of kilometers , nothing can be seen but bare sands ; in some places they continue so far without a break that the Mongols call them Tengger ( i.e. sky ) . These vast expanses are absolutely waterless , nor do any oases relieve the unbroken stretches of yellow sand , which alternate with equally vast areas of saline clay or , nearer the foot of the mountains , with barren shingle . Although on the whole a level country with a general altitude of 1,000 to 1,500 m ( 3,300 to 4,900 ft ) , this section , like most other parts of the Gobi , is crowned by a chequered network of hills and broken ranges going up 300 m higher . The vegetation is confined to a few varieties of bushes and a dozen kinds of grasses and herbs , the most conspicuous being saxaul ( Haloxylon ammondendron ) and Agriophyllum gobicum . The others include prickly convolvulus , field wormwood ( Artemisia campestris ) , acacia , Inula ammophila , Sophora flavescens , Convolvulus ammanii , Peganum and Astragalus , but all dwarfed , deformed and starved . The fauna consists of little but antelope , wolf , fox , hare , hedgehog , marten , numerous lizards and a few birds , e.g. the sandgrouse , lark , stonechat , sparrow , crane , Henderson 's ground jay ( Podoces hendersoni ) , horned lark ( Eremophila alpestris ) , and crested lark ( Galerida cristata ) . Dzungarian basin semi-desert ( edit ) The structure here is that of the mighty T'ien Shan , or Heavenly Mountains , running from west to east . It divides the northern one - third of Sinkiang from the southern two - thirds . On the northern side , rivers formed from the snow and glaciers of the high mountains break through barren foothill ranges and flow out into an immense , hollow plain . Here the rivers begin to straggle and fan out , and form great marshes with dense reed - beds . Westerners call this terrain the Dzungarian desert . The Chinese also call it a desert , but the Mongols call it a ' gobi ' -- that is , a land of thin herbage , more suitable for camels than for cows , but capable also , if herds are kept small and moved frequently , of sustaining horses , sheep , and goats . The herbage comprises a high proportion of woody , fragrant plants . Gobi mutton is the most aromatic in the world . The Yulduz valley or valley of the Haidag - gol ( 43 ° N 83 ° E / 43 ° N 83 ° E / 43 ; 83 -- 43 ° N 86 ° E / 43 ° N 86 ° E / 43 ; 86 ) is a mini desert enclosed by two prominent members of the Shanashen Trahen Osh mountain range , namely the chucis and the kracenard pine rallies , running perpendicular and far from one another . As they proceed south , they transcend and transpose , sweeping back on east and west respectively , with Lake Bosten in between . These two ranges mark the northern and the southern edges respectively of a great swelling , which extends eastward for nearly twenty degrees of longitude . On its northern side , the Chol - tagh descends steeply , and its foot is fringed by a string of deep depressions , ranging from Lukchun ( 130 m ( 427 ft ) below sea level ) to Hami ( 850 m ( 2,789 ft ) above sea - level ) . To the south of the Kuruk - tagh lie the desert of Lop Nur , the Kum - tagh desert , and the valley of the Bulunzir - gol . To this great swelling , which arches up between the two border - ranges of the Chol - tagh and Kuruk - tagh , the Mongols give the name of Ghashuun - Gobi or `` Salt Desert '' . It is some 130 to 160 km ( 81 to 99 mi ) across from north to south , and is traversed by a number of minor parallel ranges , ridges and chains of hills . Down its middle runs a broad stony valley , 40 to 80 km ( 25 to 50 mi ) wide , at an elevation of 900 to 1,370 m ( 2,950 to 4,490 ft ) . The Chol - tagh , which reaches an average altitude of 1,800 m ( 5,900 ft ) , is absolutely sterile , and its northern foot rests upon a narrow belt of barren sand , which leads down to the depressions mentioned above . The Kuruk - tagh is the greatly disintegrated , denuded and wasted relic of a mountain range which used to be of incomparably greater magnitude . In the west , between Lake Bosten and the Tarim , it consists of two , possibly of three , principal ranges , which , although broken in continuity , run generally parallel to one another , and embrace between them numerous minor chains of heights . These minor ranges , together with the principal ranges , divide the region into a series of long ; narrow valleys , mostly parallel to one another and to the enclosing mountain chains , which descend like terraced steps , on the one side towards the depression of Lukchun and on the other towards the desert of Lop . In many cases these latitudinal valleys are barred transversely by ridges or spurs , generally elevations en masse of the bottom of the valley . Where such elevations exist , there is generally found , on the east side of the transverse ridge , a cauldron - shaped depression , which some time or other has been the bottom of a former lake , but is now nearly a dry salt - basin . The surface configuration is in fact markedly similar to that which occurs in the inter-mount latitudinal valleys of the Kunlun Mountains . The hydrography of the Ghashiun - Gobi and the Kuruk - tagh is determined by these chequered arrangements of the latitudinal valleys . Most of the principal streams , instead of flowing straight down these valleys , cross them diagonally and only turn west after they have cut their way through one or more of the transverse barrier ranges . To the highest range on the great swelling Grumm - Grzhimailo gives the name of Tuge - tau , its altitude being 2,700 m ( 8,858 ft ) above the level of the sea and some 1,200 m ( 3,937 ft ) above the crown of the swelling itself . This range he considers to belong to the Choltagh system , whereas Sven Hedin would assign it to the Kuruk - tagh . This last , which is pretty certainly identical with the range of Kharateken - ula ( also known as the Kyzyl - sanghir , Sinir , and Singher Mountains ) , that overlooks the southern shore of the Lake Bosten , though parted from it by the drift - sand desert of Ak - bel - kum ( White Pass Sands ) , has at first a west - northwest to east - southeast strike , but it gradually curves round like a scimitar towards the east - northeast and at the same time gradually decreases in elevation . In 91 ° east , while the principal range of the Kuruk - tagh system wheels to the east - northeast , four of its subsidiary ranges terminate , or rather die away somewhat suddenly , on the brink of a long narrow depression ( in which Sven Hedin sees a northeast bay of the former great Central Asian lake of Lop - nor ) , having over against them the écheloned terminals of similar subordinate ranges of the Pe - shan ( Boy - san ) system ( see below ) . The Kuruk - tagh is throughout a relatively low , but almost completely barren range , being entirely destitute of animal life , save for hares , antelopes and wild camels , which frequent its few small , widely scattered oases . The vegetation , which is confined to these same relatively favoured spots , is of the scantiest and is mainly confined to bushes of saxaul ( Haloxylon ) , anabasis , reeds ( kamish ) , tamarisks , poplars , and Ephedra . European exploration up to 1911 ( edit ) The Gobi had a long history of human habitation , mostly by nomadic peoples . By the early 20th century the region was under the nominal control of Manchu - China , and inhabited mostly by Mongols , Uyghurs , and Kazakhs . The Gobi Desert as a whole was only very imperfectly known to outsiders , information being confined to observations by individual travellers from their respective itineraries across the desert . Among the European explorers who contributed to early - 20th - century understanding of the Gobi , the most important were : Jean - François Gerbillon ( 1688 -- 1698 ) Eberhard Isbrand Ides ( 1692 -- 1694 ) Lorenz Lange ( 1727 -- 1728 and 1736 ) Fuss and Alexander G. von Bunge ( 1830 -- 1831 ) Hermann Fritsche ( 1868 -- 1873 ) Pavlinov and Z.L. Matusovski ( 1870 ) Ney Elias ( 1872 -- 1873 ) Nikolai Przhevalsky ( 1870 -- 1872 and 1876 -- 1877 ) Zosnovsky ( 1875 ) Mikhail V. Pevtsov ( 1878 ) Grigory Potanin ( 1877 and 1884 -- 1886 ) Count Béla Széchenyi and Lajos Lóczy ( 1879 -- 1880 ) The brothers G.E. Grumm - Grshimailo ( 1889 -- 1890 ) and ? Grumm - Grshimailo . Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov ( 1893 -- 1894 and 1899 -- 1900 ) Vsevolod I. Roborovsky ( 1894 ) Vladimir Obruchev ( 1894 -- 1896 ) Karl Josef Futterer and Dr. Holderer ( 1896 ) Charles - Etienne Bonin ( 1896 and 1899 ) Sven Hedin ( 1897 and 1900 -- 1901 ) K. Bogdanovich ( 1898 ) Ladyghin ( 1899 -- 1900 ) and Katsnakov ( 1899 -- 1900 ) Count Jacques Bouly de Lesdain and Martha Mailey , 1902 . See also ( edit ) Asian Dust Geography of Mongolia Geography of China Green Wall of China Legendary Mongolian death worm ( olgoi khorkhoi ) , said to inhabit the Gobi in Mongolia List of deserts by area Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sternberg , Troy ; Rueff , Henri ; Middleton , Nick ( 2015 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Contraction of the Gobi Desert , 2000 -- 2012 '' . Remote Sensing. 7 ( 2 ) : 1346 -- 1358 . doi : 10.3390 / rs70201346 . Jump up ^ Wright , John W. , ed. ( 2006 ) . The New York Times Almanac ( 2007 ed . ) . New York , New York : Penguin Books . p. 456 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303820 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hare , John ( 2009 - 11 - 01 ) . `` The Mysteries of the Gobi Desert '' . Asian Affairs . 40 ( 3 ) : 408 -- 417 . doi : 10.1080 / 03068370903195196 . ISSN 0306 - 8374 . Jump up ^ Kielan - Jaworowska , Zofia ( 1975 ) . `` Late Cretaceous Mammals and Dinosaurs from the Gobi Desert : Fossils excavated by the Polish - Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions of 1963 -- 71 cast new light on primitive mammals and dinosaurs and on faunal interchange between Asia and North America '' . American Scientist. 63 ( 2 ) : 150 -- 159 . doi : 10.2307 / 27845359 . Jump up ^ Planet Earth , BBC TV series 2006 UK , 2007 US , `` Episode 5 '' . Jump up ^ https://gobiproject.weebly.com/climate.html Jump up ^ Keqin , Gao ; Norell , Mark A. ( 2000 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Taxonomic composition and systematics of late Cretaceous lizard assemblages from Ukhaa Tolgod and adjacent localities '' . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . 249 : 1 -- 118 . doi : 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090 ( 2000 ) 2492.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0003 - 0090 . Jump up ^ Liu , Ji - Liang ; Li , Feng - Rui ; Liu , Chang - An ; Liu , Qi - Jun ( 2012 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Influences of shrub vegetation on distribution and diversity of a ground beetle community in a Gobi desert ecosystem '' . Biodiversity and Conservation. 21 ( 10 ) : 2601 -- 2619 . doi : 10.1007 / s10531 - 012 - 0320 - 4 . ISSN 0960 - 3115 . Jump up ^ Liu , Ji - Liang ; Li , Feng - Rui ; Liu , Chang - An ; Liu , Qi - Jun ( 2012 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Influences of shrub vegetation on distribution and diversity of a ground beetle community in a Gobi desert ecosystem '' . Biodiversity and Conservation. 21 ( 10 ) : 2601 -- 2619 . doi : 10.1007 / s10531 - 012 - 0320 - 4 . ISSN 0960 - 3115 . Jump up ^ Yiruhan , I. ( 2001 ) . Changes in floristic composition of grasslands according to grazing intensity in inner Mongolia , China . Journal of Japanese Society of Grassland Science , 47 , 362 - 369 . Jump up ^ `` Oyu Tolgoi Gold and Copper Project , Southern Mongolia '' . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Oyu Tolgoi '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Rio set to open mammoth Mongolian mine '' . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ F. Yu , K.P. Price , J. Ellis , J.J. Feddema , P. Shi ( 2004 ) . `` Interannual variations of the grassland boundaries bordering the eastern edges of the Gobi Desert in central Asia '' . International Journal of Remote Sensing. 25 : 327 -- 346 . Jump up ^ Parungo , Farn ; Zhe , Li ; Xingsheng , LI ; Yang , Dongzeng ; Harris , Joyce ( 1994 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Gobi dust storms and The Great Green Wall '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 21 ( 11 ) : 999 -- 1002 . doi : 10.1029 / 94GL00879 . ISSN 1944 - 8007 . Jump up ^ Lattimore ( 1973 ) , p. 238 . Jump up ^ `` Romance Gone , Given Divorce '' . The Evening News . Harrisburg , Pennsylvania . July 28 , 1926 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . In 1902 , while Lesdain was leading an expedition through the Gobi desert , he crossed the path of another explorer . This latter proved to be Miss Mailey who , dressed in men 's clothes , commanded her expedition with assurance borne of the safe culmination of many adventures . References ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` article name needed '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Owen Lattimore. ( 1973 ) `` Return to China 's Northern Frontier '' . The Geographical Journal , Vol. 139 , No. 2 ( June 1973 ) , pp. 233 -- 242 . Further reading ( edit ) Cable , Mildred and French , Francesca ( 1943 ) The Gobi Desert Landsborough Publications , London , OCLC 411792 . Man , John ( 1997 ) Gobi : Tracking the Desert Yale University Press , New Haven , ISBN 0 - 300 - 07609 - 6 . Stewart , Stanley ( 2001 ) In the Empire of Genghis Khan : A Journey among Nomads HarperCollins Publishers , London , ISBN 0 - 00 - 653027 - 3 . Thayer , Helen ( 2007 ) Walking the Gobi : 1,600 Mile - trek Across a Desert of Hope and Despair Mountaineer Books , Seattle , WA , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59485 - 064 - 6 . Younghusband , Francis ( 1904 ) The Heart of a Continent , John Murray . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gobi Desert . Map , from `` China the Beautiful '' Flickr : Photos tagged with gobi Palearctic deserts and xeric shrublands Africa Atlantic coastal desert Mauritania Western Sahara Sahara desert Algeria Chad Egypt Libya Mali Mauritania Niger Sudan South Saharan steppe and woodlands Algeria Chad Mali Mauritania Niger Sudan Tibesti - Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands Chad Egypt Libya Sudan West Saharan montane xeric woodlands Algeria Mali Mauritania Niger Western Asia Arabian Desert and East Sahero - Arabian xeric shrublands Egypt Jordan Oman Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen North Saharan steppe and woodlands Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Tunisia Western Sahara Persian Gulf desert and semi-desert Bahrain Kuwait Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Red Sea Nubo - Sindian tropical desert and semi-desert Iraq Jordan Oman Saudi Arabia Yemen South Asia Afghan Mountains semi-desert Afghanistan Badkhiz - Karabil semi-desert Afghanistan Iran Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Baluchistan xeric woodlands Afghanistan Pakistan Central Afghan Mountains xeric woodlands Afghanistan Central Persian desert basins Afghanistan Iran Kopet Dag semi-desert Iran Turkmenistan Mesopotamian shrub desert Iraq Jordan Syria Paropamisus xeric woodlands Afghanistan Rigestan - North Pakistan sandy desert Afghanistan Iran Pakistan South Iran Nubo - Sindian desert and semi-desert Iran Iraq Pakistan Central Asia Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe Azerbaijan Georgia Iran Caspian lowland desert Iran Kazakhstan Russia Turkmenistan Central Asian northern desert Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Central Asian riparian woodlands Kazakhstan Central Asian southern desert Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Kazakh semi-desert Kazakhstan Eastern Asia Alashan Plateau semi-desert China Mongolia Eastern Gobi desert steppe China Mongolia Gobi Lakes Valley desert steppe Mongolia Great Lakes Basin desert steppe Mongolia Russia Junggar Basin semi-desert China Mongolia Qaidam Basin semi-desert China Taklamakan Desert China World deserts Desert Desertification List of deserts List of deserts by area Africa Algerian Bayuda Blue Chalbi Danakil Djurab Eastern Ferlo Farafra ( White ) Kalahari Libyan Moçâmedes Namib Nubian Nyiri Owami Richtersveld Sahara Tanezrouft Ténéré Western Asia Ad - Dahna Akshi Arabian Aral Karakum Aralkum Badain Jaran Betpak - 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5 NDL : 00628517 Coordinates : 42 ° 35 ′ N 103 ° 26 ′ E / 42.59 ° N 103.43 ° E / 42.59 ; 103.43 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gobi_Desert&oldid=807997443 '' Categories : Gobi Desert Deserts and xeric shrublands Deserts of China Deserts of Mongolia Ecoregions of Asia Ecoregions of China Geography of Inner Mongolia Biota of China Biota of Mongolia Palearctic ecoregions Physiographic provinces Sites along the Silk Road Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Articles needing additional references from July 2007 All articles needing additional references 1911 Britannica articles needing updates from January 2011 Articles containing Mongolian - language text Geobox usage tracking for other type Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing non-English - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with no article parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Acèh Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 07 : 47 . 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-2777825999784077693	ABO blood group system	ABO blood group system - wikipedia ABO blood group system `` ABO '' redirects here . For other uses , see ABO ( disambiguation ) . `` H substance '' redirects here . For use in inflammation , see histamine . For hydrogen atom , see hydrogen . ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells and IgM antibodies present in the serum The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one , both , or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes . In human blood transfusions it is the most important of the 36 different blood type ( or group ) classification systems currently recognized . A very rare ( in modern medicine ) mismatch in this , or any other serotype , can cause a serious , potentially fatal , adverse reaction after a transfusion , or a contra - indicated immune response to an organ transplant . The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies , which are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances , such as food , bacteria , and viruses . The ABO blood types were discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901 , for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 . ABO blood types are also present in some other animals such as rodents and apes , including chimpanzees , bonobos , and gorillas . Contents 1 History 2 Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion 3 Genetics 3.1 Subgroups 3.2 Distribution and evolutionary history 3.3 Origin theories 4 Clinical relevance 4.1 Bleeding and thrombosis ( von Willebrand factor ) 4.2 Disease risks 4.3 ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn 4.4 Clinical applications 4.5 Clinical marker 5 Pseudoscience 6 Data tables 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Karl Landsteiner , discoverer of ABO blood system . The ABO blood types were first discovered by an Austrian Physician Karl Landsteiner working at the Pathological - Anatomical Institute of the University of Vienna ( now Medical University of Vienna ) . In 1900 , he found that blood sera from different persons would clump together ( agglutinate ) when mixed in test tubes , and not only that some human blood also agglutinated with animal blood . He wrote a two - sentence footnote : The serum of healthy human beings not only agglutinates animal red cells , but also often those of human origin , from other individuals . It remains to be seen whether this appearance is related to inborn differences between individuals or it is the result of some damage of bacterial kind . This was the first evidence that blood variation exists in humans -- it was believed that all humans have similar blood . The next year , in 1901 , he made a definitive observation that blood serum of an individual would agglutinate with only those of certain individuals . Based on this he classified human bloods into three groups , namely group A , group B , and group C. He defined that group A blood agglutinates with group B , but never with its own type . Similarly , group B blood agglutinates with group A. Group C blood is different in that it agglutinates with both A and B . This was the discovery of blood groups for which Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 . In his paper , he called the specific blood group interactions as isoagglutination , and also introduced the concept of agglutinins ( antibodies ) , which is the actual basis of antigen - antibody reaction in ABO system . He asserted : ( It ) may be said that there exist at least two different types of agglutinins , one in A , another one in B , and both together in C. The red blood cells are inert to the agglutinins which are present in the same serum . Thus , he discovered two antigens ( agglutinogens A and B) and two antibodies ( agglutinins - anti-A and anti-B ) . His third group ( C ) indicated absence of both A and B antigens , but contains anti-A and anti-B . The following year , his students Adriano Sturli and Alfred von Decastello discovered the fourth type ( but not naming it , and simply referred to it as `` no particular type '' ) . Ukraine marine uniform imprint , showing the wearer 's blood type as `` B ( III ) Rh + '' . In 1910 , Ludwik Hirszfeld and Emil Freiherr von Dungern introduced the term 0 ( null ) for the group Landsteiner designated as C , and AB for the type discovered by Sturli and von Decastello . They were also the first to explain the genetic inheritance of the blood groups . ) Jan Janský , who invented type I , II , III , IV system . Czech serologist Jan Janský independently introduced blood type classification in 1907 in a local journal . He used the Roman numerical I , II , III , and IV ( corresponding to modern O , A , B , and AB ) . Unbeknown to Janský , an American physician William L. Moss devised a slightly different classification using the same numerical ; his I , II , III , and IV corresponding to modern AB , A , B , and O. These two systems created confusion and potential danger in medical practice . Moss 's system was adopted in Britain , France , and US , while Janský 's was preferred in most European countries and some parts of US . To resolve the chaos , the American Association of Immunologists , the Society of American Bacteriologists , and the Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologists made a joint recommendation in 1921 that the Jansky classification be adopted based on priority . But it was not followed particularly where Moss 's system had been used . In 1927 , Landsteiner , who had moved to the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York , and as a member of a committee of the National Research Council concerned with blood grouping suggested to substitute Janský 's and Moss 's systems with the letters 0 , A , B , and AB . ( There was another confusion on the use of figure 0 for German null as introduced by Hirszfeld and von Dungern , because others used the letter O for ohne , meaning without or zero ; Landsteiner chose the latter . ) This classification was adopted by the National Research Council and became variously known as the National Research Council classification , the International classification , and most popularly the `` new '' Landsteiner classification . The new system was gradually accepted and by the early 1950s , it was universally followed . The first practical use of blood typing in transfusion was by an American physician Reuben Ottenberg in 1907 . And the large - scale application started during the First World War ( 1914 - 1915 ) when citric acid was developed as blood clot prevention . Felix Bernstein demonstrated the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple alleles at one locus in 1924 . Watkins and Morgan , in England , discovered that the ABO epitopes were conferred by sugars , to be specific , N - acetylgalactosamine for the A-type and galactose for the B - type . After much published literature claiming that the ABH substances were all attached to glycosphingolipids , Finne et al. ( 1978 ) found that the human erythrocyte glycoproteins contain polylactosamine chains that contains ABH substances attached and represent the majority of the antigens . The main glycoproteins carrying the ABH antigens were identified to be the Band 3 and Band 4.5 proteins and glycophorin . Later , Yamamoto 's group showed the precise glycosyl transferase set that confers the A , B and O epitopes . Diagram showing the carbohydrate chains that determine the ABO blood group Student blood test . Three drops of blood are mixed with anti-B ( left ) and anti-A ( right ) serum . Agglutination on the right side indicates blood type A . There are three basic variants of immunoglobulin antigens in humans that share a very similar chemical structure but are distinctly different . Red circles show where there are differences in chemical structure in the antigen - binding site ( sometimes called the antibody - combining site ) of human immunoglobulin . Notice the O - type antigen does not have a binding site . Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion ( edit ) In April 2007 , an international team of researchers announced in the journal Nature Biotechnology an inexpensive and efficient way to convert types A , B , and AB blood into type O . This is done by using glycosidase enzymes from specific bacteria to strip the blood group antigens from red blood cells . The removal of A and B antigens still does not address the problem of the Rh blood group antigen on the blood cells of Rh positive individuals , and so blood from Rh negative donors must be used . Patient trials will be conducted before the method can be relied on in live situations . Another approach to the blood antigen problem is the manufacture of artificial blood , which could act as a substitute in emergencies . Genetics ( edit ) A and B are codominant , giving the AB phenotype . Blood groups are inherited from both parents . The ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene ( the ABO gene ) with three types of alleles inferred from classical genetics : i , I , and I . The I designation stands for isoagglutinogen , another term for antigen . The gene encodes a glycosyltransferase -- that is , an enzyme that modifies the carbohydrate content of the red blood cell antigens . The gene is located on the long arm of the ninth chromosome ( 9q34 ) . The I allele gives type A , I gives type B , and i gives type O. As both I and I are dominant over i , only ii people have type O blood . Individuals with I I or I i have type A blood , and individuals with I I or I i have type B. I I people have both phenotypes , because A and B express a special dominance relationship : codominance , which means that type A and B parents can have an AB child . A couple with type A and type B can also have a type O child if they are both heterozygous ( I i , I i ) The cis - AB phenotype has a single enzyme that creates both A and B antigens . The resulting red blood cells do not usually express A or B antigen at the same level that would be expected on common group A or B red blood cells , which can help solve the problem of an apparently genetically impossible blood group . Blood group inheritance Blood type O AB Genotype ii ( OO ) I i ( AO ) I I ( AA ) I i ( BO ) I I ( BB ) I I ( AB ) O ii ( OO ) O OO OO OO OO O or A AO OO AO OO AO AO AO AO O or B BO OO BO OO BO BO BO BO A or B AO BO AO BO I i ( AO ) O or A AO AO OO OO O or A AA AO AO OO AA AA AO AO O , A , B or AB AB AO BO OO B or AB AB AB BO BO A , B or AB AA AB AO BO I I ( AA ) AO AO AO AO AA AO AA AO AA AA AA AA A or AB AB AO AB AO AB AB AB AB AB A or AB AA AB AA AB I i ( BO ) O or B BO BO OO OO O , A , B or AB AB BO AO OO A or AB AB AB AO AO O or B BB BO BO OO BB BB BO BO A , B or AB AB BB AO BO I I ( BB ) BO BO BO BO B or AB AB BO AB BO AB AB AB AB AB BB BO BB BO BB BB BB BB B or AB AB BB AB BB AB I I ( AB ) A or B AO AO BO BO A , B or AB AA AO AB BO A or AB AA AA AB AB A , B or AB AB AO BB BO B or AB AB AB BB BB A , B , or AB AA AB AB BB The table above summarizes the various blood groups that children may inherit from their parents . Genotypes are shown in the second column and in small print for the offspring : AO and AA both test as type A ; BO and BB test as type B . The four possibilities represent the combinations obtained when one allele is taken from each parent ; each has a 25 % chance , but some occur more than once . Blood group inheritance by phenotype only Blood type O AB O O O or A O or B A or B O or A O or A O , A , B or AB A , B or AB O or B O , A , B or AB O or B A , B or AB AB A or B A , B or AB A , B or AB A , B or AB Historically , ABO blood tests were used in paternity testing , but in 1957 only 50 % of American men falsely accused were able to use them as evidence against paternity . Occasionally , the blood types of children are not consistent with expectations -- for example , a type O child can be born to an AB parent -- due to rare situations , such as Bombay phenotype and cis AB . Subgroups ( edit ) The A blood type contains about 20 subgroups , of which A1 and A2 are the most common ( over 99 % ) . A1 makes up about 80 % of all A-type blood , with A2 making up almost all of the rest . These two subgroups are not always interchangeable as far as transfusion is concerned , as some A2 individuals produce antibodies against the A1 antigen . Complications can sometimes arise in rare cases when typing the blood . With the development of DNA sequencing , it has been possible to identify a much larger number of alleles at the ABO locus , each of which can be categorized as A , B , or O in terms of the reaction to transfusion , but which can be distinguished by variations in the DNA sequence . There are six common alleles in white individuals of the ABO gene that produce one 's blood type : A O A101 ( A1 ) A201 ( A2 ) B101 ( B1 ) O01 ( O1 ) O02 ( O1v ) O03 ( O2 ) The same study also identified 18 rare alleles , which generally have a weaker glycosylation activity . People with weak alleles of A can sometimes express anti-A antibodies , though these are usually not clinically significant as they do not stably interact with the antigen at body temperature . Cis AB is another rare variant , in which A and B genes are transmitted together from a single parent . Distribution and evolutionary history ( edit ) Main article : Blood type distribution by country The distribution of the blood groups A , B , O and AB varies across the world according to the population . There are also variations in blood type distribution within human subpopulations . In the UK , the distribution of blood type frequencies through the population still shows some correlation to the distribution of placenames and to the successive invasions and migrations including Norsemen , Danes , Saxons , Celts , and Normans who contributed the morphemes to the placenames and the genes to the population . The two common O alleles , O01 and O02 , share their first 261 nucleotides with the group A allele A01 . However , unlike the group A allele , a guanosine base is subsequently deleted . A premature stop codon results from this frame - shift mutation . This variant is found worldwide , and likely predates human migration from Africa . The O01 allele is considered to predate the O02 allele . Some evolutionary biologists theorize that there are four main lineages of the ABO gene and that mutations creating type O have occurred at least three times in humans . From oldest to youngest , these lineages comprise the following alleles : A101 / A201 / O09 , B101 , O02 and O01 . The continued presence of the O alleles is hypothesized to be the result of balancing selection . Both theories contradict the previously held theory that type O blood evolved first . Origin theories ( edit ) It is possible that food and environmental antigens ( bacterial , viral , or plant antigens ) have epitopes similar enough to A and B glycoprotein antigens . The antibodies created against these environmental antigens in the first years of life can cross-react with ABO - incompatible red blood cells that it comes in contact with during blood transfusion later in life . Anti-A antibodies are hypothesized to originate from immune response towards influenza virus , whose epitopes are similar enough to the α - D-N - galactosamine on the A glycoprotein to be able to elicit a cross-reaction . Anti-B antibodies are hypothesized to originate from antibodies produced against Gram - negative bacteria , such as E. coli , cross-reacting with the α - D - galactose on the B glycoprotein . However , it is more likely that the force driving evolution of allele diversity is simply negative frequency - dependent selection ; cells with rare variants of membrane antigens are more easily distinguished by the immune system from pathogens carrying antigens from other hosts . Thus , individuals possessing rare types are better equipped to detect pathogens . The high within - population diversity observed in human populations would , then , be a consequence of natural selection on individuals . HIV can be neutralized in in vitro experiments using antibodies against blood group antigens specifically expressed on the HIV - producing cell lines . Clinical relevance ( edit ) The carbohydrate molecules on the surfaces of red blood cells have roles in cell membrane integrity , cell adhesion , membrane transportation of molecules , and acting as receptors for extracellular ligands , and enzymes . ABO antigens are found having similar roles on epithelial cells as well as red blood cells . Bleeding and thrombosis ( von Willebrand factor ) ( edit ) The ABO antigen is also expressed on the von Willebrand factor ( vWF ) glycoprotein , which participates in hemostasis ( control of bleeding ) . In fact , having type O blood predisposes to bleeding , as 30 % of the total genetic variation observed in plasma vWF is explained by the effect of the ABO blood group , and individuals with group O blood normally have significantly lower plasma levels of vWF ( and Factor VIII ) than do non-O individuals . In addition , vWF is degraded more rapidly due to the higher prevalence of blood group O with the Cys1584 variant of vWF ( an amino acid polymorphism in VWF ) : the gene for ADAMTS13 ( vWF - cleaving protease ) maps to the ninth chromosome ( 9q34 ) , the same locus as ABO blood type . Higher levels of vWF are more common amongst people who have had ischemic stroke ( from blood clotting ) for the first time . The results of this study found that the occurrence was not affected by ADAMTS13 polymorphism , and the only significant genetic factor was the person 's blood group . Disease risks ( edit ) Compared to O group individuals , non-O group ( A , AB , and B) individuals have a 14 % reduced risk of squamous cell carcinoma and 4 % reduced risk of basal cell carcinoma . Conversely , type O blood is associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer . The B antigen links with increased risk of ovarian cancer . Gastric cancer has reported to be more common in blood group A and least in group O . According to Glass , Holmgren , et al. , those in the O blood group have an increased risk of infection with cholera , and those O - group individuals who are infected have more severe infections . The mechanisms behind this association with cholera are unclear in the literature . ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn ( edit ) Main article : Hemolytic disease of the newborn ( ABO ) ABO blood group incompatibilities between the mother and child does not usually cause hemolytic disease of the newborn ( HDN ) because antibodies to the ABO blood groups are usually of the IgM type , which do not cross the placenta . However , in an O - type mother , IgG ABO antibodies are produced and the baby can potentially develop ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn . Clinical applications ( edit ) In human cells , the ABO alleles and their encoded glycosyltransferases have been described in several oncologic conditions . Using anti-GTA / GTB monoclonal antibodies , it was demonstrated that a loss of these enzymes was correlated to malignant bladder and oral epithelia . Furthermore , the expression of ABO blood group antigens in normal human tissues is dependent the type of differentiation of the epithelium . In most human carcinomas , including oral carcinoma , a significant event as part of the underlying mechanism is decreased expression of the A and B antigens . Several studies have observed that a relative down - regulation of GTA and GTB occurs in oral carcinomas in association with tumor development . More recently , a genome wide association study ( GWAS ) has identified variants in the ABO locus associated with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer . Clinical marker ( edit ) A multi-locus genetic risk score study based on a combination of 27 loci , including the ABO gene , identified individuals at increased risk for both incident and recurrent coronary artery disease events , as well as an enhanced clinical benefit from statin therapy . The study was based on a community cohort study ( the Malmo Diet and Cancer study ) and four additional randomized controlled trials of primary prevention cohorts ( JUPITER and ASCOT ) and secondary prevention cohorts ( CARE and PROVE IT - TIMI 22 ) . Pseudoscience ( edit ) During the 1930s , connecting blood groups to personality types became popular in Japan and other areas of the world . Studies of this association have yet to confirm its existence definitively . Other popular but unsupported ideas include the use of a blood type diet , claims that group A causes severe hangovers , group O is associated with perfect teeth , and those with blood group A2 have the highest IQs . Scientific evidence in support of these concepts is nonexistent . Data tables ( edit ) ABO allele frequencies in Korean , Japanese and German populations Population ABO allele A ( Pro ) A ( Leu ) O ( T ) O ( A ) O Korean ( n = 253 ) 0.022 0.209 0.209 0.360 0.200 0 Japanese ( n = 520 ) 0.071 0.216 0.178 0.273 0.262 0 German ( n = 169 ) 0.213 0.077 0.047 0.426 0.216 0.021 Korean versus Japanese , p < 0.001 . Korean versus Japanese , p < 0.01 . Korean versus German , p < 0.001 . Korean versus German , p < 0.01 . Korean versus German , p < 0.05 ( Fisher 's exact probability test ) . Fukumori et al. , 1996 . Nishimukai et al. , 1996 . Source : Table 2 , Page 333 , Kang Sung - ha et al. ( 1997 ) See also ( edit ) Kidd blood group References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) . `` ABO blood group system '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . 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Jump up ^ Dabelsteen , Erik ( 2002 - 02 - 01 ) . `` ABO blood group antigens in oral mucosa . What is new ? '' . Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine . 31 ( 2 ) : 65 -- 70 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 0904 - 2512.2001. 00004. x . ISSN 0904 - 2512 . PMID 11896825 . Jump up ^ Amundadottir , Laufey T. ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Pancreatic Cancer Genetics '' . International Journal of Biological Sciences . 12 ( 3 ) : 314 -- 325 . doi : 10.7150 / ijbs. 15001 . ISSN 1449 - 2288 . PMC 4753160 . PMID 26929738 . Jump up ^ Mega , Jessica L. ; Stitziel , Nathan O. ; Smith , J. Gustav ; Chasman , Daniel I. ; Caulfield , Mark J. ; Devlin , James J. ; Nordio , Francesco ; Hyde , Craig L. ; Cannon , Christopher P. ( 2015 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Genetic risk , coronary heart disease events , and the clinical benefit of statin therapy : an analysis of primary and secondary prevention trials '' . Lancet . 385 ( 9984 ) : 2264 -- 2271 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 14 ) 61730 - X . ISSN 1474 - 547X . PMC 4608367 . PMID 25748612 . Jump up ^ American Red Cross , Southern California Blood Services Region ( n.d. ) . `` Answers to Commonly Asked Questions About Blood and Blood Banking '' ( PDF ) . Blood : the Basics : 4 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 November 2007 . Retrieved 16 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Sung Il Ryu , Young Woo Sohn ( 2007 ) , A Review of Sociocultural , Behavioral , Biochemical Analyses on ABO Blood - Groups Typology , The Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology . Jump up ^ Hobgood , Donna K. ( 2011 ) . `` Personality traits of aggression - submissiveness and perfectionism associate with ABO blood groups through catecholamine activities '' . Medical Hypotheses. 77 ( 2 ) : 294 -- 300 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mehy. 2011.04. 039 . PMID 21601990 . Jump up ^ Klein , Harvey G ( 7 March 2005 ) . `` Why Do People Have Different Blood Types ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 16 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Kang , Sung - ha et al. ( 1997 ) . Distribution of ABO Genotypes and Allele Frequencies in a Korean Population . Japanese Journal of Human Genetics , 42 ( 2 ) , Page 333 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02766955 Retrieved July 24 , 2017 , from link to the article . Further reading ( edit ) Dean L ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 5 : The ABO blood group '' . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens . Retrieved 24 March 2007 . Farr A ( 1 April 1979 ) . `` Blood group serology -- the first four decades ( 1900 -- 1939 ) '' . Med Hist. 23 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 26 . doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300051383 . PMC 1082436 . PMID 381816 . External links ( edit ) ABO at BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI , NIH ABO blood groups , antibodies and antigens explained YouTube educational video Encyclopædia Britannica , ABO blood group system National Blood Transfusion Service Molecular Genetic Basis of ABO Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&oldid=854465101 '' Categories : Blood antigen systems Transfusion medicine Antigenic determinant Hematopathology Glycoproteins Serology Genes on human chromosome 9 Hidden categories : CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) Use dmy dates from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska ಕನ್ನಡ 日本語 Plattdüütsch Português Suomi தமிழ் ไทย 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 15 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who figured out a way to determine the type of blood	[ "The ABO blood types were discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930. ABO blood types are also present in some other animals such as rodents and apes, including chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas.[4]\n" ]	[ "Karl Landsteiner" ]
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Note : All stations with a blue check mark ( ) are ESPN owned and operated stations Contents ( hide ) 1 Alabama 2 Alaska 3 Arizona 4 Arkansas 5 California 6 Colorado 7 Connecticut 8 District of Columbia 9 Florida 10 Georgia 11 Hawaii 12 Idaho 13 Illinois 14 Indiana 15 Iowa 16 Kansas 17 Kentucky 18 Louisiana 19 Maine 20 Maryland 21 Massachusetts 22 Michigan 23 Minnesota 24 Mississippi 25 Missouri 26 Montana 27 Nebraska 28 Nevada 29 New Hampshire 30 New Jersey 31 New Mexico 32 New York 33 North Carolina 34 North Dakota 35 Ohio 36 Oklahoma 37 Oregon 38 Pennsylvania 39 Rhode Island 40 South Carolina 41 South Dakota 42 Tennessee 43 Texas 44 Utah 45 Vermont 46 Virginia 47 Washington 48 Washington , DC 49 West Virginia 50 Wisconsin 51 Wyoming 52 Canada 53 Defunct or moved ESPN Radio affiliates 54 References Alabama ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Auburn , Alabama ESPN 106.7 Auburn High School baseball and basketball Birmingham , Alabama Jox 2 : ESPN 100.5 Birmingham affiliate for Auburn Tigers football and men 's basketball Decatur , Alabama ESPN Radio 1400 Alabama Crimson Tide Football , High School Football . Florence , Alabama ESPN Radio 93.9 Atlanta Braves affiliate , Alabama Crimson Tide Sports Network Huntsville , Alabama 97.7 The Zone Carries Army Black Knight Football University of Alabama Huntsville Basketball games , High School Football , NCAA and NFL football games , and the NCAA Basketball Tournament . Roanoke , Alabama ESPN Radio 1360 Tuscaloosa , Alabama Tide 102.9 Tuscaloosa affiliate for Alabama Crimson Tide football and softball York , Alabama ESPN Radio 104.9 West Alabama Tigers flagship station . Alaska ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Anchorage , Alaska 550 The Zone Flagship station of University of Alaska Anchorage Seawolves hockey , Seattle Mariners baseball Soldotna , Alaska ESPN 1140 Your source for Sports on the Kenai Peninsula Fairbanks , Alaska 820 Sports We 're in the game ! Arizona ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Phoenix , Arizona Arizona Sports 98.7 Flagship station of Phoenix Suns , Arizona Cardinals , Arizona Coyotes , Arizona Diamondbacks , and Arizona State Sun Devils ; local games move over to News 92.3 KTAR in case of scheduling conflict Safford , Arizona ESPN Radio 1230 Tucson , Arizona ESPN Radio 1490 The Fan Affiliate of Arizona Diamondbacks baseball ; Phoenix Suns basketball Arkansas ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Batesville , Arkansas ESPN Radio 1340 Bentonville , Arkansas ESPN Radio 1290 Arkansas Razorbacks sports Dardanelle , Arkansas ESPN Radio 980 Arkansas Razorbacks sports and Arkansas Tech University sports affiliate Fayetteville , Arkansas ESPN Radio 99.5 Arkansas Razorbacks sports Fort Smith , Arkansas ESPN Radio 96.3 carries Arkansas razorback football , baseball , and basketball . Little Rock , Arkansas 103.7 The Buzz Dallas Cowboys football affiliate , Arkansas Razorbacks sports , High School Football Morrilton , Arkansas ESPN Radio 800 Stuttgart , Arkansas ESPN Radio 1240 Tennessee Titans affiliate California ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Anaheim , California Angels Radio AM 830 ( `` In Association with ESPN '' ) Owned by the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim . Consequently , they are the team 's flagship station . Also the flagship for the Anaheim Ducks , and an affiliate for the Oakland Raiders and the Notre Dame Fighting Irish . Roger Lodge hosts the station 's afternoon show . Bakersfield , California ESPN Radio 1230 Clovis , California ESPN Radio 790 Affiliate of the Oakland Athletics Eureka , California ESPN Radio 92.7 / 1340 Flagship station of the Humboldt State Lumberjacks Fresno , California 940 ESPN Radio Affiliate of the Los Angeles Lakers , San Francisco 49ers , San Francisco Giants , and San Jose Sharks Los Angeles , California 710 ESPN Radio West Coast ESPN Radio flagship . Los Angeles Lakers flagship station , USC Trojans Football and Basketball flagship station . Also airs select Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim games in a partnership with Angels - owned flagship KLAA . Former originating station for defunct All Night with Jason Smith . AM flagship station of the Los Angeles Rams as of May 2016 . Modesto , California ESPN Radio 970 affiliate of San Francisco 49ers , San Jose Sharks , Golden State Warriors , and California Golden Bears radio network Monterey , California ESPN Radio 630 Redding , California ESPN Radio 96.1 San Francisco Giants , San Francisco 49ers , and San Jose Sharks affiliate Sacramento , California ESPN 1320 AM affiliate of San Francisco 49ers San Diego , California ESPN 1700 AM San Francisco , California 95.7 The Game San Luis Obispo , California ESPN Radio 1280 Colorado ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Colona , Colorado ESPN Radio 1450 Colorado Springs , Colorado Currently No ESPN Radio affiliate Last heard on ESPN The ROCK ! 101.3 before station flipped to Soft AC Denver , Colorado 1600 ESPN ( main ) 104.3 The Fan ( secondary ) KKFN : Carries local programming and select ESPN Radio programming along with play - by - play coverage of the Denver Nuggets , Colorado Avalanche , and Air Force Falcons football . KFFN also includes WestWood One Sports programming . KEPN : Carries full ESPN Radio schedule . Durango , Colorado ESPN Radio 930 Rifle , Colorado ESPN Radio 690 Steamboat Springs , Colorado ESPN Radio 1230 Connecticut ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Hartford , Connecticut 97.9 ESPN Home of The Rob Dibble Show . Weekdays 3PM - 7PM . Launched on January 28 , 2012 . 97.9 ESPN replaced WPOP as the Hartford affiliate of ESPN Radio . WPOP flipped to Fox Sports Radio on March 5 , 2012 . New Haven , Connecticut ESPN Radio 1300 Affiliate of the Blue Devils ESPN Radio Network , broadcasting Central Connecticut State University men 's basketball and football . District of columbia ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Washington , D.C. 980 WTEM `` ESPN 980 '' is the Washington Redskins football flagship , Washington Wizards & Georgetown Hoyas basketball flagship , Maryland Terrapins and Virginia Cavaliers football & men 's basketball coverage and Baltimore Orioles affiliate . Florida ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Fort Myers , Florida 99.3 FM ESPN Affiliate of the Miami Marlins , Tampa Bay Rays , New York Yankees , Boston Red Sox , Miami Dolphins and Miami Hurricanes . Sister to WQAM in Miami , but it clears most ESPN Radio programming . Gainesville , Florida ESPN Radio 95.3 / 850 Flagship station of the Florida Gators . Jacksonville , Florida 1010XL 92.5 fm ( simulcast ) Flagship station of the Jacksonville Jaguars , North Florida Ospreys , and the Jacksonville Dolphins ; Georgia Bulldogs football affiliate . Miami , Florida 790 The Ticket Flagship of the Miami Marlins and Florida Panthers . Jorge Sedano in morning drive , Dan LeBatard in afternoons , and onetime Miami - based talk host Phil Hendrie in overnight . Carries Colin Cowherd and ESPN overnight ( non-related Fox Sports Radio affiliate WINZ carries the first three hours of Mike and Mike ) . Miami , Florida 1210 ESPN Deportes Flagship of the Miami Dolphins and Florida Panthers. The first Hispanic sports talk station covering the Greater Miami Area including Boyton Beach , Fort Lauderdale and the upper keys . Power : 47,000 Watts Programming : Local Orlando , Florida ESPN Radio 580 AM Flagship of Orlando Magic basketball ; affiliate of Miami Hurricanes football , Tampa Bay Rays baseball , Jacksonville Jaguars football , Florida State Seminoles football & basketball , and NASCAR live coverage St. Petersburg / Tampa , Florida Sports Radio 620 WDAE Flagship of Tampa Bay Rays baseball , Tampa Bay Buccaneers football , and Tampa Bay Lightning hockey ; Florida Gators football and basketball affiliate . Tallahassee , Florida 97.9 ESPN Radio West Palm Beach , Florida ESPN Radio 106.3 Affiliate of the Florida Marlins , Florida Panthers , Miami Dolphins , Miami Heat , Florida Gators , and Miami Hurricanes . Georgia ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Athens , Georgia ESPN Radio 960 Augusta , Georgia ESPN Radio 1380 Carolina Panthers football Brunswick , Georgia ESPN Radio 790 Atlanta Braves affiliate Cochran , Georgia Middle Georgia 's ESPN Simulcasts on WXKO , WFXM - FM HD - 4 , 93.1 W226BZ Macon , and 99.5 W258AP Warner Robins Columbus , Georgia ESPN Radio 1580 - 95.7 University of Alabama , Atlanta Falcons , & Atlanta Hawks . Simulcast on WIOL - FM 95.7 FM . Fort Valley , Georgia Middle Georgia 's ESPN Simulcasts on WRWR - FM HD - 2 Cochran , WFXM - FM HD - 4 Gordon , 93.1 W226BZ Macon , and 99.5 W258AP Warner Robins Gordon , Georgia Middle Georgia 's ESPN Simulcasts on WRWR - FM HD - 2 , WXKO - AM Fort Valley , 93.1 W226BZ Macon , and 99.5 W258AP Warner Robins La Grange , Georgia ESPN Radio 1240 - 96.9 Macon , Georgia Middle Georgia 's ESPN Simulcasts on WRWR - FM HD - 2 , WFXM - FM HD - 4 , WXKO - AM Fort Valley , and 99.5 W258AP Warner Robins Marietta , Georgia ESPN Radio 1230 Milledgeville , Georgia ESPN Radio 1450 Rome , Georgia ESPN Radio 1410 Sandersville , Georgia ESPN Radio 1490 Valdosta , Georgia ESPN Radio 1150 - 96.1 Valdosta State Blazers football , Atlanta Falcons , & Atlanta Braves . Warner Robins , Georgia Middle Georgia 's ESPN Simulcasts on WRWR - FM HD - 2 , WFXM - FM HD - 4 , 93.1 W226BZ Macon , and WXKO - AM Fort Valley . Hawaii ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Hilo , Hawaii ESPN Radio 850 Honolulu , Hawaii ESPN Radio 1420 Hawaii Warriors play - by - play Kahului , Hawaii ESPN Radio 900 Kealakekua , Hawaii ESPN Radio 790 Idaho ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Coeur d'Alene , Idaho ESPN North Idaho Idaho Falls , Idaho KSPZ flagship station for Idaho Falls Chukars baseball Moscow , Idaho The Palouse 's ESPN 1400 Washington State Cougars , Idaho Vandals football and basketball , local high school sports , local and Seattle sports talk 10am - 12pm Monday - Friday Twin Falls , Idaho ESPN The Zone Illinois ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Champaign , Illinois ESPN Radio 93.5 St. Louis Cardinals affiliate , Tay and J Show Chicago , Illinois ESPN Radio 1000 The first owned - and - operated station for ESPN Radio , and the network 's Midwest flagship . Also was the first station to carry Mike and Mike . Chicago Bulls flagship , and key affiliate for both University of Notre Dame and University of Illinois at Chicago . Decatur , Illinois ESPN Radio 1050 Affiliate station for the Chicago Cubs , Chicago Bears , Chicago Bulls . Local programming includes , ' The Aric Lee Show ' each weekday , High School Football and Basketball Broadcasts from schools in Central Illinois . Marion , Illinois ESPN Radio 103.5 St. Louis Cardinals affiliate Peoria , Illinois ESPN Radio 96.5 FM Chicago Cubs affiliate , Sunday and Monday Night NFL football , Chicago Bulls basketball and Peoria Fantasy Focus 9 - 11 on Sundays Quincy , Illinois ESPN Radio 1440 Chicago Cubs affiliate Springfield , Illinois Sportsradio 1450 AM local Central State Eight and other high school football and basketball games , Chicago Cubs , and Chicago Bears football . Also has local afternoon sports show -- `` The Press Box '' from 4 to 6 pm . Indiana ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Angola , Indiana ESPN 92.7 Detroit Tigers baseball affiliate . Has operated on the HD3 subchannel of 100.3 WLKI and simulcast on FM translator W224BY since November 2009 . Brazil , Indiana 1130 The Fan simulcast on FM translator W258BA Terre Haute since 2013 . New programming . No longer a valid affiliate . Fort Wayne , Indiana The Fan 1380 Fort Wayne Tincaps baseball , Purdue University and IPFW athletics . All local programming is simulcast on sister station 106.7 The Fan , Fort Wayne 's Fox Sports Radio affiliate ( 106.7 The Fan 's primary market is Angola , already serviced by WLKI - HD3 / W224BY `` ESPN 92.7 '' ) . Indianapolis , Indiana FM 107.5 and 1070 The Fan Indianapolis Colts , Indiana Pacers , IndyCar Series and Butler Bulldogs basketball flagship station ; also carries Indiana Hoosiers ( Some rights shared with sister stations WIBC and WLHK ) . Only ESPN properties carried are `` Mike & Mike '' and some live sports as of 3 / 30 / 2017 . Kokomo , Indiana News / Talk / ESPN 1350AM WIOU Purdue University football and Indiana University basketball affiliate . Coverage of high school football , basketball and baseball . Carries a general news / talk lineup during the daytime hours . Lafayette , Indiana ESPN 1450 Chicago Bears football , IRL Racing Marion , Indiana ESPN Radio 860 Muncie , Indiana ESPN Radio 1360 Cincinnati Reds baseball , local high school basketball Richmond , Indiana ESPN Radio 1490 and 100.9 FM Cincinnati Reds baseball , local high school basketball , Miami University Hockey South Bend , Indiana ESPN Radio 95.7 Chicago Bears football , Chicago Bulls basketball , Chicago White Sox baseball Terre Haute , Indiana The Fan 99.5 New programming . No longer a valid affiliate . Vincennes , Indiana ESPN Radio 1450 Warsaw , Indiana ESPN Radio 1480 Iowa ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Cedar Rapids , Iowa 1600 The Gym Iowa State Cyclones sports , high school sports , Minnesota Twins , Indy Racing League , NCAA Basketball , NFL Football Davenport , Iowa ESPN 93.5 Chicago Cubs baseball , Chicago Bears football Des Moines , Iowa 1350 ESPN Chicago Cubs baseball , Green Bay Packers football , Drake Bulldogs sports , Iowa Energy NBA D League basketball Kansas ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Lawrence , Kansas ESPN Radio 1320 Kansas Jayhawks sports Manhattan , Kansas ESPN Radio 1350 Pittsburg , Kansas 99.1 The Ticket ESPN Radio Fort Scott Community College sports , Pittsburg High School football and basketball Topeka , Kansas ESPN Radio 1490 Wellington , Kansas ESPN Radio 1130 Wichita , Kansas ESPN Radio 1240 Wichita , Kansas ESPN Radio 98.7 Winfield , Kansas ESPN Radio 1550 Kentucky ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Ashland , Kentucky ESPN Radio 1340 Bowling Green , Kentucky ESPN Radio 1450 Campbellsville , Kentucky ESPN Radio 1450 Elizabethtown , Kentucky ESPN Radio 101.5 Lexington , Kentucky ESPN Radio 1300 Louisville , Kentucky ESPN Radio 680 and 105.7 Manchester , Kentucky ESPN Radio 1450 `` Reality Radio XL '' Cincinnati Reds and Chicago Cubs play by play , Major League Baseball on ESPN Radio including Sunday Night Baseball , Playoff and World Series coverage , College football Bowl Championship Series , Kentucky Derby Paducah , Kentucky ESPN Radio 1560 Princeton , Kentucky ESPN Radio 1580 Louisiana ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Alexandria , Louisiana ESPN Radio 1410 LSU athletics New Orleans Pelicans Basketball Baton Rouge , Louisiana ESPN Radio 104.9 Southern University football and basketball Flagship station of LSU Tigers Basketball and coaches shows Houma , Louisiana ESPN Radio 1490 Lafayette , Louisiana Sports Radio ESPN 1420 Louisiana -- Lafayette Ragin ' Cajuns baseball , New Orleans Pelicans basketball Flagship of The Moon Griffon conservative talk radio show . Lake Charles , Louisiana ESPN Radio 1400 Monroe , Louisiana ESPN Radio 97.7 High School Football , ULM athletics , New Orleans Pelicans basketball and Saints Football , Grambling State athletics , LSU sports , and LA Tech athletics . New Orleans , Louisiana ESPN 100.3 Effective January 1 , 2014 , KLRZ - FM is a radio affiliate of ESPN Radio for the New Orleans market . The new format will carry ESPN 's national lineup of sports talk personalities , programs , college and professional games . KLRZ - FM will be known as `` The Game '' , featuring a team of local sports talk personalities . Flagship station of Nicholls State Athletics . New Orleans Pelicans Basketball affiliate for Larose . Slidell , Louisiana ESPN Radio 1560 Houston Astros Baseball and High School Football Maine ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Millinocket , Maine WSYY Saco / Portland , Maine FM 95.9 WPEI Affiliate of the WEEI Sports Radio Network , Boston Red Sox and Boston Celtics . Skowhegan The Ticket Sports Radio 1160 Was ESPN Radio affiliate from the 1990s until September 2009 , switched back to sports in January 2011 . Bangor 92.9 The Ticket On January 1 , 2013 , Townsquare relaunched the station with a sports format as `` 92.9 The Ticket '' . Maryland ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Cumberland , Maryland ESPN Radio 1230 Massachusetts ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Boston , Massachusetts ESPN on WEEI ( main ) SportsRadio 93.7 WEEI ( secondary ) One of the first successful all - sports stations in the U.S. Adopted the format in 1991 ( then at 590 AM ) , relocated to 850 AM in 1994 , and began simulcasting on 93.7 FM in 2011 . Both stations are the flagship of the Boston Red Sox and Boston College football and basketball . Since October 5 , 2012 , WEEI has carried the entire ESPN Radio programming lineup in pattern as ESPN on WEEI . WEEI - FM 's daytime programming ( Dennis and Callahan , Mut and Merloni , The Big Show with Glenn Ordway and Planet Mikey ) is syndicated regionally via the `` WEEI Sports Radio Network '' to six other stations in Massachusetts , Maine , New Hampshire and Rhode Island . Consequently , up to the split of both stations , WEEI was one of a few ESPN affiliates that did not carry Mike and Mike , Colin Cowherd and Scott Van Pelt . Springfield , Massachusetts 1450 The Hall New York Yankees Baseball . Boston Bruins Hockey . The Average Joe Show . New Bedford , Massachusetts 1340 AM ESPN New Bedford Pawtucket Red Sox Baseball . High school football and boys basketball games for New Bedford High School , Greater New Bedford Voc - Tech , Fairhaven High School , Dartmouth High School , and Bishop Stang High School with operations manager Ed Perreira and Mark Enwright . Sister station of ESPN Radio 1450 West Warwick , Rhode Island Worcester , Massachusetts SportsRadio 1440 WEEI Has simulcast WEEI and / or WEEI - FM from 1991 until 1994 , and from 1997 onward . Since 2000 , the initial affiliate of the WEEI Sports Radio Network . Also an affiliate for the Boston Red Sox and Boston Celtics . Michigan ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Alma , Michigan ESPN Radio 1280 Bay City , Michigan ESPN Radio 100.9 East Lansing , Michigan ESPN Radio 730 Flint , Michigan Sports Xtra 1330 Affiliate for Detroit Tigers , University of Michigan football and basketball , Detroit Pistons , Detroit Lions , and Detroit Red Wings . Also carries local high school football . Grand Haven , Michigan ESPN Radio 1370 Grand Rapids , Michigan ESPN Radio 96.1 Also secondary affiliate of Fox Sports Radio . Airs the syndicated Jim Rome show from 12noon - 3pm , as a result , the first two hours of Colin Cowherd are heard . Also affiliated with the Detroit Pistons . Jackson , Michigan ESPN Radio 1450 Affiliate for Detroit Tigers , Michigan State football and basketball , Detroit Pistons and Detroit Lions Marquette , Michigan ESPN UP Radio 970 / 93.3 Play - by - play home for Westwood High School Sports Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan ESPN Radio 1400 Affiliate for the Detroit Pistons , as well as Soo Eagles junior hockey and Lake Superior State Lakers college basketball . Sturgis , Michigan ESPN Radio 1230 Traverse City , Michigan ESPN Radio Northern Michigan Simulcast on WSRT 106.7 FM and WSRJ 105.5 FM . Launched on August 31 , 2012 . Minnesota ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Bemidji , Minnesota ESPN Radio 1450 carries Minnesota Vikings and Minnesota Twins games Minneapolis , Minnesota 1500 ESPN Twin Cities key station for Minnesota Twins baseball , Minnesota Golden Golphers men 's and women 's basketball and men 's ice hockey , and Minnesota United FC soccer St. Cloud , Minnesota ESPN Radio 660 Chicago Cubs Radio Network affiliate Mississippi ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Biloxi , Mississippi ESPN Radio 1640 Columbus , Mississippi ESPN Radio 103.1 Greenville , Mississippi ESPN Radio 1260 carries Southern Miss Golden Eagles football and baseball and Ole Miss Rebels men 's basketball and baseball Hazlehurst , Mississippi ESPN Radio 92.9 Jackson , Mississippi ESPN The Zone 105.9 FM Mississippi State University live coverage Tupelo , Mississippi ESPN 96.3 FM Missouri ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Cape Girardeau , Missouri ESPN Radio 1220 Columbia , Missouri Sports Radio 100.5 FM & 1580 AM University of Missouri sports Houston , Missouri ESPN 1250 HOUSTON carries St. Louis Cardinals baseball , St. Louis Rams football and University of Missouri sports on ESPN 1250 HOUSTON Kansas City , Missouri Sports Radio 810 Kansas State University and University of Missouri -- Kansas City sports St. Joseph , Missouri ESPN Radio 1550 carries St. Louis Cardinals baseball games and Northwest Missouri State University sporting events St. Louis , Missouri ESPN Radio 101.1 Saint Louis University basketball and former flagship station for the St. Louis Rams . Sikeston , Missouri ESPN Radio 1470 Springfield , Missouri JOCK 98.7 ESPN Springfield Cardinals Double - A Baseball , University of Missouri , and Missouri State University Athletics . Rolla , Missouri ESPN Mid-Missouri 107.3 Home of the Rolla Bulldogs , St. Louis Blues , KC Chiefs , KC Royals . Montana ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Bozeman , Montana ESPN Radio 1230 Helena , Montana ESPN Montana 94.9 FM K235BW ; simulcasting KIMO - HD3 107.3 Great Falls , Montana ESPN Montana 99.9 FM K260AU ; simulcasting KIMO - HD3 107.3 Missoula , Montana ESPN Montana 97.5 FM simulcasting KKVU - HD4 104.5 Whitefish , Montana ESPN Radio 1240 Nebraska ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Hastings , Nebraska ESPN Radio 1550 Kearney , Nebraska ESPN Radio 1460 Lincoln , Nebraska ESPN Radio 1480 Norfolk , Nebraska ESPN Radio 780 - 105.9 North Platte , Nebraska ESPN Radio 1410 Omaha , Nebraska AM 590 Omaha 's ESPN Radio Nebraska Cornhuskers sports Scottsbluff , Nebraska ESPN Radio 1320 Nevada ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Las Vegas , Nevada ESPN Radio 1100 Joined ESPN Radio in February 2008 ; flagship station of the UNLV ISP Sports Network . Also affiliated with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim , Los Angeles Lakers and Anaheim Ducks . Reno , Nevada ESPN Radio 94.5 New Hampshire ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Concord , New Hampshire ESPN Radio 107.7 affiliate of Boston Red Sox baseball , Boston Bruins ice hockey , Boston Celtics baseball , New England Patriots football , and Boston College Eagles football Keene , New Hampshire WZBK - AM 1220 Airs live local sports events and a sports talk show called `` The Press Box '' ( all hosted by Bob Lund and Jared Goodell ) . Also broadcasts Keene Swamp Bats baseball and the local afternoon - drive shoe Dean Talks Boston , hosted by Dean Prentiss . Manchester , New Hampshire ESPN New Hampshire ( 1250 AM ) Carries Boston Red Sox , NFL , and Boston Bruins Nashua , New Hampshire ESPN New Hampshire ( 900 AM ) Simulcast of WGAM New jersey ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Atlantic City , New Jersey 97.3 ESPN - FM 2014 FIFA World Cup , College Football Playoff , NCAA Tournament ( since 2006 ) , MLB , NBA and NFL live coverage , Philadelphia Eagles games and Absegami , EHT , Holy Spirit , Atlantic City , Mainland , EHT , and Pleasantville High School sports . New Mexico ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Alamogordo , New Mexico ESPN Radio 103.7 Albuquerque , New Mexico ESPN Radio 101.7 Carlsbad , New Mexico ESPN Radio 1240 Santa Fe , New Mexico ESPN Radio 1400 New York ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Albany , New York ESPN Radio 104.5 `` The Team '' New York Yankees affiliate station and Albany Devils coverage Bath , New York ESPN Radio 1380 Binghamton , New York ESPN Radio 1360 Syracuse University Basketball coverage and The Jim Boeheim Show Brewster , New York ESPN Radio 1510 Buffalo , New York ESPN Radio 1520 ( main ) WGR Sports Radio 550 ( secondary ) WGR : Buffalo Sabres ( NHL ) and Buffalo Bills ( NFL ) flagship station . MSG Radio Network affiliate ( New York Red Bulls games only ) . A charter affiliate of ESPN Radio since its 1992 launch . WWKB : Syracuse ISP Sports Network ( men 's basketball and football ) affiliate . Elmira , New York ESPN Radio 1410 Glens Falls , New York ESPN Radio 1230 Ithaca , New York 1160 ESPN Radio Carries New York Yankees baseball and New York Jets football ; also carries Syracuse University Men 's Football and Men 's Basketball , and Cornell University Men 's Basketball Newark , New York ESPN Radio 1420 New York , New York ESPN Radio 98.7 FM East Coast ESPN Radio flagship . New York Jets ( NFL ) , New York Knicks ( NBA ) , New York Rangers ( NHL ) , New York Red Bulls ( MLS ) and Syracuse University ( men 's basketball and football ) flagship station . The station is operated by ESPN Radio under a local marketing agreement . Ogdensburg , New York ESPN Radio 1400 Oswego , New York ESPN Radio 1440 / 100.1 Rochester , New York ESPN Rado 950 Sabres Hockey Network affiliate ( regular season only ) Salamanca , New York ESPN 1590 WGGO Cleveland Browns , Penn State Nittany Lions football , local high school sports and Pop Warner Little Scholars football Syracuse , New York ESPN Radio 97.7 / 1200 ESPN Radio 1440 / 100.1 Syracuse ISP Sports Network co-flagship ( with sister station WTKW ) and Boston Red Sox affiliate . All four stations originate from WTLA 1200 - AM ; the two FM signals utilized are FM translators . Utica , New York ESPN Radio 1310 Watertown , New York ESPN Radio 1410 North Carolina ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Asheville , North Carolina ESPN Radio 1310 Canton , North Carolina ESPN Radio 970 Charlotte , North Carolina ESPN Radio 730 Fayetteville , North Carolina ESPN Radio 1230 Graham / Greensboro / High Point , North Carolina `` The Triad Sports Network '' - 1200 WSML / 1230 WMFR / 1320 WCOG Jacksonville , North Carolina ESPN Radio 1400 New Bern , North Carolina 1490 WWNB Radio Free ENC Kinston Indians baseball Hatteras , North Carolina ESPN 97.1 Raleigh / Durham , North Carolina 99.9 FM The Fan Carolina Hurricanes Wilmington , North Carolina ESPN Radio 630 Cape Fear Rugby Football Club coverage North Dakota ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Bismarck , North Dakota ESPN Radio 710 broadcasts Minnesota Twins and Minnesota Vikings games Fargo , North Dakota 740 The Fan Grand Forks , North Dakota ESPN Radio 1440 Mayville , North Dakota ESPN Radio 105.5 Mayville , North Dakota ESPN Radio 1520 Ohio ( edit ) Mansfield , Ohio ESPN Radio 1440 / 97.3 Coverage of high school football and basketball , Motor Racing Network and Westwood One affiliate . Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Ashtabula , Ohio ESPN 970 WFUN Co-flagship of the Lake County Captains ( along with WINT ) and Lake Erie College Storm football . Affiliate for Ohio State Buckeyes football and basketball , and the Cleveland Browns . Carries select Cleveland Indians and Cleveland Cavaliers games . Cambridge , Ohio ESPN Radio 1270 / 107.9 Canton , Ohio ESPN 990 Columbus Blue Jackets , Cincinnati Reds , Cincinnati Bengals , and Massillon Tigers live play - by - play Cincinnati , Ohio ESPN 1530 Cincinnati Bengals AM flagship ( shared overall with WEBN and WLW ) , Cincinnati affiliate for University of Kentucky football and basketball . Features local hosts Lance McAlister and Mo Egger . Cleveland , Ohio ESPN 850 WKNR ( main ) ESPN 1540 KNR2 ( secondary ) Co-flagship station for the Cleveland Browns and Lake Erie Monsters , Cleveland affiliate for Ohio State Buckeyes football and basketball , and MAC Tournament flagship . Sister station WWGK AM 1540 carries the final hour of Mike and Mike , and carries the rest of the ESPN Radio schedule throughout their broadcast day ( WWGK is a daytime only operation ) . ESPN 1540 KNR2 is also the flagship station of Notre Dame College football and carries NBA and MLB games via ESPN Radio . Both stations are co-branded ESPN Cleveland . Columbus , Ohio ESPN 1460 Columbus ( main ) Sports Radio 97.1 The Fan ( secondary ) Both stations are the flagship for Ohio State Buckeyes football and basketball and the Columbus Blue Jackets . 97.1 The Fan features Ohio State team programming and coaches ' shows , in addition to local hosts Beau Bishop , Anthony Rothman , and Mike Ricordati ESPN 1460 also is the Columbus affiliate of the Cleveland Indians . Dayton , Ohio ESPN Radio 1410 Cincinnati Reds baseball and Ohio State Buckeyes football and basketball . Gwoc Football Game of the Week . Fostoria , Ohio ESPN Radio 1430 Cleveland Indians , Cleveland Cavaliers , Cleveland Browns . Ohio State Buckeyesfootball and basketball . Toledo Mud Hens minor league baseball . Fostoria High School football , high school basketball , OHSAA football and basketball . Marietta , Ohio ESPN Radio 100.9 simulcast with AM 630 Flagship of the Ohio University Bobcats . Middleport , Ohio ESPN Radio 1390 Portsmouth , Ohio ESPN Radio 1260 carries Cincinnati Reds baseball and Ohio State Buckeyes football and basketball Oklahoma ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Ardmore , Oklahoma ESPN Radio 1240 Enid , Oklahoma ESPN Radio 1390 Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ESPN Radio 640 Oklahoma City Thunder Oregon ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Coos Bay , Oregon ESPN Radio 1230 Medford , Oregon ESPN Radio 580 Pendleton , Oregon ESPN Radio 1240 Portland , Oregon 1080 The Fan Seattle Seahawks affiliate Pennsylvania ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Allentown , Pennsylvania ESPN Radio of the Lehigh Valley New York Yankees ( MLB ) , New York Giants ( NFL ) , Lehigh University football , basketball and wrestling , Lehigh Valley IronPigs minor - league baseball Altoona , Pennsylvania ESPN Radio 1430 Pittsburgh Steelers football , Pittsburgh Pirates baseball , Pittsburgh Penguins hockey , and Penn State football and basketball Chambersburg , Pennsylvania ESPN Radio 1380 Erie , Pennsylvania ESPN Radio 1260 The Score Buffalo Bills coverage and Cleveland Indians baseball Harrisburg , Pennsylvania ESPN Radio 1400 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football Hermitage , Pennsylvania ESPN Radio 96.7 Huntingdon , Pennsylvania ESPN Radio 1150 Mexico , Juniata County , Pennsylvania ESPN Radio 1220 New Castle , Pennsylvania ESPN Radio 1280 Pittsburgh Pirates baseball , Pittsburgh Penguins hockey , and Penn State football and basketball Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 97.5 WPEN Branded `` 97.5 The Fanatic , '' featuring a predominantly local weekday lineup . Flagship for Villanova Wildcats football and basketball . Became flagship for Philadelphia 76ers in April 2012 , beginning with the NBA Playoffs . Flagship for Philadelphia Flyers starting in 2012 - 13 season . 610 WTEL Branded `` 610 Sports , '' carries the majority of ESPN Radio 's daytime programming WPEN is unable to clear , along with assorted brokered programming . Flagship for the MLS ' Philadelphia Union . Now a sister station to WPEN , but notable as the original home of WIP ( since migrated to FM and is WPEN 's main competitor ) . Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 970 ESPN 106.3 FM Co-flagship of the Pittsburgh Steelers ( along with WDVE ) . Affiliate of West Virginia University football and basketball . Pottsville , Pennsylvania ESPN Radio 1360 Reading , Pennsylvania ESPN Radio 1240 Scranton , Pennsylvania ESPN Radio 630 - 1240 - 96.1 - 100.1 - 100.5 - 102.7 Philadelphia Phillies baseball , University of Notre Dame football , weekly Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins report Somerset , Pennsylvania ESPN Radio 1330 State College , Pennsylvania ESPN Radio 1450 Penn State Nittany Lions football and State College Area High School sports flagship station , plus Pittsburgh Pirates and Pittsburgh Steelers coverage . Occasionally , other NFL teams are covered as well on Sundays and Mondays ( Monday Night Football ) Towanda , Pennsylvania ESPN Radio 1550 Troy , Pennsylvania ESPN Radio 1310 Williamsport , Pennsylvania ESPN Radio 1050 AM and 104.1 FM Lycoming College football and basketball ; in addition to Williamsport Crosscutters Minor League Baseball sports flagship station . York , Pennsylvania ESPN Radio 1350 Baltimore Orioles game coverage Rhode Island ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes West Warwick , Rhode Island 1450 AM ESPN Providence Sister station of ESPN Radio 1340 New Bedford , Massachusetts Westerly , Rhode Island SportsRadio 103.7 WEEI - FM Affiliate of the WEEI Sports Radio Network , Boston Red Sox , Boston Celtics and Providence Friars men 's basketball . South Carolina ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Barnwell , South Carolina ESPN Radio 1460 Clemson football and basketball Columbia , South Carolina ESPN Columbia 1230 AM Charleston , South Carolina ESPN Radio 910 Clinton , South Carolina ESPN Radio 1410 Atlanta Braves affiliate Florence , South Carolina ESPN Radio 98.9 Spartanburg , South Carolina ESPN Radio 950 Carolina Panthers NFL Football , Charlotte Bobcats NBA Basketball , Wofford Terriers College Football South Dakota ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Aberdeen , South Dakota ESPN Radio 1420 carries Minnesota Vikings , Minnesota Twins , Minnesota Wild , and Minnesota Timberwolves games Mitchell , South Dakota ESPN Radio 1490 Rapid City , South Dakota ESPN Radio 1340 & 105.7 Nebraska Cornhuskers and Minnesota Twins affiliate Sioux Falls , South Dakota ESPN Radio 99.1 Vermillion , South Dakota ESPN Radio 1570 carries Chicago Cubs games Tennessee ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Chattanooga , Tennessee ESPN Radio 105.1 Atlanta Braves , Atlanta Falcons , CFB , NFL , MLB and NBA coverage Clarksville , Tennessee ESPN Radio 540 Crossville , Tennessee ESPN Radio 1490 Jackson , Tennessee ESPN Radio 96.5 Johnson City , Tennessee ESPN Radio 1400 carries Tennessee Titans football games , Atlanta Braves baseball games , and King College Tornado sporting events Knoxville , Tennessee Currently No ESPN Radio affiliate Last heard on WVLZ McMinnville , Tennessee ESPN Radio 1230 Memphis , Tennessee 680 ESPN University of Tennessee football and basketball coverage , St. Louis Cardinals , Memphis Grizzlies basketball coverage , Tennessee Titans football coverage Nashville , Tennessee ESPN Radio 102.5 Nashville Predators flagship , Memphis Grizzlies affiliate Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ESPN Radio 106.3 Atlanta Braves affiliate Texas ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Abilene , Texas ESPN Radio 98.1 Amarillo , Texas ESPN Radio 1010 Carthage , Texas ESPN Radio 1590 College Station , Texas Sports Radio 1150 The Zone Brazos Valley Bombers baseball and local high school football . Serves as flagship station for Texas A&M University women 's basketball and softball . Also airs select Texas A&M men 's basketball and baseball games , as well as Houston Astros games when sister station WTAW has scheduling conflicts . Preempts The Herd with Colin Cowherd and The SportsBash for local programming . Corpus Christi , Texas KEYS ESPN 1440 Dallas , Texas 103.3 FM ESPN Dallas Mavericks basketball and Texas Christian University football flagship station El Paso , Texas ESPN Radio 600 Dallas Cowboys and Los Angeles Dodgers affiliate Houston , Texas ESPN Radio 97.5 Became ESPN Radio affiliate in January 2007 . In 2011 , KFNC became the Texas Longhorns ' affiliate in Houston . Laredo , Texas ESPN Radio 1490 Lubbock , Texas Double T 97.3 Texas Tech Red Raiders flagship station ; also carries Texas Rangers baseball and Dallas Cowboys football Lufkin , Texas ESPN Radio 1260 McAllen , Texas ESPN Radio 1240 Laredo , Texas ESPN 1490 The Zone San Angelo , Texas ESPN Radio 960 San Antonio , Texas ESPN The Zone 1250 Texarkana , Texas ESPN Radio 740 Dallas Cowboys affiliate Tyler , Texas ESPN Radio 92.1 no longer Vernon , Texas ESPN 1230 Football : Cowboys , Longhorns , Aggies , Randy Galloway only radio station in the world on showroom of a car dealership Waco , Texas ESPN Radio 1660 - 101.3 - 100.9 - 106.9 ( KHLE ) Texas Rangers baseball , Dallas Cowboys affiliate , Dallas Mavericks affiliate and Baylor Bears football and basketball affiliate Wichita Falls , Texas ESPN Radio 95.5 Texas Rangers baseball , Midwestern State Mustangs athletics , and Wichita Falls High School Coyote Football Utah ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Salt Lake City , Utah ESPN 700 Sports Utah sports ( flagship ) , Real Salt Lake soccer , Compass Media Networks NFL games . Preempts The Herd for The Dan Patrick Show . Preempts 2 hours of The Dan LeBetard Show and The Sedano Show for The Bill & OC Show . Provo , Utah ESPN 960 Sports BYU baseball ( flagship ) , BYU Cougars women 's soccer ( flagship ) , UVU men 's basketball ( flagship ) , Compass Media Networks NFL games . Preempts the final hour of The Dan LeBetard Show and The Sedano Show for Cougar Sports w / Ben Criddle . Vermont ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Brattleboro , Vermont ESPN Radio 1450 Burlington , Vermont ESPN Radio 101.3 Montpelier , Vermont ESPN Radio 1240 High School Sports , newly designated flagship for the U-32 Raiders Virginia ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Bedford , Virginia ESPN Radio 1350 Blacksburg , Virginia ESPN Radio 1430 - 94.1 Blackstone , Virginia ESPN Radio 1440 Gretna , Virginia ESPN Radio 106.3 Harrisonburg , Virginia ESPN Radio 1360 Lynchburg , Virginia ESPN Radio 1320 Martinsville , Virginia ESPN Radio 1160 Richmond , Virginia ESPN Radio 950 Richmond Spiders football and basketball ( flagship station ) , Washington Nationals baseball Roanoke , Virginia ESPN Radio 1240 Staunton , Virginia ESPN Radio 1240 Virginia Beach , Virginia ESPN Radio 94.1 Old Dominion Monarchs football and basketball , Norfolk Tides baseball and Norfolk Admirals hockey flagship station Washington ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Aberdeen , Washington ESPN Radio 1490 Bellingham , Washington ESPN Radio 1170 Clarkston , Washington 1430 The Sports Fan Also airs Seattle Seahawks football , Washington State Cougars football and men 's basketball , and the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series . Kennewick , Washington 1340 ESPN Radio Airs content from 710 AM in Seattle Pullman , Washington The Palouse 's ESPN 1400 Washington State Cougars , Idaho Vandals football and basketball , local high school sports , local and Seattle sports talk show 10am - 12pm Monday - Friday Seattle , Washington 710 ESPN Seattle Seattle Mariners and Seattle Seahawks flagship . Spokane , Washington 700 ESPN Spokane Became the ESPN affiliate after switching from 630 AM to a more powerful frequency . Affiliate KXLY 920 is home of the Seattle Mariners and Seattle Seahawks . Washington State Cougars flagship station . Spokane Shock flagship station . Home of `` Patchin , Osso and the Wingman . '' Vancouver , Washington 910 ESPN Portland Walla Walla , Washington ESPN Radio 1490 Yakima , Washington ESPN 1460 Yakima Washington , DC ( edit ) Market Branding Special Programming Notes Washington , DC ESPN980 West Virginia ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Charleston , West Virginia ESPN Radio 1490 Clarksburg , West Virginia ESPN Radio 1340 Hinton , West Virginia ESPN Radio 102.3 Huntington , West Virginia ESPN Radio 930 Marshall University flagship , Cincinnati Bengals affiliate Keyser , West Virginia ESPN Radio 1390 Logan , West Virginia ESPN Radio 1290 - 101.9 Martinsburg , West Virginia ESPN Radio 1340 Saint Marys , West Virginia ESPN Radio 630 Wisconsin ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Eau Claire , Wisconsin ESPN Radio 1150 Green Bay , Wisconsin Janesville , Wisconsin The Big AM 1380 Part - time affiliate ; it was a full - time affiliate from 1998 until 2014 . Broadcasts Beloit Snappers Baseball ( flagship ) , Marquette University basketball , Hononegah Community High School football and basketball ( flagship ) , NIU Huskies football , Rockford IceHogs hockey , and Roscoe Rush football ( flagship ) La Crosse , Wisconsin ESPN 105.5 FM Madison , Wisconsin 100.5 FM ESPN Broadcasts Marquette University basketball , Madison Mallards Baseball ( flagship ) and Madison Mustangs football ( flagship ) Marinette , Wisconsin ESPN Radio 570 Medford , Wisconsin ESPN Radio 1490 Milwaukee , Wisconsin 540 ESPN Broadcasts Marquette University basketball . Platteville , Wisconsin ESPN Radio 1590 Rhinelander , Wisconsin ESPN Radio 1240 Ripon , Wisconsin ESPN Radio 1600 Sparta , Wisconsin ESPN 1290 Broadcasts La Crosse Loggers Spencer , Wisconsin ESPN Radio 92.3 NASCAR affiliate Tomahawk , Wisconsin ESPN Radio 810 Wausau , Wisconsin ESPN Radio 100.5 Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin 1400 WRDB Part - time affiliate broadcasts Milwaukee Brewers baseball , Green Bay Packers football , Wisconsin Badgers Athletics and area high school sports . Wyoming ( edit ) Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Casper , Wyoming ESPN Radio 1400 Cheyenne , Wyoming ESPN Radio 1480 broadcasts Denver Nuggets and Colorado Avalanche games Laramie , Wyoming ESPN Radio 1210 Riverton , Wyoming ESPN Radio 1450 Sheridan , Wyoming ESPN Radio 87.7 Canada ( edit ) ESPN owns a minority interest in the sports network TSN alongside its majority owner Bell Media : in 2011 , the company converted three of its stations to a new sports radio network known as TSN Radio . Much like its television counterpart , all three TSN Radio stations also carry programs from ESPN Radio ( such as select event coverage , along with overnight and weekend programming ) . Market Branding Special Local Programming Notes Edmonton , Alberta TSN Radio 1260 Flagship station of the Edmonton Oil Kings , FC Edmonton and Edmonton Rush Toronto , Ontario TSN Radio 1050 First TSN Radio station , launched on April 13 , 2011 . Is the flagship station of the Toronto Argonauts , and the co-flagship of the Toronto Maple Leafs . Montreal , Quebec TSN Radio 690 Launched on October 5 , 2011 . English - language flagship of the Montreal Canadiens . Winnipeg , Manitoba TSN Radio 1290 Launched on October 5 , 2011 . Flagship station of the Winnipeg Jets and Goldeyes Defunct or moved ESPN Radio affiliates ( edit ) The following is the list of radio stations that were previously ESPN Radio affiliates . ESPN Radio station listing Market Branding Additional notes Alexandria , Virginia 820 WXTR Triple X ESPN Radio Flagship of the Triple X ESPN Radio trimulcast until owner Red Zebra Broadcasting purchased competitor WTEM in 2008 . Switched to ESPN Deportes Radio . Albany , New York ESPN Radio 1300 The Team Moved to 104.5 FM in late 2006 Athol , Massachusetts ESPN Radio 700 Became a simulcast of FM sister station WXRG , itself a repeater of Boston - market WXRV , in 2012 . Austin , Texas 104.9 KTXX / 1260 KLGO 104.9 The Horn Changed to a mix of local sports radio and Classic hits on January 2 , 2014 . Dropped the classic hits for NBC Sports Radio a year later . Baltimore , Maryland 1300 WJFK / WJZ ESPN Radio 1300 Joined the network on March 10 , 2003 as 1300 WJFK . Callsign changed to WJZ ( AM ) on November 3 , 2008 , in harmony with their sister TV station and newly created FM sports talker . Became a CBS Sports Radio affiliate on January 2 , 2013 . Baton Rouge , Louisiana The Score 1210 Lost the broadcast rights in Baton Rouge to the now ESPN 1300 in February 2007 . Bend , Oregon ESPN Radio 940 Switched affiliations to Fox Sports Radio . Birmingham , Alabama Jox 94.5 Announced that the station would become a charter affiliate of CBS Sports Radio when it debuts on January 2 , 2013 ; dropped ESPN Radio on August 19 , 2012 ; currently carrying CBS Sports Radio . Boise , Idaho ESPN Radio 730 Stunting effective February 2017 Boston , Massachusetts 890 ESPN Radio WAMG / WLLH dumped ESPN Radio Programming on September 14 , 2009 . Cambridge , Maryland ESPN Radio 1240 Changed formats to nostalgic standards on December 30 , 2011 . Cincinnati , Ohio 1160 WBOB Picked up the affiliation in August 2000 after then - affiliate 1360 WCKY became a charter Fox Sports Radio affiliate . Sold to religious broadcaster Salem Media Group at the same time ; Salem continued to operate WBOB as a sports station until 2003 , when it changed to conservative talk radio programming . 1450 WMOH Licensed to Hamilton , WMOH became a full - time affiliate for the greater Cincinnati market in 2003 . After 1360 WSAI dropped a lifestyle talk format for ESPN Radio programming , WMOH adopted the conservative talk format previously on WBOB following that station 's concurrent ownership / format change . 1360 WSAI Originally affiliated with the network , then under the WAZU and WCKY callsigns and `` 1360 Homer '' branding , prior to 2000 . Rejoined the network on a full - time basis on July 2 , 2007 ; the affiliation moved to sister station 1530 WCKY on February 15 , 2010 . Cleveland , Ohio 1220 WKNR SportsRADIO 1220 WKNR The market 's initial ESPN Radio affiliate ; dropped in 1995 and rejoined in 1998 when successor affiliate WTAM came into common ownership with 1220 WKNR . As part of a multiple station purchase / trade covering seven stations and three ownership groups in Cleveland and adjacent markets , 1220 WKNR 's intellectual property ( format and on - and off - air personnel ) was transferred onto the former 850 WRMR on July 3 , 2001 . 1100 WWWE / WTAM NewsRadio 1100 3WE / WTAM 1100 Joined the network in 1995 , carrying the longform weekend programming and NBA play - by - play coverage . Call letters changed to WTAM in July 1996 . Shared affiliation with 1220 WKNR from January to October 1998 . 850 WKNR SportsTalk 850 WKNR 850 WKNR carried ESPN Radio from July 2001 until its cancellation by the network in July 2006 , effective that October . Affiliation moved to newly purchased 1540 WWGK . Reassumed the affiliation in March 2007 . 1540 WWGK Cleveland 's ESPN Radio 1540 WWGK 's ownership , Good Karma Brands , purchased 850 WKNR in December 2006 , and moved the affiliation back to WKNR the following March . WWGK then took a dual ESPN and Fox Sports affiliation ( dropping Fox in 2011 ) , rebranded as `` KNR2 '' . Colorado Springs , Colorado ESPN 1300 The Sports Animal Changed formats to Classic country now known as KCSF . Colorado Rockies baseball games still airs on this station . Columbia , South Carolina ESPN Radio 93.1 FM Sold on July 28 , 2012 . Denver , Colorado 1600 KEPN ESPN Radio 1600 Changed affiliation to Fox Sports Radio in September 2012 ; rejoined the network in 2016 when KJAC dropped it . Launched on January 1 , 2007 as a sister station to KRWZ 950AM ; airs Denver Nuggets and Colorado Avalanche games that are bumped from KRWZ ; also University of Denver sports and University of Wyoming sports 105.5 KJAC Dropped ESPN Radio following an ownership change and format flip to adult album alternative in January 2016 . This rimshot signal is also notable for having been the first station in the United States to adopt Jack FM , its prior format before ESPN Radio ( and from which the call letters are derived ) . Detroit , Michigan 1130 WDFN SportsRadio 1130 The Fan The market 's initial ESPN Radio affiliate ; eventually becoming a dual ESPN and Fox Sports Radio affiliate . Dropped the affiliation at ESPN 's request in October 2007 . 1270 WXYT Team 1270 / 1270 XYT WXYT occasionally aired ESPN programming not cleared by WDFN as early as 2000 . Mike and Mike was added to the weekday lineup in early 2007 . That October , WXYT 's format moved to sister station WKRK as `` 97.1 The Ticket , '' taking a higher emphasis on local programming , and switched to Sporting News Radio . WDFN 's concurrent affiliation cancellation left the Detroit market without an ESPN Radio affiliate until February 2012 . 1090 WCAR ESPN Radio 1090 Owned and operated by Birach Broadcasting . Assumed the affiliation in February 2012 ; dropped it on July 12 , 2013 due to a contract dispute . 105.1 WMGC Detroit Sports 105.1 Dropped the sports format on June 29 , 2016 , due to low ratings and a pending merger with owner Greater Media into Beasley Broadcast Group . ( The affiliation remains on WMGC 's HD - 2 subchannel . ) The subsequent format launch - classic hip - hop as The Bounce - gained notoriety as a ' worst - to - first ' ratings jump over the span of one month . Elko , Nevada ESPN Radio 1340 Station 's license cancelled April 9 , 2015 Eugene , Oregon 95.3 The Score Dropped ESPN for CBS Sports Radio in 2013 . Fairbanks , Alaska 820 Sports Dropped ESPN for Fox Sports Radio citing financial reasons in 2011 . Fremont , Ohio 900 WFRO Unofficially an O&O ; the license was owned by Disney / ABC , and operated by local broadcast chain BAS Broadcasting , who continues to run 99.1 WFRO . Signed off permanently on June 23 , 2004 per Disney 's request , as part of their move - in of Flint station 910 WFDF into the Detroit market . Gardner , Massachusetts Talk 1340 AM WGAW formerly carried ESPN Radio programming at night and on weekends ( the station primarily carried , and continues to broadcast , other talk programming ) ; it subsequently replaced ESPN with Fox Sports Radio before dropping sports talk programming altogether . Hartford , Connecticut 910 WNEZ `` News - Sports 910 CNN '' carried The Fabulous Sports Babe until December 1996 when the station was sold and switched to a Spanish - language format . 1410 WPOP Picked up in January 1998 after dropping the One - on - One Sports network . The affiliation moved to sister station 97.9 WUCS in January 2012 , and WPOP became the market 's FOX Sports Radio affiliate on March 5 , 2012 . Houston , Texas 790 KBME `` 790 The Sports Animal . '' Affiliation moved to 97.5 KFNC in January 2007 . Huntington , West Virginia ESPN Radio 1340 Swapped with AM 930 WRVC on November 6 , 2006 Indianapolis , Indiana 950 WXLW An ESPN affiliate from 2002 until 2008 , when 1070 WIBC 's talk format migrated to the FM dial and was replaced with WFNI `` 1070 The Fan . '' WNDE and WIBC were also previous ESPN Radio affiliates in the 1990s . Jacksonville , Florida ESPN Radio 1460 Changed formats to religious , with ESPN now heard on WJXL ; Atlanta Braves baseball still carried live Kansas City , Missouri ESPN Radio 97.3 Formerly KCXM , now a Christian radio station . ESPN programs moved to 810 WHB . Former flagship of the Kansas City Royals Las Vegas , Nevada ESPN Radio 920 Became Fox Sports Radio in February 2008 in a three - way switch in which KWWN became the new ESPN Radio station and KENO joined ESPN Deportes Radio Ligonier , Indiana ESPN Radio 102.7 Flipped to Hot adult contemporary format on August 28 , 2017 Lima , Ohio 940 WLJM / WZOQ ESPN Radio 940 Adopted ESPN Radio following an ownership change . Callsign switched to WZOQ in 2007 . On June 1 , 2009 , the format and some on - air personnel moved to the former 93.1 WFGF , while WZOQ took the WCIT calls and a 50s - 60s classic hits format . 93.1 WWSR 93.1 The Fan Flagship of the Ohio State - Lima basketball team and affiliate of the Cleveland Indians , Cleveland Cavaliers , Cleveland Browns , and select NFL games . `` SportsTalk With Koza . '' `` Sportsrap With Matt and Matt . '' Dropped ESPN Radio for a mixture of Fox Sports Radio and CBS Sports Radio in early 2016 . Lincoln , Nebraska ESPN Radio 1480 Became an oldies station on January 26 , 2010 . Lindenwold , New Jersey ESPN Radio 1680 Defunct since 2002 , broadcasting the Trenton Thunder . Now airs an ethnic format . Little Rock , Arkansas Total Sports 1380 Purchased by Simmons Media , leased to Nova M Radio , a group that leases stations to run Air America Radio programming . Los Angeles 1110 KEPN Swapped with then Radio Disney flagship 710 KDIS in 2003 . Madison , Wisconsin 1070 WTSO ESPN Radio 10 - 7 - 0 Milwaukee Brewers and Milwaukee Bucks play by play and back up for WIBA - AM sports coverage ; dropped ESPN Radio 1 / 1 / 2009 Milwaukee , Wisconsin 1510 WAUK ( daytime ) 1290 WMCS ( nighttime ) Milwaukee 's ESPN Radio : 1510 Days / 1290 Nights WAUK was purchased by Good Karma Broadcasting in 2004 , and took up the ESPN Radio affiliation , but due to being on a clear - channel frequency reserved to WLAC in Nashville , it was and is only able to broadcast during the daytime hours . WMCS ( which once held the WMVP calls until being purchased by the 1000 kHz Chicago facility ) aired shows at night starting in 2005 via a leased - time arrangement . The format moved to WRRD as `` 540 ESPN '' in February 2008 and swapped callsigns with WAUK ; the 1510 kHz facility - now WRRD - is now affiliated with ESPN Deportes Radio . The leased - time arrangement with WMCS expired in June 2008 . Montgomery , Alabama Sports Radio 740 Switched affiliations to CBS Sports Radio . Nags Head , North Carolina ESPN 92.3 Become an ESPN Radio affiliate on March 13 , 2008 . Moved to sister station 97.1 WYND - FM Hatteras , NC on May 11 , 2009 . Nashville , Tennessee ESPN Radio 104.5 Moved to WPRT - FM in November 2011 . New Holstein , Wisconsin / Fox Cities Fox Cities ESPN Radio 1530 Went silent in late 2011 . New Owner in late 2011 . Tower being moved closer to Appleton - Oshkosh , WI New Orleans , Louisiana 1350 WSMB / WWWL Later became a progressive talk station and Air America Radio affiliate . In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina , it became a time - shifted version of co-owned WWL AM / FM . Changed back to an ESPN Radio affiliate as `` ESPN 1350 '' in July 2008 , dropped it again for NBC Sports Radio and lifestyle talk as `` 3WL '' in October 2013 . Tom Fitzmorris has hosted a weekday food - related talk show on the station since July 18 , 1988 , regardless of the format or call letters . Ocean City , Maryland ESPN Radio 1590 Now broadcasting Jack FM . New York , New York 1050 WEPN Became the flagship station of ESPN Radio on September 1 , 2001 . The format and flagship status moved to 97.9 WEPN - FM in September 2012 ; WEPN concurrently switched to being the flagship of ESPN Deportes Radio . The 1050 facility itself was the original home of WFAN , the first all - sports radio station , from July 1987 to October 1988 . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 920 WPHY WPHY was the former affiliate for La Salle University Basketball , Temple Owls football coverage . WPHY dropped ESPN Radio in January 2008 when sister station 1040 WNJE began to simulcast then - flagship 1050 WEPN . 950 WPEN Assumed the affiliation in April 2008 . After beginning to simulcast on 97.5 WPEN - FM in 2009 as `` 97.5 The Fanatic , '' 950 WPEN was eventually sold to Family Radio and became the new incarnation of WKDN on December 2012 . WPEN - FM continues to carry ESPN Radio programming alongside newly acquired sister station 610 WTEL . Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 1250 WEAE Former an ESPN Radio O&O ; was switched to Radio Disney programming as part of Disney / ABC 's dispersal of under - performing small - market stations ( Disney concurrently ended their lease of WWCS , which served as Pittsburgh 's Radio Disney outlet for several years prior ) . The ESPN affiliation moved to Clear Channel - owned 970 WBGG on January 1 , 2011 , formerly the market 's Fox Sports Radio affiliate ( that affiliation ultimately moved to WWCS ) . Portsmouth , New Hampshire The Sports Animal 1380 Changed to ESPN Radio in November 2010 ; the station returned to an adult standards format in October 2013 . Providence , Rhode Island The Score AM & FM The Score AM - FM was Providence 's home of ESPN Radio until 3 / 11 / 08 . 99.7 FM flipped to a simulcast of NewsTalk 630 as WEAN - FM . 790 AM flipped to The True Oldies Channel on 3 / 18 / 08 . ESPN Radio is now heard on 1450 AM WPVD in Rhode Island . Riverside , Pennsylvania ESPN Radio 92.3 Changed format to Classic Hits at WHNA on February 22 , 2016 . San Diego , California ESPN Radio 800 / ESPN Radio San Diego FM 98.9 On October 5 , 2009 , ESPN Radio coverage moved to sister station XHMORE - FM and became ESPN Radio San Diego FM 98.9 ; briefly simulcasted the new station on 800 AM for a month , then the AM station switched to ESPN Deportes programming . XHMORE later dropped ESPN programming on September 1 , 2010 , when it flipped back to a rock en español format it aired from 1994 until 2004 . Seattle , Washington Sports Radio 950 Switched to Fox Sports Radio in December 2008 after 710 KIRO - AM switched genres from news / talk and gained affiliation . Selinsgrove , Pennsylvania ESPN Radio 1240 Station 's license was surrendered to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission by its owners ; cancelled February 1 , 2013 . Sheboygan , Wisconsin Sheboygan ESPN Radio 950 Switched to Fox Sports Radio in early 2011 . South Bend , Indiana 960 WSBT ( 96.1 W241AD ) Dropped ESPN for CBS Sports Radio on April 1 , 2014 . 95.7 WAOR Spun off by Federated Media to St. Joseph Catholic Radio Group on May 2014 , a month after taking the affiliation . Switched to Catholic radio programming that September . St. Louis , Missouri 1380 KSLG Switched to Fox Sports Radio in December 2007 . 101.1 WXOS became the market 's new affiliate on January 1 , 2009 . Steubenville , Ohio ESPN Radio 1340 Station 's license was surrendered to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission by its owners ; cancelled December 11 , 2012 . Traverse City , Michigan 1310 WCCW Affiliate for Detroit Tigers , Detroit Lions , Detroit Red Wings , Detroit Pistons and Michigan State football and basketball . Switched to Fox Sports Radio in August 2012 ; the affiliation moved to 106.7 WSRT / 105.5 WSRJ `` ESPN Radio Northern Michigan . '' Ventura , California ESPN Radio 1450 Dropped ESPN for CBS Sports Radio in January 2013 . Virginia Beach , Virginia ESPN Radio 1310 Swapped with sister station 94.1 WVSP Yorktown , VA ( formerly WXEZ ) on October 5 , 2009 . Washington , D.C. SportsTalk 980 WTEM Defunct from July 2006 until July 2008 , affiliation moved to Triple X ESPN Radio until it merged programming assets with WTEM . Was the first flagship of The Tony Kornheiser Show that ESPN Radio eventually carried nationally . ( From 2006 to 2008 , Tony 's show originated independently at WWWT ; it returned to WTEM as a locally based show in September 2009 . ) Sports director Andy Pollin has also been a past contributor and weekend show host on the network . From 2004 until July 2006 , WTEM was a primary ESPN Radio affiliate ; it was a dual ESPN - Fox Sports Radio affiliate prior . 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2321065739157209288	Voting age	Voting age - Wikipedia Voting age Jump to : navigation , search A voting age is a minimum age established by law that a person must attain before they become eligible to vote in a public election . Today , the most common voting age is 18 years ; however , voting ages as low as 16 and as high as 25 exist ( see list below ) . Most countries have set a minimum voting age , often set in their constitution . In a number of countries voting is compulsory for those eligible to vote , while in most it is optional . When the right to vote was being established in democracies , the voting age was generally set at 21 or higher . In the 1970s many countries reduced the voting age to 18 . Debate is ongoing in a number of countries on proposals to reduce the voting age to or below 16 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Debate on lowering voting age to 16 2.1 Austria 2.2 Brazil 2.3 Malta 2.4 United Kingdom 2.4. 1 Scotland 2.5 Crown dependencies 2.6 United States 2.7 Iran 2.8 Switzerland 2.9 New Zealand 2.10 Venezuela 2.11 Australia 2.12 Luxembourg 3 Voting ages around the world 3.1 Alphabetical list of countries 3.1. 1 A 3.1. 2 B 3.1. 3 C 3.1. 4 D 3.1. 5 E 3.1. 6 F 3.1. 7 G 3.1. 8 H 3.1. 9 I 3.1. 10 J 3.1. 11 K 3.1. 12 L 3.1. 13 M 3.1. 14 N 3.1. 15 O 3.1. 16 P 3.1. 17 Q 3.1. 18 R 3.1. 19 S 3.1. 20 T 3.1. 21 U 3.1. 22 V 3.1. 23 W 3.1. 24 Y 3.1. 25 Z 4 Chronology of lowering the voting age to 18 5 Chronology of lowering the voting age to 16 6 Organizations in favour of lowering the voting age 6.1 Alphabetical list of countries 6.1. 1 Australia 6.1. 2 Austria 6.1. 3 Belgium 6.1. 4 Canada 6.1. 5 Denmark 6.1. 6 Estonia 6.1. 7 France 6.1. 8 Germany 6.1. 9 Greece 6.1. 10 Ireland 6.1. 11 Italy 6.1. 12 Malaysia 6.1. 13 Netherlands 6.1. 14 New Zealand 6.1. 15 Norway 6.1. 16 Portugal 6.1. 17 Romania 6.1. 18 Spain 6.1. 19 Sweden 6.1. 20 United Kingdom 6.1. 21 United States 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Before the Second World War , the voting age in almost all countries was 21 years or higher . Czechoslovakia was the first to reduce the voting age to 20 years in 1946 , and by 1968 a total of 17 countries had lowered their voting age . Many countries , particularly in Western Europe , reduced their voting ages to 18 years during the 1970s , starting with the United Kingdom ( 1970 ) , with the United States ( 26th Amendment ) ( 1971 ) , Canada , Germany ( 1972 ) , Australia ( 1974 ) , France ( 1974 ) and others following soon afterwards . By the end of the 20th century , 18 had become by far the most common voting age . However , a few countries maintain a voting age of 20 years or higher . It was argued that 18 - year - old men could be drafted to go to war , and many people felt they should be able to vote at the age of 18 . In the late 20th and early 21st centuries voting ages were lowered to 18 in India , Switzerland , Austria and Morocco . Japan was due to make the change to 18 in 2016 . A dispute is continuing in the Maldives . Debate on lowering voting age to 16 ( edit ) Demonstration in favor of lowering the voting age by members of NYRA Berkeley , California ( 2004 ) Around the year 2000 a number of countries began to consider whether the voting age ought to be reduced further , with arguments most often being made in favour of a reduction to 16 . The earliest moves came during the 1990s , when the voting age for municipal elections in some States of Germany was lowered to 16 . Lower Saxony was the first state to make such a reduction , in 1995 , and four other states did likewise . Arguments against lowering the voting age to sixteen include lack of political maturity and arguments for include encouraging interest in politics in young people . During the 2000s several proposals for a reduced voting age were put forward in U.S. states , including California , Florida and Alaska , but none was successful . A national reduction was proposed in 2005 in Canada and in the Australian state of New South Wales , but these proposals were not adopted . In May 2009 , Danish Member of Parliament Mogens Jensen presented an initiative to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg to lower the voting age in Europe to 16 . Austria ( edit ) In 2007 , Austria became the first member of the European Union to adopt a voting age of 16 for most purposes . The voting age had been reduced in Austria from 19 to 18 at all levels in 1992 . At that time a voting age of 16 was proposed by the Green Party , but was not adopted . The voting age for municipal elections in some states was lowered to 16 shortly after 2000 . Three states had made the reduction by 2003 ( Burgenland , Carinthia and Styria ) , and in May 2003 Vienna became the fourth . Salzburg followed suit , and so by the start of 2005 the total had reached at least five states out of nine . As a consequence of state law , reduction of the municipal voting age in the states of Burgenland , Salzburg and Vienna resulted in the reduction of the regional voting age in those states as well . After the 2006 election , the winning SPÖ - ÖVP coalition announced on 12 January 2007 that one of its policies would be the reduction of the voting age to 16 for elections in all states and at all levels in Austria . The policy was set in motion by a Government announcement on 14 March , and a bill proposing an amendment to the Constitution was presented to the legislature on 2 May . On 5 June the National Council approved the proposal following a recommendation from its Constitution Committee . During the passage of the bill through the chamber relatively little opposition was raised to the reduction , with four out of five parties explicitly supporting it ; indeed , there was some dispute over which party had been the first to suggest the idea . Greater controversy surrounded the other provisions of the bill concerning the Briefwahl , or postal vote , and the extension of the legislative period for the National Council from four to five years . A further uncontroversial inclusion was a reduction in the candidacy age from 19 to 18 . The Federal Council approved the Bill on 21 June , with no party voting against it . The voting age was reduced when the Bill 's provisions came into force on 1 July 2007 . Austria thus became the first member of the European Union , and the first of the developed world democracies , to adopt a voting age of 16 for all purposes . Lowering the voting age encouraged political interest in young people in Austria . More sixteen and seventeen year olds voted than eighteen to twenty - one year olds in Austria . Brazil ( edit ) Brazil lowered the voting age from 18 to 16 in the 1988 constitution . The presidential election of 1989 was the first with the lower voting age . People between the ages 18 and 70 are required to vote . Malta ( edit ) On 20 November 2013 , Malta lowered the voting age from 18 to 16 for local elections starting from 2015 . The proposal had wide support from both the government and opposition , social scientists and youth organizations . On Monday 29 January 2018 , the Maltese Parliament will be debating to lower the voting age to 16 for General Elections , European Parliament Elections and referenda . On Monday , 5 March 2018 , the Maltese Parliament unanimously voted in favour of ammeding the constitution , lowering the official voting age from 18 to 16 , making Malta the second state in the EU to lower its voting age to 16 . United Kingdom ( edit ) The Representation of the People Act 1969 lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 , with effect from 1970 and remained in force until the Scottish Independence Referendum Act 2013 which allowed 16 year olds to vote for the first time , but only in Scotland and only in that particular referendum . The Scottish Parliament reduced the voting age to 16 for its own and Scottish local elections in 2015 . Men in military service who turned 19 during the first world war were entitled to vote in 1918 irrespective of their age as part of the Representation of the People Act 1918 which also allowed some women over the age of 30 to vote . The Representation of the People ( Equal Franchise ) Act 1928 brought the voting age for women down to 21 . The reduction of the voting age to 16 in the United Kingdom was first given serious consideration on 15 December 1999 , when the House of Commons considered in Committee an amendment proposed by Simon Hughes to the Representation of the People Bill . This was the first time the reduction of a voting age below 18 had ever been put to a vote in the Commons . The Government opposed the amendment , and it was defeated by 434 votes to 36 . The Votes at 16 coalition , a group of political and charitable organisations supporting a reduction of the voting age to 16 , was launched on 29 January 2003 . At that time a Private Member 's Bill was also proposed in the House of Lords by Lord Lucas , and received a Second Reading on 9 January . In 2004 , the UK Electoral Commission conducted a major consultation on the subject of the voting and candidacy ages , and received a significant response . In its conclusions it recommended that the voting age remain at 18 . On 29 November 2005 the House of Commons voted 136 - 128 ( on a free vote ) against a Private Member 's Bill for a reduction in the voting age to 16 proposed by Liberal Democrat MP Stephen Williams . Parliament chose not to include a provision reducing the voting age in the Electoral Administration Act during its passage in 2006 . On 27 February 2006 , the report of the Power Inquiry called for a reduction of the voting age , and of the candidacy age for the House of Commons , to 16 . On the same day the Chancellor of the Exchequer , Gordon Brown , indicated in an article in The Guardian that he favoured a reduction provided it was made concurrently with effective citizenship education . The UK Ministry of Justice published on 3 July 2007 a Green Paper entitled The Governance of Britain , in which it proposed the establishment of a `` Youth Citizenship Commission '' . The Commission would examine the case for lowering the voting age . On launching the Paper in the House of Commons , PM Gordon Brown said : `` Although the voting age has been 18 since 1969 , it is right , as part of that debate , to examine , and hear from young people themselves , whether lowering that age would increase participation . '' The Scottish National Party 's conference voted unanimously on 27 October 2007 for a policy of reducing the voting age to 16 , as well as in favour of a campaign for the necessary power to be devolved to the Scottish Parliament . During the Youth Parliament debates of 30 October 2009 in the House of Commons , Votes at 16 was debated and young people of that age group voted for it overwhelmingly as a campaign priority . Since that debate the issue has been raised in Prime Minister 's Questions and has also gained the widespread support of the major political parties . In April 2015 , Labour announced that it would support the policy if it won an overall majority in the 2015 general election . There was some criticism about not reducing the voting age to 16 years for the referendum on the membership in the European Union in 2016 . Scotland ( edit ) In September 2011 , it was announced that the voting age was likely to be reduced from 18 to 16 for the Scottish independence referendum . This was approved by the Scottish Parliament in June 2013 . In June 2015 , the Scottish Parliament voted unanimously to reduce the voting age to 16 for Scottish Parliament elections and Scottish local government elections . Crown dependencies ( edit ) Moves to lower the voting age to 16 were successful in each of the three British Crown dependencies from 2006 to 2008 . The Isle of Man was the first to amend its law , when in July 2006 it reduced the voting age to 16 for its general elections , with the House of Keys approving the move by 19 votes to 4 . Jersey followed suit on 4 July 2007 , when it approved in principle a reduction of the voting age to 16 . The States of Jersey voted narrowly in favour , by 25 votes to 21 , and the legislative amendments were adopted on 26 September . The law was sanctioned by Order in Council on 12 December , and was brought into force on 1 April , in time for the general elections in late 2008 . On 31 October 2007 , a proposal for a reduction made by the House Committee of the States of Guernsey , and approved by the States ' Policy Committee , was adopted by the assembly by 30 votes to 15 . An Order in Council sanctioning the law was made on 12 December , and it was registered at the Court of Guernsey on 19 December . It came into force immediately , and the voting age was accordingly reduced in time for the Guernsey general election , 2008 . Alderney and Sark , each part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey , have autonomy in deciding the question . Both have yet to favour a reduction to 16 . United States ( edit ) Blue indicates a state that allows 17 - year - olds who will turn 18 on or before election day to vote in caucuses or primaries . Main article : Voting rights in the United States § Young people In the United States , the debate about lowering voting age from 21 to 18 began during World War II and intensified during the Vietnam War , when most of those subjected to the draft were too young to vote , and the image of young men being forced to risk their lives in the military without the privileges of voting successfully pressured legislators to lower the voting age nationally and in many states . By 1968 , several states had lowered the voting age below 21 years : Alaska and Hawaii 's minimum age was 20 , Kentucky 's was 19 , and Georgia 's was 18 . In 1970 , the Supreme Court in Oregon v. Mitchell ruled that Congress had the right to regulate the minimum voting age in federal elections ; however , not at local and state level . The 26th Amendment ( passed and ratified in 1971 ) set the voting age for federal and state elections at 18 years , but does not prevent states from establishing a lower voting age . Except for the express limitations provided for in Amendments XIV , XV , XIX and XXVI , voter qualifications for House and Senate elections are largely delegated to the States under Article I , Section 2 and Amendment XVII of the United States Constitution , which respectively state that `` The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States , and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature . '' and `` The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State , elected by the people thereof , for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote . The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures . '' 21 states permit 17 - year - olds to vote in primary elections and caucuses if they will be 18 by election day : Alaska , Connecticut , Hawaii , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Maine , Maryland , Mississippi , Nebraska , Nevada , New Mexico , North Dakota , North Carolina , Ohio , Oregon , Virginia , Vermont , and Washington . Alaska , Kansas , North Dakota and Washington allow 17 - year - olds to participate in Democrat caucuses , but not in the Republican caucus . Minnesota allows 17 - year - olds to participate in presidential caucuses , but may not vote in primary elections for other offices . New Hampshire allows anyone who will be 18 years old by the time of next election to register , meaning some 17 - year - olds can register to vote in this state . Currently , the Maine Green Independent Party , the state branch of the Green Party of the United States , calls for the lowering of the voting age to 17 . Youth suffrage appears to be gaining ground in Massachusetts ; three of the four Democratic United States Senate candidates in 2010 supported lowering the voting age . In 2013 , the City of Takoma Park , Maryland became the first place in the United States to lower its voting age to 16 , for local ( but not general ) elections and referendums . Iran ( edit ) Iran had been unique in awarding suffrage at 15 , but raised the age to 18 in January 2007 despite the opposition of the Government . In May 2007 the Iranian Cabinet proposed a bill to reverse the increase . Switzerland ( edit ) On 6 May 2007 , the Swiss Canton of Glarus reduced the voting age from 18 to 16 for cantonal and local elections . New Zealand ( edit ) The New Zealand Green Party MP Sue Bradford announced on 21 June 2007 that she intended to introduce her Civics Education and Voting Age Bill on the next occasion upon which a place became available for the consideration of Members ' Bills . When this happened on 25 July Bradford abandoned the idea , citing an adverse public reaction . The Bill would have sought to reduce the voting age to 16 in New Zealand and make civics education part of the compulsory curriculum in schools . Venezuela ( edit ) A request to lower the voting age to 16 was made during consideration of revisions to the Constitution of Venezuela in 2007 . Cilia Flores , president of the National Assembly , announced that the Mixed Committee for Constitutional Reform had found the idea acceptable . Following approval in the legislature the amendment formed part of the package of constitutional proposals , and was defeated in the 2007 referendum . Australia ( edit ) A report suggesting that consideration be given to reducing the voting age to 16 in the Australian Capital Territory in Canberra , Australia was tabled in the territorial legislature on 26 September 2007 and defeated . In 2015 , federal Opposition Leader Bill Shorten said that the voting age should be lowered to 16 . Luxembourg ( edit ) Luxembourg has compulsory voting from the age of 18 . A proposal by the government to introduce optional voting for those aged 16 and 17 was rejected by 81 % of voters in a June 2015 referendum . Voting ages around the world ( edit ) Eighteen is the most common voting age , with a small minority of countries differing from this rule . Those with a national minimum age of 17 include East Timor , Greece , Indonesia , North Korea , South Sudan and Sudan . The minimum age is 16 in Argentina , Austria , Brazil , Cuba , Ecuador , Nicaragua and the Isle of Man , Jersey and Guernsey ( three self - governing British Crown Dependencies ) . People aged 16 -- 18 can vote in Bosnia , Serbia and Montenegro if employed . The highest minimum voting age is 21 in several nations . Some countries have variable provision for the minimum voting age , whereby a lower age is set for eligibility to vote in state , regional or municipal elections . The only known maximum voting age is in the Holy See , where the franchise for electing a new Pope is restricted to Cardinals under the age of 80 . Voting age : 16 17 18 19 20 21 Alphabetical list of countries ( edit ) The following is an alphabetical list of voting ages in the various countries of the world . Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Afghanistan : 18 Albania : 18 Algeria : 18 American Samoa : 18 Andorra : 18 Angola : 18 Anguilla : 18 Antigua and Barbuda : 18 Argentina : 16 , 16 to 18 and 70 + optional . Armenia : 18 Aruba : 18 Australia : 18 , voting is compulsory Austria : 16 Azerbaijan : 18 Bahamas : 18 Bahrain : 20 Bangladesh : 18 Barbados : 18 Belarus : 18 Belgium : 18 ( compulsory ) Belize : 18 Benin : 18 Bermuda : 18 Bhutan : 18 Bolivia : 18 , universal and compulsory Bosnia and Herzegovina : 18 , 16 if employed Botswana : 18 Brazil : 16 , compulsory for 18 to 70 ; optional for illiterate citizens . British Virgin Islands : 18 Brunei : 18 ( village elections only ) Bulgaria : 18 Burkina Faso : 18 Burundi : 18 Cambodia : 18 Cameroon : 21 Canada : 18 Cape Verde : 18 Cayman Islands : 18 Central African Republic : 18 Chad : 18 Chile : 18 China : 18 Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands : 18 Colombia : 18 Comoros : 18 Democratic Republic of the Congo : 18 Republic of the Congo : 18 Cook Islands : 18 Costa Rica : 18 Côte d'Ivoire : 18 Croatia : 18 Cuba : 16 Curaçao : 18 Cyprus : 18 Czech Republic : 18 Denmark : 18 Djibouti : 18 Dominica : 18 Dominican Republic : 18 , compulsory ; married persons regardless of age ( members of the armed forces and national police can not vote ) East Timor : 17 Ecuador : 16 ; universal , compulsory for literate persons ages 18 -- 65 , optional for other eligible voters Egypt : 18 El Salvador : 18 England : 18 Equatorial Guinea : 18 Eritrea : 18 Estonia : 18 ; 16 for local elections Ethiopia : 17 European Union : 18 Falkland Islands : 18 Faroe Islands : 18 Fiji : 18 , as of 2013 Constitution Finland : 18 France : 18 French Polynesia : 18 Gabon : 18 Gambia : 18 Georgia : 18 Germany : 18 Voting age 16 for state elections : Brandenburg , Bremen , Hamburg and Schleswig - Holstein . Voting age 16 for municipal elections : Baden - Württemberg , Berlin , Brandenburg , Bremen , Hamburg , Mecklenburg - Vorpommern , Lower Saxony , North Rhine - Westphalia , Saxony - Anhalt and Schleswig - Holstein . Ghana : 18 Gibraltar : 18 ; universal , plus other British citizens who have been residents six months or more Greece : 17 from 3 August 2016 onwards , was 18 before 3 August 2016 Greenland : 18 Grenada : 18 Guadeloupe : 18 Guam : 18 ; US citizens , but do not vote in US presidential elections Guatemala : 18 ; active - duty members of the armed forces may not vote and are restricted to their barracks on election day . Guernsey : 16 Guinea : 18 Guinea - Bissau : 18 Guyana : 18 Haiti : 18 Honduras : 18 Hong Kong : direct election 18 years of age ; universal for permanent residents living in the territory of Hong Kong for the past seven years ; indirect election limited to about 220,000 members of functional constituencies and a 1,200 - member election committee drawn from broad regional groupings , municipal organizations , and central government bodies Hungary : 18 Iceland : 18 India : 18 Indonesia : 17 ; no threshold for married persons , except for the military and police Iran : 18 ( changed from 15 to 18 in 2007 , returned to 15 in 2009 and returned to 18 in 2011 ) Iraq : 18 Ireland : 18 Isle of Man : 16 Israel : 18 ( 17 for municipal elections ) Italy : 18 ( 25 for Senate elections ) J ( edit ) Jamaica : 18 Japan : 18 ( changed from 20 in 2016 ) Jersey : 16 Jordan : 18 Kazakhstan : 18 Kenya : 18 Kiribati : 18 North Korea : 17 ; members of the military have the right to vote , regardless of age South Korea : 19 Kosovo ( disputed ) : 18 Kuwait : 21 for those not in the military or police forces ; all voters must have been citizens for 20 years ; current proposal for reduction to 18 Kyrgyzstan : 18 Laos : 18 Latvia : 18 Lebanon : 21 . Attempt to amend to 18 on 22 February 2010 failed to pass . Lesotho : 18 Liberia : 18 Libya : 18 Liechtenstein : 18 Lithuania : 18 Luxembourg : 18 , compulsory until the age of 75 . A proposal to lower the voting age to 16 was rejected in 2015 in a nationwide referendum ( 81 % `` no '' - votes ) Macau : direct election 18 years of age , universal for permanent residents living in Macau for the past seven years ; indirect election limited to organizations registered as `` corporate voters '' ( 973 are currently registered ) and a 300 - member Election Committee drawn from broad regional groupings , municipal organizations , and central government bodies Republic of Macedonia : 18 Madagascar : 18 Malawi : 18 Malaysia : 21 Maldives : 18 Mali : 18 Malta : 16 Marshall Islands : 18 Martinique : 18 Mauritania : 18 Mauritius : 18 Mayotte : 18 Mexico : 18 Federated States of Micronesia : 18 Moldova : 18 Monaco : 18 Mongolia : 18 Montenegro : 18 Montserrat : 18 Morocco : 18 Mozambique : 18 Myanmar ( Burma ) : 18 Namibia : 18 Nauru : 20 Nepal : 18 Netherlands : 18 New Caledonia : 18 New Zealand : 18 Nicaragua : 16 Niger : 18 Nigeria : 18 Niue : 18 Norfolk Island : 18 Northern Mariana Islands : 18 ; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections Norway : 18 ; however , persons 17 years of age are permitted to vote in parliamentary elections if they will be 18 years of age in the year the election is held . O ( edit ) Oman : 21 , except for members of the military and police . Pakistan : 18 ; joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims Palau : 18 Panama : 18 Papua New Guinea : 18 Paraguay : 18 ; universal and compulsory until the age of 75 Peru : 18 ; universal and compulsory until the age of 70 ; ( members of the military and national police could not vote until a Constitutional Reform in 2005 ) Philippines : 18 For youth councils : 18 to 30 ; previously from 15 to 18 . Incumbents are allowed to keep their positions if they surpass the legal age . Pitcairn Islands : 18 ; universal with three years ' residency Poland : 18 Portugal : 18 Puerto Rico : 18 ; island residents are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections . Q ( edit ) Qatar : 18 Réunion : 18 Romania : 18 Russia : 18 Rwanda : 18 Saint Helena : 18 Saint Kitts and Nevis : 18 Saint Lucia : 18 Saint Pierre and Miquelon : 18 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines : 18 Samoa : 21 San Marino : 18 São Tomé and Príncipe : 18 Saudi Arabia : 18 Scotland : 16 Senegal : 18 Serbia : 18 Seychelles : 18 Sierra Leone : 18 Singapore : 21 Sint Maarten : 18 Slovakia : 18 Slovenia : 18 Solomon Islands : 21 Somalia : 18 South Africa : 18 South Sudan : 17 Spain : 18 ( 16 only for Catalonia 's 9N Referendum ) Sri Lanka : 18 Sudan : 17 Suriname : 18 Swaziland : 18 Sweden : 18 Switzerland : 18 ( 16 for cantonal and municipal elections in the canton of Glarus ( 1 / 26 ) ) Syria : 18 Taiwan ( Republic of China ) : 18 Tajikistan : 18 Tanzania : 18 Thailand : 18 ( being a Thai citizen since birth , or at least 5 years ) Togo : 18 Tokelau : 21 Tonga : 21 Trinidad and Tobago : 18 Tunisia : 18 ( with some exceptions ) Turkey : 18 Turkmenistan : 18 Turks and Caicos Islands : 18 Tuvalu : 18 U ( edit ) Uganda : 18 Ukraine : 18 United Arab Emirates : none but at least 25 ( the minimum age is decided by the ruler of each Emirate and may vary from one Emirate to another ) United Kingdom : 18 ( 16 for the Scottish independence referendum , Scottish Parliament elections and Scottish local government elections . ) United States : 18 ; however , in many states , persons 17 years of age are permitted to vote in primary elections if they will be 18 years of age on or before the day of the general election . Uruguay : 18 Uzbekistan : 18 V. ( edit ) Vanuatu : 18 Venezuela : 18 Vietnam : 18 Virgin Islands of the United States : 18 ; island residents are U.S. citizens but do not vote in U.S. presidential elections . Wallis and Futuna : 18 Western Sahara : none ( 18 for residents of Moroccan - controlled Western Sahara in Moroccan elections ) Y ( edit ) Yemen : 18 Z ( edit ) Zambia : 18 Zimbabwe : 18 Chronology of lowering the voting age to 18 ( edit ) The following is a chronological list of the dates upon which countries lowered the voting age to 18 ; unless otherwise indicated , the reduction was from 21 . In some cases the age was lowered decrementally , and so the `` staging points '' are also given . Some information is also included on the relevant legal instruments involved . Turkey : 20 April 1924 ( Previously 25 per the 1876 constitution , reduced to 18 with the 1924 constitution . It was again raised to 22 on 5 December 1934 while granting full women 's suffrage , and gradually lowered to 21 in 1961 , 20 in 1987 and 18 in 1995 ) Czechoslovakia : 1946 Poland : 1952 South Africa : 1958 ( white voters only ; Electoral Law Amendment Act , 1958 ) United Kingdom : 1 January 1970 ( Representation of the People Act 1969 ) Canada : 26 June 1970 ( federal elections , amendment to Canada Elections Act ) non-federal elections : Quebec in 1963 , Manitoba on 10 October 1969 , Ontario in 1971 , Nova Scotia in 1973 following reduction to 19 in 1970 and British Columbia in 1992 following reduction to 19 in 1952 Germany : 1970 Netherlands : 1971 ( previous reduction from 23 to 21 in 1965 ) United States : 1 July 1971 , per the Twenty - sixth Amendment . Previously reduced on 1 January 1971 by the Voting Rights Act Amendments 1970 , ss. 302 , 305 ( Prior reductions : Georgia in August 1943 , Kentucky in 1955 , Guam in 1954 and American Samoa in 1965 . ) Finland : 1972 ( from 20 ; previous reductions were 24 to 21 in 1944 and 21 to 20 in 1968 / 1969 ) Sweden : 1972 ( from 20 ) Ireland : 5 January 1973 ( 4th Amendment of the Constitution ) . Women under 30 gained the vote in local elections in 1935 and in Dáil elections and referendums in 1922 ( Constitution of the Irish Free State ) . The only popular election ( in 1925 ) to the Free State Seanad had a voting age of 30 . ( See also History of the franchise in Ireland . ) Australia : 1973 ( New South Wales was the first state to do so , in 1970 ) France : 5 July 1974 ( Act No. 74 - 631 ) New Zealand : November 1974 ( from 20 ; previous reduction from 21 to 20 in 1969 ) Dominica : 1974 Italy : 1975 ( voting age to elect the Senate remained at 25 ) Trinidad and Tobago : 1976 Denmark : 19 September 1978 ( from 20 ; 53.8 % in referendum ; previous reductions were 25 to 23 in 1953 , 23 to 21 in 1961 and 21 to 20 in 1971 ) Spain : 29 December 1978 ( 1978 Constitution ) Peru : 1979 Constitution Belgium : 1981 India : 28 March 1989 ( 61st Constitution Amendment Act , 1988 read with Act 21 of 1989 ) Switzerland : 1991 ( from 20 ; referendum held on 3 March ) Austria : 1992 ( from 19 ; previous reductions were 21 to 20 in 1949 and 20 to 19 in 1970 ) Estonia : 29 July 1992 ( from 22 , according to the 1938 Constitution ; was 18 during the Soviet Occupation since 1940 and 16 for the Congress of Estonia in 1990 ) Hong Kong : 1995 ( from 21 ) Liechtenstein : 2000 ( from 20 ; LGBl. 2000 No. 55 ) Jordan : July 2001 ( from 19 ; Provisional Election Law No. 34 / 2001 ) Pakistan : 21 August 2002 ( Legal Framework Order , 2002 ) , was 18 under 1973 Constitution , then increased to 21 , then lowered back to 18 . Morocco : 11 December 2002 ( from 20 ) Uzbekistan : July 2012 ( from 25 ) Saudi Arabia : April 2015 ( from 21 ) Japan : June 2016 ( from 20 ) Chronology of lowering the voting age to 16 ( edit ) This is a further list , similar to the above but of the dates upon which countries lowered the voting age to 16 ; unless otherwise indicated , the reduction was from 18 . Nicaragua : November 1984 ( from 21 ) Brazil : 5 October 1988 ( Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil , 1988 ) Estonia : 24 February 1990 ( from 22 according to the 1938 Constitution , from 18 during the Soviet occupation ) ; only for the Congress of Estonia , was raised to 18 according to the 1992 Constitution Isle of Man : 11 July 2006 ; legislation brought into force in time for general election held on 23 November 2006 Austria : 1 July 2007 ( BGBl . No. 1 / 1930 , as amended ) Guernsey : 19 December 2007 ( Reform ( Guernsey ) ( Amendment ) Law , 2007 ) Jersey : 1 April 2008 ( Public Elections ( Amendment No. 2 ) ( Jersey ) Law 2008 ) Ecuador : 28 September 2008 ( New constitution accepted by referendum ) for general election on 26 March 2009 . Argentina : 1 November 2012 . Voting for teenagers between 16 and 18 years of age became optional . Malta : 20 November 2013 . Motion passed in parliament to lower the voting age to 16 at local council elections starting from 2015 . Scotland : 18 September 2014 . 16 & 17 years old were given the vote for the Independence Referendum . This was subsequently extended permanently as of the 2016 parliament election . Estonia : 6 May 2015 in local elections only . Organizations in favour of lowering the voting age ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following are political parties and other campaigning organisations that have either endorsed a lower voting age or who favour its removal . Alphabetical list of countries ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Australian Democrats Australian Greens Australian Labor Party Austria ( edit ) The Greens -- The Green Alternative Liberal Forum Social Democratic Party of Austria vote4future.at Austrian National Youth Council Belgium ( edit ) Ecolo Groen Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten Canada ( edit ) Communist Party of Canada Green Party of Canada New Democratic Party Parti Québécois voteto16.ca Denmark ( edit ) Social Democrats Socialist People 's Party Dansk Ungdoms Fællesråd Estonia ( edit ) Estonian National Youth Council Young Social Democrats France ( edit ) La France Insoumise Germany ( edit ) Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations K.R. Ä. T.Z. Ä . ( demanding abolition of any age - based voting restrictions ) Greece ( edit ) Ecologist Greens Ireland ( edit ) Green Party Labour Party Sinn Féin Socialist Party In 2013 , the Constitutional Convention was asked to consider reducing the voting age to 17 and recommended lowering it to 16 . The then government agreed to hold a referendum , but in 2015 postponed it indefinitely to give priority to other referendums . Italy ( edit ) Five Star Movement Malaysia ( edit ) No political party had decreed that its members should all follow the party line about lowering voting age policy , resulting in public differences of view . Most parties had splits in their members and supporters , taking different sides . Malaysian civil societies ' demands ( to 18 ) Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections ( BERSIH ) ( to 18 ) Democratic Action Party ( to 18 ) National Trust Party ( to 18 ) Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party ( to 18 ) Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia ( to 18 ) Parti Sosialis Malaysia ( to 18 ) People 's Justice Party ( to 18 ) Netherlands ( edit ) GroenLinks New Zealand ( edit ) Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand New Zealand Labour Party Norway ( edit ) Liberal Party Socialist Left Party Portugal ( edit ) Left Bloc LIVRE / Tempo de Avançar Socialist Party Romania ( edit ) National Liberal Party National Union for the Progress of Romania Spain ( edit ) Izquierda Unida Sweden ( edit ) Green Party United Kingdom ( edit ) Green Party of England and Wales Green Party in Northern Ireland Liberal Democrats Liberal Party National Health Action Party Plaid Cymru Scottish Conservative Party Scottish Green Party Scottish National Party Scottish Socialist Party Social Democratic Labour Party Ulster Unionist Party Votes at 16 United States ( edit ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions ( supports full elimination of voting age ) Future Voters of America Green Party of Texas National Youth Rights Association Rock the Vote Socialist Party USA ( to 15 ) FairVote Vermont Libertarian Party See also ( edit ) Adultcentrism Age of candidacy Demeny voting Gerontocracy Mature minor doctrine Suffrage Youth Youth suffrage Youth rights Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lowering the Minimum Voting Age to 18 Years - Pro and Con Arguments '' , Constitutional Revision Study Documents of the Maryland Constitutional Convention Commission , 1968 . Retrieved 5 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Representation of the People Act 1969 Jump up ^ Sanders , Mark ( 2000 ) . Your Right To Vote . United State : Raintree Steck - Vaugh company . ^ Jump up to : `` Lower voting age welcome , but politics remains unappealing '' . Asahi Shimbun . Archived from the original on 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Moosa , A.S.I. ( 1 April 2007 ) . `` The murderous dictator and the ' Bullet - Ballot ' propaganda '' . Dhivehi Observer . Archived from the original on 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 6 July 2007 . Jump up ^ HeveeruOnline `` Committee supports lowering voting age to 18 for referendum Mar 20 , 2007 '' Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 8 March 2015 ^ Jump up to : How old is old enough ? - the minimum age of voting and candidacy in UK elections : consultation paper , July 2003 , UK Electoral Commission , para . 3.6 . Jump up ^ Worldwide Efforts to Lower the Voting Age , National Youth Rights Association Jump up ^ Parliament of Canada , Bill C - 261 ( 2005 ) ; Vote16 , Canada Archived 1 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Parliament of New South Wales , Parliamentary Electorates and Elections Amendment ( Voting Age ) Bill ( 2005 ) ; Hansard , 14 September 2005 , p. 17686 Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` edoc11895 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 May 2009 . Retrieved 6 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austria lowers voting age to 16 '' . EUX.tv -- the Europe Channel , the Netherlands . 5 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 6 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Wählen mit 16 , Briefwahl , fünfjährige Gesetzgebungsperiode kommen , Republik Österreich Parlament ( German ) . Retrieved 6 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Austria joins the votes at 16 club Archived 11 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Votes at 16 . 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University of British Columbia . Folkes , Alex ( January 2004 ) . `` The case for votes at 16 '' . Representation . Taylor and Francis . 41 ( 1 ) : 52 -- 56 . doi : 10.1080 / 00344890408523288 . Cowley , Philip ; Denver , David ( January 2004 ) . `` Votes at 16 ? The case against '' . Representation . Taylor and Francis . 41 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 62 . doi : 10.1080 / 00344890408523289 . Melo , Daniela F. ; Stockemer , Daniel ( January 2014 ) . `` Age and political participation in Germany , France and the UK : a comparative analysis '' . Comparative European Politics . Palgrave Macmillan . 12 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 53 . doi : 10.1057 / cep. 2012.31 . Abridged version ( pdf ) . Chan , T.W. & Clayton , M. 2006 , `` Should the Voting Age be Lowered to Sixteen ? Normative and Empirical Considerations '' , Political Studies , vol. 54 , no . 3 , pp. 533 -- 558 . External links ( edit ) Field Listing - Suffrage from the CIA World Factbook A more complete list of voting ages around the world ( in German ) Youth Suffrage Resources Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 23rd 24th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 1 July marches 2014 protests UK Mud March ( 1907 ) Women 's Sunday ( 1908 ) Black Friday ( 1910 ) Great Pilgrimage ( 1913 ) Open Christmas Letter U.S. Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Rochester Convention Ohio Women 's Convention National Women 's Rights Convention Suffrage Hikes 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Silent Sentinels Night of Terror `` Give Us the Ballot '' Selma to Montgomery marches Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Susan B. 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Anthony dollar 2020 US ten - dollar bill Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement rankings Age of Consent Legal candidacy for political office Criminal responsibility Legal drinking Legal driving Majority Legal marriage Retirement age Mandatory retirement School - leaving age Legal smoking Voting Suffrage Youth suffrage Working age Drugs Alcohol Alcohol consumption Alcohol law Bath salts Legal status of Mephedrone Legal status of MPDV Legal status of Methylone Cannabis Legality annual use lifetime use Cocaine use Legality Methamphetamine Legality LSD Legality Opiate use Salvia divinorum Legality Death Legality of euthanasia Homicide by decade Law enforcement killings Legality of suicide Legality of assisted suicide Guns Deaths Ownership Punishment Corporal punishment At home At school In court Death penalty Incarceration Obscenity Incest Laws Pornography Child pornography Simulated child pornography Drawn pornography depicting minors Internet pornography Prostitution Sexual assault Child sexual abuse Rape Sodomy law Sex trafficking Zoophilia Censorship Censorship by country Book censorship by country Film censorship by country Internet censorship by country Cartographic censorship Political censorship Video gaming censorship by country Human rights Children 's rights Children in the military Intersex rights LGBT Rights Slavery Human trafficking Freedom of movement by country In the air Abode Property and Environmental Air Estate Land Minerals Mining Mortgage Water Riparian water Business Corporate Corporate liability Competition Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Legality of bitcoin by country or territory International ownership International waters Sea law Maritime law Antarctic Treaty System Other Abortion law Minors and abortion Animal rights Immigration law Human cloning National legal systems Police brutality Prisoner abuse Religious law Separation of church and state Sharia Size of police forces World Justice Project List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voting_age&oldid=835533532 '' Categories : Electoral restrictions Juvenile law Law - related lists Lists by country Minimum ages Youth rights Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Ukrainian - language external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with Estonian - language external links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Use dmy dates from August 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2008 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά 한국어 Íslenska Lingála Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe اردو Zazaki 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 07 : 51 . 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About Wikipedia	to vote an election a person should be above the age of	[ "The 26th Amendment (passed and ratified in 1971)[55] set the voting age for federal and state elections at 18 years, but does not prevent states from establishing a lower voting age.[56] Except for the express limitations provided for in Amendments XIV, XV, XIX and XXVI, voter qualifications for House and Senate elections are largely delegated to the States under Article I, Section 2 and Amendment XVII of the United States Constitution, which respectively state that \"The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.\" and \"The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.\"[57]" ]	[ "18" ]
-4264848230489705906	Languages with official status in India	Languages with Official status in India - Wikipedia Languages with Official status in India Jump to : navigation , search States and union territories of India by the most commonly spoken first language . The Constitution of India designates the official language of the Government of India as Hindi written in the Devanagari script , as well as English . There is no national language as declared by the Constitution of India . Hindi and English are used for official purposes such as parliamentary proceedings , judiciary , communications between the Central Government and a State Government . States within India have the liberty and powers to specify their own official language ( s ) through legislation and therefore there are 22 officially recognized languages in India of which Hindi is the most used . The number of native Hindi speakers ranges between 14.5 and 24.5 % in total Indian population , however , other dialects of Hindi termed as Hindi languages are spoken by nearly 45 % of Indians , mostly accounted from the states falling under the Hindi belt . Other Indian languages are each spoken by around 10 % or less of the population . States specify their own official language ( s ) through legislation . The section of the Constitution of India dealing with official languages therefore includes detailed provisions which deal not just with the languages used for the official purposes of the union , but also with the languages that are to be used for the official purposes of each state and union territory in the country , and the languages that are to be used for communication between the union and the states inter se . During the British Raj , English was used for purposes at the federal level . The Indian constitution adopted in 1950 envisaged that Hindi would be gradually phased in to replace English over a fifteen - year period , but gave Parliament the power to , by law , provide for the continued use of English even thereafter . Plans to make Hindi the sole official language of the Republic met with resistance in some parts of the country . Hindi continues to be used today , in combination with other ( at the central level and in some states ) State official languages at the state level . The legal framework governing the use of languages for official purpose currently includes the Constitution , the Official Languages Act , 1963 , Official Languages ( Use for Official Purpose of the Union ) Rules , 1976 , and various state laws , as well as rules and regulations made by the central government and the states . Contents ( hide ) 1 Official languages of the Union 1.1 Parliamentary proceedings and laws 1.2 Judiciary 1.3 Administration 1.4 Implementation 1.5 Legislature and administration 1.6 State judiciary 1.7 List of official languages by states 2 Eighth Schedule to the Constitution 3 Union -- state and interstate communication 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Official Languages of the Union ( edit ) The front cover of a contemporary Indian passport , with the national emblem and inscriptions in Hindi and English language . The Indian constitution , in 1950 , declared Hindi in Devanagari script to be the official language of the union . Unless Parliament decided otherwise , the use of English for official purposes was to cease 15 years after the constitution came into effect , i.e. , on 26 January 1965 . The prospect of the changeover , however , led to much alarm in the non Hindi - speaking areas of India , especially Dravidian - speaking states whose languages were not related to Hindi at all . As a result , Parliament enacted the Official Languages Act , 1963 , which provided for the continued use of English for official purposes along with Hindi , even after 1965 . In late 1964 , an attempt was made to expressly provide for an end to the use of English , but it was met with protests from states such as Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu , Punjab , West Bengal , Karnataka , Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh . Some of these protests also turned violent . As a result , the proposal was dropped , and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a resolution to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language , and by each house of the Indian Parliament . The position was thus that the Union government continues to use English in addition to Hindi for its official purposes as a `` subsidiary official language , '' but is also required to prepare and execute a programme to progressively increase its use of Hindi . The exact extent to which , and the areas in which , the Union government uses Hindi and English , respectively , is determined by the provisions of the Constitution , the Official Languages Act , 1963 , the Official Languages Rules , 1976 , and statutory instruments made by the Department of Official Language under these laws . Parliamentary proceedings and laws ( edit ) The Indian constitution draws a distinction between the language to be used in Parliamentary proceedings , and the language in which laws are to be made . Parliamentary business , according to the Constitution , may be conducted in either Hindi or English . The use of English in parliamentary proceedings was to be phased out at the end of fifteen years unless Parliament chose to extend its use , which Parliament did through the Official Languages Act , 1963 . In addition , the constitution permits a person who is unable to express themselves in either Hindi or English to , with the permission of the Speaker of the relevant House , address the House in their mother tongue . In contrast , the constitution requires the authoritative text of all laws , including Parliamentary enactments and statutory instruments , to be in English , until Parliament decides otherwise . Parliament has not exercised its power to so decide , instead merely requiring that all such laws and instruments , and all bills brought before it , also be translated into Hindi , though the English text remains authoritative . Judiciary ( edit ) The constitution provides , and the Supreme Court has reiterated , that all proceedings in the Supreme Court of India , the country 's highest court and the High Courts , shall be in English . Parliament has the power to alter this by law , but has not done so . However , in many high courts , there is , with consent from the president , allowance of the optional use of Hindi . Such proposals have been successful in the states of Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh , and Bihar . Administration ( edit ) The Union government is required by law to progressively increase the use of Hindi in its official work , which it has sought to do through `` persuasion , incentive and goodwill '' . The Official Language Act provides that the Union government shall use both Hindi and English in most administrative documents that are intended for the public . The Official Languages Rules , in contrast , provide for a higher degree of use of Hindi in communications between offices of the central government ( other than offices in Tamil Nadu , to which the rules do not apply ) . Communications between different departments within the central government may be in either Hindi or English , although a translation into the other language must be provided if required . Communications within offices of the same department , however , must be in Hindi if the offices are in Hindi - speaking states , and in either Hindi or English otherwise with Hindi being used in proportion to the percentage of staff in the receiving office who have a working knowledge of Hindi . Notes and memos in files may be in either Hindi or English , with the Government having a duty to provide a translation into the other language if required . In addition , every person submitting a petition for the redress of a grievance to a government officer or authority has a constitutional right to submit it in any language used in India . Implementation ( edit ) Various steps have been taken by the Indian government to implement the use and familiarisation of Hindi extensively . Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha headquartered at Chennai was formed to spread Hindi in South Indian states . Regional Hindi implementation offices at Bengaluru , Thiruvananthapuram , Mumbai , Kolkata , Guwahati , Bhopal , Delhi and Ghaziabad have been established to monitor the implementation of Hindi in Central government offices and PSUs . Annual targets are set by the Department of Official Language regarding the amount of correspondence being carried out in Hindi . A Parliament Committee on Official Language constituted in 1976 periodically reviews the progress in the use of Hindi and submits a report to the President . The governmental body which makes policy decisions and established guidelines for promotion of Hindi is the Kendriya Hindi Samiti ( est. 1967 ) . In every city that has more than ten central Government offices , a Town Official Language Implementation Committee is established and cash awards are given to government employees who write books in Hindi . All Central government offices and PSUs are to establish Hindi Cells for implementation of Hindi in their offices . In 2016 , the Modi government announced plans to promote Hindi in government offices in Southern and Northeast India . The Indian constitution does not specify the official languages to be used by the states for the conduct of their official functions , and leaves each state free to , through its legislature , adopt Hindi or any language used in its territory as its official language or languages . The language need not be one of those listed in the Eighth Schedule , and several states have adopted official languages which are not so listed . Examples include Kokborok in Tripura and Mizo in Mizoram . Legislature and administration ( edit ) The constitutional provisions in relation to use of the official language in legislation at the State level largely mirror those relating to the official language at the central level , with minor variations . State legislatures may conduct their business in their official language , Hindi or ( for a transitional period , which the legislature can extend if it so chooses ) English , and members who can not use any of these have the same rights to their mother tongue with the Speaker 's permission . The authoritative text of all laws must be in English , unless Parliament passes a law permitting a state to use another language , and if the original text of a law is in a different language , an authoritative English translation of all laws must be prepared . The state has the right to regulate the use of its official language in public administration , and in general , neither the constitution nor any central enactment imposes any restriction on this right . However , every person submitting a petition for the redress of a grievance to an officer or authority of the state government has a constitutional right to submit it in any language used in that state , regardless of its official status . In addition , the constitution grants the central government , acting through the President , the power to issue certain directives to the government of a state in relation to the use of minority languages for official purposes . The President may direct a State to officially recognise a language spoken in its territory for specified purposes and in specified regions , if its speakers demand it and satisfy him that a substantial proportion of the State 's population desire its use . Similarly , States and local authorities are required to endeavour to provide primary education in the mother tongue for all linguistic minorities , regardless of whether their language is official in that State , and the President has the power to issue directions he deems necessary to ensure that they are provided these facilities . State judiciary ( edit ) States have significantly less freedom in relation to determine the language in which judicial proceedings in their respective High Courts will be conducted . The constitution gives the power to authorise the use of Hindi , or the state 's official language in proceedings of the High Court to the Governor , rather than the state legislature , and requires the Governor to obtain the consent of the President of India , who in these matters acts on the advice of the Government of India . The Official Languages Act gives the Governor a similar power , subject to similar conditions , in relation to the language in which the High Court 's judgments will be delivered . Four states -- Bihar , Uttar Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan -- have been granted the right to conduct proceedings in their High Courts in their official language , which , for all of them , was Hindi . However , the only non-Hindi state to seek a similar power -- Tamil Nadu , which sought the right to conduct proceedings in Tamil in its High Court -- had its application rejected by the central government earlier , which said it was advised to do so by the Supreme Court . In 2006 , the law ministry said that it would not object to Tamil Nadu state 's desire to conduct Madras High Court proceedings in Tamil . In 2010 , the Chief Justice of the Madras High Court allowed lawyers to argue cases in Tamil . List of official languages by states ( edit ) List of official languages of states of India No . State Official language ( s ) Additional official language ( s ) 1 . Andhra Pradesh Telugu 2 . Arunachal Pradesh English 3 . Assam English , Assamese Bengali in three districts of Barak Valley , Bodo in Bodoland Territorial Council areas 4 . Bihar Hindi Urdu 5 . Chhattisgarh Hindi 6 . Goa Konkani Marathi 7 . Gujarat Gujarati Hindi 8 . Haryana Hindi English , Punjabi 9 . Himachal Pradesh Hindi English 10 . Jammu and Kashmir Urdu 11 . Jharkhand Hindi Urdu 12 . Karnataka Kannada 13 . Kerala Malayalam English 14 . Madhya Pradesh Hindi 15 . Maharashtra Marathi English 16 . Manipur Meitei ( Manipuri ) English 17 . Meghalaya English Khasi and Garo 18 . Mizoram Mizo , English and Hindi 19 . Nagaland English 20 . Odisha Odia English 21 . Punjab Punjabi 22 . Rajasthan Hindi English 23 . Sikkim Nepali Additional ten local languages 24 . Tamil Nadu Tamil English 25 . Telangana Telugu & Urdu 26 . Tripura Bengali , English and Kokborok 27 . Uttar Pradesh Hindi Urdu 28 . Uttarakhand Hindi Sanskrit 29 . West Bengal Bengali , English Nepali in Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions , Urdu , Hindi , Odia , Santali , Punjabi , Kamtapuri , Rajbanshi , Kurmali and Kurukh List of official languages of Union Territories of India Union territories No . Union territory Official language ( s ) Additional official language ( s ) 1 . Andaman and Nicobar Islands Hindi and English 2 . Chandigarh English 3 . Dadra and Nagar Haveli Gujarati , Marathi , and Hindi 4 . Daman and Diu Gujarati , Konkani and Marathi 5 . Delhi Hindi Punjabi , English and Urdu 6 . Lakshadweep Malayalam , Mahl ( in Minicoy Island ) , English 7 . Puducherry Tamil , English Telugu , Malayalam and French Eighth Schedule to the Constitution ( edit ) Main article : Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India The Eighth Schedule to the Indian Constitution contains a list of 22 scheduled languages . At the time the constitution was enacted , inclusion in this list meant that the language was entitled to representation on the Official Languages Commission , and that the language would be one of the bases that would be drawn upon to enrich Hindi , the official language of the Union . The list has since , however , acquired further significance . The Government of India is now under an obligation to take measures for the development of these languages , such that `` they grow rapidly in richness and become effective means of communicating modern knowledge . '' In addition , a candidate appearing in an examination conducted for public service at a higher level is entitled to use any of these languages as the medium in which he or she answers the paper . Via the 92nd Constitutional amendment 2003 , four new languages -- Dogri , Maithili , Santali and Bodo -- were added to the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution . The table below lists the 22 languages set out in the Eighth Schedule as of May 2008 , together with the regions where they are used . Even though the English language is not included in the Eighth Schedule ( as it is a foreign language ) , it is one of the official languages of the Union of India . Language Family Speakers ( in millions , 2001 ) State ( s ) Assamese Indo - Aryan , North Eastern 13.2 Assam , Arunachal Pradesh Bengali Indo - Aryan , Eastern 83.4 West Bengal , Tripura , Assam , Andaman & Nicobar Islands , Jharkhand Bodo Tibeto - Burman 1.3 Assam Dogri Indo - Aryan , Northwestern 2.3 Jammu and Kashmir , Himachal Pradesh , Punjab Gujarati Indo - Aryan , Western 46.1 Dadra and Nagar Haveli , Daman and Diu , Gujarat Hindi Indo - Aryan 422 Andaman and Nicobar Islands , Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Delhi , Himachal Pradesh , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan , Haryana , Uttar Pradesh , Uttarakhand and West Bengal Kannada Dravidian 38 Karnataka Kashmiri Indo - Aryan , Dardic 5.5 Jammu and Kashmir Konkani Indo - Aryan , Southern 2.5 Maharashtra , Goa , Karnataka and Kerala ( The Konkan Coast ) Maithili Indo - Aryan , Eastern 12.2 Bihar Malayalam Dravidian 33.1 Kerala , Lakshadweep , Puducherry , Andaman & Nicobar Islands Manipuri ( also Meitei or Meithei ) Tibeto - Burman 1.5 Manipur Marathi Indo - Aryan , Southern 72 Maharashtra , Goa , Dadra & Nagar Haveli , Daman and Diu Nepali Indo - Aryan , Northern 2.9 Sikkim , Darjeeling , Uttarakhand and some parts of Northeast India Odia Indo - Aryan , Eastern 33 Odisha , Jharkhand , West Bengal Punjabi Indo - Aryan , Northwestern 29.1 Chandigarh , Delhi , Punjab , West Bengal Sanskrit Indo - Aryan 0.01 Uttarakhand Santali Munda 6.5 Santhal tribals of the Chota Nagpur Plateau ( comprising the states of Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Jharkhand , Odisha , West Bengal ) Sindhi Indo - Aryan , Northwestern 2.5 Sindh ( now Sindh in Pakistan ) Tamil Dravidian 70 Tamil Nadu , Andaman & Nicobar Islands , Puducherry , Kerala Telugu Dravidian 74 Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Puducherry , Andaman & Nicobar Islands Urdu Indo - Aryan , Central 51.5 Jammu and Kashmir , Telangana , Jharkhand , Delhi , Bihar , Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal Of the 22 official languages , 15 are Indo - Aryan , four are Dravidian , two are Tibeto - Burman , and one is Munda . Since 2003 , a government committee has been looking into the feasibility of treating all languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution as `` Official Languages of the Union '' . Union -- state and interstate communication ( edit ) The language in which communications between different states , or from the union government to a state or a person in a state , shall be sent is regulated by the Official Languages Act and , for states other than Tamil Nadu , by the Official Languages Rules . Communication between states who use Hindi as their official language is required to be in Hindi , whereas communication between a state whose official language is Hindi and one whose is not , is required to be in English , or , in Hindi with an accompanying English translation ( unless the receiving state agrees to dispense with the translation ) . Communication between the union and states which use Hindi as their official language ( classified by the Official Language Rules as `` the states in Region A '' ) , and with persons who live in those states , is generally in Hindi , except in certain cases . Communication with a second category of states `` Region B '' , which do not use Hindi as their official language but have elected to communicate with the union in Hindi ( currently Gujarat , Maharashtra , and Punjab ) is usually in Hindi , whilst communications sent to an individual in those states may be in either Hindi or English . Communication with all other states `` Region C '' , and with people living in them , is in English . See also ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Official Languages Act , 1963 Languages of India List of Indian languages by number of native speakers Names of the Indian Constitution in the official languages of India Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Some languages may be over - or underrepresented as the census data used is at the state - level . For example , while Urdu has 52 million speakers ( 2001 ) , in no state is it a majority as the language itself is primarily limited to Indian Muslims yet has more native speakers than Gujarati . Jump up ^ Bhutia , Gurung , Lepcha , Limboo , Mangar , Mukhia , Newari , Rai , Sherpa and Tamang are the Additional Official Languages for the purpose of preservation of culture and tradition . Jump up ^ See Official languages of Puducherry Jump up ^ Includes variants and dialects References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities : 50th report ( July 2012 to June 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities , Ministry of Minority Affairs , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Constitutional Provisions : Official Language Related Part - 17 of The Constitution Of India '' . Department of Official Language , Government of India . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hindi , not a national language : Court '' . The Hindu . 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker 's strength - 2001 '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . Archived from the original on 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mollin , Sandra ( 2006 ) . Euro - English : assessing variety status . Gunter Narr Verlag . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8233 - 6250 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kanchan Chandra , `` Ethnic Bargains , Group Instability , and Social Choice Theory , '' Politics and Society 29 , 3 : 337 - 62 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Languages ( Use for Official Purpose of the Union ) - Rules 1976 ( As Amended , 1987 ) '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Commissioner Linguistic Minorities Archived 8 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Language in India Jump up ^ THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ACT , 1963 Archived 1 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ National Portal of India : Know India : Profile Archived 17 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Committee of Parliament on Official Language report Archived 20 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hardgrave , Robert L. ( August 1965 ) . `` The Riots in Tamilnadu : Problems and Prospects of India 's Language Crisis '' . Asian Survey ( University of California Press ) Jump up ^ `` The force of words '' , Time , 1965 - 02 - 19 , retrieved 2007 - 06 - 05 Jump up ^ Forrester , Duncan B. ( Spring -- Summer 1966 ) , `` The Madras Anti-Hindi Agitation , 1965 : Political Protest and its Effects on Language Policy in India '' , Pacific Affairs , 39 ( 1 / 2 ) : 19 -- 36 , doi : 10.2307 / 2755179 Jump up ^ `` The Official Languages ( Use for Official Purpose of the Union ) - Rules 1976 ( As Amended , 1987 ) - Paragraph 3 ( 5 ) '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Languages ( Use for Official Purpose of the Union ) - Rules 1976 ( As Amended , 1987 ) - Paragraph 3 ( 1 ) '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Notification No. 2 / 8 / 60 - O.L. ( Ministry of Home Affairs ) , dated 27 April 1960 ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Languages ( Use for Official Purpose of the Union ) - Rules 1976 ( As Amended , 1987 ) - Paragraph 1 '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Languages ( Use for Official Purpose of the Union ) - Rules 1976 ( As Amended , 1987 ) - Paragraph 3 ( 1b ) '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Article 120 ( 1 ) first proviso . Jump up ^ `` The Official Languages ( Use for Official Purpose of the Union ) - Rules 1976 ( As Amended , 1987 ) - Paragraph 5 ( 1 , 2 ) '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Court language is English , says Supreme Court - The Economic Times '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . 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Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Languages ( Use for Official Purpose of the Union ) - Rules 1976 ( As Amended , 1987 ) - Paragraph 4 ( a ) '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Languages ( Use for Official Purpose of the Union ) - Rules 1976 ( As Amended , 1987 ) - Paragraph 4 ( b , c ) '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Languages ( Use for Official Purpose of the Union ) - Rules 1976 ( As Amended , 1987 ) - Paragraph 4 ( d ) '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Languages ( Use for Official Purpose of the Union ) - Rules 1976 ( As Amended , 1987 ) - Paragraph 8 '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Language - Constitutional / Statutory Provisions '' . Government of India . Archived from the original on 17 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Centre to promote use of Hindi in South India , Northeast : In response to this several NGO and political parties have started agitation and some have even re-sorted to violent protests in the Darjeeling for separate statehood , which started in after the official statement in press meet by Central parliamentary affairs minister . The monster himself hails from South India and many party leader of the government has felt as insult to the mother language . The TANA has stated `` It 's high time the North should learn the lessons from the past and should try not to stir the broth '' The ADMK leader has said in New Delhi `` It 's a shame to see my neighbouring state leader hailing from Telugu state speaking against the his own mother tongue . The Dravida Samrakshana Samiti Head has said `` it 's a direct assault on our culture and is a insult for saying the minister hailing from South India . ( Jitendra Singh ) '' . The Indian Express . 2016 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Govt to promote use of Hindi in routine conversation , NE - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Constitution of India , Article 345 Jump up ^ `` The Official Languages ( Use for Official Purpose of the Union ) - Rules 1976 ( As Amended , 1987 ) - Section 7 '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Language in Courts - a bridge or a barrier ? Jump up ^ Special Correspondent ( 12 March 2007 ) , `` Karunanidhi stands firm on Tamil in High Court '' , The Hindu , p. 1 Jump up ^ The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Thanjavur News : No objection to Tamil as court language : A.P. Shah Jump up ^ Silobreaker : Make Tamil the language of Madras High Court : Karu Archived 30 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Hindu : Tamil Nadu News : Karunanidhi hopeful of Centre 's announcement Jump up ^ indianexpress.com Archived 25 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tamil Nadu government press release Jump up ^ `` Advocate argues in Tamil in High Court '' . The New Indian Express . 23 June 2010 . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Languages '' . APOnline. 2002 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Assam Official Language Act , 1960 '' . Northeast Portal. 19 December 1960 . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . Jump up ^ ANI ( 10 September 2014 ) . `` Assam government withdraws Assamese as official language in Barak Valley , restores Bengali '' . DNA India . Retrieved 25 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bihar Official Language Act , 1950 '' ( PDF ) . National Commission for Linguistic Minorities. 29 November 1950 . p. 31 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ The National Commission for Linguistic Minorities , 1950 ( ibid ) makes no mention of Chhattisgarhi as an additional state language , despite the 2007 notification of the State Govt , presumably because Chhattisgarhi is considered as a dialect of Hindi . Jump up ^ `` The Goa , Daman and Diu Official Language Act , 1987 '' ( PDF ) . U.T. Administration of Daman & Diu. 19 December 1987 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities : 50th report ( July 2012 to June 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities , Ministry of Minority Affairs , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kurzon , Dennis ( 2004 ) . `` 3 . The Konkani - Marathi Controversy : 2000 - 01 version '' . Where East Looks West : Success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast . Multilingual Matters . pp. 42 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85359 - 673 - 5 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Dated , but gives a good overview of the controversy to give Marathi full `` official status '' . ^ Jump up to : Benedikter , Thomas ( 2009 ) . Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India : An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India . LIT Verlag Münster . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 643 - 10231 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Haryana Official Language Act , 1969 '' ( PDF ) . acts.gov.in ( server ) . 15 March 1969 . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi '' . Hindustan Times . 28 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Himachal Pradesh Official Language Act , 1975 '' ( PDF ) . 21 Feb 1975 . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Language and Literature '' , Official website of Government of Madhya Pradesh , Government of Madhya Pradesh , archived from the original on 29 September 2007 , retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 Jump up ^ Section 2 ( f ) of the Manipur Official Language Act , 1979 states that the official language of Manipur is the Manipuri language ( an older English name for the Meitei language ) written in the Bengali script . The Sangai Express , Mayek body threatens to stall proceeding , retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 Jump up ^ Commissioner Linguistic Minorities , 42nd report : July 2003 - June 2004 , p. para 25.5 , archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 08 , retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 Jump up ^ Commissioner Linguistic Minorities , 43rd report : July 2004 - June 2005 , p. para 25.1 , archived from the original on 10 April 2009 , retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 On 21 March 2006 , the Chief Minister of Meghalaya stated in the State Assembly that a notification to this effect had been issued . Meghalaya Legislative Assembly , Budget session : Starred Questions and Answers - Tuesday , the 21st March 2006. , retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Oriya to be official language in Orissa - Indian Express '' . archive.indianexpress.com. 2 January 2016 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Government of Sikkim , Introduction to Sikkim , retrieved 2017 - 07 - 16 Jump up ^ Eleven other languages -- Bhutia , Lepcha , Limboo , Newari , Gurung , Mangar , Mukhia , Rai , Sherpa and Tamang - are termed `` official '' , but only for the purposes of the preservation of culture and tradition . Commissioner Linguistic Minorities , 43rd report : July 2004 - June 2005 , pp. paras 27.3 -- 27.4 , archived from the original on 10 April 2009 , retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 . See also Commissioner Linguistic Minorities , 41st report : July 2002 - June 2003 , p. paras 28.4 , 28.9 , archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 24 , retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 Jump up ^ `` Bengali and Kokborok are the state / official language , English , Hindi , Manipuri and Chakma are other languages '' . Tripura Official government website . Archived from the original on 12 February 2015 . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Tripura Official Language Act , 1964 Jump up ^ Commissioner Linguistic Minorities , 43rd report : July 2004 - June 2005 , pp. paras 6.1 -- 6.2 , archived from the original on 10 April 2009 , retrieved 2007 - 07 - 16 Jump up ^ `` Fact and Figures '' . www.wb.gov.in . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Multi-lingual Bengal '' . The Telegraph . 11 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Roy , Anirban ( 28 February 2018 ) . `` Kamtapuri , Rajbanshi make it to list of official languages in '' . India Today . Jump up ^ Shiv Sahay Singh ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` Revitalising a language '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Urdu and Punjabi are the two secondary official languages of Delhi under the Delhi Official Language Bill , 2000 Punjabi , Urdu made official languages in Delhi , The Times of India , 2003 - 06 - 25 , retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 Jump up ^ Thomas Benedikter ( 2009 ) . Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India : An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India . LIT Verlag Münster . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 643 - 10231 - 7 . Jump up ^ There are three primary languages used for official purposes - Tamil , Telugu , and Malayalam . Only , English is recognized for official uses as per the official language policy . The official language policy of the union territory states that the Tamil language should be the primary language used for all or any of the official purposes of the union territory . In case of Mahe and Yanam , Malayalam and Telugu , respectively , may be used instead of or in conjunction with Tamil . The English language may also be used for official purposes . ( ACT 28 , Gazetteer , Pondicherry Vol. 1 , P. II ) Multilingualism and second language acquisition and learning in Pondicherry Jump up ^ Office of the Chief Electoral Officer , Puducherry , General Information on Pondicherry , archived from the original on 28 September 2007 , retrieved 2007 - 06 - 06 Jump up ^ Constitution of India , Article 344 ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Constitution of India , Article 351 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Languages ( Use for Official Purpose of the Union ) - Rules 1976 ( As Amended , 1987 ) - Paragraph 2 '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Languages ( Use for Official Purpose of the Union ) - Rules 1976 ( As Amended , 1987 ) - Paragraph 4 '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ National Portal of India : Government : Constitution of India Archived 31 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Constitution of India Archived 9 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , page 330 , EIGHTH SCHEDULE , Articles 344 ( 1 ) and 351 ) . Languages . Jump up ^ `` Statement 1 - Abstract of Speakers ' Strength of Languages and Mother Tongues - 2001 '' . Government of India . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.bihardays.com/jharkhands-11-second-languages-will-create-new-jobs-enrich-national-culture/ Jump up ^ `` The Origins of the Konkani Language '' . www.kamat.com . August 15 , 1997 -- January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Languages : Konkani Language '' . iloveindia.com . Jump up ^ `` Oriya gets its due in neighbouring state - Orissa - IBNLive '' . Ibnlive.in.com. 2011 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Naresh Chandra Pattanayak Sep 1 , 2011 , 08.04 am IST ( 2011 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Oriya second language in Jharkhand - Times Of India '' . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 29 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Bengali , Oriya among 12 dialects as 2nd language in Jharkhand '' . daily.bhaskar.com. 2011 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` A Committee has been constituted under the Chairmanship of Shri Sita Kant Mohapatra to make recommendation , inter-alia on the feasibility of treating all languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution , including Tamil , as Official Languages of the Union . The Government will consider the recommendations of the Committee and take a suitable decision in the matter . '' Indian parliament Archived 21 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Official Languages ( Use for Official Purpose of the Union ) - Rules 1976 ( As Amended , 1987 ) - Paragraph 3 ( 1 ) '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Languages ( Use for Official Purpose of the Union ) - Rules 1976 ( As Amended , 1987 ) - Paragraph 2 ( g ) '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Languages ( Use for Official Purpose of the Union ) - Rules 1976 ( As Amended , 1987 ) - Paragraph 3 ( 2 ) '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Languages ( Use for Official Purpose of the Union ) - Rules 1976 ( As Amended , 1987 ) - Paragraph 3 ( 3 ) '' . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) Department of Official Language ( DOL ) -- Official webpage explains the chronological events related to Official Languages Act and amendments Central Institute of Indian Languages -- A comprehensive federal government site that offers complete info on Indian Languages Reconciling Linguistic Diversity : The History and the Future of Language Policy in India by Jason Baldridge Multi-lingualism and language policy in India Words and phrases in more than 30 Indian languages Languages of India Official languages Union - level Hindi English 8th schedule to the Constitution of India Assamese Bengali Bodo Dogri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Meitei ( Manipuri ) Marathi Nepali Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Sindhi Santali Tamil Telugu Urdu State - level only Garo Gurung Khasi Kokborok Lepcha Limbu Mangar Mizo Newari Rai Sherpa Sikkimese Sunwar Tamang Major unofficial languages Over 1 million speakers Angika Awadhi Bagheli Bagri Bajjika Bhili Bhojpuri Bundeli Chhattisgarhi Dhundhari Garhwali Gondi Harauti Haryanvi Ho Kangri Khandeshi Khortha Kumaoni Kurukh Lambadi Magahi Malvi Marwari Mewari Mundari Nimadi Rajasthani Sadri Surjapuri Tulu Wagdi Varhadi 100,000 -- 1 million speakers Adi Angami Ao Dimasa Halbi Karbi Kharia Kodava Kolami Konyak Korku Koya Kui Kuvi Ladakhi Lotha Malto Mishing Nishi Phom Rabha Sema Sora Tangkhul Thadou Major languages of South Asia Main articles Languages of India list by number of speakers scheduled Languages of Pakistan Languages of Bangladesh Languages of Bhutan Languages of the Maldives Languages of Nepal Languages of Sri Lanka Contemporary languages Austronesian Sri Lankan Creole Malay Dravidian Brahui Jeseri Kannada Malayalam Tamil Telugu Tulu Indo - Aryan Angika Assamese Bhojpuri Bengali Chakma Chittagonian Dhivehi Dogri Gujarati Hindi Hindko Kashmiri Konkani Kumaoni Magahi Mahal Maithili Marathi Nepali Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Saraiki Sindhi Sinhala Sylheti Rajasthani language Urdu Iranian Balochi Pashto Wakhi Isolates Great Andamanese Burushaski Nihali Kusunda Mon -- Khmer Khasi Nicobarese Munda Ho Korku Mundari Santali Sora Ongan Önge Jarawa Tibeto - Burman Ao Bodo Dzongkha Garo Meithei Mizo Nepal Bhasa Sikkimese Tenyidie Tibetan Tripuri European influence English Indian English Pakistani English Sri Lankan English French Portuguese Scripts Historical Indus ( Undeciphered ) Brahmi ( Abugida ) Kharosthi Brahmic Devanagari Bengali Gujarati Gurmukhī Malayalam Kannada Odia Ranjana Sinhala Tamil Telugu European Latin alphabet Arabic Arwi Nastaʿlīq Shahmukhi Arabi Malayalam Language activism Hela Havula Bengali Language Movement Sanskrit revival Pure Tamil movement Nepal Bhasa movement Punjabi Language Movement Urdu movement Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_with_official_status_in_India&oldid=838084992 '' Categories : Lists of Indo - European languages Languages of India Official languages Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from January 2015 Use Indian English from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা भोजपुरी Brezhoneg Català Dansk Español Esperanto Euskara Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Latina Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური नेपाली 日本語 Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Romani Русский Sicilianu Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 20 : 44 . 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6184955077264711063	Dodge Durango	Dodge Durango - wikipedia Dodge Durango Jump to : navigation , search See also : Chrysler Aspen Dodge Durango Overview Manufacturer Chrysler Corporation ( 1998 ) DaimlerChrysler ( 1999 - 2007 ) Chrysler LLC ( 2007 - 2009 ) Chrysler Group LLC ( 2009 and 2011 - 2014 ) Fiat Chrysler Automobiles US ( 2014 - present ) Production 1997 -- 2009 2010 -- present Body and chassis Class Mid-size SUV Body style 4 - door SUV Layout Front engine , rear - wheel drive / Four - wheel drive Related Jeep Grand Cherokee Chronology Predecessor Dodge Ramcharger The Dodge Durango is a sport utility vehicle ( SUV ) produced by Dodge . The first two generations were very similar in that both were based on the Dodge Dakota , both featured a body - on - frame construction and both were produced at the Newark Assembly plant in Newark , Delaware . The third - generation Durango is built on the same platform as the Jeep Grand Cherokee , features unibody construction , and has been assembled at the Jefferson North Assembly plant in Detroit , Michigan , since mid-2010 . It continues as a mid-sized SUV . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( 1998 -- 2003 ) 1.1 Model year changes 1.2 Trim levels 1.3 Engines 1.4 Transmissions 2 Second generation ( 2004 -- 2009 ) 2.1 Trim Levels 2.2 Facelift 2.3 Discontinuation 2.4 Chrysler Aspen 2.5 Engines 3 Third generation ( 2011 -- present ) 3.1 Trim Levels 3.2 Updates 3.3 Engines 4 Total Sales 4.1 Dodge Durango sales 4.2 Chrysler Aspen sales 5 Recalls 6 References 7 External links First generation ( 1998 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) First generation 2001 Dodge Durango Sport Overview Production 1997 -- 2003 Model years 1998 -- 2003 Assembly Newark , Delaware , United States Designer Dennis Myles ( 1995 ) Body and chassis Class Mid-size SUV Platform Chrysler DN platform Related Dodge Dakota Powertrain Engine 3.9 L ( 238 cu in ) Magnum V6 4.7 L ( 287 cu in ) Magnum V8 5.2 L ( 318 cu in ) Magnum V8 5.9 L ( 360 cu in ) Magnum V8 Transmission 4 - speed TorqueFlite automatic 4 - speed RFE automatic 5 - speed RFE automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 116.2 in ( 2,950 mm ) Length 193.5 in ( 4,910 mm ) ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 193.3 in ( 4,910 mm ) ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Width 71.5 in ( 1,820 mm ) ( 1997 -- 2000 ) 71.3 in ( 1,810 mm ) ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Height 70.0 in ( 1,780 mm ) ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 72.9 in ( 1,850 mm ) ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Curb weight 4,500 lb ( 2,000 kg ) ( 1997 -- 2000 ) 4,520 lb ( 2,050 kg ) ( 2000 -- 2003 ) The Durango was marketed as a sturdy truck - based SUV designed to hold up to seven passengers and tow up to 7,500 lb ( 3,400 kg ) when properly equipped . The Durango shared a front end , instrument panel , and front seats with the Dakota pickup on which it was based . Original designs of the eight - passenger Durango featured a rear - facing third row similar to many older station wagons . To make room for a more practical forward - facing third row , Dodge shortened the length of the front doors and raised the roof two inches ( 5 cm ) beyond the front seats , allowing for stadium seating . The Durango 's roof rack was designed to mask the appearance of the raised roof . The 4.7 L Magnum V8 replaced the 5.2 L Magnum V8 engine for 2000 ; however , the 5.2 was still available in the early 2000 models . In that same year , a special AWD performance version called the R / T was released with a 5.9 L Magnum V8 . In 1999 and 2000 , a limited - edition Shelby S.P. 360 version was offered that featured a supercharged version of the 5.9 L Magnum V8 engine . Output is 360 hp ( 270 kW ; 360 PS ) and 412 lb ⋅ ft ( 559 N ⋅ m ) of torque . Exterior modifications include unique wheels , tires , suspension , and bumpers . It came standard with Viper blue paint with two racing stripes down the center of the truck . It boasted a 0 to 60 mph time of 7.1 seconds . The top speed was 142 mph ( 229 km / h ) . Model year changes ( edit ) Dodge Durango Sport For 1999 , the Durango was made available with two - wheel drive . A 3.9 L Magnum V6 engine was available , but few were sold . Minor changes were made for the second year , two new paint colors and notable options available including 6 - by - 9 - inch ( 150 mm × 230 mm ) heated rear view mirrors and steering wheel - mounted radio controls . Leather seats became standard on SLT Plus models , and body - color wheel flares became standard on SLT Plus and four - wheel drive models . The 2000 model year included a new 4.7 L Magnum V8 engine , which replaced the reliable 5.2 L Magnum V8 , as the standard engine for four - wheel drive models . The 3.9 L Magnum V6 engine was no longer available , leaving only V8s for the rest of the production run . The high - performance Durango R / T came equipped with a performance - tuned 5.9 L Magnum V8 and all - wheel drive . For 2001 , Dodge focused on interior upgrades as Durango 's interior trim panels , dash - mounted controls , instrument panel , overhead console , and steering wheel were all redesigned . The transfer case selector on 4X4 models changed from a manual lever on the console to a switch on the dash . The instrument cluster was updated , and an electronic vehicle information center was incorporated into the overhead console . For improved rear passenger comfort , a dual - zone climate - control system was added as standard equipment . Sound systems were improved on all models and now came standard with SX speakers . Other minor changes include : door panels , revised seats , aluminium wheels , and minor changes to trim options . In 2002 , the new SXT version of the Durango was offered as the entry - level trim package . Optional side curtain airbags were added for safety . The 2003 Durango featured minor mechanical changes , most notable was the addition of four - wheel disc brakes . In 1999 , the following models : 4WD 5.2 L V8 , 4WD 5.9 L V8 hold the best crash test results in this Durango year and manufacturing , with it holding a 6.8 out of 10 total rating . Trim levels ( edit ) 1997 -- 2003 - SLT : Most basic trim level of the Durango from 1998 - 2000 . Included basic features . Midrange trim level of the Durango from 2001 - 2003 . SLT emblem . 1997 -- 2003 - SLT PLUS : Most luxurious trim level of the Durango from 1998 - 2003 . Included luxury features . Based on the SLT trim level . Never featured an SLT Plus emblem , but only an SLT emblem . 2000 -- 2003 - Sport : More basic trim level of the Durango from 2000 - 2003 . Included basic features . Based on the SXT trim level . Sport decals . 2000 -- 2003 - SXT : Most basic trim level of the Durango from 2000 - 2003 . Included basic features . SXT decals . 2000 -- 2003 - R / T : `` high - performance '' trim level of the Durango from 2000 - 2003 . Included luxury and performance - oriented features . Based on the SLT Plus trim level . R / T emblems . The SLT , SLT Plus , and Sport trim levels offered the 3.9 L Magnum V6 engine as standard equipment ( late availability starting in 1999 ) , with the 5.2 L and 5.9 L Magnum V8 engines being available options , later switching to the 3.7 L Power - Tech V6 engine , with the 4.7 L Power - Tech V8 engines optional . The R / T and S.P. 360 trim levels included the 5.9 L Magnum V8 engine as standard equipment . Engines ( edit ) 1997 -- 2000 -- 5.2 L ( 318 cu in ) Magnum V8 , 230 hp ( 170 kW ) & 300 lb - ft ( 410 N-M ) of torque 1997 -- 2000 -- 3.9 L ( 238 cu in ) Magnum V6 , 175 hp ( 130 kW ) & 225 lb ft ( 305 N m ) of torque 1997 -- 2003 -- 5.9 L ( 360 cu in ) Magnum V8 , 245 hp ( 183 kW ) & 330 lb ft ( 449 N m ) of torque 1999 -- 2000 -- 5.9 L ( 360 cu in ) Supercharged Magnum V8 , 360 hp ( 270 kW ) & 412 lb ft ( 559 N m ) of torque 2000 -- 2003 -- 5.9 L ( 360 cu in ) Magnum V8 , 250 hp ( 190 kW ) & 345 lb ft ( 469 N m ) of torque 2000 -- 2003 -- 4.7 L ( 287 cu in ) Magnum V8 , 235 hp ( 175 kW ) & 295 lb ft ( 400 N m ) of torque Transmissions ( edit ) 42RE 4 - speed TorqueFlite automatic - 3.9 L V6 45RFE 4 - speed RFE automatic ( 2000 -- 2002 ) - 4.7 L V8 545RFE 5 - speed RFE automatic ( 2003 ) - 4.7 L V8 44RE 4 - speed TorqueFlite automatic - 5.2 L V8 46RE 4 - speed TorqueFlite automatic - 5.9 L V8 Second generation ( 2004 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Second generation Overview Also called Chrysler Aspen Production 2003 -- 2009 Model years 2004 -- 2009 Assembly United States : Newark , Delaware ( Newark Assembly ) Body and chassis Class Mid-size SUV Related Dodge Dakota Powertrain Engine 3.7 L Magnum V6 ( gasoline ) 4.7 L Magnum V8 ( E85 / gasoline ) 5.7 L Hemi V8 ( gasoline ) 5.7 L Hemi V8 ( Hybrid ) Transmission 4 - speed 42RLE automatic 5 - speed 545RFE automatic CVT Two - Mode automatic Dimensions Wheelbase 119.2 in ( 3,030 mm ) Length 200.8 in ( 5,100 mm ) Hybrid : 202.1 in ( 5,130 mm ) Width 76.0 in ( 1,930 mm ) Height 74.3 in ( 1,890 mm ) Hybrid : 73.6 in ( 1,870 mm ) Pre -- facelift Dodge Durango SLT The second - generation Durango was first shown as a concept dubbed Dodge Durango R / T concept at the 2003 Detroit Auto Show . It debuted shortly before the companion Dakota . Like the Dakota , it has much in common with the large Dodge Ram pickup , including a fully boxed frame . It is 7 in ( 180 mm ) longer , 2 in ( 51 mm ) wider , and 3 in ( 76 mm ) taller than the previous model . It also offered a third - row bench with three seats , giving it an eight - seat capacity . The design took its styling primarily from the Dodge Powerbox concept , which was itself based on the 1999 Dodge Power Wagon concept , and the 2003 - 2004 Durango R / T concept . Debuting for 2004 was a new coil - spring rear suspension for the solid rear axle . A Watt 's linkage system is fitted to the rear axle , centering the axle and reducing rear - end skate over rough surfaces , and allowing a lower and wider cargo floor . Trim levels ( edit ) SXT : 2003 - 2009 : Most basic trim level , basic features . SLT : 2003 - 2009 : Value - oriented trim level , value - added features , optional luxury features . Adventurer : 2005 - 2007 : Value - oriented and `` off - road - look '' trim level , value - added features , optional luxury features . Limited : 2003 - 2009 : Most luxurious trim level , luxury features . All trim levels offered the 4.7 L Power - Tech V8 engine as standard equipment , though the 5.7 L HEMI V8 engine was available on all trim levels , except for the base SXT trim level . The base SXT trim level also offered the 3.7 L Power - Tech V6 engine as standard equipment in place of the 5.7 L HEMI V8 engine option , though the V6 engine option was only available on the base SXT trim level , and only between 2004 and 2007 . The 2004 Dodge Durango was the first SUV in DaimlerChrysler 's lineup to introduce the 5.7 L HEMI V8 engine , as well as a new radio design and modernized interior features . Facelift ( edit ) 2006 -- 2009 Dodge Durango The 2007 model year featured a facelift that debuted at the Dallas Auto Show in April 2006 . It featured a redesigned grille , hood , headlamps , fenders , and wheels . New features included electronic stability control , a tire pressure - monitoring system , rear park assist , and a one - touch turn signal . In 2006 , DaimlerChrysler introduced a mid-size luxury SUV based on the Durango , called the Chrysler Aspen , for the 2007 model year . Discontinuation ( edit ) In October 2009 , Chrysler announced that the shutdown of the Newark Assembly facility , which produced the Durango and the Chrysler Aspen , would be moved up to the end of 2009 , thereby ending production of the Aspen and Durango after the 2009 model - year . Production ceased on December 19 , 2008 . Chrysler Aspen ( edit ) `` Chrysler Aspen '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Dodge Aspen . 2007 -- 2009 Chrysler Aspen The Chrysler Aspen is a luxury SUV from Chrysler . Launched for the 2007 model - year , the Aspen was based on the Dodge Durango SUV . The Aspen was the first truck - based SUV commercialized under the Chrysler brand , although the PT Cruiser was the first truck - based Chrysler brand vehicle as classified under Corporate Average Fuel Economy 's ( CAFE ) regulation . With this introduction , as of 2007 , all American automobile brands had an SUV in their range . The truck was unveiled at the 2005 North American International Auto Show . The Aspen came equipped with three rows of seating for eight passengers and available all - wheel drive . It was available in only one trim , Limited . The 2007 Chrysler Aspen was featured in the 2006 movie Deck the Halls . Due to slow sales , it was discontinued after the 2009 model year . Engines ( edit ) 2004 -- 2009 - 3.7 L ( 226 cu in ) Magnum V6 , 210 hp ( 160 kW ) at 5200 rpm and 235 lb ⋅ ft ( 319 N ⋅ m ) at 4000 rpm . 2004 -- 2007 - 4.7 L ( 287 cu in ) Magnum V8 , 235 hp ( 175 kW ) at 4500 rpm and 300 lb ⋅ ft ( 407 N ⋅ m ) at 3600 rpm 2008 -- 2009 - 4.7 L ( 287 cu in ) Corsair V8 , 303 hp ( 226 kW ) at 5,650 rpm and 330 lb ⋅ ft ( 447 N ⋅ m ) at 3,950 rpm 2004 -- 2008 - 5.7 L ( 345 cu in ) Hemi V8 , 335 hp ( 250 kW ) at 5200 rpm and 370 lb ⋅ ft ( 502 N ⋅ m ) at 4200 rpm ( MDS equipped for 2006 + 5.7 L engines for improved fuel mileage ) 2009 - 5.7 L ( 345 cu in ) Hemi V8 , 376 hp ( 280 kW ) at 5200 rpm and 401 lb ⋅ ft ( 544 N ⋅ m ) 2009 Hybrid - 5.7 L ( 345 cu in ) Hemi V8 , 399 hp ( 298 kW ) at 5200 rpm and 390 lb ⋅ ft ( 529 N ⋅ m ) Third generation ( 2011 -- present ) ( edit ) Third generation Overview Production 2010 -- present Model years 2011 -- Present Assembly Detroit , Michigan , U.S. ( Jefferson North Assembly ) Designer Aaron Pizzuti ( 2007 ) Body and chassis Class Mid-size SUV Related Mercedes - Benz M - Class Mercedes - Benz R - Class Mercedes - Benz GL - Class Jeep Grand Cherokee ( WK2 ) Powertrain Engine 3.6 L Pentastar V6 5.7 L Hemi V8 6.4 L Hemi V8 Transmission 5 - speed W5A580 automatic 5 - speed 545RFE automatic 6 - speed 65RFE automatic 8 - speed 845RE automatic ( 2014 - Pentastar ) 8 - speed 8HP70 automatic ( 2014 - HEMI ) Dimensions Wheelbase 119.9 in ( 3,045 mm ) Length 199.8 in ( 5,075 mm ) Width 75.8 in ( 1,925 mm ) Height 70.9 in ( 1,801 mm ) After announcing the discontinuation of the Durango after the 2009 model year , Dodge released an Internet site and teaser photos of the third - generation Dodge Durango on August 16 , 2010 . The third - generation Durango is built alongside the Jeep Grand Cherokee at the Jefferson Assembly Plant in Detroit , Michigan , sharing the assembly line , running gear , powertrains , and chassis parts with the Grand Cherokee . The 2011 Dodge Durango entered production on December 14 , 2010 , alongside the second - generation Charger in the 2011 vehicle lineup . It went on sale for general dealership availability in mid-January 2011 . The third - generation Durango features two engines . The base engine is a new 3.6 L V6 engine producing 290 hp ( 220 kW ; 290 PS ) and 260 lb ⋅ ft ( 350 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 4,800 rpm ; 90 % of peak torque is available from 1,600 to 6,400 rpm . The Pentastar V6 engine is backed by a Mercedes W5A580 five - speed automatic , with Chrysler 's controls and the driver - interactive control . The 5.7 L Hemi VVT V8 returned with 360 hp ( 268 kW ; 365 PS ) and 390 lb ⋅ ft ( 529 N ⋅ m ) of torque , which features the 545RFE five - speed automatic . The Hemi V8 also comes with a `` fuel - saver '' ( cylinder deactivation ) mode . This feature is primarily used when the vehicle is cruising at constant speeds on level ground . The wheelbase of the Durango is longer than that of the Grand Cherokee . It features three rows of seating compared to the Grand Cherokee 's two rows . Trim levels ( edit ) The Dodge Durango is available in several distinct trim levels : Express - 2011 only : Base trim level , base features , 3.6 L Pentastar V6 engine only . Crew - 2011 - 2013 : Value - added trim level , added features , optional luxury features , 3.6 L Pentastar V6 and 5.7 L HEMI V8 engines . SXT - 2012 -- present : Base trim level , base features , 3.6 L Pentastar V6 engine only . SXT Plus - 2014 -- present : Basic trim level , basic features , 3.6 L Pentastar V6 engine only . Crew Plus - 2010 - 2013 : Luxury trim level , luxury features , 3.6 L Pentastar V6 or 5.7 L HEMI V8 engines . Limited - 2014 -- 2016 : Luxury trim level , luxury features , 3.6 L Pentastar V6 or 5.7 L HEMI V8 engines . GT - 2017 -- present : Sporty trim level that replaces the Limited trim , 3.6 L Pentastar V6 engine only . R / T - 2011 -- present : Sporty trim level , sporty details , 5.7 L HEMI V8 engine only . First return to the Dodge Durango lineup since 2001 . Citadel - 2011 -- present : Highest trim level , luxurious features , 3.6 L Pentastar V6 or 5.7 L HEMI V8 engines . SRT - December 2017 for the 2018 model year : will include a 6.4 L V8 . A Special Service Package has also been available since 2012 , and is sold exclusively to government fleets . It is based on the base Durango SXT trim level , but does offer the 5.7 L HEMI V8 engine that the public - market SXT trim level does not offer . Updates ( edit ) Refreshed headlights and grille for 2014 Dodge unveiled its revised 2014 model Durango at the 2013 New York Auto Show . The 2014 Durango was redesigned with sportier - looking lines , an eight - speed automatic transmission , and a new design trim similar to the Rallye , with blackened plastic bumper and outline . The tail lights were reworked to feature a single LED ' Racetrack ' tail lamp similar to the Charger and Dart . On the inside , Dodge added a revised steering wheel , instrument cluster , rotary shift knob , and a reconfigurable 7 - in ( 780mm ) thin film transistor display first seen on the Dart . The 2015 Durango received a new package available for the R / T trim , consisting of a Premium Nappa Leather Group option featuring radar red leather seats , 0.8 - inch - lower ride height ( 20 mm ) , black headlamp bezels , HID low beams and LED DRLS , optional R / T embroidery on the seats , a nine - speaker sound system with a subwoofer , a 360 - horsepower 5.7 L Hemi paired with ZF 's eight - speed transmission , and a 20 - inch ( 510 mm ) Granite Crystal wheel finished in black . There were no changes made to the 2016 model year , but the Durango did add new packages to their two trims , with the Anodized Platinum package for the Citadel trim and the Brass Monkey package for the Limited trim . For 2017 , the Dodge Durango Limited trim is discontinued and replaced by the new GT trim and the Base SXT trim level will now be available with 5 passenger seating in 2 rows . Engines ( edit ) Model Engine Displacement Power @ rpm Torque @ rpm Years Note Express 3.6 V6 Pentastar 3,604 cc ( 219.9 cu in ) 290 hp ( 220 kW ; 290 PS ) @ 6400 rpm 350 N ⋅ m ( 260 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4800 rpm 2011 -- Crew 2010 -- option 5.7 V8 HEMI CrewLux 2010 -- option 5.7 V8 HEMI Citadel 2010 -- option 5.7 V8 HEMI GT 2017 -- Heat 2010 -- R / T 5.7 V8 HEMI 5,654 cc ( 345.0 cu in ) 360 hp ( 270 kW ; 360 PS ) @ 5150 rpm 530 N ⋅ m ( 390 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4250 rpm 2011 -- MDS SRT 6.4 V8 HEMI 6,417 cc ( 391.6 cu in ) 475 hp ( 354 kW ; 482 PS ) @ 5150 rpm 470 N ⋅ m ( 350 lb ⋅ ft ) @ 4250 rpm 2018 Total Sales ( edit ) Dodge Durango sales ( edit ) Calendar Year USA Canada 20,263 1998 156,923 1999 189,840 2000 173,567 130,799 2002 106,925 2003 108,010 137,148 6,394 2005 115,439 4,310 2006 70,606 3,836 2007 45,503 1,634 2008 21,420 1,115 2009 3,521 97 572 6 2011 51,697 2,549 2012 42,589 2,398 2013 60,727 2,045 2014 64,398 2,977 2015 64,186 3,659 2016 68,474 6.266 2017 68,761 6,505 Total Sales 1,527,801 43,791 Total 1,571,592 Chrysler Aspen sales ( edit ) Calendar Year Sales 2006 7,656 2007 28,788 2008 22,254 2009 5,996 30 Total Sales 64,724 Recalls ( edit ) On August 16 , 2012 , Chrysler recalled 1,661 2013 - model Dodge Durango sport utility vehicles in the United States and Canada because some airbags may not deploy in an accident . The recall affects 1,449 of the seven - passenger versions of the SUVs in the United States and 212 in Canada and other markets . On July 24 , 2015 , Chrysler recalled all 2014 - 2015 Dodge Durangos with the 8.4 - inch ( 210 mm ) touch - screens due to security concerns with the software that controls the vehicle because it could be hacked . The vulnerability was discovered by software engineers Charlie Miller and Chris Valasek and initially posted on Wired . This vulnerability would allow hackers to remotely access and take over a variety of features , including those key parts of driving via a vulnerability in the Uconnect infotainment system . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Chrysler Group LLC Celebrates Start of Production of 2011 Dodge Durango at its Jefferson North Assembly Plant '' . media.chrysler.com ( Press release ) . 14 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chrysler Aspen and Dodge Durango offer utility in a half - size smaller than their full - size competitors '' . caranddriver.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Dodge Durango - Mid Sized Seven Passenger SUV '' . dodge.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Vehicles for Towing '' Edmunds.com , retrieved on 2010 - 02 - 08 . Archived August 31 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Developing the 1997 - 2003 Dodge Durango interior '' . Allpar.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Edmunds Insideline : Chrysler Kills Durango and Aspen Hybrids '' . Edmunds.com. 23 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 October 2009 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Ramsey , Mike ( 2009 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Chrysler to Cut 1,825 Jobs on Early Plant Closure , Output Trim '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ McLane , Jenny ( 2005 ) . `` Chrysler Aspen Boasting the Chrysler Design '' . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . As per the Chrysler Aspen 's introduction , all American automobile brands have a SUV under their wings . Jump up ^ 2008 Chrysler Aspen - Driving Dynamics - Drivetrain Archived February 23 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pizzuti , Aaron . `` About '' . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Burnout - Durango SRT - Dodge '' . Dodge . 7 February 2017 . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Davey G. ( 27 March 2015 ) . `` Sammy Hagar is Stoked : Dodge Now Offering Radar Red Leather on 2015 Durango R / T '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dodge Durango Now Available With Brass Monkey , Andonized Platinum Appearance Packages '' from FCA Authority ( February 17 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` Dodge Durango - Seven Seat Charger '' Jump up ^ `` Record Sales Year for DaimlerChrysler 's Dodge , Jeep , Chrysler And Plymouth Brands '' . theautochannel.com . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Sales of SUVs '' . wagoneers.com . Archived from the original on 2001 - 06 - 01 . This information from the September 1999 issue of Four Wheeler magazine , page 18 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group Announces Year - End and December Sales '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group Reports U.S. December Sales '' . Theautochannel.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group Reports December 2003 Sales Increase of 2 Percent '' . Theautochannel.com . November 17 , 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dodge Durango Sales Figures '' . goodcarbadcar.net . January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group 2005 U.S. Sales Rise 5 Percent , Highest Since 2000 ; December Sales Decline In Line with Overall Industry '' . Prnewswire.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Total Chrysler LLC December 2007 Sales Up 1 Percent on the Strength of Retail ; Demand ... '' Reuters . January 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC Reports December 2009 U.S. Sales '' . www.CheersandGears.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC Reports December 2010 U.S. Sales '' . www.CheersandGears.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler sales shoot up 37 % ( 26 % for 2011 ) '' . allpar.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC Reports December 2012 U.S. Sales Increased 10 Percent '' ( Press release ) . Chrysler Group LLC. 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC Reports December 2013 U.S. Sales Increased 6 Percent -- Best December Sales in Six Years ; Full - Year Sales Up 9 Percent -- Strongest Annual Sales Since 2007 '' ( Press release ) . Chrysler Group . 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ FCA US ( 5 January 2015 ) . `` FCA US LLC Reports December 2014 U.S. Sales Increased 20 Percent ... '' prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dodge Durango Sales Figures '' . www.goodcarbadcar.net . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Dodge Durango Sales Numbers , Figures , Results '' . Fiat Chrysler Authority . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Good Car Bad Car ( dodge - durango - sales - figures ) Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Aspen Sales Figures '' . goodcarbadcar.net. April 29 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Total Chrysler LLC December 2007 Sales Up 1 Percent on the Strength of Retail '' . CheersandGears.com . January 3 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` December 2008 Sales : Chrysler LLC '' . CheersandGears.com . January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC December 2009 Sales '' . CheersandGears.com . January 5 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Sales End The Year Up 17 % - December Sales Rose 16 % '' . Autospies.com . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler recalls 1,661 Dodge SUVs for airbag issue '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler recalls 1.4 million hackable cars '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Jeep , Dodge , Chrysler maker recalls 1.4 million vehicles amid car hacking fears '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dodge Durango . Official site Dodge truck timeline , North American market , 1970s -- present Type 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Mid-size CUV Journey Compact SUV Raider Nitro Mid-size SUV Durango Full - size SUV Ramcharger Ramcharger Ramcharger Durango Durango Coupé utility Rampage Minivan Caravan CV / GCV CV / GCV CV / GCV CV / GCV Grand Caravan Van A100 Tradesman Ram Van / Ram Wagon Ram Van / Ram Wagon Ram Sprinter Sprinter Compact pickup D - 50 Ram 50 Ram 50 Mid-size pickup Dakota Dakota Dakota Full - size pickup D Series D Series Ram ( D Series ) Ram Ram Ram Ram SRT - 10 Heavy - duty truck LCF / C Series Notes : The Ramcharger was not sold in the United States after the 1994 model year . After Fiat S.p.A. acquired Chrysler LLC in 2009 , models of trucks and cargo vans were no longer designated as Dodge , but exclusively as Ram . A timeline of these models can be found here . Dodge Current production Cars Attitude Challenger Charger LX Neon Vision Vans / SUVs Durango Grand Caravan Journey Trucks ( Ram ) Ram 750 Ram 1500 / 2500 / 3500 Ram Chassis Cab / Ram Heavy Duty Chassis Cab Discontinued Cars 024 330 400 440 600 880 1500 1800 Alpine Aries Arrow Aspen Attitude Atos Avenger Brisa Caliber Challenger Charger ( B - body ) Charger ( L - body ) Charger Daytona Colt Colt Vista Conquest Coronet Crusader Custom Custom 880 Custom Royal Custom Royal Lancer D - 500 Dart PF Daytona Deluxe Demon Diplomat Dynasty Fast Four Forza i10 Intrepid Kingsway La Femme Lancer Lancer Celeste Magnum Matador Mayfair Meadowbrook Mirada Model DU Monaco Neon Neon SRT - 4 Omni Phoenix Polara Regal Lancer Regent Royal Royal Lancer Savoy SE Shadow Sierra Silver Challenger Spirit St. Regis Stealth Stratus Suburban Super Bee SX 2.0 Trazo Verna Viper Viscount Wayfarer Vans / SUVs 1000 Caravan JC Mini Ram Van Nitro Raider Ramcharger Ram Van / Ram Wagon / Sportsman / Tradesman / B - series van Sprinter Town Panel Town Wagon Wrangler TJ Trucks 50 series 100 series 300 series 500 series 1000 A100 B Series C Series D Series D - 50 Dakota H - 100 Husky L Series LCF Series M Series P Series PD Series Power Wagon Rampage Ram 50 Route Van Dodge T - , V - , W - Series VC series VF series WC series Corporate John Francis Dodge Horace Elgin Dodge Ram Truck Division List of Chrysler factories A division of FCA US LLC Category : Dodge vehicles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dodge_Durango&oldid=826556809 '' Categories : All - wheel - drive vehicles Dodge vehicles Hybrid sport utility vehicles Mid-size sport utility vehicles Rear - wheel - drive vehicles Sport utility vehicles 1990s automobiles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Cars introduced in 1997 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 20 : 26 . 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-1939513394684501788	Roy Dotrice	Roy Dotrice - wikipedia Roy Dotrice Jump to : navigation , search Roy Dotrice OBE Dotrice in 2014 ( 1923 - 05 - 26 ) 26 May 1923 Guernsey , Channel Islands 16 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) ( aged 94 ) London , England Nationality British Occupation Actor Years active 1945 -- 2017 Known for Brief Lives A Moon for the Misbegotten Spouse ( s ) Kay Newman ( m . 1947 ; d . 2007 ) Children 3 , including Michele and Karen Awards 1 Tony Award 1 Drama Desk Award 1 British Academy Television Award Website www.roydotrice.com Roy Dotrice OBE ( 26 May 1923 -- 16 October 2017 ) was a British actor known for his Tony Award - winning performance in the 2000 Broadway revival of A Moon for the Misbegotten . He appeared in Amadeus ( 1984 ) as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 's father , Leopold . He also narrated the first five books in George R.R. Martin 's fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 Radio 1.2 Theatre 1.3 Television 1.4 Game of Thrones 1.5 Radio and audiobooks 2 Personal life and death 3 Select filmography 3.1 Film and television 3.2 Voice acting 4 Honours 5 References 6 External links Life and career ( edit ) Dotrice was born in Guernsey on 26 May 1923 , to Neva ( née Wilton ; 1897 -- 1984 ) and Louis Dotrice ( 1896 -- 1991 ) . He served as a wireless operator / air gunner with the Royal Air Force during the Second World War , and was imprisoned in a German prisoner of war camp from 1942 to 1945 . Radio ( edit ) Dotrice was the voice of `` Permanent Under - Secretary Sir Gregory Pitkin '' in the early episodes of BBC Radio 's long - running comedy The Men from the Ministry . He was succeeded by Ronald Baddiley in the role . He also played the caretaker Ramsay , alongside Patricia Hayes , in the Radio 4 sitcom Know Your Place . Theatre ( edit ) Dotrice played the part of John Aubrey in the play devised and written by Patrick Garland of Brief Lives , a one - man show that saw Dotrice on stage for more than two - and - a-half hours ( including the interval ( intermission ) , during which he would feign sleep ) . Premiering in 1967 at the Hampstead Theatre in London , the play had two tours on Broadway . In 1968 , it moved to the Criterion Theatre in the West End , where it would run for 400 performances before transferring to the Mayfair Theatre . He revived the role in 2008 , again under Patrick Garland 's direction . These runs , combined with extensive international touring , earned Dotrice a place in the Guinness World Records for the greatest number of solo performances ( 1,782 ) . In 1984 , he starred opposite Rosemary Harris in a production of Noël Coward 's Hay Fever . He appeared in the stage production of Irving Berlin 's White Christmas at The Lowry theatre in Salford from November 2009 to January 2010 . Television ( edit ) In the 1970s , Dotrice played the title role in the television mini-series Dickens of London . He also appeared as Albert Haddock in the BBC television adaptation of A.P. Herbert 's Misleading Cases in 1971 . In 1972 he played the Curé Ponosse in the BBC2 TV adaptation of Clochemerle ( 1972 ) . He was known to North American audiences as Father in the 1980s American TV series Beauty and the Beast and Father Gary Barrett , a Catholic priest , in the 1990s series Picket Fences , although his acting career dates from 1945 in a revue called Back Home , performed by ex-POWs in aid of the Red Cross . In an episode of Angel ( 1999 ) , part of the Buffyverse , he played as Roger Wyndam - Pryce , the overbearing father of the character Wesley Wyndam - Pryce . An earlier science - fiction role was Commissioner Simmonds in two episodes of the 1970s series Space : 1999 . In 1998 , Dotrice appeared in three episodes of the series Hercules : The Legendary Journeys as Zeus . Dotrice was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1974 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at Pinewood Studios . Game of Thrones ( edit ) In June 2010 , it was announced that Dotrice would be playing the role of Grand Maester Pycelle in the HBO television series Game of Thrones , an adaptation of George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire books . Dotrice later withdrew from the part for medical reasons and Julian Glover was cast in his place . Shortly after filming for the second season commenced , it was confirmed that Dotrice would be returning to play `` Wisdom Hallyne the Pyromancer '' , who is featured in the installments `` The Ghost of Harrenhal '' and `` Blackwater '' . Radio and audiobooks ( edit ) In 1982 , BBC Radio 4 broadcast Dotrice 's reading of fellow Guernseyman G.B. Edwards ' classic novel The Book of Ebenezer Le Page in twenty - eight 15 - minute parts on its Woman 's Hour segment . The producer subsequently wrote that the serialisation was `` without question the most popular serial I have ever done in the 500 or so I have produced in the last 21 years ... '' . He subsequently performed `` The Islander '' , a stage version of The Book of Ebenezer Le Page , to critical success at the Theatre Royal Lincoln . In 2012 , AudioGO produced a complete and unabridged recording of Ebenezer Le Page , which is available on Audible . Dotrice recorded audiobooks for each book in George R.R. Martin 's series A Song of Ice and Fire . Dotrice also narrated many storybook adaptations for Disney Records , including The Little Mermaid and Hercules , for which he was nominated for a Grammy award . Personal Life and death ( edit ) Dotrice was married to Kay Newman ( 1929 -- 2007 ) , a television and stage actress , from 1947 until her death in 2007 . They had three daughters -- Michele , Yvette and Karen -- all of whom have acted at various times in their lives . He was the father - in - law of actors Edward Woodward ( Michele ) and Alex Hyde - White ( Karen ) . He particularly enjoyed baseball , fishing and football , and was a stalwart member of the Garrick Club . He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in 2008 . Dotrice died at the age of 94 on 16 October 2017 in London . No cause was given . He is survived by his daughters , Karen , Michele and Yvette , along with seven grandchildren . Select filmography ( edit ) Film and television ( edit ) The Heroes of Telemark ( 1965 ) -- Jensen A Twist of Sand ( 1968 ) -- David Garland Lock Up Your Daughters ( 1969 ) -- Gossip Toomorrow ( 1970 ) -- John Williams The Buttercup Chain ( 1970 ) -- Martin Carr - Gibbons Nicholas and Alexandra ( 1971 ) -- General Alexeiev Tales From The Crypt ( 1972 ) -- Charles Gregory ( segment 4 `` Wish You Were Here '' ) Hide and Seek ( 1972 ) -- Mr Grimes Space : 1999 ( 1975 , TV series ) -- Commissioner Simmonds Dickens of London ( 1976 , TV series ) -- Charles Dickens / Mr John Dickens Saturn 3 ( 1980 , voice overdub of Harvey Keitel ) -- Benson ( voice , uncredited ) Family Reunion ( 1981 ) -- Lester Frye Cheech & Chong 's The Corsican Brothers ( 1984 ) -- The Evil Fuckaire / Ye Old Jailer Amadeus ( 1984 ) -- Leopold Mozart Eliminators ( 1986 ) -- Abbott Reeves Shaka Zulu ( 1986 , TV series ) The Wizard ( 1986 , TV series ) -- Troyan Faerie Tale Theatre : `` The Dancing Princesses '' and `` Rip Van Winkle '' ( 1987 , TV series ) -- The King / Peter Vanderdonk Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 -- 90 , TV series ) -- Jacob `` Father '' Wells Suburban Commando ( 1991 ) -- Zanuck The Cutting Edge ( 1992 ) -- Anton Pamchenko Picket Fences ( 1992 -- 1995 , TV series ) -- Father Gary Barrett Going to Extremes ( 1992 , TV series ) -- Doctor Croft Children of the Dark ( 1994 , TV ) -- Dr Burnham Swimming with Sharks ( 1994 ) -- Cyrus Miles Babylon 5 : `` The Fall of Night '' ( 1995 , TV ) -- Frederick Lantz The Scarlet Letter ( 1995 ) -- Rev Thomas Cheever Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 1996 ; TV series ) -- Mr Big Like Father , Like Santa ( 1998 TV series ) -- Ambrose Booth Sliders ( 1999 , TV series ) -- Marc LeBeau / The Seer / Archibald Chandler Madigan Men ( 2000 , TV series ) -- Seamus Madigan Alien Hunter ( 2003 ) -- Dr John Bachman Angel ( 2003 , TV series ) -- Roger Wyndam - Pryce Life Begins ( 2004 ; TV series ) La Femme Musketeer ( 2004 , TV mini-series ) -- Commander Finot These Foolish Things ( 2006 ) -- Lord Carter Played ( 2006 ) -- Jack Rawlings Go Go Tales ( 2007 ) -- Jay Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) -- King Balor Game of Thrones ( 2012 , TV series ) -- Hallyne Sources : Voice acting ( edit ) Watership Down ( audiobook ) Robin Hood ( TV series ) The Prince and the Pauper ( audio book ) Batman : The Animated Series : `` The Lion and the Unicorn '' as Frederick Spider - Man ( TV series ) as Keene Marlow / The Destroyer The Book of Ebenezer Le Page ( audio book ) The Death Gate Cycle Vol. 4 : Serpent Mage ( audio book ) A Song of Ice and Fire series ( audio books ) Sources : Honours ( edit ) He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2008 New Year Honours . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coveney , Michael ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Roy Dotrice obituary '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Dotrice Biography ( 1925 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Dotrice : Guernsey actor dies aged 94 '' . 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` British actor Roy Dotrice dead at 94 '' . Fox News . 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Amadeus ' actor Roy Dotrice dies at 94 '' . New York Daily News . 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Veteran British actor Roy Dotrice dies aged 94 '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Brief Lives revival `` Aubrey '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Veteran British actor Roy Dotrice dies aged 94 '' . San Francisco Chronicle. 16 October 2017 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones star Roy Dotrice dies aged 94 '' . ibtimes.co.uk. 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Change on the Small Council '' . Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Dotrice is Pyromancer Hallyne '' . WinterIsComing.net. 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones actor dies : Set world record for narrating the show 's audiobooks '' . EW. 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Edward Chaney , Genius Friend : G.B. Edwards and The Book of Ebenezer Le Page , ( Blue Ormer Publishing , 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` Most character voices for an audio book -- individual '' . Guinnessworldrecords.com . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : News -- Roy Dotrice is Pycelle and More '' . Westeros.org . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Passings , The Los Angeles Times , 9 August 2007 . Retrieved 7 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Dotrice '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Dotrice , ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Amadeus ' Actor , Dies at 94 '' . Variety . 16 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roy Dotrice Biography '' . Hollywood . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No. 58557 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 29 December 2007 . p. 9 . External links ( edit ) Official website Roy Dotrice on IMDb Roy Dotrice at the TCM Movie Database Roy Dotrice at the Internet Broadway Database Roy Dotrice at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Selected Performances at the Theatre Archive , University of Bristol Two Old Stagers Find Vigour in Brief Lives Roy Dotrice 's appearance on This Is Your Life Roy Dotrice ( Aveleyman ) BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor Paul Rogers ( 1955 ) Peter Cushing ( 1956 ) Michael Gough ( 1957 ) Michael Hordern ( 1958 ) Donald Pleasence ( 1959 ) Patrick McGoohan ( 1960 ) Lee Montague ( 1961 ) Rupert Davies ( 1962 ) Harry H. Corbett ( 1963 ) Alan Badel ( 1964 ) Patrick Wymark ( 1965 ) Alan Badel ( 1966 ) Warren Mitchell ( 1967 ) Eric Porter ( 1968 ) Roy Dotrice ( 1969 ) Edward Woodward ( 1970 ) Keith Michell ( 1971 ) John Le Mesurier ( 1972 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1973 ) Frank Finlay ( 1974 ) Peter Barkworth ( 1975 ) John Hurt ( 1976 ) Derek Jacobi ( 1977 ) Peter Barkworth ( 1978 ) Edward Fox ( 1979 ) Alec Guinness ( 1980 ) Denholm Elliott ( 1981 ) Anthony Andrews ( 1982 ) Alec Guinness ( 1983 ) Alan Bates ( 1984 ) Tim Pigott - Smith ( 1985 ) Bob Peck ( 1986 ) Michael Gambon ( 1987 ) David Jason ( 1988 ) Ray McAnally ( 1989 ) John Thaw ( 1990 ) Ian Richardson ( 1991 ) Robert Lindsay ( 1992 ) John Thaw ( 1993 ) Robbie Coltrane ( 1994 ) Robbie Coltrane ( 1995 ) Robbie Coltrane ( 1996 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1997 ) Simon Russell Beale ( 1998 ) Tom Courtenay ( 1999 ) Michael Gambon ( 2000 ) Michael Gambon ( 2001 ) Michael Gambon ( 2002 ) Albert Finney ( 2003 ) Bill Nighy ( 2004 ) Rhys Ifans ( 2005 ) Mark Rylance ( 2006 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2007 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2008 ) Stephen Dillane ( 2009 ) Kenneth Branagh ( 2010 ) Daniel Rigby ( 2011 ) Dominic West ( 2012 ) Ben Whishaw ( 2013 ) Sean Harris ( 2014 ) Jason Watkins ( 2015 ) Mark Rylance ( 2016 ) Adeel Akhtar ( 2017 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play 1975 -- 2000 Frank Langella ( 1975 ) Judd Hirsch ( 1976 ) Bob Dishy ( 1977 ) Jeffrey DeMunn ( 1978 ) George Rose ( 1979 ) David Rounds ( 1980 ) Brian Backer ( 1981 ) Željko Ivanek / Adolph Caesar ( 1982 ) Alan Feinstein ( 1983 ) John Malkovich ( 1984 ) Barry Miller / Charles S. Dutton ( 1985 ) Joseph Maher ( 1986 ) John Randolph ( 1987 ) B.D. Wong ( 1988 ) Peter Frechette ( 1989 ) Charles Durning ( 1990 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1991 ) Laurence Fishburne ( 1992 ) Joe Mantello / Stephen Spinella ( 1993 ) Jeffrey Wright ( 1994 ) Nathan Lane ( 1995 ) Martin Shaw ( 1996 ) Brian Murray ( 1997 ) Alfred Molina ( 1998 ) Kevin Anderson ( 1999 ) Roy Dotrice ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Charles Brown ( 2001 ) Frank Langella ( 2002 ) Denis O'Hare ( 2003 ) Ned Beatty ( 2004 ) Michael Stuhlbarg ( 2005 ) Samuel Barnett ( 2006 ) Boyd Gaines ( 2007 ) Conleth Hill ( 2008 ) Pablo Schreiber ( 2009 ) Santino Fontana ( 2010 ) Brian Bedford ( 2011 ) Tom Edden ( 2012 ) Richard Kind ( 2013 ) Reed Birney ( 2014 ) K. Todd Freeman ( 2015 ) Michael Shannon ( 2016 ) Danny DeVito ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play 1949 -- 1975 Arthur Kennedy ( 1949 ) Eli Wallach ( 1951 ) John Cromwell ( 1952 ) John Williams ( 1953 ) John Kerr ( 1954 ) Francis L. Sullivan ( 1955 ) Ed Begley ( 1956 ) Frank Conroy ( 1957 ) Henry Jones ( 1958 ) Charlie Ruggles ( 1959 ) Roddy McDowall ( 1960 ) Martin Gabel ( 1961 ) Walter Matthau ( 1962 ) Alan Arkin ( 1963 ) Hume Cronyn ( 1964 ) Jack Albertson ( 1965 ) Patrick Magee ( 1966 ) Ian Holm ( 1967 ) James Patterson ( 1968 ) Al Pacino ( 1969 ) Ken Howard ( 1970 ) Paul Sand ( 1971 ) Vincent Gardenia ( 1972 ) John Lithgow ( 1973 ) Ed Flanders ( 1974 ) Frank Langella ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Edward Herrmann ( 1976 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1977 ) Lester Rawlins ( 1978 ) Michael Gough ( 1979 ) David Rounds ( 1980 ) Brian Backer ( 1981 ) Zakes Mokae ( 1982 ) Matthew Broderick ( 1983 ) Joe Mantegna ( 1984 ) Barry Miller ( 1985 ) John Mahoney ( 1986 ) John Randolph ( 1987 ) B.D. Wong ( 1988 ) Boyd Gaines ( 1989 ) Charles Durning ( 1990 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1991 ) Laurence Fishburne ( 1992 ) Stephen Spinella ( 1993 ) Jeffrey Wright ( 1994 ) John Glover ( 1995 ) Ruben Santiago - Hudson ( 1996 ) Owen Teale ( 1997 ) Tom Murphy ( 1998 ) Frank Wood ( 1999 ) Roy Dotrice ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Robert Sean Leonard ( 2001 ) Frank Langella ( 2002 ) Denis O'Hare ( 2003 ) Brían F. O'Byrne ( 2004 ) Liev Schreiber ( 2005 ) Ian McDiarmid ( 2006 ) Billy Crudup ( 2007 ) Jim Norton ( 2008 ) Roger Robinson ( 2009 ) Eddie Redmayne ( 2010 ) John Benjamin Hickey ( 2011 ) Christian Borle ( 2012 ) Courtney B. Vance ( 2013 ) Mark Rylance ( 2014 ) Richard McCabe ( 2015 ) Reed Birney ( 2016 ) Michael Aronov ( 2017 ) VIAF : 7597740 LCCN : n77018700 ISNI : 0000 0000 5922 216X GND : 106485463X SUDOC : 183118278 BNF : cb14172835p ( data ) SNAC : w61679dz Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roy_Dotrice&oldid=833093200 '' Categories : 1923 births 2017 deaths 20th - century British male actors 21st - century British male actors Audiobook narrators BAFTA winners ( people ) British male film actors British World War II prisoners of war British male radio actors British male stage actors British male television actors British male voice actors Drama Desk Award winners Guernsey male actors Officers of the Order of the British Empire Royal Air Force personnel of World War II Royal Shakespeare Company members Tony Award winners Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Hidden categories : Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles with hCards Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 16 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did roy dotrice play in game of thrones	[]	[]
-2617771017155210133	List of missiles by country	List of missiles by country - wikipedia List of missiles by country Jump to : navigation , search This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( March 2016 ) This list of missiles by country displays the names of missiles in order of the country where they originate ( were developed ) , with the countries listed alphabetically and annotated with their continent ( and defence alliance , if applicable ) . In cases where multiple nations have developed or produced a missile , it is listed under each significantly participating nation . Within the lists of each country , missiles are ordered by designation and / or calling name ( the latter being especially relevant for Russian / Soviet missiles ) . In some cases multiple listings are used , in order to provide cross-references for easier navigation . This is not a list of missiles in operational service by a particular country ; nor a list of military rockets . For an alphabetical list by missile name , see the list of missiles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Argentina 2 Australia 3 Brazil 4 Canada 5 China 6 European joint - venture 7 France 8 Germany 8.1 German missiles of World War II 9 India 10 Iran 11 Iraq 12 Israel 13 Italy 14 Japan 15 Nigeria 16 North Korea 17 Norway 18 Pakistan 19 South Korea 20 Russia 20.1 By NATO name 21 Serbia 22 South Africa 22.1 RSA Series 22.2 Other 23 Sweden 24 Taiwan 25 Turkey 26 United Kingdom 27 United States 27.1 Missile Design Series ( Unified ) 27.2 Joint Designation System of 1947 27.3 United States Air Force Designation Systems 27.4 United States Navy Designation Systems 27.5 United States Army Designation Systems 27.6 United States Undesignated Missiles 27.7 United States Missiles with X Designations 28 See also 29 References Argentina ( edit ) Alacrán AS - 25K antiship , air - ground ASM Cóndor I ( with major contributions of German technology ) Cóndor II ( in cooperation with several Middle - Eastern countries ) Cóndor III Martin Pescador MP - 1000 antiship , air - ground ASM Mathogo antitank , wire - guided Australia ( edit ) Ikara Malkara ( joint Australian / British ) Nulka active missile decoy designed to decoy antiship missiles away from their targets ESSM SM - 2 Brazil ( edit ) A-Darter Fifth generation short range infrared homing air - to - air missile ( joint South Africa / Brazil ) FOG - MPM Fiber - Optical - Guided - Multipurpose - missile . AVMT - 300 GPS and / or laser - guided long - range missile MAA - 1A Piranha short - range infrared - homing air - to - air missile . MAA - 1B Piranha air - to - air missile , also known as `` Piranha II '' . MSS - 1.2 AC antitank guided missile . MSA - 3.1 AAé antiaircraft guided missile . MAS - 5.1 air - to - ground missile MAR - 1 antiradiation missile ( ARM ) . MAN - 1 ( MANSUP ) antiship missile Canada ( edit ) ERYX ( joint French / Canadian ) Velvet Glove China ( edit ) Red Arrow 73 Red Arrow 8 Red Arrow 9 Red Arrow 10 GT6 C - 802 ( Yingji ) antiship missile KD - 88 land - attack cruise missile PL - 5 AAM PL - 7 AAM PL - 9 AAM PL - 10 AAM PL - 12 AAM CSS - 2 DF - 3A MRBM DF - 4 IRBM DF - 5 ICBM DF - 15 SRBM DF - 21 MRBM DF - 31 ICBM Range : 8000 km DF - 31A ICBM Range : 13000 km DF - 41 ICBM DH - 10 LACM JL - 1 SLBM JL - 2 SLBM Range : 8000 km Hongqi - 1 SAM Hongqi - 2 SAM Hongnu - 5 SAM Hongqi - 7 SAM Hongqi - 9 SAM Hongqi - 10 SAM Hongqi - 15 SAM Hongqi - 17 SAM Hongqi - 18 SAM Hongqi - 61 SAM Kaishan - 1 SAM Lieying - 60 SAM PenLung - 9 SAM Qianwei - 1 SAM Qianwei - 2 SAM Silkworm missile short - range antiship subsonic cruise missile European joint - venture ( edit ) AIM - 132 ASRAAM MBDA Aster MBDA Meteor IRIS - T Martel -- Anglo - French : Models AJ 168 and AS. 37 MIM - 115 Roland Taurus KEPD 150 / 350 France ( edit ) AASM Aerospatiale AS - 12 Apache AS. 30 ASMP Crotale surface - to - air missile ENTAC ERYX ( joint French Germany ( edit ) A modern German Air Force IRIS - T infrared homing air - to - air missile Model of IDAS of the German Navy . AS. 34 Kormoran 1 / 2 MIM - 115 Roland ( replaced by LFK NG ) ESSM EuroSpike ( Israel / Germany ) Taurus KEPD 350 AGM Armiger IRIS - T IRIS - T SL IDAS ( missile ) PARS 3 LR RBS - 15 ( Sweden / Germany ) GMLRS MEADS RIM - 116 RAM LFK NG MBDA Meteor ( Multinational ) Euromissile HOT ( Franco German ) antitank missile MILAN German missiles of World War II ( edit ) V - 1 flying bomb V - 2 rocket Enzian missile Wasserfall missile Ruhrstahl X-4 missile Schmetterling Rheinbote Rheintochter Henschel Hs 293 Fritz X Feuerlilie India ( edit ) BrahMos shown at IMDS 2007 . Pinaka MBRL truck Akash : surface - to - air missile . Nag : antitank missile . Helina : air - launched antitank missile . Amogha missile : antitank missile . CLGM : Cannon launched antitank missile . DRDO Antitank Missile Prithvi - I ( SS - 150 ) : surface - to - surface ballistic missile . Prithvi - II ( SS - 250 ) : surface - to - surface ballistic missile . Prithvi - III ( SS - 350 ) : surface - to - surface ballistic missile . Agni - I MRBM : surface - to - surface medium - range ballistic missile . Agni - II MRBM : surface - to - surface medium - range ballistic missile . Agni - III IRBM : surface - to - surface intermediate - range ballistic missile ( IRBM ) . Agni - IV IRBM : surface - to - surface intermediate - range ballistic missile ( IRBM ) . Agni - V ICBM : surface - to - surface intercontinental ballistic missile . ( ICBM ) . Agni - VI : Four - stage Intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) . ( under development ) Dhanush ( missile ) : ship - launched surface - to - surface ballistic missile . K 15 : submarine - launched ballistic missile ( SLBM ) . K 4 : submarine - launched ballistic missile . K 5 : submarine - launched ballistic missile . ( under development ) Shaurya : surface - to - surface hypersonic tactical missile . BrahMos : cruise missile . BrahMos - A : air - launched cruise missile ( ALCM ) . BrahMos - NG : miniature version based on the BrahMos ( missile ) ( under development ) . BrahMos - II : hypersonic missile ( under development ) . Astra BVRAAM : active radar homing beyond - visual - range missile . DRDO antiradiation missile : air - to - surface antiradiation missile ( ARM ) . ( under development ) Nirbhay : long - range subsonic cruise missile . ( under development ) Prahaar : tactical short - range ballistic missile . Pragati ( missile ) Pinaka Mk III : guided rockets ( Pinaka Mk1 & 2 are unguided ) Barak 8 : long - range surface - to - air missile ( SAM ) . Maitri ( missile ) DRDO quick - reaction SAM Pradyumna ballistic missile interceptor : ballistic missile interceptor , surface - to - air missile . Ashwin Ballistic Missile Interceptor : ballistic missile interceptor & antiaircraft missile ( SAM ) . Trishul ( missile ) : surface - to - air missile ( SAM ) . Prithvi Air Defence : exoatmospheric antiballistic missile ( ABM ) . Advanced Air Defence : endoatmospheric antiballistic missile ( ABM ) . Prithvi Defence Vehicle : antiballistic missile ( ABM ) . Iran ( edit ) Main article : Iranian missile tests As of 2009 , Iran has an active interest in developing , acquiring , and deploying a broad range of ballistic missiles , as well as developing a space launch capability . In mid-July 2008 , Iran launched a number of ballistic missiles during military exercises , reportedly including the medium - range Shahab - 3 . Iran announced other missile and space launch tests in August and November 2008 . In February 2009 , Iran announced it launched a satellite into orbit and `` officially achieved a presence in space . '' ( hide ) The Islamic Republic of Iran 's Missiles Katyushas Arash Falaq - 1 Falaq - 2 Fajr - 1 Fajr - 3 Fajr - 5 Oghab Rocket artillery Samid Tondar - 69 Shahin - II Naze'at Zelzal - 1 Zelzal - 2 Zelzal - 3 Short - range ballistic missiles R - 17E Shahab - 1 Shahab - 2 Qiam 1 Fateh - 110 Medium - range ballistic missiles Emad Shahab - 3 Fajr - 3 Ghadr - 110 Ashoura Sejjil Khorramshahr Intermediate - range ballistic missiles Shahab - 5 ( alleged ) Shahab - 6 ( alleged ) Project Koussar ( alleged ) Surface - to - air missiles Misagh - 1 Misagh - 2 Sayyad - 1 Sayyad - 2 Shahab Thaqeb Mersad Bavar 373 ( Under development ) Raad Ya Zahra Anti-helicopter missiles Qa'em Raad Anti-tank missiles Saegheh RAAD Toophan Toophan 2 Toophan 5 Towsan Dehlaviyeh Tondar Sadid - 1 Anti-ship missiles Zafar Qader Noor Kowsar Nasr - 1 Ra'ad Sadid - 1 Cruise missiles Meshkat ( Under development ) Kh - 55 Soumar Ya Ali Torpedoes Hoot Valfajr Air - to - surface missiles Shafaq Shahin 3 Sattar Asre - 67 Bina Sadid - 1 Air - to - air missiles Fatter Sedjil Fakour 90 Anti-ship ballistic missiles Khalij Fars Hormoz 1 Hormoz 2 Radars Ghamar ( 3D radar ) Raduga Kh - 55 air - launched strategic cruise missile SS - N - 22 Sunburn antiship missile P - 800 Oniks ( SS - NX - 26 Yakhont ) Antiship cruise missile SA - 2 Guideline antiair defense missile Saeghe 1 -- 2 Fajr - 8 , upgrades copy of S - 200 , Iranian upgrades Ghadr - 111 Shahin I & II , reverse - engineered MIM - 23 Hawk SAM . R - 17E , variant of the Russian Scud B SS - N - 22 Sunburn SS - NX - 26 Yakhont Raduga Kh - 55 , also called X-55 Silkworm missile Iraq ( edit ) Al - Samoud 2 Ababil - 100 Al Fahd 300 Al Fahd 500 Al Hussein Al Hijarah Al Abbas Badr 2000 Project 144 Tammuz - 1 Al Abid Scud Israel ( edit ) Arrow missile antiballistic missile ( ABM ) Barak 1 ( naval point defense ) Barak 8 ( naval area defense ) Delilah missile ( Cruise missile of several variants : drone , air - to - ground , possible antiradiation version as well ) David 's Sling / Magic Wand ( medium - range antimissile ) Gabriel missile ( ship - to - ship and air - to - ship variants ) Iron Dome ( short - range antirocket missile system ) Jericho II IRBM ( ground - to - ground ballistic ) Jericho III ICBM ( ground - to - ground ballistic ) LAHAT ( guided antitank ) Nimrod ( guided antitank ) Popeye missile ( air - to - ground cruise missile . USAF designation : AGM - 142 Have Nap . Possibly larger derivatives exist as well , including a submarine - launched variant ) Python 5 ( air - to - air , with also a ground - to - air version named SPYDER ) Derby ( air - to - air , also known as the `` Alto '' ) Shavit ( Space launcher ) Spike / Gil missile ( man - portable antitank guided missile ) Italy ( edit ) Alfa Aspide Aster ( missile family ) CAMM ( missile family ) Marte Meteor ( missile ) Otomat PAAMS Storm Shadow Vega ( launcher ) ( Space launcher ) Japan ( edit ) AAM - 1 ( Type 69 air - to - air missile ) AAM - 2 ( Program was canceled ) AAM - 3 ( Type 90 air - to - air missile ) AAM - 4 ( Type 99 air - to - air missile ) AAM - 4B AAM - 5 ( Type 04 air - to - air missile ) AAM - 5B ( Development ) ASM - 1 ( Type 80 air - to - ship missile ) ASM - 1C ( Type 91 air - to - ship missile ) ASM - 2 ( Type 93 air - to - ship missile ) ASM - 2B ATM - 1 ( Type 64 antitank missile ) ATM - 2 ( Type 79 antitank missile ) ATM - 3 ( Type 87 antitank missile ) ATM - 4 ( Type 96 multipurpose missile system ) ATM - 5 ( Type 01 light antitank missile ) ATM - 6 ( medium - range multipurpose missile ) SAM - 1 ( Type 81 short - range surface - to - air missile ) ( SAM ) SAM - 1B SAM - 1C SAM - 2 ( Type 91 man - portable surface - to - air missile ) ( SAM ) SAM - 2B SAM - 3 ( Type 93 short - range surface - to - air missile ) SAM - 4 ( Type 03 medium - range surface - to - air missile ) SAM - 4B ( Development ) Type 11 short - range surface - to - air missile ( SAM ) SSM - 1 ( Type 88 surface - to - ship missile ) SSM - 1C SSM - 1B ( Type 90 ship - to - ship missile ) SM - 3 Block - II / IIA ( Joint development with the U.S. ) Type 73 ( Type 73 lightweight torpedo ) Type 80 ( Type 80 heavyweight torpedo ) Type 89 ( Type 89 heavyweight torpedo ) Type 97 ( Type 97 lightweight torpedo ) Type 07 ( Type 07 Vertical Launched ASROC ) Nigeria ( edit ) Ogbunigwe ( multipurpose missile ) North Korea ( edit ) ( hide ) Missiles of North Korea Short - range KN - 2 OTR - 21 Tochka Persian Gulf ( missile ) Fateh - 110 Luna - M Luna Hwasong - 5 Hwasong - 6 Medium - range Rodong - 1 Hwasong - 10 Pukkuksong - 2 Intermediate - range Hwasong - 10 Hwasong - 12 KN - 08 Taepodong - 1 ICBM Taepodong - 2 KN - 08 / KN - 14 Hwasong - 14 Hwasong - 15 SLBM Pukkuksong - 1 Pukkuksong - 2 Pukkuksong - 3 Cruise missiles KN - 19 KN - 09 ( Local variant of Kh - 35 ) C - 602 C - 802 P - 35 P - 15 KN - 1 Silkworm KN - 1 Anti-ship missiles KN - 19 KN - 09 ( Local variant of Kh - 35 ) C - 602 C - 802 Kh - 28 P - 35 P - 15 KN - 1 Silkworm KN - 1 Surface - to - air missiles KN - 06 S - 200 S - 25 Berkut S - 75 Dvina S - 125 Neva / Pechora Buk Kub Krug Air to air missiles R / K - 13 R - 23 / 24 R - 60 R - 73 / 74 R - 27 R - 4 R - 40 R / K - 8 K - 9 R - 38 Anti-tank guided missiles AT - 1 AT - 2 AT - 3 Susong - Po AT - 4 Bulsae - 2 AT - 5 Bulsae - 3 AT - 6 AT - 7 AT - 14 Bulsae - 3 Air to ground missiles Kh - 23 AS - 8 Kh - 28 Kh - 25 Kh - 29 KN - 09 ( Local variant of Kh - 35 ) Anti-ship ballistic missiles Persian Gulf ( missile ) Fateh - 110 Artillery rockets and MRLs KN - 09 M - 1991 M1985 BM - 24 BMD - 20 BM - 11 M - 1985 Type 63 Missile tests 2006 2009 2013 2014 2017 Hwa song 2 missile Hwa song 1 missile Norway ( edit ) Penguin ( American designation AGM - 119 ) Naval Strike Missile Pakistan ( edit ) Anza Mk. 1 , Mk. 2 -- man - portable air - defence system ( MANPADS ) Ababeel -- medium - range ballistic missile with multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle ( MIRV ) Barq -- laser guided air - to - surface missile Baktar - Shikan -- antitank missile Babur 1 ( Hatf VII ) -- ground - launched cruise missile ( Hatf - VII ) Babur 2 ( Hatf VII ) -- ground - launched cruise missile ( Hatf - VII ) Babur 3 ( Hatf VII ) -- submarine - launched cruise missile ( Hatf - VII ) Harbah -- ship - launched antiship missile and land attack missile Hatf - VIII ( Ra'ad ) -- air - launched cruise missile ( ALCM ) Ghauri I -- medium - range ballistic missile Shaheen - I -- short - range ballistic missile Ghauri II -- medium - range ballistic missile Shaheen II -- medium - range ballistic missile Shaheen - III -- medium - range ballistic missile Ghaznavi -- short - range ballistic missile Hatf - IA -- battlefield ballistic missile Abdali - I -- short - range ballistic missile Hatf - IX ( Nasr ) -- tactical ballistic missile Zarb - antiship missile South Korea ( edit ) Baeksangeo ( White Shark ) heavyweight torpedo Cheolmae - 2 ( KM - SAM ) medium - range surface - to - air missile Cheongsangeo ( Blue Shark ) lightweight torpedo Chiron surface - to - air missile C - Star ship - to - ship missile KL - SAM ground - based long - range surface - to - air SAM / ABM KAGM air - to - ground missile K - BATS multipayload tactical ballistic missile system K - LOGIR 2.75 inch ( 70 mm ) missile Haeseong I antiship missile Haeseong II ship - to - surface cruise missile Haeseong III antiship cruise missile Hongsangeo ( Red Shark ) rocket - based torpedo and antisubmarine missile ( K - ASROC ) Baekgom tactical ballistic missile Hyunmoo - 1 tactical ballistic missile Hyunmoo - 2A tactical ballistic missile Hyunmoo - 2B tactical ballistic missile Hyunmoo - 2C tactical ballistic missile Hyunmoo - 3A tactical cruise missile Hyunmoo - 3B tactical cruise missile Hyunmoo - 3C tactical cruise missile Hyunmoo - 3D / Hyunmoo - 4 tactical cruise missile Pegasus surface - to - air missile K - SAAM ship - based antimissile missile ( ABM ) Hyun - Gung antitank missile K - RAM surface - to - air missile ( SAM ) Leaflet 130 mm ship - to - ship guided missile Tactical Flag ship - to - surface guided missile KGGB GPS - guided air - to - surface missile Russia ( edit ) The NATO reporting name of each missile is shown in parentheses behind the proper name . 2K11 missile ( SA - 4 Ganef ) 2K22 missile ( SA - 19 / SA - N - 11 Grison ) 3M9 missile ( SA - 6 Gainful ) 4K40 / 4K51 missile ( SS - N - 2 Styx ) 4K60 / 4K65 missiles ( SA - N - 3 Goblet ) 9K33 missile ( SA - 8 / SA - N - 4 Gecko ) 9K37 missile ( SA - 11 / SA - N - 7 Gadfly ) 9K38 missile ( SA - 17 / SA - N - 12 Grizzly ) 9K310 missile ( SA - 16 Igla ) 9K330 / 9K331 / 9K332 missiles ( SA - 15 / SA - N - 9 Gauntlet ) 9K333 missile 82R missile ( SS - N - 15 Starfish ) 86R / 88R missile ( SS - N - 16 Stallion ) GR - 1 Global Rocket fractional orbital bombardment system missile ( SS - X-10 Scrag ) Igla missile ( SA - 18 / SA - N - 10 Grouse ) Igla - 1 missile ( SA - 16 Gimlet ) K - 5 missile ( AA - 1 Alkali ) K - 8 missile ( AA - 3 Anab ) K - 9 missile ( AA - 4 Awl ) K - 13 missile ( AA - 2 Atoll ) KSR - 2 ( AS - 5 Kelt ) MR - UR - 100 Sotka intercontinental ballistic missile ( SS - 17 Spanker ) P - 1 missile ( SS - N - 1 Scrubber ) P - 270 / Kh - 41 long - range antiship missile ( SS - N - 22 / ASM - MSS Sunburn ) P - 700 Granit ( SS - N - 19 Shipwreck ) R - 1 theater ballistic missile ( SS - 1 Scunner ) R - 2 theater ballistic missile ( SS - 2 Sibling ) R - 4 missile ( AA - 5 Ash ) R - 5M rocket ( SS - 3 Shyster ) R - 7 Semyorka intercontinental ballistic missile ( SS - 6 Sapwood ) R - 9 Desna intercontinental ballistic missile ( SS - 8 Sasin ) R - 11 tactical ballistic missile ( SS - 1b Scud ) R - 12 Dvina theatre ballistic missile ( SS - 4 Sandal ) R - 13 submarine - launched ballistic missile ( SS - N - 4 Sark ) R - 14 Chusovaya theatre ballistic missile ( SS - 5 Skean ) R - 15 submarine - launched ballistic missile R - 16 intercontinental ballistic missile ( SS - 7 Saddler ) R - 21 submarine - launched ballistic missile ( SS - N - 5 Serb ) R - 23 missile ( AA - 7 Apex ) R - 26 intercontinental ballistic missile ( SS - 8 Sasin ) R - 27 submarine - launched ballistic missile ( SS - N - 6 Serb ) R - 27 missile ( AA - 10 Alamo ) R - 33 missile ( AA - 9 Amos ) R - 36 intercontinental ballistic missile ( SS - 9 Scarp and SS - 18 Satan ) R - 37 missile ( AA - 13 Arrow ) R - 39 missile ( SS - N - 20 Sturgeon ) R - 40 missile ( AA - 6 Acrid ) R - 46 intercontinental ballistic missile R - 60 missile ( AA - 8 Aphid ) R - 73 missile ( AA - 11 Archer ) R - 77 missile ( AA - 12 Adder ) R - 300 Elbrus theatre ballistic missile ( SS - 1c Scud ) R - 400 Oka mobile theatre ballistic missile ( SS - 23 Spider ) RS - 24 intercontinental ballistic missile ( Unknown ) RS - 26 intercontinental ballistic missile . RT - 1 theater ballistic missile RT - 2 intercontinental ballistic missile ( SS - 13 Savage ) RT - 2PM Topol mobile intercontinental ballistic missile ( SS - 25 Sickle ) RT - 2UTTH Topol M mobile intercontinental ballistic missile ( SS - 27 ) RT - 15 mobile theatre ballistic missile ( SS - 14 Scamp ) RT - 20 intercontinental ballistic missile ( SS - 15 Scrooge ) RT - 21 Temp 2S mobile intercontinental ballistic missile ( SS - 16 Sinner ) RT - 21M Pioner mobile medium range ballistic missile ( SS - 20 Saber ) RT - 23 Molodets intercontinental ballistic missile ( SS - 24 Scalpel ) RT - 25 theatre ballistic missile S - 25 missile ( SA - 1 Guild ) S - 75 missile ( SA - 2 / SA - N - 2 Guideline ) S - 125 missile ( SA - 3 / SA - N - 1 Goa ) S - 200 missile ( SA - 5 Gammon ) S - 300P missile ( SA - 10 Grumble / SA - N - 6 / SA - 20 Gargoyle / SA - X-21 Triumf ) S - 300V missile ( SA - 12 Gladiator / Giant ) S - 300PMU - 1 / 2 missile ( SA - 20 Gargoyle ) S - 400 missile ( SA - 21 Growler ) Strela - 1 missile ( SA - 9 Gaskin ) Strela - 2 missile ( SA - 7 / SA - N - 5 Grail ) Strela - 3 missile ( SA - 14 / SA - N - 8 Gremlin ) Strela - 10 missile ( SA - 13 Gopher ) Sarmat intercontinental ballistic missile . TR - 1 Temp theater ballistic missile ( SS - 12 / SS - 22 Scaleboard ) UR - 100 intercontinental ballistic missile ( SS - 11 Sego ) UR - 100N intercontinental ballistic missile ( SS - 19 Stiletto ) UR - 200 intercontinental ballistic missile ( SS - X-10 Scrag ) By NATO name ( edit ) AA - 1 Alkali / Kaliningrad K - 5 AA - 2 Atoll / Vympel K - 13 AA - 3 Anab / Kaliningrad K - 8 AA - 4 Awl / K - 9 missile AA - 5 Ash / R - 4 missile AA - 6 Acrid / R - 40 missile AA - 7 Apex / R - 23 missile AA - 8 Aphid / R - 60 missile AA - 9 Amos / R - 33 missile AA - 10 Alamo / R - 27 missile AA - 11 Archer / R - 73 missile AA - 12 Adder / R - 77 missile AA - 13 Arrow / R - 37 missile AS - 1 Kennel antiship AS - 2 Kipper antiship AS - 3 Kangaroo nuclear antiship AS - 4 Kitchen antiship AS - 5 Kelt air - to - surface AS - 6 Kingfisher antiship AS - 7 Kerry ( SA - 1 Guild ) S - 25 missile ( SA - 2 / SA - N - 2 Guideline ) S - 75 missile ( SA - 3 / SA - N - 1 Goa ) S - 125 missile ( SA - N - 3 Goblet ) 4K60 / 4K65 missiles ( SA - 4 Ganef ) 2K11 missile ( SA - 5 Gammon ) S - 200 missile ( SA - 6 Gainful ) 3M9 missile ( SA - 7 / SA - N - 5 Grail ) Strela - 2 missile ( SA - 8 / SA - N - 4 Gecko ) 9K33 missile ( SA - 9 Gaskin ) Strela - 1 missile ( SA - 10 Grumble / SA - N - 6 / SA - 20 Gargoyle / SA - X-21 Triumf ) S - 300P missile ( SA - 11 / SA - N - 7 Gadfly ) 9K37 missile ( SA - 12 Gladiator / Giant ) S - 300V missile ( SA - 13 Gopher ) Strela - 10 missile ( SA - 14 / SA - N - 8 Gremlin ) Strela - 3 missile ( SA - 15 / SA - N - 9 Gauntlet ) 9K330 / 9K331 / 9K332 missiles ( SA - 16 Gimlet ) Igla - 1 missile ( SA - 17 / SA - N - 12 Grizzly ) 9K38 missile ( SA - 18 / SA - N - 10 Grouse ) Igla missile ( SA - 19 / SA - N - 11 Grison ) 2K22 missile ( SA - 20 Gargoyle ) S - 300PMU - 1 / 2 missile ( SA - 21 Growler ) S - 400 missile SS - 1 Scunner / R - 1 SS - 1b Scud / R - 11 SS - 1c Scud / R - 300 SS - 2 Sibling / R - 2 SS - 3 Shyster / R - 5 SS - 4 Sandal / R - 12 Dvina SS - 5 Skean / R - 14 Chusovaya SS - 6 Sapwood / R - 7 Semyorka SS - 7 Saddler / R - 16 SS - 8 Sasin / R - 9 Desna SS - 8 Sasin / R - 26 ( mistaken identification by NATO ) SS - 9 Scarp / R - 36 SS - 10 Scrag / Global Rocket 1 SS - 11 Sego / UR - 100 SS - 12 Scaleboard / TR - 1 Temp SS - 13 Savage / RT - 2 SS - 14 Scamp / RT - 15 SS - 15 Scrooge / RT - 20 SS - 16 Sinner / RT - 21 Temp 2S SS - 17 Spanker / MR - UR - 100 Sotka SS - 18 Satan / R - 36M SS - 19 Stiletto / UR - 100N SS - 20 Saber / RT - 21M Pioner SS - 21 Scarab / OTR - 21 Tochka SS - 22 Scaleboard / TR - 1 Temp SS - 23 Spider / R - 400 Oka SS - 24 Scalpel / RT - 23 Molodets SS - 25 Sickle / RT - 2PM Topol SS - 27 / RT - 2UTTH Topol M SS - N - 1 Scrubber / P - 1 missile SS - N - 2 Styx / 4K40 / 4K51 missile SS - N - 4 Sark / R - 13 SS - N - 5 Serb / R - 21 SS - N - 6 Serb / R - 27 SS - N - 15 Starfish 82R missile SS - N - 16 Stallion 86R / 88R missile SS - N - 19 Shipwreck / P - 700 rocket SS - N - 20 Sturgeon / R - 39 missile SS - N - 21 Sampson / Raduga Kh - 55 SS - N - 22 Sunburn / P - 270 missile SS - N - 23 Skiff / R - 29 Vysota , R - 29 Vysota , R - 29RMU Sineva SS - N - 25 Switchblade / Kh - 35 SS - N - 27 Sizzler / 3M - 54 Klub SS - X-10 Scrag / Global Rocket 1 / GR - 1 SS - X-10 Scrag / UR - 200 Serbia ( edit ) ALAS ( Advanced Light Attack System ) long - range multipurpose guided missile South Africa ( edit ) RSA Series ( edit ) RSA - 1 ( Variant of the Jericho II second stage for use as a mobile missile ) RSA - 2 ( Variant of the Jericho II ) RSA - 3 ( Variant of the Shavit ) RSA - 4 ( Upper stages of the Shavit with a heavy first stage ) ( Above missile prototypes made by Houwteq , none entered production ) Other ( edit ) A-Darter R - Darter ZT3 Ingwe Mokopa MUPSOW Torgos Air - Launched Cruise Missile Umkhonto Umbani ( Above missiles made by Denel Dynamics ) Sweden ( edit ) RBS - 15 RB 04 Rb 05 RBS 70 RBS 23 KEPD 350 BILL 1 BILL 2 Bantam Taiwan ( edit ) Hsiung Feng I ( HF - 1 ) ( ship - to - ship ) Hsiung Feng II ( HF - 2 ) ( guided multiplatform antiship ) Hsiung Feng IIE ( HF - 2E ) ( land - attack cruise missile variant of HF - 2 ) Hsiung Feng III ( HF - 3 ) ( antiship and / or land - attack cruise missile ) Sky Bow I ( TK - 1 ) ( SAM ) Sky Bow II ( TK - 2 ) ( SAM ) Sky Bow III ( TK - 3 ) ( SAM ) Sky Spear ( short range SSBM ) Sky Sword I ( TC - 1 ) ( air - to - air ) Sky Sword II ( TC - 2 ) ( air - to - air ) Yun Feng ( long - range cruise missile ) Turkey ( edit ) Bora missile HGK ( bomb ) Mızrak - U Mızrak - O Roketsan Cirit SOM ( missile ) T - LORAMIDS J - 600T Yıldırım United Kingdom ( edit ) AIM - 132 ASRAAM `` advanced short - range air - to - air missile '' Bloodhound long - range surface - to - air missile ( SAM ) Blowpipe man - portable surface - to - air missile ( SAM ) Blue Steel nuclear `` stand - off bomb '' ( never produced ) Blue Streak nuclear `` stand - off missile '' ( never produced ) Blue Water -- surface - to - surface nuclear missile Brakemine WW II surface - to - air missile project Brimstone missile Fairey Fireflash air - to - air missile Fairey Stooge antiship missile Fire Shadow Firestreak air - to - air missile Green Cheese Javelin man - portable surface - to - air missile ( SAM ) Malkara ( joint Australian / British ) MBDA Meteor ( European collaboration ) air - to - air missile Rapier British / German battlefield surface - to - air missile ( SAM ) Red Dean Red Hebe Red Top air - to - air missile Sea Cat shipboard surface - to - air missile ( SAM ) Sea Dart shipboard surface - to - air missile Sea Eagle shipboard surface - to - air missile Sea Skua shipboard surface - to - air missile Sea Slug shipboard surface - to - air missile Sea Viper ( Aster missile ) shipboard surface - to - air missile Sea Wolf shipboard surface - to - air missile Skybolt ALBM nuclear `` stand - off missile '' ( never produced ) Skyflash - British - produced American `` Sparrow '' missile Starburst Starstreak Storm Shadow ( British - French ) Swingfire antitank missile Thunderbird missile Tigercat missile UB. 109T cruise missile Vickers Vigilant United States ( edit ) Missile Design Series ( unified ) ( edit ) US DoD 4120 Mission Design Series ( MDS ) Designators and Symbols for Guided Missiles , Rockets , Probes , Boosters , and Satellites . Status Prefix Launch Environment Basic Mission Vehicle Type C -- Captive A -- Air C -- Transport B -- Booster D -- Dummy B -- Multiple D -- Decoy M -- Guided Missile J -- Special Test ( Temporary ) C -- Coffin E -- Electronic / Communications N -- Probe M -- Maintenance F -- Individual G -- Surface Attack R -- Rocket N -- Special Test ( Permanent ) G -- Surface I -- Aerial / Space Intercept S -- Satellite X -- Experimental H -- Silo Stored L -- Launch Detection / Surveillance Y -- Prototype L -- Silo - Launched M -- Scientific / Calibration Z -- Planning M -- Mobile N -- Navigation P -- Soft Pad Q -- Drone R -- Ship S -- Space Support S -- Space T -- Training U -- Underwater U -- Underwater Attack W -- Weather Sample Missile MDS -- `` BGM - 109G '' Launch Environment Multiple -- B Basic Mission Surface Attack -- G Vehicle Type Guided Missile -- M Design Number 109th Missile Design -- 109 Series 7th Version of the Design -- G The list of U.S. missiles , sorted by ascending MDS number : MGM - 1 Matador MGR - 1 Honest John RIM - 2 Terrier MGR - 3 Little John MIM - 3 Nike - Ajax AIM - 4 Falcon MGM - 5 Corporal RGM - 6 Regulus AIM - 7 Sparrow / RIM - 7 Sea Sparrow RIM - 8 Talos AIM - 9 Sidewinder CIM - 10 Bomarc PGM - 11 Redstone AGM - 12 Bullpup MGM - 13 Mace MIM - 14 Nike - Hercules RGM - 15 Regulus II CGM - 16 / HGM - 16 Atlas PGM - 17 Thor MGM - 18 Lacrosse PGM - 19 Jupiter ADM - 20 Quail MGM - 21 ( French - made ) AGM - 22 ( French - made ) MIM - 23 Hawk RIM - 24 Tartar LGM - 25 Titan AIM - 26 Falcon UGM - 27 Polaris AGM - 28 Hound Dog MGM - 29 Sergeant LGM - 30 Minuteman MGM - 31 Pershing MGM - 32 Entac MQM - 33 BGM - 34 Firebee AQM - 35 MQM - 36 Shelduck AQM - 37 Jayhawk AQM - 38 MQM - 39 Cardinal MQM - 40 Firefly AQM - 41 Petrel MQM - 42 Redhead / Roadrunner FIM - 43 Redeye UUM - 44 Subroc ( SUBROC ) AGM - 45 Shrike MIM - 46 Mauler AIM - 47 Falcon AGM - 48 Skybolt LIM - 49 Nike Zeus / Spartan RIM - 50 Typhon LR MGM - 51 Shillelagh MGM - 52 Lance AGM - 53 Condor AIM - 54 Phoenix RIM - 55 Typhon MR PQM - 56 MQM - 57 Falconer MQM - 58 Overseer RGM - 59 Taurus AQM - 60 Kingfisher MQM - 61 Cardinal AGM - 62 Walleye AGM - 63 AGM - 64 Hornet AGM - 65 Maverick RIM - 66 Standard MR SM - 2 RIM - 67 Standard ER SM - 2 AIM - 68 Big Q AGM - 69 SRAM LEM - 70 Minuteman ERCS BGM - 71 TOW MIM - 72 Chaparral UGM - 73 Poseidon BQM - 74 Chukar BGM - 75 AICBM AGM - 76 Falcon FGM - 77 Dragon AGM - 78 Standard ARM AGM - 79 Blue Eye AGM - 80 Viper AQM - 81 Firebolt AIM - 82 AGM - 83 Bulldog AGM - 84 Harpoon RGM - 84 Harpoon UGM - 84 Harpoon RIM - 85 AGM - 86 ALCM AGM - 87 Focus AGM - 88 HARM UGM - 89 Perseus BQM - 90 ASMT AQM - 91 Firefly FIM - 92 Stinger man - portable surface - to - air ( SAM ) XQM - 93 Compass Dwell GQM - 94 B - Gull AIM - 95 Agile UGM - 96 Trident I AIM - 97 Seekbat GQM - 98 Tern - R LIM - 99 LIM - 100 RIM - 101 PQM - 102 Delta Dagger AQM - 103 Thunderbolt MIM - 104 Patriot MQM - 105 Aquila BQM - 106 Teleplane MQM - 107 Streaker BQM - 108 VATOL BGM - 109 Tomahawk BGM - 110 SLCM BQM - 111 Firebrand AGM - 112 RIM - 113 SIRCS AGM - 114 Hellfire MIM - 115 Roland RIM - 116 RAM FQM - 117 RCMAT LGM - 118 Peacekeeper AGM - 119 Penguin ( Norwegian - made ) AIM - 120 AMRAAM CQM - 121 Pave Tiger / Seek Spinner AGM - 122 Sidearm AGM - 123 Skipper AGM - 124 Wasp UUM - 125 Sea Lance BQM - 126 AQM - 127 SLAT AQM - 128 AGM - 129 ACM AGM - 130 Ripper AGM - 131 SRAM II AIM - 132 ASRAAM UGM - 133 Trident II MGM - 134 Midgetman ASM - 135 ASAT AGM - 136 Tacit Rainbow AGM - 137 TSSAM CEM - 138 Pave Cricket RUM - 139 VL - ASROC MGM - 140 ATACMS ADM - 141 TALD AGM - 142 Have Nap ( Israeli - made ) MQM - 143 RPVT ADM - 144 BQM - 145 Peregrine MIM - 146 ADATS BQM - 147 Exdrone FGM - 148 Javelin PQM - 149 UAV - SR PQM - 150 UAV - SR FQM - 151 Pointer AIM - 152 AAAM AGM - 153 AGM - 154 JSOW BQM - 155 Hunter RIM - 156 SM - 2ER Block IV MGM - 157 EFOGM AGM - 158 JASSM AGM - 159 JASSM ADM - 160 MALD RIM - 161 SM - 3 RIM - 162 ESSM GQM - 163 Coyote MGM - 164 ATACMS II RGM - 165 LASM MGM - 166 LOSAT BQM - 167 Skeeter MGM - 168 ATAMCS Block IVA AGM - 169 JCM MQM - 170 Outlaw MQM - 171 Outlaw FGM - 172 SRAW 1962 United States Tri-Service missile and drone designation system 1 -- 50 MGM - 1 RIM - 2 MIM - 3 AIM - 4 MGM - 5 RGM - 6 AIM - 7 / RIM - 7 RIM - 8 AIM - 9 CIM - 10 PGM - 11 AGM - 12 CGM - 13 / MGM - 13 MIM - 14 RGM - 15 CGM - 16 PGM - 17 MGM - 18 PGM - 19 ADM - 20 MGM - 21 AGM - 22 MIM - 23 RIM - 24 HGM - 25A / LGM - 25C AIM - 26 UGM - 27 AGM - 28 MGM - 29 LGM - 30 MGM - 31 MGM - 32 MQM - 33 AQM - 34 AQM - 35 MQM - 36 AQM - 37 AQM - 38 MQM - 39 MQM - 40 AQM - 41 MQM - 42 FIM - 43 UUM - 44 AGM - 45 MIM - 46 AIM - 47 AGM - 48 XLIM - 49 LIM - 49 RIM - 50 51 -- 100 MGM - 51 MGM - 52 AGM - 53 AIM - 54 RIM - 55 PQM - 56 MQM - 57 MQM - 58 RGM - 59 AQM - 60 MQM - 61 AGM - 62 AGM - 63 AGM - 64 AGM - 65 RIM - 66 RIM - 67 AIM - 68 AGM - 69 LEM - 70 BGM - 71 MIM - 72 UGM - 73 BQM - 74 BGM - 75 AGM - 76 FGM - 77 AGM - 78 AGM - 79 AGM - 80 AQM - 81 AIM - 82 AGM - 83 AGM - 84 / RGM - 84 / UGM - 84 AGM - 84E AGM - 84E / H / K RIM - 85 AGM - 86 AGM - 87 AGM - 88 UGM - 89 BQM - 90 AQM - 91 FIM - 92 / AIM - 92 XQM - 93 YQM - 94 AIM - 95 UGM - 96 AIM - 97 YQM - 98 LIM - 99 LIM - 100 101 -- 150 RIM - 101 PQM - 102 AQM - 103 MIM - 104 MQM - 105 BQM - 106 MQM - 107 BQM - 108 BGM - 109 / AGM - 109 / RGM - 109 / UGM - 109 BGM - 110 BQM - 111 AGM - 112 RIM - 113 AGM - 114 MIM - 115 RIM - 116 FQM - 117 LGM - 118 AGM - 119 AIM - 120 CQM - 121 / CGM - 121 AGM - 122 AGM - 123 AGM - 124 RUM - 125 / UUM - 125 BQM - 126 AQM - 127 AQM - 128 AGM - 129 AGM - 130 AGM - 131 AIM - 132 UGM - 133 MGM - 134 ASM - 135 AGM - 136 AGM - 137 CEM - 138 RUM - 139 MGM - 140 ADM - 141 AGM - 142 MQM - 143 ADM - 144 BQM - 145 MIM - 146 BQM - 147 FGM - 148 PQM - 149 PQM - 150 151 -- FQM - 151 AIM - 152 AGM - 153 AGM - 154 BQM - 155 RIM - 156 MGM - 157 AGM - 158A / B / AGM - 158C AGM - 159 ADM - 160 RIM - 161 RIM - 162 GQM - 163 MGM - 164 RGM - 165 MGM - 166 BQM - 167 MGM - 168 AGM - 169 MQM - 170 MQM - 171 FGM - 172 GQM - 173 RIM - 174 MQM - 175 AGM - 176 BQM - 177 MQM - 178 AGM - 179 AGM - 180 AGM - 181 Undesignated Aequare ASALM Brazo Common Missile Ground - Based Interceptor Have Dash Kinetic Energy Interceptor MA - 31 NCADE NLOS Pershing II Senior Prom Sprint Wagtail See also : United States tri-service rocket designations post-1962 Joint designation system of 1947 ( edit ) Status Prefix Launch Environment Target Environment System Designation Developing Service Sequence Number Modification Suffix R -- Research A -- Air A -- Air M -- Missile A -- Air Force T -- Training S -- Surface S -- Surface G -- Army X -- Experimental U -- Underwater U -- Underwater N -- Navy Y -- Service Test Test Vehicle Designations Basic Mission System Designation Developing Service Sequence Number Modification Suffix C -- Control TV -- Test Vehicle A -- Air Force L -- Launching G -- Army P -- Propulsion N -- Navy R -- Research Sequence Numbers : Air Force : Consecutive numerical sequence for each missile mission type . Army : Single numerical sequence until 1948 when the sequence numbers were restarted . Navy : Initially even numbers transitioning to sequential . Sample Vehicle Designation `` SSM - A-2 Navaho '' Prefix Not Used Launch Environment S -- Surface Target Environment S -- Surface System Designation M -- Missile Developing Service A -- Air Force Sequence Number Sequential Number Modification Suffix Not Used Sample Test Vehicle Designation `` RTV - G - 1 WAC Corporal '' Basic Mission Research System Designation TV -- Test Vehicle TV Developing Service G -- Army Sequence Number Modification Suffix Not Used United States air Force designation systems ( edit ) United States Air Force Designation System , 1947 -- 1951 The list of missiles sorted by ascending Air Force 1947 -- 1951 designations . AAM - A-1 Firebird AAM - A-2 Falcon ASM - A-1 TARZON ASM - A-2 RASCAL LTV - A-1 Doodle Bug PTV - A-1 RTV - A-1 RTV - A-2 HIROC RTV - 3 NATIV RTV - A-4 Shrike RTV - A-5 SAM - A-1 GAPA SSM - A-1 Matador SSM - A-2 Navaho SSM - A-3 Snark SSM - A-4 Navaho II SSM - A-5 Boojum SSM - A-6 Navaho III United States Air Force Designation System , 1951 -- 1955 During this timeframe , the U.S. Air Force treated missiles as pilotless aircraft . Basic Mission Sequence Number Modification Series B -- Bomber `` Ground Attack Missile '' F -- Fighter `` Antiaircraft Missile '' X -- Experimental The list of missiles sorted by ascending Air Force 1951 -- 1955 designations . B - 61 Matador B - 62 Snark B - 63 RASCAL B - 64 Navaho B - 65 Atlas B - 67 Crossbow F - 98 Falcon F - 99 Bomarc F - 104 Falcon X-7 X-8 X-9 Shrike X-10 X-11 X-12 X-17 A version of the Falcon missile was briefly designated the F - 104 before it was redesignated as the F - 98 . The X-11 and X-12 designations were assigned to one and three engine test missiles that would have been used to develop a five - engine version of the Atlas missile . United States Air Force Designation System , 1955 -- 1963 Status Prefix Basic Mission Sequence Number Modification Series H -- Hardened GAM -- Guided Air - Launched Missile R -- Reconnaissance GAR -- Guided Air - Launched Rocket S -- Space IM -- Intercept Missile T -- Training RM -- Research Missile U -- Training SM -- Strategic Missile X -- Experimental TM -- Tactical Missile Y -- Service Test For all basic missions except GAR ( which started at 1 ) the sequence number started after 67 which was the last bomber designation used for guided missiles . Sample Air Force 1955 -- 1963 designation : `` XSM - 73 '' Status Prefix Experimental X Basic Mission Strategic Missile SM Sequence Number 6th non-GAR missile after 67 73 Modification Series Not Used The list of missiles sorted by ascending Air Force 1955 -- 1963 designations . TM - 61 Matador SM - 62 Snark GAM - 63 RASCAL SM - 64 Navaho SM - 65 Atlas GAM - 67 Crossbow SM - 68 Titan IM - 69 Bomarc IM - 70 Talos GAM - 71 Buck Duck GAM - 72 Quail SM - 73 Bull Goose SM - 74 SM - 75 Thor TM - 76 Mace GAM - 77 Hound Dog SM - 78 GAM - 79 White Lance SM - 80 Minuteman RM - 81 Agena RM - 82 Loki - Dart GAM - 83 Bullpup RM - 84 Aerobee - Hi RM - 85 Nike - Cajun RM - 86 Exos GAM - 87 Skybolt SRM - 88 Rocksonde 200 RM - 89 Blue Scout I RM - 90 Blue Scout II RM - 91 Blue Scout Junior RM - 92 Blue Scout Junior IM - 99 Bomarc AIM - 101 Sparrow GAR - 1 Falcon GAR - 2 Falcon GAR - 3 Falcon GAR - 4 Falcon GAR - 5 Falcon GAR - 6 Falcon GAR - 8 Sidewider GAR - 9 Falcon GAR - 11 Nuclear Falcon United States Navy designation systems ( edit ) United States Navy Designation System 1941 -- 1945 The list of missiles sorted by ascending Navy 1941 -- 1945 designations . Pre-Fix Basic Mission Manufacturer Code X -- Experimental BD -- Assault Drone D -- McDonnell LB -- Bomb Carrying Glider E -- Pratt - Read TD -- Target Drone P -- Piper T -- Taylorcraft Interstate BDR LBD Gargoyle LBE - 1 Glomb LBP - 1 Glomb LBT - 1 Glomb United States Navy Designation System 1946 -- 1947 Basic Mission Manufacturer Sequence Number Manufacturer Code KA -- Antiaircraft None -- First Missile Constructed by Manufacturer D -- McDonnell KD -- Drone 2 -- Second Missile Constructed by Manufacturer M -- Martin KG -- Ground Attack 3 -- 3rd Missile Constructed by Manufacturer N -- Naval Air Material Unit KS -- Antiship Q -- Fairchild KU -- Research and Test S -- Sperry Y -- Convair W -- Willys - Overland The list of missiles sorted by ascending Navy 1946 -- 1947 designations . KAM Little Joe KAN Little Joe KA2N Gorgon IIA KA3N Gorgon IIIA KAQ Lark KAS Sparrow KAY Lark KGN Gorgon IIC KGW Loon KSD Gargoyle KUD Gargoyle KUM Gorgon IV KUN Gorgon IIC KU2N Gorgon IIA KU3N Gorgon III KUW Loon United States Navy Designation System 1947 -- 1963 The list of missiles sorted by ascending Navy 1947 -- 1963 designations . AAM - N - 2 Sparrow I AAM - N - 3 Sparrow II AAM - N - 4 Oriole AAM - N - 5 Meteor AAM - N - 6 Sparrow III AAM - N - 7 Sidewinder AAM - N - 9 Sparrow X AAM - N - 10 Eagle AAM - N - 11 Phoenix ASM - N - 2 Bat ASM - N - 4 Dove ASM - N - 5 Gorgon V ASM - N - 6 Omar ASM - N - 7 Bullpup ASM - N - 8 Corvus ASM - N - 10 Shrike ASM - N - 11 Condor AUM - N - 2 Petrel AUM - N - 4 Diver AUM - N - 6 Puffin SAM - N - 2 Lark SAM - N - 4 Lark SAM - N - 6 Talos SAM - N - 7 Terrier SAM - N - 8 Zeus SAM - N - 8 Typhon LR SAM - N - 9 Typhon MR SSM - N - 2 Triton SSM - N - 4 Taurus SSM - N - 6 Rigel SSM - N - 8 Regulus SSM - N - 9 Lacrosse SSM - N - 9 Regulus II SUM - N - 2 Grebe CTV - N - 2 Gorgon IIC CTV - N - 4 Gorgon IIA CTV - N - 6 Gorgon IIIA CTV - N - 8 Bumblebee STV CTV - N - 9 Lark CTV - N - 10 Lark LTV - N - 2 Loon LTV - N - 4 PTV - N - 2 Gorgon IV PTV - N - 4 Bumblebee BTV RTV - N - 2 Gargoyle RTV - N - 4 Gorgon IIIC RTV - N - 6 Bumblebee XPM RTV - N - 8 Aerobee RTV - N - 10 Aerobee RTV - N - 12 Viking RTV - N - 13 Aerobee 150 RTV - N - 15 Pollux RV - N - 16 Oriole United States Army designation systems ( edit ) United States Army Designation System 1941 -- 1947 Designation Function Period of Usage BG -- Bomb Glider Glider with explosive warhead 1942 to 1944 BQ -- Guided Bomb Ground - launched remote controlled drone 1942 to 1945 GB -- Glide Bomb Guided Bomb 1941 to 1947 GT -- Glide Torpedo Guided Bomb with a torpedo 1943 to 1947 JB -- Jet Bomb Missile 1943 to 1947 VB -- Vertical Bomb Guided Bomb 1943 to 1947 The list of missiles sorted by ascending Army 1941 -- 1947 designations . JB - 1 Bat JB - 2 Doodle Bug JB - 3 Tiamet JB - 4 Project MX - 607 JB - 5 Project MX - 595 JB - 6 Project MX - 600 JB - 7 Project MX - 605 JB - 8 GAPA JB - 9 Project MX - 626 JB - 10 Bat United States Army Designation System 1948 -- 1955 The list of missiles sorted by ascending Army 1948 -- 1955 designations . RTV - G - 1 WAC Corporal RTV - G - 2 Corporal E RTV - G - 3 Hermes II RTV - G - 4 Bumper CTV - G - 5 Hermes A-1 RTV - G - 6 Hermes B - 1 SAM - G - 7 Nike Ajax SSM - G - 8 Hermes A-3A SSM - G - 9 Hermes B - 2 RTV - G - 10 Hermes A-2 SSM - G - 12 Martin Lacrosse SSM - G - 13 Hermes A-2 PGM - 11 Redstone SSM - G - 15 Hermes A-1 SSM - G - 16 Hermes A-3B SSM - G - 17 Corporal SAM - A-18 Hawk SAM - A-19 Plato RV - A-22 Lark SSM - A-23 Dart SAM - A-25 Nike Hercules SSM - A-27 Sergeant United States Army Designation System 1955 -- 1963 Prefix Army Ordnance Designator Equipment Category Sequence Number Modification Suffix X -- Pre Production M -- Ordnance Designator The list of missiles sorted by ascending Army 1955 -- 1963 designations . M1 Nike - Ajax M2 Corporal M3 Hawk M4 Lacrosse M6 Nike - Hercules M8 Redstone M9 Redstone M13 Shillelagh XM14 Pershing M15 Sergeant M16 Hawk M18 Hawk XM19 Pershing M50 Honest John United States undesignated missiles ( edit ) The list of undesignated United States missiles sorted alphabetically : A-1 Affordable Weapon Alpha Draco ALVRJ Aries APKWS ASALM ATASK Athena Bold Orion Brazo Caleb Caster 4B Cherokee Compact Kinetic Energy Missile Cree Crow D - 40 Cannonball ERAM ERIS FABMDS Farside FLAGE Flying Bomb GBI HAVE DASH II HEDI Hera HGV HIBEX High Virgo HOE HOPI HTV HVM HyFly Jindivik Kettering Bug LMAMS LAM LASRM LOCAAS M30 Guided MRLS NOTSNIK PAM PLV Pogo Pogo - Hi Private Rapier RATTLRS RSC - 51 Pershing II Senior Prom Sergent - Hydac Shavetail SIAM Skokie I Skokie II SLAM Spike Sprint SR19 / SR19 SRALT STARS Storm T - 16 T - 22 Talos - Sergeant - Hydac THAAD Trailblazer 2 Wagtail Wizard Australian target missile briefly used by the United States Navy . The United States procured Rapier missile systems for the air defense of United States Air Force Bases in the United Kingdom . United States missiles with X designations ( edit ) The list of X designated United States missiles numerically : X-7 X-8 X-9 Shrike X-10 X-11 X-12 X-17 X-41 X-42 X-43 Hyper - X X-51 See also ( edit ) List of missiles List of currently active missiles of the United States military References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/pub/techfocus/2012/TF_August_2012_WEB.pdf Jump up ^ `` List of important Missiles of India for IBPS SBI SSC and all other Competitive Exams 2015 Bank4Study '' . www.bank4study.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the Congressional Research Service document `` Iran 's Ballistic Missile Programs : An Overview '' . Jump up ^ `` Eurosatory 2016 : South Korea 's Hanwha reveals ballistic target system -- IHS Jane 's 360 '' . janes.com . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Pike , John . `` L - SAM Long - range Surface - to - Air Missile '' . globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.janes.com/article/55433/adex-2015-lig-nex1-says-k-saam-on-track-to-enter-rokn-service-by-2018 ^ Jump up to : `` Ship - Launched / Air - Launched Guided Missiles > Precision Guided Missile > Business Areas > LIG Nex1 '' . lignex1.com . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Europe Russia tests long - range missile '' . BBC News . 2007 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` RSA - 1 '' . astronautix.com. 2007 - 10 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` RSA - 2 '' . astronautix.com. 2007 - 10 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` RSA - 3 '' . astronautix.com. 2007 - 10 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` RSA - 4 '' . astronautix.com. 2007 - 10 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.janes.com/article/70352/turkey-test-fires-another-bora-ballistic-missile ^ Jump up to : Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( AT&L ) , DoD 4120.15 - L Model Designation of Military Aerospace Vehicles , Department of Defense , May 12 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : Bridges Derek . ( 2007 ) M - Missiles , ( 1 ) , retrieved December 25 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Andreas Parsch , Pre-1963 Designations of U.S. Missile and Drones , ( 2 ) , Retrieved November 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Andreas Parsch , Pre-1963 Designations of U.S. Missile and Drones , ( 3 ) , Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Missile 's Mission : Picking Off The Strays , October 1950 , Popular Science detailed article Types of missile By platform Cruise missile Air - launched cruise missile ( ALCM ) Submarine - launched cruise missile ( SLCM ) Air - to - air missile ( AAM ) Air - to - surface missile ( ASM ) Surface - to - air missile ( SAM ) Surface - to - surface missile ( SSM ) Ballistic missile Air - launched ballistic missile ( ALBM ) Intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) Intermediate - range ballistic missile ( IRBM ) Medium - range ballistic missile ( MRBM ) Short - range ballistic missile ( SRBM ) Tactical ballistic missile Theatre ballistic missile Submarine - launched ballistic missile ( SLBM ) Standoff missiles Shoulder - fired missile Hypersonic glide vehicle Beyond - visual - range missile ( BVR ) By target type Anti-ballistic missile ( ABM ) Anti-satellite weapon ( ASAT ) Anti-ship ballistic missile ( ASBM ) Anti-ship missile ( AShM ) Anti-submarine missile Anti-tank missile ( ATGM ) Land - attack missile ( LACM ) Man - portable air - defense systems ( MANPADS ) By guidance Unguided Radar guidance Radar altimeter Active radar guidance ( ARH ) Semi-active radar guidance ( SAHR ) Passive radar Passive homing Track - via - missile ( TVM ) Anti-radiation ( ARM ) Command guidance Command to line - of - sight guidance ( CLOS ) Command off line - of - sight guidance ( COLOS ) Manual command to line of sight ( MCLOS ) Semi-automatic command to line of sight ( SACLOS ) Automatic Command to Line - Of - Sight ( ACLOS ) Pursuit guidance Q - guidance Beam riding ( LOSBR ) Infrared guidance Laser guidance Wire guidance Satellite guidance Inertial guidance Astro - inertial guidance Terrestrial guidance TERPROM TERCOM DSMAC Terminal guidance Automatic target recognition ( ATR ) Radio guidance TV guidance Contrast seeker Compass Fire - and - forget Lists List of military rockets List of missiles List of missiles by country List of anti-ship missiles List of anti-tank missiles List of ICBMs List of surface - to - air missiles See also : Sounding rocket Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_missiles_by_country&oldid=821744322 '' Categories : Missiles Guided missiles Lists of weapons Military lists by country Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Congressional Research Service Articles to be expanded from March 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Português తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 10 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	list of missile launched by india in 2017	[]	[]
-2758985274493719961	New Hampshire primary	New Hampshire primary - wikipedia New Hampshire primary Jump to : navigation , search Elections in New Hampshire Federal government ( show ) Presidential elections 1788 - 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Republican 2000 2008 2012 2016 Local Dixville Notch Hart 's Location United States Senate elections 1980 1986 1990 1992 1998 2002 2008 2014 2016 United States House elections 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 State government ( show ) Gubernatorial elections 1990 1992 1994 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 State elections 2006 City of Manchester ( show ) Municipal elections 2009 Saint Anselm College Quad with the `` Fox - Box '' , from which the Fox News network reported live during the 2004 and 2008 New Hampshire primary Historical marker in Concord on the significance of the New Hampshire primary The Balsams Grand Resort Hotel in Dixville Notch , the site of the first `` midnight vote '' in the New Hampshire primary The New Hampshire primary is the first in a series of nationwide party primary elections and the second party contest ( the first being the Iowa Caucuses ) held in the United States every four years as part of the process of choosing the delegates to the Democratic and Republican national conventions which choose the party nominees for the presidential elections to be held the subsequent November . Although only a few delegates are chosen in the New Hampshire primary , its real importance comes from the massive media coverage it receives ( along with the first caucus in Iowa ) . Spurred by the events of the 1968 election , reforms that began with the 1972 election elevated the two states ' importance to the overall election , and began to receive as much media attention as all other state contests combined . Examples of this extraordinary coverage have been seen on the campuses of Dartmouth College and Saint Anselm College , as the colleges have held multiple national debates and have attracted media outlets like NPR , Fox News , CNN , NBC , and ABC . The publicity and momentum can be enormous from a decisive win by a frontrunner , or better - than - expected result in the New Hampshire primary . The upset or weak showing by a front - runner changes the calculus of national politics in a matter of hours , as happened in 1952 ( D ) , 1968 ( D ) , 1980 ( R ) , and 2008 ( D ) . Since 1952 , the primary has been a major testing ground for candidates for both the Republican and Democratic nominations . Candidates who do poorly frequently drop out , while lesser - known , underfunded candidates who do well in New Hampshire suddenly become serious contenders , garnering large amounts of media attention and campaign funding . It is not a closed primary , in which votes can be cast in a party primary only by people registered with that party , in that state . Undeclared voters -- those not registered with any party -- can vote in either party primary . However , it does not meet a common definition of an open primary , because people registered as Republican or Democratic on voting day can not cast ballots in the primary of the other party . Contents ( hide ) 1 Timing 2 Significance 3 History 3.1 1968 3.2 1992 3.3 2000 3.4 2008 3.5 2016 4 Winners and runners - up 4.1 Presidential results 4.1. 1 Democrats 4.1. 2 Republicans 4.1. 3 Libertarians 4.2 Vice-Presidential results 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Timing ( edit ) New Hampshire state law stipulates that the presidential primary shall be on the second Tuesday in March ( the date when town meetings and non-partisan municipal elections are traditionally held ) , but that the Secretary of State can change the date to ensure that the New Hampshire primary will take place at least seven days before any `` similar election '' in any other state . The Iowa caucuses are not considered to be a similar election . In recent election cycles , the New Hampshire primary has taken place the week after the Iowa caucus . The community of Dixville Notch traditionally opens its polling place in the ballroom of The Balsams Grand Resort Hotel at midnight , usually in front of a crowd of journalists , where the village 's handful of voters cast their ballots before the polls close about less than ten minutes later . This has led many presidential candidates to visit the area before the New Hampshire primary in hopes of securing an early - morning boost . New Hampshire 's first - in - the - nation primary status was threatened in 2007 , when both the Republican and Democratic National Committees moved to give more populous states a bigger influence in the presidential race . Several states also sought to move up the dates of their 2008 primaries in order to have more influence and dilute the power of the New Hampshire primary . Originally held in March , the date of the New Hampshire primary has been moved up repeatedly to maintain its status as first . The 2008 primary was held on January 8 . Significance ( edit ) There is consensus among scholars and pundits that the New Hampshire primary , because of the timing and the vast media attention , can have a great impact and may even make , break or revive a candidate . Controlling for other factors statistically , a win in New Hampshire increases a candidate 's share of the final primary count in all states by 27 percentage points . Since 1977 , New Hampshire has fought hard to keep its timing as the first primary ( while Iowa has the first caucus a few days sooner ) . State law requires that its primary must be the first in the nation ( it had been the first by tradition since 1920 ) . As a result , the state has moved its primary earlier in the year to remain the first . The primary was held on the following dates : 1952 - 1968 , second Tuesday in March ; 1972 , first Tuesday in March ; 1976 -- 1984 , fourth Tuesday in February ; 1988 -- 1996 , third Tuesday in February ; 2000 , first Tuesday in February ( February 1 ) ; 2004 , fourth Tuesday in January ( January 27 ) . The shifts have been to compete with changing primary dates in other states . The primary dates for 2008 ( January 8 ) and 2012 ( January 10 ) continued the trend - they were held the second Tuesday in January both years . Before the Iowa caucus first received national attention in the 1970s ( Republicans began caucusing in Iowa in 1976 ) , the New Hampshire primary was the first binding indication of which presidential candidate would receive the party nomination . In defense of their primary , voters of New Hampshire have tended to downplay the importance of the Iowa caucus . `` The people of Iowa pick corn , the people of New Hampshire pick presidents , '' said then - Governor John H. Sununu in 1988 . Since then , the primary has been considered an early measurement of the national attitude toward the candidates for nomination . Unlike a caucus , the primary measures the number of votes each candidate received directly , rather than through precinct delegates . The popular vote gives lesser - known candidates a chance to demonstrate their appeal to the electorate at large . Unlike most other states , New Hampshire permits voters who have not declared their party affiliation to vote in a party 's primary . A voter does have to officially join a specific political party before voting ; however , the voter can change his or her affiliation back to `` Undeclared '' immediately after voting , and hence he or she only has to belong to a party for the few minutes it takes to fill out and cast a ballot . Voters who are already registered members of a political party can not change their affiliation at the polling place ; that can only be done before the checklist is closed several weeks prior to the election . New voters can , however , register at the polling place . All voting is done with paper ballots ; however , most of the paper ballots are counted by machine . New Hampshire 's status as the first in the nation is somewhat controversial among Democrats because the ethnic makeup of the state is not diverse and not representative of the country 's voters . This is shown in the 2010 Census data , with the percentage of minority residents being nearly five times smaller than the national average ( New Hampshire is 92 % non-Hispanic white , versus 64 % nationally ) . Politically however , the state does offer a wide sampling of different types of voters . Although it is a New England state , it is not as liberal as some of its neighbors . For example , according to one exit poll , of those who participated in the 2004 Democratic primary , 4 - in - 10 voters were independents , and just over 50 % said they considered themselves `` liberal '' . Additionally , as of 2002 , 25.6 % of New Hampshire residents are registered Democrats and 36.7 % are Republicans , with 37.7 % of New Hampshire voters registered as `` undeclared '' independents . Also , New Hampshire was the only state in the Northeast to vote for George W. Bush in 2000 . This plurality of independents is a major reason why New Hampshire is considered a swing state in general U.S. presidential elections . Recently , media expectations for the New Hampshire primary have come to be almost as important as the results themselves ; meeting or beating expectations can provide a candidate with national attention , often leading to an infusion of donations to a campaign that has spent most of its reserves . For example , in 1992 , Bill Clinton , although he did not win , did surprisingly well , with his team dubbing him the `` Comeback Kid '' ; the extra media attention helped his campaign 's visibility in later primaries . New Hampshire 's political importance as the first - in - the - nation primary state is highlighted in the documentary film Winning New Hampshire . The film focuses on John Kerry 's comeback in 2004 and the decisive effect of the New Hampshire primary on the presidential selection process . The three most recent presidential election winners ( Bill Clinton , George W. Bush and Barack Obama ) finished second in the New Hampshire primary before later being elected to the presidency , while the previous four before that won the New Hampshire primary . History ( edit ) New Hampshire has held a presidential primary since 1916 , but it did not begin to assume its current importance until 1952 . This was after the state simplified its ballot access laws in 1949 seeking to boost voter turnout . Dwight D. Eisenhower demonstrated his broad voter appeal by defeating Robert A. Taft , `` Mr. Republican '' , who had been favored for the nomination , and Estes Kefauver defeated incumbent President Harry S. Truman , leading Truman to abandon his campaign for a second term of his own . The other president to be forced out of the running for re-election by New Hampshire voters was Lyndon Johnson , who , as a write - in candidate , managed only a 49 - 42 percent victory over Eugene McCarthy in 1968 ( and won fewer delegates than McCarthy ) , and consequently withdrew from the race . The winner in New Hampshire has not always gone on to win their party 's nomination , as demonstrated by Republicans Leonard Wood in 1920 , Harold Stassen in 1948 , Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. as a write - in candidate in 1964 , Pat Buchanan in 1996 , and John McCain in 2000 , and Democrats Estes Kefauver in 1952 and 1956 , Paul Tsongas in 1992 , Hillary Clinton in 2008 , and Bernie Sanders in 2016 ... From 1952 to 1988 , the person elected president had always carried the primary , but Bill Clinton broke the pattern in 1992 , as did George W. Bush in 2000 , and Barack Obama in 2008 . In 1992 , Clinton lost to Paul Tsongas in New Hampshire ; in 2000 , George W. Bush lost to John McCain in New Hampshire ; and in 2008 Barack Obama lost to Hillary Clinton in the New Hampshire primary . 1968 ( edit ) In November 1967 , McCarthy declared , `` there comes a time when an honorable man simply has to raise the flag '' to gauge the country 's response and conduct a candidacy for the presidency of the United States by entering the New Hampshire Democratic primary . On March 12 , 1968 , McCarthy , who was the only candidate on the ballot , came within 7 percentage points of defeating President Lyndon Johnson , a write - in candidate who was technically still exploring his candidacy and had not bothered to file . Just a few days later , on March 16 , 1968 , Robert F. Kennedy announced he was entering the race for President . Johnson subsequently withdrew from the election with this Shermanesque statement : `` I shall not seek , and will not accept , the nomination of my party for another term as your president . '' One minor candidate in the Republican primary was William W. Evans , Jr. , a former New Jersey State Assemblyman , who received just 151 votes statewide . The 1968 New Hampshire Democratic primary was one of the crucial events in the politics of that landmark year in United States history . Senator Eugene McCarthy began his campaign with a poem that he wrote in imitation of the poet Robert Lowell , `` Are you running with me Jesus '' : I 'm not matching my stride With Billy Graham 's by the Clyde I 'm not going for distance With the Senator 's persistence I 'm not trying to win a race even at George Romney 's pace . I 'm an existential runner , Indifferent to space I 'm running here in place ... Are you with me Jesus ? 1992 ( edit ) Bill Clinton was able to declare himself the `` Comeback Kid '' after posting a surprise second - place finish behind Paul Tsongas in the Democratic primary . Clinton 's support had been flagging for weeks since being hit by allegations of infidelity with actress Gennifer Flowers . On the Republican side , Pat Buchanan garnered an unexpected 37 % showing behind incumbent President George H.W. Bush . Buchanan did not win a single state , but revealed some doubts about the moderate president among conservative voters . 2000 ( edit ) George W. Bush 's campaign , which for months had dominated in polling , money and endorsements on the Republican side , suffered a blow when John McCain , who had been surging in late polls , ended up beating the governor in the Granite State by more than 18 points . The result forecast a tough two - man race for the GOP nomination , which would carry on until Super Tuesday in March . Al Gore helped himself with a narrow win in the Democratic primary , which somewhat assuaged his supporters ' concerns about Bill Bradley 's insurgent campaign . 2008 ( edit ) Hillary Clinton managed an upset win over Barack Obama in New Hampshire , despite polls showing her as much as 13 points behind in the run - up to the vote . The win helped Clinton get back some of the momentum she lost the week before when Obama carried the Iowa caucuses -- though Obama did eventually win the Democratic nomination . John McCain won the Republican primary , sparking an unexpected comeback for the senator whose long - shot campaign had been written off as a lost cause months before . He went on to win the GOP nomination . 2016 ( edit ) Bernie Sanders defeated Hillary Clinton by 22 points . Sanders claimed 151,584 votes in total , earning him 15 delegates , while Clinton managed 95,252 votes with 9 delegates . Together with Donald Trump 's double - digit win in the GOP race , the primary results revealed voter frustrations with mainstream `` establishment '' politicians . Winners and runners - up ( edit ) Presidential results ( edit ) Notes : Winner is listed first . Candidates in bold went on to win their party 's nomination . Democrats ( edit ) Primary date Winner Runners - up February 9 , 2016 Senator Bernie Sanders ( 60.40 % ) Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton ( 37.95 % ) January 10 , 2012 President Barack Obama ( 80.91 % ) No other candidate received 4 % January 8 , 2008 Senator Hillary Clinton ( 39.09 % ) Senator Barack Obama ( 36.45 % ) , former Senator John Edwards ( 16.93 % ) , Governor Bill Richardson ( 4.61 % ) , Congressman Dennis Kucinich ( 1.36 % ) , Senator Joe Biden ( 0.22 % ) , Governor Mitt Romney ( 0.21 % ) , and former Senator Mike Gravel ( 0.14 % ) January 27 , 2004 Senator John Kerry ( 38.39 % ) Former Governor Howard B. Dean III ( 26.28 % ) , General Wesley K. Clark ( 12.43 % ) , Senator John Edwards ( 12.05 % ) , Senator Joseph I. Lieberman ( 8.60 % ) , Congressman Dennis J. Kucinich ( 1.42 % ) , Congressman Dick Gephardt ( 0.19 % ) and Reverend Al Sharpton ( 0.16 % ) February 1 , 2000 Vice President Al Gore ( 49.74 % ) Former Senator Bill Bradley ( 45.60 % ) February 20 , 1996 President Bill Clinton ( 84.37 % ) The next closest candidate was write - in choice Republican Patrick J. `` Pat '' Buchanan ( 3.68 % ) February 18 , 1992 Senator Paul Tsongas ( 33.20 % ) Governor Bill Clinton ( 24.78 % ) , Senator Bob Kerrey ( 11.08 % ) , Senator Tom Harkin ( 10.18 % ) , former Governor Jerry Brown ( 8.15 % ) February 16 , 1988 Governor Michael Dukakis ( 35.89 % ) Congressman Richard A. `` Dick '' Gephardt ( 19.94 % ) , Senator Paul Simon ( 17.16 % ) , Reverend Jesse L. Jackson ( 7.82 % ) , Senator Al Gore ( 6.83 % ) , Governor Bruce Babbitt ( 4.59 % ) , and former Senator Gary Hart ( 3.98 % ) February 28 , 1984 Senator Gary Hart ( 39.28 % ) Former Vice President Walter Mondale ( 29.35 % ) , Senator John Glenn ( 12.49 % ) , Reverend Jesse L. Jackson ( 5.53 % ) , former Senator George McGovern ( 5.43 % ) , President Ronald Reagan ( 5.27 % ) , and Senator Ernest `` Fritz '' Hollings ( 3.73 % ) February 26 , 1980 President Jimmy Carter ( 47.61 % ) Senator Edward Kennedy ( 37.69 % ) and Governor Jerry Brown ( 9.68 % ) February 24 , 1976 Governor Jimmy Carter ( 28.57 % ) Congressman Mo Udall ( 22.87 % ) , Senator Birch Bayh ( 15.29 % ) , former Senator Fred R. Harris ( 10.83 % ) , and former Ambassador R. Sargent Shriver ( 8.24 % ) March 7 , 1972 Senator Edmund Muskie ( 46.40 % ) Senator George McGovern ( 37.15 % ) , Mayor Samuel William Yorty ( 6.078 % ) , Congressman Wilbur Mills ( 4.01 % ) and Senator Vance Hartke ( 2.72 % ) March 12 , 1968 President Lyndon B. Johnson ( 49.80 % ) Senator Eugene McCarthy ( 42.10 % ) , former Vice President Richard Nixon ( 4.58 % ) March 10 , 1964 President Lyndon B. Johnson ( 95.26 % ) Only Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy ( 1.58 % ) received more than 1 % of the vote . March 8 , 1960 Senator John F. Kennedy ( 85.21 % ) Businessman Paul C. Fisher ( 13.46 % ) March 13 , 1956 Senator Estes Kefauver ( 84.61 % ) Former Governor Adlai Stevenson ( 14.84 % ) March 11 , 1952 Senator Estes Kefauver ( 54.62 % ) President Harry S. Truman ( 43.93 % ) 1948 : All delegates elected ( except for one alternate ) were pledged to President Harry Truman 1944 : All delegates elected were pledged to President Franklin D. Roosevelt 1940 : All delegates and alternates were pledged to President Roosevelt 1936 : All delegates and alternates elected were pledged to President Roosevelt 1932 : All delegates and alternates elected were pledged to Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt 1928 : All delegate candidates ran unpledged 1924 : All delegate candidates ran unpledged 1920 : Of the eight delegates elected three were pledged to former U.S. Food Administrator Herbert Hoover ; the rest were unpledged 1916 : Six of the eight delegates elected were pledged to President Woodrow Wilson , the other two were unpledged * - write - in candidate Republicans ( edit ) Primary date Winner Runners - Up February 9 , 2016 Donald Trump ( 35.34 % ) Governor John Kasich ( 15.81 % ) , Senator Ted Cruz ( 11.68 % ) , former Governor Jeb Bush ( 11.02 % ) , Senator Marco Rubio ( 10.57 % ) , Governor Chris Christie ( 7.42 % ) , businesswoman Carly Fiorina ( 4.12 % ) , retired neurosurgeon Ben Carson ( 2.29 % ) , former Governor Jim Gilmore ( 0.05 % ) January 10 , 2012 Former Governor Mitt Romney ( 39.26 % ) Congressman Ron Paul ( 22.89 % ) , Governor Jon Huntsman ( 16.89 % ) , Senator Rick Santorum ( 9.43 % ) , former Speaker Newt Gingrich ( 9.43 % ) , Governor Rick Perry ( 0.71 % ) January 8 , 2008 Senator John McCain ( 37.00 % ) Former Governor Mitt Romney ( 31.55 % ) , former Governor Mike Huckabee ( 11.23 % ) , former Mayor Rudy Giuliani ( 8.48 % ) , Congressman Ron Paul ( 7.65 % ) , former Senator Fred Thompson ( 1.23 % ) , Senator Barack Obama ( 0.83 % ) , Senator Hillary Clinton ( 0.76 % ) , Congressman Duncan Hunter ( 0.50 % ) January 27 , 2004 President George W. Bush ( 80.96 % ) No other candidate received 5 % February 1 , 2000 Senator John McCain ( 48.59 % ) Governor George W. Bush ( 30.39 % ) , Malcolm S. `` Steve '' Forbes , Jr. ( 12.68 % ) and former Ambassador Alan Keyes ( 6.38 % ) February 20 , 1996 Pat Buchanan ( 27.26 % ) Senator Bob Dole ( 26.23 % ) , Governor A. Lamar Alexander ( 22.60 % ) , Steve Forbes ( 12.24 % ) , Senator Richard G. `` Dick '' Lugar ( 5.19 % ) , former Ambassador Alan Keyes ( 2.67 % ) and Morry Taylor ( 1.4 % ) February 18 , 1992 President George H.W. Bush ( 53.19 % ) Patrick J. `` Pat '' Buchanan ( 37.53 % ) February 16 , 1988 Vice President George H.W. Bush ( 37.70 % ) Senator Bob Dole ( 28.48 % ) , Congressman Jack F. Kemp , Jr. ( 12.79 % ) , former Governor Pierre S. `` Pete '' du Pont IV ( 10.10 % ) , and Reverend Marion G. `` Pat '' Robertson ( 9.40 % ) February 28 , 1984 President Ronald Reagan ( 86.42 % ) Only Democrat Gary Hart ( 5.27 % ) and former Governor Harold E. Stassen ( 2.06 % ) also polled more than 2 % February 26 , 1980 Former Governor Ronald Reagan ( 49.86 % ) Ambassador George H.W. Bush ( 22.94 % ) , Senator Howard H. Baker , Jr . ( 12.98 % ) , Congressman John B. Anderson ( 9.91 % ) , Congressman Philip M. `` Phil '' Crane ( 1.80 % ) , Governor John B. Connally ( 1.54 % ) and Senator Bob Dole ( 0.42 % ) February 24 , 1976 President Gerald R. Ford ( 50.06 % ) Former Governor Ronald Reagan ( 48.62 % ) March 7 , 1972 President Richard Nixon ( 67.61 % ) Congressman Paul N. `` Pete '' McCloskey , Jr. ( 19.79 % ) and Congressman John M. Ashbrook ( 9.69 % ) March 12 , 1968 Former Vice President Richard Nixon ( 77.61 % ) Governor Nelson Rockefeller ( 10.82 % ) , Senator Eugene McCarthy ( 5.30 % ) , President Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1.71 % ) , Governor George Romney ( 1.68 % ) March 10 , 1964 Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. * ( 35.54 % ) Senator Barry M. Goldwater ( 22.28 % ) , Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller ( 21.99 % ) , and former Vice President Richard Nixon ( 16.78 % ) March 8 , 1960 Vice President Richard Nixon ( 89.28 % ) The next highest candidate was Governor Nelson Rockefeller ( 3.76 % ) March 13 , 1956 President Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 94.11 % ) Of the more than 57,000 GOP votes cast only 600 were not for Eisenhower March 11 , 1952 General Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 56.31 % ) Senator Robert A. Taft ( 31 , 18 % ) , former Governor Harold E. Stassen ( 7.93 % ) and General Douglas MacArthur ( 3.89 % ) * - write - in candidate 1948 : Of the eight delegates elected , two were pledged to Governor Thomas E. Dewey , the remainder were unpledged ; four of the alternate delegates were also pledged to Governor Dewey 1944 : Two of the 11 delegates elected were pledged to Governor Dewey , the rest were unpledged 1940 : All eight delegates elected ( and all alternates ) were unpledged 1936 : All delegates and alternates were unpledged 1932 : All delegates and alternates elected were pledged to President Herbert Hoover 1928 : All delegate candidates ran unpledged 1924 : All delegate candidates ran unpledged 1920 : All eight elected delegates were pledged to General Leonard Wood ; one of the defeated delegates had been pledged to Governor Hiram Johnson 1916 : Of the eight delegates elected only one was formally pledged ( to former President Theodore Roosevelt ) Libertarians ( edit ) Primary date Winner Runners - Up February 26 , 1996 Investment analyst Harry Browne ( 35.00 % ) Tax protester Irwin Schiff ( 18.33 % ) February 18 , 1992 Former Alaska state representative Andre Marrou ( 100 % ) No other candidate received a vote Vice-Presidential results ( edit ) A Vice-Presidential preference primary was also formerly held at the New Hampshire primary . New Hampshire State Senator Jack Barnes , who won the 2008 Republican contest , co-sponsored a bill in 2009 which would eliminate the Vice Presidential preference ballot . The bill passed both houses of the state legislature and took effect in 2012 . The only time a non-incumbent won the Vice Presidential primary and then went on to be formally nominated by his or her party was in 2004 , when Democratic U.S. Senator John Edwards won as a write - in candidate . Edwards , who was running for President at the time , did not actively solicit Vice Presidential votes . In 1968 , the sitting Vice President Hubert Humphrey won the Democratic Vice Presidential primary , and then later won the Presidential nomination after the sitting President Lyndon B. Johnson dropped out of the race . The following candidates received the greatest number of votes at each election . Year Date Republican Democratic Libertarian 2008 January 8 John Barnes , Jr . Raymond Stebbins January 27 Dick Cheney * John Edwards * 2000 February 1 William Bryk Wladislav D. Kubiak February 20 Colin Powell * Al Gore * Irwin Schiff * 1992 February 18 Herb Clark Jr . Endicott Peabody Nancy Lord * 1988 February 16 Wayne Green David Duke 1984 February 28 George Bush * Gerald Willis 1980 February 26 Jesse A. Helms Walter Mondale * 1976 February 24 Wallace Johnson Auburn Lee Packwood 1972 March 7 Spiro Agnew * Jorge Almeyda * 1968 March 12 Austin Burton Hubert Humphrey * 1964 March 10 Richard Nixon * Robert Kennedy * 1960 March 8 Wesley Powell * Wesley Powell * 1956 March 13 Richard Nixon * Adlai Stevenson * 1952 March 11 Styles Bridges * Estes Kefauver * * - write - in candidate Sources : New Hampshire Department of State , New Hampshire Political Library See also ( edit ) United States presidential primary United States presidential election United States presidential election debates United States presidential nominating convention Electoral College ( United States ) Early votes : Ames Straw Poll , Iowa , on a Saturday in August prior to the election year , since 1979 Iowa caucuses , first official election - year event since 1972 Reform plans : United States presidential primary reform proposals Graduated Random Presidential Primary System Delaware Plan Rotating Regional Primary System Interregional Primary Plan National Primary Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nominations & Conventions : Current Practices : Iowa and New Hampshire '' . U.S. Political Conventions & Campaigns . Northeastern University . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rainey , Ryan ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` Choosing the Nominee : How PresidentialPrimaries Came To Be and Their Future in American Politics '' . ScholarWorks at WMU , Western Michigan University . Jump up ^ Richard M. Perloff , Political Communication : Politics , Press , and Public in America ( 1998 ) p. 294 ^ Jump up to : Secretary of State of New Hampshire ( n.d. ) . `` How to register to vote in New Hampshire '' . Election Division , Secretary of State of New Hampshire . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . The term the state of New Hampshire uses for voters not affiliating with a party is `` undeclared '' . See the section entitled `` Political Parties '' in the source . Jump up ^ `` Section 653 : 9 Presidential Primary Election . '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Two New Hampshire towns are fighting for the prestige of the ' midnight vote ' '' . Washington Post . August 23 , 2015 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The effort to save New Hampshire 's midnight vote '' . CNN . February 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2008 : Presidential , Senate and House Races Updated Daily '' . Electoral-vote.com. 2000 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Scala 2003 Jump up ^ Rebecca B. Morton , Learning by Voting : Sequential Choices in Presidential Primaries and Other Elections ( 2001 ) p. 24 Jump up ^ William G. Mayer , The Making of the Presidential Candidates 2004 pp. 106 - 7 online Jump up ^ `` CQ Politics - A History of U.S. Presidential Primaries : 1912 - 64 '' . Cqpolitics.com . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Corn crack gets Gregg an earful '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Smith , Reforming the Presidential Nomination Process ( 2009 ) p. 143 Jump up ^ `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( DP - 1 ) : New Hampshire '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ David A. Hopkins , Presidential Elections : Strategies and Structures of American Politics ( 12th ed. 2007 ) p. 108 Jump up ^ `` NH.gov - New Hampshire Almanac - First - in - the - Nation - Highlights '' . State.nh.us . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Darcy G. A Nation Divided : The 1968 Presidential Campaign . Jump up ^ Society on the Run : A European View of Life Werner Peters page xi contribution by Senator Eugene McCarthy Jump up ^ RealClearPolitics - Election 2008 - New Hampshire Democratic Primary . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 full New Hampshire presidential primary election results '' . WMUR . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick ; Martin , Jonathan ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders Win in New Hampshire Primary '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Hampshire presidential primary '' . Associated Press . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 2013 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 2012 '' . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 182 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 2009 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 2008 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 182 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 2005 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 2004 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 170 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 2001 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 2000 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 182 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : State of New Hampshire ( 1997 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1996 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 184 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : State of New Hampshire ( 1993 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1992 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 134 -- 135 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1989 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1988 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 132 -- 133 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : State of New Hampshire ( 1985 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1984 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 54 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : State of New Hampshire ( 1981 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1980 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 42 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : State of New Hampshire ( 1977 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1976 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 300 -- 302 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1973 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1972 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 328 -- 329 . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1969 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1968 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 441 . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1965 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1964 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 428 . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1961 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1960 '' . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 382 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1957 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1956 '' . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 421 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1953 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1952 '' . Manual of the General Court . p. 426publisher = New Hampshire Secretary of State . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1949 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1948 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 339 -- 341 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New York ( 1945 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1944 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 320 -- 321 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1941 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1940 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 235 -- 236 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1937 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1936 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 93 -- 95 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : State of New Hampshire ( 1933 ) . `` Primary Election , 1932 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 92 -- 93 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : State of New Hampshire ( 1928 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1928 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 198 -- 199 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stte of New Hampshire ( 1925 ) . `` Presidential Primary of 1924 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 98 -- 99 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : State of New Hampshire ( 1921 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1920 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 79 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1917 ) . `` Presidential Primary 1916 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 256 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 2013 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 2012 '' . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 187 -- 188 . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 2009 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 2008 '' . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 181 -- 182 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 2005 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 2004 '' . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 169 -- 170 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 2001 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 2000 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 181 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1997 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1996 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 183 -- 184 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1989 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1988 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 132 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1973 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1972 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 306 -- 307 . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1969 ) . `` Manual for the Genera Court '' . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 318 -- 319 . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1965 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1964 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 284 . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1961 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1960 '' . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 284 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire . `` Presidential Primaries , 1956 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 323 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1953 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1952 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 307 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1949 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1948 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 338 -- 339 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New York ( 1945 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1944 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 318 -- 319 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1941 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1940 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 234 -- 235 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1937 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1936 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . pp. 87 -- 88 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Primary of 1924 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . 1925 . pp. 97 -- 98 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1917 ) . `` Presidential Primary 1916 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 267 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ State of New Hampshire ( 1993 ) . `` Presidential Primary , 1992 '' . Manual for the General Court . New Hampshire Secretary of State . p. 183 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill_Status '' . Gencourt.state.nh.us . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Primary Election January 8 '' . Sos.nh.gov. 2008 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Primary Election January 8 '' . Sos.nh.gov. 2008 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . References ( edit ) New Hampshire presidential election statistics at CountingTheVotes.com Winning New Hampshire , a film on the history and significance of the NH Primary , 2004 The New Hampshire Political Library 2004 primary results ( CNN ) 2000 primary results ( CNN ) Meyerson , Harold ( 22 January 2004 ) . `` The Revenge of the Pols '' . Laweekly.com . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Local coverage of the primary from The Telegraph of Nashua , NH . Local coverage of the primary from The Keene Sentinel of Keene , NH . Social Media coverage of the New Hampshire by the Creepy Sleepy podcast Radio Row Coverage of the New Hampshire Primary by the Talk Radio News Service and Ellen Ratner Germond , Jack . `` A Cold , Hard Look '' , Washingtonian , January 1 , 2008 . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Booknotes interview with Dayton Duncan on Grass Roots : One Year in the Life of the New Hampshire Presidential Primary , March 31 , 1991 ( hide ) United States presidential primaries and caucuses Election timelines 2008 2012 2016 National polling Democratic Party 2008 2016 Republican Party 2008 2012 2016 State polling Democratic Party 2008 2016 Republican Party 2008 2012 2016 Fundraising 2008 2012 Debates and forums Democratic Party 2008 2016 Republican Party 2008 2012 2016 Libertarian Party 2016 Straw polls Conservative Political Action Conference ( Defunct : Iowa Texas ) Major events Iowa caucuses New Hampshire primary South Carolina primary Super Tuesday Caucuses and primaries Democratic Party 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Republican Party 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Libertarian Party 2016 2020 Green Party 2008 2012 2016 Constitution Party 2016 Results breakdown List of candidates by number of primary votes Democratic Party 2008 2016 Republican Party 2008 2012 2016 National conventions Democratic Party 1832 1835 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Republican Party Whig Party 1839 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Libertarian Party 1991 2000 2008 2012 2014 2016 Green Party 2000 2008 2012 2016 Reforms California Democratic Party v. Jones Graduated Random Presidential Primary System Delaware Plan Rotating Regional Primary System Interregional Primary Plan National Primary ( hide ) United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. 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-4292588155546792281	Hermia	Hermia - wikipedia Hermia Hermia A Midsummer Night 's Dream character Hermia and Lysander by John Simmons ( 1870 ) Created by William Shakespeare Portrayed by Maison Kelly Date ( s ) Shakespearean times Information Family Egeus ( father ) Hermia is a fictional character from Shakespeare 's play , A Midsummer Night 's Dream . She is a girl of ancient Athens named for Hermes , the Greek god of trade . Hermia is caught in a romantic entanglement where she loves one man , Lysander , but is being courted by another , Demetrius , whose feelings she does not return . Though she loves Lysander , Hermia 's father , Egeus , wants her to marry Demetrius and has appealed to Theseus , the Duke of Athens , for support . Under Athenian law , Hermia 's refusal of her father 's command would result in her being put to death or being banished to a nunnery . Lysander and Hermia flee into the forest , meeting Demetrius ' former fiancé , and Hermia 's lifelong friend , Helena . Demetrius had abandoned Helena to woo Hermia but Helena is still hopelessly in love with him . Hermia tells Helena not to worry ; Hermia will elope with Lysander and Demetrius will no longer see her face . Helena relates Hermia 's plan to Demetrius in the hope that he will realize her love for him , but Demetrius pursues Hermia and Lysander into the forest with Helena in pursuit . Demetrius tries to persuade Helena to stop following him but Helena declares her love . Oberon is the king of the fairies . He is invisible to humans and has been watching the story unfold . He orders his sprite , Puck , to place a drop from a magical flower on the sleeping Demetrius ' eyelids so that he will fall in love with Helena when he wakes , and everyone will be content . However , Puck mistakes Lysander for Demetrius ; when Lysander awakes , he sees Helena and falls deeply in love with her , forsaking Hermia . After discovering the mistake , Oberon places a drop of the magical flower on Demetrius ' eyes . Demetrius awakes and his love for Helena is now rekindled ; he joins Lysander in the quest for Helena 's hand . With both Demetrius and Lysander pursuing her , Helena becomes angry . Because Lysander 's love for Hermia was so great and Demetrius had been wooing her in accordance with her father 's wishes , Helena believes that they are cruelly mocking her . When Hermia returns to the scene , Helena accuses her of being part of the joke . Hermia feels betrayed by the accusation and asserts that she would never hurt her friend that way . Accusations and challenges fly between Lysander and Demetrius and between Helena and Hermia . Hermia now thinks the two swains prefer Helena because she is taller and offers to fight Helena . Helena asks for protection because Hermia was a scrapper in their younger years , saying , `` And though she be but little , she is fierce . '' Lysander and Demetrius resolve to settle their rivalry with swords and separately head further into the forest . Wearied by the conflict and the chase , and with Puck providing some magic assistance , the four young Athenians fall asleep in the forest . Puck places the antidote on Lysander 's eyes but not on Demetrius ' . The four wake up the next morning when Theseus , Hippolyta , his betrothed , and Egeus find them . This is the day Hermia is to make her choice : marry Demetrius , enter a nunnery or die . However , the lovers wake up dazed ; Unable to explain how they fell asleep , they talk about a strange dream . Demetrius , now permanently under the love flowers spell , says that he loves only Helena . With Demetrius out of the picture , Theseus overrules Egeus , freeing Hermia from her obligation . Hermia and Lysander marry each other at the wedding As Hermia 's name comes from the god of trade , there may have been an economic reason for Demetrius ' courtship and Egeus ' insistence on their marriage . In film versions , Hermia was played by Olivia de Havilland in the 1935 version and by Anna Friel in the 1999 release . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marshall , David . `` Exchanging Visions : Reading A Midsummer Night 's Dream . '' ELH 49.3 ( Autumn 1982 ) pp. 543 - 575 William Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream Characters Lovers Theseus and Hippolyta Oberon and Titania Hermia and Lysander Helena and Demetrius Mechanicals Nick Bottom Peter Quince Francis Flute Robin Starveling Tom Snout Snug Other characters Puck Egeus Philostrate Film 1909 1935 1959 1968 1999 Television 1969 1980 2016 Stage A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1970 , play ) The Park ( 1983 , play ) The Donkey Show ( 1999 , musical ) The Dreaming ( 2001 , musical ) Ballet A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1962 ) The Dream ( 1964 ) Opera The Fairy - Queen ( 1692 ) Pyramus and Thisbe ( 1745 ) Puck ( 1949 ) A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1960 , opera ) The Enchanted Island ( 2011 ) Film adaptations Wood Love ( 1925 ) Dream of a Summer Night ( 1983 ) Get Over It ( 2001 ) A Midsummer Night 's Rave ( 2002 ) Midsummer Dream ( 2005 ) Were the World Mine ( 2008 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Other adaptations The Triumph of Beauty ( 1646 ) St. John 's Eve ( 1852 ) `` Fascination '' ( 1994 ) Literature A Midsummer Tempest ( 1974 ) A Midsummer Night 's Gene ( 1997 ) A Midsummer 's Nightmare ( 1997 ) Lords and Ladies ( 1992 ) The Great Night ( 2011 ) Comics Auberon Faerie Titania Music A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1842 , Mendelssohn ) Wedding March ( 1842 , Mendelssohn ) Three Shakespeare Songs ( 1951 ) Symphony No. 8 ( 1992 , Henze ) Il Sogno ( 2004 ) Art Hermia and Lysander The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania Scene from A Midsummer Night 's Dream Related The Sandman : Dream Country ( 1991 ) Pyramus and Thisbe Mechanical Love - in - idleness The Apartment ( 1996 ) Wicker Park ( 2004 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermia&oldid=835756377 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1596 Female Shakespearean characters Characters in A Midsummer Night 's Dream Fictional Greek people Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 15 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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-5922903245275087524	List of Presidents of Pakistan	List of presidents of Pakistan - wikipedia List of presidents of Pakistan The head of state of Pakistan from independence until Pakistan became a republic in 1956 was the British monarch . For the Governor - Generals who represented them from 1947 to 1956 , see Governor - General of Pakistan . Flag of the President of Pakistan Pakistan This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Pakistan Constitution ( show ) Previous constitutions : 1956 1962 1973 Annex ( written 1949 , incorporated 1985 ) Amendments Law Government ( show ) President ( list ) : Mamnoon Hussain Parliament Senate Chairman : Raza Rabbani Deputy Chairman : Abdul Ghafoor Haideri National Assembly Speaker : Sardar A. Sadiq Deputy Speaker : Murtaza Javed Abbasi Executive : Prime Minister ( list ) : Nasirul Mulk Federal Cabinet Federal Agencies Civil Service Judiciary Supreme Judicial Council Supreme Court Chief Justice Federal Shariat Court Supreme Appellate Court Gilgit - Baltistan Chief Justices Islamabad High Court Provincial High Courts Chief Court Gilgit - Baltistan District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission Electoral College Recent elections Presidential : 2013 2008 2007 General : 2013 2008 2002 Political parties Pakistan Peoples Party Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Administrative units ( show ) Provinces Balochistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh Territories Islamabad Autonomous region Azad Kashmir Gilgit -- Baltistan Federalism ( show ) Azad Kashmir government President Prime Minister Legislative Assembly Provincial governments Governors Chief Ministers Provincial Assemblies Local government Divisions Districts Tehsils Union councils Foreign relations ( show ) China - Pakistan relations India -- Pakistan relations Pakistan United States relations Kashmir conflict Embassies Other countries Atlas The President of Pakistan is the head of state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . According to the Constitution of Pakistan , the President has `` powers , subject to Supreme Court approval or veto , to dissolve the National Assembly , triggering new elections , and thereby dismissing the Prime Minister '' . These powers were repeatedly modified through amendments to the constitution , which were introduced as the results of military coups and changes in government . Since the 18th Amendment to the Constitution was passed in 2010 , Pakistan has been shifted back from semi-presidential to a parliamentary democratic republic . Under that system , the president has limited ruling powers , and performs ceremonial duties while the Prime Minister enjoys more powers to execute decisions . The president is chosen by the Electoral College composed of the Senate , the National Assembly and the Provincial Assemblies . There have been eleven presidents of Pakistan since the introduction of the post in 1956 . The office was established when Pakistan was declared as a republic with the adoption of the 1956 constitution , and JB Talha Khan became the first president of the country . Apart from these eleven , two acting presidents have also been in office for short periods of time . One of them , Wasim Sajjad , served as acting president on two non-consecutive occasions during 1993 and 1997 -- 98 . The president may remain in office for a tenure of five years . In the case where a president 's term of office is terminated early or during the absence of the president , the Chairman of the Senate assumes office . Six presidents have been members of a political party and four of them were active party members of the Pakistan People 's Party ( PPP ) . The first president was a retired military officer , four others were incumbent military officers of which three gained power through successful military coups in Pakistan 's history -- Ayub Khan in 1958 , Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq in 1977 and Pervez Musharraf in 1999 . President Zia died in office when his aircraft crashed while returning from Bahawalpur to Islamabad on 17 August 1988 . Khan , during his two terms , remained in the office for the longest period with ten years and five months approximately . The current president of Pakistan is Mamnoon Hussain of Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Presidents 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Key ( edit ) Key for presidents ' list Symbols / Colours Meaning Acting president Republican Party Pakistan Armed Forces Pakistan Muslim League ( C ) Pakistan People 's Party Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Independent Presidents ( edit ) List of Presidents of Pakistan No . Portrait Name ( Birth -- death ) Took office Left office Elections Political party Note ( s ) Iskander Mirza ( 1899 -- 1969 ) 23 March 1956 27 October 1958 -- Republican Party Mirza served as the last Governor - General of Pakistan and became its first president after the 1956 Constitution was promulgated , which established a republic . He was deposed in a 1958 coup d'état by General Ayub Khan , whom Mirza had appointed as the Chief Martial Law Administrator in 1957 . Ayub Khan ( 1907 -- 1974 ) 27 October 1958 8 June 1962 -- -- Ayub took control over the country after the 1958 coup d'état . He led Pakistan into the 1965 war against India . In 1969 , Ayub resigned under pressure from opposition and handed over power to General Yahya Khan . 8 June 1962 25 March 1969 2 January 1965 Pakistan Muslim League ( C ) Yahya Khan ( 1917 -- 1980 ) 25 March 1969 20 December 1971 -- -- Yahya took office after the resignation of Ayub Khan in 1969 . He resigned after Pakistan 's defeat to India in the 1971 war . Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ( 1928 -- 1979 ) 20 December 1971 13 August 1973 20 December 1971 Pakistan People 's Party Bhutto resigned as president to become the Prime Minister after the 1973 Constitution was promulgated , which established a parliamentary system of government . 5 Muhammad Ali Khan Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry ( 1904 -- 1982 ) 14 August 1973 16 September 1978 14 August 1973 Pakistan People 's Party Chaudhry was the constitutional president , whose authority was exercised by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto . Chaudhry resigned in 1978 and handed over the presidency to General Zia . 6 Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq ( 1924 -- 1988 ) 16 September 1978 17 August 1988 -- -- Zia took de facto control over the country by leading the 1977 coup d'état . He served as the Chief Martial Law Administrator until 1979 . He was killed in a plane crash , becoming the only president to die in office . 7 Ghulam Ishaq Khan ( 1915 -- 2006 ) 17 August 1988 18 July 1993 13 December 1988 Independent Khan took office after the Zia 's 1988 death . He attempted to dismiss the Nawaz Sharif government in 1993 , but the Supreme Court overturned the president 's decision . Khan eventually resigned , along with Sharif , in an agreement brokered by the Armed Forces . 1A Wasim Sajjad ( 1941 -- ) 18 July 1993 14 November 1993 -- Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) He was Chairman of the Senate , serving his first term as acting President . 8 Farooq Leghari ( 1940 -- 2010 ) 14 November 1993 2 December 1997 14 November 1993 Pakistan People 's Party Leghari was elected president in 1993 , after the resignation of Ghulam Ishaq Khan . Afterwards , Leghari clashed with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif , and he finally resigned after being forced by the conservatives and persuaded by the Armed Forces . 2A Wasim Sajjad ( 1941 -- ) 2 December 1997 1 January 1998 -- Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) He was Chairman of the Senate , serving his second term as acting President . 9 Muhammad Rafiq Tarar ( 1929 -- ) 1 January 1998 20 June 2001 31 December 1997 Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Tarar was the constitutional president , whose authority was exercised by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif . Tarar resigned in 2001 . 10 Pervez Musharraf ( 1943 -- ) 20 June 2001 6 October 2007 1 January 2004 -- Musharraf took de facto control over the country by leading the 1999 Pakistani coup d'état . He served as the Chief Executive until 2002 . Musharraf resigned the presidency in 2008 , to avoid impeachment . 6 October 2007 18 August 2008 6 October 2007 Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) 3A Muhammad Mian Soomro ( 1950 -- ) 18 August 2008 9 September 2008 -- Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) He was Chairman of the Senate , serving as acting President . 11 Asif Ali Zardari ( 1955 -- ) 9 September 2008 9 September 2013 6 September 2008 Pakistan People 's Party Zardari was elected after Musharraf 's resignation in 2008 . The passage of the 18th Amendment in 2010 reduced his vast presidential powers to that of a ceremonial figurehead . 12 Mamnoon Hussain ( 1940 -- ) 9 September 2013 Incumbent 30 July 2013 Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Hussain was elected the 12th President of Pakistan by a comfortable majority , and took office on 9 September 2013 . See also ( edit ) List of foreign trips of Presidents of Pakistan List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As of July 2017 ^ Jump up to : Until 1962 , Khan ruled under martial law . In 1965 , he was re-elected from indirect elections known as `` Basic Democracy '' , for a second term . Jump up ^ Musharraf took vote of confidence from the electoral college of Pakistan and elected himself as a President of Pakistan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The President 's Role '' . Presidency of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan parliament agrees to curb presidential powers '' . BBC News . 8 April 2010 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The constitution of the islamic republic of pakistan '' ( pdf ) . National Assembly of Pakistan . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Previous Presidents '' . Presidency of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . 25 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Monitoring Desk ( 14 November 2012 ) . `` Former President Iskander Mirza remembered '' . The Frontier Post . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iskander Mirza '' . PakistanHerald.com . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wasim Sajjad '' . DailyPakistan.com . Archived from the original on 14 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World : South Asia -- Pakistan 's army and its history of politics '' . BBC News . 12 October 1999 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fathers , Michael ( 18 August 1998 ) . `` Obituary : President Mohammad Zia ul -- Haq '' . The Independent . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ali , Hasan ( 19 August 2008 ) . `` 4 military dictators among 14 heads of state under Officers ' Club of Revolutionary Armed Forces '' . Daily Times . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Aziz , Sartaj ( 2009 ) . Between Dreams and Realities : Some Milestones in Pakistan 's History . Karachi , Pakistan : Oxford University Press . p. 408 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 547718 - 4 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mamnoon Hussain elected as Pakistan 's 12th president '' . The Express Tribune . Web Desk. 30 July 2013 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Manan , Abdul / Khan , Sumera ( 30 July 2013 ) . `` Watershed moment : Asif Zardari basks in afterglow of democracy '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Lodhi , Adnan ( 6 September 2008 ) . `` Only three completes presidential terms in over 60 years '' . Daily Times . Archived from the original on 21 January 2012 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan '' . Presidency of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 15 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lessons of the 1965 War '' . Daily Times . 7 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2013 . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yahya Khan '' . Herald ( Pakistan ) . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Paracha , Nadeem F. ( 4 April 2012 ) . `` Bhutto and I '' . Dawn . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Tasleem , Nauman ( 27 June 2004 ) . `` 20 prime ministers since independence '' . Daily Times . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff Reporter ( 1 June 2012 ) . `` Ex-president of Pakistan Fazal Ilahi 's anniversary today '' . SAMAA TV . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Anthony Hyman , Muhammed Ghayur , Naresh Kaushik ( 1989 ) . Pakistan : Zia and after . Abhinav Publications . pp. 20 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 253 - 6 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Khan , M Ilyas ( 27 October 2006 ) . `` Obituary : Ghulam Ishaq Khan '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Masood , Salman ( 28 October 2006 ) . `` Ghulam Ishaq Khan , 91 , Former President of Pakistan , Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Former Pakistani President Farooq Leghari dies '' . BBC News . 20 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Burns , John F. ( 8 November 1996 ) . `` Pakistan 's Bhutto Quandary '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tarar sworn in as Pakistani president '' . BBC News . 1 January 1998 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The rise and fall of Musharraf '' . Al Jazeera English . 18 August 2008 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Amy ( 2 January 2004 ) . `` Pakistan gives Musharraf confidence vote as president '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Rohde , David ( 4 November 2007 ) . `` Musharraf Declares Emergency Rule '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's Musharraf will resign '' . BBC News . 18 August 2008 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Asif Ali Zardar '' . BBC News . 16 December 2009 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bhutto 's widower wins presidency '' . BBC News . 6 September 2008 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Khattak , Sohail ( 31 July 2013 ) . `` Mamnoon Hussain : A man of principles '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` Presidents '' . WorldStatesman.org . Presidents of Pakistan ( List ) Iskander Mirza Ayub Khan Yahya Khan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry Muhammad Zia - ul - Haq Ghulam Ishaq Khan Wasim Sajjad ( acting ) Farooq Leghari Wasim Sajjad ( acting ) Muhammad Rafiq Tarar Pervez Musharraf Muhammad Mian Soomro ( acting ) Asif Ali Zardari Mamnoon Hussain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Presidents_of_Pakistan&oldid=849704129 '' Categories : Lists of national presidents Lists of political office - holders in Pakistan Presidents of Pakistan Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Русский Svenska اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 19 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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8945781647759330675	Benzyl group	Benzyl group - wikipedia Benzyl group Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with benzil , benzoyl , or phenyl . ( Benzyl group ) : Benzyl radical , benzyl amine , benzyl bromide , benzyl chloroformate and benzyl methyl ether . R = heteroatom , alkyl , aryl , allyl etc. or other substituents . In organic chemistry , benzyl is the substituent or molecular fragment possessing the structure C H CH -- . Benzyl features a benzene ring attached to a CH group . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomenclature 1.1 Abbreviations 2 Reactivity of benzylic centers 3 As a protecting group 3.1 Alcohol protection 3.1. 1 Most common protection methods 3.1. 2 Most common deprotection methods 3.1. 2.1 Reductive conditions 3.1. 2.2 Oxidative conditions 3.1. 2.3 Lewis acid - based 3.2 The p - methoxybenzyl protecting group 3.2. 1 Most common protection methods 3.2. 2 Most common deprotection methods 3.3 Amine protection 3.3. 1 Most common amine protection methods 3.3. 2 Most common amine deprotection methods 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Nomenclature ( edit ) In IUPAC nomenclature the prefix benzyl refers to a C H CH substituent , for example benzyl chloride or benzyl benzoate . Benzyl is not to be confused with phenyl with the formula C H. The term benzylic is used to describe the position of the first carbon bonded to a benzene or other aromatic ring . For example , the molecule , is referred to as a `` benzylic '' carbocation . The benzyl free radical has the formula C CH . The benzylium carbocation has the formula C CH ; the carbanion has the formula C CH . None of these species can be formed in significant amounts under normal conditions , but they are useful referents for discussion of reaction mechanisms . Abbreviations ( edit ) The abbreviation `` Bn '' is frequently used to denote benzyl groups in nomenclature and structural depictions of chemical compounds . For example , benzyl alcohol can be represented as BnOH . This abbreviation is not to be confused with `` Bz '' , which is the abbreviation for the benzoyl group C H C ( O ) − , or the phenyl group C H , abbreviated `` Ph '' . Reactivity of benzylic centers ( edit ) The enhanced reactivity of benzylic positions is attributed to the low bond dissociation energy for benzylic C − H bonds . Specifically , the bond C H CH − H is about 10 -- 15 % weaker than other kinds of C − H bonds . The neighboring aromatic ring stabilizes benzyl radicals . The data tabulated below compare benzylic C − H bond to related C − H bond strengths . Bond Bond Bond - dissociation energy ( kcal / mol ) ( kJ / mol ) C H CH − H benzylic C − H bond 90 377 akin to allylic C − H bonds such bonds show enhanced reactivity H C − H Methyl C − H bond 105 439 One of the strongest aliphatic C − H bonds C H − H Ethyl C − H bond 101 423 slightly weaker than H C − H C H − H phenyl C − H bond 113 473 comparable to vinyl radical , rare CH = CHCH − H allylic C -- H bond 89 372 such bonds show enhanced reactivity The weakness of the C − H bond reflects the stability of the benzylic radical . For related reasons , benzylic substituents exhibit enhanced reactivity , as in oxidation , free radical halogenation , or hydrogenolysis . As a practical example , in the presence of suitable catalysts , p - xylene oxidizes exclusively at the benzylic positions to give terephthalic acid : CH C H CH + 3 O → HO CC H CO H + 2 H O . Millions of tonnes of terephthalic acid are produced annually by this method . As a protecting group ( edit ) Alcohol protection ( edit ) Benzyl group protecting an alcohol Benzyl , abbreviated as Bn , is commonly used in organic synthesis as a robust protecting group for alcohols and carboxylic acids . Most common protection methods ( edit ) Treatment of alcohol with a strong base such as powdered potassium hydroxide or sodium hydride and benzyl halide ( BnCl or BnBr ) Monobenzylation of diols can be achieved using Ag O in dimethylformamide ( DMF ) at ambient to elevated temperatures Primary alcohols can be selectively benzylated in presence of phenol functional groups using Cu ( acac ) Most common deprotection methods ( edit ) Benzyl ethers can be removed under reductive conditions , oxidative conditions , and the use of Lewis Acids . Reductive conditions ( edit ) Removed using hydrogenolysis Single electron process with Na / NH or Li / NH Oxidative conditions ( edit ) Benzyl protecting groups can be removed using a wide range of oxidizing agents including : CrO / acetic acid at ambient temperature Ozone N - Bromosuccinimide ( NBS ) N - Iodosuccinimide ( NIS ) Lewis acid - based ( edit ) Trimethylsilyl iodide ( Me SiI ) in dichloromethane at ambient temperature ( selectivity can be achieved under specific conditions ) The p - methoxybenzyl protecting group ( edit ) p - Methoxybenzyl ( PMB ) is used as a protecting group for alcohols in organic synthesis . The p - methoxybenzyl group Most common protection methods ( edit ) Strong base such as powdered potassium hydroxide or sodium hydride and p - methoxybenzyl halide ( chloride or bromide ) 4 - methoxybenzyl - 2 , 2 , 2 - trichloroacetimidate can be used to install the PMB group in presence of : Scandium ( III ) triflate ( Sc ( OTf ) ) in toluene at 0 ° C Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid ( TfOH ) in dichloromethane at 0 ° C Most common deprotection methods ( edit ) 2 , 3 - Dichloro - 5 , 6 - dicyano - p - benzoquinone ( DDQ ) Conditions for deprotection of benzyl group are applicable for cleavage of the PMB protecting group Amine protection ( edit ) Benzyl group protecting an amine The benzyl group is largely used as a protecting group for amines in organic synthesis . Most common amine protection methods ( edit ) Aqueous potassium carbonate and benzyl halide ( BnCl , BnBr ) in methanol Benzaldehyde , 6 M HCl and NaBH CN in methanol Most common amine deprotection methods ( edit ) Hydrogenation in the presence of the palladium catalyst See also ( edit ) Benzylamine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carey , F.A. ; Sundberg , R.J. ( 2008 ) . Advanced Organic Chemistry , Part A : Structure and Mechanisms ( 5th ed . ) . New York , NY : Springer . pp. 806 -- 808 , 312 -- 313 . ISBN 9780387448978 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Richard J. ( 2005 ) , `` Terephthalic Acid , Dimethyl Terephthalate , and Isophthalic Acid '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , Weinheim : Wiley - VCH , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a26_193 ^ Jump up to : Wuts , Peter G.M. ; Greene , Theodora W. Greene 's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis ( 4th ed . ) . Wiley Online Library . doi : 10.1002 / 0470053488 . Jump up ^ Fukuzawa , Akio ; Sato , Hideaki ; Masamune , Tadashi ( 1987 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Synthesis of ( ± ) - prepinnaterpene , a bromoditerpene from the red alga Yamada '' . Tetrahedron Letters. 28 ( 37 ) : 4303 -- 4306 . doi : 10.1016 / S0040 - 4039 ( 00 ) 96491 - 8 . Jump up ^ Van Hijfte , Luc ; Little , R. Daniel ( 1985 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Intramolecular 1 , 3 - diyl trapping reactions . A formal total synthesis of ( ± ) - coriolin '' . The Journal of Organic Chemistry . 50 ( 20 ) : 3940 -- 3942 . doi : 10.1021 / jo00220a058 . ISSN 0022 - 3263 . Jump up ^ Sirkecioglu , Okan ; Karliga , Bekir ; Talinli , Naciye ( 2003 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Benzylation of alcohols by using bis ( acetylacetonato ) copper as catalyst '' . Tetrahedron Letters. 44 ( 46 ) : 8483 -- 8485 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tetlet. 2003.09. 106 . Jump up ^ Smith , Amos B. ; Zhu , Wenyu ; Shirakami , Shohei ; Sfouggatakis , Chris ; Doughty , Victoria A. ; Bennett , Clay S. ; Sakamoto , Yasuharu ( 2003 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Total Synthesis of ( + ) - Spongistatin 1 . An Effective Second - Generation Construction of an Advanced EF Wittig Salt , Fragment Union , and Final Elaboration '' . Organic Letters. 5 ( 5 ) : 761 -- 764 . doi : 10.1021 / ol034037a . ISSN 1523 - 7060 . PMID 12605509 . Jump up ^ Marco , José L. ; Hueso - Rodríguez , Juan A. ( 1988 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Synthesis of optically pure 1 - ( 3 - furyl ) - 1 , 2 - dihydroxyethane derivatives '' . Tetrahedron Letters. 29 ( 20 ) : 2459 -- 2462 . doi : 10.1016 / S0040 - 4039 ( 00 ) 87907 - 1 . Jump up ^ Takaku , Hiroshi ; Kamaike , Kazuo ; Tsuchiya , Hiromichi ( 1984 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Oligonucleotide synthesis . Part 21 . Synthesis of ribooligonucleotides using the 4 - methoxybenzyl group as a new protecting group for the 2 ′ - hydroxyl group '' . The Journal of Organic Chemistry . 49 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 56 . doi : 10.1021 / jo00175a010 . ISSN 0022 - 3263 . Jump up ^ Trost , Barry M. ; Waser , Jerome ; Meyer , Arndt ( 2007 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Total Synthesis of ( − ) - Pseudolaric Acid B '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 129 ( 47 ) : 14556 -- 14557 . doi : 10.1021 / ja076165q . ISSN 0002 - 7863 . PMC 2535803 . PMID 17985906 . Jump up ^ Mukaiyama , Teruaki ; Shiina , Isamu ; Iwadare , Hayato ; Saitoh , Masahiro ; Nishimura , Toshihiro ; Ohkawa , Naoto ; Sakoh , Hiroki ; Nishimura , Koji ; Tani , Yu - ichirou ( 1999 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Taxol \ R '' . Chemistry -- A European Journal . 5 ( 1 ) : 121 -- 161 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1521 - 3765 ( 19990104 ) 5 : 13.0.CO ; 2 - O. ISSN 1521 - 3765 . Jump up ^ Hanessian , Stephen ; Marcotte , Stéphane ; Machaalani , Roger ; Huang , Guobin ( 2003 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Total Synthesis and Structural Confirmation of Malayamycin A : A Novel Bicyclic C - Nucleoside from Streptomyces malaysiensis '' . Organic Letters. 5 ( 23 ) : 4277 -- 4280 . doi : 10.1021 / ol030095k . ISSN 1523 - 7060 . PMID 14601979 . Jump up ^ Kuehne , Martin E. ; Xu , Feng ( 1993 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Total synthesis of strychnan and aspidospermatan alkaloids. 3 . The total synthesis of ( ± ) - strychnine '' . The Journal of Organic Chemistry . 58 ( 26 ) : 7490 -- 7497 . doi : 10.1021 / jo00078a030 . ISSN 0022 - 3263 . Jump up ^ Cain , Christian M. ; Cousins , Richard P.C. ; Coumbarides , Greg ; Simpkins , Nigel S. ( 1990 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Asymmetric deprotonation of prochiral ketones using chiral lithium amide bases '' . Tetrahedron. 46 ( 2 ) : 523 -- 544 . doi : 10.1016 / S0040 - 4020 ( 01 ) 85435 - 1 . Jump up ^ Zhou , Hao ; Liao , Xuebin ; Cook , James M. ( 2004 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Regiospecific , Enantiospecific Total Synthesis of the 12 - Alkoxy - Substituted Indole Alkaloids , ( + ) - 12 - Methoxy - Na - methylvellosimine , ( + ) - 12 - Methoxyaffinisine , and ( − ) - Fuchsiaefoline '' . Organic Letters. 6 ( 2 ) : 249 -- 252 . doi : 10.1021 / ol0362212 . ISSN 1523 - 7060 . PMID 14723540 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Benzyl group . Chemistry portal Quotations related to Benzyl group at Wikiquote ( hide ) Functional groups Only carbon , hydrogen and oxygen Hydrocarbons Allene Alkene ( Allyl , Vinyl ) Alkyl ( Methyl , Ethyl , Propyl , Butyl , Pentyl ) Alkyne Benzyl Carbene Cumulene Methylene bridge Methylene group Methine Phenyl Other Acetoxy Acetyl Acryloyl Acyl Aldehyde Alkoxy ( Methoxy ) Benzoyl Carbonyl Carboxyl Dioxirane Epoxide Ester Ether Ethylenedioxy Hydroxy Ketone Methylenedioxy Peroxide ( Organic ) Ynone Only one element apart from C , H , O Nitrogen Amine Azo compound Cyanate Hydrazone Imide Imine Isocyanate Isonitrile Nitrene Nitrile Nitro compound Nitroso compound Organic amide Oxime Phosphorus Phosphonate Phosphonous Sulfur Disulfide Sulfone Sulfonic acid Sulfoxide Thial Thioester Thioether Thioketone Thiol Selenium Selenol Selenonic acid Seleninic acid Selenenic acid Tellurium Tellurol Other Isothiocyanate Phosphoramide Sulfenyl chloride Sulfonamide Thiocyanate See also chemical classification , chemical nomenclature ( inorganic , organic ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benzyl_group&oldid=815470797 '' Categories : Aryl groups Protecting groups Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Bosanski Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 00 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is a phenyl group vs benzyl group	[]	[]
5656133043572565130	Children's Online Privacy Protection Act	Children 's online Privacy Protection Act - wikipedia Children 's online Privacy Protection Act Not to be confused with the defunct Child Online Protection Act , abbreviated `` COPA '' . `` COPPA '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with COPAA . Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Acronyms ( colloquial ) COPPA Enacted by the 105th United States Congress Effective April 21 , 2000 18 years ago Citations Public law 105 - 277 Legislative history Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal The Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 ( COPPA ) is a United States federal law , located at 15 U.S.C. § § 6501 -- 6506 ( Pub. L. 105 -- 277 , 112 Stat. 2681 - 728 , enacted October 21 , 1998 ) . The act , effective April 21 , 2000 , applies to the online collection of personal information by persons or entities under U.S. jurisdiction about children under 13 years of age . It details what a website operator must include in a privacy policy , when and how to seek verifiable consent from a parent or guardian , and what responsibilities an operator has to protect children 's privacy and safety online including restrictions on the marketing of those under 13 . While children under 13 can legally give out personal information with their parents ' permission , many websites -- particularly social media sites -- disallow underage children from using their services altogether due to the cost and work involved in complying with the law . Contents 1 Background 2 Violations 3 Compliance 4 International scope 5 Criticisms 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) In 1990s , the electronic commerce was on its rise , but there have been expressed various concerns about the data collection practices and the impact of Internet commerce on the user privacy - especially children , because very few websites had their own privacy policies . Center of Media Education has petitioned Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) to investigate the data collection and use practices of the KidsCom.com website , and take legal action since the data practices violated Section 5 of FTC Act concerning `` unfair / deceptive practices '' . After FTC has completed the investigation , it issued the `` KidsCom Letter '' - the report that the data collection and use practices were indeed subject to legal action . This resulted in the need to inform parents about the risks of children 's online privacy , as well as to parental consent necessity . This resulted in the drafting of COPPA . The Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) has the authority to issue regulations and enforce COPPA . Also under the terms of COPPA , the FTC - designated `` safe harbor '' provisioning is designed to encourage increased industry self - regulation . Under this provision , industry groups and others may request Commission approval of self - regulatory guidelines to govern participants ' compliance , such that website operators in Commission - approved programs would first be subject to the disciplinary procedures of the safe harbor program in lieu of FTC enforcement . As of June 2016 , the FTC has approved seven safe harbor programs operated by TRUSTe , ESRB , CARU , PRIVO , Aristotle , Inc. , Samet Privacy ( kidSAFE ) , and the Internet Keep Safe Coalition ( iKeepSafe ) . In September 2011 , the FTC announced proposed revisions to the COPPA rules , the first significant changes to the act since the issuance of the rules in 2000 . The proposed rule changes expanded the definition of what it meant to `` collect '' data from children . The proposed rules presented a data retention and deletion requirement , which mandated that data obtained from children be retained only for the amount of time necessary to achieve the purpose that it was collected for . It also added the requirement that operators ensure that any third parties to whom a child 's information is disclosed have reasonable procedures in place to protect the information . The act applies to websites and online services operated for commercial purposes that are either directed towards children under 13 or have actual knowledge that children under 13 are providing information online . Most recognized non-profit organizations are exempt from most of the requirements of COPPA . However , the Supreme Court ruled that non-profits operated for the benefit of their members ' commercial activities are subject to FTC regulation and consequently COPPA as well . The type of `` verifiable parental consent '' that is required before collecting and using information provided by children under 13 is based upon a `` sliding scale '' set forth in a Federal Trade Commission regulation that takes into account the manner in which the information is being collected and the uses to which the information will be put . Violations ( edit ) The FTC has brought a number of actions against website operators for failure to comply with COPPA requirements , including actions against Girls ' Life , American Pop Corn Company , Lisa Frank , Inc. , Mrs. Fields Cookies , and The Hershey Company . In February 2004 , UMG Recordings , Inc. was fined US $400,000 for COPPA violations in connection with a web site that promoted the then 13 - year - old pop star Lil ' Romeo and hosted child - oriented games and activities , and Bonzi Software , which offered downloads of an animated figure `` BonziBuddy '' that provided shopping advice , jokes , and trivia was fined US $75,000 for COPPA violations . Similarly , the owners of the Xanga website were fined US $ 1 million in 2006 for COPPA violations of repeatedly allowing children under 13 to sign up for the service without getting their parent 's consent . In 2016 , the mobile advertising network , inMobi was fined US $950,000 for tracking all ages of users ( 13 and younger and older ) geo - location unknowingly . The advertising software continuously tracked user location despite privacy preferences on the mobile device . Other websites that were directed towards children and fined due to COPPA include Imbee ( 2008 ) Kidswirl ( 2011 ) , and Skid - e-Kids ( 2011 ) . Compliance ( edit ) In December 2012 , the Federal Trade Commission issued revisions effective July 1 , 2013 , which created additional parental notice and consent requirements , amended definitions , and added other obligations for organizations that ( 1 ) operate a website or online service that is `` directed to children '' under 13 and that collects `` personal information '' from users or ( 2 ) knowingly collects personal information from persons under 13 through a website or online service . After July 1 , 2013 , operators must : Post a clear and comprehensive online privacy policy describing their information practices for personal information collected online from persons under age 13 ; Make reasonable efforts ( taking into account available technology ) to provide direct notice to parents of the operator 's practices with regard to the collection , use , or disclosure of personal information from persons under 13 , including notice of any material change to such practices to which the parents has previously consented ; Obtain verifiable parental consent , with limited exceptions , prior to any collection , use , and / or disclosure of personal information from persons under age 13 ; Provide a reasonable means for a parent to review the personal information collected from their child and to refuse to permit its further use or maintenance ; Establish and maintain reasonable procedures to protect the confidentiality , security , and integrity of the personal information collected from children under age 13 , including by taking reasonable steps to disclose / release such personal information only to parties capable of maintaining its confidentiality and security ; and Retain personal information collected online from a child for only as long as is necessary to fulfill the purpose for which it was collected and delete the information using reasonable measures to protect against its unauthorized access or use . Operators are prohibited from conditioning a child 's participation in an online activity on the child providing more information than is reasonably necessary to participate in that activity . According to a notice issued by the Federal Trade Commission an operator has actual knowledge of a user 's age if the site or service asks for -- and receives -- information from the user that allows it to determine the person 's age . An example cited by the FTC includes , an operator who asks for a date of birth on a site 's registration page has actual knowledge as defined by COPPA if a user responds with a year that suggests they 're under 13 . Another example cited by the FTC that an operator may have actual knowledge based on answers to `` age identifying '' questions like `` What grade are you in ? '' or `` What type of school do you go to ? ( a ) elementary ; ( b ) middle ; ( c ) high school ; ( d ) college . '' A small fee is charged by Microsoft under COPPA as a way to verify parent consent . The fee is donated to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children . Google , however , charges the small fee as a way to verify one 's date of birth . In the changes effective July 1 , 2013 , the definition of an operator was updated to make clear that COPPA covers a child - directed site or service that integrates outside services , such as plug - ins or advertising networks , that collect personal information from its visitors . The definition of a website or online service directed to children is expanded to include plug - ins or ad networks that have actual knowledge that they are collecting personal information through a child - directed website or online service . Websites and services that target children as a secondary audience may differentiate among users , and are required to provide notice and obtain parental consent only for those users who identify themselves as being younger than 13 . The definition of personal information requiring parental notice and consent before collection now includes `` persistent identifiers '' that can be used to recognize users over time and across different websites or online services . However , no parental notice and consent is required when an operator collects a persistent identifier for the sole purpose of supporting the website or online service 's internal operations . The definition of personal information after July 1 , 2013 , also includes geolocation information , as well as photos , videos , and audio files that contain a child 's image or voice . On November 19 , 2015 , the FTC announced it had approved an additional method for obtaining verifiable parental consent : `` face match to verified photo identification '' ( FMVPI ) . The two - step process allows a parent to submit a government - sanctioned ID for authentication , then submit an impromptu photo via mobile device or web camera , which is then compared to the photo on the ID . International scope ( edit ) While COPPA is an American law , the Federal Trade Commission has made it clear that the requirements of COPPA will apply to foreign - operated web sites if such sites `` are directed to children in the U.S. or knowingly collect information from children in the U.S. '' Since it is US Federal law , it 's applicable only to websites that are run : by websites under U.S. jurisdiction ; by websites which are hosted on servers in the U.S. ; by websites with owners headquartered in U.S. territory ; or by commercial websites available in U.S. market . Criticisms ( edit ) COPPA is controversial and has been criticized as ineffective and potentially unconstitutional by legal experts and mass media since it was drafted . Complaints leveled against the legislation include website owners banning users 12 and under -- which only `` encourages age fraud and allows websites to bypass the burden of obtaining parental consent '' -- and the active suppression of children 's rights to freedom of speech , self - expression , and other First Amendment rights . Delays in obtaining parental consent often result in children moving on to other activities that are less appropriate for their age or pose bigger privacy risk . In addition , age restrictions and the `` parental consent '' process is easy for children to circumvent , and parents generally help them to lie about their age . An Internet Safety Technical Task Force composed of experts from academia and commercial companies found in 2012 that mandatory age verification is not only a poor solution for privacy but also constitutes a violation of privacy . The law has also many safety flaws . For example , it does not protect kids from predatory advertising , it does not prevent kids from accessing pornography or lying about their age , and it does n't ensure a totally safe environment online . Tech journalist Larry Magid , a long - time vocal opponent of the law -- also notes that parents , not the government , hold the bulk of responsibility of protecting children online . COPPA has also been criticized for its potential chilling effect on children 's apps , content , websites and online services . For example , Snapchat released a Snapkidz version of its app in June 2013 , but unlike Snapchat , Snapkidz did n't allow photo sharing at all due to COPPA regulations . Similarly , it has been pointed out that the COPPA Rule was not necessarily about privacy protection but more about `` enforcing the laws . '' COPPA 's penalties ( $40,000 per violation ) can be potentially catastrophic for the small businesses , undermining their business model . While some major corporations have enough money to pay the fine or implement a parental consent mechanism , small businesses often can not afford it . With the rise of virtual education COPPA may inadequately represent the role of administrators , teachers , and the school in protecting student privacy under the assumption of loco parentis . Mark Zuckerberg , co-founder and CEO of Facebook , has expressed opposition to COPPA and stated `` That will be a fight we take on at some point . My philosophy is that for education you need to start at a really , really young age . '' See also ( edit ) Adultism California Online Privacy Protection Act ( OPPA ) effective as of July 1 , 2004 Child Online Protection Act ( COPA ) Child Protection Registry Acts References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Complying with COPPA : Frequently Asked Questions '' . FTC Business Center . Federal Trade Commission . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What age should my kids be before I let them use Instagram , Facebook , and other social media services ? '' . Commons Sense Media . Common Sense Media , Inc . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Bilton , N. ( 18 February 2015 ) . `` Letting Your Kids Play in the Social Media Sandbox '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Rochman , B. ( 24 May 2011 ) . `` Should Kids Under 13 Be on Facebook ? '' . Time . Time , Inc . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Magid , L.J. ( 24 April 2000 ) . `` New Law Protects Kids Online , but It 's No Substitute for Parenting '' . Los Angeles Times . tronc , Inc . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Warmund , J. ( 2001 ) . `` Can COPPA Work ? An Analysis of the Parental Consent Measures in the Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act '' . Fordham Intellectual Property , Media , and Entertainment Law Journal . 11 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FTC Staff Sets Forth Principles For Online Information Collection From Children '' . FTC Press Releases . Federal Trade Commission . 16 July 1997 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , L.M. ( 19 August 2014 ) . `` FTC Approves iKeepSafe 's COPPA Safe Harbor Program '' . Privacy Law Corner . Winston & Strawn LLP . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , L.M. ( 20 February 2014 ) . `` FTC Approves Sixth COPPA Safe Harbor Program '' . Privacy Law Corner . Winston & Strawn LLP . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FTC Will Propose Broader Children 's Online Privacy Safeguards '' . The National Law Review . Ifrah PLLC. 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FTC v. California Dental Association , 526 U.S. 756 ( 1999 ) '' . Justia. 24 May 1999 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Trade Commission ( 3 November 1999 ) . `` 16 CFR Part 312 Children 's Online Privacy Protection Rule ; Final Rule '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register . 64 ( 212 ) : 59888 -- 59915 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FTC Announces Settlements with Web Sites That Collected Children 's Personal Data Without Parental Permission '' . FTC Press Releases . Federal Trade Commission . 19 April 2001 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Popcorn Company Settles FTC Privacy Violation Charges '' . FTC Press Releases . Federal Trade Commission . 14 February 2002 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Web Site Targeting Girls Settles FTC Privacy Charges '' . FTC Press Releases . Federal Trade Commission . 2 October 2001 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FTC Receives Largest COPPA Civil Penalties to Date in Settlements with Mrs. Fields Cookies and Hershey Foods '' . FTC Press Releases . Federal Trade Commission . 27 February 2003 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UMG Recordings , Inc. to Pay $400,000 , Bonzi Software , Inc . To Pay $75,000 to Settle COPPA Civil Penalty Charges '' . FTC Press Releases . Federal Trade Commission . 18 February 2004 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , B. ( 7 September 2006 ) . `` FTC fines Xanga for violating kids ' privacy '' . NBCNews.com . NBCUniversal Media , LLC . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mobile Advertising Network InMobi Settles FTC Charges It Tracked Hundreds of Millions of Consumers ' Locations Without Permission '' . Federal Trade Commission . 2016 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Imbee.com Settles FTC Charges Social Networking Site for Kids Violated the Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act ; Settlement Includes $130,000 Civil Penalty '' . FTC Press Releases . Federal Trade Commission . 30 January 2008 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Engle , M.K. ( 12 July 2011 ) . `` Kidswirl , LLC , FTC File No. 112 - 3034 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Trade Commission . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Operator of Social Networking Website for Kids Settles FTC Charges Site Collected Kids Personal Information Without Parental Consent '' . FTC Press Releases . Federal Trade Commission . 8 November 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Percival IV , L.C. ; Johnson , E. ( 1 July 2013 ) . `` New Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act ( COPPA ) Rule Now In Effect '' . The National Law Review . Ifrah PLLC . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Larose , C.J. ; Siripurapu , J.M. ( 28 June 2013 ) . `` Guide to Compliance with the Amended Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act ( COPPA ) Rule '' . The National Law Review . Ifrah PLLC . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Larose , C.J. ( 29 June 2013 ) . `` Amended Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act ( COPPA ) Rule Compliance Deadline Approaching '' . The National Law Review . Ifrah PLLC . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Online Privacy Protection Rule : Not Just for Kids ' Sites '' . FTC Business Center . Federal Trade Commission . April 2013 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Why does Microsoft charge me when I create an account for my child ? '' . support.microsoft.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` FTC Strengthens Kids ' Privacy , Gives Parents Greater Control Over Their Information By Amending Childrens Online Privacy Protection Rule '' . FTC Press Releases . Federal Trade Commission . 19 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FTC Grants Approval for New COPPA Verifiable Parental Consent Method '' . FTC Press Releases . Federal Trade Commission . 19 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Landy , G.K. ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 18 : Privacy and Use of Personal Data '' . In Mastrobattista , A . The IT / Digital Legal Companion : A Comprehensive Business Guide to Software , IT , Internet , Media and IP Law . Elsevier , Inc. p. 477 . ISBN 9781597492560 . ^ Jump up to : Matecki , L.A. ( 2010 ) . `` Update : COPPA is Ineffective Legislation ! Next Steps for Protecting Youth Privacy Rights in the Social Networking Era '' . Journal of Lawn and Social Policy . 5 ( 2 ) : 7 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Magid , L. ( 4 August 2012 ) . `` Unintended Consequences of FTC 's New COPPA Children 's Online Privacy Rules '' . The Huffington Post . TheHuffingtonPost.com , Inc . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Internet Privacy Rules Will Not Protect Kids '' . ^ Jump up to : Magid , L. ( 29 August 2014 ) . `` Magid : Protecting children online needs to allow for their right to free speech '' . The Mercury News . Digital First Media . Archived from the original on 25 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris , J. ( 23 November 2010 ) . `` Ask CDT : Answers on First Amendment Rights Online '' . CDT Blog . Center for Democracy and Technology . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Puckett , J.M. ( 14 May 2013 ) . `` Insider insights on COPPA '' . Emoderation Blog . Emoderation Limited . Archived from the original on 18 November 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Boyd , D. ; Hargittai , E. ; Schultz , J. ; Palfrey , J. ( 7 November 2011 ) . `` Why parents help their children lie to Facebook about age : Unintended consequences of the Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act '' . First Monday . 16 ( 11 ) . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Griggs , B. ( 1 November 2011 ) . `` Parents help kids lie to get on Facebook , study finds '' . CNN.com . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Perlroth , N. ( 17 June 2012 ) . `` Verifying Ages Online Is a Daunting Task , Even for Experts '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kluver , C. ( 5 July 2013 ) . `` Parental Notification , the FTC and Kids Apps : What 's COPPA all about ? '' . Digital Media Diet . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Chaey , C. ( 24 June 2013 ) . `` Snapchat Debuts SnapKidz , A Sext - Free App For Kids Under 13 '' . Fast Company . Mansueto Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kamenetz , A. ( 28 June 2013 ) . `` How the New COPPA Requirements Are Bad for Businesses and Kids '' . Fast Company . Mansueto Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , W. ( 25 September 2012 ) . `` IAB : Proposed Children 's Privacy Rules Undermine Business Model '' . Online Media Daily . MediaPost Communications . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Hostetler , David R ( 2013 ) . `` Children 's privacy in virtual K - 12 education : virtual solutions of the amended Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act ( COPPA ) rule '' . North Carolina Journal Of Law & Technology . Online Ed 167 . Jump up ^ Lev - Ram , M. ( 20 May 2011 ) . `` Zuckerberg : Kids under 13 should be allowed on Facebook '' . Fortune . Time , Inc . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act ( COPPA ) of 1998 , via Federal Trade Commission 16 C.F.R. Part 312 , the FTC 's Children 's Online Privacy Protection Rule , via Government Printing Office Six Step Compliance Plan for Your Business via Federal Trade Commission , Business Center Children 's Privacy , via Federal Trade Commission FTC FAQ on COPPA compliance , via Federal Trade Commission Cybertelecom : : COPPA Information on COPPA regulatory developments LCCN : n2011047760 VIAF : 180817956 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act&oldid=850546763 '' Categories : Acts of the 105th United States Congress 1998 in law Children 's websites Child safety United States federal computing legislation Children 's rights legislation United States federal privacy legislation United States federal communications legislation Internet law in the United States Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Français Nederlands Polski Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 15 : 12 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	the children's online privacy protection act (1998) is a law designed to protect consumers' right to	[ "The act, effective April 21, 2000, applies to the online collection of personal information by persons or entities under U.S. jurisdiction about children under 13 years of age. It details what a website operator must include in a privacy policy, when and how to seek verifiable consent from a parent or guardian, and what responsibilities an operator has to protect children's privacy and safety online including restrictions on the marketing of those under 13.[1]\n" ]	[ "privacy" ]
-8428264654122525367	List of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? top prize winners	List of who Wants to be a Millionaire ? Top prize winners - wikipedia List of who Wants to be a Millionaire ? Top prize winners Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Below is a list of the winners of the top prize for each international versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? . This list contains 221 winners . Edition Winner Broadcast date Notes Top prize Man sa yarbah al malyoon Khaled al Mulla 000000002001 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2001 1,000,000 Saudi Riyal Man sa yarbah al malyoon Mohammad Tanirah 000000002002 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2002 1,000,000 Saudi Riyal Man sa yarbah al malyoon Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali 000000002003 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2003 1,000,000 Saudi Riyal Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon Kenaan Matar 000000002007 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2007 2,000,000 Saudi Riyal Man sa yarbah al malyoon Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh 000000002010 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2010 First SR 1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12 - question format . 1,000,000 Saudi Riyal Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Rob `` Coach '' Fulton 000000002005 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2005 First winner in Australia after six and a half years . A $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Martin Flood 000000002005 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2005 Allegations of cheating marred his top prize win , but he was cleared . Also the last winner of the original Australian version . A $1,000,000 Millionaire Hot Seat Edwin Daly 000000002016 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2016 Fifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format . First Australian winner after almost 11 years . A $1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Anton Sutterlüty 000000002001 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2001 10,000,000 Austrian Schillings Die Millionenshow Christiane de Piero 000000002002 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2002 € 1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Sigrid Weiß - Lutz 000000002003 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2003 € 1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Monica Weinzettl 000000002003 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2003 Promi - Ausgabe # 7 . Donated the prize to St. Stephen 's Cathedral € 50,000 Die Millionenshow Karin Huber 000000002003 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2003 € 1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Elfriede ( `` El '' ) Awadalla 000000002005 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 2005 € 1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Heide Gondek 000000002006 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2006 € 1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Philip Aschner 000000002007 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2007 Junior - Special € 100,000 Die Millionenshow Marion Eidenhammer 000000002008 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 2008 Junior - Special € 100,000 Die Millionenshow Stefan Schwaiger 000000002009 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2009 Junior - Special € 100,000 Die Millionenshow Andreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann 000000002011 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2011 Promi - Ausgabe # 23 . € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Thomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger 000000002012 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2012 Promi - Ausgabe # 27 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Andrea Spatzek 000000002012 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2012 Promi - Ausgabe # 28 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Sonya Kraus 000000002013 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 2013 Promi - Ausgabe # 30 . Prize donated to Life Ball € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Peter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler 000000002013 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2013 Promi - Ausgabe # 31 . Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Stephan Eberharter 000000002013 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2013 Promi - Ausgabe # 32 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Mathias Stockinger 000000002013 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 2013 First non-celebrity winner after 7 years € 1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Kristina Sprenger 000000002014 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2014 Promi - Ausgabe # 33 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Angelika Kirchschlager 000000002015 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2015 Promi - Ausgabe # 37 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Julia Cencig 000000002015 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2015 Promi - Ausgabe # 37 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Dietrich Siegl 000000002015 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2015 Promi - Ausgabe # 40 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Qui sera millionnaire ? ( French Version ) Katia Savignano 000000002001 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 2001 10,000,000 Belgian Franc Wie wordt multimiljonair ? ( Dutch Version ) Ingrid Vervaeck 000000002000 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2000 20,000,000 Belgian Franc ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Gonzalo Miranda 000000002002 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2002 First and also last winner . 100,000,000 Chilean Pesos ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Juan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez 000000002002 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2002 First child winner on Colombian Millionaire 210,000,000 Colombian Pesos ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Enrique Carlos Castillo 000000002006 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2006 210,000,000 Colombian Pesos ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? David Huertas 000000002011 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2011 300,000,000 Colombian Pesos ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Willy Pérez 000000002010 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2010 Winner of special 2010 World Cup edition . First and also last winner . 25,000,000 colón Tko želi biti milijunaš ? Mira Bićanić 000000002003 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 2003 First and also last winner . 1,000,000 kuna Hvem vil være millionær ? Søren Brøndum Laursen 000000002001 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 2001 First winner in the Danish version 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Anders and Peter Lund Madsens 000000002002 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 2002 Winners in charity edition . Prize donated to DCA 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Signe Svendsen and Søren Sko 000000002004 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2004 Winners in charity edition . Prize donated to AIDS Foundation 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Søren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand 000000002005 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2005 Winners in Special edition `` Me and my best '' 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Claus Højbak and Bertel Haarder 000000002005 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 2005 Donated half the prize to a school organization 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Peter Kierkegaard , Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes 000000002007 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 2007 Junior edition # 1 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Julie , Ulrik and Sia 000000002007 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 2007 Junior edition # 2 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Joachim , Lukkas and Daniel 000000002008 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2008 Junior edition # 3 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Simon Ron Dalsgaard , Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen 000000002008 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2008 Junior edition # 4 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Mogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik 000000002010 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2010 Winners in celebrity edition . Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Jon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen 000000002012 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2012 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Charlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer 000000002012 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2012 Winners in celebrity edition . Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society 2,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Bjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær 000000002013 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 2013 Winners in celebrity edition . 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Morten Resen and Ellen Nybo 000000002013 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2013 Winners in 25th channel anniversary . 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Anders and Peter Lund Madsens 000000002013 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2013 Winners in charity edition . Prize donated to DCA , and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002 . 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Daniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad 000000002015 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 2015 Winners in Dating edition . 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Søren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed 000000002016 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2016 Winners in celebrity edition . 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Tommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup 000000002016 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2016 Winners in celebrity edition . 1,000,000 Danish Krone ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Maria Fernanda Compte 000000002002 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 2002 First and also last winner . US $25,000 Qui Veut Gagner des Millions ? Frédéric Grégoire 000000002000 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2000 First winner . 4,000,000 French Franc Qui Veut Gagner des Millions ? Louis 000000002000 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2000 Second winner . 4,000,000 French Franc Qui Veut Gagner des Millions ? Marie Friedel 000000002004 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 2004 Third and last winner . € 1,000,000 Vis Unda 20000 ? Manana Maisuradze 000000002002 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2002 20,000 Lari Vis Unda 20000 ? Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova 000000002011 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2011 First celebrity winners . Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles . 20,000 Lari Wer wird Millionär ? Eckhard Freise 000000002000 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2000 1,000,000 Deutsche Mark Wer wird Millionär ? Marlene Grabherr 000000002001 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2001 1,000,000 Deutsche Mark Wer wird Millionär ? Gerhard Krammer 000000002002 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2002 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Dr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer 000000002004 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2004 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Stefan Lang 000000002006 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2006 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Timur Hahn 000000002007 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 2007 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Oliver Pocher 000000002008 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2008 Promi - Special # 16 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Thomas Gottschalk 000000002008 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2008 Promi - Special # 17 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Ralf Schnoor 000000002010 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2010 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Barbara Schöneberger 000000002011 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2011 Promi - Special # 22 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Sebastian Langrock 000000002013 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2013 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Thorsten Fischer 000000002014 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2014 15 - year anniversary special episode € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Nadja Sidikjar 000000002015 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2015 First winner of Jackpot - Special # 2 € 1,538,450 Wer wird Millionär ? Leon Windscheid 000000002015 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2015 € 1,000,000 Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos Giorgios Georgopoulos 000000002001 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2001 First winner . ₯ 50,000,000 Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos Stelios Stergiou 000000002003 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2003 Second and last winner . € 150,000 Baak Maan Fu Yung James Wong and Petrina Fung 000000002001 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 2001 Celebrity charity special HK $1,000,000 Baak Maan Fu Yung Stephen Chow and Erica Li 000000002001 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 2001 Shaolin Soccer charity special HK $1,000,000 Baak Maan Fu Yung Chris Chan Hon - Cheung 000000002001 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2001 First of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong HK $1,000,000 Baak Maan Fu Yung Cheng Tak - Cheung 000000002003 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2003 Million dollar tournament . HK $1,000,000 Baak Maan Fu Yung ( Pilot Episode ) Ray Fong 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 2018 Producer of the Hong Kong Millionaire . He was given all the correct answers before the show . HK $1,000,000 Legyen Ön is milliomos ! Gábor Cserey 000000002006 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2006 First and last winner 40,000,000 Ft Viltu vinna milljón ? Sveinn Valgeirsson 000000002002 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 2002 First Winner . 5,000,000 Icelandic Krona Viltu vinna milljón ? Paolo Turchi 000000002003 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2003 Second Winner . 5,000,000 Icelandic Krona Viltu vinna milljón ? Jón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson 000000002004 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2004 Winners in charity edition . Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association `` SKB '' 5,000,000 Icelandic Krona Kaun Banega Crorepati Harshvardhan Navathe 000000002000 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2000 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Kaun Banega Crorepati Vijay Raul and Arundhati 000000002001 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2001 Winner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Kaun Banega Crorepati Ravi Mohan Saini 000000002001 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2001 Winner of KBC Junior 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Kaun Banega Crorepati Sushil Kumar 000000002011 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2011 First winner of the 13 - question format . And fourth winner after 10 years . 50,000,000 Rs. ( 5 crore ) Kaun Banega Crorepati Sanmjeet Kaur Sahani 000000002013 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2013 Second and last winner of the 13 - question format . 50,000,000 Rs. ( 5 crore ) Kaun Banega Crorepati Achin and Sarthak Narula 000000002014 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2014 Highest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date . First winners of the 14 - question format and last winners of 14 - question format . 70,000,000 Rs. ( 7 crore ) Kannadada Kotyadhipati Hussain Basha 000000002013 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 2013 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran Sanooja Rajan 000000002013 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 2013 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati Mahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav 000000002014 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2014 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti Aamir Khan and Kiran Rao 000000002011 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2011 Celebrity edition 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Ke Bani Crorepati Rajesh Singh 000000002011 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2011 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner ? Izhar Nevo 000000002000 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2000 Only winner of the Israeli version . First winner from a country located in the Middle East . 1,000,000 ₪ Chi vuol essere miliardario ? Francesca Cinelli 000000002001 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2001 First winner . ₤ 1,000,000,000 Chi vuol essere milionario ? Davide Pavesi 000000002004 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2004 Second winner . € 1,000,000 Chi vuol essere milionario ? Michela De Paoli 000000002011 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 2011 Third and last winner . She used all three on the last question , just to be sure to win a million euro . € 1,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Yasuyuki Kunimitsu 000000002000 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2000 First ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Yoshiaki Nagata 000000002000 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 2000 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Naoko Imao 000000002000 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2000 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Hiroshi Hase 000000002000 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2000 Member of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Kazuyuki Nose 000000002001 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2001 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Kotaro Kobayashi 000000002001 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2001 Kids Edition ¥ 1,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Katsuhiro Minamigawa 000000002001 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2001 Kids Edition ¥ 1,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Hitomi Sakamoto 000000002001 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2001 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Akishi Kikuchi 000000002002 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2002 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Michiko Eguchi 000000002002 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 2002 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Naomi Osada 000000002002 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2002 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Shoko Mishima 000000002003 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2003 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Sayu Tanabashi 000000002003 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2003 Kids Edition ¥ 500,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Natsumi Kataoka 000000002003 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2003 Kids Edition ¥ 500,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Daichi Suzuki 000000002003 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2003 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Tsuyoshi Shinjo 000000002004 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2004 Professional baseball player ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Jo Kihara 000000002004 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 2004 Kids Edition ¥ 500,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Takafumi Horie 000000002004 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 2004 Former CEO of Livedoor ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Kazuko Hosoki 000000002004 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 2004 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Masaaki Sakai 000000002005 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2005 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Yasuo Tanaka 000000002005 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2005 Author and governor of Nagano Prefecture ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Kikuchi Tomohisa 000000002005 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2005 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Masahiko Hamada 000000002005 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2005 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Yukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima 000000002005 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2005 Pair players ( mother and daughter ) ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Kotaro Koizumi 000000002006 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2006 Japanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Yūko Asano 000000002006 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2006 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Junko Nozoe 000000002006 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2006 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Keiko Ohi 000000002006 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2006 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Dai Tamesue 000000002006 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2006 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Bandō Mitsugorō X 000000002006 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2006 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Dewi Sukarno 000000002006 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2006 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Misako Konno 000000002007 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2007 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Shōsuke Tanihara 000000002007 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 2007 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Sumiko Fuji 000000002008 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2008 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Kazuo Tokumitsu 000000002008 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2008 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Takeshi Kitano 000000002009 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2009 Only person to answer the final question incorrectly once , and later return and win the top prize . ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Hikari Ota 000000002009 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2009 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Mana Ashida 000000002013 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2013 Celebrity Kids Edition . Youngest top - prize winner ( at the time of recording ) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide . ( 8 years and 6 months old ) ¥ 1,000,000 Kto vozmyot million Saule Akhmetova 000000002002 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 2002 First woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge 5,000,000 Tenge Kto vozmyot million Irina Stalnaya 000000002003 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 2003 Second woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge 5,000,000 Tenge Kto vozmyot million Yevgeny Malischuk 000000002018 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 2018 Third winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format 10,000,000 Tenge Gribi būt miljonārs ? Elita Rumpe 000000002002 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 2002 First and last winner 10,000 Latvian Lats ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Lucía Sánchez 000000002010 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 2010 First winner on new format . 3,000,000 Mexican Pesos ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Rafael Lira 000000002012 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2012 Second and last winner of new format . 1,500,000 Mexican Pesos Lotto Weekend Miljonairs Hans Peters 000000002001 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 2001 First and also last winner . NLG 1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Chimuanya `` Aroma '' Ufodike 000000002009 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2009 First and also last winner . ₦ 10,000,000 Vil du bli millionær ? Anne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik 000000002003 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 2003 First winners in Norway . 2,000,000 Norwegian Krone Vil du bli millionær ? Bjørn Lien 000000002010 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2010 First winner in the Hot Seat format . And second last winner after 6.5 years . 1,000,000 Norwegian Krone Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Sharon Cuneta 000000002010 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2010 Celebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise . Won P1 , 000,000 ( 14th question ) during her first appearance on December 25 , 2001 . 2,000,000 Philippine Pesos Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Karl Jonathan Aguilar 000000002011 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2011 First non-celebrity winner 2,000,000 Philippine Pesos Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Eduardo Gaeilo Pajinag , Jr . 000000002013 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2013 First winner under Risk format outside Germany . 2,000,000 Philippine Pesos Milionerzy Krzysztof Wójcik 000000002010 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2010 First winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years . Also second winner of the 12 - question format 1,000,000 zł Milionerzy Maria Romanek 000000002018 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2018 Second winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12 - question format and also first female winner . 1,000,000 zł Quem quer ser milionário ? Renata Morgado 000000002000 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 2000 First female top - prize winner in the franchise . Also the first ever European and non-English - speaking Millionaire winner . 50,000,000 Portuguese escudos Quem quer ser milionário ? Ana Damásio 000000002000 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 2000 Second female top - prize winner in the franchise 50,000,000 Portuguese escudos Quem quer ser milionário ? José Fernandes 000000002001 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 2001 50,000,000 Portuguese escudos Quem quer ser milionário ? António Franco 000000002003 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2003 € 250,000 Quem quer ser milionário ? José Maria Souto de Moura 000000002014 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2014 First winner after 11 years and last winner . € 100,000 Vrei să fii miliardar ? Mihai Popa 000000002001 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2001 First winner 1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu Vrei să fii miliardar ? Tudor Hurezeanu 000000002002 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2002 Second and last winner 1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? Igor Sazeyev 000000002001 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2001 First winner in Russia 1,000,000 Rubles Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? Irina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih 000000002003 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2003 Couples version . 1,000,000 Rubles Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? Svetlana Yaroslavtseva 000000002006 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2006 First woman who won 3.000. 000 Rubles . Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question . 3,000,000 Rubles Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? Timur Budayev 000000002010 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2010 First man who won 3.000. 000 Rubles . Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question . 3,000,000 Rubles Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? Bari Alibasov and Alexander `` Danko '' Fadeev 000000002013 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2013 First celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format 3,000,000 Rubles Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? Yulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov 000000002017 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2017 Second celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format 3,000,000 Rubles Lepo je biti milijonar Peter Lazar 000000002001 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 2001 SIT 10,000,000 Lepo je biti milijonar Akim Kysselef 000000002002 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 2002 SIT 10,000,000 Lepo je biti milijonar Matjaž Tanko 000000002002 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2002 SIT 10,000,000 Lepo je biti milijonar Gorazd Škerbinek 000000002002 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 2002 SIT 10,000,000 Lepo je biti milijonar Aleš Jankovič 000000002003 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2003 Firefighters edition SIT 10,000,000 Lepo je biti milijonar Jaro Leskovsek May 16 , 2004 SIT 15,000,000 Lepo je biti milijonar Viktor Niko 000000002005 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 2005 SIT 15,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? David Paterson 000000002000 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 2000 South Africa 's only winner , also the first winner outside the USA . 1,000,000 Rand ¿ Quiere ser millonario ? 50 por 15 Enrique Chicote 000000002000 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 2000 Used the phone - a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question , letting her know that he 'd won , and first winner on Spanish version . ₧ 50,000,000 ¿ Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario ? Paco Reverte 000000002012 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2012 Fourth winner in the `` Hot Seat '' format . First winner in Spain in almost twelve years . € 100,000 Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi ( Sinhalese ) Apeksha Kumari 000000002013 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2013 First winner 2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi ( Sinhalese ) Moksha Madusanka 000000002017 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2 , 2017 Second and last winner after 4 years . 2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee Postkodmiljonären Per Hörberg 000000002006 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2006 First winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Torgny Segerstedt 000000002008 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2008 Second winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Olle Laurell 000000002009 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 2009 Third winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Jan Sundström 000000002010 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2010 Fourth winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Mattias Östermann 000000002012 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2012 Fitfh winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Lena Angviken 000000002012 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2012 Sixth winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Birgitta Hedström 000000002014 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2014 Seventh winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Alexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag 000000002014 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2014 Celebrity Special # 1 . And also Eighth winners . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Ylva Orrmell 000000002017 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2017 Ninth winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Marianne Hiller 000000002018 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2018 Tenth winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Khto khoche staty milyonerom ? -- Pershyi milyon Sergey Karabinsky 000000002003 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 2003 First winner of the Ukrainian version . 1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia Khto khoche staty milyonerom ? -- Pershyi milyon Svyatoslav Vakarchuk 000000002005 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2005 First celebrity contestant . Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine . Second winner after 1.5 years 1,000,000 Hryvnia Milyoner - Garyache Krislo Nadezhda Beldiy 000000002011 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 2011 Third top winner in the hot seat format . First and also last winner after 6 years . 1,000,000 Hryvnia Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Judith Keppel 000000002000 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2000 First female winner in the original UK version . £ 1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? David Edwards 000000002001 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2001 First male winner in the UK . £ 1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Robert Brydges 000000002001 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2001 First contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair . He had one lifeline at the Million pound question . £ 1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Pat Gibson 000000002004 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2004 Had two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question . £ 1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Ingram Wilcox 000000002006 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2006 Last winner in the original UK version . Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15 - question format in the UK , and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010 . £ 1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? John Carpenter 000000001999 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1999 First ever top - prize winner in the Millionaire franchise . He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question , when he called his father to tell him he would win the million . US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Dan Blonsky 000000002000 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2000 US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Joe Trela 000000002000 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2000 US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Bob House 000000002000 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2000 US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Kim Hunt 000000002000 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 2000 US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire David Goodman 000000002000 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2000 First Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline . He used all three on the last question , just to be sure to win a million . US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Kevin Olmstead 000000002001 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2001 Biggest winner on the U.S. version , with a $2.18 million jackpot . He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19 , 2013 . Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far . US $2,180,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Bernie Cullen 000000002001 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2001 Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question . US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Ed Toutant 000000002001 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 2001 Originally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000 . It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for . US $1,860,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Kevin Smith 000000002003 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2003 First male winner of the syndicated series . US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Nancy Christy 000000002003 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2003 First and so far only female top - prize winner in the United States . US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Sam Murray 000000002009 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2009 Murray did not go all the way to a million the first time , winning $50,000 ; then returned to win the question in the `` Million Dollar Tournament of Ten . '' He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning . First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise . US $1,000,000 ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Giovanni Grosso 000000002002 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2002 First ever top - prize winner in South America . 100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Antonio Ríos 000000002002 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2002 100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Eugenio Vargas 000000002004 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 2004 100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Zulay Marcano 000000002006 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2006 200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Luis Olavarrieta 000000002008 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2008 Celebrity edition 200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? María Alejandra Requena 000000002008 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2008 Celebrity edition 200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Hildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina 000000002009 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24 , 2009 Celebrity edition weekend trip to Margarita ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Carlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona 000000002009 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24 , 2009 Celebrity edition weekend trip to Margarita ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Diana Campos Unknown 80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Eduardo Jiménez Unknown 80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Julio Arévaloz Unknown 80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng Unknown Player 000000002011 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2011 Second top winner in the hot seat format . ₫ 120,000,000 Stripped winnings Some players had answered the top prize question correctly , but did not actually win the prize because of ineligibility , legal issues , or elimination from a contest . Edition Name of player Date Notes Koi iska da stane bogat Asen Kisimov 000000002002 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2002 His daughter , Iskra Angelova , worked for Nova TV , which airs the show , a violation of the eligibility requirements , and was forced to return the prize money . Employees of the local broadcaster , production company or distributor , sponsors , and Sony ( which owns the franchise ) are not eligible to participate in the show . As Angelov is the only Bulgarian to answer the final question correctly , no one in this version actually won the top prize . เกม เศรษฐี Lertlak Panchanawaporn 000000002002 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2002 A computer error led the player to being fed all the right answers . The cable feeding the player the answers on the computer screen was supposed to be hooked up to the presenter 's computer . The player had noticed that the right answers were constantly highlighted on her computer screen and won the million this way . The show 's producers took the million away from the player , but she was allowed to play again , but won only 25,000 baht ( answered five questions ) . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Charles Ingram 000000002003 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2003 He was accused of cheating by using different coughing patterns from fellow contestant Tecwen Whittock while playing the game . He was found guilty of fraud in the 2001 scandal and was stripped of his winnings . The episode was originally scheduled to air September 18 , 2001 but did not actually air until April 21 , 2003 . Was part of the final original episode . References Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120320035328/http://nas.mbc.net/forum/showthread.php?t=583681 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110723203447/http://nas.mbc.net/forum/showthread.php?t=583681 Jump up ^ الفائز بالمليون الثالث يفكر في الزواج ... أكثر من مرة , أولــــــى 2 ( in Arabic ) . Jump up ^ http://www.rasheed-b.com/2007/08/20/video-who-wants-to-be-a-millionaire-first-winner-of-2-million-sar/ Jump up ^ `` في حلقة مخصصة للجدات والأجداد من برنامج من سيربح المليون ... محمد حمزة يعود إلى حلب وفي حوزته شيك بمليون ريال سعودي '' ( in Arabic ) . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Second Aussie ' Millionaire ' winner emerges '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 15 November 2005 . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` South Australian war veteran will donate part of $1 million ' Millionaire Hot Seat ' win to charity '' . Nine News . 30 August 2016 . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . 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'' Jump up ^ http://www.spiegel.de/quiztool/quiztool-44230.html Jump up ^ https://www.bluewin.ch/de/entertainment/tv/artikel-redaktion1/2014/10/wer-wird-millionaer-tot-erste-millionaerin-arm-gestorben-guenther-jauch-rtl.html Jump up ^ http://www.spiegel.de/quiztool/quiztool-44238.html Jump up ^ http://www.wa.de/hamm/zehn-jahren-gewann-maria-elisabeth-wienstroeer-eine-millionen-euro-wird-millionaer-3443309.html Jump up ^ http://www.t-online.de/unterhaltung/tv/id_71410150/-wer-wird-millionaer-guenther-jauchs-kult-quiz-feiert-15-jaehriges-jubilaeum.html Jump up ^ http://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/gallery.kuriose-kandidaten-zum-1000-mal-wer-wird-millionaer-param~11~10~0~13~false.cf69fcf4-e155-465d-aeb7-a57786a26f71.html Jump up ^ http://www.rp-online.de/panorama/fernsehen/promis-bei-jauch-verlierer-und-gewinner-bid-1.569987 Jump up ^ http://www.horizont.net/medien/nachrichten/-Thomas-Gottschalk-gewinnt-1-Million-Euro-bei-Wer-wird-Millionaer-80470 Jump up ^ `` Interview mit Jauch - Millionär Ralf Schnoor '' Die Leute sollen mit anständig Kohle heimgehen `` '' . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/leute/wer-wird-millionaer-schoeneberger-raeumt-die-million-ab-a-765803.html Jump up ^ `` Poker pro wins German version of Who Wants to be a Millionaire '' . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gastronom aus Hannover ist der neunte Millionen - Gewinner '' . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wer wird Millionär ? 2 . Jackpot - Special '' ( in German ) . Jump up ^ Wer wird Millionär ? ( 07.12. 2015 ) ^ Jump up to : Θέμα : Στέλιος Στεργίου : Πήρε τα 150.000 ευρώ του `` Εκατομμυριούχου '' Jump up ^ http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/2001-07-17/50204.html Jump up ^ Video on Youku ( in Chinese ) Jump up ^ http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/2001-08-21/54513.html Jump up ^ 台港澳新闻 - 港人陈汉翔成首名 `` 百万富翁 '' ( in Chinese ) . Jump up ^ 「百萬富翁」抬錢減樓債 ( in Chinese ) . Jump up ^ https://www.bilibili.com/video/av18778041/?p=1 Jump up ^ `` Főnyeremény volt a negyvenmilliós kérdés az RTL - nek '' ( in Hungarian ) . Jump up ^ http://www.ma.hu/tart/rcikk/f/0/143624/1 Jump up ^ https://www.mbl.is/greinasafn/grein/659212/ Jump up ^ https://www.mbl.is/myndasafn/mynd/94288/ Jump up ^ `` Hreppti 5 milljónir í Viltu vinna milljón ? '' ( in Icelandic ) . Jump up ^ `` Gljátína og kátína hjá Hannesi og Jóni Steinari '' ( in Icelandic ) . 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Jump up ^ `` 15 Questions , 10 Million Naira ! Chimuanya ' Aroma ' Ufodike slays ' Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ' '' . Jump up ^ `` TV2 - millionærer holdt tett i 17 uker '' ( in Norwegian ) . Jump up ^ `` Her vinner Bjørn 1 million ! '' ( in Norwegian ) . Jump up ^ `` Sharon Cuneta wins P2 - M in ' Millionaire ' game show '' . Jump up ^ `` TV5 shows topped Sunday primetime , based on Nielsen Media Research data '' . Philippine Entertainment Portal . September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://philnews.ph/2013/10/22/eduardo-pajinag-jr-winner-of-who-wants-to-be-a-millionaire-2013/ Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20160821050210/http://deser.gazeta.pl/deser/1,97052,7709861,Milionerzy__pierwszy_MILION_wygral_27_letni_Krzysztof.html Jump up ^ http://plejada.pl/newsy/milionerzy-maria-romanek-wygrala-milion-kim-jest-pytanie-o-milion/bxdd1j Jump up ^ António Franco não gosta de arriscar . Mas foi até ao fim Jump up ^ Vencedor do `` Quem Quer Ser Milionário ? '' causa polémica Jump up ^ http://www.movenoticias.com/2014/02/vencedor-do-quem-quer-ser-milionario-causa-polemica/ Jump up ^ http://www.cmjornal.pt/mais-cm/domingo/detalhe/ele-ganhou-100-mil-euros-no-quem-quer-ser-milionario Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20020215000750/http://www.primatv.ro/shows/?id=13 Jump up ^ http://www.libertatea.ro/detalii/articol/al-doilea-miliardar-la-prima-16188.html Jump up ^ Игорь Сазеев выиграл миллион , чтобы найти сына ! ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Миллионеры - победители игры `` Кто хочет стать миллионером '' ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Photo gallery Jump up ^ < http://www.trud.ru/article/18-04-2010/240383_timur_budaev_o_tom_chto_stal_millionerom_nikomu_ne_skazal.html Jump up ^ http://izvestia.ru/news/361246 Jump up ^ http://www.vokrug.tv/article/show/bari_alibasov_i_danko_natselilis_na_3_milliona_40381/ Jump up ^ http://www.na-nax.com/alibasov/75-2010-06-02-17-36-51/2309-2013-11-14-07-16-16.html Jump up ^ http://www.topnews.ru/news_id_111471.html Jump up ^ https://www.cosmo.ru/stars/news/03-12-2017/yulianna-karaulova-i-timur-solovev-vyigrali-3-milliona-rubley-na-shou/ Jump up ^ https://www.vokrug.tv/article/show/vedushchie_shou_russkii_nindzya_yulianna_karaulova_i_timur_solovev_vyigrali_tri_milliona_rublei_v_programme_kto_hochet_stat_millionerom_63571/ Jump up ^ `` V petek smo dobili novega desetmilijonarja '' ( in Slovenian ) . Jump up ^ https://www.dnevnik.si/46072 Jump up ^ Podelili smo novih deset milijonov Jump up ^ https://www.dnevnik.si/46072 Jump up ^ Nedeljski `` milijonar '' letos najbolj gledana oddaja na POP tv Jump up ^ `` Jonas drugič kot milijonar '' ( in Slovenian ) . Jump up ^ PE brainbox becomes TV millionaire Jump up ^ Rodríguez , Mercedes . `` ' Gran slam ' reunirá a los mejores concursantes de espacios televisivos '' ( in Spanish ) . El Norte de Castilla . Retrieved 25 December 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.20minutos.tv/video/gikAGO67-el-millonario-da-su-premio-de-100000-e Jump up ^ http://lankanstuff.blogspot.co.il/2013/02/apeksha-kumari-gets-2-million-from.html Jump up ^ https://vk.com/video-97638035_456240470 Jump up ^ Per Hörberg klarade slutfrågan -- och vann en miljon Jump up ^ Före detta Piteåbo blev TV - miljonär Jump up ^ http://news.cision.com/se/svenska-postkodlotteriet/i/miljonaren,c62125 Jump up ^ Gävleson blev miljonär i tv - frågelek Jump up ^ Mattias Österman jublar efter miljonvinsten Jump up ^ http://www.expressen.se/nyheter/bibliotekarien-lena-62-svarade-till-sig-1-miljon/ Jump up ^ http://www.st.nu/medelpad/sundsvall/15-fragor-gjorde-henne-till-miljonar Jump up ^ http://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/tv/article18708653.ab Jump up ^ http://kvinnatillkvinna.se/blog/2014/11/14/en-miljon-till-kvinnors-rattigheter/ Jump up ^ http://www.expressen.se/noje/ylva-61-vinner-miljonen-i-postkodmiljonaren/ Jump up ^ http://www.na.se/orebro-lan/orebro/marianne-fran-orebro-gick-hela-vagen-i-postkodmiljonaren Jump up ^ Первый украинский телемиллионер Сергей Карабинский : `` после победы мне ломанулись девушки из зала со словами : `` дайте подержаться за миллионера '' Jump up ^ Святослав Вакарчук : `` я никогда не верил , что можно выиграть миллион ! '' Jump up ^ http://www.kreschatic.kiev.ua/ua/2611/art/23536.html Jump up ^ В Украине стало на одного миллионера больше Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1032776.stm Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1289519.stm Jump up ^ `` Coughs ' aided Millionaire win ' '' . Cable News Network LP. 5 March 2003 . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/life/516604/Pat-Gibson-TV-quiz-king Jump up ^ https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/exclusive-millionaire-mastermind-641527 ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire Makeovers ! '' . People . Time Inc . November 13 , 2000 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Double jackpot winner on US Millionaire '' . BBC News . 2001 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( April 16 , 2001 ) . `` Improbably , Millionaire Strikes Again '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Million Dollar Game Show Winners : What Happens After the Money Comes In '' . Daily Finance . September 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Braxton , Greg ( 19 February 2003 ) . `` His final answer : not me '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` WHO WANTS TO BE A MILLIONAIRE ' PULLS OUT ALL THE STOPS FOR NOVEMBER SWEEPS '' . Buena Vista Television . 2004 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091126043733/http://buzzerblog.flashgameshows.com/sam-murray-wins-1000000-on-millionaire-tournament-of-ten ^ Jump up to : `` El público sigue llamando a `` ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? '' '' ( in Spanish ) . eluniversal.com. 2007 . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.quepasa.com.ve/cultura-y-farandula/roque-penalver-a-punto-de-ser-el-quinto-gran-millonario/ Jump up ^ http://talentovenezolano.blogspot.co.il/2006/04/zulay-marcano-millonaria-en.html Jump up ^ https://vk.com/videos-97638035?q=2016&z=video-97638035_456241432%2Fclub97638035 Jump up ^ https://vk.com/videos-97638035?q=2016&z=video-97638035_456241432%2Fclub97638035 Jump up ^ https://vk.com/videos-97638035?q=2016&z=video-97638035_456241432%2Fclub97638035 Jump up ^ vi : Ai là triệu phú # Kỉ lục của chương trình Jump up ^ `` 100 - те хиляди на Асен Ангелов ще бъдат дарени '' ( in Bulgarian ) . Jump up ^ Dear Valued Customer : You Are a Loser ... And Over 100 Other Embarrassing and Funny Stories of Technology Gone Mad , Rick Broadhead Jump up ^ BBC.co.uk Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? National variants and hosts Top prize winners Play It ! 50 -- 50 Slumdog Millionaire Millionaire Hot Seat Quiz ( play ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F_top_prize_winners&oldid=841062277 '' Categories : Lists of award winners Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 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About Wikipedia	1 million dollar winner on who wants to be a millionaire	[ "\n\nEdition\nWinner\nBroadcast date\nNotes\nTop prize\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Khaled al Mulla[1]\n000000002001-11-21-0000November 21, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Tanirah[2]\n000000002002-03-15-0000March 15, 2002\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali[3]\n000000002003-01-02-0000January 2, 2003\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon\n Kenaan Matar[4]\n000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007\n\n2,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh[5]\n000000002010-03-23-0000March 23, 2010\nFirst SR1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12-question format.\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRob \"Coach\" Fulton[6]\n000000002005-10-17-0000October 17, 2005\nFirst winner in Australia after six and a half years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nMartin Flood[6]\n000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005\nAllegations of cheating marred his top prize win, but he was cleared. Also the last winner of the original Australian version.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Millionaire Hot Seat\nEdwin Daly[7]\n000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016\nFifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format. First Australian winner after almost 11 years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAnton Sutterlüty[8]\n000000002001-02-19-0000February 19, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Austrian Schillings\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nChristiane de Piero[9]\n000000002002-11-11-0000November 11, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSigrid Weiß-Lutz[10]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMonica Weinzettl[11][12]\n000000002003-10-18-0000October 18, 2003\nPromi-Ausgabe #7. Donated the prize to St. Stephen's Cathedral\n€50,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKarin Huber[13]\n000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nElfriede (\"El\") Awadalla[14]\n000000002005-03-14-0000March 14, 2005\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nHeide Gondek[15]\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPhilip Aschner[16]\n000000002007-10-20-0000October 20, 2007\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMarion Eidenhammer[17]\n000000002008-06-28-0000June 28, 2008\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStefan Schwaiger[18]\n000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann[19]\n000000002011-10-24-0000October 24, 2011\nPromi-Ausgabe #23.\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nThomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger[20]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #27. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndrea Spatzek[21]\n000000002012-11-26-0000November 26, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #28. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSonya Kraus[22]\n000000002013-05-13-0000May 13, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #30. Prize donated to Life Ball\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPeter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler[23]\n000000002013-10-21-0000October 21, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #31. Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStephan Eberharter[24]\n000000002013-12-02-0000December 2, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #32. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMathias Stockinger[25]\n000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013\nFirst non-celebrity winner after 7 years\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKristina Sprenger[26]\n000000002014-02-10-0000February 10, 2014\nPromi-Ausgabe #33. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAngelika Kirchschlager[27]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nJulia Cencig[28]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nDietrich Siegl[29]\n000000002015-11-23-0000November 23, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #40. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Qui sera millionnaire? (French Version)\nKatia Savignano[30][31]\n000000002001-06-04-0000June 4, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Dutch Version)\nIngrid Vervaeck[32]\n000000002000-10-10-0000October 10, 2000\n\n20,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGonzalo Miranda[33][34]\n000000002002-09-09-0000September 9, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\n100,000,000 Chilean Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJuan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez[35][36][37]\n000000002002-10-28-0000October 28, 2002\nFirst child winner on Colombian Millionaire\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEnrique Carlos Castillo[38]\n000000002006-10-30-0000October 30, 2006\n\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDavid Huertas[39]\n000000002011-10-29-0000October 29, 2011\n\n300,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nWilly Pérez[40][41]\n000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010\nWinner of special 2010 World Cup edition. First and also last winner.\n25,000,000 colón\n\n\n Tko želi biti milijunaš?\nMira Bićanić[42][43]\n000000002003-06-14-0000June 14, 2003\nFirst and also last winner.\n1,000,000 kuna\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Brøndum Laursen[44]\n000000002001-10-08-0000October 8, 2001\nFirst winner in the Danish version\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[45]\n000000002002-09-16-0000September 16, 2002\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSigne Svendsen and Søren Sko[46]\n000000002004-01-01-0000January 1, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to AIDS Foundation\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand[47]\n000000002005-03-21-0000March 21, 2005\nWinners in Special edition \"Me and my best\"\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nClaus Højbak and Bertel Haarder[48]\n000000002005-10-03-0000October 3, 2005\nDonated half the prize to a school organization\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nPeter Kierkegaard, Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes[49][50]\n000000002007-10-15-0000October 15, 2007\nJunior edition #1\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJulie, Ulrik and Sia[51]\n000000002007-11-24-0000November 24, 2007\nJunior edition #2\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJoachim, Lukkas and Daniel[52]\n000000002008-03-15-0000March 15, 2008\nJunior edition #3\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSimon Ron Dalsgaard, Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen[53]\n000000002008-05-09-0000May 9, 2008\nJunior edition #4\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik[54]\n000000002010-10-11-0000October 11, 2010\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen[55][56]\n000000002012-03-12-0000March 12, 2012\n\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nCharlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer[57]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society\n2,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nBjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær[58]\n000000002013-04-19-0000April 19, 2013\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMorten Resen and Ellen Nybo[59]\n000000002013-09-30-0000September 30, 2013\nWinners in 25th channel anniversary.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[60]\n000000002013-10-28-0000October 28, 2013\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA, and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nDaniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad[61]\n000000002015-03-03-0000March 3, 2015\nWinners in Dating edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed[62]\n000000002016-03-06-0000March 6, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nTommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup[63]\n000000002016-05-08-0000May 8, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaria Fernanda Compte[64]\n000000002002-11-24-0000November 24, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\nUS$25,000\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nFrédéric Grégoire[65]\n000000002000-09-30-0000September 30, 2000\nFirst winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nLouis[66]\n000000002000-11-04-0000November 4, 2000\nSecond winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nMarie Friedel[67]\n000000002004-08-27-0000August 27, 2004\nThird and last winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\nManana Maisuradze[68]\n000000002002-01-01-00002002\n\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\n Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova[69]\n000000002011-02-22-0000February 22, 2011\nFirst celebrity winners. Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles.\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nEckhard Freise[70]\n000000002000-12-02-0000December 2, 2000\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nMarlene Grabherr[71]\n000000002001-05-20-0000May 20, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nGerhard Krammer[72]\n000000002002-10-18-0000October 18, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nDr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer[73]\n000000002004-03-29-0000March 29, 2004\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nStefan Lang[74]\n000000002006-10-09-0000October 9, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nTimur Hahn[75]\n000000002007-01-08-0000January 8, 2007\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nOliver Pocher[76]\n000000002008-05-30-0000May 30, 2008\nPromi-Special #16\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThomas Gottschalk[77]\n000000002008-11-20-0000November 20, 2008\nPromi-Special #17\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nRalf Schnoor[78]\n000000002010-11-26-0000November 26, 2010\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nBarbara Schöneberger[79]\n000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011\nPromi-Special #22\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nSebastian Langrock[80]\n000000002013-03-11-0000March 11, 2013\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThorsten Fischer[81]\n000000002014-10-17-0000October 17, 2014\n15-year anniversary special episode\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nNadja Sidikjar[82]\n000000002015-11-13-0000November 13, 2015\nFirst winner of Jackpot-Special #2\n€1,538,450\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nLeon Windscheid[83]\n000000002015-12-07-0000December 7, 2015\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nGiorgios Georgopoulos[84]\n000000002001-10-02-0000October 2, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₯ 50,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nStelios Stergiou[84]\n000000002003-11-21-0000November 21, 2003\nSecond and last winner.\n€150,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nJames Wong and Petrina Fung[85]\n000000002001-07-15-0000July 15, 2001\nCelebrity charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nStephen Chow and Erica Li[86][87]\n000000002001-08-20-0000August 20, 2001\nShaolin Soccer charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nChris Chan Hon-Cheung [88]\n000000002001-11-02-0000November 2, 2001\nFirst of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nCheng Tak-Cheung[89]\n000000002003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003\nMillion dollar tournament.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung (Pilot Episode)\nRay Fong[90]\n000000002018-01-01-0000January 2018\nProducer of the Hong Kong Millionaire. He was given all the correct answers before the show.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Legyen Ön is milliomos!\nGábor Cserey[91][92]\n000000002006-03-20-0000March 20, 2006\nFirst and last winner\n40,000,000 Ft\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nSveinn Valgeirsson[93][94]\n000000002002-03-24-0000March 24, 2002\nFirst Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nPaolo Turchi[95]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nSecond Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nJón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson[96]\n000000002004-04-11-0000April 11, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association \"SKB\"\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nHarshvardhan Navathe[97][98][99][100]\n000000002000-09-18-0000September 18, 2000\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nVijay Raul and Arundhati[101]\n000000002001-05-02-0000May 2, 2001\nWinner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nRavi Mohan Saini[102][103][104]\n000000002001-07-08-0000July 8, 2001\nWinner of KBC Junior\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSushil Kumar[105]\n000000002011-11-02-0000November 2, 2011\nFirst winner of the 13-question format. And fourth winner after 10 years.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSanmjeet Kaur Sahani[106]\n000000002013-01-12-0000January 12, 2013\nSecond and last winner of the 13-question format.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nAchin and Sarthak Narula[107][108]\n000000002014-10-09-0000October 9, 2014\nHighest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date. First winners of the 14-question format and last winners of 14-question format.\n70,000,000 Rs. (7 crore)\n\n\n Kannadada Kotyadhipati\nHussain Basha[109]\n000000002013-04-29-0000April 29, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran\nSanooja Rajan[110][111]\n000000002013-05-01-0000May 1, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati\nMahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav[112]\n000000002014-03-17-0000March 17, 2014\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti\nAamir Khan and Kiran Rao[113]\n000000002011-07-08-0000July 8, 2011\nCelebrity edition\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Bani Crorepati\nRajesh Singh[114]\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner?\nIzhar Nevo[115][116]\n000000002000-08-07-0000August 7, 2000\nOnly winner of the Israeli version. First winner from a country located in the Middle East.\n1,000,000 ₪\n\n\n Chi vuol essere miliardario?\nFrancesca Cinelli[117]\n000000002001-03-18-0000March 18, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₤ 1,000,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nDavide Pavesi[118]\n000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004\nSecond winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nMichela De Paoli[119][120][121]\n000000002011-01-27-0000January 27, 2011\nThird and last winner. She used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million euro.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuyuki Kunimitsu[122]\n000000002000-07-27-0000July 27, 2000\nFirst ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYoshiaki Nagata[citation needed]\n000000002000-08-10-0000August 10, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaoko Imao[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-02-0000November 2, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHiroshi Hase[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-23-0000November 23, 2000\nMember of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuyuki Nose[123]\n000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Kobayashi[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKatsuhiro Minamigawa[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHitomi Sakamoto[citation needed]\n000000002001-12-13-0000December 13, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nAkishi Kikuchi[citation needed]\n000000002002-06-27-0000June 27, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMichiko Eguchi[124]\n000000002002-08-01-0000August 1, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaomi Osada[citation needed]\n000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShoko Mishima[125]\n000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSayu Tanabashi[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNatsumi Kataoka[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDaichi Suzuki[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-18-0000September 18, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTsuyoshi Shinjo[126]\n000000002004-01-02-0000January 2, 2004\nProfessional baseball player\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJo Kihara[citation needed]\n000000002004-08-26-0000August 26, 2004\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakafumi Horie[127]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\nFormer CEO of Livedoor\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuko Hosoki[citation needed]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasaaki Sakai[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuo Tanaka[128]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\nAuthor and governor of Nagano Prefecture\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKikuchi Tomohisa[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-28-0000April 28, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasahiko Hamada[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\nPair players (mother and daughter)\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Koizumi[citation needed]\n000000002006-01-02-0000January 2, 2006\nJapanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYūko Asano[citation needed]\n000000002006-03-23-0000March 23, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJunko Nozoe[citation needed]\n000000002006-06-29-0000June 29, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKeiko Ohi[citation needed]\n000000002006-07-27-0000July 27, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDai Tamesue[citation needed]\n000000002006-09-14-0000September 14, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nBandō Mitsugorō X[citation needed]\n000000002006-10-05-0000October 5, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDewi Sukarno[129]\n000000002006-10-26-0000October 26, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMisako Konno[citation needed]\n000000002007-02-15-0000February 15, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShōsuke Tanihara[citation needed]\n000000002007-07-05-0000July 5, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSumiko Fuji[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuo Tokumitsu[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakeshi Kitano[130]\n000000002009-01-30-0000January 30, 2009\nOnly person to answer the final question incorrectly once, and later return and win the top prize.\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHikari Ota[131]\n000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMana Ashida[132]\n000000002013-01-02-0000January 2, 2013\nCelebrity Kids Edition. Youngest top-prize winner (at the time of recording) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide. (8 years and 6 months old)\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nSaule Akhmetova[133][134]\n000000002002-04-18-0000April 18, 2002\nFirst woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nIrina Stalnaya[135]\n000000002003-07-24-0000July 24, 2003\nSecond woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nYevgeny Malischuk[136][137][138]\n000000002018-03-24-0000March 24, 2018\nThird winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format\n10,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Gribi būt miljonārs?\nElita Rumpe[139][140]\n000000002002-12-18-0000December 18, 2002\nFirst and last winner\n10,000 Latvian Lats\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLucía Sánchez[141][142]\n000000002010-04-22-0000April 22, 2010\nFirst winner on new format.\n3,000,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nRafael Lira[citation needed]\n000000002012-04-21-0000April 21, 2012\nSecond and last winner of new format.\n1,500,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n Lotto Weekend Miljonairs\nHans Peters[143]\n000000002001-01-06-0000January 6, 2001\nFirst and also last winner.\nNLG 1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nChimuanya \"Aroma\" Ufodike[144]\n000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009\nFirst and also last winner.\n₦10,000,000\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nAnne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik[145]\n000000002003-03-10-0000March 10, 2003\nFirst winners in Norway.\n2,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nBjørn Lien[146]\n000000002010-01-19-0000January 19, 2010\nFirst winner in the Hot Seat format. And second last winner after 6.5 years.\n1,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nSharon Cuneta[147]\n000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010\nCelebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise. Won P1,000,000 (14th question) during her first appearance on December 25, 2001.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nKarl Jonathan Aguilar[148]\n000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011\nFirst non-celebrity winner\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nEduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr.[149]\n000000002013-10-20-0000October 20, 2013\nFirst winner under Risk format outside Germany.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Milionerzy\nKrzysztof Wójcik[150]\n000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010\nFirst winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years. Also second winner of the 12-question format\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Milionerzy\nMaria Romanek[151]\n000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018\nSecond winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12-question format and also first female winner.\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nRenata Morgado[citation needed]\n000000002000-05-01-0000May 2000\nFirst female top-prize winner in the franchise. Also the first ever European and non-English-speaking Millionaire winner.\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAna Damásio[citation needed]\n000000002000-09-01-0000September 2000\nSecond female top-prize winner in the franchise\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Fernandes[citation needed]\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 2001\n\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAntónio Franco[152]\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n\n€250,000\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Maria Souto de Moura[153][154][155]\n000000002014-02-07-0000February 7, 2014\nFirst winner after 11 years and last winner.\n€100,000\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nMihai Popa[156]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nFirst winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nTudor Hurezeanu[157]\n000000002002-04-08-0000April 8, 2002\nSecond and last winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIgor Sazeyev[158]\n000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001\nFirst winner in Russia\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIrina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih[159]\n000000002003-01-18-0000January 18, 2003\nCouples version.\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nSvetlana Yaroslavtseva[160]\n000000002006-02-19-0000February 19, 2006\nFirst woman who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nTimur Budayev[161][162]\n000000002010-04-17-0000April 17, 2010\nFirst man who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nBari Alibasov and Alexander \"Danko\" Fadeev[163][164]\n000000002013-11-23-0000November 23, 2013\nFirst celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nYulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov[165][166][167]\n000000002017-12-02-0000December 2, 2017\nSecond celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nPeter Lazar[168]\n000000002001-10-01-0000October 2001\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAkim Kysselef[169]\n000000002002-04-01-0000April 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nMatjaž Tanko[170]\n000000002002-03-29-0000March 29, 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nGorazd Škerbinek[171]\n000000002002-11-01-0000November 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAleš Jankovič[172]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nFirefighters edition\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nJaro Leskovsek[173]\nMay 16, 2004\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nViktor Niko[citation needed]\n000000002005-07-01-0000July 2005\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Paterson[174]\n000000002000-03-19-0000March 19, 2000\nSouth Africa's only winner, also the first winner outside the USA.\n1,000,000 Rand\n\n\n ¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15\nEnrique Chicote[175]\n000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000\nUsed the phone-a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question, letting her know that he'd won, and first winner on Spanish version.\n₧ 50,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario?\nPaco Reverte[176]\n000000002012-03-15-0000March 15, 2012\nFourth winner in the \"Hot Seat\" format. First winner in Spain in almost twelve years.\n€100,000\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nApeksha Kumari[177]\n000000002013-02-22-0000February 22, 2013\nFirst winner\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nMoksha Madusanka[178]\n000000002017-07-02-0000July 2, 2017\nSecond and last winner after 4 years.\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nPer Hörberg[179]\n000000002006-02-17-0000February 17, 2006\nFirst winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nTorgny Segerstedt[180]\n000000002008-03-01-0000March 1, 2008\nSecond winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nOlle Laurell[181]\n000000002009-12-04-0000December 4, 2009\nThird winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nJan Sundström[182]\n000000002010-12-17-0000December 17, 2010\nFourth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMattias Östermann[183]\n000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012\nFitfh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nLena Angviken[184]\n000000002012-09-29-0000September 29, 2012\nSixth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nBirgitta Hedström[185][186]\n000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014\nSeventh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nAlexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag[187]\n000000002014-11-15-0000November 15, 2014\nCelebrity Special #1. And also Eighth winners.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nYlva Orrmell[188]\n000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017\nNinth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMarianne Hiller[189]\n000000002018-03-02-0000March 2, 2018\nTenth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSergey Karabinsky[190]\n000000002003-06-06-0000June 6, 2003\nFirst winner of the Ukrainian version.\n1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSvyatoslav Vakarchuk[191][192]\n000000002005-01-22-0000January 22, 2005\nFirst celebrity contestant. Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine. Second winner after 1.5 years\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Milyoner - Garyache Krislo\nNadezhda Beldiy[193]\n000000002011-08-06-0000August 6, 2011\nThird top winner in the hot seat format. First and also last winner after 6 years.\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJudith Keppel[194]\n000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000\nFirst female winner in the original UK version.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Edwards[195]\n000000002001-04-21-0000April 21, 2001\nFirst male winner in the UK.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRobert Brydges[196]\n000000002001-09-29-0000September 29, 2001\nFirst contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair. He had one lifeline at the Million pound question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n Pat Gibson[197]\n000000002004-04-24-0000April 24, 2004\nHad two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nIngram Wilcox[198]\n000000002006-09-23-0000September 23, 2006\nLast winner in the original UK version. Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15-question format in the UK, and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJohn Carpenter[199]\n000000001999-11-19-0000November 19, 1999\nFirst ever top-prize winner in the Millionaire franchise. He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question, when he called his father to tell him he would win the million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDan Blonsky[199]\n000000002000-01-18-0000January 18, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nJoe Trela[199]\n000000002000-03-23-0000March 23, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBob House[199]\n000000002000-06-13-0000June 13, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKim Hunt[199]\n000000002000-07-06-0000July 6, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDavid Goodman[199]\n000000002000-07-11-0000July 11, 2000\nFirst Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline. He used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Olmstead[200]\n000000002001-04-10-0000April 10, 2001\nBiggest winner on the U.S. version, with a $2.18 million jackpot. He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19, 2013. Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far.\nUS$2,180,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBernie Cullen[201]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nHad two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nEd Toutant[202]\n000000002001-09-07-0000September 7, 2001\nOriginally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000. It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for.\nUS$1,860,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Smith[203]\n000000002003-02-18-0000February 18, 2003\nFirst male winner of the syndicated series.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nNancy Christy[204]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\nFirst and so far only female top-prize winner in the United States.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nSam Murray[205]\n000000002009-11-20-0000November 20, 2009\nMurray did not go all the way to a million the first time, winning $50,000; then returned to win the question in the \"Million Dollar Tournament of Ten.\" He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning. First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGiovanni Grosso[206]\n000000002002-03-20-0000March 20, 2002\nFirst ever top-prize winner in South America.\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nAntonio Ríos[207]\n000000002002-05-22-0000May 22, 2002\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEugenio Vargas[206]\n000000002004-12-22-0000December 22, 2004\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nZulay Marcano[208]\n000000002006-03-29-0000March 29, 2006\n\n200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLuis Olavarrieta[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaría Alejandra Requena[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nHildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nCarlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDiana Campos[209]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEduardo Jiménez[210]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJulio Arévaloz[211]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng\nUnknown Player[212][better source needed]\n000000002011-05-24-0000May 24, 2011\nSecond top winner in the hot seat format.\n₫120,000,000\n\n", "\n\nEdition\nWinner\nBroadcast date\nNotes\nTop prize\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Khaled al Mulla[1]\n000000002001-11-21-0000November 21, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Tanirah[2]\n000000002002-03-15-0000March 15, 2002\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali[3]\n000000002003-01-02-0000January 2, 2003\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon\n Kenaan Matar[4]\n000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007\n\n2,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh[5]\n000000002010-03-23-0000March 23, 2010\nFirst SR1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12-question format.\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRob \"Coach\" Fulton[6]\n000000002005-10-17-0000October 17, 2005\nFirst winner in Australia after six and a half years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nMartin Flood[6]\n000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005\nAllegations of cheating marred his top prize win, but he was cleared. Also the last winner of the original Australian version.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Millionaire Hot Seat\nEdwin Daly[7]\n000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016\nFifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format. First Australian winner after almost 11 years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAnton Sutterlüty[8]\n000000002001-02-19-0000February 19, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Austrian Schillings\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nChristiane de Piero[9]\n000000002002-11-11-0000November 11, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSigrid Weiß-Lutz[10]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMonica Weinzettl[11][12]\n000000002003-10-18-0000October 18, 2003\nPromi-Ausgabe #7. Donated the prize to St. Stephen's Cathedral\n€50,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKarin Huber[13]\n000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nElfriede (\"El\") Awadalla[14]\n000000002005-03-14-0000March 14, 2005\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nHeide Gondek[15]\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPhilip Aschner[16]\n000000002007-10-20-0000October 20, 2007\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMarion Eidenhammer[17]\n000000002008-06-28-0000June 28, 2008\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStefan Schwaiger[18]\n000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann[19]\n000000002011-10-24-0000October 24, 2011\nPromi-Ausgabe #23.\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nThomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger[20]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #27. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndrea Spatzek[21]\n000000002012-11-26-0000November 26, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #28. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSonya Kraus[22]\n000000002013-05-13-0000May 13, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #30. Prize donated to Life Ball\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPeter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler[23]\n000000002013-10-21-0000October 21, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #31. Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStephan Eberharter[24]\n000000002013-12-02-0000December 2, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #32. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMathias Stockinger[25]\n000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013\nFirst non-celebrity winner after 7 years\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKristina Sprenger[26]\n000000002014-02-10-0000February 10, 2014\nPromi-Ausgabe #33. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAngelika Kirchschlager[27]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nJulia Cencig[28]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nDietrich Siegl[29]\n000000002015-11-23-0000November 23, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #40. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Qui sera millionnaire? (French Version)\nKatia Savignano[30][31]\n000000002001-06-04-0000June 4, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Dutch Version)\nIngrid Vervaeck[32]\n000000002000-10-10-0000October 10, 2000\n\n20,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGonzalo Miranda[33][34]\n000000002002-09-09-0000September 9, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\n100,000,000 Chilean Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJuan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez[35][36][37]\n000000002002-10-28-0000October 28, 2002\nFirst child winner on Colombian Millionaire\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEnrique Carlos Castillo[38]\n000000002006-10-30-0000October 30, 2006\n\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDavid Huertas[39]\n000000002011-10-29-0000October 29, 2011\n\n300,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nWilly Pérez[40][41]\n000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010\nWinner of special 2010 World Cup edition. First and also last winner.\n25,000,000 colón\n\n\n Tko želi biti milijunaš?\nMira Bićanić[42][43]\n000000002003-06-14-0000June 14, 2003\nFirst and also last winner.\n1,000,000 kuna\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Brøndum Laursen[44]\n000000002001-10-08-0000October 8, 2001\nFirst winner in the Danish version\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[45]\n000000002002-09-16-0000September 16, 2002\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSigne Svendsen and Søren Sko[46]\n000000002004-01-01-0000January 1, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to AIDS Foundation\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand[47]\n000000002005-03-21-0000March 21, 2005\nWinners in Special edition \"Me and my best\"\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nClaus Højbak and Bertel Haarder[48]\n000000002005-10-03-0000October 3, 2005\nDonated half the prize to a school organization\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nPeter Kierkegaard, Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes[49][50]\n000000002007-10-15-0000October 15, 2007\nJunior edition #1\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJulie, Ulrik and Sia[51]\n000000002007-11-24-0000November 24, 2007\nJunior edition #2\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJoachim, Lukkas and Daniel[52]\n000000002008-03-15-0000March 15, 2008\nJunior edition #3\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSimon Ron Dalsgaard, Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen[53]\n000000002008-05-09-0000May 9, 2008\nJunior edition #4\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik[54]\n000000002010-10-11-0000October 11, 2010\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen[55][56]\n000000002012-03-12-0000March 12, 2012\n\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nCharlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer[57]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society\n2,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nBjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær[58]\n000000002013-04-19-0000April 19, 2013\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMorten Resen and Ellen Nybo[59]\n000000002013-09-30-0000September 30, 2013\nWinners in 25th channel anniversary.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[60]\n000000002013-10-28-0000October 28, 2013\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA, and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nDaniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad[61]\n000000002015-03-03-0000March 3, 2015\nWinners in Dating edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed[62]\n000000002016-03-06-0000March 6, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nTommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup[63]\n000000002016-05-08-0000May 8, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaria Fernanda Compte[64]\n000000002002-11-24-0000November 24, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\nUS$25,000\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nFrédéric Grégoire[65]\n000000002000-09-30-0000September 30, 2000\nFirst winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nLouis[66]\n000000002000-11-04-0000November 4, 2000\nSecond winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nMarie Friedel[67]\n000000002004-08-27-0000August 27, 2004\nThird and last winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\nManana Maisuradze[68]\n000000002002-01-01-00002002\n\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\n Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova[69]\n000000002011-02-22-0000February 22, 2011\nFirst celebrity winners. Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles.\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nEckhard Freise[70]\n000000002000-12-02-0000December 2, 2000\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nMarlene Grabherr[71]\n000000002001-05-20-0000May 20, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nGerhard Krammer[72]\n000000002002-10-18-0000October 18, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nDr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer[73]\n000000002004-03-29-0000March 29, 2004\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nStefan Lang[74]\n000000002006-10-09-0000October 9, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nTimur Hahn[75]\n000000002007-01-08-0000January 8, 2007\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nOliver Pocher[76]\n000000002008-05-30-0000May 30, 2008\nPromi-Special #16\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThomas Gottschalk[77]\n000000002008-11-20-0000November 20, 2008\nPromi-Special #17\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nRalf Schnoor[78]\n000000002010-11-26-0000November 26, 2010\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nBarbara Schöneberger[79]\n000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011\nPromi-Special #22\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nSebastian Langrock[80]\n000000002013-03-11-0000March 11, 2013\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThorsten Fischer[81]\n000000002014-10-17-0000October 17, 2014\n15-year anniversary special episode\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nNadja Sidikjar[82]\n000000002015-11-13-0000November 13, 2015\nFirst winner of Jackpot-Special #2\n€1,538,450\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nLeon Windscheid[83]\n000000002015-12-07-0000December 7, 2015\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nGiorgios Georgopoulos[84]\n000000002001-10-02-0000October 2, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₯ 50,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nStelios Stergiou[84]\n000000002003-11-21-0000November 21, 2003\nSecond and last winner.\n€150,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nJames Wong and Petrina Fung[85]\n000000002001-07-15-0000July 15, 2001\nCelebrity charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nStephen Chow and Erica Li[86][87]\n000000002001-08-20-0000August 20, 2001\nShaolin Soccer charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nChris Chan Hon-Cheung [88]\n000000002001-11-02-0000November 2, 2001\nFirst of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nCheng Tak-Cheung[89]\n000000002003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003\nMillion dollar tournament.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung (Pilot Episode)\nRay Fong[90]\n000000002018-01-01-0000January 2018\nProducer of the Hong Kong Millionaire. He was given all the correct answers before the show.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Legyen Ön is milliomos!\nGábor Cserey[91][92]\n000000002006-03-20-0000March 20, 2006\nFirst and last winner\n40,000,000 Ft\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nSveinn Valgeirsson[93][94]\n000000002002-03-24-0000March 24, 2002\nFirst Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nPaolo Turchi[95]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nSecond Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nJón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson[96]\n000000002004-04-11-0000April 11, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association \"SKB\"\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nHarshvardhan Navathe[97][98][99][100]\n000000002000-09-18-0000September 18, 2000\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nVijay Raul and Arundhati[101]\n000000002001-05-02-0000May 2, 2001\nWinner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nRavi Mohan Saini[102][103][104]\n000000002001-07-08-0000July 8, 2001\nWinner of KBC Junior\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSushil Kumar[105]\n000000002011-11-02-0000November 2, 2011\nFirst winner of the 13-question format. And fourth winner after 10 years.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSanmjeet Kaur Sahani[106]\n000000002013-01-12-0000January 12, 2013\nSecond and last winner of the 13-question format.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nAchin and Sarthak Narula[107][108]\n000000002014-10-09-0000October 9, 2014\nHighest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date. First winners of the 14-question format and last winners of 14-question format.\n70,000,000 Rs. (7 crore)\n\n\n Kannadada Kotyadhipati\nHussain Basha[109]\n000000002013-04-29-0000April 29, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran\nSanooja Rajan[110][111]\n000000002013-05-01-0000May 1, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati\nMahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav[112]\n000000002014-03-17-0000March 17, 2014\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti\nAamir Khan and Kiran Rao[113]\n000000002011-07-08-0000July 8, 2011\nCelebrity edition\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Bani Crorepati\nRajesh Singh[114]\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner?\nIzhar Nevo[115][116]\n000000002000-08-07-0000August 7, 2000\nOnly winner of the Israeli version. First winner from a country located in the Middle East.\n1,000,000 ₪\n\n\n Chi vuol essere miliardario?\nFrancesca Cinelli[117]\n000000002001-03-18-0000March 18, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₤ 1,000,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nDavide Pavesi[118]\n000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004\nSecond winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nMichela De Paoli[119][120][121]\n000000002011-01-27-0000January 27, 2011\nThird and last winner. She used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million euro.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuyuki Kunimitsu[122]\n000000002000-07-27-0000July 27, 2000\nFirst ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYoshiaki Nagata[citation needed]\n000000002000-08-10-0000August 10, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaoko Imao[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-02-0000November 2, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHiroshi Hase[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-23-0000November 23, 2000\nMember of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuyuki Nose[123]\n000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Kobayashi[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKatsuhiro Minamigawa[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHitomi Sakamoto[citation needed]\n000000002001-12-13-0000December 13, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nAkishi Kikuchi[citation needed]\n000000002002-06-27-0000June 27, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMichiko Eguchi[124]\n000000002002-08-01-0000August 1, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaomi Osada[citation needed]\n000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShoko Mishima[125]\n000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSayu Tanabashi[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNatsumi Kataoka[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDaichi Suzuki[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-18-0000September 18, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTsuyoshi Shinjo[126]\n000000002004-01-02-0000January 2, 2004\nProfessional baseball player\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJo Kihara[citation needed]\n000000002004-08-26-0000August 26, 2004\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakafumi Horie[127]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\nFormer CEO of Livedoor\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuko Hosoki[citation needed]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasaaki Sakai[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuo Tanaka[128]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\nAuthor and governor of Nagano Prefecture\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKikuchi Tomohisa[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-28-0000April 28, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasahiko Hamada[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\nPair players (mother and daughter)\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Koizumi[citation needed]\n000000002006-01-02-0000January 2, 2006\nJapanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYūko Asano[citation needed]\n000000002006-03-23-0000March 23, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJunko Nozoe[citation needed]\n000000002006-06-29-0000June 29, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKeiko Ohi[citation needed]\n000000002006-07-27-0000July 27, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDai Tamesue[citation needed]\n000000002006-09-14-0000September 14, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nBandō Mitsugorō X[citation needed]\n000000002006-10-05-0000October 5, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDewi Sukarno[129]\n000000002006-10-26-0000October 26, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMisako Konno[citation needed]\n000000002007-02-15-0000February 15, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShōsuke Tanihara[citation needed]\n000000002007-07-05-0000July 5, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSumiko Fuji[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuo Tokumitsu[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakeshi Kitano[130]\n000000002009-01-30-0000January 30, 2009\nOnly person to answer the final question incorrectly once, and later return and win the top prize.\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHikari Ota[131]\n000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMana Ashida[132]\n000000002013-01-02-0000January 2, 2013\nCelebrity Kids Edition. Youngest top-prize winner (at the time of recording) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide. (8 years and 6 months old)\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nSaule Akhmetova[133][134]\n000000002002-04-18-0000April 18, 2002\nFirst woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nIrina Stalnaya[135]\n000000002003-07-24-0000July 24, 2003\nSecond woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nYevgeny Malischuk[136][137][138]\n000000002018-03-24-0000March 24, 2018\nThird winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format\n10,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Gribi būt miljonārs?\nElita Rumpe[139][140]\n000000002002-12-18-0000December 18, 2002\nFirst and last winner\n10,000 Latvian Lats\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLucía Sánchez[141][142]\n000000002010-04-22-0000April 22, 2010\nFirst winner on new format.\n3,000,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nRafael Lira[citation needed]\n000000002012-04-21-0000April 21, 2012\nSecond and last winner of new format.\n1,500,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n Lotto Weekend Miljonairs\nHans Peters[143]\n000000002001-01-06-0000January 6, 2001\nFirst and also last winner.\nNLG 1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nChimuanya \"Aroma\" Ufodike[144]\n000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009\nFirst and also last winner.\n₦10,000,000\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nAnne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik[145]\n000000002003-03-10-0000March 10, 2003\nFirst winners in Norway.\n2,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nBjørn Lien[146]\n000000002010-01-19-0000January 19, 2010\nFirst winner in the Hot Seat format. And second last winner after 6.5 years.\n1,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nSharon Cuneta[147]\n000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010\nCelebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise. Won P1,000,000 (14th question) during her first appearance on December 25, 2001.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nKarl Jonathan Aguilar[148]\n000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011\nFirst non-celebrity winner\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nEduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr.[149]\n000000002013-10-20-0000October 20, 2013\nFirst winner under Risk format outside Germany.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Milionerzy\nKrzysztof Wójcik[150]\n000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010\nFirst winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years. Also second winner of the 12-question format\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Milionerzy\nMaria Romanek[151]\n000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018\nSecond winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12-question format and also first female winner.\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nRenata Morgado[citation needed]\n000000002000-05-01-0000May 2000\nFirst female top-prize winner in the franchise. Also the first ever European and non-English-speaking Millionaire winner.\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAna Damásio[citation needed]\n000000002000-09-01-0000September 2000\nSecond female top-prize winner in the franchise\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Fernandes[citation needed]\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 2001\n\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAntónio Franco[152]\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n\n€250,000\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Maria Souto de Moura[153][154][155]\n000000002014-02-07-0000February 7, 2014\nFirst winner after 11 years and last winner.\n€100,000\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nMihai Popa[156]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nFirst winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nTudor Hurezeanu[157]\n000000002002-04-08-0000April 8, 2002\nSecond and last winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIgor Sazeyev[158]\n000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001\nFirst winner in Russia\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIrina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih[159]\n000000002003-01-18-0000January 18, 2003\nCouples version.\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nSvetlana Yaroslavtseva[160]\n000000002006-02-19-0000February 19, 2006\nFirst woman who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nTimur Budayev[161][162]\n000000002010-04-17-0000April 17, 2010\nFirst man who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nBari Alibasov and Alexander \"Danko\" Fadeev[163][164]\n000000002013-11-23-0000November 23, 2013\nFirst celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nYulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov[165][166][167]\n000000002017-12-02-0000December 2, 2017\nSecond celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nPeter Lazar[168]\n000000002001-10-01-0000October 2001\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAkim Kysselef[169]\n000000002002-04-01-0000April 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nMatjaž Tanko[170]\n000000002002-03-29-0000March 29, 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nGorazd Škerbinek[171]\n000000002002-11-01-0000November 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAleš Jankovič[172]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nFirefighters edition\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nJaro Leskovsek[173]\nMay 16, 2004\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nViktor Niko[citation needed]\n000000002005-07-01-0000July 2005\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Paterson[174]\n000000002000-03-19-0000March 19, 2000\nSouth Africa's only winner, also the first winner outside the USA.\n1,000,000 Rand\n\n\n ¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15\nEnrique Chicote[175]\n000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000\nUsed the phone-a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question, letting her know that he'd won, and first winner on Spanish version.\n₧ 50,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario?\nPaco Reverte[176]\n000000002012-03-15-0000March 15, 2012\nFourth winner in the \"Hot Seat\" format. First winner in Spain in almost twelve years.\n€100,000\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nApeksha Kumari[177]\n000000002013-02-22-0000February 22, 2013\nFirst winner\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nMoksha Madusanka[178]\n000000002017-07-02-0000July 2, 2017\nSecond and last winner after 4 years.\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nPer Hörberg[179]\n000000002006-02-17-0000February 17, 2006\nFirst winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nTorgny Segerstedt[180]\n000000002008-03-01-0000March 1, 2008\nSecond winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nOlle Laurell[181]\n000000002009-12-04-0000December 4, 2009\nThird winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nJan Sundström[182]\n000000002010-12-17-0000December 17, 2010\nFourth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMattias Östermann[183]\n000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012\nFitfh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nLena Angviken[184]\n000000002012-09-29-0000September 29, 2012\nSixth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nBirgitta Hedström[185][186]\n000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014\nSeventh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nAlexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag[187]\n000000002014-11-15-0000November 15, 2014\nCelebrity Special #1. And also Eighth winners.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nYlva Orrmell[188]\n000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017\nNinth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMarianne Hiller[189]\n000000002018-03-02-0000March 2, 2018\nTenth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSergey Karabinsky[190]\n000000002003-06-06-0000June 6, 2003\nFirst winner of the Ukrainian version.\n1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSvyatoslav Vakarchuk[191][192]\n000000002005-01-22-0000January 22, 2005\nFirst celebrity contestant. Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine. Second winner after 1.5 years\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Milyoner - Garyache Krislo\nNadezhda Beldiy[193]\n000000002011-08-06-0000August 6, 2011\nThird top winner in the hot seat format. First and also last winner after 6 years.\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJudith Keppel[194]\n000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000\nFirst female winner in the original UK version.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Edwards[195]\n000000002001-04-21-0000April 21, 2001\nFirst male winner in the UK.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRobert Brydges[196]\n000000002001-09-29-0000September 29, 2001\nFirst contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair. He had one lifeline at the Million pound question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n Pat Gibson[197]\n000000002004-04-24-0000April 24, 2004\nHad two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nIngram Wilcox[198]\n000000002006-09-23-0000September 23, 2006\nLast winner in the original UK version. Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15-question format in the UK, and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJohn Carpenter[199]\n000000001999-11-19-0000November 19, 1999\nFirst ever top-prize winner in the Millionaire franchise. He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question, when he called his father to tell him he would win the million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDan Blonsky[199]\n000000002000-01-18-0000January 18, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nJoe Trela[199]\n000000002000-03-23-0000March 23, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBob House[199]\n000000002000-06-13-0000June 13, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKim Hunt[199]\n000000002000-07-06-0000July 6, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDavid Goodman[199]\n000000002000-07-11-0000July 11, 2000\nFirst Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline. He used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Olmstead[200]\n000000002001-04-10-0000April 10, 2001\nBiggest winner on the U.S. version, with a $2.18 million jackpot. He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19, 2013. Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far.\nUS$2,180,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBernie Cullen[201]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nHad two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nEd Toutant[202]\n000000002001-09-07-0000September 7, 2001\nOriginally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000. It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for.\nUS$1,860,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Smith[203]\n000000002003-02-18-0000February 18, 2003\nFirst male winner of the syndicated series.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nNancy Christy[204]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\nFirst and so far only female top-prize winner in the United States.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nSam Murray[205]\n000000002009-11-20-0000November 20, 2009\nMurray did not go all the way to a million the first time, winning $50,000; then returned to win the question in the \"Million Dollar Tournament of Ten.\" He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning. First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGiovanni Grosso[206]\n000000002002-03-20-0000March 20, 2002\nFirst ever top-prize winner in South America.\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nAntonio Ríos[207]\n000000002002-05-22-0000May 22, 2002\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEugenio Vargas[206]\n000000002004-12-22-0000December 22, 2004\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nZulay Marcano[208]\n000000002006-03-29-0000March 29, 2006\n\n200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLuis Olavarrieta[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaría Alejandra Requena[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nHildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nCarlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDiana Campos[209]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEduardo Jiménez[210]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJulio Arévaloz[211]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng\nUnknown Player[212][better source needed]\n000000002011-05-24-0000May 24, 2011\nSecond top winner in the hot seat format.\n₫120,000,000\n\n", "\n\nEdition\nWinner\nBroadcast date\nNotes\nTop prize\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Khaled al Mulla[1]\n000000002001-11-21-0000November 21, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Tanirah[2]\n000000002002-03-15-0000March 15, 2002\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali[3]\n000000002003-01-02-0000January 2, 2003\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon\n Kenaan Matar[4]\n000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007\n\n2,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh[5]\n000000002010-03-23-0000March 23, 2010\nFirst SR1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12-question format.\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRob \"Coach\" Fulton[6]\n000000002005-10-17-0000October 17, 2005\nFirst winner in Australia after six and a half years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nMartin Flood[6]\n000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005\nAllegations of cheating marred his top prize win, but he was cleared. Also the last winner of the original Australian version.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Millionaire Hot Seat\nEdwin Daly[7]\n000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016\nFifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format. First Australian winner after almost 11 years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAnton Sutterlüty[8]\n000000002001-02-19-0000February 19, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Austrian Schillings\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nChristiane de Piero[9]\n000000002002-11-11-0000November 11, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSigrid Weiß-Lutz[10]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMonica Weinzettl[11][12]\n000000002003-10-18-0000October 18, 2003\nPromi-Ausgabe #7. Donated the prize to St. Stephen's Cathedral\n€50,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKarin Huber[13]\n000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nElfriede (\"El\") Awadalla[14]\n000000002005-03-14-0000March 14, 2005\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nHeide Gondek[15]\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPhilip Aschner[16]\n000000002007-10-20-0000October 20, 2007\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMarion Eidenhammer[17]\n000000002008-06-28-0000June 28, 2008\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStefan Schwaiger[18]\n000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann[19]\n000000002011-10-24-0000October 24, 2011\nPromi-Ausgabe #23.\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nThomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger[20]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #27. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndrea Spatzek[21]\n000000002012-11-26-0000November 26, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #28. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSonya Kraus[22]\n000000002013-05-13-0000May 13, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #30. Prize donated to Life Ball\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPeter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler[23]\n000000002013-10-21-0000October 21, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #31. Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStephan Eberharter[24]\n000000002013-12-02-0000December 2, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #32. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMathias Stockinger[25]\n000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013\nFirst non-celebrity winner after 7 years\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKristina Sprenger[26]\n000000002014-02-10-0000February 10, 2014\nPromi-Ausgabe #33. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAngelika Kirchschlager[27]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nJulia Cencig[28]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nDietrich Siegl[29]\n000000002015-11-23-0000November 23, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #40. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Qui sera millionnaire? (French Version)\nKatia Savignano[30][31]\n000000002001-06-04-0000June 4, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Dutch Version)\nIngrid Vervaeck[32]\n000000002000-10-10-0000October 10, 2000\n\n20,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGonzalo Miranda[33][34]\n000000002002-09-09-0000September 9, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\n100,000,000 Chilean Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJuan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez[35][36][37]\n000000002002-10-28-0000October 28, 2002\nFirst child winner on Colombian Millionaire\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEnrique Carlos Castillo[38]\n000000002006-10-30-0000October 30, 2006\n\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDavid Huertas[39]\n000000002011-10-29-0000October 29, 2011\n\n300,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nWilly Pérez[40][41]\n000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010\nWinner of special 2010 World Cup edition. First and also last winner.\n25,000,000 colón\n\n\n Tko želi biti milijunaš?\nMira Bićanić[42][43]\n000000002003-06-14-0000June 14, 2003\nFirst and also last winner.\n1,000,000 kuna\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Brøndum Laursen[44]\n000000002001-10-08-0000October 8, 2001\nFirst winner in the Danish version\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[45]\n000000002002-09-16-0000September 16, 2002\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSigne Svendsen and Søren Sko[46]\n000000002004-01-01-0000January 1, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to AIDS Foundation\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand[47]\n000000002005-03-21-0000March 21, 2005\nWinners in Special edition \"Me and my best\"\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nClaus Højbak and Bertel Haarder[48]\n000000002005-10-03-0000October 3, 2005\nDonated half the prize to a school organization\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nPeter Kierkegaard, Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes[49][50]\n000000002007-10-15-0000October 15, 2007\nJunior edition #1\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJulie, Ulrik and Sia[51]\n000000002007-11-24-0000November 24, 2007\nJunior edition #2\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJoachim, Lukkas and Daniel[52]\n000000002008-03-15-0000March 15, 2008\nJunior edition #3\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSimon Ron Dalsgaard, Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen[53]\n000000002008-05-09-0000May 9, 2008\nJunior edition #4\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik[54]\n000000002010-10-11-0000October 11, 2010\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen[55][56]\n000000002012-03-12-0000March 12, 2012\n\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nCharlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer[57]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society\n2,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nBjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær[58]\n000000002013-04-19-0000April 19, 2013\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMorten Resen and Ellen Nybo[59]\n000000002013-09-30-0000September 30, 2013\nWinners in 25th channel anniversary.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[60]\n000000002013-10-28-0000October 28, 2013\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA, and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nDaniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad[61]\n000000002015-03-03-0000March 3, 2015\nWinners in Dating edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed[62]\n000000002016-03-06-0000March 6, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nTommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup[63]\n000000002016-05-08-0000May 8, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaria Fernanda Compte[64]\n000000002002-11-24-0000November 24, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\nUS$25,000\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nFrédéric Grégoire[65]\n000000002000-09-30-0000September 30, 2000\nFirst winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nLouis[66]\n000000002000-11-04-0000November 4, 2000\nSecond winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nMarie Friedel[67]\n000000002004-08-27-0000August 27, 2004\nThird and last winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\nManana Maisuradze[68]\n000000002002-01-01-00002002\n\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\n Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova[69]\n000000002011-02-22-0000February 22, 2011\nFirst celebrity winners. Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles.\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nEckhard Freise[70]\n000000002000-12-02-0000December 2, 2000\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nMarlene Grabherr[71]\n000000002001-05-20-0000May 20, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nGerhard Krammer[72]\n000000002002-10-18-0000October 18, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nDr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer[73]\n000000002004-03-29-0000March 29, 2004\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nStefan Lang[74]\n000000002006-10-09-0000October 9, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nTimur Hahn[75]\n000000002007-01-08-0000January 8, 2007\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nOliver Pocher[76]\n000000002008-05-30-0000May 30, 2008\nPromi-Special #16\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThomas Gottschalk[77]\n000000002008-11-20-0000November 20, 2008\nPromi-Special #17\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nRalf Schnoor[78]\n000000002010-11-26-0000November 26, 2010\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nBarbara Schöneberger[79]\n000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011\nPromi-Special #22\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nSebastian Langrock[80]\n000000002013-03-11-0000March 11, 2013\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThorsten Fischer[81]\n000000002014-10-17-0000October 17, 2014\n15-year anniversary special episode\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nNadja Sidikjar[82]\n000000002015-11-13-0000November 13, 2015\nFirst winner of Jackpot-Special #2\n€1,538,450\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nLeon Windscheid[83]\n000000002015-12-07-0000December 7, 2015\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nGiorgios Georgopoulos[84]\n000000002001-10-02-0000October 2, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₯ 50,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nStelios Stergiou[84]\n000000002003-11-21-0000November 21, 2003\nSecond and last winner.\n€150,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nJames Wong and Petrina Fung[85]\n000000002001-07-15-0000July 15, 2001\nCelebrity charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nStephen Chow and Erica Li[86][87]\n000000002001-08-20-0000August 20, 2001\nShaolin Soccer charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nChris Chan Hon-Cheung [88]\n000000002001-11-02-0000November 2, 2001\nFirst of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nCheng Tak-Cheung[89]\n000000002003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003\nMillion dollar tournament.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung (Pilot Episode)\nRay Fong[90]\n000000002018-01-01-0000January 2018\nProducer of the Hong Kong Millionaire. He was given all the correct answers before the show.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Legyen Ön is milliomos!\nGábor Cserey[91][92]\n000000002006-03-20-0000March 20, 2006\nFirst and last winner\n40,000,000 Ft\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nSveinn Valgeirsson[93][94]\n000000002002-03-24-0000March 24, 2002\nFirst Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nPaolo Turchi[95]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nSecond Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nJón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson[96]\n000000002004-04-11-0000April 11, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association \"SKB\"\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nHarshvardhan Navathe[97][98][99][100]\n000000002000-09-18-0000September 18, 2000\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nVijay Raul and Arundhati[101]\n000000002001-05-02-0000May 2, 2001\nWinner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nRavi Mohan Saini[102][103][104]\n000000002001-07-08-0000July 8, 2001\nWinner of KBC Junior\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSushil Kumar[105]\n000000002011-11-02-0000November 2, 2011\nFirst winner of the 13-question format. And fourth winner after 10 years.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSanmjeet Kaur Sahani[106]\n000000002013-01-12-0000January 12, 2013\nSecond and last winner of the 13-question format.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nAchin and Sarthak Narula[107][108]\n000000002014-10-09-0000October 9, 2014\nHighest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date. First winners of the 14-question format and last winners of 14-question format.\n70,000,000 Rs. (7 crore)\n\n\n Kannadada Kotyadhipati\nHussain Basha[109]\n000000002013-04-29-0000April 29, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran\nSanooja Rajan[110][111]\n000000002013-05-01-0000May 1, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati\nMahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav[112]\n000000002014-03-17-0000March 17, 2014\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti\nAamir Khan and Kiran Rao[113]\n000000002011-07-08-0000July 8, 2011\nCelebrity edition\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Bani Crorepati\nRajesh Singh[114]\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner?\nIzhar Nevo[115][116]\n000000002000-08-07-0000August 7, 2000\nOnly winner of the Israeli version. First winner from a country located in the Middle East.\n1,000,000 ₪\n\n\n Chi vuol essere miliardario?\nFrancesca Cinelli[117]\n000000002001-03-18-0000March 18, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₤ 1,000,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nDavide Pavesi[118]\n000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004\nSecond winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nMichela De Paoli[119][120][121]\n000000002011-01-27-0000January 27, 2011\nThird and last winner. She used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million euro.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuyuki Kunimitsu[122]\n000000002000-07-27-0000July 27, 2000\nFirst ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYoshiaki Nagata[citation needed]\n000000002000-08-10-0000August 10, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaoko Imao[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-02-0000November 2, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHiroshi Hase[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-23-0000November 23, 2000\nMember of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuyuki Nose[123]\n000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Kobayashi[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKatsuhiro Minamigawa[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHitomi Sakamoto[citation needed]\n000000002001-12-13-0000December 13, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nAkishi Kikuchi[citation needed]\n000000002002-06-27-0000June 27, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMichiko Eguchi[124]\n000000002002-08-01-0000August 1, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaomi Osada[citation needed]\n000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShoko Mishima[125]\n000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSayu Tanabashi[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNatsumi Kataoka[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDaichi Suzuki[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-18-0000September 18, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTsuyoshi Shinjo[126]\n000000002004-01-02-0000January 2, 2004\nProfessional baseball player\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJo Kihara[citation needed]\n000000002004-08-26-0000August 26, 2004\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakafumi Horie[127]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\nFormer CEO of Livedoor\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuko Hosoki[citation needed]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasaaki Sakai[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuo Tanaka[128]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\nAuthor and governor of Nagano Prefecture\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKikuchi Tomohisa[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-28-0000April 28, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasahiko Hamada[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\nPair players (mother and daughter)\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Koizumi[citation needed]\n000000002006-01-02-0000January 2, 2006\nJapanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYūko Asano[citation needed]\n000000002006-03-23-0000March 23, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJunko Nozoe[citation needed]\n000000002006-06-29-0000June 29, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKeiko Ohi[citation needed]\n000000002006-07-27-0000July 27, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDai Tamesue[citation needed]\n000000002006-09-14-0000September 14, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nBandō Mitsugorō X[citation needed]\n000000002006-10-05-0000October 5, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDewi Sukarno[129]\n000000002006-10-26-0000October 26, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMisako Konno[citation needed]\n000000002007-02-15-0000February 15, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShōsuke Tanihara[citation needed]\n000000002007-07-05-0000July 5, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSumiko Fuji[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuo Tokumitsu[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakeshi Kitano[130]\n000000002009-01-30-0000January 30, 2009\nOnly person to answer the final question incorrectly once, and later return and win the top prize.\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHikari Ota[131]\n000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMana Ashida[132]\n000000002013-01-02-0000January 2, 2013\nCelebrity Kids Edition. Youngest top-prize winner (at the time of recording) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide. (8 years and 6 months old)\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nSaule Akhmetova[133][134]\n000000002002-04-18-0000April 18, 2002\nFirst woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nIrina Stalnaya[135]\n000000002003-07-24-0000July 24, 2003\nSecond woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nYevgeny Malischuk[136][137][138]\n000000002018-03-24-0000March 24, 2018\nThird winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format\n10,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Gribi būt miljonārs?\nElita Rumpe[139][140]\n000000002002-12-18-0000December 18, 2002\nFirst and last winner\n10,000 Latvian Lats\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLucía Sánchez[141][142]\n000000002010-04-22-0000April 22, 2010\nFirst winner on new format.\n3,000,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nRafael Lira[citation needed]\n000000002012-04-21-0000April 21, 2012\nSecond and last winner of new format.\n1,500,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n Lotto Weekend Miljonairs\nHans Peters[143]\n000000002001-01-06-0000January 6, 2001\nFirst and also last winner.\nNLG 1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nChimuanya \"Aroma\" Ufodike[144]\n000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009\nFirst and also last winner.\n₦10,000,000\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nAnne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik[145]\n000000002003-03-10-0000March 10, 2003\nFirst winners in Norway.\n2,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nBjørn Lien[146]\n000000002010-01-19-0000January 19, 2010\nFirst winner in the Hot Seat format. And second last winner after 6.5 years.\n1,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nSharon Cuneta[147]\n000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010\nCelebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise. Won P1,000,000 (14th question) during her first appearance on December 25, 2001.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nKarl Jonathan Aguilar[148]\n000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011\nFirst non-celebrity winner\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nEduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr.[149]\n000000002013-10-20-0000October 20, 2013\nFirst winner under Risk format outside Germany.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Milionerzy\nKrzysztof Wójcik[150]\n000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010\nFirst winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years. Also second winner of the 12-question format\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Milionerzy\nMaria Romanek[151]\n000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018\nSecond winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12-question format and also first female winner.\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nRenata Morgado[citation needed]\n000000002000-05-01-0000May 2000\nFirst female top-prize winner in the franchise. Also the first ever European and non-English-speaking Millionaire winner.\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAna Damásio[citation needed]\n000000002000-09-01-0000September 2000\nSecond female top-prize winner in the franchise\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Fernandes[citation needed]\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 2001\n\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAntónio Franco[152]\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n\n€250,000\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Maria Souto de Moura[153][154][155]\n000000002014-02-07-0000February 7, 2014\nFirst winner after 11 years and last winner.\n€100,000\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nMihai Popa[156]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nFirst winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nTudor Hurezeanu[157]\n000000002002-04-08-0000April 8, 2002\nSecond and last winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIgor Sazeyev[158]\n000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001\nFirst winner in Russia\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIrina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih[159]\n000000002003-01-18-0000January 18, 2003\nCouples version.\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nSvetlana Yaroslavtseva[160]\n000000002006-02-19-0000February 19, 2006\nFirst woman who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nTimur Budayev[161][162]\n000000002010-04-17-0000April 17, 2010\nFirst man who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nBari Alibasov and Alexander \"Danko\" Fadeev[163][164]\n000000002013-11-23-0000November 23, 2013\nFirst celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nYulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov[165][166][167]\n000000002017-12-02-0000December 2, 2017\nSecond celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nPeter Lazar[168]\n000000002001-10-01-0000October 2001\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAkim Kysselef[169]\n000000002002-04-01-0000April 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nMatjaž Tanko[170]\n000000002002-03-29-0000March 29, 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nGorazd Škerbinek[171]\n000000002002-11-01-0000November 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAleš Jankovič[172]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nFirefighters edition\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nJaro Leskovsek[173]\nMay 16, 2004\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nViktor Niko[citation needed]\n000000002005-07-01-0000July 2005\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Paterson[174]\n000000002000-03-19-0000March 19, 2000\nSouth Africa's only winner, also the first winner outside the USA.\n1,000,000 Rand\n\n\n ¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15\nEnrique Chicote[175]\n000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000\nUsed the phone-a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question, letting her know that he'd won, and first winner on Spanish version.\n₧ 50,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario?\nPaco Reverte[176]\n000000002012-03-15-0000March 15, 2012\nFourth winner in the \"Hot Seat\" format. First winner in Spain in almost twelve years.\n€100,000\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nApeksha Kumari[177]\n000000002013-02-22-0000February 22, 2013\nFirst winner\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nMoksha Madusanka[178]\n000000002017-07-02-0000July 2, 2017\nSecond and last winner after 4 years.\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nPer Hörberg[179]\n000000002006-02-17-0000February 17, 2006\nFirst winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nTorgny Segerstedt[180]\n000000002008-03-01-0000March 1, 2008\nSecond winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nOlle Laurell[181]\n000000002009-12-04-0000December 4, 2009\nThird winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nJan Sundström[182]\n000000002010-12-17-0000December 17, 2010\nFourth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMattias Östermann[183]\n000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012\nFitfh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nLena Angviken[184]\n000000002012-09-29-0000September 29, 2012\nSixth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nBirgitta Hedström[185][186]\n000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014\nSeventh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nAlexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag[187]\n000000002014-11-15-0000November 15, 2014\nCelebrity Special #1. And also Eighth winners.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nYlva Orrmell[188]\n000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017\nNinth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMarianne Hiller[189]\n000000002018-03-02-0000March 2, 2018\nTenth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSergey Karabinsky[190]\n000000002003-06-06-0000June 6, 2003\nFirst winner of the Ukrainian version.\n1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSvyatoslav Vakarchuk[191][192]\n000000002005-01-22-0000January 22, 2005\nFirst celebrity contestant. Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine. Second winner after 1.5 years\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Milyoner - Garyache Krislo\nNadezhda Beldiy[193]\n000000002011-08-06-0000August 6, 2011\nThird top winner in the hot seat format. First and also last winner after 6 years.\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJudith Keppel[194]\n000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000\nFirst female winner in the original UK version.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Edwards[195]\n000000002001-04-21-0000April 21, 2001\nFirst male winner in the UK.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRobert Brydges[196]\n000000002001-09-29-0000September 29, 2001\nFirst contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair. He had one lifeline at the Million pound question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n Pat Gibson[197]\n000000002004-04-24-0000April 24, 2004\nHad two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nIngram Wilcox[198]\n000000002006-09-23-0000September 23, 2006\nLast winner in the original UK version. Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15-question format in the UK, and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJohn Carpenter[199]\n000000001999-11-19-0000November 19, 1999\nFirst ever top-prize winner in the Millionaire franchise. He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question, when he called his father to tell him he would win the million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDan Blonsky[199]\n000000002000-01-18-0000January 18, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nJoe Trela[199]\n000000002000-03-23-0000March 23, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBob House[199]\n000000002000-06-13-0000June 13, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKim Hunt[199]\n000000002000-07-06-0000July 6, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDavid Goodman[199]\n000000002000-07-11-0000July 11, 2000\nFirst Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline. He used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Olmstead[200]\n000000002001-04-10-0000April 10, 2001\nBiggest winner on the U.S. version, with a $2.18 million jackpot. He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19, 2013. Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far.\nUS$2,180,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBernie Cullen[201]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nHad two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nEd Toutant[202]\n000000002001-09-07-0000September 7, 2001\nOriginally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000. It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for.\nUS$1,860,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Smith[203]\n000000002003-02-18-0000February 18, 2003\nFirst male winner of the syndicated series.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nNancy Christy[204]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\nFirst and so far only female top-prize winner in the United States.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nSam Murray[205]\n000000002009-11-20-0000November 20, 2009\nMurray did not go all the way to a million the first time, winning $50,000; then returned to win the question in the \"Million Dollar Tournament of Ten.\" He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning. First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGiovanni Grosso[206]\n000000002002-03-20-0000March 20, 2002\nFirst ever top-prize winner in South America.\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nAntonio Ríos[207]\n000000002002-05-22-0000May 22, 2002\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEugenio Vargas[206]\n000000002004-12-22-0000December 22, 2004\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nZulay Marcano[208]\n000000002006-03-29-0000March 29, 2006\n\n200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLuis Olavarrieta[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaría Alejandra Requena[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nHildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nCarlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDiana Campos[209]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEduardo Jiménez[210]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJulio Arévaloz[211]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng\nUnknown Player[212][better source needed]\n000000002011-05-24-0000May 24, 2011\nSecond top winner in the hot seat format.\n₫120,000,000\n\n", "\n\nEdition\nWinner\nBroadcast date\nNotes\nTop prize\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Khaled al Mulla[1]\n000000002001-11-21-0000November 21, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Tanirah[2]\n000000002002-03-15-0000March 15, 2002\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali[3]\n000000002003-01-02-0000January 2, 2003\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon\n Kenaan Matar[4]\n000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007\n\n2,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh[5]\n000000002010-03-23-0000March 23, 2010\nFirst SR1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12-question format.\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRob \"Coach\" Fulton[6]\n000000002005-10-17-0000October 17, 2005\nFirst winner in Australia after six and a half years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nMartin Flood[6]\n000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005\nAllegations of cheating marred his top prize win, but he was cleared. Also the last winner of the original Australian version.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Millionaire Hot Seat\nEdwin Daly[7]\n000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016\nFifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format. First Australian winner after almost 11 years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAnton Sutterlüty[8]\n000000002001-02-19-0000February 19, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Austrian Schillings\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nChristiane de Piero[9]\n000000002002-11-11-0000November 11, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSigrid Weiß-Lutz[10]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMonica Weinzettl[11][12]\n000000002003-10-18-0000October 18, 2003\nPromi-Ausgabe #7. Donated the prize to St. Stephen's Cathedral\n€50,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKarin Huber[13]\n000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nElfriede (\"El\") Awadalla[14]\n000000002005-03-14-0000March 14, 2005\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nHeide Gondek[15]\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPhilip Aschner[16]\n000000002007-10-20-0000October 20, 2007\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMarion Eidenhammer[17]\n000000002008-06-28-0000June 28, 2008\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStefan Schwaiger[18]\n000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann[19]\n000000002011-10-24-0000October 24, 2011\nPromi-Ausgabe #23.\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nThomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger[20]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #27. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndrea Spatzek[21]\n000000002012-11-26-0000November 26, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #28. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSonya Kraus[22]\n000000002013-05-13-0000May 13, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #30. Prize donated to Life Ball\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPeter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler[23]\n000000002013-10-21-0000October 21, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #31. Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStephan Eberharter[24]\n000000002013-12-02-0000December 2, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #32. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMathias Stockinger[25]\n000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013\nFirst non-celebrity winner after 7 years\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKristina Sprenger[26]\n000000002014-02-10-0000February 10, 2014\nPromi-Ausgabe #33. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAngelika Kirchschlager[27]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nJulia Cencig[28]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nDietrich Siegl[29]\n000000002015-11-23-0000November 23, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #40. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Qui sera millionnaire? (French Version)\nKatia Savignano[30][31]\n000000002001-06-04-0000June 4, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Dutch Version)\nIngrid Vervaeck[32]\n000000002000-10-10-0000October 10, 2000\n\n20,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGonzalo Miranda[33][34]\n000000002002-09-09-0000September 9, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\n100,000,000 Chilean Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJuan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez[35][36][37]\n000000002002-10-28-0000October 28, 2002\nFirst child winner on Colombian Millionaire\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEnrique Carlos Castillo[38]\n000000002006-10-30-0000October 30, 2006\n\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDavid Huertas[39]\n000000002011-10-29-0000October 29, 2011\n\n300,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nWilly Pérez[40][41]\n000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010\nWinner of special 2010 World Cup edition. First and also last winner.\n25,000,000 colón\n\n\n Tko želi biti milijunaš?\nMira Bićanić[42][43]\n000000002003-06-14-0000June 14, 2003\nFirst and also last winner.\n1,000,000 kuna\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Brøndum Laursen[44]\n000000002001-10-08-0000October 8, 2001\nFirst winner in the Danish version\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[45]\n000000002002-09-16-0000September 16, 2002\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSigne Svendsen and Søren Sko[46]\n000000002004-01-01-0000January 1, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to AIDS Foundation\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand[47]\n000000002005-03-21-0000March 21, 2005\nWinners in Special edition \"Me and my best\"\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nClaus Højbak and Bertel Haarder[48]\n000000002005-10-03-0000October 3, 2005\nDonated half the prize to a school organization\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nPeter Kierkegaard, Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes[49][50]\n000000002007-10-15-0000October 15, 2007\nJunior edition #1\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJulie, Ulrik and Sia[51]\n000000002007-11-24-0000November 24, 2007\nJunior edition #2\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJoachim, Lukkas and Daniel[52]\n000000002008-03-15-0000March 15, 2008\nJunior edition #3\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSimon Ron Dalsgaard, Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen[53]\n000000002008-05-09-0000May 9, 2008\nJunior edition #4\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik[54]\n000000002010-10-11-0000October 11, 2010\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen[55][56]\n000000002012-03-12-0000March 12, 2012\n\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nCharlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer[57]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society\n2,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nBjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær[58]\n000000002013-04-19-0000April 19, 2013\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMorten Resen and Ellen Nybo[59]\n000000002013-09-30-0000September 30, 2013\nWinners in 25th channel anniversary.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[60]\n000000002013-10-28-0000October 28, 2013\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA, and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nDaniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad[61]\n000000002015-03-03-0000March 3, 2015\nWinners in Dating edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed[62]\n000000002016-03-06-0000March 6, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nTommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup[63]\n000000002016-05-08-0000May 8, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaria Fernanda Compte[64]\n000000002002-11-24-0000November 24, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\nUS$25,000\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nFrédéric Grégoire[65]\n000000002000-09-30-0000September 30, 2000\nFirst winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nLouis[66]\n000000002000-11-04-0000November 4, 2000\nSecond winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nMarie Friedel[67]\n000000002004-08-27-0000August 27, 2004\nThird and last winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\nManana Maisuradze[68]\n000000002002-01-01-00002002\n\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\n Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova[69]\n000000002011-02-22-0000February 22, 2011\nFirst celebrity winners. Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles.\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nEckhard Freise[70]\n000000002000-12-02-0000December 2, 2000\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nMarlene Grabherr[71]\n000000002001-05-20-0000May 20, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nGerhard Krammer[72]\n000000002002-10-18-0000October 18, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nDr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer[73]\n000000002004-03-29-0000March 29, 2004\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nStefan Lang[74]\n000000002006-10-09-0000October 9, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nTimur Hahn[75]\n000000002007-01-08-0000January 8, 2007\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nOliver Pocher[76]\n000000002008-05-30-0000May 30, 2008\nPromi-Special #16\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThomas Gottschalk[77]\n000000002008-11-20-0000November 20, 2008\nPromi-Special #17\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nRalf Schnoor[78]\n000000002010-11-26-0000November 26, 2010\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nBarbara Schöneberger[79]\n000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011\nPromi-Special #22\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nSebastian Langrock[80]\n000000002013-03-11-0000March 11, 2013\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThorsten Fischer[81]\n000000002014-10-17-0000October 17, 2014\n15-year anniversary special episode\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nNadja Sidikjar[82]\n000000002015-11-13-0000November 13, 2015\nFirst winner of Jackpot-Special #2\n€1,538,450\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nLeon Windscheid[83]\n000000002015-12-07-0000December 7, 2015\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nGiorgios Georgopoulos[84]\n000000002001-10-02-0000October 2, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₯ 50,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nStelios Stergiou[84]\n000000002003-11-21-0000November 21, 2003\nSecond and last winner.\n€150,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nJames Wong and Petrina Fung[85]\n000000002001-07-15-0000July 15, 2001\nCelebrity charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nStephen Chow and Erica Li[86][87]\n000000002001-08-20-0000August 20, 2001\nShaolin Soccer charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nChris Chan Hon-Cheung [88]\n000000002001-11-02-0000November 2, 2001\nFirst of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nCheng Tak-Cheung[89]\n000000002003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003\nMillion dollar tournament.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung (Pilot Episode)\nRay Fong[90]\n000000002018-01-01-0000January 2018\nProducer of the Hong Kong Millionaire. He was given all the correct answers before the show.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Legyen Ön is milliomos!\nGábor Cserey[91][92]\n000000002006-03-20-0000March 20, 2006\nFirst and last winner\n40,000,000 Ft\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nSveinn Valgeirsson[93][94]\n000000002002-03-24-0000March 24, 2002\nFirst Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nPaolo Turchi[95]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nSecond Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nJón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson[96]\n000000002004-04-11-0000April 11, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association \"SKB\"\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nHarshvardhan Navathe[97][98][99][100]\n000000002000-09-18-0000September 18, 2000\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nVijay Raul and Arundhati[101]\n000000002001-05-02-0000May 2, 2001\nWinner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nRavi Mohan Saini[102][103][104]\n000000002001-07-08-0000July 8, 2001\nWinner of KBC Junior\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSushil Kumar[105]\n000000002011-11-02-0000November 2, 2011\nFirst winner of the 13-question format. And fourth winner after 10 years.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSanmjeet Kaur Sahani[106]\n000000002013-01-12-0000January 12, 2013\nSecond and last winner of the 13-question format.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nAchin and Sarthak Narula[107][108]\n000000002014-10-09-0000October 9, 2014\nHighest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date. First winners of the 14-question format and last winners of 14-question format.\n70,000,000 Rs. (7 crore)\n\n\n Kannadada Kotyadhipati\nHussain Basha[109]\n000000002013-04-29-0000April 29, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran\nSanooja Rajan[110][111]\n000000002013-05-01-0000May 1, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati\nMahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav[112]\n000000002014-03-17-0000March 17, 2014\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti\nAamir Khan and Kiran Rao[113]\n000000002011-07-08-0000July 8, 2011\nCelebrity edition\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Bani Crorepati\nRajesh Singh[114]\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner?\nIzhar Nevo[115][116]\n000000002000-08-07-0000August 7, 2000\nOnly winner of the Israeli version. First winner from a country located in the Middle East.\n1,000,000 ₪\n\n\n Chi vuol essere miliardario?\nFrancesca Cinelli[117]\n000000002001-03-18-0000March 18, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₤ 1,000,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nDavide Pavesi[118]\n000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004\nSecond winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nMichela De Paoli[119][120][121]\n000000002011-01-27-0000January 27, 2011\nThird and last winner. She used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million euro.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuyuki Kunimitsu[122]\n000000002000-07-27-0000July 27, 2000\nFirst ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYoshiaki Nagata[citation needed]\n000000002000-08-10-0000August 10, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaoko Imao[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-02-0000November 2, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHiroshi Hase[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-23-0000November 23, 2000\nMember of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuyuki Nose[123]\n000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Kobayashi[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKatsuhiro Minamigawa[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHitomi Sakamoto[citation needed]\n000000002001-12-13-0000December 13, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nAkishi Kikuchi[citation needed]\n000000002002-06-27-0000June 27, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMichiko Eguchi[124]\n000000002002-08-01-0000August 1, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaomi Osada[citation needed]\n000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShoko Mishima[125]\n000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSayu Tanabashi[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNatsumi Kataoka[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDaichi Suzuki[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-18-0000September 18, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTsuyoshi Shinjo[126]\n000000002004-01-02-0000January 2, 2004\nProfessional baseball player\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJo Kihara[citation needed]\n000000002004-08-26-0000August 26, 2004\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakafumi Horie[127]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\nFormer CEO of Livedoor\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuko Hosoki[citation needed]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasaaki Sakai[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuo Tanaka[128]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\nAuthor and governor of Nagano Prefecture\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKikuchi Tomohisa[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-28-0000April 28, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasahiko Hamada[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\nPair players (mother and daughter)\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Koizumi[citation needed]\n000000002006-01-02-0000January 2, 2006\nJapanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYūko Asano[citation needed]\n000000002006-03-23-0000March 23, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJunko Nozoe[citation needed]\n000000002006-06-29-0000June 29, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKeiko Ohi[citation needed]\n000000002006-07-27-0000July 27, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDai Tamesue[citation needed]\n000000002006-09-14-0000September 14, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nBandō Mitsugorō X[citation needed]\n000000002006-10-05-0000October 5, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDewi Sukarno[129]\n000000002006-10-26-0000October 26, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMisako Konno[citation needed]\n000000002007-02-15-0000February 15, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShōsuke Tanihara[citation needed]\n000000002007-07-05-0000July 5, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSumiko Fuji[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuo Tokumitsu[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakeshi Kitano[130]\n000000002009-01-30-0000January 30, 2009\nOnly person to answer the final question incorrectly once, and later return and win the top prize.\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHikari Ota[131]\n000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMana Ashida[132]\n000000002013-01-02-0000January 2, 2013\nCelebrity Kids Edition. Youngest top-prize winner (at the time of recording) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide. (8 years and 6 months old)\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nSaule Akhmetova[133][134]\n000000002002-04-18-0000April 18, 2002\nFirst woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nIrina Stalnaya[135]\n000000002003-07-24-0000July 24, 2003\nSecond woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nYevgeny Malischuk[136][137][138]\n000000002018-03-24-0000March 24, 2018\nThird winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format\n10,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Gribi būt miljonārs?\nElita Rumpe[139][140]\n000000002002-12-18-0000December 18, 2002\nFirst and last winner\n10,000 Latvian Lats\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLucía Sánchez[141][142]\n000000002010-04-22-0000April 22, 2010\nFirst winner on new format.\n3,000,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nRafael Lira[citation needed]\n000000002012-04-21-0000April 21, 2012\nSecond and last winner of new format.\n1,500,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n Lotto Weekend Miljonairs\nHans Peters[143]\n000000002001-01-06-0000January 6, 2001\nFirst and also last winner.\nNLG 1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nChimuanya \"Aroma\" Ufodike[144]\n000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009\nFirst and also last winner.\n₦10,000,000\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nAnne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik[145]\n000000002003-03-10-0000March 10, 2003\nFirst winners in Norway.\n2,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nBjørn Lien[146]\n000000002010-01-19-0000January 19, 2010\nFirst winner in the Hot Seat format. And second last winner after 6.5 years.\n1,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nSharon Cuneta[147]\n000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010\nCelebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise. Won P1,000,000 (14th question) during her first appearance on December 25, 2001.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nKarl Jonathan Aguilar[148]\n000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011\nFirst non-celebrity winner\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nEduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr.[149]\n000000002013-10-20-0000October 20, 2013\nFirst winner under Risk format outside Germany.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Milionerzy\nKrzysztof Wójcik[150]\n000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010\nFirst winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years. Also second winner of the 12-question format\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Milionerzy\nMaria Romanek[151]\n000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018\nSecond winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12-question format and also first female winner.\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nRenata Morgado[citation needed]\n000000002000-05-01-0000May 2000\nFirst female top-prize winner in the franchise. Also the first ever European and non-English-speaking Millionaire winner.\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAna Damásio[citation needed]\n000000002000-09-01-0000September 2000\nSecond female top-prize winner in the franchise\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Fernandes[citation needed]\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 2001\n\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAntónio Franco[152]\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n\n€250,000\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Maria Souto de Moura[153][154][155]\n000000002014-02-07-0000February 7, 2014\nFirst winner after 11 years and last winner.\n€100,000\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nMihai Popa[156]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nFirst winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nTudor Hurezeanu[157]\n000000002002-04-08-0000April 8, 2002\nSecond and last winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIgor Sazeyev[158]\n000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001\nFirst winner in Russia\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIrina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih[159]\n000000002003-01-18-0000January 18, 2003\nCouples version.\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nSvetlana Yaroslavtseva[160]\n000000002006-02-19-0000February 19, 2006\nFirst woman who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nTimur Budayev[161][162]\n000000002010-04-17-0000April 17, 2010\nFirst man who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nBari Alibasov and Alexander \"Danko\" Fadeev[163][164]\n000000002013-11-23-0000November 23, 2013\nFirst celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nYulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov[165][166][167]\n000000002017-12-02-0000December 2, 2017\nSecond celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nPeter Lazar[168]\n000000002001-10-01-0000October 2001\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAkim Kysselef[169]\n000000002002-04-01-0000April 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nMatjaž Tanko[170]\n000000002002-03-29-0000March 29, 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nGorazd Škerbinek[171]\n000000002002-11-01-0000November 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAleš Jankovič[172]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nFirefighters edition\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nJaro Leskovsek[173]\nMay 16, 2004\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nViktor Niko[citation needed]\n000000002005-07-01-0000July 2005\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Paterson[174]\n000000002000-03-19-0000March 19, 2000\nSouth Africa's only winner, also the first winner outside the USA.\n1,000,000 Rand\n\n\n ¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15\nEnrique Chicote[175]\n000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000\nUsed the phone-a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question, letting her know that he'd won, and first winner on Spanish version.\n₧ 50,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario?\nPaco Reverte[176]\n000000002012-03-15-0000March 15, 2012\nFourth winner in the \"Hot Seat\" format. First winner in Spain in almost twelve years.\n€100,000\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nApeksha Kumari[177]\n000000002013-02-22-0000February 22, 2013\nFirst winner\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nMoksha Madusanka[178]\n000000002017-07-02-0000July 2, 2017\nSecond and last winner after 4 years.\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nPer Hörberg[179]\n000000002006-02-17-0000February 17, 2006\nFirst winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nTorgny Segerstedt[180]\n000000002008-03-01-0000March 1, 2008\nSecond winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nOlle Laurell[181]\n000000002009-12-04-0000December 4, 2009\nThird winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nJan Sundström[182]\n000000002010-12-17-0000December 17, 2010\nFourth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMattias Östermann[183]\n000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012\nFitfh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nLena Angviken[184]\n000000002012-09-29-0000September 29, 2012\nSixth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nBirgitta Hedström[185][186]\n000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014\nSeventh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nAlexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag[187]\n000000002014-11-15-0000November 15, 2014\nCelebrity Special #1. And also Eighth winners.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nYlva Orrmell[188]\n000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017\nNinth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMarianne Hiller[189]\n000000002018-03-02-0000March 2, 2018\nTenth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSergey Karabinsky[190]\n000000002003-06-06-0000June 6, 2003\nFirst winner of the Ukrainian version.\n1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSvyatoslav Vakarchuk[191][192]\n000000002005-01-22-0000January 22, 2005\nFirst celebrity contestant. Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine. Second winner after 1.5 years\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Milyoner - Garyache Krislo\nNadezhda Beldiy[193]\n000000002011-08-06-0000August 6, 2011\nThird top winner in the hot seat format. First and also last winner after 6 years.\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJudith Keppel[194]\n000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000\nFirst female winner in the original UK version.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Edwards[195]\n000000002001-04-21-0000April 21, 2001\nFirst male winner in the UK.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRobert Brydges[196]\n000000002001-09-29-0000September 29, 2001\nFirst contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair. He had one lifeline at the Million pound question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n Pat Gibson[197]\n000000002004-04-24-0000April 24, 2004\nHad two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nIngram Wilcox[198]\n000000002006-09-23-0000September 23, 2006\nLast winner in the original UK version. Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15-question format in the UK, and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJohn Carpenter[199]\n000000001999-11-19-0000November 19, 1999\nFirst ever top-prize winner in the Millionaire franchise. He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question, when he called his father to tell him he would win the million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDan Blonsky[199]\n000000002000-01-18-0000January 18, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nJoe Trela[199]\n000000002000-03-23-0000March 23, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBob House[199]\n000000002000-06-13-0000June 13, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKim Hunt[199]\n000000002000-07-06-0000July 6, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDavid Goodman[199]\n000000002000-07-11-0000July 11, 2000\nFirst Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline. He used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Olmstead[200]\n000000002001-04-10-0000April 10, 2001\nBiggest winner on the U.S. version, with a $2.18 million jackpot. He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19, 2013. Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far.\nUS$2,180,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBernie Cullen[201]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nHad two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nEd Toutant[202]\n000000002001-09-07-0000September 7, 2001\nOriginally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000. It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for.\nUS$1,860,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Smith[203]\n000000002003-02-18-0000February 18, 2003\nFirst male winner of the syndicated series.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nNancy Christy[204]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\nFirst and so far only female top-prize winner in the United States.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nSam Murray[205]\n000000002009-11-20-0000November 20, 2009\nMurray did not go all the way to a million the first time, winning $50,000; then returned to win the question in the \"Million Dollar Tournament of Ten.\" He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning. First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGiovanni Grosso[206]\n000000002002-03-20-0000March 20, 2002\nFirst ever top-prize winner in South America.\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nAntonio Ríos[207]\n000000002002-05-22-0000May 22, 2002\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEugenio Vargas[206]\n000000002004-12-22-0000December 22, 2004\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nZulay Marcano[208]\n000000002006-03-29-0000March 29, 2006\n\n200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLuis Olavarrieta[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaría Alejandra Requena[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nHildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nCarlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDiana Campos[209]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEduardo Jiménez[210]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJulio Arévaloz[211]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng\nUnknown Player[212][better source needed]\n000000002011-05-24-0000May 24, 2011\nSecond top winner in the hot seat format.\n₫120,000,000\n\n", "\n\nEdition\nWinner\nBroadcast date\nNotes\nTop prize\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Khaled al Mulla[1]\n000000002001-11-21-0000November 21, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Tanirah[2]\n000000002002-03-15-0000March 15, 2002\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali[3]\n000000002003-01-02-0000January 2, 2003\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon\n Kenaan Matar[4]\n000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007\n\n2,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh[5]\n000000002010-03-23-0000March 23, 2010\nFirst SR1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12-question format.\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRob \"Coach\" Fulton[6]\n000000002005-10-17-0000October 17, 2005\nFirst winner in Australia after six and a half years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nMartin Flood[6]\n000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005\nAllegations of cheating marred his top prize win, but he was cleared. Also the last winner of the original Australian version.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Millionaire Hot Seat\nEdwin Daly[7]\n000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016\nFifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format. First Australian winner after almost 11 years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAnton Sutterlüty[8]\n000000002001-02-19-0000February 19, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Austrian Schillings\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nChristiane de Piero[9]\n000000002002-11-11-0000November 11, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSigrid Weiß-Lutz[10]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMonica Weinzettl[11][12]\n000000002003-10-18-0000October 18, 2003\nPromi-Ausgabe #7. Donated the prize to St. Stephen's Cathedral\n€50,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKarin Huber[13]\n000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nElfriede (\"El\") Awadalla[14]\n000000002005-03-14-0000March 14, 2005\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nHeide Gondek[15]\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPhilip Aschner[16]\n000000002007-10-20-0000October 20, 2007\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMarion Eidenhammer[17]\n000000002008-06-28-0000June 28, 2008\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStefan Schwaiger[18]\n000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann[19]\n000000002011-10-24-0000October 24, 2011\nPromi-Ausgabe #23.\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nThomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger[20]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #27. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndrea Spatzek[21]\n000000002012-11-26-0000November 26, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #28. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSonya Kraus[22]\n000000002013-05-13-0000May 13, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #30. Prize donated to Life Ball\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPeter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler[23]\n000000002013-10-21-0000October 21, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #31. Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStephan Eberharter[24]\n000000002013-12-02-0000December 2, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #32. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMathias Stockinger[25]\n000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013\nFirst non-celebrity winner after 7 years\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKristina Sprenger[26]\n000000002014-02-10-0000February 10, 2014\nPromi-Ausgabe #33. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAngelika Kirchschlager[27]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nJulia Cencig[28]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nDietrich Siegl[29]\n000000002015-11-23-0000November 23, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #40. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Qui sera millionnaire? (French Version)\nKatia Savignano[30][31]\n000000002001-06-04-0000June 4, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Dutch Version)\nIngrid Vervaeck[32]\n000000002000-10-10-0000October 10, 2000\n\n20,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGonzalo Miranda[33][34]\n000000002002-09-09-0000September 9, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\n100,000,000 Chilean Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJuan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez[35][36][37]\n000000002002-10-28-0000October 28, 2002\nFirst child winner on Colombian Millionaire\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEnrique Carlos Castillo[38]\n000000002006-10-30-0000October 30, 2006\n\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDavid Huertas[39]\n000000002011-10-29-0000October 29, 2011\n\n300,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nWilly Pérez[40][41]\n000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010\nWinner of special 2010 World Cup edition. First and also last winner.\n25,000,000 colón\n\n\n Tko želi biti milijunaš?\nMira Bićanić[42][43]\n000000002003-06-14-0000June 14, 2003\nFirst and also last winner.\n1,000,000 kuna\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Brøndum Laursen[44]\n000000002001-10-08-0000October 8, 2001\nFirst winner in the Danish version\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[45]\n000000002002-09-16-0000September 16, 2002\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSigne Svendsen and Søren Sko[46]\n000000002004-01-01-0000January 1, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to AIDS Foundation\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand[47]\n000000002005-03-21-0000March 21, 2005\nWinners in Special edition \"Me and my best\"\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nClaus Højbak and Bertel Haarder[48]\n000000002005-10-03-0000October 3, 2005\nDonated half the prize to a school organization\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nPeter Kierkegaard, Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes[49][50]\n000000002007-10-15-0000October 15, 2007\nJunior edition #1\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJulie, Ulrik and Sia[51]\n000000002007-11-24-0000November 24, 2007\nJunior edition #2\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJoachim, Lukkas and Daniel[52]\n000000002008-03-15-0000March 15, 2008\nJunior edition #3\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSimon Ron Dalsgaard, Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen[53]\n000000002008-05-09-0000May 9, 2008\nJunior edition #4\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik[54]\n000000002010-10-11-0000October 11, 2010\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen[55][56]\n000000002012-03-12-0000March 12, 2012\n\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nCharlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer[57]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society\n2,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nBjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær[58]\n000000002013-04-19-0000April 19, 2013\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMorten Resen and Ellen Nybo[59]\n000000002013-09-30-0000September 30, 2013\nWinners in 25th channel anniversary.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[60]\n000000002013-10-28-0000October 28, 2013\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA, and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nDaniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad[61]\n000000002015-03-03-0000March 3, 2015\nWinners in Dating edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed[62]\n000000002016-03-06-0000March 6, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nTommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup[63]\n000000002016-05-08-0000May 8, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaria Fernanda Compte[64]\n000000002002-11-24-0000November 24, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\nUS$25,000\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nFrédéric Grégoire[65]\n000000002000-09-30-0000September 30, 2000\nFirst winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nLouis[66]\n000000002000-11-04-0000November 4, 2000\nSecond winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nMarie Friedel[67]\n000000002004-08-27-0000August 27, 2004\nThird and last winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\nManana Maisuradze[68]\n000000002002-01-01-00002002\n\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\n Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova[69]\n000000002011-02-22-0000February 22, 2011\nFirst celebrity winners. Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles.\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nEckhard Freise[70]\n000000002000-12-02-0000December 2, 2000\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nMarlene Grabherr[71]\n000000002001-05-20-0000May 20, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nGerhard Krammer[72]\n000000002002-10-18-0000October 18, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nDr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer[73]\n000000002004-03-29-0000March 29, 2004\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nStefan Lang[74]\n000000002006-10-09-0000October 9, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nTimur Hahn[75]\n000000002007-01-08-0000January 8, 2007\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nOliver Pocher[76]\n000000002008-05-30-0000May 30, 2008\nPromi-Special #16\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThomas Gottschalk[77]\n000000002008-11-20-0000November 20, 2008\nPromi-Special #17\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nRalf Schnoor[78]\n000000002010-11-26-0000November 26, 2010\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nBarbara Schöneberger[79]\n000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011\nPromi-Special #22\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nSebastian Langrock[80]\n000000002013-03-11-0000March 11, 2013\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThorsten Fischer[81]\n000000002014-10-17-0000October 17, 2014\n15-year anniversary special episode\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nNadja Sidikjar[82]\n000000002015-11-13-0000November 13, 2015\nFirst winner of Jackpot-Special #2\n€1,538,450\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nLeon Windscheid[83]\n000000002015-12-07-0000December 7, 2015\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nGiorgios Georgopoulos[84]\n000000002001-10-02-0000October 2, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₯ 50,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nStelios Stergiou[84]\n000000002003-11-21-0000November 21, 2003\nSecond and last winner.\n€150,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nJames Wong and Petrina Fung[85]\n000000002001-07-15-0000July 15, 2001\nCelebrity charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nStephen Chow and Erica Li[86][87]\n000000002001-08-20-0000August 20, 2001\nShaolin Soccer charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nChris Chan Hon-Cheung [88]\n000000002001-11-02-0000November 2, 2001\nFirst of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nCheng Tak-Cheung[89]\n000000002003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003\nMillion dollar tournament.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung (Pilot Episode)\nRay Fong[90]\n000000002018-01-01-0000January 2018\nProducer of the Hong Kong Millionaire. He was given all the correct answers before the show.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Legyen Ön is milliomos!\nGábor Cserey[91][92]\n000000002006-03-20-0000March 20, 2006\nFirst and last winner\n40,000,000 Ft\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nSveinn Valgeirsson[93][94]\n000000002002-03-24-0000March 24, 2002\nFirst Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nPaolo Turchi[95]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nSecond Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nJón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson[96]\n000000002004-04-11-0000April 11, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association \"SKB\"\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nHarshvardhan Navathe[97][98][99][100]\n000000002000-09-18-0000September 18, 2000\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nVijay Raul and Arundhati[101]\n000000002001-05-02-0000May 2, 2001\nWinner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nRavi Mohan Saini[102][103][104]\n000000002001-07-08-0000July 8, 2001\nWinner of KBC Junior\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSushil Kumar[105]\n000000002011-11-02-0000November 2, 2011\nFirst winner of the 13-question format. And fourth winner after 10 years.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSanmjeet Kaur Sahani[106]\n000000002013-01-12-0000January 12, 2013\nSecond and last winner of the 13-question format.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nAchin and Sarthak Narula[107][108]\n000000002014-10-09-0000October 9, 2014\nHighest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date. First winners of the 14-question format and last winners of 14-question format.\n70,000,000 Rs. (7 crore)\n\n\n Kannadada Kotyadhipati\nHussain Basha[109]\n000000002013-04-29-0000April 29, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran\nSanooja Rajan[110][111]\n000000002013-05-01-0000May 1, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati\nMahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav[112]\n000000002014-03-17-0000March 17, 2014\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti\nAamir Khan and Kiran Rao[113]\n000000002011-07-08-0000July 8, 2011\nCelebrity edition\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Bani Crorepati\nRajesh Singh[114]\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner?\nIzhar Nevo[115][116]\n000000002000-08-07-0000August 7, 2000\nOnly winner of the Israeli version. First winner from a country located in the Middle East.\n1,000,000 ₪\n\n\n Chi vuol essere miliardario?\nFrancesca Cinelli[117]\n000000002001-03-18-0000March 18, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₤ 1,000,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nDavide Pavesi[118]\n000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004\nSecond winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nMichela De Paoli[119][120][121]\n000000002011-01-27-0000January 27, 2011\nThird and last winner. She used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million euro.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuyuki Kunimitsu[122]\n000000002000-07-27-0000July 27, 2000\nFirst ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYoshiaki Nagata[citation needed]\n000000002000-08-10-0000August 10, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaoko Imao[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-02-0000November 2, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHiroshi Hase[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-23-0000November 23, 2000\nMember of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuyuki Nose[123]\n000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Kobayashi[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKatsuhiro Minamigawa[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHitomi Sakamoto[citation needed]\n000000002001-12-13-0000December 13, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nAkishi Kikuchi[citation needed]\n000000002002-06-27-0000June 27, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMichiko Eguchi[124]\n000000002002-08-01-0000August 1, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaomi Osada[citation needed]\n000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShoko Mishima[125]\n000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSayu Tanabashi[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNatsumi Kataoka[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDaichi Suzuki[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-18-0000September 18, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTsuyoshi Shinjo[126]\n000000002004-01-02-0000January 2, 2004\nProfessional baseball player\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJo Kihara[citation needed]\n000000002004-08-26-0000August 26, 2004\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakafumi Horie[127]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\nFormer CEO of Livedoor\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuko Hosoki[citation needed]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasaaki Sakai[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuo Tanaka[128]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\nAuthor and governor of Nagano Prefecture\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKikuchi Tomohisa[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-28-0000April 28, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasahiko Hamada[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\nPair players (mother and daughter)\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Koizumi[citation needed]\n000000002006-01-02-0000January 2, 2006\nJapanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYūko Asano[citation needed]\n000000002006-03-23-0000March 23, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJunko Nozoe[citation needed]\n000000002006-06-29-0000June 29, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKeiko Ohi[citation needed]\n000000002006-07-27-0000July 27, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDai Tamesue[citation needed]\n000000002006-09-14-0000September 14, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nBandō Mitsugorō X[citation needed]\n000000002006-10-05-0000October 5, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDewi Sukarno[129]\n000000002006-10-26-0000October 26, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMisako Konno[citation needed]\n000000002007-02-15-0000February 15, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShōsuke Tanihara[citation needed]\n000000002007-07-05-0000July 5, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSumiko Fuji[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuo Tokumitsu[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakeshi Kitano[130]\n000000002009-01-30-0000January 30, 2009\nOnly person to answer the final question incorrectly once, and later return and win the top prize.\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHikari Ota[131]\n000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMana Ashida[132]\n000000002013-01-02-0000January 2, 2013\nCelebrity Kids Edition. Youngest top-prize winner (at the time of recording) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide. (8 years and 6 months old)\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nSaule Akhmetova[133][134]\n000000002002-04-18-0000April 18, 2002\nFirst woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nIrina Stalnaya[135]\n000000002003-07-24-0000July 24, 2003\nSecond woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nYevgeny Malischuk[136][137][138]\n000000002018-03-24-0000March 24, 2018\nThird winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format\n10,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Gribi būt miljonārs?\nElita Rumpe[139][140]\n000000002002-12-18-0000December 18, 2002\nFirst and last winner\n10,000 Latvian Lats\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLucía Sánchez[141][142]\n000000002010-04-22-0000April 22, 2010\nFirst winner on new format.\n3,000,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nRafael Lira[citation needed]\n000000002012-04-21-0000April 21, 2012\nSecond and last winner of new format.\n1,500,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n Lotto Weekend Miljonairs\nHans Peters[143]\n000000002001-01-06-0000January 6, 2001\nFirst and also last winner.\nNLG 1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nChimuanya \"Aroma\" Ufodike[144]\n000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009\nFirst and also last winner.\n₦10,000,000\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nAnne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik[145]\n000000002003-03-10-0000March 10, 2003\nFirst winners in Norway.\n2,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nBjørn Lien[146]\n000000002010-01-19-0000January 19, 2010\nFirst winner in the Hot Seat format. And second last winner after 6.5 years.\n1,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nSharon Cuneta[147]\n000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010\nCelebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise. Won P1,000,000 (14th question) during her first appearance on December 25, 2001.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nKarl Jonathan Aguilar[148]\n000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011\nFirst non-celebrity winner\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nEduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr.[149]\n000000002013-10-20-0000October 20, 2013\nFirst winner under Risk format outside Germany.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Milionerzy\nKrzysztof Wójcik[150]\n000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010\nFirst winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years. Also second winner of the 12-question format\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Milionerzy\nMaria Romanek[151]\n000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018\nSecond winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12-question format and also first female winner.\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nRenata Morgado[citation needed]\n000000002000-05-01-0000May 2000\nFirst female top-prize winner in the franchise. Also the first ever European and non-English-speaking Millionaire winner.\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAna Damásio[citation needed]\n000000002000-09-01-0000September 2000\nSecond female top-prize winner in the franchise\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Fernandes[citation needed]\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 2001\n\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAntónio Franco[152]\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n\n€250,000\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Maria Souto de Moura[153][154][155]\n000000002014-02-07-0000February 7, 2014\nFirst winner after 11 years and last winner.\n€100,000\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nMihai Popa[156]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nFirst winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nTudor Hurezeanu[157]\n000000002002-04-08-0000April 8, 2002\nSecond and last winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIgor Sazeyev[158]\n000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001\nFirst winner in Russia\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIrina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih[159]\n000000002003-01-18-0000January 18, 2003\nCouples version.\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nSvetlana Yaroslavtseva[160]\n000000002006-02-19-0000February 19, 2006\nFirst woman who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nTimur Budayev[161][162]\n000000002010-04-17-0000April 17, 2010\nFirst man who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nBari Alibasov and Alexander \"Danko\" Fadeev[163][164]\n000000002013-11-23-0000November 23, 2013\nFirst celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nYulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov[165][166][167]\n000000002017-12-02-0000December 2, 2017\nSecond celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nPeter Lazar[168]\n000000002001-10-01-0000October 2001\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAkim Kysselef[169]\n000000002002-04-01-0000April 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nMatjaž Tanko[170]\n000000002002-03-29-0000March 29, 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nGorazd Škerbinek[171]\n000000002002-11-01-0000November 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAleš Jankovič[172]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nFirefighters edition\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nJaro Leskovsek[173]\nMay 16, 2004\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nViktor Niko[citation needed]\n000000002005-07-01-0000July 2005\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Paterson[174]\n000000002000-03-19-0000March 19, 2000\nSouth Africa's only winner, also the first winner outside the USA.\n1,000,000 Rand\n\n\n ¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15\nEnrique Chicote[175]\n000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000\nUsed the phone-a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question, letting her know that he'd won, and first winner on Spanish version.\n₧ 50,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario?\nPaco Reverte[176]\n000000002012-03-15-0000March 15, 2012\nFourth winner in the \"Hot Seat\" format. First winner in Spain in almost twelve years.\n€100,000\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nApeksha Kumari[177]\n000000002013-02-22-0000February 22, 2013\nFirst winner\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nMoksha Madusanka[178]\n000000002017-07-02-0000July 2, 2017\nSecond and last winner after 4 years.\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nPer Hörberg[179]\n000000002006-02-17-0000February 17, 2006\nFirst winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nTorgny Segerstedt[180]\n000000002008-03-01-0000March 1, 2008\nSecond winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nOlle Laurell[181]\n000000002009-12-04-0000December 4, 2009\nThird winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nJan Sundström[182]\n000000002010-12-17-0000December 17, 2010\nFourth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMattias Östermann[183]\n000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012\nFitfh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nLena Angviken[184]\n000000002012-09-29-0000September 29, 2012\nSixth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nBirgitta Hedström[185][186]\n000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014\nSeventh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nAlexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag[187]\n000000002014-11-15-0000November 15, 2014\nCelebrity Special #1. And also Eighth winners.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nYlva Orrmell[188]\n000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017\nNinth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMarianne Hiller[189]\n000000002018-03-02-0000March 2, 2018\nTenth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSergey Karabinsky[190]\n000000002003-06-06-0000June 6, 2003\nFirst winner of the Ukrainian version.\n1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSvyatoslav Vakarchuk[191][192]\n000000002005-01-22-0000January 22, 2005\nFirst celebrity contestant. Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine. Second winner after 1.5 years\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Milyoner - Garyache Krislo\nNadezhda Beldiy[193]\n000000002011-08-06-0000August 6, 2011\nThird top winner in the hot seat format. First and also last winner after 6 years.\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJudith Keppel[194]\n000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000\nFirst female winner in the original UK version.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Edwards[195]\n000000002001-04-21-0000April 21, 2001\nFirst male winner in the UK.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRobert Brydges[196]\n000000002001-09-29-0000September 29, 2001\nFirst contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair. He had one lifeline at the Million pound question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n Pat Gibson[197]\n000000002004-04-24-0000April 24, 2004\nHad two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nIngram Wilcox[198]\n000000002006-09-23-0000September 23, 2006\nLast winner in the original UK version. Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15-question format in the UK, and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJohn Carpenter[199]\n000000001999-11-19-0000November 19, 1999\nFirst ever top-prize winner in the Millionaire franchise. He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question, when he called his father to tell him he would win the million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDan Blonsky[199]\n000000002000-01-18-0000January 18, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nJoe Trela[199]\n000000002000-03-23-0000March 23, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBob House[199]\n000000002000-06-13-0000June 13, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKim Hunt[199]\n000000002000-07-06-0000July 6, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDavid Goodman[199]\n000000002000-07-11-0000July 11, 2000\nFirst Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline. He used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Olmstead[200]\n000000002001-04-10-0000April 10, 2001\nBiggest winner on the U.S. version, with a $2.18 million jackpot. He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19, 2013. Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far.\nUS$2,180,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBernie Cullen[201]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nHad two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nEd Toutant[202]\n000000002001-09-07-0000September 7, 2001\nOriginally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000. It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for.\nUS$1,860,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Smith[203]\n000000002003-02-18-0000February 18, 2003\nFirst male winner of the syndicated series.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nNancy Christy[204]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\nFirst and so far only female top-prize winner in the United States.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nSam Murray[205]\n000000002009-11-20-0000November 20, 2009\nMurray did not go all the way to a million the first time, winning $50,000; then returned to win the question in the \"Million Dollar Tournament of Ten.\" He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning. First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGiovanni Grosso[206]\n000000002002-03-20-0000March 20, 2002\nFirst ever top-prize winner in South America.\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nAntonio Ríos[207]\n000000002002-05-22-0000May 22, 2002\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEugenio Vargas[206]\n000000002004-12-22-0000December 22, 2004\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nZulay Marcano[208]\n000000002006-03-29-0000March 29, 2006\n\n200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLuis Olavarrieta[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaría Alejandra Requena[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nHildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nCarlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDiana Campos[209]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEduardo Jiménez[210]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJulio Arévaloz[211]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng\nUnknown Player[212][better source needed]\n000000002011-05-24-0000May 24, 2011\nSecond top winner in the hot seat format.\n₫120,000,000\n\n", "\n\nEdition\nWinner\nBroadcast date\nNotes\nTop prize\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Khaled al Mulla[1]\n000000002001-11-21-0000November 21, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Tanirah[2]\n000000002002-03-15-0000March 15, 2002\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali[3]\n000000002003-01-02-0000January 2, 2003\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon\n Kenaan Matar[4]\n000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007\n\n2,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh[5]\n000000002010-03-23-0000March 23, 2010\nFirst SR1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12-question format.\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRob \"Coach\" Fulton[6]\n000000002005-10-17-0000October 17, 2005\nFirst winner in Australia after six and a half years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nMartin Flood[6]\n000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005\nAllegations of cheating marred his top prize win, but he was cleared. Also the last winner of the original Australian version.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Millionaire Hot Seat\nEdwin Daly[7]\n000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016\nFifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format. First Australian winner after almost 11 years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAnton Sutterlüty[8]\n000000002001-02-19-0000February 19, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Austrian Schillings\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nChristiane de Piero[9]\n000000002002-11-11-0000November 11, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSigrid Weiß-Lutz[10]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMonica Weinzettl[11][12]\n000000002003-10-18-0000October 18, 2003\nPromi-Ausgabe #7. Donated the prize to St. Stephen's Cathedral\n€50,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKarin Huber[13]\n000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nElfriede (\"El\") Awadalla[14]\n000000002005-03-14-0000March 14, 2005\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nHeide Gondek[15]\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPhilip Aschner[16]\n000000002007-10-20-0000October 20, 2007\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMarion Eidenhammer[17]\n000000002008-06-28-0000June 28, 2008\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStefan Schwaiger[18]\n000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann[19]\n000000002011-10-24-0000October 24, 2011\nPromi-Ausgabe #23.\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nThomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger[20]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #27. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndrea Spatzek[21]\n000000002012-11-26-0000November 26, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #28. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSonya Kraus[22]\n000000002013-05-13-0000May 13, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #30. Prize donated to Life Ball\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPeter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler[23]\n000000002013-10-21-0000October 21, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #31. Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStephan Eberharter[24]\n000000002013-12-02-0000December 2, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #32. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMathias Stockinger[25]\n000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013\nFirst non-celebrity winner after 7 years\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKristina Sprenger[26]\n000000002014-02-10-0000February 10, 2014\nPromi-Ausgabe #33. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAngelika Kirchschlager[27]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nJulia Cencig[28]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nDietrich Siegl[29]\n000000002015-11-23-0000November 23, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #40. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Qui sera millionnaire? (French Version)\nKatia Savignano[30][31]\n000000002001-06-04-0000June 4, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Dutch Version)\nIngrid Vervaeck[32]\n000000002000-10-10-0000October 10, 2000\n\n20,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGonzalo Miranda[33][34]\n000000002002-09-09-0000September 9, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\n100,000,000 Chilean Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJuan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez[35][36][37]\n000000002002-10-28-0000October 28, 2002\nFirst child winner on Colombian Millionaire\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEnrique Carlos Castillo[38]\n000000002006-10-30-0000October 30, 2006\n\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDavid Huertas[39]\n000000002011-10-29-0000October 29, 2011\n\n300,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nWilly Pérez[40][41]\n000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010\nWinner of special 2010 World Cup edition. First and also last winner.\n25,000,000 colón\n\n\n Tko želi biti milijunaš?\nMira Bićanić[42][43]\n000000002003-06-14-0000June 14, 2003\nFirst and also last winner.\n1,000,000 kuna\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Brøndum Laursen[44]\n000000002001-10-08-0000October 8, 2001\nFirst winner in the Danish version\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[45]\n000000002002-09-16-0000September 16, 2002\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSigne Svendsen and Søren Sko[46]\n000000002004-01-01-0000January 1, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to AIDS Foundation\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand[47]\n000000002005-03-21-0000March 21, 2005\nWinners in Special edition \"Me and my best\"\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nClaus Højbak and Bertel Haarder[48]\n000000002005-10-03-0000October 3, 2005\nDonated half the prize to a school organization\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nPeter Kierkegaard, Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes[49][50]\n000000002007-10-15-0000October 15, 2007\nJunior edition #1\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJulie, Ulrik and Sia[51]\n000000002007-11-24-0000November 24, 2007\nJunior edition #2\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJoachim, Lukkas and Daniel[52]\n000000002008-03-15-0000March 15, 2008\nJunior edition #3\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSimon Ron Dalsgaard, Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen[53]\n000000002008-05-09-0000May 9, 2008\nJunior edition #4\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik[54]\n000000002010-10-11-0000October 11, 2010\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen[55][56]\n000000002012-03-12-0000March 12, 2012\n\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nCharlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer[57]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society\n2,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nBjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær[58]\n000000002013-04-19-0000April 19, 2013\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMorten Resen and Ellen Nybo[59]\n000000002013-09-30-0000September 30, 2013\nWinners in 25th channel anniversary.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[60]\n000000002013-10-28-0000October 28, 2013\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA, and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nDaniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad[61]\n000000002015-03-03-0000March 3, 2015\nWinners in Dating edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed[62]\n000000002016-03-06-0000March 6, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nTommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup[63]\n000000002016-05-08-0000May 8, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaria Fernanda Compte[64]\n000000002002-11-24-0000November 24, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\nUS$25,000\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nFrédéric Grégoire[65]\n000000002000-09-30-0000September 30, 2000\nFirst winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nLouis[66]\n000000002000-11-04-0000November 4, 2000\nSecond winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nMarie Friedel[67]\n000000002004-08-27-0000August 27, 2004\nThird and last winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\nManana Maisuradze[68]\n000000002002-01-01-00002002\n\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\n Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova[69]\n000000002011-02-22-0000February 22, 2011\nFirst celebrity winners. Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles.\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nEckhard Freise[70]\n000000002000-12-02-0000December 2, 2000\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nMarlene Grabherr[71]\n000000002001-05-20-0000May 20, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nGerhard Krammer[72]\n000000002002-10-18-0000October 18, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nDr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer[73]\n000000002004-03-29-0000March 29, 2004\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nStefan Lang[74]\n000000002006-10-09-0000October 9, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nTimur Hahn[75]\n000000002007-01-08-0000January 8, 2007\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nOliver Pocher[76]\n000000002008-05-30-0000May 30, 2008\nPromi-Special #16\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThomas Gottschalk[77]\n000000002008-11-20-0000November 20, 2008\nPromi-Special #17\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nRalf Schnoor[78]\n000000002010-11-26-0000November 26, 2010\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nBarbara Schöneberger[79]\n000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011\nPromi-Special #22\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nSebastian Langrock[80]\n000000002013-03-11-0000March 11, 2013\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThorsten Fischer[81]\n000000002014-10-17-0000October 17, 2014\n15-year anniversary special episode\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nNadja Sidikjar[82]\n000000002015-11-13-0000November 13, 2015\nFirst winner of Jackpot-Special #2\n€1,538,450\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nLeon Windscheid[83]\n000000002015-12-07-0000December 7, 2015\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nGiorgios Georgopoulos[84]\n000000002001-10-02-0000October 2, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₯ 50,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nStelios Stergiou[84]\n000000002003-11-21-0000November 21, 2003\nSecond and last winner.\n€150,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nJames Wong and Petrina Fung[85]\n000000002001-07-15-0000July 15, 2001\nCelebrity charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nStephen Chow and Erica Li[86][87]\n000000002001-08-20-0000August 20, 2001\nShaolin Soccer charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nChris Chan Hon-Cheung [88]\n000000002001-11-02-0000November 2, 2001\nFirst of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nCheng Tak-Cheung[89]\n000000002003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003\nMillion dollar tournament.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung (Pilot Episode)\nRay Fong[90]\n000000002018-01-01-0000January 2018\nProducer of the Hong Kong Millionaire. He was given all the correct answers before the show.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Legyen Ön is milliomos!\nGábor Cserey[91][92]\n000000002006-03-20-0000March 20, 2006\nFirst and last winner\n40,000,000 Ft\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nSveinn Valgeirsson[93][94]\n000000002002-03-24-0000March 24, 2002\nFirst Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nPaolo Turchi[95]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nSecond Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nJón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson[96]\n000000002004-04-11-0000April 11, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association \"SKB\"\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nHarshvardhan Navathe[97][98][99][100]\n000000002000-09-18-0000September 18, 2000\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nVijay Raul and Arundhati[101]\n000000002001-05-02-0000May 2, 2001\nWinner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nRavi Mohan Saini[102][103][104]\n000000002001-07-08-0000July 8, 2001\nWinner of KBC Junior\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSushil Kumar[105]\n000000002011-11-02-0000November 2, 2011\nFirst winner of the 13-question format. And fourth winner after 10 years.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSanmjeet Kaur Sahani[106]\n000000002013-01-12-0000January 12, 2013\nSecond and last winner of the 13-question format.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nAchin and Sarthak Narula[107][108]\n000000002014-10-09-0000October 9, 2014\nHighest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date. First winners of the 14-question format and last winners of 14-question format.\n70,000,000 Rs. (7 crore)\n\n\n Kannadada Kotyadhipati\nHussain Basha[109]\n000000002013-04-29-0000April 29, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran\nSanooja Rajan[110][111]\n000000002013-05-01-0000May 1, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati\nMahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav[112]\n000000002014-03-17-0000March 17, 2014\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti\nAamir Khan and Kiran Rao[113]\n000000002011-07-08-0000July 8, 2011\nCelebrity edition\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Bani Crorepati\nRajesh Singh[114]\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner?\nIzhar Nevo[115][116]\n000000002000-08-07-0000August 7, 2000\nOnly winner of the Israeli version. First winner from a country located in the Middle East.\n1,000,000 ₪\n\n\n Chi vuol essere miliardario?\nFrancesca Cinelli[117]\n000000002001-03-18-0000March 18, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₤ 1,000,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nDavide Pavesi[118]\n000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004\nSecond winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nMichela De Paoli[119][120][121]\n000000002011-01-27-0000January 27, 2011\nThird and last winner. She used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million euro.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuyuki Kunimitsu[122]\n000000002000-07-27-0000July 27, 2000\nFirst ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYoshiaki Nagata[citation needed]\n000000002000-08-10-0000August 10, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaoko Imao[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-02-0000November 2, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHiroshi Hase[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-23-0000November 23, 2000\nMember of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuyuki Nose[123]\n000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Kobayashi[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKatsuhiro Minamigawa[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHitomi Sakamoto[citation needed]\n000000002001-12-13-0000December 13, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nAkishi Kikuchi[citation needed]\n000000002002-06-27-0000June 27, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMichiko Eguchi[124]\n000000002002-08-01-0000August 1, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaomi Osada[citation needed]\n000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShoko Mishima[125]\n000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSayu Tanabashi[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNatsumi Kataoka[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDaichi Suzuki[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-18-0000September 18, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTsuyoshi Shinjo[126]\n000000002004-01-02-0000January 2, 2004\nProfessional baseball player\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJo Kihara[citation needed]\n000000002004-08-26-0000August 26, 2004\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakafumi Horie[127]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\nFormer CEO of Livedoor\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuko Hosoki[citation needed]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasaaki Sakai[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuo Tanaka[128]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\nAuthor and governor of Nagano Prefecture\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKikuchi Tomohisa[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-28-0000April 28, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasahiko Hamada[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\nPair players (mother and daughter)\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Koizumi[citation needed]\n000000002006-01-02-0000January 2, 2006\nJapanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYūko Asano[citation needed]\n000000002006-03-23-0000March 23, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJunko Nozoe[citation needed]\n000000002006-06-29-0000June 29, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKeiko Ohi[citation needed]\n000000002006-07-27-0000July 27, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDai Tamesue[citation needed]\n000000002006-09-14-0000September 14, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nBandō Mitsugorō X[citation needed]\n000000002006-10-05-0000October 5, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDewi Sukarno[129]\n000000002006-10-26-0000October 26, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMisako Konno[citation needed]\n000000002007-02-15-0000February 15, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShōsuke Tanihara[citation needed]\n000000002007-07-05-0000July 5, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSumiko Fuji[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuo Tokumitsu[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakeshi Kitano[130]\n000000002009-01-30-0000January 30, 2009\nOnly person to answer the final question incorrectly once, and later return and win the top prize.\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHikari Ota[131]\n000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMana Ashida[132]\n000000002013-01-02-0000January 2, 2013\nCelebrity Kids Edition. Youngest top-prize winner (at the time of recording) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide. (8 years and 6 months old)\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nSaule Akhmetova[133][134]\n000000002002-04-18-0000April 18, 2002\nFirst woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nIrina Stalnaya[135]\n000000002003-07-24-0000July 24, 2003\nSecond woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nYevgeny Malischuk[136][137][138]\n000000002018-03-24-0000March 24, 2018\nThird winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format\n10,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Gribi būt miljonārs?\nElita Rumpe[139][140]\n000000002002-12-18-0000December 18, 2002\nFirst and last winner\n10,000 Latvian Lats\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLucía Sánchez[141][142]\n000000002010-04-22-0000April 22, 2010\nFirst winner on new format.\n3,000,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nRafael Lira[citation needed]\n000000002012-04-21-0000April 21, 2012\nSecond and last winner of new format.\n1,500,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n Lotto Weekend Miljonairs\nHans Peters[143]\n000000002001-01-06-0000January 6, 2001\nFirst and also last winner.\nNLG 1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nChimuanya \"Aroma\" Ufodike[144]\n000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009\nFirst and also last winner.\n₦10,000,000\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nAnne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik[145]\n000000002003-03-10-0000March 10, 2003\nFirst winners in Norway.\n2,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nBjørn Lien[146]\n000000002010-01-19-0000January 19, 2010\nFirst winner in the Hot Seat format. And second last winner after 6.5 years.\n1,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nSharon Cuneta[147]\n000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010\nCelebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise. Won P1,000,000 (14th question) during her first appearance on December 25, 2001.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nKarl Jonathan Aguilar[148]\n000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011\nFirst non-celebrity winner\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nEduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr.[149]\n000000002013-10-20-0000October 20, 2013\nFirst winner under Risk format outside Germany.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Milionerzy\nKrzysztof Wójcik[150]\n000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010\nFirst winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years. Also second winner of the 12-question format\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Milionerzy\nMaria Romanek[151]\n000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018\nSecond winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12-question format and also first female winner.\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nRenata Morgado[citation needed]\n000000002000-05-01-0000May 2000\nFirst female top-prize winner in the franchise. Also the first ever European and non-English-speaking Millionaire winner.\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAna Damásio[citation needed]\n000000002000-09-01-0000September 2000\nSecond female top-prize winner in the franchise\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Fernandes[citation needed]\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 2001\n\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAntónio Franco[152]\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n\n€250,000\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Maria Souto de Moura[153][154][155]\n000000002014-02-07-0000February 7, 2014\nFirst winner after 11 years and last winner.\n€100,000\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nMihai Popa[156]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nFirst winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nTudor Hurezeanu[157]\n000000002002-04-08-0000April 8, 2002\nSecond and last winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIgor Sazeyev[158]\n000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001\nFirst winner in Russia\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIrina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih[159]\n000000002003-01-18-0000January 18, 2003\nCouples version.\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nSvetlana Yaroslavtseva[160]\n000000002006-02-19-0000February 19, 2006\nFirst woman who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nTimur Budayev[161][162]\n000000002010-04-17-0000April 17, 2010\nFirst man who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nBari Alibasov and Alexander \"Danko\" Fadeev[163][164]\n000000002013-11-23-0000November 23, 2013\nFirst celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nYulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov[165][166][167]\n000000002017-12-02-0000December 2, 2017\nSecond celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nPeter Lazar[168]\n000000002001-10-01-0000October 2001\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAkim Kysselef[169]\n000000002002-04-01-0000April 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nMatjaž Tanko[170]\n000000002002-03-29-0000March 29, 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nGorazd Škerbinek[171]\n000000002002-11-01-0000November 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAleš Jankovič[172]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nFirefighters edition\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nJaro Leskovsek[173]\nMay 16, 2004\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nViktor Niko[citation needed]\n000000002005-07-01-0000July 2005\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Paterson[174]\n000000002000-03-19-0000March 19, 2000\nSouth Africa's only winner, also the first winner outside the USA.\n1,000,000 Rand\n\n\n ¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15\nEnrique Chicote[175]\n000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000\nUsed the phone-a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question, letting her know that he'd won, and first winner on Spanish version.\n₧ 50,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario?\nPaco Reverte[176]\n000000002012-03-15-0000March 15, 2012\nFourth winner in the \"Hot Seat\" format. First winner in Spain in almost twelve years.\n€100,000\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nApeksha Kumari[177]\n000000002013-02-22-0000February 22, 2013\nFirst winner\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nMoksha Madusanka[178]\n000000002017-07-02-0000July 2, 2017\nSecond and last winner after 4 years.\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nPer Hörberg[179]\n000000002006-02-17-0000February 17, 2006\nFirst winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nTorgny Segerstedt[180]\n000000002008-03-01-0000March 1, 2008\nSecond winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nOlle Laurell[181]\n000000002009-12-04-0000December 4, 2009\nThird winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nJan Sundström[182]\n000000002010-12-17-0000December 17, 2010\nFourth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMattias Östermann[183]\n000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012\nFitfh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nLena Angviken[184]\n000000002012-09-29-0000September 29, 2012\nSixth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nBirgitta Hedström[185][186]\n000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014\nSeventh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nAlexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag[187]\n000000002014-11-15-0000November 15, 2014\nCelebrity Special #1. And also Eighth winners.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nYlva Orrmell[188]\n000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017\nNinth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMarianne Hiller[189]\n000000002018-03-02-0000March 2, 2018\nTenth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSergey Karabinsky[190]\n000000002003-06-06-0000June 6, 2003\nFirst winner of the Ukrainian version.\n1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSvyatoslav Vakarchuk[191][192]\n000000002005-01-22-0000January 22, 2005\nFirst celebrity contestant. Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine. Second winner after 1.5 years\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Milyoner - Garyache Krislo\nNadezhda Beldiy[193]\n000000002011-08-06-0000August 6, 2011\nThird top winner in the hot seat format. First and also last winner after 6 years.\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJudith Keppel[194]\n000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000\nFirst female winner in the original UK version.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Edwards[195]\n000000002001-04-21-0000April 21, 2001\nFirst male winner in the UK.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRobert Brydges[196]\n000000002001-09-29-0000September 29, 2001\nFirst contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair. He had one lifeline at the Million pound question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n Pat Gibson[197]\n000000002004-04-24-0000April 24, 2004\nHad two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nIngram Wilcox[198]\n000000002006-09-23-0000September 23, 2006\nLast winner in the original UK version. Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15-question format in the UK, and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJohn Carpenter[199]\n000000001999-11-19-0000November 19, 1999\nFirst ever top-prize winner in the Millionaire franchise. He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question, when he called his father to tell him he would win the million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDan Blonsky[199]\n000000002000-01-18-0000January 18, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nJoe Trela[199]\n000000002000-03-23-0000March 23, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBob House[199]\n000000002000-06-13-0000June 13, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKim Hunt[199]\n000000002000-07-06-0000July 6, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDavid Goodman[199]\n000000002000-07-11-0000July 11, 2000\nFirst Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline. He used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Olmstead[200]\n000000002001-04-10-0000April 10, 2001\nBiggest winner on the U.S. version, with a $2.18 million jackpot. He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19, 2013. Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far.\nUS$2,180,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBernie Cullen[201]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nHad two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nEd Toutant[202]\n000000002001-09-07-0000September 7, 2001\nOriginally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000. It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for.\nUS$1,860,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Smith[203]\n000000002003-02-18-0000February 18, 2003\nFirst male winner of the syndicated series.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nNancy Christy[204]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\nFirst and so far only female top-prize winner in the United States.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nSam Murray[205]\n000000002009-11-20-0000November 20, 2009\nMurray did not go all the way to a million the first time, winning $50,000; then returned to win the question in the \"Million Dollar Tournament of Ten.\" He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning. First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGiovanni Grosso[206]\n000000002002-03-20-0000March 20, 2002\nFirst ever top-prize winner in South America.\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nAntonio Ríos[207]\n000000002002-05-22-0000May 22, 2002\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEugenio Vargas[206]\n000000002004-12-22-0000December 22, 2004\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nZulay Marcano[208]\n000000002006-03-29-0000March 29, 2006\n\n200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLuis Olavarrieta[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaría Alejandra Requena[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nHildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nCarlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDiana Campos[209]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEduardo Jiménez[210]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJulio Arévaloz[211]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng\nUnknown Player[212][better source needed]\n000000002011-05-24-0000May 24, 2011\nSecond top winner in the hot seat format.\n₫120,000,000\n\n", "\n\nEdition\nWinner\nBroadcast date\nNotes\nTop prize\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Khaled al Mulla[1]\n000000002001-11-21-0000November 21, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Tanirah[2]\n000000002002-03-15-0000March 15, 2002\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali[3]\n000000002003-01-02-0000January 2, 2003\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon\n Kenaan Matar[4]\n000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007\n\n2,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh[5]\n000000002010-03-23-0000March 23, 2010\nFirst SR1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12-question format.\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRob \"Coach\" Fulton[6]\n000000002005-10-17-0000October 17, 2005\nFirst winner in Australia after six and a half years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nMartin Flood[6]\n000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005\nAllegations of cheating marred his top prize win, but he was cleared. Also the last winner of the original Australian version.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Millionaire Hot Seat\nEdwin Daly[7]\n000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016\nFifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format. First Australian winner after almost 11 years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAnton Sutterlüty[8]\n000000002001-02-19-0000February 19, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Austrian Schillings\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nChristiane de Piero[9]\n000000002002-11-11-0000November 11, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSigrid Weiß-Lutz[10]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMonica Weinzettl[11][12]\n000000002003-10-18-0000October 18, 2003\nPromi-Ausgabe #7. Donated the prize to St. Stephen's Cathedral\n€50,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKarin Huber[13]\n000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nElfriede (\"El\") Awadalla[14]\n000000002005-03-14-0000March 14, 2005\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nHeide Gondek[15]\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPhilip Aschner[16]\n000000002007-10-20-0000October 20, 2007\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMarion Eidenhammer[17]\n000000002008-06-28-0000June 28, 2008\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStefan Schwaiger[18]\n000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann[19]\n000000002011-10-24-0000October 24, 2011\nPromi-Ausgabe #23.\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nThomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger[20]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #27. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndrea Spatzek[21]\n000000002012-11-26-0000November 26, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #28. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSonya Kraus[22]\n000000002013-05-13-0000May 13, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #30. Prize donated to Life Ball\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPeter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler[23]\n000000002013-10-21-0000October 21, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #31. Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStephan Eberharter[24]\n000000002013-12-02-0000December 2, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #32. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMathias Stockinger[25]\n000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013\nFirst non-celebrity winner after 7 years\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKristina Sprenger[26]\n000000002014-02-10-0000February 10, 2014\nPromi-Ausgabe #33. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAngelika Kirchschlager[27]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nJulia Cencig[28]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nDietrich Siegl[29]\n000000002015-11-23-0000November 23, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #40. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Qui sera millionnaire? (French Version)\nKatia Savignano[30][31]\n000000002001-06-04-0000June 4, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Dutch Version)\nIngrid Vervaeck[32]\n000000002000-10-10-0000October 10, 2000\n\n20,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGonzalo Miranda[33][34]\n000000002002-09-09-0000September 9, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\n100,000,000 Chilean Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJuan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez[35][36][37]\n000000002002-10-28-0000October 28, 2002\nFirst child winner on Colombian Millionaire\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEnrique Carlos Castillo[38]\n000000002006-10-30-0000October 30, 2006\n\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDavid Huertas[39]\n000000002011-10-29-0000October 29, 2011\n\n300,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nWilly Pérez[40][41]\n000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010\nWinner of special 2010 World Cup edition. First and also last winner.\n25,000,000 colón\n\n\n Tko želi biti milijunaš?\nMira Bićanić[42][43]\n000000002003-06-14-0000June 14, 2003\nFirst and also last winner.\n1,000,000 kuna\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Brøndum Laursen[44]\n000000002001-10-08-0000October 8, 2001\nFirst winner in the Danish version\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[45]\n000000002002-09-16-0000September 16, 2002\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSigne Svendsen and Søren Sko[46]\n000000002004-01-01-0000January 1, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to AIDS Foundation\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand[47]\n000000002005-03-21-0000March 21, 2005\nWinners in Special edition \"Me and my best\"\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nClaus Højbak and Bertel Haarder[48]\n000000002005-10-03-0000October 3, 2005\nDonated half the prize to a school organization\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nPeter Kierkegaard, Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes[49][50]\n000000002007-10-15-0000October 15, 2007\nJunior edition #1\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJulie, Ulrik and Sia[51]\n000000002007-11-24-0000November 24, 2007\nJunior edition #2\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJoachim, Lukkas and Daniel[52]\n000000002008-03-15-0000March 15, 2008\nJunior edition #3\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSimon Ron Dalsgaard, Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen[53]\n000000002008-05-09-0000May 9, 2008\nJunior edition #4\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik[54]\n000000002010-10-11-0000October 11, 2010\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen[55][56]\n000000002012-03-12-0000March 12, 2012\n\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nCharlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer[57]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society\n2,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nBjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær[58]\n000000002013-04-19-0000April 19, 2013\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMorten Resen and Ellen Nybo[59]\n000000002013-09-30-0000September 30, 2013\nWinners in 25th channel anniversary.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[60]\n000000002013-10-28-0000October 28, 2013\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA, and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nDaniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad[61]\n000000002015-03-03-0000March 3, 2015\nWinners in Dating edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed[62]\n000000002016-03-06-0000March 6, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nTommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup[63]\n000000002016-05-08-0000May 8, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaria Fernanda Compte[64]\n000000002002-11-24-0000November 24, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\nUS$25,000\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nFrédéric Grégoire[65]\n000000002000-09-30-0000September 30, 2000\nFirst winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nLouis[66]\n000000002000-11-04-0000November 4, 2000\nSecond winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nMarie Friedel[67]\n000000002004-08-27-0000August 27, 2004\nThird and last winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\nManana Maisuradze[68]\n000000002002-01-01-00002002\n\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\n Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova[69]\n000000002011-02-22-0000February 22, 2011\nFirst celebrity winners. Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles.\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nEckhard Freise[70]\n000000002000-12-02-0000December 2, 2000\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nMarlene Grabherr[71]\n000000002001-05-20-0000May 20, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nGerhard Krammer[72]\n000000002002-10-18-0000October 18, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nDr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer[73]\n000000002004-03-29-0000March 29, 2004\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nStefan Lang[74]\n000000002006-10-09-0000October 9, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nTimur Hahn[75]\n000000002007-01-08-0000January 8, 2007\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nOliver Pocher[76]\n000000002008-05-30-0000May 30, 2008\nPromi-Special #16\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThomas Gottschalk[77]\n000000002008-11-20-0000November 20, 2008\nPromi-Special #17\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nRalf Schnoor[78]\n000000002010-11-26-0000November 26, 2010\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nBarbara Schöneberger[79]\n000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011\nPromi-Special #22\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nSebastian Langrock[80]\n000000002013-03-11-0000March 11, 2013\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThorsten Fischer[81]\n000000002014-10-17-0000October 17, 2014\n15-year anniversary special episode\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nNadja Sidikjar[82]\n000000002015-11-13-0000November 13, 2015\nFirst winner of Jackpot-Special #2\n€1,538,450\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nLeon Windscheid[83]\n000000002015-12-07-0000December 7, 2015\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nGiorgios Georgopoulos[84]\n000000002001-10-02-0000October 2, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₯ 50,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nStelios Stergiou[84]\n000000002003-11-21-0000November 21, 2003\nSecond and last winner.\n€150,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nJames Wong and Petrina Fung[85]\n000000002001-07-15-0000July 15, 2001\nCelebrity charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nStephen Chow and Erica Li[86][87]\n000000002001-08-20-0000August 20, 2001\nShaolin Soccer charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nChris Chan Hon-Cheung [88]\n000000002001-11-02-0000November 2, 2001\nFirst of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nCheng Tak-Cheung[89]\n000000002003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003\nMillion dollar tournament.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung (Pilot Episode)\nRay Fong[90]\n000000002018-01-01-0000January 2018\nProducer of the Hong Kong Millionaire. He was given all the correct answers before the show.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Legyen Ön is milliomos!\nGábor Cserey[91][92]\n000000002006-03-20-0000March 20, 2006\nFirst and last winner\n40,000,000 Ft\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nSveinn Valgeirsson[93][94]\n000000002002-03-24-0000March 24, 2002\nFirst Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nPaolo Turchi[95]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nSecond Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nJón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson[96]\n000000002004-04-11-0000April 11, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association \"SKB\"\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nHarshvardhan Navathe[97][98][99][100]\n000000002000-09-18-0000September 18, 2000\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nVijay Raul and Arundhati[101]\n000000002001-05-02-0000May 2, 2001\nWinner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nRavi Mohan Saini[102][103][104]\n000000002001-07-08-0000July 8, 2001\nWinner of KBC Junior\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSushil Kumar[105]\n000000002011-11-02-0000November 2, 2011\nFirst winner of the 13-question format. And fourth winner after 10 years.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSanmjeet Kaur Sahani[106]\n000000002013-01-12-0000January 12, 2013\nSecond and last winner of the 13-question format.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nAchin and Sarthak Narula[107][108]\n000000002014-10-09-0000October 9, 2014\nHighest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date. First winners of the 14-question format and last winners of 14-question format.\n70,000,000 Rs. (7 crore)\n\n\n Kannadada Kotyadhipati\nHussain Basha[109]\n000000002013-04-29-0000April 29, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran\nSanooja Rajan[110][111]\n000000002013-05-01-0000May 1, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati\nMahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav[112]\n000000002014-03-17-0000March 17, 2014\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti\nAamir Khan and Kiran Rao[113]\n000000002011-07-08-0000July 8, 2011\nCelebrity edition\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Bani Crorepati\nRajesh Singh[114]\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner?\nIzhar Nevo[115][116]\n000000002000-08-07-0000August 7, 2000\nOnly winner of the Israeli version. First winner from a country located in the Middle East.\n1,000,000 ₪\n\n\n Chi vuol essere miliardario?\nFrancesca Cinelli[117]\n000000002001-03-18-0000March 18, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₤ 1,000,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nDavide Pavesi[118]\n000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004\nSecond winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nMichela De Paoli[119][120][121]\n000000002011-01-27-0000January 27, 2011\nThird and last winner. She used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million euro.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuyuki Kunimitsu[122]\n000000002000-07-27-0000July 27, 2000\nFirst ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYoshiaki Nagata[citation needed]\n000000002000-08-10-0000August 10, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaoko Imao[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-02-0000November 2, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHiroshi Hase[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-23-0000November 23, 2000\nMember of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuyuki Nose[123]\n000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Kobayashi[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKatsuhiro Minamigawa[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHitomi Sakamoto[citation needed]\n000000002001-12-13-0000December 13, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nAkishi Kikuchi[citation needed]\n000000002002-06-27-0000June 27, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMichiko Eguchi[124]\n000000002002-08-01-0000August 1, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaomi Osada[citation needed]\n000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShoko Mishima[125]\n000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSayu Tanabashi[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNatsumi Kataoka[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDaichi Suzuki[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-18-0000September 18, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTsuyoshi Shinjo[126]\n000000002004-01-02-0000January 2, 2004\nProfessional baseball player\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJo Kihara[citation needed]\n000000002004-08-26-0000August 26, 2004\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakafumi Horie[127]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\nFormer CEO of Livedoor\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuko Hosoki[citation needed]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasaaki Sakai[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuo Tanaka[128]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\nAuthor and governor of Nagano Prefecture\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKikuchi Tomohisa[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-28-0000April 28, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasahiko Hamada[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\nPair players (mother and daughter)\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Koizumi[citation needed]\n000000002006-01-02-0000January 2, 2006\nJapanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYūko Asano[citation needed]\n000000002006-03-23-0000March 23, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJunko Nozoe[citation needed]\n000000002006-06-29-0000June 29, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKeiko Ohi[citation needed]\n000000002006-07-27-0000July 27, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDai Tamesue[citation needed]\n000000002006-09-14-0000September 14, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nBandō Mitsugorō X[citation needed]\n000000002006-10-05-0000October 5, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDewi Sukarno[129]\n000000002006-10-26-0000October 26, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMisako Konno[citation needed]\n000000002007-02-15-0000February 15, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShōsuke Tanihara[citation needed]\n000000002007-07-05-0000July 5, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSumiko Fuji[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuo Tokumitsu[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakeshi Kitano[130]\n000000002009-01-30-0000January 30, 2009\nOnly person to answer the final question incorrectly once, and later return and win the top prize.\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHikari Ota[131]\n000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMana Ashida[132]\n000000002013-01-02-0000January 2, 2013\nCelebrity Kids Edition. Youngest top-prize winner (at the time of recording) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide. (8 years and 6 months old)\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nSaule Akhmetova[133][134]\n000000002002-04-18-0000April 18, 2002\nFirst woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nIrina Stalnaya[135]\n000000002003-07-24-0000July 24, 2003\nSecond woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nYevgeny Malischuk[136][137][138]\n000000002018-03-24-0000March 24, 2018\nThird winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format\n10,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Gribi būt miljonārs?\nElita Rumpe[139][140]\n000000002002-12-18-0000December 18, 2002\nFirst and last winner\n10,000 Latvian Lats\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLucía Sánchez[141][142]\n000000002010-04-22-0000April 22, 2010\nFirst winner on new format.\n3,000,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nRafael Lira[citation needed]\n000000002012-04-21-0000April 21, 2012\nSecond and last winner of new format.\n1,500,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n Lotto Weekend Miljonairs\nHans Peters[143]\n000000002001-01-06-0000January 6, 2001\nFirst and also last winner.\nNLG 1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nChimuanya \"Aroma\" Ufodike[144]\n000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009\nFirst and also last winner.\n₦10,000,000\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nAnne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik[145]\n000000002003-03-10-0000March 10, 2003\nFirst winners in Norway.\n2,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nBjørn Lien[146]\n000000002010-01-19-0000January 19, 2010\nFirst winner in the Hot Seat format. And second last winner after 6.5 years.\n1,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nSharon Cuneta[147]\n000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010\nCelebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise. Won P1,000,000 (14th question) during her first appearance on December 25, 2001.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nKarl Jonathan Aguilar[148]\n000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011\nFirst non-celebrity winner\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nEduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr.[149]\n000000002013-10-20-0000October 20, 2013\nFirst winner under Risk format outside Germany.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Milionerzy\nKrzysztof Wójcik[150]\n000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010\nFirst winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years. Also second winner of the 12-question format\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Milionerzy\nMaria Romanek[151]\n000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018\nSecond winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12-question format and also first female winner.\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nRenata Morgado[citation needed]\n000000002000-05-01-0000May 2000\nFirst female top-prize winner in the franchise. Also the first ever European and non-English-speaking Millionaire winner.\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAna Damásio[citation needed]\n000000002000-09-01-0000September 2000\nSecond female top-prize winner in the franchise\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Fernandes[citation needed]\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 2001\n\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAntónio Franco[152]\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n\n€250,000\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Maria Souto de Moura[153][154][155]\n000000002014-02-07-0000February 7, 2014\nFirst winner after 11 years and last winner.\n€100,000\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nMihai Popa[156]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nFirst winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nTudor Hurezeanu[157]\n000000002002-04-08-0000April 8, 2002\nSecond and last winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIgor Sazeyev[158]\n000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001\nFirst winner in Russia\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIrina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih[159]\n000000002003-01-18-0000January 18, 2003\nCouples version.\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nSvetlana Yaroslavtseva[160]\n000000002006-02-19-0000February 19, 2006\nFirst woman who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nTimur Budayev[161][162]\n000000002010-04-17-0000April 17, 2010\nFirst man who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nBari Alibasov and Alexander \"Danko\" Fadeev[163][164]\n000000002013-11-23-0000November 23, 2013\nFirst celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nYulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov[165][166][167]\n000000002017-12-02-0000December 2, 2017\nSecond celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nPeter Lazar[168]\n000000002001-10-01-0000October 2001\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAkim Kysselef[169]\n000000002002-04-01-0000April 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nMatjaž Tanko[170]\n000000002002-03-29-0000March 29, 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nGorazd Škerbinek[171]\n000000002002-11-01-0000November 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAleš Jankovič[172]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nFirefighters edition\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nJaro Leskovsek[173]\nMay 16, 2004\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nViktor Niko[citation needed]\n000000002005-07-01-0000July 2005\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Paterson[174]\n000000002000-03-19-0000March 19, 2000\nSouth Africa's only winner, also the first winner outside the USA.\n1,000,000 Rand\n\n\n ¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15\nEnrique Chicote[175]\n000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000\nUsed the phone-a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question, letting her know that he'd won, and first winner on Spanish version.\n₧ 50,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario?\nPaco Reverte[176]\n000000002012-03-15-0000March 15, 2012\nFourth winner in the \"Hot Seat\" format. First winner in Spain in almost twelve years.\n€100,000\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nApeksha Kumari[177]\n000000002013-02-22-0000February 22, 2013\nFirst winner\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nMoksha Madusanka[178]\n000000002017-07-02-0000July 2, 2017\nSecond and last winner after 4 years.\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nPer Hörberg[179]\n000000002006-02-17-0000February 17, 2006\nFirst winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nTorgny Segerstedt[180]\n000000002008-03-01-0000March 1, 2008\nSecond winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nOlle Laurell[181]\n000000002009-12-04-0000December 4, 2009\nThird winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nJan Sundström[182]\n000000002010-12-17-0000December 17, 2010\nFourth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMattias Östermann[183]\n000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012\nFitfh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nLena Angviken[184]\n000000002012-09-29-0000September 29, 2012\nSixth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nBirgitta Hedström[185][186]\n000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014\nSeventh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nAlexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag[187]\n000000002014-11-15-0000November 15, 2014\nCelebrity Special #1. And also Eighth winners.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nYlva Orrmell[188]\n000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017\nNinth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMarianne Hiller[189]\n000000002018-03-02-0000March 2, 2018\nTenth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSergey Karabinsky[190]\n000000002003-06-06-0000June 6, 2003\nFirst winner of the Ukrainian version.\n1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSvyatoslav Vakarchuk[191][192]\n000000002005-01-22-0000January 22, 2005\nFirst celebrity contestant. Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine. Second winner after 1.5 years\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Milyoner - Garyache Krislo\nNadezhda Beldiy[193]\n000000002011-08-06-0000August 6, 2011\nThird top winner in the hot seat format. First and also last winner after 6 years.\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJudith Keppel[194]\n000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000\nFirst female winner in the original UK version.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Edwards[195]\n000000002001-04-21-0000April 21, 2001\nFirst male winner in the UK.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRobert Brydges[196]\n000000002001-09-29-0000September 29, 2001\nFirst contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair. He had one lifeline at the Million pound question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n Pat Gibson[197]\n000000002004-04-24-0000April 24, 2004\nHad two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nIngram Wilcox[198]\n000000002006-09-23-0000September 23, 2006\nLast winner in the original UK version. Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15-question format in the UK, and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJohn Carpenter[199]\n000000001999-11-19-0000November 19, 1999\nFirst ever top-prize winner in the Millionaire franchise. He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question, when he called his father to tell him he would win the million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDan Blonsky[199]\n000000002000-01-18-0000January 18, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nJoe Trela[199]\n000000002000-03-23-0000March 23, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBob House[199]\n000000002000-06-13-0000June 13, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKim Hunt[199]\n000000002000-07-06-0000July 6, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDavid Goodman[199]\n000000002000-07-11-0000July 11, 2000\nFirst Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline. He used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Olmstead[200]\n000000002001-04-10-0000April 10, 2001\nBiggest winner on the U.S. version, with a $2.18 million jackpot. He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19, 2013. Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far.\nUS$2,180,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBernie Cullen[201]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nHad two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nEd Toutant[202]\n000000002001-09-07-0000September 7, 2001\nOriginally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000. It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for.\nUS$1,860,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Smith[203]\n000000002003-02-18-0000February 18, 2003\nFirst male winner of the syndicated series.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nNancy Christy[204]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\nFirst and so far only female top-prize winner in the United States.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nSam Murray[205]\n000000002009-11-20-0000November 20, 2009\nMurray did not go all the way to a million the first time, winning $50,000; then returned to win the question in the \"Million Dollar Tournament of Ten.\" He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning. First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGiovanni Grosso[206]\n000000002002-03-20-0000March 20, 2002\nFirst ever top-prize winner in South America.\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nAntonio Ríos[207]\n000000002002-05-22-0000May 22, 2002\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEugenio Vargas[206]\n000000002004-12-22-0000December 22, 2004\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nZulay Marcano[208]\n000000002006-03-29-0000March 29, 2006\n\n200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLuis Olavarrieta[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaría Alejandra Requena[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nHildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nCarlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDiana Campos[209]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEduardo Jiménez[210]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJulio Arévaloz[211]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng\nUnknown Player[212][better source needed]\n000000002011-05-24-0000May 24, 2011\nSecond top winner in the hot seat format.\n₫120,000,000\n\n", "\n\nEdition\nWinner\nBroadcast date\nNotes\nTop prize\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Khaled al Mulla[1]\n000000002001-11-21-0000November 21, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Tanirah[2]\n000000002002-03-15-0000March 15, 2002\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali[3]\n000000002003-01-02-0000January 2, 2003\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon\n Kenaan Matar[4]\n000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007\n\n2,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh[5]\n000000002010-03-23-0000March 23, 2010\nFirst SR1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12-question format.\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRob \"Coach\" Fulton[6]\n000000002005-10-17-0000October 17, 2005\nFirst winner in Australia after six and a half years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nMartin Flood[6]\n000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005\nAllegations of cheating marred his top prize win, but he was cleared. Also the last winner of the original Australian version.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Millionaire Hot Seat\nEdwin Daly[7]\n000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016\nFifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format. First Australian winner after almost 11 years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAnton Sutterlüty[8]\n000000002001-02-19-0000February 19, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Austrian Schillings\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nChristiane de Piero[9]\n000000002002-11-11-0000November 11, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSigrid Weiß-Lutz[10]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMonica Weinzettl[11][12]\n000000002003-10-18-0000October 18, 2003\nPromi-Ausgabe #7. Donated the prize to St. Stephen's Cathedral\n€50,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKarin Huber[13]\n000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nElfriede (\"El\") Awadalla[14]\n000000002005-03-14-0000March 14, 2005\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nHeide Gondek[15]\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPhilip Aschner[16]\n000000002007-10-20-0000October 20, 2007\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMarion Eidenhammer[17]\n000000002008-06-28-0000June 28, 2008\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStefan Schwaiger[18]\n000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann[19]\n000000002011-10-24-0000October 24, 2011\nPromi-Ausgabe #23.\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nThomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger[20]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #27. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndrea Spatzek[21]\n000000002012-11-26-0000November 26, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #28. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSonya Kraus[22]\n000000002013-05-13-0000May 13, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #30. Prize donated to Life Ball\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPeter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler[23]\n000000002013-10-21-0000October 21, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #31. Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStephan Eberharter[24]\n000000002013-12-02-0000December 2, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #32. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMathias Stockinger[25]\n000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013\nFirst non-celebrity winner after 7 years\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKristina Sprenger[26]\n000000002014-02-10-0000February 10, 2014\nPromi-Ausgabe #33. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAngelika Kirchschlager[27]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nJulia Cencig[28]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nDietrich Siegl[29]\n000000002015-11-23-0000November 23, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #40. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Qui sera millionnaire? (French Version)\nKatia Savignano[30][31]\n000000002001-06-04-0000June 4, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Dutch Version)\nIngrid Vervaeck[32]\n000000002000-10-10-0000October 10, 2000\n\n20,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGonzalo Miranda[33][34]\n000000002002-09-09-0000September 9, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\n100,000,000 Chilean Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJuan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez[35][36][37]\n000000002002-10-28-0000October 28, 2002\nFirst child winner on Colombian Millionaire\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEnrique Carlos Castillo[38]\n000000002006-10-30-0000October 30, 2006\n\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDavid Huertas[39]\n000000002011-10-29-0000October 29, 2011\n\n300,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nWilly Pérez[40][41]\n000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010\nWinner of special 2010 World Cup edition. First and also last winner.\n25,000,000 colón\n\n\n Tko želi biti milijunaš?\nMira Bićanić[42][43]\n000000002003-06-14-0000June 14, 2003\nFirst and also last winner.\n1,000,000 kuna\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Brøndum Laursen[44]\n000000002001-10-08-0000October 8, 2001\nFirst winner in the Danish version\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[45]\n000000002002-09-16-0000September 16, 2002\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSigne Svendsen and Søren Sko[46]\n000000002004-01-01-0000January 1, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to AIDS Foundation\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand[47]\n000000002005-03-21-0000March 21, 2005\nWinners in Special edition \"Me and my best\"\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nClaus Højbak and Bertel Haarder[48]\n000000002005-10-03-0000October 3, 2005\nDonated half the prize to a school organization\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nPeter Kierkegaard, Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes[49][50]\n000000002007-10-15-0000October 15, 2007\nJunior edition #1\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJulie, Ulrik and Sia[51]\n000000002007-11-24-0000November 24, 2007\nJunior edition #2\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJoachim, Lukkas and Daniel[52]\n000000002008-03-15-0000March 15, 2008\nJunior edition #3\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSimon Ron Dalsgaard, Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen[53]\n000000002008-05-09-0000May 9, 2008\nJunior edition #4\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik[54]\n000000002010-10-11-0000October 11, 2010\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen[55][56]\n000000002012-03-12-0000March 12, 2012\n\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nCharlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer[57]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society\n2,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nBjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær[58]\n000000002013-04-19-0000April 19, 2013\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMorten Resen and Ellen Nybo[59]\n000000002013-09-30-0000September 30, 2013\nWinners in 25th channel anniversary.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[60]\n000000002013-10-28-0000October 28, 2013\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA, and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nDaniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad[61]\n000000002015-03-03-0000March 3, 2015\nWinners in Dating edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed[62]\n000000002016-03-06-0000March 6, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nTommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup[63]\n000000002016-05-08-0000May 8, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaria Fernanda Compte[64]\n000000002002-11-24-0000November 24, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\nUS$25,000\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nFrédéric Grégoire[65]\n000000002000-09-30-0000September 30, 2000\nFirst winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nLouis[66]\n000000002000-11-04-0000November 4, 2000\nSecond winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nMarie Friedel[67]\n000000002004-08-27-0000August 27, 2004\nThird and last winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\nManana Maisuradze[68]\n000000002002-01-01-00002002\n\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\n Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova[69]\n000000002011-02-22-0000February 22, 2011\nFirst celebrity winners. Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles.\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nEckhard Freise[70]\n000000002000-12-02-0000December 2, 2000\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nMarlene Grabherr[71]\n000000002001-05-20-0000May 20, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nGerhard Krammer[72]\n000000002002-10-18-0000October 18, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nDr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer[73]\n000000002004-03-29-0000March 29, 2004\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nStefan Lang[74]\n000000002006-10-09-0000October 9, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nTimur Hahn[75]\n000000002007-01-08-0000January 8, 2007\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nOliver Pocher[76]\n000000002008-05-30-0000May 30, 2008\nPromi-Special #16\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThomas Gottschalk[77]\n000000002008-11-20-0000November 20, 2008\nPromi-Special #17\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nRalf Schnoor[78]\n000000002010-11-26-0000November 26, 2010\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nBarbara Schöneberger[79]\n000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011\nPromi-Special #22\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nSebastian Langrock[80]\n000000002013-03-11-0000March 11, 2013\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThorsten Fischer[81]\n000000002014-10-17-0000October 17, 2014\n15-year anniversary special episode\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nNadja Sidikjar[82]\n000000002015-11-13-0000November 13, 2015\nFirst winner of Jackpot-Special #2\n€1,538,450\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nLeon Windscheid[83]\n000000002015-12-07-0000December 7, 2015\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nGiorgios Georgopoulos[84]\n000000002001-10-02-0000October 2, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₯ 50,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nStelios Stergiou[84]\n000000002003-11-21-0000November 21, 2003\nSecond and last winner.\n€150,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nJames Wong and Petrina Fung[85]\n000000002001-07-15-0000July 15, 2001\nCelebrity charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nStephen Chow and Erica Li[86][87]\n000000002001-08-20-0000August 20, 2001\nShaolin Soccer charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nChris Chan Hon-Cheung [88]\n000000002001-11-02-0000November 2, 2001\nFirst of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nCheng Tak-Cheung[89]\n000000002003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003\nMillion dollar tournament.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung (Pilot Episode)\nRay Fong[90]\n000000002018-01-01-0000January 2018\nProducer of the Hong Kong Millionaire. He was given all the correct answers before the show.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Legyen Ön is milliomos!\nGábor Cserey[91][92]\n000000002006-03-20-0000March 20, 2006\nFirst and last winner\n40,000,000 Ft\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nSveinn Valgeirsson[93][94]\n000000002002-03-24-0000March 24, 2002\nFirst Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nPaolo Turchi[95]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nSecond Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nJón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson[96]\n000000002004-04-11-0000April 11, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association \"SKB\"\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nHarshvardhan Navathe[97][98][99][100]\n000000002000-09-18-0000September 18, 2000\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nVijay Raul and Arundhati[101]\n000000002001-05-02-0000May 2, 2001\nWinner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nRavi Mohan Saini[102][103][104]\n000000002001-07-08-0000July 8, 2001\nWinner of KBC Junior\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSushil Kumar[105]\n000000002011-11-02-0000November 2, 2011\nFirst winner of the 13-question format. And fourth winner after 10 years.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSanmjeet Kaur Sahani[106]\n000000002013-01-12-0000January 12, 2013\nSecond and last winner of the 13-question format.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nAchin and Sarthak Narula[107][108]\n000000002014-10-09-0000October 9, 2014\nHighest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date. First winners of the 14-question format and last winners of 14-question format.\n70,000,000 Rs. (7 crore)\n\n\n Kannadada Kotyadhipati\nHussain Basha[109]\n000000002013-04-29-0000April 29, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran\nSanooja Rajan[110][111]\n000000002013-05-01-0000May 1, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati\nMahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav[112]\n000000002014-03-17-0000March 17, 2014\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti\nAamir Khan and Kiran Rao[113]\n000000002011-07-08-0000July 8, 2011\nCelebrity edition\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Bani Crorepati\nRajesh Singh[114]\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner?\nIzhar Nevo[115][116]\n000000002000-08-07-0000August 7, 2000\nOnly winner of the Israeli version. First winner from a country located in the Middle East.\n1,000,000 ₪\n\n\n Chi vuol essere miliardario?\nFrancesca Cinelli[117]\n000000002001-03-18-0000March 18, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₤ 1,000,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nDavide Pavesi[118]\n000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004\nSecond winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nMichela De Paoli[119][120][121]\n000000002011-01-27-0000January 27, 2011\nThird and last winner. She used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million euro.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuyuki Kunimitsu[122]\n000000002000-07-27-0000July 27, 2000\nFirst ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYoshiaki Nagata[citation needed]\n000000002000-08-10-0000August 10, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaoko Imao[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-02-0000November 2, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHiroshi Hase[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-23-0000November 23, 2000\nMember of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuyuki Nose[123]\n000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Kobayashi[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKatsuhiro Minamigawa[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHitomi Sakamoto[citation needed]\n000000002001-12-13-0000December 13, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nAkishi Kikuchi[citation needed]\n000000002002-06-27-0000June 27, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMichiko Eguchi[124]\n000000002002-08-01-0000August 1, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaomi Osada[citation needed]\n000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShoko Mishima[125]\n000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSayu Tanabashi[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNatsumi Kataoka[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDaichi Suzuki[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-18-0000September 18, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTsuyoshi Shinjo[126]\n000000002004-01-02-0000January 2, 2004\nProfessional baseball player\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJo Kihara[citation needed]\n000000002004-08-26-0000August 26, 2004\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakafumi Horie[127]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\nFormer CEO of Livedoor\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuko Hosoki[citation needed]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasaaki Sakai[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuo Tanaka[128]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\nAuthor and governor of Nagano Prefecture\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKikuchi Tomohisa[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-28-0000April 28, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasahiko Hamada[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\nPair players (mother and daughter)\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Koizumi[citation needed]\n000000002006-01-02-0000January 2, 2006\nJapanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYūko Asano[citation needed]\n000000002006-03-23-0000March 23, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJunko Nozoe[citation needed]\n000000002006-06-29-0000June 29, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKeiko Ohi[citation needed]\n000000002006-07-27-0000July 27, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDai Tamesue[citation needed]\n000000002006-09-14-0000September 14, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nBandō Mitsugorō X[citation needed]\n000000002006-10-05-0000October 5, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDewi Sukarno[129]\n000000002006-10-26-0000October 26, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMisako Konno[citation needed]\n000000002007-02-15-0000February 15, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShōsuke Tanihara[citation needed]\n000000002007-07-05-0000July 5, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSumiko Fuji[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuo Tokumitsu[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakeshi Kitano[130]\n000000002009-01-30-0000January 30, 2009\nOnly person to answer the final question incorrectly once, and later return and win the top prize.\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHikari Ota[131]\n000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMana Ashida[132]\n000000002013-01-02-0000January 2, 2013\nCelebrity Kids Edition. Youngest top-prize winner (at the time of recording) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide. (8 years and 6 months old)\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nSaule Akhmetova[133][134]\n000000002002-04-18-0000April 18, 2002\nFirst woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nIrina Stalnaya[135]\n000000002003-07-24-0000July 24, 2003\nSecond woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nYevgeny Malischuk[136][137][138]\n000000002018-03-24-0000March 24, 2018\nThird winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format\n10,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Gribi būt miljonārs?\nElita Rumpe[139][140]\n000000002002-12-18-0000December 18, 2002\nFirst and last winner\n10,000 Latvian Lats\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLucía Sánchez[141][142]\n000000002010-04-22-0000April 22, 2010\nFirst winner on new format.\n3,000,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nRafael Lira[citation needed]\n000000002012-04-21-0000April 21, 2012\nSecond and last winner of new format.\n1,500,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n Lotto Weekend Miljonairs\nHans Peters[143]\n000000002001-01-06-0000January 6, 2001\nFirst and also last winner.\nNLG 1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nChimuanya \"Aroma\" Ufodike[144]\n000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009\nFirst and also last winner.\n₦10,000,000\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nAnne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik[145]\n000000002003-03-10-0000March 10, 2003\nFirst winners in Norway.\n2,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nBjørn Lien[146]\n000000002010-01-19-0000January 19, 2010\nFirst winner in the Hot Seat format. And second last winner after 6.5 years.\n1,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nSharon Cuneta[147]\n000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010\nCelebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise. Won P1,000,000 (14th question) during her first appearance on December 25, 2001.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nKarl Jonathan Aguilar[148]\n000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011\nFirst non-celebrity winner\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nEduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr.[149]\n000000002013-10-20-0000October 20, 2013\nFirst winner under Risk format outside Germany.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Milionerzy\nKrzysztof Wójcik[150]\n000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010\nFirst winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years. Also second winner of the 12-question format\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Milionerzy\nMaria Romanek[151]\n000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018\nSecond winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12-question format and also first female winner.\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nRenata Morgado[citation needed]\n000000002000-05-01-0000May 2000\nFirst female top-prize winner in the franchise. Also the first ever European and non-English-speaking Millionaire winner.\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAna Damásio[citation needed]\n000000002000-09-01-0000September 2000\nSecond female top-prize winner in the franchise\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Fernandes[citation needed]\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 2001\n\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAntónio Franco[152]\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n\n€250,000\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Maria Souto de Moura[153][154][155]\n000000002014-02-07-0000February 7, 2014\nFirst winner after 11 years and last winner.\n€100,000\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nMihai Popa[156]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nFirst winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nTudor Hurezeanu[157]\n000000002002-04-08-0000April 8, 2002\nSecond and last winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIgor Sazeyev[158]\n000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001\nFirst winner in Russia\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIrina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih[159]\n000000002003-01-18-0000January 18, 2003\nCouples version.\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nSvetlana Yaroslavtseva[160]\n000000002006-02-19-0000February 19, 2006\nFirst woman who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nTimur Budayev[161][162]\n000000002010-04-17-0000April 17, 2010\nFirst man who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nBari Alibasov and Alexander \"Danko\" Fadeev[163][164]\n000000002013-11-23-0000November 23, 2013\nFirst celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nYulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov[165][166][167]\n000000002017-12-02-0000December 2, 2017\nSecond celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nPeter Lazar[168]\n000000002001-10-01-0000October 2001\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAkim Kysselef[169]\n000000002002-04-01-0000April 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nMatjaž Tanko[170]\n000000002002-03-29-0000March 29, 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nGorazd Škerbinek[171]\n000000002002-11-01-0000November 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAleš Jankovič[172]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nFirefighters edition\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nJaro Leskovsek[173]\nMay 16, 2004\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nViktor Niko[citation needed]\n000000002005-07-01-0000July 2005\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Paterson[174]\n000000002000-03-19-0000March 19, 2000\nSouth Africa's only winner, also the first winner outside the USA.\n1,000,000 Rand\n\n\n ¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15\nEnrique Chicote[175]\n000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000\nUsed the phone-a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question, letting her know that he'd won, and first winner on Spanish version.\n₧ 50,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario?\nPaco Reverte[176]\n000000002012-03-15-0000March 15, 2012\nFourth winner in the \"Hot Seat\" format. First winner in Spain in almost twelve years.\n€100,000\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nApeksha Kumari[177]\n000000002013-02-22-0000February 22, 2013\nFirst winner\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nMoksha Madusanka[178]\n000000002017-07-02-0000July 2, 2017\nSecond and last winner after 4 years.\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nPer Hörberg[179]\n000000002006-02-17-0000February 17, 2006\nFirst winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nTorgny Segerstedt[180]\n000000002008-03-01-0000March 1, 2008\nSecond winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nOlle Laurell[181]\n000000002009-12-04-0000December 4, 2009\nThird winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nJan Sundström[182]\n000000002010-12-17-0000December 17, 2010\nFourth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMattias Östermann[183]\n000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012\nFitfh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nLena Angviken[184]\n000000002012-09-29-0000September 29, 2012\nSixth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nBirgitta Hedström[185][186]\n000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014\nSeventh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nAlexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag[187]\n000000002014-11-15-0000November 15, 2014\nCelebrity Special #1. And also Eighth winners.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nYlva Orrmell[188]\n000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017\nNinth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMarianne Hiller[189]\n000000002018-03-02-0000March 2, 2018\nTenth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSergey Karabinsky[190]\n000000002003-06-06-0000June 6, 2003\nFirst winner of the Ukrainian version.\n1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSvyatoslav Vakarchuk[191][192]\n000000002005-01-22-0000January 22, 2005\nFirst celebrity contestant. Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine. Second winner after 1.5 years\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Milyoner - Garyache Krislo\nNadezhda Beldiy[193]\n000000002011-08-06-0000August 6, 2011\nThird top winner in the hot seat format. First and also last winner after 6 years.\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJudith Keppel[194]\n000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000\nFirst female winner in the original UK version.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Edwards[195]\n000000002001-04-21-0000April 21, 2001\nFirst male winner in the UK.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRobert Brydges[196]\n000000002001-09-29-0000September 29, 2001\nFirst contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair. He had one lifeline at the Million pound question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n Pat Gibson[197]\n000000002004-04-24-0000April 24, 2004\nHad two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nIngram Wilcox[198]\n000000002006-09-23-0000September 23, 2006\nLast winner in the original UK version. Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15-question format in the UK, and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJohn Carpenter[199]\n000000001999-11-19-0000November 19, 1999\nFirst ever top-prize winner in the Millionaire franchise. He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question, when he called his father to tell him he would win the million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDan Blonsky[199]\n000000002000-01-18-0000January 18, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nJoe Trela[199]\n000000002000-03-23-0000March 23, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBob House[199]\n000000002000-06-13-0000June 13, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKim Hunt[199]\n000000002000-07-06-0000July 6, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDavid Goodman[199]\n000000002000-07-11-0000July 11, 2000\nFirst Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline. He used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Olmstead[200]\n000000002001-04-10-0000April 10, 2001\nBiggest winner on the U.S. version, with a $2.18 million jackpot. He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19, 2013. Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far.\nUS$2,180,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBernie Cullen[201]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nHad two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nEd Toutant[202]\n000000002001-09-07-0000September 7, 2001\nOriginally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000. It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for.\nUS$1,860,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Smith[203]\n000000002003-02-18-0000February 18, 2003\nFirst male winner of the syndicated series.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nNancy Christy[204]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\nFirst and so far only female top-prize winner in the United States.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nSam Murray[205]\n000000002009-11-20-0000November 20, 2009\nMurray did not go all the way to a million the first time, winning $50,000; then returned to win the question in the \"Million Dollar Tournament of Ten.\" He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning. First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGiovanni Grosso[206]\n000000002002-03-20-0000March 20, 2002\nFirst ever top-prize winner in South America.\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nAntonio Ríos[207]\n000000002002-05-22-0000May 22, 2002\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEugenio Vargas[206]\n000000002004-12-22-0000December 22, 2004\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nZulay Marcano[208]\n000000002006-03-29-0000March 29, 2006\n\n200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLuis Olavarrieta[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaría Alejandra Requena[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nHildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nCarlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDiana Campos[209]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEduardo Jiménez[210]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJulio Arévaloz[211]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng\nUnknown Player[212][better source needed]\n000000002011-05-24-0000May 24, 2011\nSecond top winner in the hot seat format.\n₫120,000,000\n\n", "\n\nEdition\nWinner\nBroadcast date\nNotes\nTop prize\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Khaled al Mulla[1]\n000000002001-11-21-0000November 21, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Tanirah[2]\n000000002002-03-15-0000March 15, 2002\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali[3]\n000000002003-01-02-0000January 2, 2003\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon\n Kenaan Matar[4]\n000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007\n\n2,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh[5]\n000000002010-03-23-0000March 23, 2010\nFirst SR1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12-question format.\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRob \"Coach\" Fulton[6]\n000000002005-10-17-0000October 17, 2005\nFirst winner in Australia after six and a half years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nMartin Flood[6]\n000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005\nAllegations of cheating marred his top prize win, but he was cleared. Also the last winner of the original Australian version.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Millionaire Hot Seat\nEdwin Daly[7]\n000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016\nFifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format. First Australian winner after almost 11 years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAnton Sutterlüty[8]\n000000002001-02-19-0000February 19, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Austrian Schillings\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nChristiane de Piero[9]\n000000002002-11-11-0000November 11, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSigrid Weiß-Lutz[10]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMonica Weinzettl[11][12]\n000000002003-10-18-0000October 18, 2003\nPromi-Ausgabe #7. Donated the prize to St. Stephen's Cathedral\n€50,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKarin Huber[13]\n000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nElfriede (\"El\") Awadalla[14]\n000000002005-03-14-0000March 14, 2005\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nHeide Gondek[15]\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPhilip Aschner[16]\n000000002007-10-20-0000October 20, 2007\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMarion Eidenhammer[17]\n000000002008-06-28-0000June 28, 2008\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStefan Schwaiger[18]\n000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann[19]\n000000002011-10-24-0000October 24, 2011\nPromi-Ausgabe #23.\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nThomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger[20]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #27. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndrea Spatzek[21]\n000000002012-11-26-0000November 26, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #28. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSonya Kraus[22]\n000000002013-05-13-0000May 13, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #30. Prize donated to Life Ball\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPeter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler[23]\n000000002013-10-21-0000October 21, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #31. Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStephan Eberharter[24]\n000000002013-12-02-0000December 2, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #32. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMathias Stockinger[25]\n000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013\nFirst non-celebrity winner after 7 years\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKristina Sprenger[26]\n000000002014-02-10-0000February 10, 2014\nPromi-Ausgabe #33. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAngelika Kirchschlager[27]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nJulia Cencig[28]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nDietrich Siegl[29]\n000000002015-11-23-0000November 23, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #40. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Qui sera millionnaire? (French Version)\nKatia Savignano[30][31]\n000000002001-06-04-0000June 4, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Dutch Version)\nIngrid Vervaeck[32]\n000000002000-10-10-0000October 10, 2000\n\n20,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGonzalo Miranda[33][34]\n000000002002-09-09-0000September 9, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\n100,000,000 Chilean Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJuan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez[35][36][37]\n000000002002-10-28-0000October 28, 2002\nFirst child winner on Colombian Millionaire\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEnrique Carlos Castillo[38]\n000000002006-10-30-0000October 30, 2006\n\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDavid Huertas[39]\n000000002011-10-29-0000October 29, 2011\n\n300,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nWilly Pérez[40][41]\n000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010\nWinner of special 2010 World Cup edition. First and also last winner.\n25,000,000 colón\n\n\n Tko želi biti milijunaš?\nMira Bićanić[42][43]\n000000002003-06-14-0000June 14, 2003\nFirst and also last winner.\n1,000,000 kuna\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Brøndum Laursen[44]\n000000002001-10-08-0000October 8, 2001\nFirst winner in the Danish version\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[45]\n000000002002-09-16-0000September 16, 2002\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSigne Svendsen and Søren Sko[46]\n000000002004-01-01-0000January 1, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to AIDS Foundation\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand[47]\n000000002005-03-21-0000March 21, 2005\nWinners in Special edition \"Me and my best\"\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nClaus Højbak and Bertel Haarder[48]\n000000002005-10-03-0000October 3, 2005\nDonated half the prize to a school organization\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nPeter Kierkegaard, Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes[49][50]\n000000002007-10-15-0000October 15, 2007\nJunior edition #1\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJulie, Ulrik and Sia[51]\n000000002007-11-24-0000November 24, 2007\nJunior edition #2\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJoachim, Lukkas and Daniel[52]\n000000002008-03-15-0000March 15, 2008\nJunior edition #3\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSimon Ron Dalsgaard, Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen[53]\n000000002008-05-09-0000May 9, 2008\nJunior edition #4\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik[54]\n000000002010-10-11-0000October 11, 2010\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen[55][56]\n000000002012-03-12-0000March 12, 2012\n\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nCharlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer[57]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society\n2,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nBjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær[58]\n000000002013-04-19-0000April 19, 2013\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMorten Resen and Ellen Nybo[59]\n000000002013-09-30-0000September 30, 2013\nWinners in 25th channel anniversary.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[60]\n000000002013-10-28-0000October 28, 2013\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA, and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nDaniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad[61]\n000000002015-03-03-0000March 3, 2015\nWinners in Dating edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed[62]\n000000002016-03-06-0000March 6, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nTommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup[63]\n000000002016-05-08-0000May 8, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaria Fernanda Compte[64]\n000000002002-11-24-0000November 24, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\nUS$25,000\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nFrédéric Grégoire[65]\n000000002000-09-30-0000September 30, 2000\nFirst winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nLouis[66]\n000000002000-11-04-0000November 4, 2000\nSecond winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nMarie Friedel[67]\n000000002004-08-27-0000August 27, 2004\nThird and last winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\nManana Maisuradze[68]\n000000002002-01-01-00002002\n\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\n Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova[69]\n000000002011-02-22-0000February 22, 2011\nFirst celebrity winners. Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles.\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nEckhard Freise[70]\n000000002000-12-02-0000December 2, 2000\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nMarlene Grabherr[71]\n000000002001-05-20-0000May 20, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nGerhard Krammer[72]\n000000002002-10-18-0000October 18, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nDr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer[73]\n000000002004-03-29-0000March 29, 2004\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nStefan Lang[74]\n000000002006-10-09-0000October 9, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nTimur Hahn[75]\n000000002007-01-08-0000January 8, 2007\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nOliver Pocher[76]\n000000002008-05-30-0000May 30, 2008\nPromi-Special #16\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThomas Gottschalk[77]\n000000002008-11-20-0000November 20, 2008\nPromi-Special #17\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nRalf Schnoor[78]\n000000002010-11-26-0000November 26, 2010\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nBarbara Schöneberger[79]\n000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011\nPromi-Special #22\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nSebastian Langrock[80]\n000000002013-03-11-0000March 11, 2013\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThorsten Fischer[81]\n000000002014-10-17-0000October 17, 2014\n15-year anniversary special episode\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nNadja Sidikjar[82]\n000000002015-11-13-0000November 13, 2015\nFirst winner of Jackpot-Special #2\n€1,538,450\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nLeon Windscheid[83]\n000000002015-12-07-0000December 7, 2015\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nGiorgios Georgopoulos[84]\n000000002001-10-02-0000October 2, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₯ 50,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nStelios Stergiou[84]\n000000002003-11-21-0000November 21, 2003\nSecond and last winner.\n€150,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nJames Wong and Petrina Fung[85]\n000000002001-07-15-0000July 15, 2001\nCelebrity charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nStephen Chow and Erica Li[86][87]\n000000002001-08-20-0000August 20, 2001\nShaolin Soccer charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nChris Chan Hon-Cheung [88]\n000000002001-11-02-0000November 2, 2001\nFirst of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nCheng Tak-Cheung[89]\n000000002003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003\nMillion dollar tournament.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung (Pilot Episode)\nRay Fong[90]\n000000002018-01-01-0000January 2018\nProducer of the Hong Kong Millionaire. He was given all the correct answers before the show.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Legyen Ön is milliomos!\nGábor Cserey[91][92]\n000000002006-03-20-0000March 20, 2006\nFirst and last winner\n40,000,000 Ft\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nSveinn Valgeirsson[93][94]\n000000002002-03-24-0000March 24, 2002\nFirst Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nPaolo Turchi[95]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nSecond Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nJón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson[96]\n000000002004-04-11-0000April 11, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association \"SKB\"\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nHarshvardhan Navathe[97][98][99][100]\n000000002000-09-18-0000September 18, 2000\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nVijay Raul and Arundhati[101]\n000000002001-05-02-0000May 2, 2001\nWinner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nRavi Mohan Saini[102][103][104]\n000000002001-07-08-0000July 8, 2001\nWinner of KBC Junior\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSushil Kumar[105]\n000000002011-11-02-0000November 2, 2011\nFirst winner of the 13-question format. And fourth winner after 10 years.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSanmjeet Kaur Sahani[106]\n000000002013-01-12-0000January 12, 2013\nSecond and last winner of the 13-question format.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nAchin and Sarthak Narula[107][108]\n000000002014-10-09-0000October 9, 2014\nHighest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date. First winners of the 14-question format and last winners of 14-question format.\n70,000,000 Rs. (7 crore)\n\n\n Kannadada Kotyadhipati\nHussain Basha[109]\n000000002013-04-29-0000April 29, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran\nSanooja Rajan[110][111]\n000000002013-05-01-0000May 1, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati\nMahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav[112]\n000000002014-03-17-0000March 17, 2014\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti\nAamir Khan and Kiran Rao[113]\n000000002011-07-08-0000July 8, 2011\nCelebrity edition\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Bani Crorepati\nRajesh Singh[114]\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner?\nIzhar Nevo[115][116]\n000000002000-08-07-0000August 7, 2000\nOnly winner of the Israeli version. First winner from a country located in the Middle East.\n1,000,000 ₪\n\n\n Chi vuol essere miliardario?\nFrancesca Cinelli[117]\n000000002001-03-18-0000March 18, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₤ 1,000,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nDavide Pavesi[118]\n000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004\nSecond winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nMichela De Paoli[119][120][121]\n000000002011-01-27-0000January 27, 2011\nThird and last winner. She used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million euro.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuyuki Kunimitsu[122]\n000000002000-07-27-0000July 27, 2000\nFirst ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYoshiaki Nagata[citation needed]\n000000002000-08-10-0000August 10, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaoko Imao[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-02-0000November 2, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHiroshi Hase[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-23-0000November 23, 2000\nMember of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuyuki Nose[123]\n000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Kobayashi[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKatsuhiro Minamigawa[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHitomi Sakamoto[citation needed]\n000000002001-12-13-0000December 13, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nAkishi Kikuchi[citation needed]\n000000002002-06-27-0000June 27, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMichiko Eguchi[124]\n000000002002-08-01-0000August 1, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaomi Osada[citation needed]\n000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShoko Mishima[125]\n000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSayu Tanabashi[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNatsumi Kataoka[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDaichi Suzuki[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-18-0000September 18, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTsuyoshi Shinjo[126]\n000000002004-01-02-0000January 2, 2004\nProfessional baseball player\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJo Kihara[citation needed]\n000000002004-08-26-0000August 26, 2004\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakafumi Horie[127]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\nFormer CEO of Livedoor\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuko Hosoki[citation needed]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasaaki Sakai[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuo Tanaka[128]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\nAuthor and governor of Nagano Prefecture\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKikuchi Tomohisa[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-28-0000April 28, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasahiko Hamada[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\nPair players (mother and daughter)\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Koizumi[citation needed]\n000000002006-01-02-0000January 2, 2006\nJapanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYūko Asano[citation needed]\n000000002006-03-23-0000March 23, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJunko Nozoe[citation needed]\n000000002006-06-29-0000June 29, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKeiko Ohi[citation needed]\n000000002006-07-27-0000July 27, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDai Tamesue[citation needed]\n000000002006-09-14-0000September 14, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nBandō Mitsugorō X[citation needed]\n000000002006-10-05-0000October 5, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDewi Sukarno[129]\n000000002006-10-26-0000October 26, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMisako Konno[citation needed]\n000000002007-02-15-0000February 15, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShōsuke Tanihara[citation needed]\n000000002007-07-05-0000July 5, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSumiko Fuji[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuo Tokumitsu[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakeshi Kitano[130]\n000000002009-01-30-0000January 30, 2009\nOnly person to answer the final question incorrectly once, and later return and win the top prize.\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHikari Ota[131]\n000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMana Ashida[132]\n000000002013-01-02-0000January 2, 2013\nCelebrity Kids Edition. Youngest top-prize winner (at the time of recording) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide. (8 years and 6 months old)\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nSaule Akhmetova[133][134]\n000000002002-04-18-0000April 18, 2002\nFirst woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nIrina Stalnaya[135]\n000000002003-07-24-0000July 24, 2003\nSecond woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nYevgeny Malischuk[136][137][138]\n000000002018-03-24-0000March 24, 2018\nThird winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format\n10,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Gribi būt miljonārs?\nElita Rumpe[139][140]\n000000002002-12-18-0000December 18, 2002\nFirst and last winner\n10,000 Latvian Lats\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLucía Sánchez[141][142]\n000000002010-04-22-0000April 22, 2010\nFirst winner on new format.\n3,000,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nRafael Lira[citation needed]\n000000002012-04-21-0000April 21, 2012\nSecond and last winner of new format.\n1,500,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n Lotto Weekend Miljonairs\nHans Peters[143]\n000000002001-01-06-0000January 6, 2001\nFirst and also last winner.\nNLG 1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nChimuanya \"Aroma\" Ufodike[144]\n000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009\nFirst and also last winner.\n₦10,000,000\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nAnne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik[145]\n000000002003-03-10-0000March 10, 2003\nFirst winners in Norway.\n2,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nBjørn Lien[146]\n000000002010-01-19-0000January 19, 2010\nFirst winner in the Hot Seat format. And second last winner after 6.5 years.\n1,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nSharon Cuneta[147]\n000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010\nCelebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise. Won P1,000,000 (14th question) during her first appearance on December 25, 2001.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nKarl Jonathan Aguilar[148]\n000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011\nFirst non-celebrity winner\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nEduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr.[149]\n000000002013-10-20-0000October 20, 2013\nFirst winner under Risk format outside Germany.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Milionerzy\nKrzysztof Wójcik[150]\n000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010\nFirst winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years. Also second winner of the 12-question format\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Milionerzy\nMaria Romanek[151]\n000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018\nSecond winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12-question format and also first female winner.\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nRenata Morgado[citation needed]\n000000002000-05-01-0000May 2000\nFirst female top-prize winner in the franchise. Also the first ever European and non-English-speaking Millionaire winner.\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAna Damásio[citation needed]\n000000002000-09-01-0000September 2000\nSecond female top-prize winner in the franchise\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Fernandes[citation needed]\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 2001\n\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAntónio Franco[152]\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n\n€250,000\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Maria Souto de Moura[153][154][155]\n000000002014-02-07-0000February 7, 2014\nFirst winner after 11 years and last winner.\n€100,000\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nMihai Popa[156]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nFirst winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nTudor Hurezeanu[157]\n000000002002-04-08-0000April 8, 2002\nSecond and last winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIgor Sazeyev[158]\n000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001\nFirst winner in Russia\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIrina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih[159]\n000000002003-01-18-0000January 18, 2003\nCouples version.\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nSvetlana Yaroslavtseva[160]\n000000002006-02-19-0000February 19, 2006\nFirst woman who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nTimur Budayev[161][162]\n000000002010-04-17-0000April 17, 2010\nFirst man who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nBari Alibasov and Alexander \"Danko\" Fadeev[163][164]\n000000002013-11-23-0000November 23, 2013\nFirst celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nYulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov[165][166][167]\n000000002017-12-02-0000December 2, 2017\nSecond celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nPeter Lazar[168]\n000000002001-10-01-0000October 2001\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAkim Kysselef[169]\n000000002002-04-01-0000April 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nMatjaž Tanko[170]\n000000002002-03-29-0000March 29, 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nGorazd Škerbinek[171]\n000000002002-11-01-0000November 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAleš Jankovič[172]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nFirefighters edition\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nJaro Leskovsek[173]\nMay 16, 2004\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nViktor Niko[citation needed]\n000000002005-07-01-0000July 2005\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Paterson[174]\n000000002000-03-19-0000March 19, 2000\nSouth Africa's only winner, also the first winner outside the USA.\n1,000,000 Rand\n\n\n ¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15\nEnrique Chicote[175]\n000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000\nUsed the phone-a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question, letting her know that he'd won, and first winner on Spanish version.\n₧ 50,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario?\nPaco Reverte[176]\n000000002012-03-15-0000March 15, 2012\nFourth winner in the \"Hot Seat\" format. First winner in Spain in almost twelve years.\n€100,000\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nApeksha Kumari[177]\n000000002013-02-22-0000February 22, 2013\nFirst winner\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nMoksha Madusanka[178]\n000000002017-07-02-0000July 2, 2017\nSecond and last winner after 4 years.\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nPer Hörberg[179]\n000000002006-02-17-0000February 17, 2006\nFirst winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nTorgny Segerstedt[180]\n000000002008-03-01-0000March 1, 2008\nSecond winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nOlle Laurell[181]\n000000002009-12-04-0000December 4, 2009\nThird winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nJan Sundström[182]\n000000002010-12-17-0000December 17, 2010\nFourth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMattias Östermann[183]\n000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012\nFitfh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nLena Angviken[184]\n000000002012-09-29-0000September 29, 2012\nSixth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nBirgitta Hedström[185][186]\n000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014\nSeventh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nAlexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag[187]\n000000002014-11-15-0000November 15, 2014\nCelebrity Special #1. And also Eighth winners.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nYlva Orrmell[188]\n000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017\nNinth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMarianne Hiller[189]\n000000002018-03-02-0000March 2, 2018\nTenth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSergey Karabinsky[190]\n000000002003-06-06-0000June 6, 2003\nFirst winner of the Ukrainian version.\n1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSvyatoslav Vakarchuk[191][192]\n000000002005-01-22-0000January 22, 2005\nFirst celebrity contestant. Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine. Second winner after 1.5 years\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Milyoner - Garyache Krislo\nNadezhda Beldiy[193]\n000000002011-08-06-0000August 6, 2011\nThird top winner in the hot seat format. First and also last winner after 6 years.\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJudith Keppel[194]\n000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000\nFirst female winner in the original UK version.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Edwards[195]\n000000002001-04-21-0000April 21, 2001\nFirst male winner in the UK.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRobert Brydges[196]\n000000002001-09-29-0000September 29, 2001\nFirst contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair. He had one lifeline at the Million pound question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n Pat Gibson[197]\n000000002004-04-24-0000April 24, 2004\nHad two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nIngram Wilcox[198]\n000000002006-09-23-0000September 23, 2006\nLast winner in the original UK version. Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15-question format in the UK, and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJohn Carpenter[199]\n000000001999-11-19-0000November 19, 1999\nFirst ever top-prize winner in the Millionaire franchise. He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question, when he called his father to tell him he would win the million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDan Blonsky[199]\n000000002000-01-18-0000January 18, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nJoe Trela[199]\n000000002000-03-23-0000March 23, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBob House[199]\n000000002000-06-13-0000June 13, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKim Hunt[199]\n000000002000-07-06-0000July 6, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDavid Goodman[199]\n000000002000-07-11-0000July 11, 2000\nFirst Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline. He used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Olmstead[200]\n000000002001-04-10-0000April 10, 2001\nBiggest winner on the U.S. version, with a $2.18 million jackpot. He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19, 2013. Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far.\nUS$2,180,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBernie Cullen[201]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nHad two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nEd Toutant[202]\n000000002001-09-07-0000September 7, 2001\nOriginally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000. It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for.\nUS$1,860,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Smith[203]\n000000002003-02-18-0000February 18, 2003\nFirst male winner of the syndicated series.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nNancy Christy[204]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\nFirst and so far only female top-prize winner in the United States.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nSam Murray[205]\n000000002009-11-20-0000November 20, 2009\nMurray did not go all the way to a million the first time, winning $50,000; then returned to win the question in the \"Million Dollar Tournament of Ten.\" He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning. First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGiovanni Grosso[206]\n000000002002-03-20-0000March 20, 2002\nFirst ever top-prize winner in South America.\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nAntonio Ríos[207]\n000000002002-05-22-0000May 22, 2002\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEugenio Vargas[206]\n000000002004-12-22-0000December 22, 2004\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nZulay Marcano[208]\n000000002006-03-29-0000March 29, 2006\n\n200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLuis Olavarrieta[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaría Alejandra Requena[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nHildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nCarlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDiana Campos[209]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEduardo Jiménez[210]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJulio Arévaloz[211]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng\nUnknown Player[212][better source needed]\n000000002011-05-24-0000May 24, 2011\nSecond top winner in the hot seat format.\n₫120,000,000\n\n", "\n\nEdition\nWinner\nBroadcast date\nNotes\nTop prize\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Khaled al Mulla[1]\n000000002001-11-21-0000November 21, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Tanirah[2]\n000000002002-03-15-0000March 15, 2002\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali[3]\n000000002003-01-02-0000January 2, 2003\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon\n Kenaan Matar[4]\n000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007\n\n2,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh[5]\n000000002010-03-23-0000March 23, 2010\nFirst SR1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12-question format.\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRob \"Coach\" Fulton[6]\n000000002005-10-17-0000October 17, 2005\nFirst winner in Australia after six and a half years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nMartin Flood[6]\n000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005\nAllegations of cheating marred his top prize win, but he was cleared. Also the last winner of the original Australian version.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Millionaire Hot Seat\nEdwin Daly[7]\n000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016\nFifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format. First Australian winner after almost 11 years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAnton Sutterlüty[8]\n000000002001-02-19-0000February 19, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Austrian Schillings\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nChristiane de Piero[9]\n000000002002-11-11-0000November 11, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSigrid Weiß-Lutz[10]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMonica Weinzettl[11][12]\n000000002003-10-18-0000October 18, 2003\nPromi-Ausgabe #7. Donated the prize to St. Stephen's Cathedral\n€50,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKarin Huber[13]\n000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nElfriede (\"El\") Awadalla[14]\n000000002005-03-14-0000March 14, 2005\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nHeide Gondek[15]\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPhilip Aschner[16]\n000000002007-10-20-0000October 20, 2007\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMarion Eidenhammer[17]\n000000002008-06-28-0000June 28, 2008\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStefan Schwaiger[18]\n000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann[19]\n000000002011-10-24-0000October 24, 2011\nPromi-Ausgabe #23.\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nThomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger[20]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #27. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndrea Spatzek[21]\n000000002012-11-26-0000November 26, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #28. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSonya Kraus[22]\n000000002013-05-13-0000May 13, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #30. Prize donated to Life Ball\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPeter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler[23]\n000000002013-10-21-0000October 21, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #31. Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStephan Eberharter[24]\n000000002013-12-02-0000December 2, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #32. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMathias Stockinger[25]\n000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013\nFirst non-celebrity winner after 7 years\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKristina Sprenger[26]\n000000002014-02-10-0000February 10, 2014\nPromi-Ausgabe #33. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAngelika Kirchschlager[27]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nJulia Cencig[28]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nDietrich Siegl[29]\n000000002015-11-23-0000November 23, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #40. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Qui sera millionnaire? (French Version)\nKatia Savignano[30][31]\n000000002001-06-04-0000June 4, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Dutch Version)\nIngrid Vervaeck[32]\n000000002000-10-10-0000October 10, 2000\n\n20,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGonzalo Miranda[33][34]\n000000002002-09-09-0000September 9, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\n100,000,000 Chilean Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJuan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez[35][36][37]\n000000002002-10-28-0000October 28, 2002\nFirst child winner on Colombian Millionaire\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEnrique Carlos Castillo[38]\n000000002006-10-30-0000October 30, 2006\n\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDavid Huertas[39]\n000000002011-10-29-0000October 29, 2011\n\n300,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nWilly Pérez[40][41]\n000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010\nWinner of special 2010 World Cup edition. First and also last winner.\n25,000,000 colón\n\n\n Tko želi biti milijunaš?\nMira Bićanić[42][43]\n000000002003-06-14-0000June 14, 2003\nFirst and also last winner.\n1,000,000 kuna\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Brøndum Laursen[44]\n000000002001-10-08-0000October 8, 2001\nFirst winner in the Danish version\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[45]\n000000002002-09-16-0000September 16, 2002\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSigne Svendsen and Søren Sko[46]\n000000002004-01-01-0000January 1, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to AIDS Foundation\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand[47]\n000000002005-03-21-0000March 21, 2005\nWinners in Special edition \"Me and my best\"\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nClaus Højbak and Bertel Haarder[48]\n000000002005-10-03-0000October 3, 2005\nDonated half the prize to a school organization\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nPeter Kierkegaard, Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes[49][50]\n000000002007-10-15-0000October 15, 2007\nJunior edition #1\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJulie, Ulrik and Sia[51]\n000000002007-11-24-0000November 24, 2007\nJunior edition #2\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJoachim, Lukkas and Daniel[52]\n000000002008-03-15-0000March 15, 2008\nJunior edition #3\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSimon Ron Dalsgaard, Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen[53]\n000000002008-05-09-0000May 9, 2008\nJunior edition #4\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik[54]\n000000002010-10-11-0000October 11, 2010\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen[55][56]\n000000002012-03-12-0000March 12, 2012\n\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nCharlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer[57]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society\n2,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nBjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær[58]\n000000002013-04-19-0000April 19, 2013\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMorten Resen and Ellen Nybo[59]\n000000002013-09-30-0000September 30, 2013\nWinners in 25th channel anniversary.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[60]\n000000002013-10-28-0000October 28, 2013\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA, and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nDaniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad[61]\n000000002015-03-03-0000March 3, 2015\nWinners in Dating edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed[62]\n000000002016-03-06-0000March 6, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nTommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup[63]\n000000002016-05-08-0000May 8, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaria Fernanda Compte[64]\n000000002002-11-24-0000November 24, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\nUS$25,000\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nFrédéric Grégoire[65]\n000000002000-09-30-0000September 30, 2000\nFirst winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nLouis[66]\n000000002000-11-04-0000November 4, 2000\nSecond winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nMarie Friedel[67]\n000000002004-08-27-0000August 27, 2004\nThird and last winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\nManana Maisuradze[68]\n000000002002-01-01-00002002\n\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\n Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova[69]\n000000002011-02-22-0000February 22, 2011\nFirst celebrity winners. Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles.\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nEckhard Freise[70]\n000000002000-12-02-0000December 2, 2000\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nMarlene Grabherr[71]\n000000002001-05-20-0000May 20, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nGerhard Krammer[72]\n000000002002-10-18-0000October 18, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nDr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer[73]\n000000002004-03-29-0000March 29, 2004\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nStefan Lang[74]\n000000002006-10-09-0000October 9, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nTimur Hahn[75]\n000000002007-01-08-0000January 8, 2007\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nOliver Pocher[76]\n000000002008-05-30-0000May 30, 2008\nPromi-Special #16\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThomas Gottschalk[77]\n000000002008-11-20-0000November 20, 2008\nPromi-Special #17\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nRalf Schnoor[78]\n000000002010-11-26-0000November 26, 2010\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nBarbara Schöneberger[79]\n000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011\nPromi-Special #22\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nSebastian Langrock[80]\n000000002013-03-11-0000March 11, 2013\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThorsten Fischer[81]\n000000002014-10-17-0000October 17, 2014\n15-year anniversary special episode\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nNadja Sidikjar[82]\n000000002015-11-13-0000November 13, 2015\nFirst winner of Jackpot-Special #2\n€1,538,450\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nLeon Windscheid[83]\n000000002015-12-07-0000December 7, 2015\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nGiorgios Georgopoulos[84]\n000000002001-10-02-0000October 2, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₯ 50,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nStelios Stergiou[84]\n000000002003-11-21-0000November 21, 2003\nSecond and last winner.\n€150,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nJames Wong and Petrina Fung[85]\n000000002001-07-15-0000July 15, 2001\nCelebrity charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nStephen Chow and Erica Li[86][87]\n000000002001-08-20-0000August 20, 2001\nShaolin Soccer charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nChris Chan Hon-Cheung [88]\n000000002001-11-02-0000November 2, 2001\nFirst of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nCheng Tak-Cheung[89]\n000000002003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003\nMillion dollar tournament.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung (Pilot Episode)\nRay Fong[90]\n000000002018-01-01-0000January 2018\nProducer of the Hong Kong Millionaire. He was given all the correct answers before the show.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Legyen Ön is milliomos!\nGábor Cserey[91][92]\n000000002006-03-20-0000March 20, 2006\nFirst and last winner\n40,000,000 Ft\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nSveinn Valgeirsson[93][94]\n000000002002-03-24-0000March 24, 2002\nFirst Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nPaolo Turchi[95]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nSecond Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nJón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson[96]\n000000002004-04-11-0000April 11, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association \"SKB\"\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nHarshvardhan Navathe[97][98][99][100]\n000000002000-09-18-0000September 18, 2000\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nVijay Raul and Arundhati[101]\n000000002001-05-02-0000May 2, 2001\nWinner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nRavi Mohan Saini[102][103][104]\n000000002001-07-08-0000July 8, 2001\nWinner of KBC Junior\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSushil Kumar[105]\n000000002011-11-02-0000November 2, 2011\nFirst winner of the 13-question format. And fourth winner after 10 years.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSanmjeet Kaur Sahani[106]\n000000002013-01-12-0000January 12, 2013\nSecond and last winner of the 13-question format.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nAchin and Sarthak Narula[107][108]\n000000002014-10-09-0000October 9, 2014\nHighest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date. First winners of the 14-question format and last winners of 14-question format.\n70,000,000 Rs. (7 crore)\n\n\n Kannadada Kotyadhipati\nHussain Basha[109]\n000000002013-04-29-0000April 29, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran\nSanooja Rajan[110][111]\n000000002013-05-01-0000May 1, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati\nMahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav[112]\n000000002014-03-17-0000March 17, 2014\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti\nAamir Khan and Kiran Rao[113]\n000000002011-07-08-0000July 8, 2011\nCelebrity edition\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Bani Crorepati\nRajesh Singh[114]\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner?\nIzhar Nevo[115][116]\n000000002000-08-07-0000August 7, 2000\nOnly winner of the Israeli version. First winner from a country located in the Middle East.\n1,000,000 ₪\n\n\n Chi vuol essere miliardario?\nFrancesca Cinelli[117]\n000000002001-03-18-0000March 18, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₤ 1,000,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nDavide Pavesi[118]\n000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004\nSecond winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nMichela De Paoli[119][120][121]\n000000002011-01-27-0000January 27, 2011\nThird and last winner. She used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million euro.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuyuki Kunimitsu[122]\n000000002000-07-27-0000July 27, 2000\nFirst ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYoshiaki Nagata[citation needed]\n000000002000-08-10-0000August 10, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaoko Imao[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-02-0000November 2, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHiroshi Hase[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-23-0000November 23, 2000\nMember of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuyuki Nose[123]\n000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Kobayashi[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKatsuhiro Minamigawa[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHitomi Sakamoto[citation needed]\n000000002001-12-13-0000December 13, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nAkishi Kikuchi[citation needed]\n000000002002-06-27-0000June 27, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMichiko Eguchi[124]\n000000002002-08-01-0000August 1, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaomi Osada[citation needed]\n000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShoko Mishima[125]\n000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSayu Tanabashi[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNatsumi Kataoka[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDaichi Suzuki[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-18-0000September 18, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTsuyoshi Shinjo[126]\n000000002004-01-02-0000January 2, 2004\nProfessional baseball player\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJo Kihara[citation needed]\n000000002004-08-26-0000August 26, 2004\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakafumi Horie[127]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\nFormer CEO of Livedoor\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuko Hosoki[citation needed]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasaaki Sakai[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuo Tanaka[128]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\nAuthor and governor of Nagano Prefecture\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKikuchi Tomohisa[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-28-0000April 28, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasahiko Hamada[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\nPair players (mother and daughter)\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Koizumi[citation needed]\n000000002006-01-02-0000January 2, 2006\nJapanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYūko Asano[citation needed]\n000000002006-03-23-0000March 23, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJunko Nozoe[citation needed]\n000000002006-06-29-0000June 29, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKeiko Ohi[citation needed]\n000000002006-07-27-0000July 27, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDai Tamesue[citation needed]\n000000002006-09-14-0000September 14, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nBandō Mitsugorō X[citation needed]\n000000002006-10-05-0000October 5, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDewi Sukarno[129]\n000000002006-10-26-0000October 26, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMisako Konno[citation needed]\n000000002007-02-15-0000February 15, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShōsuke Tanihara[citation needed]\n000000002007-07-05-0000July 5, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSumiko Fuji[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuo Tokumitsu[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakeshi Kitano[130]\n000000002009-01-30-0000January 30, 2009\nOnly person to answer the final question incorrectly once, and later return and win the top prize.\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHikari Ota[131]\n000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMana Ashida[132]\n000000002013-01-02-0000January 2, 2013\nCelebrity Kids Edition. Youngest top-prize winner (at the time of recording) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide. (8 years and 6 months old)\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nSaule Akhmetova[133][134]\n000000002002-04-18-0000April 18, 2002\nFirst woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nIrina Stalnaya[135]\n000000002003-07-24-0000July 24, 2003\nSecond woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nYevgeny Malischuk[136][137][138]\n000000002018-03-24-0000March 24, 2018\nThird winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format\n10,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Gribi būt miljonārs?\nElita Rumpe[139][140]\n000000002002-12-18-0000December 18, 2002\nFirst and last winner\n10,000 Latvian Lats\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLucía Sánchez[141][142]\n000000002010-04-22-0000April 22, 2010\nFirst winner on new format.\n3,000,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nRafael Lira[citation needed]\n000000002012-04-21-0000April 21, 2012\nSecond and last winner of new format.\n1,500,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n Lotto Weekend Miljonairs\nHans Peters[143]\n000000002001-01-06-0000January 6, 2001\nFirst and also last winner.\nNLG 1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nChimuanya \"Aroma\" Ufodike[144]\n000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009\nFirst and also last winner.\n₦10,000,000\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nAnne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik[145]\n000000002003-03-10-0000March 10, 2003\nFirst winners in Norway.\n2,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nBjørn Lien[146]\n000000002010-01-19-0000January 19, 2010\nFirst winner in the Hot Seat format. And second last winner after 6.5 years.\n1,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nSharon Cuneta[147]\n000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010\nCelebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise. Won P1,000,000 (14th question) during her first appearance on December 25, 2001.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nKarl Jonathan Aguilar[148]\n000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011\nFirst non-celebrity winner\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nEduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr.[149]\n000000002013-10-20-0000October 20, 2013\nFirst winner under Risk format outside Germany.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Milionerzy\nKrzysztof Wójcik[150]\n000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010\nFirst winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years. Also second winner of the 12-question format\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Milionerzy\nMaria Romanek[151]\n000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018\nSecond winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12-question format and also first female winner.\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nRenata Morgado[citation needed]\n000000002000-05-01-0000May 2000\nFirst female top-prize winner in the franchise. Also the first ever European and non-English-speaking Millionaire winner.\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAna Damásio[citation needed]\n000000002000-09-01-0000September 2000\nSecond female top-prize winner in the franchise\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Fernandes[citation needed]\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 2001\n\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAntónio Franco[152]\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n\n€250,000\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Maria Souto de Moura[153][154][155]\n000000002014-02-07-0000February 7, 2014\nFirst winner after 11 years and last winner.\n€100,000\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nMihai Popa[156]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nFirst winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nTudor Hurezeanu[157]\n000000002002-04-08-0000April 8, 2002\nSecond and last winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIgor Sazeyev[158]\n000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001\nFirst winner in Russia\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIrina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih[159]\n000000002003-01-18-0000January 18, 2003\nCouples version.\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nSvetlana Yaroslavtseva[160]\n000000002006-02-19-0000February 19, 2006\nFirst woman who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nTimur Budayev[161][162]\n000000002010-04-17-0000April 17, 2010\nFirst man who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nBari Alibasov and Alexander \"Danko\" Fadeev[163][164]\n000000002013-11-23-0000November 23, 2013\nFirst celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nYulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov[165][166][167]\n000000002017-12-02-0000December 2, 2017\nSecond celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nPeter Lazar[168]\n000000002001-10-01-0000October 2001\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAkim Kysselef[169]\n000000002002-04-01-0000April 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nMatjaž Tanko[170]\n000000002002-03-29-0000March 29, 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nGorazd Škerbinek[171]\n000000002002-11-01-0000November 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAleš Jankovič[172]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nFirefighters edition\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nJaro Leskovsek[173]\nMay 16, 2004\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nViktor Niko[citation needed]\n000000002005-07-01-0000July 2005\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Paterson[174]\n000000002000-03-19-0000March 19, 2000\nSouth Africa's only winner, also the first winner outside the USA.\n1,000,000 Rand\n\n\n ¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15\nEnrique Chicote[175]\n000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000\nUsed the phone-a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question, letting her know that he'd won, and first winner on Spanish version.\n₧ 50,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario?\nPaco Reverte[176]\n000000002012-03-15-0000March 15, 2012\nFourth winner in the \"Hot Seat\" format. First winner in Spain in almost twelve years.\n€100,000\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nApeksha Kumari[177]\n000000002013-02-22-0000February 22, 2013\nFirst winner\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nMoksha Madusanka[178]\n000000002017-07-02-0000July 2, 2017\nSecond and last winner after 4 years.\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nPer Hörberg[179]\n000000002006-02-17-0000February 17, 2006\nFirst winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nTorgny Segerstedt[180]\n000000002008-03-01-0000March 1, 2008\nSecond winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nOlle Laurell[181]\n000000002009-12-04-0000December 4, 2009\nThird winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nJan Sundström[182]\n000000002010-12-17-0000December 17, 2010\nFourth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMattias Östermann[183]\n000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012\nFitfh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nLena Angviken[184]\n000000002012-09-29-0000September 29, 2012\nSixth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nBirgitta Hedström[185][186]\n000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014\nSeventh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nAlexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag[187]\n000000002014-11-15-0000November 15, 2014\nCelebrity Special #1. And also Eighth winners.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nYlva Orrmell[188]\n000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017\nNinth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMarianne Hiller[189]\n000000002018-03-02-0000March 2, 2018\nTenth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSergey Karabinsky[190]\n000000002003-06-06-0000June 6, 2003\nFirst winner of the Ukrainian version.\n1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSvyatoslav Vakarchuk[191][192]\n000000002005-01-22-0000January 22, 2005\nFirst celebrity contestant. Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine. Second winner after 1.5 years\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Milyoner - Garyache Krislo\nNadezhda Beldiy[193]\n000000002011-08-06-0000August 6, 2011\nThird top winner in the hot seat format. First and also last winner after 6 years.\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJudith Keppel[194]\n000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000\nFirst female winner in the original UK version.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Edwards[195]\n000000002001-04-21-0000April 21, 2001\nFirst male winner in the UK.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRobert Brydges[196]\n000000002001-09-29-0000September 29, 2001\nFirst contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair. He had one lifeline at the Million pound question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n Pat Gibson[197]\n000000002004-04-24-0000April 24, 2004\nHad two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nIngram Wilcox[198]\n000000002006-09-23-0000September 23, 2006\nLast winner in the original UK version. Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15-question format in the UK, and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJohn Carpenter[199]\n000000001999-11-19-0000November 19, 1999\nFirst ever top-prize winner in the Millionaire franchise. He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question, when he called his father to tell him he would win the million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDan Blonsky[199]\n000000002000-01-18-0000January 18, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nJoe Trela[199]\n000000002000-03-23-0000March 23, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBob House[199]\n000000002000-06-13-0000June 13, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKim Hunt[199]\n000000002000-07-06-0000July 6, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDavid Goodman[199]\n000000002000-07-11-0000July 11, 2000\nFirst Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline. He used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Olmstead[200]\n000000002001-04-10-0000April 10, 2001\nBiggest winner on the U.S. version, with a $2.18 million jackpot. He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19, 2013. Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far.\nUS$2,180,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBernie Cullen[201]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nHad two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nEd Toutant[202]\n000000002001-09-07-0000September 7, 2001\nOriginally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000. It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for.\nUS$1,860,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Smith[203]\n000000002003-02-18-0000February 18, 2003\nFirst male winner of the syndicated series.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nNancy Christy[204]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\nFirst and so far only female top-prize winner in the United States.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nSam Murray[205]\n000000002009-11-20-0000November 20, 2009\nMurray did not go all the way to a million the first time, winning $50,000; then returned to win the question in the \"Million Dollar Tournament of Ten.\" He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning. First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGiovanni Grosso[206]\n000000002002-03-20-0000March 20, 2002\nFirst ever top-prize winner in South America.\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nAntonio Ríos[207]\n000000002002-05-22-0000May 22, 2002\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEugenio Vargas[206]\n000000002004-12-22-0000December 22, 2004\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nZulay Marcano[208]\n000000002006-03-29-0000March 29, 2006\n\n200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLuis Olavarrieta[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaría Alejandra Requena[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nHildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nCarlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDiana Campos[209]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEduardo Jiménez[210]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJulio Arévaloz[211]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng\nUnknown Player[212][better source needed]\n000000002011-05-24-0000May 24, 2011\nSecond top winner in the hot seat format.\n₫120,000,000\n\n" ]	[ "John Carpenter", "Dan Blonsky", "Joe Trela", "Bob House", "Kim Hunt", "David Goodman", "Bernie Cullen", "Kevin Smith", "Nancy Christy", "Sam Murray" ]
6065448357639691193	Athenian democracy	Athenian democracy - wikipedia Athenian democracy Nineteenth - century painting by Philipp Foltz depicting the Athenian politician Pericles delivering his famous funeral oration in front of the Assembly This article 's lead section may not adequately summarize its contents . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . To comply with Wikipedia 's lead section guidelines , please consider modifying the lead to provide an accessible overview of the article 's key points in such a way that it can stand on its own as a concise version of the article . ( October 2018 ) Athenian democracy developed around the fifth century BC in the Greek city - state ( known as a polis ) of Athens , comprising the city of Athens and the surrounding territory of Attica , and is often described as the first known democracy in the world . Other Greek cities set up democracies , most following the Athenian model , but none are as well documented as Athens ' . It was a political system of direct democracy , in which participating citizens voted directly on legislation and executive bills . Participation was not open to all residents : to vote one had to be an adult , male citizen , i.e. , not a foreign resident , a Submissive or a woman , and the number of these was `` probably no more than 30 percent of the total adult population . '' The longest - lasting democratic leader was Pericles . After his death , Athenian democracy was twice briefly interrupted by oligarchic revolutions towards the end of the Peloponnesian War . It was modified somewhat after it was restored under Eucleides ; the most detailed accounts of the system are of this fourth - century modification rather than the Periclean system . Democracy was suppressed by the Macedonians in 322 BC . The Athenian institutions were later revived , but how close they were to a real democracy is debatable . Solon ( 594 BC ) , Cleisthenes ( 508 / 7 BC ) , and Ephialtes ( 462 BC ) contributed to the development of Athenian democracy . Cleisthenes broke up the power of the nobility by organizing citizens into ten groups based on where they lived rather than on their wealth . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Development 2.2 Aftermath 3 Participation and exclusion 3.1 Size and make - up of the Athenian population 3.2 Citizenship in Athens 4 Main bodies of governance 4.1 Assembly / Ecclesia 4.2 The Council / The Boule 4.3 Courts 4.4 Shifting balance between assembly and courts 4.5 Citizen - initiator 4.6 Archons and the Areopagus 4.7 Officeholders 4.7. 1 Selection by lot ( sortition / allotment ) 4.7. 2 Election 5 Individualism in Athenian democracy 6 Environment 7 Criticism 8 Legacy 9 References and sources 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) Part of the Politics series Democracy History Types Anticipatory Athenian Cellular Consensus Cosmopolitan Defensive Delegative Deliberative Direct Economic Electronic Empowered Ethnic Grassroots Guided Inclusive Industrial Interactive Jacksonian Jeffersonian Liberal / Illiberal Media Multiparty New Non-partisan Participatory People 's Pluralist Popular Procedural Radical Representative Religious Christian Islamic Jewish Mormon Sectarian Semi Semi-direct Social Socialist Sociocracy Sovereign Soviet Substantive Totalitarian Workplace Related topics Anarchism Kleroterion Democratic capitalism Democratic centralism Democratic confederalism Democratic republic Democratic socialism Democratization Democracy and economic growth Democracy in Marxism Democracy promotion Liberalism Libertarianism Majoritarianism Motion Ochlocracy People 's democratic dictatorship Polyarchy Populism Sortition Tyranny of the majority Voting Wars between democracies Wave of democracy Politics portal The word `` democracy '' ( Greek : δημοκρατία ) combines the elements dêmos ( δῆμος , which means `` people '' ) and krátos ( κράτος , which means `` force '' or `` power '' ) , and thus means literally `` people power '' . In the words `` monarchy '' and `` oligarchy '' , the second element comes from archē ( ἀρχή ) , meaning `` beginning ( that which comes first ) '' , and hence also `` first place or power '' , `` sovereignty '' . One might expect the term `` demarchy '' to have been adopted , by analogy , for the new form of government introduced by Athenian democrats . However , the word `` demarchy '' ( δημαρχία ) had already been taken and meant `` mayoralty '' , the office or rank of a high municipal magistrate . ( In present - day use , the term `` demarchy '' has acquired a new meaning . ) It is unknown whether the word `` democracy '' was in existence when systems that came to be called democratic were first instituted . The word is attested in Herodotus ( Histories 6.43 ) , who wrote some of the earliest surviving Greek prose , but this might not have been before 440 or 430 BC . Around 460 BC an individual is known with the name of ' Democrates ' , a name possibly coined as a gesture of democratic loyalty ; the name can also be found in Aeolian Temnus . History ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Athens was not the only polis in Ancient Greece that instituted a democratic regime . Aristotle points to other cities that adopted governments in the democratic style . `` Yet , it is only with reference to Athens that we can attempt to trace some of the specific sixth century events that led to the institution of democracy at the end of the century . '' Before the first attempt at democratic government , Athens was ruled by a series of archons or chief magistrates , and the Areopagus , made up of ex-archons . The members of these institutions were generally aristocrats , who ruled the polis for their own advantage . In 621 BC Draco codified a set of `` notoriously harsh '' laws that were `` a clear expression of the power of the aristocracy over everybody else . '' This did not stop the aristocratic families feuding amongst themselves to obtain as much power as possible . Therefore , by the 6th century BC , the majority of Athenians `` had been ' enslaved ' to the rich '' , and they called upon Plato 's ancestor Solon , premier archon at the time , to liberate them and halt the feuding of the aristocracy . However , the `` enfranchisement of the local labouring classes was succeeded by the development of chattel slavery , the enslavement of , in large part , foreigners . '' Solon , the mediator , reshaped the city `` by absorbing the traditional aristocracy in a definition of citizenship which allotted a political function to every free resident of Attica . Athenians were not slaves but citizens , with the right , at the very least , to participate in the meetings of the assembly . '' Under these reforms , the position of archon `` was opened to all with certain property qualifications , and a Boule , a rival council of 400 , was set up . The Areopagus , nevertheless , retained ' guardianship of the laws ' '' . A major contribution to democracy was Solon 's setting up of an Ecclesia or Assembly , which was open to all male citizens . However , `` one must bear in mind that its agenda was apparently set entirely by the Council of 400 '' , `` consisting of 100 members from each of the four tribes '' , that had taken `` over many of the powers which the Areopagos had previously exercised . '' Cleisthenes Not long afterwards , the nascent democracy was overthrown by the tyrant Peisistratos , but was reinstated after the expulsion of his son , Hippias , in 510 . This sort of aristocratic takeover `` was ended by the appeal by one contender , Cleisthenes , for the support of the populace . '' The reforms of Cleisthenes in 508 / 7 undermined the domination of the aristocratic families and connected every Athenian to the city 's rule . `` Cleisthenes fixed the boundaries of the polis as a political rather than a geographical entity -- boundaries which Solon had left permeable -- by formally identifying the free inhabitants of Attica at that time as Athenian citizens . '' He did this by making the traditional tribes politically irrelevant and instituting ten new tribes , each made up of about three treaties , each consisting of several demes . `` Every male citizen on reaching the age of 18 was now to be registered in his deme . It was this registration which confirmed his citizenship . '' The third set of reforms was instigated by Ephialtes in 462 / 1 . While his opponents were away attempting to assist the Spartans , Ephialtes persuaded the Assembly to reduce the powers of the Areopagus : `` in effect stripping it of all its controlling and supervisory powers and leaving it only as a court for cases of homicide and certain offences of sacrilege . '' At the same time or soon afterwards , the membership of the Areopagus was extended to the lower level of the propertied citizenship . In the wake of Athens ' disastrous defeat in the Sicilian campaign in 413 BCE , a group of citizens took steps to limit the radical democracy they thought was leading the city to ruin . Their efforts , initially conducted through constitutional channels , culminated in the establishment of an oligarchy , the Council of 400 , in the Athenian coup of 411 BCE . The oligarchy endured for only four months before it was replaced by a more democratic government . Democratic regimes governed until Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404 BCE , when government was placed in the hands of the so - called Thirty Tyrants , pro-Spartan oligarchs . After a year pro-democracy elements regained control , and democratic forms persisted until the Macedonian army of Phillip II conquered Athens in 338 BC . Aftermath ( edit ) Alexander the Great had led a coalition of the Greek states to war with Persia in 336 BC , but his Greek soldiers were hostages for the behavior of their states as much as allies . His relations with Athens were already strained when he returned to Babylon in 324 BC ; after his death , Athens and Sparta led several Greek states to war with Macedon and lost . This led to the Hellenistic control of Athens , when the Macedonian king appointed a local agent as political governor in Athens . However , the governors , like Demetrius of Phalerum , appointed by Cassander , kept some of the traditional institutions in formal existence , although the Athenian public would consider them to be nothing more than Macedonian puppet dictators . Once Demetrius Poliorcetes ended Cassander 's rule over Athens , Demetrius of Phalerum went into exile and the democracy was restored in 307 BC . However , by now Athens had become `` politically impotent '' . An example of this was that , in 307 , in order to curry favour with Macedonia and Egypt , three new tribes were created , two in honour of the Macedonian king and his son , and the other in honour of the Egyptian king . However , when Rome fought Macedonia in 200 , the Athenians abolished the first two new tribes and created a twelfth tribe in honour of the Pergamene king . The Athenians declared for Rome , and in 146 BC Athens became an autonomous civitas foederata . `` Her independence was however little more than municipal , and , though the forms of the democracy survived , Rome ... strengthened the aristocratic elements in the constitution . '' Under Roman rule , the archons ranked as the highest officials . They were elected , and even foreigners such as Domitian and Hadrian held the office as a mark of honour . Four presided over the judicial administration . The Council ( whose numbers varied at different times from three hundred to seven hundred and fifty ) was appointed by lot . It was superseded in importance by the Areopagus , which , recruited from the elected archons , had an aristocratic character and was entrusted with wide powers . From the time of Hadrian an imperial curator superintended the finances . The shadow of the old constitution lingered on and Archons and Areopagus survived the fall of the Roman Empire . In 88 BC , there was a revolution under the philosopher Athenion , who , as tyrant , forced the Assembly to agree to elect whomever he might ask to office . Athenion allied with Mithridates of Pontus , and went to war with Rome ; he was killed during the war , and was replaced by Aristion . The victorious Roman general , Publius Cornelius Sulla , left the Athenians their lives and did not sell them into slavery ; he also restored the previous government , in 86 BC . After Rome became an Empire under Augustus , the nominal independence of Athens dissolved and its government converged to the normal type for a Roman municipality , with a Senate of decuriones . Participation and exclusion ( edit ) Size and make - up of the Athenian population ( edit ) Estimates of the population of ancient Athens vary . During the 4th century BC , there might well have been some 250,000 -- 300,000 people in Attica . Citizen families could have amounted to 100,000 people and out of these some 30,000 would have been the adult male citizens entitled to vote in the assembly . In the mid-5th century the number of adult male citizens was perhaps as high as 60,000 , but this number fell precipitously during the Peloponnesian War . This slump was permanent , due to the introduction of a stricter definition of citizen described below . From a modern perspective these figures may seem small , but among Greek city - states Athens was huge : most of the thousand or so Greek cities could only muster 1000 -- 1500 adult male citizens each ; and Corinth , a major power , had at most 15,000 . The non-citizen component of the population was made up of resident foreigners ( metics ) and slaves , with the latter perhaps somewhat more numerous . Around 338 BC the orator Hyperides ( fragment 13 ) claimed that there were 150,000 slaves in Attica , but this figure is probably no more than an impression : slaves outnumbered those of citizen stock but did not swamp them . Citizenship in Athens ( edit ) Only adult male Athenian citizens who had completed their military training as ephebes had the right to vote in Athens . The percentage of the population that actually participated in the government was 10 % to 20 % of the total number of inhabitants , but this varied from the fifth to the fourth century BC . This excluded a majority of the population : slaves , freed slaves , children , women and metics ( foreigners resident in Athens ) . The women had limited rights and privileges , had restricted movement in public , and were very segregated from the men . Also excluded from voting were citizens whose rights were under suspension ( typically for failure to pay a debt to the city : see atimia ) ; for some Athenians this amounted to permanent ( and in fact inheritable ) disqualification . Given the exclusive and ancestral concept of citizenship held by Greek city - states , a relatively large portion of the population took part in the government of Athens and of other radical democracies like it , compared to oligarchies and aristocracies . Some Athenian citizens were far more active than others , but the vast numbers required for the system to work testify to a breadth of direct participation among those eligible that greatly surpassed any present - day democracy . Athenian citizens had to be descended from citizens -- after the reforms of Pericles and Cimon in 450 BC , they `` would be confined to those whose parents were both Athenian '' . Although the legislation was not retrospective , five years later , when a free gift of grain had arrived from the Egyptian king , to be distributed among all citizens , `` many ' illegitimates ' were discovered '' and removed from the registers . Citizenship , `` commonly applied not only to the individuals themselves but to their descendants as well '' , could be granted by the assembly , and was sometimes given to large groups ( e.g. Plateans in 427 BC and Samians in 405 BC ) but , by the 4th century , only to individuals and by a special vote with a quorum of 6000 . This was generally done as a reward for some service to the state . In the course of a century , the number of citizenships so granted was in the hundreds rather than thousands . Main bodies of governance ( edit ) Constitution of the Athenians , 4th century BC There were three political bodies where citizens gathered in numbers running into the hundreds or thousands . These are the assembly ( in some cases with a quorum of 6000 ) , the council of 500 ( boule ) and the courts ( a minimum of 200 people , on some occasions up to 6000 ) . Of these three bodies , the assembly and the courts were the true sites of power -- although courts , unlike the assembly , were never simply called the demos ( the People ) as they were manned by a subset of the citizen body , those over thirty . But crucially citizens voting in both were not subject to review and prosecution as were council members and all other officeholders . In the 5th century BC we often hear of the assembly sitting as a court of judgment itself for trials of political importance and it is not a coincidence that 6000 is the number both for the full quorum for the assembly and for the annual pool from which jurors were picked for particular trials . By the mid-4th century however the assembly 's judicial functions were largely curtailed , though it always kept a role in the initiation of various kinds of political trial . Assembly / Ecclesia ( edit ) Main article : Ecclesia ( ancient Athens ) The central events of the Athenian democracy were the meetings of the assembly ( ἐκκλησία , ekklesía ) . Unlike a parliament , the assembly 's members were not elected , but attended by right when they chose . Greek democracy created at Athens was direct , rather than representative : any adult male citizen over the age of 20 could take part , and it was a duty to do so . The officials of the democracy were in part elected by the Assembly and in large part chosen by lottery in a process called sortition . The assembly had four main functions : it made executive pronouncements ( decrees , such as deciding to go to war or granting citizenship to a foreigner ) ; it elected some officials ; it legislated ; and it tried political crimes . As the system evolved , the last function was shifted to the law courts . The standard format was that of speakers making speeches for and against a position followed by a general vote ( usually by show of hands ) of yes or no . Though there might be blocs of opinion , sometimes enduring , on important matters , there were no political parties and likewise no government or opposition ( as in the Westminster system ) . Voting was by simple majority . In the 5th century at least there were scarcely any limits on the power exercised by the assembly . If the assembly broke the law , the only thing that might happen is that it would punish those who had made the proposal that it had agreed to . If a mistake had been made , from the assembly 's viewpoint it could only be because it had been misled . As usual in ancient democracies , one had to physically attend a gathering in order to vote . Military service or simple distance prevented the exercise of citizenship . Voting was usually by show of hands ( χειροτονία , kheirotonia , `` arm stretching '' ) with officials judging the outcome by sight . This could cause problems when it became too dark to see properly . However , `` any member of the Assembly could demand a recount '' . For a small category of votes a quorum of 6000 was required , principally grants of citizenship , and here small coloured stones were used , white for yes and black for no . At the end of the session , each voter tossed one of these into a large clay jar which was afterwards cracked open for the counting of the ballots . Ostracism required the voters to scratch names onto pieces of broken pottery ( ὄστρακα , ostraka ) , though this did not occur within the assembly as such . The Pnyx with the speaker 's platform , the meeting place of the people of Athens . In the 5th century BC , there were 10 fixed assembly meetings per year , one in each of the ten state months , with other meetings called as needed . In the following century the meetings were set to forty a year , with four in each state month . One of these was now called the main meeting , kyria ekklesia . Additional meetings might still be called , especially as up until 355 BC there were still political trials that were conducted in the assembly rather than in court . The assembly meetings did not occur at fixed intervals , as they had to avoid clashing with the annual festivals that followed the lunar calendar . There was also a tendency for the four meetings to be aggregated toward the end of each state month . Attendance at the assembly was not always voluntary . In the 5th century public slaves forming a cordon with a red - stained rope herded citizens from the agora into the assembly meeting place ( Pnyx ) , with a fine being imposed on those who got the red on their clothes . After the restoration of the democracy in 403 BC , pay for assembly attendance was introduced . This promoted a new enthusiasm for assembly meetings . Only the first 6000 to arrive were admitted and paid , with the red rope now used to keep latecomers at bay . The council / the boule ( edit ) Main article : Boule ( ancient Greece ) § The Athenian Boule In 594 BC Solon is said to have created a boule of 400 to guide the work of the assembly . After the reforms of Cleisthenes , the Athenian Boule was expanded to 500 , and was elected by lot every year . Each of Cleisthenes 's 10 tribes provided 50 councillors who were at least 30 years old . The most important task of the Athenian Boule was to draft the deliberations ( probouleumata ) for discussion and approval in the Ecclesia . The Boule also directed finances , controlled the maintenance of the fleet and of the cavalry , judged the fitness of the magistrates - elect , received foreign ambassadors , advised the stratēgoi ( generals ) in military matters , and could be given special powers by the Ecclesia in an emergency . According to John Thorley , its membership was very carefully vetted . Cleisthenes restricted its membership , `` to those of zeugitai status and above , probably arguing that these classes had a financial interest in good government '' . A member had to be approved by his deme , `` and one can well imagine that demes were careful to select only those of known good sense who also had experience of local politics , and who were actually available to do the time - consuming job which demanded frequent attendance in Athens ; and they probably favoured those who were well past 30 '' . The members from each of the ten tribes in the Boule took it in turns to act as a standing committee ( the prytaneis ) of the Boule for a period of thirty - six days . All fifty members of the prytaneis on duty were housed and fed in the tholos of the Prytaneion , a building adjacent to the bouleuterion , where the boule met . `` Each day one of their number was chosen by lot as chairman , and he was required to stay in the tholos for the twenty - four - hour period of his office . The chairman for the day presided over any meeting of the Boule held that day , and if there was a meeting of the Assembly that day ... he also presided over that '' . The boule also served as an executive committee for the assembly , and oversaw the activities of certain other magistrates . The boule coordinated the activities of the various boards and magistrates that carried out the administrative functions of Athens and provided from its own membership randomly selected boards of ten responsible for areas ranging from naval affairs to religious observances . Altogether , the boule was responsible for a great portion of the administration of the state , but was granted relatively little latitude for initiative ; the boule 's control over policy was executed in its probouleutic , rather than its executive function ; in the former , it prepared measures for deliberation by the assembly , in the latter , it merely executed the wishes of the assembly . Courts ( edit ) Athens had an elaborate legal system centered on full citizen rights ( see atimia ) . The age limit of 30 or older , the same as that for office holders but ten years older than that required for participation in the assembly , gave the courts a certain standing in relation to the assembly . Jurors were required to be under oath , which was not required for attendance at the assembly . The authority exercised by the courts had the same basis as that of the assembly : both were regarded as expressing the direct will of the people . Unlike office holders ( magistrates ) , who could be impeached and prosecuted for misconduct , the jurors could not be censured , for they , in effect , were the people and no authority could be higher than that . A corollary of this was that , at least acclaimed by defendants , if a court had made an unjust decision , it must have been because it had been misled by a litigant . Essentially there were two grades of suit , a smaller kind known as dike ( δίκη ) or private suit , and a larger kind known as graphe or public suit . For private suits the minimum jury size was 200 ( increased to 401 if a sum of over 1000 drachmas was at issue ) , for public suits 501 . Under Cleisthenes ' reforms , juries were selected by lot from a panel of 600 jurors , there being 600 jurors from each of the ten tribes of Athens , making a jury pool of 6000 in total . For particularly important public suits the jury could be increased by adding in extra allotments of 500 . 1000 and 1500 are regularly encountered as jury sizes and on at least one occasion , the first time a new kind of case was brought to court ( see graphē paranómōn ) , all 6,000 members of the jury pool may have attended to one case . Water Clock in the Ancient Agora of Athens . The cases were put by the litigants themselves in the form of an exchange of single speeches timed by a water clock or clepsydra , first prosecutor then defendant . In a public suit the litigants each had three hours to speak , much less in private suits ( though here it was in proportion to the amount of money at stake ) . Decisions were made by voting without any time set aside for deliberation . Jurors did talk informally amongst themselves during the voting procedure and juries could be rowdy , shouting out their disapproval or disbelief of things said by the litigants . This may have had some role in building a consensus . The jury could only cast a ' yes ' or ' no ' vote as to the guilt and sentence of the defendant . For private suits only the victims or their families could prosecute , while for public suits anyone ( ho boulomenos , ' whoever wants to ' i.e. any citizen with full citizen rights ) could bring a case since the issues in these major suits were regarded as affecting the community as a whole . Justice was rapid : a case could last no longer than one day and `` completed by sunset '' . Some convictions triggered an automatic penalty , but where this was not the case the two litigants each proposed a penalty for the convicted defendant and the jury chose between them in a further vote . No appeal was possible . There was however a mechanism for prosecuting the witnesses of a successful prosecutor , which it appears could lead to the undoing of the earlier verdict . Payment for jurors was introduced around 462 BC and is ascribed to Pericles , a feature described by Aristotle as fundamental to radical democracy ( Politics 1294a37 ) . Pay was raised from 2 to 3 obols by Cleon early in the Peloponnesian war and there it stayed ; the original amount is not known . Notably , this was introduced more than fifty years before payment for attendance at assembly meetings . Running the courts was one of the major expenses of the Athenian state and there were moments of financial crisis in the 4th century when the courts , at least for private suits , had to be suspended . The system showed a marked anti-professionalism . No judges presided over the courts nor did anyone give legal direction to the jurors ; magistrates had only an administrative function and were laymen . Most of the annual magistracies at Athens could only be held once in a lifetime . There were no lawyers as such ; litigants acted solely in their capacity as citizens . Whatever professionalism there was tended to disguise itself ; it was possible to pay for the services of a speechwriter or logographer ( logographos ) , but this may not have been advertised in court . Probably jurors would be more impressed if it seemed as though the litigant were speaking for themselves . Shifting balance between assembly and courts ( edit ) As the system evolved , the courts ( that is , citizens under another guise ) intruded upon the power of the assembly . From 355 BC political trials were no longer held in the assembly , but only in a court . In 416 BC the graphē paranómōn ( `` indictment against measures contrary to the laws '' ) was introduced . Under this , anything passed by the assembly or even proposed but not yet voted on , could be put on hold for review before a jury -- which might annul it and perhaps punish the proposer as well . Remarkably , it seems that a measure blocked before the assembly voted on it did not need to go back to the assembly if it survived the court challenge : the court was enough to validate it . Once again it is important to bear in mind the lack of ' neutral ' state intervention . To give a schematic scenario by way of illustration : two men have clashed in the assembly about a proposal put by one of them ; it passed , and now the two of them go to court with the loser in the assembly prosecuting both the law and its proposer . The quantity of these suits was enormous : in effect the courts became a kind of upper house . In the 5th century there was in effect no procedural difference between an executive decree and a law : they were both simply passed by the assembly . But from 403 BC they were set sharply apart . Henceforth laws were made not in the assembly , but by special panels of citizens drawn from the annual jury pool of 6000 . They were known as the nomothetai ( νομοθέται ) , the lawmakers . Citizen - initiator ( edit ) The institutions sketched above -- assembly , officeholders , council , courts -- are incomplete without the figure that drove the whole system , Ho boulomenos , he who wishes , or anyone who wishes . This expression encapsulated the right of citizens to take the initiative : to stand to speak in the assembly , to initiate a public lawsuit ( that is , one held to affect the political community as a whole ) , to propose a law before the lawmakers or to approach the council with suggestions . Unlike officeholders , the citizen initiator was not voted before taking up office or automatically reviewed after stepping down -- it had after all no set tenure and might be an action lasting only a moment . But any stepping forward into the democratic limelight was risky and if someone chose ( another citizen initiator ) they could be called to account for their actions and punished . There were also other terms used for `` the persons who pleaded in public actions and those who had initiated private suits . Although the expression ho diokon ( literally ' the one who pursues ' ) was applied to the initiators of both public and private actions , the designations kategoros ( ' accuser ' ) ... were used only of prosecutors in public actions and in the actions for homicide heard by the Areiopagos and other homicide courts . '' Archons and the Areopagus ( edit ) Main articles : Archon and Areopagus Just before the reforms of Solon in the 7th century BC , Athens was governed by a few archons ( three rising to nine ) and the council of the Areopagus `` ( appointed by the powerful noble families from their own members ) '' . There also seems to have been a type of citizen assembly , presumably of the hoplite class . However , `` There seems little doubt that it was the arkhons , with the advice of the Areopagos , who really ran the state . '' The mass of people had no say in government at all . Solon 's reforms allowed the archons to come from some of the higher propertied classes and not only from the aristocratic families . Since the Areopagus was made up of ex-archons , this would eventually mean the weakening of the hold of the nobles there as well . However , even with Solon 's creation of the citizen 's assembly , the Archons and Areopagus still wielded a great deal of power . The reforms of Cleisthenes meant that the archons were elected by the Assembly , but were still selected from the upper classes . The Areopagus kept its power as ' Guardian of the Laws ' , `` which probably gave the Areopagos the power to intervene and to apply a veto if the Council of 500 or the Assembly or any magistrate acted or proposed to act ' unconstitutionally ' '' , however this worked in practice . Ephialtes , and later Pericles , reduced the power of the Areopagus dramatically . The Assembly `` passed a measure to limit the powers of the Areopagos , in effect stripping it of all its controlling and supervisory powers . '' In the play The Eumenides , performed in 458 , Aeschylus , himself a noble , portrays the Areopagus as a court established by Athena herself . It appears that Aeschylus `` is trying to preserve the dignity of a severely battered institution . '' Officeholders ( edit ) Approximately 1100 citizens ( including the members of the council of 500 ) held office each year . They were mostly chosen by lot , with a much smaller ( and more prestigious ) group of about 100 elected . Neither was compulsory ; individuals had to nominate themselves for both selection methods . In particular , those chosen by lot were citizens acting without particular expertise . This was almost inevitable since , with the notable exception of the generals ( strategoi ) , each office could be held by the same person only once . For example , `` The same person could not be a member of the Boule in two consecutive years , and could only be a member twice in a lifetime . '' Part of the ethos of democracy , however , was the building of general competence by ongoing involvement . In the 5th century version of the democracy , the ten annually elected generals were often very prominent , but for those who had power , it lay primarily in their frequent speeches and in the respect accorded them in the assembly , rather than their vested powers . While citizens voting in the assembly were the people and so were free of review or punishment , those same citizens when holding an office served the people and could be punished very severely . All of them were subject to a review beforehand that might disqualify them for office and an examination after stepping down . Officeholders were the agents of the people , not their representatives . Citizens active as office holders served in a quite different capacity from when they voted in the assembly or served as jurors . The assembly and the courts were regarded as the instantiation of the people of Athens : they were the people , no power was above them and they could not be reviewed , impeached or punished . However , when an Athenian took up an office , he was regarded as ' serving ' the people . As such , he could be regarded as failing in his duty and be punished for it . There were in fact some limitations on who could hold office . Age restrictions were in place with thirty years as a minimum , rendering about a third of the adult citizen body ineligible at any one time . An unknown proportion of citizens were also subject to disenfranchisement ( atimia ) , excluding some of them permanently and others temporarily ( depending on the type ) . Furthermore , all citizens selected were reviewed before taking up office ( dokimasia ) at which they might be disqualified . Competence does not seem to have been the main issue , but rather , at least in the 4th century BC , whether they were loyal democrats or had oligarchic tendencies . However , magistrates , after leaving office were subject to a scrutiny ( euthunai , literally ' straightenings ' or ' submission of accounts ' ) to review their performance . Both of these processes were in most cases brief and formulaic , but they opened up in the possibility , if some citizen wanted to take some matter up , of a contest before a jury court . In the case of a scrutiny going to trial , there was the risk for the former officeholder of suffering severe penalties . Finally , even during his period of office , any officeholder could be impeached and removed from office by the assembly . In each of the ten `` main meetings '' ( kuriai ekklesiai ) a year , the question was explicitly raised in the assembly agenda : were the office holders carrying out their duties correctly ? By and large the power exercised by these officials was routine administration and quite limited . The powers of officials were precisely defined and their capacity for initiative limited . They administered rather than governed . When it came to penal sanctions , no officeholder could impose a fine over fifty drachmas . Anything higher had to go before a court . Selection by lot ( sortition / allotment ) ( edit ) The use of a lottery to select officeholders was regarded as the most democratic means : elections would favour those who were rich , noble , eloquent and well - known , while allotment spread the work of administration throughout the whole citizen body , engaging them in the crucial democratic experience of , to use Aristotle 's words , `` ruling and being ruled in turn '' ( Politics 1317b28 -- 30 ) . The allotment of an individual was based on citizenship rather than merit or any form of personal popularity which could be bought . Allotment therefore was seen as a means to prevent the corrupt purchase of votes and it gave citizens a unique form of political equality as all had an equal chance of obtaining government office . Samons writes that `` the system of selection by lottery for members of the Council of 500 and other officials ( like the treasurers of the sacred funds ) provided a potentially significant check on the dangers of demagoguery . '' However , this may not have been completely successful , as some `` increasingly pandered to the electorate and ... often told the people only what they wanted to hear . '' The random assignment of responsibility to individuals who may or may not be competent has obvious risks , but the system included features meant to obviate possible problems . Athenians selected for office served as teams ( boards , panels ) . In a group someone will know the right way to do things and those that do not may learn from those that do . During the period of holding a particular office everyone on the team is observing everybody else . There were however officials such as the nine archons , who while seemingly a board carried out very different functions from each other . No office appointed by lot could be held twice by the same individual . The only exception was the boule or council of 500 . In this case , simply by demographic necessity , an individual could serve twice in a lifetime . This principle extended down to the secretaries and undersecretaries who served as assistants to magistrates such as the archons . To the Athenians it seems what had to be guarded against was not incompetence but any tendency to use office as a way of accumulating ongoing power . Election ( edit ) Bust of Pericles , marble Roman copy after a Greek original from c. 430 BC During an Athenian election , approximately one hundred officials out of a thousand were elected rather than chosen by lot . There were two main categories in this group : those required to handle large sums of money , and the 10 generals , the strategoi . One reason that financial officials were elected was that any money embezzled could be recovered from their estates ; election in general strongly favoured the rich , but in this case wealth was virtually a prerequisite . Generals were elected not only because their role required expert knowledge but also because they needed to be people with experience and contacts in the wider Greek world where wars were fought . In the 5th century BC , principally as seen through the figure of Pericles , the generals could be among the most powerful people in the pols . Yet in the case of Pericles , it is wrong to see his power as coming from his long series of annual generalships ( each year along with nine others ) . His office holding was rather an expression and a result of the influence he wielded . That influence was based on his relation with the assembly , a relation that in the first instance lay simply in the right of any citizen to stand and speak before the people . Under the 4th century version of democracy the roles of general and of key political speaker in the assembly tended to be filled by different persons . In part this was a consequence of the increasingly specialized forms of warfare practiced in the later period . Elected officials too were subject to review before holding office and scrutiny after office . And they too could be removed from office at any time that the assembly met . There was also a death penalty for `` inadequate performance '' while in office . Individualism in Athenian democracy ( edit ) Pericles , according to Thucydides , characterized the Athenians as being very well - informed on politics : We do not say that a man who takes no interest in politics is a man who minds his own business ; we say that he has no business here at all . The word `` idiot '' originally simply meant `` private citizen '' ; in combination with its more recent meaning of `` foolish person '' , this is sometimes used by modern commentators to demonstrate that the ancient Athenians considered those who did not participate in politics as foolish . But the sense history of the word does not support this interpretation . Although , under Athenian democracy , voters were allowed the same opportunity to voice their opinion and to sway the discussion , they were not always successful , and , often , the minority was forced to vote in favor of a motion that they did not agree with . Environment ( edit ) It has been noted by several historians that Athens faced severe environmental issues like soil erosion and deforestation . Murray Bookchin argued that the rise of the Polis created a more pro-environmental culture allowing for the reclamation of land via orchards and viticulture . Criticism ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in ancient Greece Athenian democracy has had many critics , both ancient and modern . Ancient Greek critics of the democracy include Thucydides the general and historian , Aristophanes the playwright , Plato the pupil of Socrates , Aristotle the pupil of Plato , and a writer known as the Old Oligarch . Modern critics are more likely to find fault with the narrow definition of the citizen body , but in the ancient world the complaint , if anything , went in the opposite direction . For them , the common people were not necessarily the right people to rule and made huge mistakes . According to Samons : The modern desire to look to Athens for lessons or encouragement for modern thought , government , or society must confront this strange paradox : the people that gave rise to and practiced ancient democracy left us almost nothing but criticism of this form of regime ( on a philosophical or theoretical level ) . And what is more , the actual history of Athens in the period of its democratic government is marked by numerous failures , mistakes , and misdeeds -- most infamously , the execution of Socrates -- that would seem to discredit the ubiquitous modern idea that democracy leads to good government . Thucydides , from his Aristocratic and historical viewpoint , reasoned that the common people were often much too credulous about even contemporary facts to rule justly . Josiah Ober notes that `` Thucydides cites examples of two errors regarding Sparta : the beliefs that the two Spartan kings each had two votes in council and that there was a Spartan battalion called the ' Pitanate lochos . ' Thucydides sums up : ' Such is the degree of carelessness among the many ( hoi polloi ) in the search for truth ( aletheia ) and their preference for ready - made accounts ' . '' He contrasted his own critical - historical approach to history with the way the demos decided upon the truth . So `` Thucydides has established for his reader the existence of a potentially fatal structural flaw in the edifice of democratic ways of knowing and doing . The identification of this `` flaw '' is a key to his criticism of Athenian popular rule . '' Also , Donald Kagan writes that `` In the fourth century , Plato and Aristotle must have been repeating old complaints when they pointed out the unfairness of democracy : ' it distributes a sort of equality to equal and unequal alike ' . '' Instead of seeing it as a fair system under which ' everyone ' has equal rights , the critics saw it as the numerically preponderant poor tyrannizing the rich . They regarded this as manifestly unjust . In Aristotle this is categorized as the difference between ' arithmetic ' and ' geometric ' ( i.e. proportional ) equality . To its ancient detractors rule by the demos was also reckless and arbitrary . Two examples demonstrate this : In 406 BC , after years of defeats in the wake of the annihilation of their vast invasion force in Sicily , the Athenians at last won a naval victory at Arginusae over the Spartans . After the battle a storm arose and the generals in command failed to collect survivors : the Athenians tried and sentenced six of the eight generals to death . Technically , it was illegal , as the generals were tried and sentenced together , rather than one by one as Athenian law required . Socrates happened to be the citizen presiding over the assembly that day and refused to cooperate ( though to little effect ) and stood against the idea that it was outrageous for the people to be unable to do whatever they wanted . Later , `` the demos is reported to have regretted what had happened ... They decided that those who had misled the demos should be charged and put on trial , including ( the ) author of the motion by which the generals were tried and condemned en masse in the Assembly . This passage is often interpreted as a confession of collective regret and guilt on the part of the demos , once their anger gave way to second thoughts . '' In 399 BC Socrates was put on trial and executed for ' corrupting the young and believing in strange gods ' . His death gave Europe one of the first intellectual martyrs still recorded , but guaranteed the democracy an eternity of bad press at the hands of his disciple and enemy to democracy Plato . From Socrates ' arguments at his trial , Loren Samons writes , `` It follows , of course , that any majority -- including the majority of jurors -- is unlikely to choose rightly . '' However , `` some might argue , Athens is the only state that can claim to have produced a Socrates . Surely , some might continue , we may simply write off events such as Socrates ' execution as examples of the Athenians ' failure to realize fully the meaning and potential of their own democracy . '' While Plato blamed democracy for killing Socrates , his criticisms of the rule of the demos were much more extensive . Much of his writings were about his alternatives to democracy . His The Republic , The Statesman and Laws contained many arguments against democratic rule and in favour of a much narrower form of government : `` The organization of the city must be confided to those who possess knowledge , who alone can enable their fellow - citizens to attain virtue , and therefore excellence , by means of education . '' Whether the democratic failures should be seen as systemic , or as a product of the extreme conditions of the Peloponnesian war , there does seem to have been a move toward correction . A new version of democracy was established from 403 BC , but it can be linked with both earlier and subsequent reforms ( graphē paranómōn 416 BC ; end of assembly trials 355 BC ) . For instance , the system of nomothesia was introduced . In this : A new law might be proposed by any citizen . Any proposal to modify an existing law had to be accompanied by a proposed replacement law . The citizen making the proposal had to publish it ( in ) advance : publication consisted of writing the proposal on a whitened board located next to the statues of the Eponymous Heroes in the agora . The proposal would be considered by the Council , and would be placed on the agenda of the Assembly in the form of a motion . If the Assembly voted in favor of the proposed change , the proposal would be referred for further consideration by a group of citizens called nomothetai ( literally `` establishers of the law '' ) . Increasingly , responsibility was shifted from the assembly to the courts , with laws being made by jurors and all assembly decisions becoming reviewable by courts . That is to say , the mass meeting of all citizens lost some ground to gatherings of a thousand or so which were under oath , and with more time to focus on just one matter ( though never more than a day ) . One downside was that the new democracy was less capable of rapid response . Another tack of criticism is to notice the disquieting links between democracy and a number of less than appealing features of Athenian life . Although democracy predated Athenian imperialism by over thirty years , they are sometimes associated with each other . For much of the 5th century at least democracy fed off an empire of subject states . Thucydides the son of Milesias ( not the historian ) , an aristocrat , stood in opposition to these policies , for which he was ostracised in 443 BC . At times the imperialist democracy acted with extreme brutality , as in the decision to execute the entire male population of Melos and sell off its women and children simply for refusing to become subjects of Athens . The common people were numerically dominant in the navy , which they used to pursue their own interests in the form of work as rowers and in the hundreds of overseas administrative positions . Further they used the income from empire to fund payment for officeholding . This is the position set out by the anti-democratic pamphlet known whose anonymous author is often called the Old Oligarch . This writer ( also called pseudo-Xenophon ) produced several comments critical of democracy , such as : 1 . Democracy is not the rule of the demos qua citizenship in the interest of the entire polis , but the self - interested rule of a sociological faction. 2 . The collectivization of political responsibility for decisions and agreements in a democracy leads to dishonesty and the tendency to scapegoat individual speakers or magistrates. 3 . Because it is an integrated system , democracy seems incapable of internal amelioration , yet because of its inclusivist tendencies , especially in regard to citizenship , it coopts its natural enemies and so generates few active opponents . 4 . There is a strong relationship between a democracy 's domestic and foreign policies ; a rational imperial democracy will be likely to foment democracy among its subjects . 5 . Democracy depends on naval power ; naval power in turn depends on the control of capital resources ; ergo a democracy will tend to be aggressively acquisitive. 6 . Democracy 's core values of freedom and equality are not exclusive to the citizen population ; noncitizens are also treated more equitably than is seemly. 7 . Democracy tends to blur the distinction between nature and political culture , thereby blinding elites to their own best interests and luring them into immorality . Aristotle also wrote about what he considered to be a better form of government than democracy . Rather than any citizen partaking with equal share in the rule , he thought that `` Virtue understood as embracing courage and temperance and prudence as well as justice turns out to be the chief determinant for shares in rule . Those who are superior in virtue should receive greater shares in rule . '' A case can be made that discriminatory lines came to be drawn more sharply under Athenian democracy than before or elsewhere , in particular in relation to women and slaves , as well as in the line between citizens and non-citizens . By so strongly validating one role , that of the male citizen , it has been argued that democracy compromised the status of those who did not share it . Originally , a male would be a citizen if his father was a citizen , Under Pericles , in 450 BC , restrictions were tightened so that a citizen had to be born to an Athenian father and an Athenian mother . So Metroxenoi , those with foreign mothers , were now to be excluded . Also , `` at least by Demosthenes ' time , mixed marriages were actually heavily penalized . '' Many Athenians prominent earlier in the century would have lost citizenship , had this law applied to them : Cleisthenes , the founder of democracy , had a non-Athenian mother , and the mothers of Cimon and Themistocles were not Greek at all , but Thracian . Likewise the status of women seems lower in Athens than in many Greek cities . At Sparta women competed in public exercise -- so in Aristophanes ' Lysistrata the Athenian women admire the tanned , muscular bodies of their Spartan counterparts -- and women could own property in their own right , as they could not at Athens . Misogyny was by no means an Athenian invention , but it has been claimed that in regard to the position of women , it `` was worse in Athens than in other states '' . Yet democracy may well have been impossible without the contribution of women 's labour ( Hansen 1987 : 318 ) . Slavery was more widespread at Athens than in other Greek cities . Indeed , the extensive use of imported non-Greeks ( `` barbarians '' ) as chattel slaves seems to have been an Athenian development . This triggers the paradoxical question : Was democracy `` based on '' slavery ? It does seem clear that possession of slaves allowed even poorer Athenians -- owning a few slaves was by no means equated with wealth -- to devote more of their time to political life . But whether democracy depended on this extra time is impossible to say . The breadth of slave ownership also meant that the leisure of the rich ( the small minority who were actually free of the need to work ) rested less than it would have on the exploitation of their less well - off fellow citizens . Working for wages was clearly regarded as subjection to the will of another , but at least debt servitude had been abolished at Athens ( under the reforms of Solon at the start of the 6th century BC ) . By allowing a new kind of equality among citizens this opened the way to democracy , which in turn called for a new means , chattel slavery , to at least partially equalise the availability of leisure between rich and poor . In the absence of reliable statistics all these connections remain speculative . However , as Cornelius Castoriadis pointed out , other societies also kept slaves but did not develop democracy . Even with respect to slavery the new citizen law of 450 BC might have had effect : it is speculated that originally Athenian fathers had been able to register for citizenship offspring conceived with slave women . Since the 19th century , the Athenian version of democracy has been seen by one group as a goal yet to be achieved by modern societies . They want representative democracy to be added to or even replaced by direct democracy in the Athenian way , perhaps by utilizing electronic democracy . Another group , on the other hand , considers that , since many Athenians were not allowed to participate in its government , Athenian democracy was not a democracy at all . `` ( C ) omparisons with Athens will continue to be made as long as societies keep striving to realize democracy under modern conditions and their successes and failures are discussed . '' Greek philosopher and activist Takis Fotopoulos has argued that the ultimate failure of Athens was the inability to implement degrees of economic democracy and libertarian socialism . Combined with the institution of slavery , this allowed for massive economic inequality in the society which meant the polis would be dominated by wealthy aristocrats . Fotopoulos argues that if they had freed all slaves and expropriated the property of the wealthy into common ownership , Athens would have been wealthy enough to rely purely on internal revenue . Rather than having to invade other societies and begin its fall with its defeat in the Peloponnesian War . Legacy ( edit ) Since the middle of the 20th century , most countries have claimed to be a democracy , regardless of the actual makeup of its government . Yet , after the demise of Athenian democracy , few looked upon it as a good form of government . This was because no legitimation of that rule was formulated to counter the negative accounts of Plato and Aristotle . They saw it as the rule of the poor that plundered the rich , and so democracy was viewed as a sort of `` collective tyranny '' . `` Well into the 18th century democracy was consistently condemned . '' Sometimes , mixed constitutions evolved with a democratic element , but `` it definitely did not mean self - rule by citizens . '' In the age of Cicero and Caesar , Rome was a republic , but not a democracy . Furthermore , it would be misleading to say that the tradition of Athenian democracy was an important part of the 18th - century revolutionaries ' intellectual background . The classical example that inspired the American and French revolutionaries as well as the English radicals was Rome rather than Greece . Thus , the Founding Fathers who met in Philadelphia in 1787 , did not set up a Council of the Areopagos , but a Senate , that , eventually , met on the Capitol . Following Rousseau ( 1712 -- 1778 ) , `` democracy came to be associated with popular sovereignty instead of popular participation in the exercise of power . '' Several German philosophers and poets took delight in the fullness of life in Athens , and not long afterwards `` the English liberals put forward a new argument in favor of the Athenians '' . In opposition , thinkers such as Samuel Johnson were worried about the ignorance of a democratic decision - making body . However , `` Macaulay and John Stuart Mill and George Grote saw the great strength of the Athenian democracy in the high level of cultivation that citizens enjoyed and called for improvements in the educational system of Britain that would make possible a shared civic consciousness parallel to that achieved by the ancient Athenians . '' Therefore , it was George Grote , in his History of Greece ( 1846 -- 1856 ) , who would claim that `` Athenian democracy was neither the tyranny of the poor , nor the rule of the mob . '' He argued that only by giving every citizen the vote would people ensure that the state would be run in the general interest . Later , to the end of World War Il , democracy became dissociated from its ancient frame of reference . It was not anymore only one of the many possible ways in which political rule could be organised in a polity : it became the only possible political system in an egalitarian society . References and sources ( edit ) References Jump up ^ Thorley , J. , Athenian Democracy , Routledge , 2005 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Raaflaub , Kurt A. ( 2007 ) : The Breakthrough of Demokratia in Mid-Fifth - Century Athens , p. 112 , in : Raaflaub , Kurt A. ; Ober , Josiah ; Wallace , Robert , eds. ( 2007 ) . Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece . Berkeley : University of California Press . 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Jump up ^ Samons , L. , What 's Wrong with Democracy ? : From Athenian Practice to American Worship , University of California Press , 2004 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Raaflaub , Kurt A. , Ober , Josiah and Wallace Robert W. , Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece , University of California Press , 2007 p. 182 . Jump up ^ Cartledge , Paul ( July 2006 ) . `` Ostracism : selection and de-selection in ancient Greece '' . History & Policy . United Kingdom : History & Policy . Retrieved 9 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Funeral Oration '' , Thucydides II. 40 , trans . Rex Warner ( 1954 ) . Jump up ^ Goldhill , S. , 2004 , The Good Citizen , in Love , Sex & Tragedy : Why Classics Matters . John Murray , London , 179 - 94 . Jump up ^ Anthamatten , Eric ( 2017 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Trump and the True Meaning of ' Idiot ' '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Parker , Walter C. ( January 2005 ) . `` Teaching Against Idiocy '' . 86 ( 5 ) . Bloomington : Phi Delta Kappa : 344 . ERIC EJ709337 . Jump up ^ Sparkes , A.W. ( 1988 ) . `` Idiots , Ancient and Modern '' . Australian Journal of Political Science . 23 ( 1 ) : 101 -- 102 . doi : 10.1080 / 00323268808402051 . Jump up ^ see Idiot # Etymology Jump up ^ Benn , Stanley ( 2006 ) . `` Democracy '' . In Borchert , Donald M. Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2 ( 2nd ed . ) . Detroit : Macmillan Reference USA . pp. 699 -- 703 -- via Gale Virtual Reference Library . Jump up ^ Pointing , Clive . A New Green History of the World . London : Penguin Books . p. 75 . Jump up ^ Murray Bookchin . `` Towards a Liberatory Technology , '' 1965 Jump up ^ Samons , L. , What 's Wrong with Democracy ? : From Athenian Practice to American Worship , University of California Press , 2004 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Ober , J. , Political Dissent in Democratic Athens : Intellectual Critics of Popular Rule , Princeton University Press , 2001 , pp. 54 & 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Kagan , D. , The Fall of the Athenian Empire , Cornell University Press , 2013 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Hobden , F. and Tuplin , C. , Xenophon : Ethical Principles and Historical Enquiry , BRILL , 2012 , pp. 196 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Samons , L. , What 's Wrong with Democracy ? : From Athenian Practice to American Worship , University of California Press , 2004 , p. 12 & 195 . Jump up ^ Beck , H. , Companion to Ancient Greek Government , John Wiley & Sons , 2013 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Ober , J. , Political Dissent in Democratic Athens : Intellectual Critics of Popular Rule , Princeton University Press , 2001 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Beck , H. , Companion to Ancient Greek Government , John Wiley & Sons , 2013 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , MH. , The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes : Structure , Principles , and Ideology , University of Oklahoma Press , 1991 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Just , R. , Women in Athenian Law and Life , Routledge , 2008 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , JP. , The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery , Volume 7 , ABC - CLIO , 1997 , pp. 312 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Grafton , A. , Most , GA. and Settis , S. , The Classical Tradition , Harvard University Press , 2010 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Fotopoulos , `` Direct and Economic Democracy in Ancient Athens and its Significance Today '' . Jump up ^ Grafton , A. , Most , GA. and Settis , S. , The Classical Tradition , Harvard University Press , 2010 , pp. 256 -- 259 . Jump up ^ Hansen , MH. , The Tradition of Ancient Greek Democracy and Its Importance for Modern Democracy , Kgl . Danske Videnskabernes Selskab , 2005 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Roberts , J. , in Euben , JP et al. , Athenian Political Thought and the Reconstruction of American Democracy ' , Cornell University Press , 1994 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Vlassopoulos , K. , Politics Antiquity and Its Legacy , Oxford University Press , 2009 . Sources Habicht , Christian ( 1997 ) . Athens from Alexander to Antony . Harvard . ISBN 0 - 674 - 05111 - 4 . Hansen , M.H. ( 1987 ) . The Athenian Democracy in the age of Demosthenes . Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3143 - 6 . Hignett , Charles ( 1962 ) . A History of the Athenian Constitution . Oxford . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814213 - 7 . Manville , B. ; Ober , Josiah ( 2003 ) . A company of citizens : what the world 's first democracy teaches leaders about creating great organizations . Boston . Meier C. 1998 , Athens : a portrait of the city in its Golden Age ( translated by R. and R. Kimber ) . New York Ober , Josiah ( 1989 ) . Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens : Rhetoric , Ideology and the Power of the People . Princeton . Ober , Josiah ; Hendrick , C. ( 1996 ) . Demokratia : a conversation on democracies , ancient and modern . Princeton . Rhodes , P.J. ( 2004 ) . Athenian democracy . Edinburgh . Sinclair , R.K. ( 1988 ) . Democracy and Participation in Athens . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Ancient History Encyclopedia -- Athenian Democracy Ewbank , N. The Nature of Athenian Democracy , Clio History Journal , 2009 . 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century BC establishments in Greece 1st - century BC disestablishments in Greece Ancient Greek society Athenian democracy Political systems Ancient Greek law Direct democracy Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Avañe'ẽ Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Corsu Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 15 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the ancient athenians developed the first form of democracy	[]	[]
736196887533028309	Wall Drug	Wall Drug - wikipedia Wall Drug Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 43 ° 59 ′ 36 '' N 102 ° 14 ′ 30 '' W / 43.993231 ° N 102.241795 ° W / 43.993231 ; - 102.241795 Wall Drug Wall Drug Store , often called simply `` Wall Drug , '' is a tourist attraction located in the town of Wall , South Dakota . It is a shopping mall consisting of a drug store , gift shop , restaurants and various other stores . Unlike a traditional shopping mall , all the stores at Wall Drug operate under a single entity instead of being individually run stores . The New York Times has described Wall Drug as `` a sprawling tourist attraction of international renown ( that ) draws some two million annual visitors to a remote town . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Marketing campaign 3 Today 3.1 Media references 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Wall Drug historic display , including items from Hustead 's early practice The small town drugstore made its first step towards fame when it was purchased by Ted Hustead in 1931 . Hustead was a Nebraska native and pharmacist who was looking for a small town with a Catholic church in which to establish his business . He bought Wall Drug , located in a 231 - person town in what he referred to as `` the middle of nowhere , '' and strove to make a living . Business was very slow until his wife , Dorothy , thought of advertising free ice water to parched travelers heading to the newly opened Mount Rushmore monument 60 miles ( 97 km ) to the west . From that time on business was brisk . Wall Drug grew into a cowboy - themed shopping mall / department store . Wall Drug includes a western art museum , a chapel based on the one found at New Melleray Abbey near Dubuque , Iowa , and an 80 - foot ( 24 m ) apatosaurus ( formerly brontosaurus ) that can be seen right off Interstate 90 . It was designed by Emmet Sullivan who also created the dinosaurs at Dinosaur Park in Rapid City and Dinosaur World in Arkansas . Marketing campaign ( edit ) Wall Drug earns much of its fame from its self - promotion . Billboards advertising the establishment can be seen for hundreds of miles throughout South Dakota and the neighboring states . In addition , many visitors of Wall Drug have erected signs throughout the world announcing the miles to Wall Drug from famous locations . By 1981 Wall Drug was claiming it was giving away 20,000 cups of water per day during the peak tourist season , lasting from Memorial Day until Labor Day , and during the hottest days of the summer . Most of Wall Drug 's advertisement billboards can be found on an approximately 650 - mile - long ( 1,050 km ) stretch of Interstate 90 from Minnesota to Billings , Montana . The signs are created by South Dakota billboard artists , including Dobby Hansen and Barry Knutson of Philip and Mike Kurtz , KurtzSigns.com ( 1 ) formerly of Rapid City . Today ( edit ) The Wall Drug Dinosaur To date , Wall Drug still offers free ice water , but as they have become more popular , they have started to offer free bumper stickers and signs to aid in promotion , and coffee for 5 cents . Some popular free bumper stickers read `` Where the heck is Wall Drug ? '' , `` How many miles to Wall Drug ? '' , and `` Where in the world is Wall Drug ? '' . When the United States Air Force was still operating Minuteman missile silos in the western South Dakota plains , Wall Drug used to offer free coffee and doughnuts to service personnel if they stopped in on their way to or from Ellsworth Air Force Base ( 50 miles ( 80 km ) west on Interstate 90 ) . Ted Hustead died in 1999 . The following day , South Dakota Governor Bill Janklow began his annual State of the State address by commemorating Hustead as `` a guy that figured out that free ice water could turn you into a phenomenal success in the middle of a semi-arid desert way out in the middle of someplace . '' Media references ( edit ) In 1981 , Wall Drug was featured in Time magazine as one of the largest tourist attractions in the north . In his 1989 book The Lost Continent , Bill Bryson wrote , `` It 's an awful place , one of the world 's worst tourist traps , but I loved it and I wo n't have a word said against it . '' The history of Wall Drug was told in a two - episode story arc of the podcast The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd . In 2016 `` Z Nation '' featured wall Drug in season 3 , episode 8 . Gallery ( edit ) The Wall Drug Cowboy Orchestra A typical Wall Drug billboard Sign in Afghanistan Wall Drug sign in Antarctica -- Free Ice Water , 9,333 miles Wall Drug Jackalope , man for size reference See also ( edit ) South of the Border , a similar attraction off Interstate 95 in South Carolina just ' south ' of the North Carolina border Breezewood , Pennsylvania References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Robert McG . Thomas , Jr. , `` Ted Hustead Is Dead at 96 ; Built the Popular Wall Drug '' , The New York Times , January 17 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Zimny , Michael ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` All Roads Lead to Wall Drug '' . South Dakota Magazine . Jump up ^ `` In South Dakota : Buffalo Burgers at Wall Drug '' , TIME , August 13 , 1981 ( pay site ) . Jump up ^ Bill Bryson , The Lost Continent : Travels in Small - Town America ( Random House Digital , 2011 ed . ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 67456 - 0 , p. 199 . Excerpts available at Google Books . External links ( edit ) Media related to Wall Drug at Wikimedia Commons www.walldrug.com -- Wall Drug site RoadsideAmerica. com 's Report Wall Drug in postcards -- History site Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wall_Drug&oldid=800111541 '' Categories : Roadside attractions in South Dakota Buildings and structures in Pennington County , South Dakota Pharmacies of the United States Landmarks in South Dakota Restaurants in South Dakota American companies established in 1931 Retail companies established in 1931 1931 establishments in South Dakota Tourist attractions in Pennington County , South Dakota Health care companies based in South Dakota Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 15 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is wall drug located in south dakota	[ "Wall Drug Store, often called simply \"Wall Drug,\" is a tourist attraction located in the town of Wall, South Dakota. It is a shopping mall consisting of a drug store, gift shop, restaurants and various other stores. Unlike a traditional shopping mall, all the stores at Wall Drug operate under a single entity instead of being individually run stores. The New York Times has described Wall Drug as \"a sprawling tourist attraction of international renown [that] draws some two million annual visitors to a remote town.\"[1]" ]	[ "in the town of Wall" ]
4613620329835936890	Bony labyrinth	Bony labyrinth - wikipedia Bony labyrinth Jump to : navigation , search Bony labyrinth Lateral view of right osseous labyrinth Interior view of right osseous labyrinth Details Identifiers Latin Labyrinthus osseus TA A15. 3.03. 003 FMA 268963 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The bony labyrinth ( also osseous labyrinth or otic capsule ) is the rigid , bony outer wall of the inner ear in the temporal bone . It consists of three parts : the vestibule , semicircular canals , and cochlea . These are cavities hollowed out of the substance of the bone , and lined by periosteum . They contain a clear fluid , the perilymph , in which the membranous labyrinth is situated . A fracture classification system in which temporal bone fractures detected on CT are delineated based on disruption of the otic capsule has been found to be predictive for complications of temporal bone trauma such as facial nerve injury , sensorineural deafness and cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea . On radiographic images , the otic capsule is the most dense portion of the temporal bone . In otospongiosis , a leading cause of adult - onset hearing loss , the otic capsule is exclusively affected . This area normally undergoes no remodeling in adult life , and is extremely dense . With otospongiosis , the normally dense enchondral bone is replaced by haversian bone , a spongy and vascular matrix that results in sensorineural hearing loss due to compromise of the conductive capacity of the inner ear ossicles . This results in hypodensity on CT , with the portion first affected usually being the fissula ante fenestram . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Little , S.C. ; Kesser , B.W. ( 2006 ) . `` Radiographic classification of temporal bone fractures : Clinical predictability using a new system '' . Archives of Otolaryngology -- Head & Neck Surgery . 132 ( 12 ) : 1300 -- 4 . PMID 17178939 . doi : 10.1001 / archotol. 132.12. 1300 . Jump up ^ Brodie , H.A. ; Thompson , T.C. ( 1997 ) . `` Management of complications from 820 temporal bone fractures '' . The American journal of otology. 18 ( 2 ) : 188 -- 97 . PMID 9093676 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Mai - Lan Ho , Ronald L. ( 2014 ) . Neuroradiology signs . ISBN 9780071804325 . This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Anatomy of hearing and balance Outer ear Auricle helix antihelix tragus antitragus intertragic notch earlobe Ear canal Auricular muscles Eardrum umbo pars flaccida Middle ear Tympanic cavity Medial structures oval window round window secondary tympanic membrane prominence of facial canal promontory of tympanic cavity Posterior structures mastoid cells aditus to mastoid antrum pyramidal eminence Ossicles Malleus superior ligament lateral ligament anterior ligament Incus superior ligament posterior ligament Stapes annular ligament Muscles stapedius tensor tympani Auditory tube / Eustachian tube Torus tubarius Inner ear / ( membranous labyrinth , bony labyrinth ) Auditory system / Cochlear labyrinth General cochlea Vestibular duct Helicotrema Tympanic duct Modiolus Cochlear cupula Perilymphatic space Perilymph Cochlear aqueduct Cochlear duct / scala media Reissner 's / vestibular membrane Basilar membrane Reticular membrane Endolymph Stria vascularis Spiral ligament Organ of Corti stereocilia tip links Tectorial membrane Sulcus spiralis externus internus Spiral limbus Cells Claudius cell Boettcher cell Vestibular system / Vestibular labyrinth Vestibule Utricle macula Saccule macula Kinocilium Otolith Vestibular aqueduct endolymphatic duct endolymphatic sac Ductus reuniens Semicircular canals Superior semicircular canal Posterior semicircular canal Horizontal semicircular canal Ampullary cupula Ampullae crista ampullaris Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bony_labyrinth&oldid=782006246 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Ear Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Talk About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Српски / srpski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2017 , at 12 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are the anatomical structures of the labyrinth located	[]	[]
-7424712206841855543	Man in the Mirror	Man in the Mirror - wikipedia Man in the Mirror Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Man in the Mirror ( disambiguation ) . `` Man in the Mirror '' Single by Michael Jackson from the album Bad Released January 16 , 1988 Format CD single 7 '' single 12 '' single cassette Recorded May 1987 Genre R&B gospel Length 5 : 19 ( album and 12 '' versions ) 5 : 00 ( single and video versions ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Siedah Garrett Glen Ballard Producer ( s ) Quincy Jones Michael Jackson ( co-producer ) Michael Jackson singles chronology `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' ( 1987 ) `` Man in the Mirror '' ( 1988 ) `` Dirty Diana '' ( 1988 ) `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' ( 1987 ) `` Man in the Mirror '' ( 1988 ) `` Dirty Diana '' ( 1988 ) Music video `` Man In The Mirror '' on YouTube Audio sample file help `` Man in the Mirror '' is a song recorded by Michael Jackson , written by Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett and produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones . It peaked at number 1 in the United States when released in January 1988 as the fourth single from his seventh solo album , Bad ( 1987 ) . It was nominated for Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards . The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 for 2 weeks . The song peaked at number 21 in the UK Singles Charts in 1988 , but in 2009 , following the news of Jackson 's death , the song peaked at number 2 , having re-entered the chart at 11 the previous week as his top song on the singles chart . It also became the number 1 single in iTunes downloads in the US and the UK , having sold over 1.3 million digital copies in the former alone . The song was remixed for the soundtrack of Jackson 's tribute tour Immortal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Critical response 3 Music video 4 Chart performance 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 Live performances 7 Track listing 8 Sampling / remixes 9 Personnel 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Man in the Mirror '' was composed by Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett . Jackson added background vocals from Garrett , The Winans and the Andraé Crouch Choir , which gave the song its distinctive sound . The song is said to have been one of Jackson 's favorite songs . Arranged with a gospel choir , Jackson would use a gospel choir again several years later on his hit `` Will You Be There '' . Siedah Garrett also sang Jackson 's duet `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' in summer 1987 . The song is played in the keys of G and A-flat Major at a tempo of 100bpm . The vocal range is Ab3 - C6 . The single sleeve for `` Man in the Mirror '' contained a dedication to Yoshiaki Ogiwara , a five - year - old boy from Takasaki , Gunma , Japan who was kidnapped for ransom and subsequently murdered in September 1987 . The killing was highly traumatic to the Japanese public and to Jackson himself , who was touring Japan at the time and subsequently dedicated concerts in Osaka and Yokohama to the boy 's memory . Critical response ( edit ) When Ed Hogan reviewed the song , he called it `` gentle . '' Jon Pareles of The New York Times noted that this song has `` gospelly lift . '' Rolling Stone 's Davitt Sigerson thought that `` Man in the Mirror '' stands among the half dozen best things Jackson has done , and he continued : `` On `` Man in the Mirror , '' a song he did not write , Jackson goes a step further and offers a straightforward homily of personal commitment : `` I 'm starting with the man in the mirror / I 'm asking him to change his ways / And no message could have been any clearer / If you wan na make the world a better place / Take a look at yourself and then make a change . '' '' Music video ( edit ) One of the videos is a notable departure from Jackson 's other videos mainly because Jackson himself does not appear in the video ( aside from a brief clip toward the end of the video in which he can be seen donning a red jacket and standing in a large crowd ) . Instead , it featured a montage of footage of various major news events and famous people . The Man in the Mirror music video was directed , produced and edited by Don Wilson . Don and Michael Jackson developed the idea for the video . Larry Stessel who was Video Commissioner at Epic Records at the time was the Executive Producer . PCM Stereo music video version of this song was included on Number Ones , Michael Jackson 's Vision , the Target version DVD of Bad 25 , and the song 's video that released on VHS in 1989 . An alternate live video was used as the opening song in Jackson 's film Moonwalker with live audio and footage from several live performances of the song during the Bad World Tour . The first segment of Moonwalker is a live performance of `` Man in the Mirror '' during his Bad Tour in Europe . Clips from Wembley Stadium among others can be seen . It also features a montage of clips of children in Africa , Martin Luther King Jr. , Mother Teresa , Mahatma Gandhi , Nelson Mandela , Jesus Christ , kids in Graduation , and other historical figures . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Man In The Mirror '' was the 4th consecutive number - one single for Jackson 's Bad in the United States . The single debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 48 on February 6 , 1988 , and reached number 1 by its 8th week on the chart , on March 26 , 1988 , where it remained for 2 weeks . The song originally peaked at number 21 in the United Kingdom in 1988 . However , following Jackson 's death on June 25 , 2009 , `` Man in the Mirror '' re-entered the UK Singles Chart at number 11 , and the following week the song peaked at number 2 , held off by Cascada 's `` Evacuate the Dancefloor '' . The chart had also contained over 12 Michael Jackson songs in the Top 40 . This song had been at top 100 for 15 consecutive weeks in this chart . In Australia the song originally charted at number 39 . After the singer 's death , the song re-entered the chart and peaked at number 8 , much higher than its original release . It was also the top single in iTunes downloads in the US and the UK . It has sold 567,280 copies in the UK as of January 2016 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 - 2010 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 39 Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) 11 Canada ( RPM Adult Contemporary ) Canada ( RPM 100 Singles ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 23 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales US Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 55 Chart ( 2009 -- 10 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 17 Belgium ( Back Catalogue Singles Flanders ) 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 12 Eurochart Hot 100 7 Hot Canadian Digital Singles 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) Japan Hot 100 65 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 22 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 9 Norway ( VG - lista ) 15 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 50 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 19 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 22 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B Chart US Billboard Hot Digital Songs Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 21 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 0 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Live performances ( edit ) Jackson performed a live , extended version of the song at the 1988 Grammy Awards . He also performed the song as the ending of the concert during the Bad World Tour 's second leg , and regularly during the Dangerous World Tour . Live versions of the song are available on the DVDs Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 and Live in Bucharest : The Dangerous Tour . On July 16 , 1996 , Jackson also performed `` Man in the Mirror '' at the Royal Concert Brunei for the last time prior to the United We Stand benefit concert . The instrumental introduction to the song was played at the end of Jackson 's memorial service , while his casket was being carried out ; followed by the appearance of a spotlight shining on a microphone on an empty stage . After a closing prayer that incorporated themes from the song , the spotlight remained shining on the lone microphone . The song is also featured as the final number in Michael Jackson 's This Is It . Track listing ( edit ) 12 '' and CD `` Man in the Mirror '' ( single version ) -- 5 : 00 `` Man in the Mirror '' ( album version ) -- 5 : 19 `` Man In The Mirror '' ( instrumental ) -- 5 : 00 7 '' Man in the Mirror ( single version ) - 5 : 00 Man in the Mirror ( instrumental ) - 5 : 00 Video single Man in the Mirror ( music video ) - 5 : 00 Running time : 5 minutes 30 seconds Sampling / remixes ( edit ) 2006 : The song is sampled by Brooklyn hip hop artist Papoose during the summer of that year on his song `` Gonna Make a Change '' from mixtape The Boyz in the Hood . The song describes his rough upbringing and his struggles . 2008 : Chicago - based rapper Rhymefest freestyles over the instrumental version of `` Man in the Mirror '' with Michael Jackson singing the chorus and a part of the second verse . It released on his tribute mixtape Mark Ronson Presents : Man in the Mirror . 2017 : The song was rerecorded by Alex Aiono for the animated flim The Lego Batman Movie . Personnel ( edit ) Written and composed by Siedah Garrett and Glen Ballard Produced by Quincy Jones Co-Produced by Michael Jackson Michael Jackson : Solo & background vocals Featuring Siedah Garrett , The Winans and The Andraé Crouch Choir Ollie E. Brown : Clap Dann Huff : Guitar Greg Phillinganes : Keyboards Glen Ballard , Randy Kerber : Synthesizers Siedah Garrett : Background vocals The Winans : Carvin , Marvin , Michael and Ronald Winans Andrae Crouch and his Choir : Sandra Crouch , Maxi Anderson , Rose Banks , Geary Faggett , Vonciele Faggett , Andrew Gouche , Linda Green , Pattie Howard , Jean Johnson , Perry Morgan , Alfie Silas , Roberto Noriega Rhythm arrangement by Glen Ballard and Quincy Jones Synthesizer arrangement by Glen Ballard , Quincy Jones and Jerry Hey Vocal arrangement by Andrae Crouch See also ( edit ) Man in the Mirror : The Michael Jackson Story , a 2004 TV film about Jackson 's life . Starring Flex Alexander . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Goldberg ; David Handelman ( September 24 , 1987 ) . `` Is Michael Jackson For Real ? '' . RollingStone . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson tops album chart '' . BBC News . BBC News . June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson 's music tops charts '' . CNN . Edition.cnn.com . July 1 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Songs From The Last Century '' . Chart Watch . Nielsen Business Media . Yahoo ! Music . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Siedah Garrett on writing a song for Michael Jackson . YouTube . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : Man In The Mirror Sheet Music '' . Sheetmusicdirect.com . Aerostation Corporation . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Related by Casey Kasem on `` American Top 40 '' , week of February 27 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Ed Hogan . `` Man in the Mirror review at Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jon Pareles ( August 31 , 1987 ) . `` POP : MICHAEL JACKSON 'S ' BAD , ' FOLLOW - UP TO A BLOCKBUSTER '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davitt Sigerson ( October 22 , 1987 ) . `` Michael Jackson -- Bad '' . Rolling Stone . Jann S. Wenner . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Man In The Mirror '' short film ( with photos and video ) `` . Leaf & Letters ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 15 January 2016 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Bieber continues to dominate Top 5 singles '' . Music Week . Intent Media . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ bulion . `` Forum - ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts - CHART POSITIONS PRE 1989 , part 2 '' . ARIA . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Man In The Mirror - MICHAEL JACKSON '' . VRT ( in Dutch ) . Top30-2.radio2.be . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2012 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary - Volume 48 , No. 1 , April 23 , 1988 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 47 , No. 25 , April 09 1988 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Only results when searching `` Man in the mirror '' Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete : J '' . HitParadeItalia ( in Italian ) . Creative Commons . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Michael Jackson - Man In The Mirror search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MAN IN THE MIRROR - Michael Jackson '' . Nowe Media , Polskie Radio S.A . LP3.polskieradio.pl . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bad awards at Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Back Catalogue Singles -- 20 February 2010 '' . Ultratop 50 . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson - Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Singles Chart '' . Achart.us . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Man In The Mirror '' . Singles Top 100 . 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'' External links ( edit ) Official Music Video on YouTube Glen Ballard biography Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' by Rick Astley Billboard Hot 100 number - one single March 26 , 1988 -- April 2 , 1988 Succeeded by `` Get Outta My Dreams , Get Into My Car '' by Billy Ocean Preceded by `` Fishnet '' by Morris Day Billboard Hot Black Singles number - one single March 26 , 1988 Succeeded by `` Wishing Well '' by Terence Trent D'Arby Preceded by `` Boom Boom Pow '' by The Black Eyed Peas UK R&B Chart number - one single July 5 , 2009 -- July 19 , 2009 Succeeded by `` Beat Again '' by JLS Michael Jackson : Bad Side one `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' Side two `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' CD and Digital Download bonus track ( s ) `` Leave Me Alone '' Related articles Quincy Jones Bad ( tour ) Moonwalker Michael Jackson 's Moonwalker One Night in Japan Bad 25 ( film ) Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 Michael Jackson songs Discography Got to Be There `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Got to Be There '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' Ben `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' Music & Me `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music and Me '' Forever , Michael `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' Off the Wall `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Workin ' Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' Thriller `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' Bad `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' Dangerous `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Black or White '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' HIStory `` Scream '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. 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1917088188304402217	Fisher (animal)	Fisher ( animal ) - wikipedia Fisher ( animal ) Not to be confused with the fishing cat , a medium - sized wild felid . For other uses , see Fisher ( disambiguation ) . Fisher At Mount Rainier National Park Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Carnivora Family : Mustelidae Genus : Pekania Species : P. pennanti Binomial name Pekania pennanti ( Erxleben , 1777 ) Fisher range Synonyms List ( show ) Mustela pennantii Erxleben , 1777 Mustela canadensis Schreber , 1788 Mustela melanorhyncha Boddaert , 1784 Mustela zibellina nigra Kerr , 1792 Viverra piscator Shaw , 1800 Viverra canadensis Shaw , 1800 Mustela nigra Turton , 1802 Mustela piscatoria Lesson , 1827 Martes pennantii Smith , 1843 Martes pennanti Coues , 1877 The fisher ( Pekania pennanti ) is a small , carnivorous mammal native to North America . It is a member of the mustelid family ( commonly referred to as the weasel family ) , and is in the monospecific genus Pekania . The fisher is closely related to , but larger than the American marten ( Martes americana ) . The fisher is a forest - dwelling creature whose range covers much of the boreal forest in Canada to the northern United States . Names derived from aboriginal languages include pekan , pequam , wejack , and woolang . It is sometimes referred to as a fisher cat , although it is not a feline . Males and females look similar . Adult males are 90 to 120 cm ( 35 -- 47 in ) long and weigh 3.5 to 6.0 kilograms ( 8 -- 13 lb ) . Adult females are 75 to 95 cm ( 30 -- 37 in ) long and weigh 2.0 to 2.5 kg ( 4 -- 6 lb ) . The fur of the fisher varies seasonally , being denser and glossier in the winter . During the summer , the color becomes more mottled , as the fur goes through a moulting cycle . The fisher prefers to hunt in full forest . Though an agile climber , it spends most of its time on the forest floor , where it prefers to forage around fallen trees . An omnivore , the fisher feeds on a wide variety of small animals and occasionally on fruits and mushrooms . It prefers the snowshoe hare and is one of the few animals able to prey successfully on porcupines . Despite its common name , the fisher rarely eats fish . The reproductive cycle of the fisher lasts almost a year . Female fishers give birth to a litter of three or four kits in the spring . They nurse and care for their kits until late summer , when they are old enough to set out on their own . Females enter estrus shortly after giving birth and leave the den to find a mate . Implantation of the blastocyst is delayed until the following spring , when they give birth and the cycle is renewed . Fishers have few predators besides humans . They have been trapped since the 18th century for their fur . Their pelts were in such demand that they were extirpated from several parts of the United States in the early part of the 20th century . Conservation and protection measures have allowed the species to rebound , but their current range is still reduced from its historic limits . In the 1920s , when pelt prices were high , some fur farmers attempted to raise fishers . However , their unusual delayed reproduction made breeding difficult . When pelt prices fell in the late 1940s , most fisher farming ended . While fishers usually avoid human contact , encroachments into forest habitats have resulted in some conflicts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Taxonomy 2.1 Evolution 3 Biology and behavior 3.1 Physical characteristics 3.2 Hunting and diet 3.3 Reproduction 3.4 Social structure and home range 3.5 Parasites 4 Habitat 5 Distribution 6 Fishers and people 6.1 Fur trade and conservation 6.2 Captivity 6.3 Interactions with domestic animals 6.4 Poisoning 6.5 Literature 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) Despite the name `` fisher '' , the animal is not known to eat fish . The name is instead related to the word `` fitch '' , meaning a European polecat ( Mustela putorius ) or pelt thereof , due to the resemblance to that animal . The name comes from colonial Dutch equivalent fisse or visse . In the French language , the pelt of a polecat is also called fiche or fichet . In some regions , the fisher is known as a pekan , derived from its name in the Abenaki language . Wejack is an Algonquian word ( cf . Cree wuchak , otchock , Ojibwa ojiig ) borrowed by fur traders . Other American Indian names for the fisher are Chipewyan thacho and Carrier chunihcho , both meaning `` big marten '' , and Wabanaki uskool . Taxonomy ( edit ) Skull diagram The Latin specific name pennanti honors Thomas Pennant , who described the fisher in 1771 . Buffon had first described the creature in 1765 , calling it a pekan . Pennant examined the same specimen , but called it a fisher , unaware of Buffon 's earlier description . Other 18th - century scientists gave it similar names , such as Schreber , who named it Mustela canadensis , and Boddaert , who named it Mustela melanorhyncha . The fisher was eventually placed in the genus Martes by Smith in 1843 . In 2008 , advances in DNA analysis allowed a more detailed study of the fisher 's evolutionary history . The fisher and the Martes genera were determined to have descended from a common ancestor , but the fisher was distinct enough to put it in its own genera . It was decided to create the genus Pekania and reclassify the fisher as Pekania pennanti . Members of the genus Pekania are distinguished by their four premolar teeth on the upper and lower jaws . Its close relative Mustela has just three . The fisher has 38 teeth . The dentition formula is : 3.1. 4.1 2.1. 4.2 Evolution ( edit ) Some evidence shows that ancestors of the fisher migrated to North America during the Pliocene era between 2.5 and 5.0 million years ago . Two extinct mustelids , M. palaeosinensis and M. anderssoni , have been found in eastern Asia . The first true fisher , M. divuliana , has only been found in North America . M. divuliana is strongly indicated to be related to the Asian finds , which suggests a migration . M. pennanti has been found as early as the Late Pleistocene era , about 125,000 years ago . No major differences are seen between the Pleistocene fisher and the modern fisher . Fossil evidence indicates that the fisher 's range extended farther south than it does today . Three subspecies were identified by Goldman in 1935 , M. p. columbiana , M. p. pacifica , and M. p. pennanti . Later research has debated whether these subspecies could be positively identified . In 1959 , E.M. Hagmeier concluded that the subspecies are not separable based on either fur or skull characteristics . Although some debate still exists , in general , the fisher is recognized to be a monotypic species with no extant subspecies . Biology and behavior ( edit ) Physical characteristics ( edit ) Fisher in winter coat Fishers are a medium - sized mammal , comparable in size to the domestic cat . Their bodies are long , thin , and low to the ground . The sexes have similar physical features , but they are sexually dimorphic in size , with the male being much larger than the female . Males are 90 to 120 cm ( 35 -- 47 in ) in length and weigh 3.5 to 6.0 kg ( 8 -- 13 lb ) . Females measure 75 to 95 cm ( 30 -- 37 in ) and weigh 2.0 to 2.5 kg ( 4 -- 6 lb ) . The largest male fisher ever recorded weighed 9 kg ( 20 lb ) . The fisher 's fur changes with the season and differs slightly between sexes . Males have coarser coats than females . In the early winter , the coats are dense and glossy , ranging from 30 mm ( 1 in ) on the chest to 70 mm ( 3 in ) on the back . The color ranges from deep brown to black , although it appears to be much blacker in the winter when contrasted with white snow . From the face to the shoulders , fur can be hoary - gold or silver due to tricolored guard hairs . The underside of a fisher is almost completely brown except for randomly placed patches of white or cream - colored fur . In the summer , the fur color is more variable and may lighten considerably . Fishers undergo moulting starting in late summer and finishing by November or December . Fishers have five toes on each foot , with unsheathed , retractable claws . Their feet are large , making it easier for them to move on top of snow packs . In addition to the toes , four central pads are on each foot . On the hind paws are coarse hairs that grow between the pads and the toes , giving them added traction when walking on slippery surfaces . Fishers have highly mobile ankle joints that can rotate their hind paws almost 180 ° , allowing them to maneuver well in trees and climb down head - first . The fisher is one of relatively few mammalian species with the ability to descend trees head - first . A circular patch of hair on the central pad of their hind paws marks plantar glands that give off a distinctive odor . Since these patches become enlarged during breeding season , they are likely used to make a scent trail to allow fishers to find each other so they can mate . Hunting and diet ( edit ) Fishers are generalist predators . Although their primary prey is snowshoe hares and porcupines , they are also known to supplement their diet with insects , nuts , berries , and mushrooms . Since they are solitary hunters , their choice of prey is limited by their size . Analyses of stomach contents and scat have found evidence of birds , small mammals , and even moose and deer -- the latter two indicating that they are not averse to eating carrion . Fishers have been seen to feed on deer carcasses . While the behavior is not common , fishers have been known to kill larger animals , such as wild turkey , bobcat , and lynx . Fishers are one of the few predators that seek out and kill porcupines . Stories in popular literature indicate that fishers can flip a porcupine onto its back and `` scoop out its belly like a ripe melon '' . This was identified as an exaggerated misconception as early as 1966 . Observational studies show that fishers make repeated biting attacks on the face of a porcupine and kill it after about 25 -- 30 minutes . Reproduction ( edit ) The female fisher begins to breed at about one year of age and her reproductive cycle is an almost year - long event . Mating takes place in late March to early April . Blastocyst implantation is then delayed for 10 months until mid-February of the following year when active pregnancy begins . After gestating for about 50 days , the female gives birth to one to four kits . The female then enters estrus 7 -- 10 days later and the breeding cycle begins again . Females den in hollow trees . Kits are born blind and helpless . They are partially covered with fine hair . Kits begin to crawl after about 3 weeks . After about 7 weeks , they open their eyes . They start to climb after 8 weeks . Kits are completely dependent on their mother 's milk for the first 8 -- 10 weeks , after which they begin to switch to a solid diet . After 4 months , kits become intolerant of their litter mates , and at 5 months , the mother pushes them out on their own . After one year , juveniles will have established their own range . Social structure and home range ( edit ) Fishers are generally crepuscular , being most active at dawn and dusk . They are active year - round , and are solitary , associating with other fishers only for mating . Males become more active during mating season . Females are least active during pregnancy and gradually increase activity after birth of their kits . A fisher 's hunting range varies from 6.6 km ( 3 sq mi ) in the summer to 14.1 km ( 5 sq mi ) in the winter . Ranges up to 20.0 km ( 8 sq mi ) in the winter are possible depending on the quality of the habitat . Male and female fishers have overlapping territories . This behavior is imposed on females by males due to dominance in size and a male 's desire to increase mating success . Parasites ( edit ) Parasites of fishers include Baylisascaris devosi , Taenia sibirica , nematode Physaloptera sp. , Alaria mustelae , trematode Metorchis conjunctus , nematode Trichinella spiralis , and Molineus sp . Habitat ( edit ) A fisher in the woods near Ipswich , Massachusetts Although fishers are competent tree climbers , they spend most of their time on the forest floor and prefer continuous forest to other habitats . They have been found in extensive conifer forests typical of the boreal forest , but are also common in mixed - hardwood and conifer forests . Fishers prefer areas with continuous overhead cover with greater than 80 % coverage and avoid areas with less than 50 % coverage . Fishers are more likely to be found in old - growth forests . Since female fishers require moderately large trees for denning , forests that have been heavily logged and have extensive second growth appears to be unsuitable for their needs . Fishers also select for forest floors with large amounts of coarse woody debris . In western forests , where fire regularly removes understory debris , fishers show a preference for riparian woodland habitat . Fishers tend to avoid areas with deep snow . Habitat is also affected by snow compaction and moisture content . Distribution ( edit ) A fisher climbing a tree at night Fishers are widespread throughout the northern forests of North America . They are found from Nova Scotia in the east to the Pacific shore of British Columbia and Alaska . They can be found as far north as Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories and as far south as the mountains of Oregon . Isolated populations occur in the Sierra Nevada of California and the Appalachian Mountains of Pennsylvania , Maryland , West Virginia , and Virginia . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , fishers were virtually eliminated from the southern and eastern parts of their range , including most American states and eastern Canada including Nova Scotia . Overtrapping and loss of forest habitat were the reasons for the decline . Most states had placed restrictions on fisher trapping by the 1930s , coincidental with the end of the logging boom . A combination of forest regrowth in abandoned farmlands and improved forest management practices increased available habitat and allowed remnant populations to recover . Populations have since recovered sufficiently that the species is no longer endangered . Increasing forest cover in eastern North America means that fisher populations will remain sufficiently robust for the near future . Between 1955 and 1985 , some states had allowed limited trapping to resume . In areas where fishers were eliminated , porcupine populations subsequently increased . Areas with a high density of porcupines were found to have extensive damage to timber crops . In these cases , fishers were reintroduced by releasing adults relocated from other places into the forest . Once the fisher populations became re-established , porcupine numbers returned to natural levels . In Washington , fisher sightings were reported into the 1980s , but an extensive survey in the 1990s did not locate any . Scattered fisher populations now exist in the Pacific Northwest . In 1961 , fishers from British Columbia and Minnesota were reintroduced in Oregon to the southern Cascades near Klamath Falls and to the Wallowa Mountains near La Grande . From 1977 -- 1980 , fishers were introduced to the region around Crater Lake . Starting in January 2008 , fishers were reintroduced into Washington State . The initial reintroduction was on the Olympic peninsula ( 90 animals ) , with subsequent reintroductions into the south Cascade Mountains . The reintroduced animals are monitored by radio collars and remote cameras , and have been shown to be reproducing . From 2008 to 2011 , about 40 fishers were reintroduced in the northern Sierra Nevada near Stirling City , complementing fisher populations in Yosemite National Park and along California 's northern boundary between the Pacific Coast Ranges and the Klamath Mountains . Fishers are a protected species in Oregon , Washington , and Wyoming . In Idaho and California , fishers are protected through a closed trapping season , but they are not afforded any specific protection ; however , in California the fisher has been granted threatened status under the Endangered Species Act . In June 2011 , the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recommended that fishers be removed from the endangered list in Idaho , Montana , and Wyoming . Recent studies , as well as anecdotal evidence , show that fishers have begun making inroads into suburban backyards , farmland , and periurban areas in several US states and eastern Canada , as far south as most of northern Massachusetts , New York , Connecticut , Minnesota and Iowa , and even rural New Jersey . Having virtually disappeared after the construction of the Cape Cod Canal in the early 1900s , some reports have shown that populations have become re-established on Cape Cod , although the populations are likely smaller than the populations in the western part of New England . Fishers and people ( edit ) Fishers have had a long history of contact with humans , but most of it has been to the detriment of fisher populations . Unprovoked attacks on humans are extremely rare , but fishers will attack if they feel threatened or cornered . In one case , a fisher was blamed for an attack on a 6 - year - old boy . In another case , a fisher is believed to be responsible for an attack on a 12 - year - old boy . Fur Trade and conservation ( edit ) Fisher pelts sold : 1920 -- 1984 Fishers have been trapped since the 18th century . They have been popular with trappers due to the value of their fur , which has been used for scarves and neck pieces . The best pelts are from winter trapping , with secondary - quality pelts from spring trapping . The lowest - quality furs come from out - of - season trapping when fishers are moulting . They are easily trapped , and the value of their fur was a particular incentive for catching this species . Prices for pelts have varied considerably over the past 100 years . They were highest in the 1920s and 1930s , when average prices were about US $100 . In 1936 , pelts were being offered for sale in New York City for $450 -- 750 per pelt . Prices declined through the 1960s , but picked up again in the late 1970s . In 1979 , the Hudson 's Bay Company paid $410 for one female pelt . In 1999 , 16,638 pelts were sold in Canada for C $449,307 at an average price of $27 . Between 1900 and 1940 , fishers were threatened with near extinction in the southern part of their range due to overtrapping and alterations to their habitat . In New England , fishers , along with most other furbearers , were nearly exterminated due to unregulated trapping . Fishers became extirpated in many northern U.S. states after 1930 , but were still abundant enough in Canada to maintain a harvest over 3,000 fishers per year . Limited protection was afforded in the early 20th century , but total protection was not given to the few remaining fishers until 1934 . Closed seasons , habitat recovery , and reintroductions have restored fishers to much of their original range . Trapping resumed in the U.S. after 1962 , once numbers had recovered sufficiently . During the early 1970s , the value of fisher pelts soared , leading to another population crash in 1976 . After a few years of closed seasons , fisher trapping reopened in 1979 with a shortened season and restricted bag limits . The population has steadily increased since then , with steadily increasing numbers of trapped animals , despite a much lower pelt value . Captivity ( edit ) Fisher fur pelt ( dyed ) Fishers have been captured live for fur farming , zoo specimens , and scientific research . From 1920 -- 1946 , pelt prices averaged about C $137 . Since pelts were relatively valuable , attempts were made to raise fishers on farms . Fur farming was popular with other species such as mink and ermine , so the same techniques were thought to be applicable to fishers . However , farmers found it difficult to raise fishers due to their unusual reproductive cycle . In general , knowledge of delayed implantation in fishers was unknown at the time . Farmers noted that females mated in the spring but did not give birth . Due to declining pelt prices , most fisher farms closed operations by the late 1940s . Fishers have also been captured and bred by zoos , but they are not a common zoo species . Fishers are poor animals to exhibit because , in general , they hide from visitors all day . Some zoos have had difficulty keeping fishers alive since they are susceptible to many diseases in captivity . Yet at least one example shows a fisher kept in captivity that lived to be 10 years old , and another living to be about 14 years old , well beyond its natural lifespan of 7 years . In 1974 , R.A. Powell raised two fisher kits for the purpose of performing scientific research . His primary interest was an attempt to measure the activity of fishers to determine how much food the animals required to function . He did this by running them through treadmill exercises that simulated activity in the wild . He compared this to their food intake and used the data to estimate daily food requirements . The research lasted for two years . After one year , one of the fishers died due to unknown causes . The second was released back into the wilderness of Michigan 's Upper Peninsula . Interactions with domestic animals ( edit ) Fisher raiding a farmer 's duck coop In some areas , fishers can become pests to farmers when they raid chicken coops . A few instances of fishers preying on cats and small dogs have been reported ; but in general , the evidence suggests these attacks are rare . A 1979 study examined the stomach contents of all fishers trapped in the state of New Hampshire ; cat hairs were found in only one of over 1,000 stomachs . More recent studies in suburban upstate New York and Massachusetts found no cat remains in 24 and 226 fisher diet samples ( scat and stomach contents ) , respectively . While a popular belief exists for more frequent attacks on pets , zoologists suggest bobcats or coyotes are more likely to prey upon domestic cats and chickens . Poisoning ( edit ) Male fisher killed by anticoagulant rodenticide on a marijuana grow site on US Forest Service lands , southern Sierra Nevada mountains In 2012 , a study conducted by Integral Ecology Research Center , UC Davis , U.S. Forest Service , and the Hoopa tribe showed that fishers in California were exposed to and killed by anticoagulant rodenticides associated with marijuana cultivation . In this study , 79 % of fishers that were tested in California were exposed to an average of 1.61 different anticoagulant rodenticides and four fishers died directly attributed to these toxicants . A 2015 follow - up study building on these data determined that the trend of exposure and mortality from these toxicants increased to 85 % , that California fishers were now exposed to an average of 1.73 different anticoagulant rodenticides , and that 9 more fishers died , bringing the total to 13 . The extent of marijuana cultivation within fishers ' home ranges was highlighted in a 2013 study focusing on fisher survival and impacts from marijuana cultivation within the Sierra National Forest . Fishers had an average of 5.3 individual grow sites within their home range . One fisher had 16 individual grow sites within its territory . Literature ( edit ) One of the first mentions of fishers in literature occurred in The Audubon Book of True Nature Stories . Robert Snyder relates a tale of his encounter with fishers in the woods of the Adirondack Mountains of New York . He recounts three sightings , including one where he witnessed a fisher attacking a porcupine . In Winter of the Fisher , Cameron Langford relates a fictional encounter between a fisher and an aging recluse living in the forest . The recluse frees the fisher from a trap and nurses it back to health . The fisher tolerates the attention , but being a wild animal , returns to the forest when well enough . Langford uses the ecology and known habits of the fisher to weave a tale of survival and tolerance in the northern woods of Canada . Fishers are mentioned in several other books , including The Blood Jaguar ( an animal shaman ) , Ereth 's Birthday ( a porcupine hunter ) and in The Sign of the Beaver , where a fisher is thought to have been caught in a trap . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Reid , F. ; Helgen , K. ( 2008 ) . `` Pekania pennanti '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2008 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern ^ Jump up to : Powell , R.A. ( 1981 ) . `` Mammalian Species : Martes pennanti '' ( PDF ) . The American Society of Mammalogists : 156 : 1 -- 6 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Resolution Chipewyan Dictionary '' ( PDF ) . January 22 , 2011 . p. 40 . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poser , William J. ( 1998 ) . Nak'albun / Dzinghubun Whut'enne Bughuni ( Stuart / Trembleur Lake Carrier Lexicon ) , 2nd edition . Vanderhoof , BC : Yinka Dene Language Institute . Jump up ^ Coues , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Powell , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Koepfli , Klaus - Peter ; Deere , Kerry A ; Slater , Graham J ; Begg , Colleen ; Begg , Keith ; Grassman , Lon ; Lucherini , Mauro ; Veron , Geraldine ; Wayne , Robert K ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae : Resolving relationships , tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation '' . BMC Biology . 6 ( 10 ) . Jump up ^ Powell , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Powell , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Martes pennanti : Fisher '' . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan Museum of Zoology . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fisher '' . 2011 . Jump up ^ Powell , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Powell , pp. 4 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Fergus , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Nations , Johnathan A. ; Link , Olson . `` Scansoriality in Mammals '' . Animal Diversity Web . Jump up ^ Alexander , R. McNeill ( 2003 ) . Principles of animal locomotion . Princeton University Press . p. 162 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 08678 - 8 . Jump up ^ Fergus , p. 102 . Jump up ^ `` Ecological Characteristics of Fishers in the Southern Oregon Cascade Range '' ( PDF ) . USDA Forest Service -- Pacific Northwest Research Station 2006 . Jump up ^ Vashon , Jennifer ; Vashon , Adam ; Crowley , Shannon . `` Partnership for Lynx Conservation in Main December 2001 -- December 2002 Field Report '' ( PDF ) . Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife . p. 9 . Jump up ^ Richardson , John ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` Researchers collect data to track health of , threats to Canada lynx '' . The Portland Press Herald . Pressherald.com . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Brian ( March 6 , 2006 ) . `` Fishering '' . High Country News . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Coulter , M.W. ( 1966 ) . Ecology and management of fishers in Maine . ( Ph. D. thesis ) . Syracuse , N.Y. : St. Univ . Coll . Forest . Syracuse University . Jump up ^ Powell , pp. 134 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Burt , Henry W. ( 1976 ) A Field Guide to the Mammals . Boston , p. 55 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 24084 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Feldhamer , pp. 638 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Feldhamer , p. 641 . Jump up ^ Dick T. A & Leonard R.D. ( 1979 ) . `` Helminth parasites of fisher Martes pennanti ( Erxleben ) from Manitoba , Canada '' . Journal of Wildlife Diseases 15 ( 3 ) : 409 - 412 . PMID 574167 . Jump up ^ Powell , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Powell , p. 92 . Jump up ^ `` Fisher Martes pennanti '' . Defenders of Wildlife . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Martes pennanti : North American range map '' . Discover Life . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Powell , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Feldhamer , p. 636 . Jump up ^ `` fisher VDGIF '' . www.dgif.virginia.gov . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powell , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Hardisky , Thomas , ed . ( July 2001 ) . `` Pennsylvania Fisher Reintroduction Project '' . Pennsylvania Game Commission , Bureau of Wildlife Management . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 25 , 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Powell , pp. 77 -- 80 . Jump up ^ `` Threatened and Endangered Wildlife in Washington : 2012 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Keith B. Aubry ; Jeffrey C. Lewis ( November 2003 ) . `` Extirpation and reintroduction of fishers ( Martes pennanti ) in Oregon : implications for their conservation in the Pacific states '' . Biological Conservation. 114 : 79 -- 90 . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3207 ( 03 ) 00003 - X . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mapes , Lynda V ( January 28 , 2008 ) . `` Weasel - like fisher back in state after many decades '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Threatened and Endangered Species in Washington : 2012 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Fimrite ( 2011 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Fishers returned to area in Sierra after 100 years '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zielinski , William J. ; Kucera , Thomas E. ( 1998 ) . American Marten , Fisher , Lynx , and Wolverine : Survey Methods for Their Detection . DIANE Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7881 - 3628 - 3 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CNDDB Endangered and Threatened Animals List '' ( PDF ) . April 1 , 2017 . p. 13 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zezima , Katie ( June 10 , 2008 ) . `` A Fierce Predator Makes a Home in the Suburbs '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ LaPoint S , Gallery P , Wikelski M , Kays R ( 2013 ) Animal behavior , cost - based corridor models , and real corridors . Landscape Ecology 28 : 1615 - 1630 Jump up ^ Polansky , Rob . `` West Haven residents concerned over fisher cats '' . WFSB Eyewitness News . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trail camera shows fierce mammal not seen in Iowa since 1800s '' . February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kontos , Charles ( October 19 , 2013 ) . `` Rutgers , friends memorialize naturalist Charlie Kontos '' . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ward , Katy ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Fisher cat found dead on the beach near MacMillan Pier '' . Wicked Local Provincetown . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ BRENNAN , GEORGE ( 2004 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Rare Cape fisher caught on camera '' . Cape Cod Times . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Schanbacher , Mike ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Fisher in Falmouth '' . Cape Cod Times . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Davis , Chase ( November 13 , 2005 ) . `` Elusive fisher cats returning to Cape '' . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brennan , George ( April 3 , 2008 ) . `` Rare Cape fisher caught on camera '' . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fisher cat attacks boy '' . Westerly Sun . Jump up ^ `` Fisher Cat Attacks Child at Bus Stop '' . FOX News , Providence , RI . June 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Family says boy , 12 , attacked by fisher cat '' . WCVB News . July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Milan Novak , ed. ( 1987 ) . Furbearer harvests in North America , 1600 -- 1984 . Ontario Trappers Association . Jump up ^ `` Bank of Canada inflation calculator '' . Bank of Canada . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hodgson , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Powell , Roger A. Martes pennanti . The American Society of Mammalogists . May 8 , 1981 . ^ Jump up to : Hodgson , pp. 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Statistics Canada . Agriculture Division ( 2008 ) . Fur Statistics ( Report ) . Jump up ^ Hodgson , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Powell , pp. 207 -- 8 . Jump up ^ `` Feds issue notice after Pacific fisher dies at HSU '' . times-standard.com . Jump up ^ New York Zoological Society ( 1971 ) . Bronx Zoo ( Report ) . Jump up ^ `` Basic Facts About Fishers '' . Defenders of Wildlife . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powell , pp. xi -- xv . Jump up ^ `` Weasel - like fishers rebound ; backyard pets become prey '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . June 12 , 2008 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fisher : The fisher is a North American marten , a medium sized mustelid '' . Science Daily . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What is a Fisher Cat ? '' . WPRI.com . June 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fisher ( sic ) in Massachusetts '' . Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Brian , Brian ( August 25 , 2005 ) . `` On the wild side : Once nearly extinct , weasel - like fishers thrive in the suburbs , where their ravenous feeding habits threaten family pets '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fahim , Kareem ( July 4 , 2007 ) . `` A Cat Fight ? Sort of , only louder and uglier '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Orff , Eric B . `` The Fisher : New Hampshire 's Rodney Dangerfield '' . New Hampshire Fish and Wildlife News . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kays , Roland ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Do Fishers Really Eat Cats ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gabriel , Mourad W. ; Woods , Leslie W. ; Poppenga , Robert ; Sweitzer , Rick A. ; Thompson , Craig ; Matthews , Sean M. ; Higley , J. Mark ; Keller , Stefan M. ; Purcell , Kathryn ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Anticoagulant Rodenticides on our Public and Community Lands : Spatial Distribution of Exposure and Poisoning of a Rare Forest Carnivore '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 7 ) : e40163 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0040163 . PMC 3396649 . PMID 22808110 . Jump up ^ Gabriel , Mourad W. ; Woods , Leslie W. ; Wengert , Greta M. ; Stephenson , Nicole ; Higley , J. Mark ; Thompson , Craig ; Matthews , Sean M. ; Sweitzer , Rick A. ; Purcell , Kathryn ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Patterns of Natural and Human - Caused Mortality Factors of a Rare Forest Carnivore , the Fisher ( Pekania pennanti ) in California '' . PLoS ONE . 10 ( 11 ) : e0140640 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0140640 . PMC 4633177 . PMID 26536481 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Craig ; Sweitzer , Richard ; Gabriel , Mourad ; Purcell , Kathryn ; Barrett , Reginald ; Poppenga , Robert ( March 1 , 2014 ) . `` Impacts of Rodenticide and Insecticide Toxicants from Marijuana Cultivation Sites on Fisher Survival Rates in the Sierra National Forest , California '' . Conservation Letters. 7 ( 2 ) : 91 -- 102 . doi : 10.1111 / conl. 12038 . ISSN 1755 - 263X . Jump up ^ Snyder , Robert G. ( 1958 ) . Terres JK , ed . The Audubon Book of True Nature Stories . Thomas Y . Crowell Company , New York . pp. 205 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Langford , Cameron ( 1971 ) . Winter of the Fisher . Macmillan of Canada Company , Toronto , Ontario . ISBN 0 - 7089 - 2937 - 0 . Jump up ^ Payne , Michael H. ( 1998 ) . The Blood Jaguar . Tor , New York . ISBN 0 - 312 - 86783 - 2 . Jump up ^ Avi ( 2000 ) . Ereth 's Birthday . HarperCollins , New York . ISBN 0 - 380 - 80490 - 5 . Jump up ^ Speare , Elizabeth George ( 1983 ) . The Sign of the Beaver . Bantam Doubleday Dell Books for Young Readers , New York . ISBN 0 - 547 - 34870 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Coues , Elliott ( 1877 ) . Fur Bearing Animals : a Monograph of North American Mustelidae . Department of the Interior ( US ) . pp. 62 -- 74 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Feldhamer , George A. ; Thompson , Bruce C. ; Chapman , Joseph A. ( 2003 ) . Wild mammals of North America : biology , management , and conservation . ( Google books limited preview ) Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 635 -- 649 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7416 - 5 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Fergus , Charles ( 2006 ) . Wildlife of Virginia and Maryland and Washington . Stackpole Books . pp. 101 -- 103 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2821 - 8 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Hodgson , Robert G. ( 1937 ) . Fisher Farming . Fur Trade Journal of Canada . Powell , Roger A. ( November 1993 ) . The Fisher : Life History , Ecology , and Behavior . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 2266 - 5 . Buskirk , Steven W. ; Harestad , Alton S. ; Raphael , Martin G. ; Powell , Roger A. ( 1994 ) . Martens , sables , and fishers : biology and conservation . Comstock Publishing Associates . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 2894 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Fisher videos , photos and facts Arkive.org . Fisher Cat Screech Online community of fisher cat sightings , sounds , and videos . Texts on Wikisource : `` Fisher '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . `` Fisher '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Fisher '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . Extant Carnivora species Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Eutheria Superorder : Laurasiatheria Suborder Feliformia Nandiniidae Nandinia African palm civet ( N. binotata ) Herpestidae ( Mongooses ) Atilax Marsh mongoose ( A. paludinosus ) Bdeogale Bushy - tailed mongoose ( B. crassicauda ) Jackson 's mongoose ( B. jacksoni ) Black - footed mongoose ( B. nigripes ) Crossarchus Alexander 's kusimanse ( C. alexandri ) Angolan kusimanse ( C. ansorgei ) Common kusimanse ( C. obscurus ) Flat - headed kusimanse ( C. platycephalus ) Cynictis Yellow mongoose ( C. penicillata ) Dologale Pousargues 's mongoose ( D. dybowskii ) Galerella Angolan slender mongoose ( G. flavescens ) Black mongoose ( G. nigrata ) Somalian slender mongoose ( G. ochracea ) Cape gray mongoose ( G. pulverulenta ) Slender mongoose ( G. sanguinea ) Helogale Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( H. hirtula ) Common dwarf mongoose ( H. parvula ) Herpestes Short - tailed mongoose ( H. brachyurus ) Indian gray mongoose ( H. edwardsii ) Indian brown mongoose ( H. fuscus ) Egyptian mongoose ( H. ichneumon ) Small Asian mongoose ( H. javanicus ) Long - nosed mongoose ( H. naso ) Collared mongoose ( H. semitorquatus ) Ruddy mongoose ( H. smithii ) Crab - eating mongoose ( H. urva ) Stripe - necked mongoose ( H. vitticollis ) Ichneumia White - tailed mongoose ( I. albicauda ) Liberiictus Liberian mongoose ( L. kuhni ) Mungos Gambian mongoose ( M. gambianus ) Banded mongoose ( M. mungo ) Paracynictis Selous ' mongoose ( P. selousi ) Rhynchogale Meller 's mongoose ( R. melleri ) Suricata Meerkat ( S. suricatta ) Hyaenidae ( Hyenas ) Crocuta Spotted hyena ( C. crocuta ) Hyaena Brown hyena ( H. brunnea ) Striped hyena ( H. hyaena ) Proteles Aardwolf ( P. cristatus ) Felidae Large family listed below Viverridae Large family listed below Eupleridae Small family listed below Family Felidae Felinae Acinonyx Cheetah ( A. jubatus ) Caracal Caracal ( C. caracal ) African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Catopuma Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Felis European wildcat ( F. silvestris ) African wildcat ( F. lybica ) Jungle cat ( F. chaus ) Black - footed cat ( F. nigripes ) Sand cat ( F. margarita ) Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti ) Domestic cat ( F. catus ) Leopardus Ocelot ( L. pardalis ) Margay ( L. wiedii ) Pampas cat ( L. colocola ) Geoffroy 's cat ( L. geoffroyi ) Kodkod ( L. guigna ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Oncilla ( L. tigrinus ) Southern tigrina ( L. guttulus ) Leptailurus Serval ( L. serval ) Lynx Canadian lynx ( L. canadensis ) Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus ) Bobcat ( L. rufus ) Otocolobus Pallas 's cat ( O. manul ) Pardofelis Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Prionailurus Fishing cat ( P. viverrinus ) Leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) Sundaland leopard cat ( P. javanensis ) Flat - headed cat ( P. planiceps ) Rusty - spotted cat ( P. rubiginosus ) Puma Cougar ( P. concolor ) Herpailurus Jaguarundi ( H. yagouaroundi ) Pantherinae Panthera Lion ( P. leo ) Jaguar ( P. onca ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Tiger ( P. tigris ) Snow leopard ( P. uncia ) Neofelis Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) Family Viverridae ( includes Civets ) Paradoxurinae Arctictis Binturong ( A. binturong ) Arctogalidia Small - toothed palm civet ( A. trivirgata ) Macrogalidia Sulawesi palm civet ( M. musschenbroekii ) Paguma Masked palm civet ( P. larvata ) Paradoxurus Golden wet - zone palm civet ( P. aureus ) Asian palm civet ( P. hermaphroditus ) Jerdon 's palm civet ( P. jerdoni ) Golden palm civet ( P. zeylonensis ) Hemigalinae Chrotogale Owston 's palm civet ( C. owstoni ) Cynogale Otter civet ( C. bennettii ) Diplogale Hose 's palm civet ( D. hosei ) Hemigalus Banded palm civet ( H. derbyanus ) Prionodontinae ( Asiatic linsangs ) Prionodon Banded linsang ( P. linsang ) Spotted linsang ( P. pardicolor ) Viverrinae Civettictis African civet ( C. civetta ) Genetta ( Genets ) Abyssinian genet ( G. abyssinica ) Angolan genet ( G. angolensis ) Bourlon 's genet ( G. bourloni ) Crested servaline genet ( G. cristata ) Common genet ( G. genetta ) Johnston 's genet ( G. johnstoni ) Rusty - spotted genet ( G. maculata ) Pardine genet ( G. pardina ) Aquatic genet ( G. piscivora ) King genet ( G. poensis ) Servaline genet ( G. servalina ) Haussa genet ( G. thierryi ) Cape genet ( G. tigrina ) Giant forest genet ( G. victoriae ) Poiana African linsang ( P. richardsonii ) Leighton 's linsang ( P. leightoni ) Viverra Malabar large - spotted civet ( V. civettina ) Large - spotted civet ( V. megaspila ) Malayan civet ( V. tangalunga ) Large Indian civet ( V. zibetha ) Viverricula Small Indian civet ( V. indica ) Family Eupleridae Euplerinae Cryptoprocta Fossa ( C. ferox ) Eupleres Eastern falanouc ( E. goudotii ) Western falanouc ( E. major ) Fossa Malagasy civet ( F. fossana ) Galidiinae Galidia Ring - tailed mongoose ( G. elegans ) Galidictis Broad - striped Malagasy mongoose ( G. fasciata ) Grandidier 's mongoose ( G. grandidieri ) Mungotictis Narrow - striped mongoose ( M. decemlineata ) Salanoia Brown - tailed mongoose ( S. concolor ) Durrell 's vontsira ( S. durrelli ) Suborder Caniformia ( cont . below ) Ursidae ( Bears ) Ailuropoda Giant panda ( A. melanoleuca ) Helarctos Sun bear ( H. malayanus ) Melursus Sloth bear ( M. ursinus ) Tremarctos Spectacled bear ( T. ornatus ) Ursus American black bear ( U. americanus ) Brown bear ( U. arctos ) Polar bear ( U. maritimus ) Asian black bear ( U. thibetanus ) Mephitidae Conepatus ( Hog - nosed skunks ) Molina 's hog - nosed skunk ( C. chinga ) Humboldt 's hog - nosed skunk ( C. humboldtii ) American hog - nosed skunk ( C. leuconotus ) Striped hog - nosed skunk ( C. semistriatus ) Mephitis Hooded skunk ( M. macroura ) Striped skunk ( M. mephitis ) Mydaus Sunda stink badger ( M. javanensis ) Palawan stink badger ( M. marchei ) Spilogale ( Spotted skunks ) Southern spotted skunk ( S. angustifrons ) Western spotted skunk ( S. gracilis ) Eastern spotted skunk ( S. putorius ) Pygmy spotted skunk ( S. pygmaea ) Procyonidae Bassaricyon ( Olingos ) Eastern lowland olingo ( B. alleni ) Northern olingo ( B. gabbii ) Western lowland olingo ( B. medius ) Olinguito ( B. neblina ) Bassariscus Ring - tailed cat ( B. astutus ) Cacomistle ( B. sumichrasti ) Nasua ( Coatis inclusive ) White - nosed coati ( N. narica ) South American coati ( N. nasua ) Nasuella ( Coatis inclusive ) Western mountain coati ( N. olivacea ) Eastern mountain coati ( N. meridensis ) Potos Kinkajou ( P. flavus ) Procyon Crab - eating raccoon ( P. cancrivorus ) Raccoon ( P. lotor ) Cozumel raccoon ( P. pygmaeus ) Ailuridae Ailurus Red panda ( A. fulgens ) Suborder Caniformia ( cont . above ) Otariidae ( Eared seals ) ( includes fur seals and sea lions ) ( Pinniped inclusive ) Arctocephalus South American fur seal ( A. australis ) Australasian fur seal ( A. forsteri ) Galápagos fur seal ( A. galapagoensis ) Antarctic fur seal ( A. gazella ) Juan Fernández fur seal ( A. philippii ) Brown fur seal ( A. pusillus ) Guadalupe fur seal ( A. townsendi ) Subantarctic fur seal ( A. tropicalis ) Callorhinus Northern fur seal ( C. ursinus ) Eumetopias Steller sea lion ( E. jubatus ) Neophoca Australian sea lion ( N. cinerea ) Otaria South American sea lion ( O. flavescens ) Phocarctos New Zealand sea lion ( P. hookeri ) Zalophus California sea lion ( Z. californianus ) Galápagos sea lion ( Z. wollebaeki ) Odobenidae ( Pinniped inclusive ) Odobenus Walrus ( O. rosmarus ) Phocidae ( Earless seals ) ( Pinniped inclusive ) Cystophora Hooded seal ( C. cristata ) Erignathus Bearded seal ( E. barbatus ) Halichoerus Gray seal ( H. grypus ) Histriophoca Ribbon seal ( H. fasciata ) Hydrurga Leopard seal ( H. leptonyx ) Leptonychotes Weddell seal ( L. weddellii ) Lobodon Crabeater seal ( L. carcinophagus ) Mirounga ( Elephant seals ) Northern elephant seal ( M. angustirostris ) Southern elephant seal ( M. leonina ) Monachus Mediterranean monk seal ( M. monachus ) Hawaiian monk seal ( M. schauinslandi ) Ommatophoca Ross seal ( O. rossi ) Pagophilus Harp seal ( P. groenlandicus ) Phoca Spotted seal ( P. largha ) Harbor seal ( P. vitulina ) Pusa Caspian seal ( P. caspica ) Ringed seal ( P. hispida ) Baikal seal ( P. sibirica ) Canidae Large family listed below Mustelidae Large family listed below Family Canidae ( includes dogs ) Atelocynus Short - eared dog ( A. microtis ) Canis Side - striped jackal ( C. adustus ) African golden wolf ( C. anthus ) Golden jackal ( C. aureus ) Coyote ( C. latrans ) Gray wolf ( C. lupus ) Black - backed jackal ( C. mesomelas ) Red wolf ( C. rufus ) Ethiopian wolf ( C. simensis ) Cerdocyon Crab - eating fox ( C. thous ) Chrysocyon Maned wolf ( C. brachyurus ) Cuon Dhole ( C. alpinus ) Lycalopex Culpeo ( L. culpaeus ) Darwin 's fox ( L. fulvipes ) South American gray fox ( L. griseus ) Pampas fox ( L. gymnocercus ) Sechuran fox ( L. sechurae ) Hoary fox ( L. vetulus ) Lycaon African wild dog ( L. pictus ) Nyctereutes Raccoon dog ( N. procyonoides ) Otocyon Bat - eared fox ( O. megalotis ) Speothos Bush dog ( S. venaticus ) Urocyon Gray fox ( U. cinereoargenteus ) Island fox ( U. littoralis ) Vulpes ( Foxes ) Bengal fox ( V. bengalensis ) Blanford 's fox ( V. cana ) Cape fox ( V. chama ) Corsac fox ( V. corsac ) Tibetan sand fox ( V. ferrilata ) Arctic fox ( V. lagopus ) Kit fox ( V. macrotis ) Pale fox ( V. pallida ) Rüppell 's fox ( V. rueppelli ) Swift fox ( V. velox ) Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Fennec fox ( V. zerda ) hide Family Mustelidae Lutrinae ( Otters ) Aonyx African clawless otter ( A. capensis ) Oriental small - clawed otter ( A. cinerea ) Enhydra Sea otter ( E. lutris ) Hydrictis Spotted - necked otter ( H. maculicollis ) Lontra North American river otter ( L. canadensis ) Marine otter ( L. felina ) Neotropical otter ( L. longicaudis ) Southern river otter ( L. provocax ) Lutra Eurasian otter ( L. lutra ) Hairy - nosed otter ( L. sumatrana ) Lutrogale Smooth - coated otter ( L. perspicillata ) Pteronura Giant otter ( P. brasiliensis ) Mustelinae ( including badgers ) Arctonyx Hog badger ( A. collaris ) Eira Tayra ( E. barbara ) Galictis Lesser grison ( G. cuja ) Greater grison ( G. vittata ) Gulo Wolverine ( G. gulo ) Ictonyx Saharan striped polecat ( I. libyca ) Striped polecat ( I. striatus ) Lyncodon Patagonian weasel ( L. patagonicus ) Martes ( Martens ) American marten ( M. americana ) Yellow - throated marten ( M. flavigula ) Beech marten ( M. foina ) Nilgiri marten ( M. gwatkinsii ) European pine marten ( M. martes ) Japanese marten ( M. melampus ) Sable ( M. zibellina ) Pekania Fisher ( P. pennanti ) Meles Japanese badger ( M. anakuma ) Asian badger ( M. leucurus ) European badger ( M. meles ) Mellivora Honey badger ( M. capensis ) Melogale ( Ferret - badgers ) Bornean ferret - badger ( M. everetti ) Chinese ferret - badger ( M. moschata ) Javan ferret - badger ( M. orientalis ) Burmese ferret - badger ( M. personata ) Mustela ( Weasels and Ferrets ) Amazon weasel ( M. africana ) Mountain weasel ( M. altaica ) Stoat ( M. erminea ) Steppe polecat ( M. eversmannii ) Colombian weasel ( M. felipei ) Long - tailed weasel ( M. frenata ) Japanese weasel ( M. itatsi ) Yellow - bellied weasel ( M. kathiah ) European mink ( M. lutreola ) Indonesian mountain weasel ( M. lutreolina ) Black - footed ferret ( M. nigripes ) Least weasel ( M. nivalis ) Malayan weasel ( M. nudipes ) European polecat ( M. putorius ) Siberian weasel ( M. sibirica ) Back - striped weasel ( M. strigidorsa ) Egyptian weasel ( M. subpalmata ) Neovison ( Minks ) American mink ( N. vison ) Poecilogale African striped weasel ( P. albinucha ) Taxidea American badger ( T. taxus ) Vormela Marbled polecat ( V. peregusna ) Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q584064 Wikispecies : Martes pennanti ADW : Martes_pennanti ARKive : martes - pennanti EoL : 328592 Fossilworks : 47925 GBIF : 5218855 iNaturalist : 41799 IRMNG : 10198732 ITIS : 180560 IUCN : 41651 MSW : 14001254 NCBI : 76720 uBio : 105653 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fisher_(animal)&oldid=848339458 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Fauna of the Great Lakes region ( North America ) Fauna of the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) Mammals of Canada Mammals of the United States Martens Mammals described in 1777 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies تۆرکجه Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Лезги Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Norsk پنجابی Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 09 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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6751294392515941121	Sign-on and sign-off	Sign - on and sign - off - wikipedia Sign - on and sign - off Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A sign - on ( or start - up ) is the beginning of operations for a radio or television station , generally at the start of each day . It is the opposite of a sign - off ( or closedown ) , which is the sequence of operations involved when a radio or television station shuts down its transmitters and goes off the air for a predetermined period ; generally , this occurs during the overnight hours . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sign - on 1.1 Sign - on sequence 2 Sign - off 2.1 Sign - off sequence 3 Special sign - on / off cases 3.1 Historical 3.1. 1 2000 Today 3.2 Religious 3.2. 1 Malaysia 3.2. 2 Philippines 4 See also 5 External links Sign - on ( edit ) Sign - ons , like sign - offs , vary from country to country , from station to station , and from time to time ; however , most follow a similar general pattern . Many stations follow the reverse process to their sign - off sequence at the close of the day . It is common for sign - ons to be followed by a network 's early morning newscast , or their morning or breakfast show . While both sign - ons and sign - offs have become less common with the increasing prevalence of twenty - four - hour - a-day , seven - day - a-week broadcasting , they are still conducted by a number of stations around the world . For broadcasters that do still close for a period each day , this station close is most often during the early hours of the morning , with the daily sign - on typically occurring between 5 : 00 a.m. and 7 : 00 a.m. However , in some countries with more limited broadcast coverage , such as North Korea , sign - on may be as late as 5 : 00 p.m. A particular type of AM radio station known as a daytimer usually only operates during daytime hours , and will therefore run a sign - on sequence each day . Sign - on sequence ( edit ) The sign - on sequence may include some or all of the following stages , but not necessarily in this order : For television stations or radio stations that cut off their signal during off - broadcast hours , a test pattern or 1000 Hz tone or music or radio station may be broadcast fifteen to twenty minutes before the actual sign - on . A signal to turn on remote transmitters may be played -- this is usually a series of touch tones . On radio stations , especially international stations on shortwave , an interval signal may be played , usually for 3 to 5 minutes before the actual broadcast starts . Technical information provided , such as the station identification ( call sign and city of license ) , transmitter power , frequency or channel number , translators used , transmitter locations , list of broadcast engineers ( in the Philippines ) , and studio / transmitter links ( STL ) . On television stations , a video and / or photo montage set to the national anthem or another patriotic piece of music may be played ; on radio stations this would just consist of the music , usually the national anthem . The accompanying television video usually involves images of the national flag , head of states , national heroes , national military , national symbols , or other nationalistic imagery , particularly on state - owned broadcasters . Ownership information about the station , and a list of related organizations . A `` good morning '' greeting to viewers or listeners . Contact information , such as street and mailing addresses , telephone number , email , and website details . A prayer or other religious acknowledgement , particularly in countries with a state religion , in theocracies , and on religious broadcasters . For example , sign - ons in Sri Lanka , Vietnam , Cambodia , Laos and Thailand typically include a quote from Gautama Buddha , those in Saudi Arabia , Brunei , Malaysia and Indonesia generally include an Islamic reading from the Quran , a Muslim quote , or a call for Azan and Fajr prayer , those in the Philippines ( except in the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao ) , Italy , Russia ( except for some republics ) , Canada and the United States include a Christian prayer , responsorial psalm or hymn of some type and stations in South Korea , India and China have a prayer of any religion depending on the day . A program guide for the upcoming programs , or the day 's programs . A disclaimer that station programming is taped , aired live , or originates from a television or radio network Another disclaimer that programs are for personal use only ( sometimes with information on copyright restrictions ) , and a statement that businesses can not profit from showing them by applying a cover charge for viewing A statement of commitment to quality ; this may be in the form of a recognized standard , such as the United States National Association of Broadcasters ' `` Seal of Good Practice '' ( until 1982 ) or the Philippines ' KBP Broadcast Code of the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas ( Association of Broadcasters of the Philippines ) A station identification , including some or all of the television channel , AM or FM frequency , call sign , branding , and a clock ident Generally a station jingle or slogan will be played , accompanied on television with video clips featuring station programming or personalities . While most of these sign - on steps are done as a service to the public , or for advertising reasons , some of them may be required by the government of the country . Sign - off ( edit ) Sign - offs , like sign - ons , vary from country to country , from station to station , and from time to time ; however , most follow a similar general pattern . Many stations follow the reverse process to their sign - on sequence at the start of the day . Sign - off messages can be initiated by a broadcast automation system just as for other television programming , and automatic transmission systems can cut off the carrier signal and trigger the actual shutdown of the transmitter by remote control . Generally , after the carrier signal is cut , the viewer only sees or hears static after an analog television station signs off . Digital stations will likely display a message after the sign off ; however , they may simply cut to a black screen with no sound ( as other digital subchannel networks on the same channel space space may broadcast 24 / 7 , requiring the station to remain powered up ; consideration after 2017 in the United States is now also given to channel sharing partners who may do the same ) . Occasionally , the signal is cut off entirely , causing digital broadcast receivers ( cable / satellite boxes , digital TVs / converter boxes ) to display error messages . Both sign - offs and sign - ons have become less common with the increasing prevalence of twenty - four hours a day , seven days a week broadcasting . They are , however , still conducted by a number of stations around the world , often by stations catering to small - markets or those in less developed countries , or when stations need to shut down for transmitter maintenance . Another consideration for whether providers shutdown is power consumption ; aerial signals , such as those for UHF analog TV transmissions , can require tens of thousands of watts of power , making electricity a major expense , while power consumption would usually be considerably lower for cable and satellite providers . In relation to costs , viewer numbers are also a consideration . Another consideration is the licence issued by the government which indicates when their transmitters can be operated . For broadcasters which do still close for a period each day , the station close most often takes place overnight or during the early hours of the morning . The daily sign - off typically occurs between around 11 : 00 p.m. and 2 : 00 a.m. and the station will remain closed until about 5 : 00 a.m. to 7 : 00 a.m. , although in countries with limited broadcast coverage , sign - off may occur at earlier times , and sign - on later . Sign - off may also vary depending on the day of the week ; for example some broadcasters may run for 24 hours on Saturday nights , but sign - off and close during the week when there are lower viewer numbers . Seasonality is also a consideration where some stations / networks stay open for 24 hours , while rarely few go off the air completely during peak times of religious observances . Many stations , while no longer conducting a sign - off and being off air for a period of time each day , instead run low cost programming during those times of low viewer numbers . This may include infomercials , movies , television shows , simple weather forecasts , low cost news or infotainment programming from other suppliers , or feeds of local cable TV companies ' programming via a fiber optic line to the cable headend . Other broadcasters that are part of a radio or television network may run an unedited feed of the network 's overnight programming from a central location , without local advertising . Some stations , after doing a sign - off , nonetheless continue to transmit throughout the off - air period on cable / satellite ; this transmission may involve a test pattern or static image that is accompanied by music or a local weather radio service . Sign - off sequence ( edit ) The sign - off sequence may include some or all of the following stages , but not necessarily in this order : Nearly when a program or movie ends , they show PSAs through Ad Council or any organizations , then station id announced . An announcement made about the upcoming sign - off to inform the viewers that the station is about to go off - air . A station jingle or slogan may be played , accompanied on television with video clips featuring station programming or personalities . A series of program trailers may also be played . A prayer , hymn , or other religious acknowledgement , particularly in countries with a state religion or theocracies , and on religious broadcasters . For example , closedowns in Saudi Arabia , United Arab Emirates , Morocco , Senegal , Brunei , Malaysia and Indonesia generally include a fifteen - minute reading from the Qur'an and a call for the midnight salat ; stations in Sri Lanka , Thailand , Hong Kong and Macau typically have a quote from the Buddha ; stations in Israel have a Jewish prayer ; stations in Germany , Italy , Philippines ( excluding the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ) , Russia ( excluding some republics ) , the United Kingdom and in the Southern United States include a Christian prayer , Biblical passage , a Responsorial psalm or a hymn ; while stations in China , South Korea and India have a prayer of any religion depending on the day . A short weather forecast , newscast , or a pre-taped inspirational message known as a sermonette . A clock ident , usually silent , music or an announcer . In United Kingdom , BBC1 and BBC2 have announcer speaking during a clock ident , before switching to national anthem . A `` goodnight '' message to viewers or listeners thanking them for their patronage , along with an announcement of the time when the station is scheduled to sign on again . A program guide for the following day 's programs . Ownership information about the station and a list of related organizations . Contact information , such as street and mailing addresses , telephone number , zip code , e-mail , and website details . Technical information provided , such as the call sign , transmitter power , translators used , transmitter locations , a list of broadcast engineers ( in the Philippines only ) , and studio / transmitter links ( STL ) . A disclaimer that station programming is taped , aired live , or originates from a television or radio network . A disclaimer that programs are for personal use only ( sometimes with information on copyright restrictions ) , and a statement that businesses can not profit from showing them by applying a cover charge for viewing . A statement of commitment to quality ; this may be in the form of a recognized standard , such as the United States National Association of Broadcasters ' `` Seal of Good Practice '' ( before 1982 ) or the Philippines ' KBP Broadcast Code of the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas ( Association of Broadcasters of the Philippines ) . An invitation to tune into alternate services hosted by their sister / affiliate stations ( for example , radio station ) . In the United Kingdom for example , when BBC1 or BBC2 closed down for the day , the announcer invited the outgoing viewers to tune into BBC radio services during the TV station 's off - hours . On television stations , a video and / or photo montage set to the national anthem or another patriotic piece of music may be played ; on radio stations , this would just consist of the music , usually the national anthem . The accompanying television video usually involves images of the national flag , head of states , national heroes , national military , national symbols , or other nationalistic imagery , particularly on state - owned broadcasters . The station may display some type of novelty item , such as an animated character , particular to that station or its locale . The display of a test pattern , a variation on the station logo , or a black signal , often accompanied by a monotone sound for a short period of time ; radio stations may just play a monotone . In Germany , before switching to the test card ( especially ARD and ZDF ) , a slide with the logo and the noun `` Sendeschluss '' or `` Sendeschluß '' is shown , before slowly fades to black . This means if a viewer ( especially knowing German language ) sees the word `` Sendeschluss '' it means the viewer should turn off their television sets . In ARD , while showing testcard , a female voiceover repeats itself , instead of playing tone . Viewers may be warned to remember to turn off their television sets just prior to the transmitter being switched off ; these announcements were particularly common in the early days of television , but are still in regular practice in some places ; in Russia this was common until the mid-90s , and in Japan this was also common in some prefectures when there is no 24 / 7 - hour service available ( Toyama , Nagano , etc . ) A signal to turn off remote transmitters may be played ; is usually a series of touch tones . Once the transmission has been cut off there will usually only be video static on television stations or radio static on radio stations . In the digital age , a black screen is displayed as no transmission is able to be decoded , with sets not able to receive a signal turning off automatically if the feature is enabled , and audibly for television and radio , the audio is completely silent . A loud tone may be played on the audio to encourage sleeping viewers to turn their television sets off . While most of these sign - off steps are done as a service to the public , or for advertising reasons , some of them may be required by the government of the country . For example , in the U.S. or in the Philippines , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) regulations , or the National Telecommunications Commission require stations to identify themselves before leaving the air , which usually means they must announce their calls , city of license , and broadcast frequency or channel number . For those stations that now operate 24 hours daily , some broadcast an abbreviated version of the sign - on / off information , usually around 6 : 00 am local time , or earlier , before the start of their morning newscast . ( In the USA , the broadcast logging day begins at 0600 local time . ) Special sign - on / off cases ( edit ) Historical ( edit ) In a number of countries closedowns formerly took place during the daytime as well as overnight . In the United Kingdom this was initially due to Government - imposed restrictions on daytime broadcasting hours , and later , due to budgetary constraints . The eventual relaxation of these rules meant that afternoon closedowns ceased permanently on the ITV network in October 1972 , but the BBC maintained the practice until Friday 24 October 1986 , before commencing a full daytime service on the following Monday . Afternoon closedowns continued in South Korea until December 2005 . Hong Kong 's broadcasting networks ( particularly the English - speaking channels ) also practiced this until mid 2008 . In these cases , the station 's transmitters later did not actually shut - down for the afternoon break ; either a test - card was played or a static schedule was posted telling viewers of the programming line - up once broadcasting resumes . 2000 Today ( edit ) During the start of the new millennium 2000 in the Philippines , the GMA Network , due to its corporate affiliation with 2000 Today , continued broadcasting while other TV and radio networks signed off immediately after the new year countdown . Religious ( edit ) Malaysia ( edit ) During Ramadan , Malaysian public broadcaster RTM operates TV1 24 hours a day instead of signing off , but TV1 becomes 24 hours during the London Olympics in 2012 , but later became permanent in August 2012 , to coincide with their sister channel , TV2 by showing reruns of their old programmes shown on this broadcaster and telemovies on early - mornings before start - up . Philippines ( edit ) During Holy Week in the Philippines , terrestrial TV and radio stations continue their respective broadcast schedules from Palm Sunday until Holy Wednesday . From the midnight of Holy Thursday until the early hours of Easter Sunday ( before 4 AM PST ) , most of the aforementioned outlets are off - the - air while other non-religious TV and radio networks commence transmission much later in the morning or at midday and close down at an earlier time . Catholic Media Network member stations also follow the same pattern , broadcasting Easter Triduum services and other similar programming . However , most cable and satellite TV channels continue to broadcast their 24 / 7 regular programming service , while a few continue with specially arranged schedules . See also ( edit ) Off - the - air Goodnight Kiwi ITV Nightscreen Dark ( broadcasting ) Digital television transition in the United States Short - term Analog Flash and Emergency Readiness Act TVARK Indian - head test pattern Sign off routines in the United Kingdom External links ( edit ) TV-Signoffs.com - J. Alan Wall 's website devoted to sign - offs and sign - ons of United States television stations TV - Ark Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sign-on_and_sign-off&oldid=827704322 '' Categories : Broadcasting Interstitial programming Radio terminology Television presentation Television terminology Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from April 2016 All articles lacking sources Articles that may contain original research from November 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands 日本語 ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 06 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-847148627797120052	List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs	List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs - wikipedia List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs Jump to : navigation , search Play media Video showing the space around the nearest stars to the Sun . This list contains all known stars and brown dwarfs at a distance of up to 5 parsecs ( 16.3 light - years ) from the Solar System . In addition to the Solar System , there are another 56 stellar systems currently known lying within this distance . These systems contain a total of 60 hydrogen - fusing stars ( of which 50 are red dwarfs ) , 13 brown dwarfs , and 4 white dwarfs . Despite the relative proximity of these objects to Earth , only nine of them have an apparent magnitude less than 6.5 , which means only about 12 % of these objects can be observed with the naked eye . Besides the Sun , only three are first - magnitude stars : Alpha Centauri , Sirius , and Procyon . All of these objects are located in the Local Bubble , a region within the Orion -- Cygnus Arm of the Milky Way . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 Maps of nearby stars 3 Future and past 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links List ( edit ) Stars visible to the unaided eye have their magnitude shown in light blue below . Brown dwarfs are shown with their designations in brown . White dwarfs are shown with their designation in beige . The classes of the stars and brown dwarfs are shown in the color of their spectral types ( these colors are derived from conventional names for the spectral types and do not represent the star 's observed color ) . Many brown dwarfs are not listed by visual magnitude but are listed by near - IR J band magnitude . Some of the parallax and distance results are preliminary measurements . # Distance Light - years ( ± err ) Designation Stellar class Apparent magnitude ( m or m ) Absolute magnitude ( M or M ) Epoch J2000. 0 Parallax mas ( ± err ) Discovery date Notes and additional references System Star Star # Right ascension Declination 0 Solar System Sun G2V − 26.74 4.85 -- -- -- -- has eight known planets 4.2421 ( 16 ) Alpha Centauri ( Rigil Kentaurus ) Proxima Centauri ( V645 Centauri ) M5. 5Ve 11.09 15.53 14 29 43.0 − 62 ° 40 ′ 46 '' 768.87 ( 029 ) 1915 has one known planet 4.3650 ( 68 ) α Centauri A ( HD 128620 ) G2V 0.01 4.38 14 39 36.5 − 60 ° 50 ′ 02 '' 747.23 ( 117 ) α Centauri B ( HD 128621 ) K1V 1.34 5.71 14 39 35.1 − 60 ° 50 ′ 14 '' 1689 has two suspected planets ( b & c ) 5.9630 ( 109 ) Barnard 's Star ( BD + 04 ° 3561a ) M4. 0Ve 9.53 13.22 17 57 48.5 + 04 ° 41 ′ 36 '' 546.98 ( 1 00 ) 1916 largest known proper motion 6.59 ( 7 ) Luhman 16 ( WISE 1049 − 5319 ) Luhman 16A 5 L8 ± 1 10.7 J 14.2 J 10 49 15.57 − 53 ° 19 ′ 06 '' 495 ( 5 ) 2013 has one suspected planet Luhman 16B 5 T1 ± 2 7.2 ( 6 ) WISE 0855 − 0714 7 Y 08 55 10.83 − 07 ° 14 ′ 42.5 '' 2014 sub-brown dwarf 5 7.7825 ( 390 ) Wolf 359 ( CN Leonis ) 8 M6. 0V 13.44 16.55 10 56 29.2 + 07 ° 00 ′ 53 '' 419.10 ( 210 ) 1919 6 8.2905 ( 148 ) Lalande 21185 ( BD + 36 ° 2147 ) 9 M2. 0V 7.47 10.44 11 03 20.2 + 35 ° 58 ′ 12 '' 393.42 ( 070 ) 1801 has one suspected planet 7 8.5828 ( 289 ) Sirius ( α Canis Majoris ) Sirius A 10 A1V − 1.46 1.42 06 45 08.9 − 16 ° 42 ′ 58 '' 380.02 ( 128 ) brightest star in the night sky Sirius B 10 DA2 8.44 11.34 1844 8 8.7280 ( 631 ) Luyten 726 - 8 Luyten 726 - 8 A ( BL Ceti ) 12 M5. 5Ve 12.54 15.40 01 39 01.3 − 17 ° 57 ′ 01 '' 373.70 ( 270 ) 1949 Luyten 726 - 8 B ( UV Ceti ) 12 M6. 0Ve 12.99 15.85 9 9.6813 ( 512 ) Ross 154 ( V1216 Sagittarii ) 14 M3. 5Ve 10.43 13.07 18 49 49.4 − 23 ° 50 ′ 10 '' 336.90 ( 178 ) 1925 10 10.322 ( 36 ) Ross 248 ( HH Andromedae ) 15 M5. 5Ve 12.29 14.79 23 41 54.7 + 44 ° 10 ′ 30 '' 316.00 ( 110 ) 1925 11 10.522 ( 27 ) Epsilon Eridani ( BD − 09 ° 697 ) 16 K2V 3.73 6.19 03 32 55.8 − 09 ° 27 ′ 30 '' 309.99 ( 079 ) 150 at least one planet 12 10.742 ( 31 ) Lacaille 9352 ( CD − 36 ° 15693 ) 17 M0. 5V 7.34 9.75 23 05 52.0 − 35 ° 51 ′ 11 '' 303.64 ( 087 ) 1753 13 10.919 ( 49 ) Ross 128 ( FI Virginis ) 18 M4. 0Vn 11.13 13.51 11 47 44.4 + 00 ° 48 ′ 16 '' 298.72 ( 135 ) 1925 has one known planet 14 11.089 WISE 1506 + 7027 19 T6 14.3 J 16.6 J 15 06 49.9 + 70 ° 27 ′ 36 '' 310 ( 042 ) 2011 15 11.266 ( 171 ) EZ Aquarii ( Gliese 866 , Luyten 789 - 6 ) EZ Aquarii A 20 M5. 0Ve 13.33 15.64 22 38 33.4 − 15 ° 17 ′ 57 '' 289.50 ( 440 ) 1937 EZ Aquarii B 20 M ? 13.27 15.58 - EZ Aquarii C 20 M ? 14.03 16.34 1995 16 11.402 ( 32 ) Procyon ( α Canis Minoris ) Procyon A 23 F5V -- IV 0.38 2.66 07 39 18.1 + 05 ° 13 ′ 30 '' 286.05 ( 081 ) Procyon B 23 DQZ 10.70 12.98 1844 17 11.403 ( 22 ) 61 Cygni 61 Cygni A ( BD + 38 ° 4343 ) 25 K5. 0V 5.21 7.49 21 06 53.9 + 38 ° 44 ′ 58 '' 286.04 ( 056 ) 1725 first star ( other than the Sun ) to have its distance measured 61 Cygni B ( BD + 38 ° 4344 ) 25 K7. 0V 6.03 8.31 21 06 55.3 + 38 ° 44 ′ 31 '' - 18 11.525 ( 69 ) Struve 2398 ( Gliese 725 , BD + 59 ° 1915 ) Struve 2398 A ( HD 173739 ) 27 M3. 0V 8.90 11.16 18 42 46.7 + 59 ° 37 ′ 49 '' 283.00 ( 169 ) 1835 Struve 2398 B ( HD 173740 ) 27 M3. 5V 9.69 11.95 18 42 46.9 + 59 ° 37 ′ 37 '' 1835 19 11.624 ( 39 ) Groombridge 34 ( Gliese 15 ) Groombridge 34 A ( GX Andromedae ) 29 M1. 5V 8.08 10.32 0 18 22.9 + 44 ° 01 ′ 23 '' 280.59 ( 095 ) 1813 has one planet Groombridge 34 B ( GQ Andromedae ) 29 M3. 5V 11.06 13.30 - 20 11.824 ( 30 ) Epsilon Indi ( CPD − 57 ° 10015 ) Epsilon Indi A 31 K5Ve 4.69 6.89 22 03 21.7 − 56 ° 47 ′ 10 '' 275.84 ( 069 ) 1597 one suspected planet Epsilon Indi Ba 31 T1. 0V 12.3 J 22 04 10.5 − 56 ° 46 ′ 58 '' 2003 Epsilon Indi Bb 31 T6. 0V 13.2 J 2003 21 11.826 ( 129 ) DX Cancri ( G 51 - 15 ) 34 M6. 5Ve 14.78 16.98 08 29 49.5 + 26 ° 46 ′ 37 '' 275.80 ( 300 ) 1972 22 11.887 ( 33 ) Tau Ceti ( BD − 16 ° 295 ) 35 G8Vp 3.49 5.68 01 44 04.1 − 15 ° 56 ′ 15 '' 274.39 ( 076 ) 150 possibly five planets 23 11.991 ( 57 ) GJ 1061 ( LHS 1565 ) 36 M5. 5V 13.09 15.26 03 35 59.7 − 44 ° 30 ′ 45 '' 272.01 ( 130 ) 1995 24 12.068 WISE 0350 − 5658 37 Y1 22.8 J 03 50 00.32 − 56 ° 58 ′ 30.2 '' 291 ( 050 ) 2011 25 12.132 ( 133 ) YZ Ceti ( LHS 138 ) 38 M4. 5V 12.02 14.17 01 12 30.6 − 16 ° 59 ′ 56 '' 268.84 ( 295 ) 1961 has three known planets 26 12.366 ( 59 ) Luyten 's Star ( BD + 05 ° 1668 ) 39 M3. 5Vn 9.86 11.97 07 27 24.5 + 05 ° 13 ′ 33 '' 263.76 ( 125 ) 1935 has two known planets 27 12.514 ( 129 ) Teegarden 's star ( SO025300. 5 + 165258 ) 40 M6. 5V 15.14 17.22 02 53 00.9 + 16 ° 52 ′ 53 '' 260.63 ( 269 ) 2003 possible planetary system 28 12.571 ( 54 ) SCR 1845 - 6357 SCR 1845 - 6357 A 41 M8. 5V 17.39 19.41 18 45 05.3 − 63 ° 57 ′ 48 '' 259.45 ( 111 ) SCR 1845 - 6357 B 41 T6 13.3 J 18 45 02.6 − 63 ° 57 ′ 52 '' 2006 29 12.777 ( 43 ) Kapteyn 's Star ( CD − 45 ° 1841 ) 43 M1. 5V 8.84 10.87 05 11 40.6 − 45 ° 01 ′ 06 '' 255.27 ( 086 ) 1898 has two known planets 30 12.870 ( 57 ) Lacaille 8760 ( AX Microscopii ) 44 M0. 0V 6.67 8.69 21 17 15.3 − 38 ° 52 ′ 03 '' 253.43 ( 112 ) 1753 31 13.0 + 6.0 − 3.1 WISE 0535 − 7500 45 ≥ Y1 > 21.1 J 05 35 16.8 − 75 ° 00 ′ 24.9 '' 250 2012 32 13.149 ( 74 ) Kruger 60 ( BD + 56 ° 2783 ) Kruger 60 A 46 M3. 0V 9.79 11.76 22 27 59.5 + 57 ° 41 ′ 45 '' 248.06 ( 139 ) 1880 Kruger 60 B ( DO Cephei ) 46 M4. 0V 11.41 13.38 1890 ? 33 13.167 ( 82 ) DEN 1048 - 3956 48 M8. 5V 17.39 19.37 10 48 14.7 − 39 ° 56 ′ 06 '' 247.71 ( 155 ) 34 13.259 UGPS 0722 - 05 49 T9 16.52 J 07 22 27.3 -- 05 ° 40 ′ 30 '' 246 35 13.349 ( 110 ) Ross 614 ( V577 Monocerotis , Gliese 234 ) Ross 614A ( LHS 1849 ) 50 M4. 5V 11.15 13.09 06 29 23.4 − 02 ° 48 ′ 50 '' 244.34 ( 201 ) 1927 Ross 614B ( LHS 1850 ) 50 M5. 5V 14.23 16.17 1936 36 13.820 ( 98 ) Wolf 1061 ( Gliese 628 , BD − 12 ° 4523 ) 52 M3. 0V 10.07 11.93 16 30 18.1 − 12 ° 39 ′ 45 '' 236.01 ( 167 ) 1919 potentially three planets , second out in habitable zone 37 14.066 ( 109 ) Van Maanen 's star ( Gliese 35 , LHS 7 ) 53 DZ7 12.38 14.21 00 49 09.9 + 05 ° 23 ′ 19 '' 231.88 ( 179 ) 1896 38 14.231 ( 66 ) Gliese 1 ( CD − 37 ° 15492 ) 54 M1. 5 V 8.55 10.35 00 05 24.4 − 37 ° 21 ′ 27 '' 229.20 ( 107 ) 1884 39 14.312 ( 289 ) Wolf 424 ( FL Virginis , LHS 333 , Gliese 473 ) Wolf 424 A 55 M5. 5Ve 13.18 14.97 12 33 17.2 + 09 ° 01 ′ 15 '' 227.90 ( 460 ) Wolf 424 B 55 M7Ve 13.17 14.96 40 14.4 2MASS J154043. 42 - 510135.7 57 M7V 15.26 17.04 15 40 43.42 − 51 ° 01 ′ 35.7 '' 228 ( 024 ) 2014 41 14.509 ( 187 ) L 1159 - 16 ( TZ Arietis , Gliese 83.1 ) 58 M4. 5V 12.27 14.03 02 00 13.2 + 13 ° 03 ′ 08 '' 224.80 ( 290 ) 42 14.793 ( 55 ) Gliese 687 ( LHS 450 , BD + 68 ° 946 ) 59 M3. 0V 9.17 10.89 17 36 25.9 + 68 ° 20 ′ 21 '' 220.49 ( 082 ) has one known planet 43 14.805 ( 242 ) LHS 292 ( LP 731 - 58 ) 60 M6. 5V 15.60 17.32 10 48 12.6 − 11 ° 20 ′ 14 '' 220.30 ( 360 ) 44 14.809 ( 107 ) Gliese 674 ( LHS 449 ) 61 M3. 0V 9.38 11.09 17 28 39.9 − 46 ° 53 ′ 43 '' 220.25 ( 159 ) has one known planet 45 14.812 ( 67 ) G 208 - 44 G 208 - 45 ( GJ 1245 ) G 208 - 44 A ( V1581 Cyg ) 62 M5. 5V 13.46 15.17 19 53 54.2 + 44 ° 24 ′ 55 '' 220.20 ( 100 ) G 208 - 45 62 M6. 0V 14.01 15.72 19 53 55.2 + 44 ° 24 ′ 56 '' G 208 - 44 B 62 M5. 5 16.75 18.46 19 53 54.2 + 44 ° 24 ′ 55 '' 46 15.060 ( 140 ) LP 145 - 141 ( WD 1142 - 645 , Gliese 440 ) 65 DQ6 11.50 13.18 11 45 42.9 − 64 ° 50 ′ 29 '' 216.57 ( 201 ) 47 15.313 ( 259 ) GJ 1002 66 M5. 5V 13.76 15.40 00 06 43.8 − 07 ° 32 ′ 22 '' 213.00 ( 360 ) 48 15.342 ( 141 ) Gliese 876 ( Ross 780 ) 67 M3. 5V 10.17 11.81 22 53 16.7 − 14 ° 15 ′ 49 '' 212.59 ( 196 ) has four known planets 49 15.610 ( 204 ) LHS 288 ( Luyten 143 - 23 ) 68 M5. 5V 13.90 15.51 10 44 21.2 − 61 ° 12 ′ 36 '' 208.95 ( 273 ) 50 15.832 ( 83 ) Gliese 412 Gliese 412 A 69 M1. 0V 8.77 10.34 11 05 28.6 + 43 ° 31 ′ 36 '' 206.02 ( 108 ) Gliese 412 B ( WX Ursae Majoris ) 69 M5. 5V 14.48 16.05 11 05 30.4 + 43 ° 31 ′ 18 '' 51 15.848 ( 52 ) Groombridge 1618 ( Gliese 380 ) 71 K7. 0V 6.59 8.16 10 11 22.1 + 49 ° 27 ′ 15 '' 205.81 ( 067 ) 52 15.942 ( 218 ) AD Leonis 72 M3. 0V 9.32 10.87 10 19 36.4 + 19 ° 52 ′ 10 '' 204.60 ( 280 ) 53 16.067 DENIS J081730. 0 - 615520 73 T6 13.6 08 17 30.1 − 61 ° 55 ′ 16 '' 203 54 16.085 ( 105 ) Gliese 832 74 M1. 5 V 8.66 10.20 21 33 34.0 − 49 ° 00 ′ 32 '' 202.78 ( 132 ) has two known planets 55 16.197 ( 313 ) DEN 0255 - 4700 75 L7. 5V 22.92 24.44 02 55 03.7 − 47 ° 00 ′ 52 '' 201.37 ( 389 ) 1999 ? 56 16.265 ( 765 ) GJ 1005 GJ 1005 A 76 M4V 11.48 00 15 28.11 − 16 ° 08 ′ 01.6 '' 200.53 ( 941 ) GJ 1005 B 76 ? ? ? # Distance Light - years ( ± err ) System Star Star # Stellar class Apparent magnitude ( m or m ) Absolute magnitude ( M or M ) Right ascension Declination Parallax mas ( ± err ) Discovery date Additional references Designation Epoch J2000. 0 Maps of Nearby stars ( edit ) This map shows all of the star systems within 14 light - years of the Sun ( shown as Sol ) , except for brown dwarfs discovered after 2009 . Double and triple stars are shown `` stacked '' , but the true location is the star closest to the central plane . Color corresponds to the table above . This is a 3D map of the nearest stars using the coordinates listed above . The stars in the front have a right ascension of 18h . An animated version is available here . 3D red green glasses are recommended to view this image correctly . The locations of the four star systems closest to the Sun . Two , a brown dwarf and a free planet were found by the WISE satellite . The year when the distance to each system was determined is listed after the system 's name . Future and past ( edit ) Distances of the nearest stars from 20,000 years ago until 80,000 years in the future Backwards extrapolation of the motion of Gamma Microscopii has shown that approximately 3.8 million years ago , it was only around 6 light - years from the Sun . Because it is a yellow giant , it would then have had an apparent magnitude of − 3 , brighter than Sirius currently is . It is estimated that Scholz 's star and its companion brown dwarf passed about 52,000 astronomical units ( 0.25 parsecs ; 0.82 light - years ) from the Sun about 70,000 years ago . Ross 248 , currently at a distance of 10.3 light - years , has a radial velocity of − 81 km / s . In about 31,000 years it may be the closest star to the Sun for several millennia , with a minimum distance of 0.927 parsecs ( 3.02 light - years ) in 36,000 years . Gliese 445 , currently at a distance of 17.6 light - years , has a radial velocity of − 119 km / s . In about 40,000 years it will be the closest star for a period of several thousand years . Gliese 710 is currently about 63.8 light - years ( 19.6 parsecs ) from Earth , but its proper motion , distance , and radial velocity indicate that it will approach within a very small distance -- perhaps under one light year -- from the Sun within 1.4 million years , based on past and current Hipparcos data . At closest approach it will be a first - magnitude star about as bright as Antares . The proper motion of Gliese 710 is very small for its distance , meaning it is traveling nearly directly in our line of sight . In a time interval of ± 10 million years from the present , Gliese 710 is the star whose combination of mass and close approach distance will cause the greatest gravitational perturbation of the Solar System . HIP 85605 's spectral type and trajectory are not fully understood . More - accurate astrometry is required to determine the distance to the star , and thus if it will pass close to the Sun . It was estimated in 2014 that HIP 85605 could approach to about 0.13 to 0.65 light - years ( 0.04 to 0.2 pc ) from the Sun within 240,000 to 470,000 years . Known Hipparcos stars that have passed or will pass within 5.1 light - years of the Sun within ± 2 million years : Star name HIP # Minimum distance in light - years ( parsecs ) Approach date in kiloyears Current distance in light - years ( parsecs ) Stellar classification Mass in M Current apparent magnitude Constellation Right ascension Declination Gliese 710 89825 0.14 -- 0.27 ly ( 0.043 -- 0.083 pc ) 1340 ! 1320 - 1390 062.3 ! 62.3 ( 19.1 ) K7V 0.4 -- 0.6 09.6 ! 9.6 Serpens 18 19 50.843 − 01 ° 56 ′ 18.98 '' Scholz 's star and companion brown dwarf 0.59 -- 1.17 ly ( 0.18 -- 0.36 pc ) 0.1 ! -- 70 020 ! 20 ( 6 ) M9 + T5 0.15 18.3 ! 18.3 Monoceros 07 20 03.20 − 08 ° 46 ′ 51.2 '' HIP 85605 85605 0.13 -- 0.65 ly ( 0.04 -- 0.2 pc ) ( ? ) 0355 ! 240 -- 470 022.2 ! 22.2 ( 6.8 ) ? K or M 0.4 ! unknown 11.03 ! 11.03 Hercules 17 29 36.24527 24 ° 39 ′ 14.1204 '' Gamma Microscopii 103738 0.35 -- 1.34 ly ( 0.11 -- 0.41 pc ) 0.0001 ! − 3800 229 ! 7002229000000000000 ♠ 229 ± 4 ( 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 ± 1 ) G6III 2.5 04.68 ! 4.68 Microscopium 21 01 17.46047 − 32 ° 15 ′ 27.9574 '' Proxima Centauri 70890 2.90 ( 0.890 ) 0027.4 ! 27.4 004.24 ! 4.24 ( 1.29 ) M5Ve 0.15 11.05 ! 11.05 Centaurus 14 29 42.949 − 62 ° 40 ′ 46.14 '' Alpha Centauri A 71683 2.97 ( 0.910 ) 0028.4 ! 28.4 004.36 ! 4.36 ( 1.338 ) G2V 1.100 - 00.01 ! − 0.01 Centaurus 14 39 36.495 − 60 ° 50 ′ 02.31 '' Alpha Centauri B 71681 2.97 ( 0.910 ) 0028.4 ! 28.4 004.36 ! 4.36 ( 1.338 ) K1V 0.907 01.33 ! 1.33 Centaurus 14 39 35.080 − 60 ° 50 ′ 13.76 '' AC + 79 3888 57544 3.45 ( 1.059 ) 0046.0 ! 46.0 017.6 ! 17.6 ( 5.39 ) M4 0.15 ? 10.8 ! 10.8 Camelopardalis 11 47 41.377 + 78 ° 41 ′ 28.18 '' Barnard 's Star 87937 3.74 ( 1.148 ) 0009.8 ! 9.8 005.98 ! 5.98 ( 1.834 ) sdM4 0.144 09.54 ! 9.54 Ophiuchus 17 57 48.498 + 04 ° 41 ′ 36.25 '' Zeta Leporis 27288 4.16 ( 1.275 ) 0.001 ! − 861 070.2 ! 70.2 ( 21.5 ) A2Vann 2.0 03.55 ! 3.55 Lepus 05 46 57.341 − 14 ° 49 ′ 19.02 '' Lalande 21185 54035 4.65 ( 1.426 ) 0020.5 ! 20.5 008.32 ! 8.32 ( 2.55 ) M2V 0.39 07.52 ! 7.52 Ursa Major 11 03 20.194 + 35 ° 58 ′ 11.55 '' Gliese 208 26335 5.01 ( 1.537 ) 0.01 ! − 500 037.1 ! 37.1 ( 11.38 ) K7 0.47 08.9 ! 8.9 Orion 05 36 30.991 + 11 ° 19 ′ 40.32 '' The distance to HIP 85605 was probably underestimated by a factor of ten due to it being an optical double that is particularly problematic in the Hipparcos data reduction . See also ( edit ) Book : The Nearest Stars Interstellar travel List of brightest stars List of star systems within 20 -- 25 light - years List of star systems within 25 -- 30 light - years List of nearest bright stars List of nearest exoplanets List of nearest galaxies Lists of stars Nearby Stars Database Stars and planetary systems in fiction The Magnificent Seven List of Solar System objects by greatest aphelion List of trans - Neptunian objects Star portal Astronomy portal Solar System portal Space portal Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Parallaxes given by RECONS are a weighted mean of values in the sources given , as well as measurements by the RECONS program . Jump up ^ Before 1900 : earliest certain recorded observation . 1900 -- 1930 : first catalogued . After 1930 : earliest trigonometric or spectroscopic parallax . ^ Jump up to : Systems with their first accurate trigonometric parallaxes measured by RECONS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weaver , Harold F. ( 1947 ) . `` The Visibility of Stars Without Optical Aid '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 59 ( 350 ) : 232 -- 243 . Bibcode : 1947PASP ... 59 ... 232W . doi : 10.1086 / 125956 . ^ Jump up to : `` The One Hundred Nearest Star Systems '' . Research Consortium on Nearby Stars ( RECONS ) . Georgia State University . September 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : From parallax . ^ Jump up to : General Catalogue of Trigonometric Parallaxes . ^ Jump up to : Hipparcos Catalogue . ^ Jump up to : Visual binary orbits and masses post Hipparcos , Staffan Söderhjelm , Astronomy and Astrophysics 341 ( January 1999 ) , pp. 121 -- 140 . Jump up ^ `` The exoplanet next door : Earth - sized world discovered in nearby α Centauri star system '' . Eric Hand , Nature , October 16 , 2012 . Accessed October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnard , E.E. ( 1916 ) . `` A small star with large proper motion '' . Astronomical Journal . 29 ( 695 ) : 181 . Bibcode : 1916AJ ... 29 ... 181B . doi : 10.1086 / 104156 . ^ Jump up to : Luhman , K.L. `` Discovery of a Binary Brown Dwarf at 2 Parsecs from the Sun '' ( PDF ) . The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 767 : L1 . arXiv : 1303.2401 . Bibcode : 2013ApJ ... 767L ... 1L . doi : 10.1088 / 2041 - 8205 / 767 / 1 / L1 . Jump up ^ Boffin , H.M.J. ; Pourbaix , D. ; Muzic , K. ; Ivanov , V.D. ; Kurtev , R. ; Beletsky , Y. ; Mehner , A. ; Berger , J.P. ; Girard , J.H. ; Mawet , D. ( 2013 ) . `` Possible astrometric discovery of a substellar companion to the closest binary brown dwarf system WISE J104915. 57 - 531906.1 '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 561 : L4 . arXiv : 1312.1303 . Bibcode : 2014A&A ... 561L ... 4B . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201322975 . Jump up ^ Luhman , K.L. ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Discovery of a ~ 250 K Brown Dwarf at 2 pc from the Sun '' . The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 786 ( 2 ) : L18 . arXiv : 1404.6501 . Bibcode : 2014ApJ ... 786L ... 18L . doi : 10.1088 / 2041 - 8205 / 786 / 2 / L18 . Jump up ^ `` The LCES HIRES / Keck Precision Radial Velocity Exoplanet Survey '' . Butler et al. ( 2017 ) Jump up ^ Janson , M. ; et al. ( September 2008 ) , `` A comprehensive examination of the ε Eridani system . Verification of a 4 micron narrow - band high - contrast imaging approach for planet searches '' , Astronomy and Astrophysics , 488 ( 2 ) : 771 -- 780 , arXiv : 0807.0301 , Bibcode : 2008A&A ... 488 ... 771J , doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 200809984 Jump up ^ ESO . `` A temperate exo - Earth around a quiet M dwarf at 3.4 parsecs '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marsh , Kenneth A. ; Wright , Edward L. ; Kirkpatrick , J. Davy ; Gelino , Christopher R. ; Cushing , Michael C. ; Griffith , Roger L. ; Skrutskie , Michael F. ; Eisenhardt , Peter R. ( 2013 ) . `` Parallaxes and Proper Motions of Ultracool Brown Dwarfs of Spectral Types Y and Late T '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 762 ( 2 ) : 119 . arXiv : 1211.6977 . Bibcode : 2013ApJ ... 762 ... 119M . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 762 / 2 / 119 . Jump up ^ Bessel , F.W. ( 1839 ) . `` Bestimmung der Entfernung des 61sten Sterns des Schwans . Von Herrn Geheimen - Rath und Ritter Bessel '' . Astronomische Nachrichten ( in German ) . 16 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 65 . Bibcode : 1839AN ... 16 ... 65B . doi : 10.1002 / asna. 18390160502 . ( page 92 ) Ich bin daher der Meinung , daß nur die jährliche Parallaxe = 0 `` 3136 als das Resultat der bisherigen Beobachtungen zu betrachten ist A parallax of 313.6 mas yields a distance of 10.4 light years Jump up ^ `` The NASA - UC - UH Eta - Earth Program : IV . A Low - mass Planet Orbiting an M Dwarf 3.6 PC from Earth '' . Andrew W. Howard , Geoffrey W. Marcy , Debra A. Fischer , Howard Isaacson , Philip S. Muirhead , Gregory W. Henry , Tabetha S. Boyajian , Kaspar von Braun , Juliette C. Becker , Jason T. Wright , John Asher Johnson . Accessed August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zechmeister , M. ; Kürster , M ; Endl , M. ; Lo Curto , G. ; Hartman , H. ; Nilsson , H. ; Henning , T. ; Hatzes , A. ; Cochran , W.D. ( April 2013 ) . `` The planet search programme at the ESO CES and HARPS. IV . The search for Jupiter analogues around solar - like stars '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 552 : 62 . arXiv : 1211.7263 . Bibcode : 2013A&A ... 552A ... 78Z . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201116551 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Gelino , Davy Kirkpatrick , Adam Burgasser . `` DwarfArchives.org : Photometry , spectroscopy , and astrometry of M , L , and T dwarfs '' . caltech.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ( main page ) Jump up ^ Henry , Todd J. ; Ianna , Philip A. ; Kirkpatrick , J. Davy ; Jahreiss , Hartmut ( July 1997 ) . `` The solar neighborhood IV : discovery of the twentieth nearest star '' . The Astronomical Journal . 114 ( 1 ) : 388 -- 395 . Bibcode : 1997AJ ... 114 ... 388H . doi : 10.1086 / 118482 . ^ Jump up to : Henry , Todd J. ; Jao , Wei - Chun ; Subasavage , John P. ; Beaulieu , Thomas D. ; Ianna , Philip A. ; Costa , Edgardo ; Méndez , René A. ( December 2006 ) . `` The Solar Neighborhood . XVII . Parallax Results from the CTIOPI 0.9 m Program : 20 New Members of the RECONS 10 Parsec Sample '' . The Astronomical Journal . 132 ( 6 ) : 2360 -- 2371 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0608230 . Bibcode : 2006AJ ... 132.2360 H . doi : 10.1086 / 508233 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkpatrick , J. Davy ; Gelino ; Cushing ; Mace ; Griffith ; Skrutskie ; Marsh ; Wright ; Eisenhardt ; McLean ; Mainzer ; Burgasser ; Tinney ; Parker ; Salter ( 2012 ) . `` Further Defining Spectral Type `` Y '' and Exploring the Low - mass End of the Field Brown Dwarf mass Function `` . The Astrophysical Journal . 753 : 156 . arXiv : 1205.2122 v1 ( astro-ph.SR ) . Bibcode : 2012ApJ ... 753 ... 156K . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 753 / 2 / 156 . Jump up ^ `` The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XLII . A system of Earth - mass planets around the nearby M dwarf YZ Cet '' . N. Astudillo - Defru1 , R.F. Díaz , X . Bonfils , J.M. Almenara , J. - B. Delisle , F. Bouchy , X . Delfosse , T. Forveille , C. Lovis , M. Mayor , F. Murgas , F. Pepe , N.C. Santos , D. Ségransan , S. Udry , A. Wünsche ( August 10 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XLI . A dozen planets around the M dwarfs GJ 3138 , GJ 3323 , GJ 273 , GJ 628 , and GJ 3293 '' . N. Astudillo - Defru , T. Forveille , X . Bonfils , D. Ségransan , F. Bouchy , X . Delfosse , C. Lovis , M. Mayor , F. Murgas , F. Pepe , N.C. Santos , S. Udry , A. Wunsche ( March 15 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Barnes , J.R. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` ROPS : A New Search for Habitable Earths in the Southern Sky '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 424 ( 1 ) : 591 -- 604 . arXiv : 1204.6283 . Bibcode : 2012MNRAS. 424 ... 591B . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2012. 21236. x . Jump up ^ The very nearby M / T dwarf binary SCR 1845 - 6357 , Markus Kasper , Beth A. Biller , Adam Burrows , Wolfgang Brandner , Jano Budaj , and Laird M. Close , Astronomy and Astrophysics 471 , # 2 ( August 2007 ) , pp. 655 -- 659 . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20077881 Jump up ^ Guillem Anglada - Escudé ; Pamela Arriagada ; Mikko Tuomi ; Mathias Zechmeister ; James S. Jenkins ; Aviv Ofir ; Stefan Dreizler ; Enrico Gerlach ; Chris J. Marvin ; Ansgar Reiners ; Sandra V. Jeffers ; R. Paul Butler ; Steven S. Vogt ; Pedro J. Amado ; Cristina Rodríguez - López ; Zaira M. Berdiñas ; Julian Morin ; Jeff D. Crane ; Stephen A. Shectman ; Ian B. Thompson ; Matías Díaz ; Eugenio Rivera ; Luis F. Sarmiento ; Hugh R.A. Jones ( 2014 ) . `` Two planets around Kapteyn 's star : a cold and a temperate super-Earth orbiting the nearest halo red - dwarf '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society : Letters. 443 : L89 -- L93 . arXiv : 1406.0818 v1 ( astro - ph. EP ) . Bibcode : 2014MNRAS. 443L ... 89A . doi : 10.1093 / mnrasl / slu076 . Jump up ^ The Solar Neighborhood . XIII . Parallax Results from the CTIOPI 0.9 Meter Program : Stars with μ > = 1.0 '' yr ( Motion sample ) , Wei - Chun Jao , Todd J. Henry , John P. Subasavage , Misty A. Brown , Philip A. Ianna , Jennifer L. Bartlett , Edgardo Costa , René A. Méndez , The Astronomical Journal 129 , # 4 ( April 2005 ) , pp. 1954 -- 1967 . doi : 10.1086 / 428489 ^ Jump up to : The Solar Neighborhood . XIV . Parallaxes from the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory Parallax Investigation -- First Results from the 1.5 m Telescope Program , Edgardo Costa , René A. Méndez , W. - C. Jao , Todd J. Henry , John P. Subasavage , Misty A. Brown , Philip A. Ianna , and Jennifer Bartlett , The Astronomical Journal 130 , # 1 ( July 2005 ) , pp. 337 -- 349 . doi : 10.1086 / 430473 Jump up ^ Lucas ; Tinney ; Ben Burningham ; Leggett ; Pinfield ; Richard Smart ; Jones ; Federico Marocco ; Barber ( 2010 ) . `` The discovery of a very cool , very nearby brown dwarf in the Galactic plane '' . arXiv : 1004.0317 v2 ( astro-ph.SR ) . Jump up ^ Lucas , Philip W. ; Tinney ; Burningham ; Leggett ; Pinfield ; Smart ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Discovery of a very cool brown dwarf amongst the ten nearest stars to the Solar System '' . arXiv : 1004.0317 v1 ( astro-ph.SR ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Nearby star hosts closest alien planet in the ' habitable zone ' '' . Phys.org . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . The planet , more than four times the mass of the Earth , is one of three that the team detected around a red dwarf star called Wolf 1061 . Jump up ^ Perez - Garrido , A. ; Lodieu , N. ; Bejar , V.J.S. ; Ruiz , M.T. ; Gauza , B. ; Rebolo , R. ; Zapatero Osorio , M.R. ( 2014 ) . `` 2MASS J154043. 42 - 510135.7 : a new addition to the 5 pc population '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 567 : A6 . arXiv : 1405.5439 . Bibcode : 2014A&A ... 567A ... 6P . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201423615 . Jump up ^ The Lick -- Carnegie exoplanet survey : Gliese 687 b : A Neptune - mass planet orbiting a nearby red dwarf Jump up ^ `` The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia -- Catalog Listing '' . Jump up ^ Rivera , Eugenio J. ; et al. ( July 2010 ) . `` The Lick - Carnegie Exoplanet Survey : A Uranus - mass Fourth Planet for GJ 876 in an Extrasolar Laplace Configuration '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 719 ( 1 ) : 890 -- 899 . arXiv : 1006.4244 . Bibcode : 2010ApJ ... 719 ... 890R . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 719 / 1 / 890 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Jeremy ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` A Jupiter - like Planet Orbiting the Nearby M Dwarf GJ832 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 690 ( 1 ) : 743 -- 747 . arXiv : 0809.0172 . Bibcode : 2009ApJ ... 690 ... 743B . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 690 / 1 / 743 . Jump up ^ Wittenmyer , R.A. ; Tuomi , Mikko ; Butler , R.P. ; Jones , H.R.A. ; Anglada - Escude , Guillem ; Horner , Jonathan ; Tinney , C.G. ; Marshall , J.P. ; Carter , B.D. ; Bailey , J. ; Salter , G.S. ; O'Toole , S.J. ; Wright , D. ; Crane , J.D. ; Schectman , S.A. ; Arriagada , P. ; Thompson , I. ; Minniti , D. ; Jenkins , J.S. ; Diaz , M. ( 2014 ) . `` GJ 832c : A super-earth in the habitable zone '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 791 ( 2 ) : 114 . arXiv : 1406.5587 . Bibcode : 2014ApJ ... 791 ... 114W . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 791 / 2 / 114 . ^ Jump up to : `` G 158 - 50 - SIMBAD '' . SIMBAD . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Research : Closest known flyby of star to our solar system : Dim star passed through Oort Cloud 70,000 years ago '' . Science Daily . February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Matthews , R.A.J. ( 1994 ) . `` The Close Approach of Stars in the Solar Neighborhood '' . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society . 35 : 1 . Bibcode : 1994QJRAS ... 35 ... 1M . Jump up ^ See also : Stellar kinematics . ^ Jump up to : Table 3 , Bobylev , Vadim V. ( March 2010 ) . `` Searching for Stars Closely Encountering with the Solar System '' . Astronomy Letters. 36 ( 3 ) : 220 -- 226 . arXiv : 1003.2160 . Bibcode : 2010AstL ... 36 ... 220B . doi : 10.1134 / S1063773710030060 . ^ Jump up to : Coryn A.L. Bailer - Jones ( 2015 ) . `` Close encounters of the stellar kind '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 575 : A35 . arXiv : 1412.3648 . Bibcode : 2015A&A ... 575A ... 35B . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201425221 . Jump up ^ `` HIP 85605 '' . Strasbourg astronomical Data Center . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A Family Portrait of the Alpha Centauri System ( eso0307 ) , European Southern Observatory . 15 March 2003 . Accessed online 24 January 2011 . External links ( edit ) `` The 100 nearest star systems '' , Research Consortium on Nearby Stars `` NStars database '' . Northern Arizona University . Retrieved 2005 - 10 - 24 . Nemiroff , R. ; Bonnell , J. , eds . ( March 18 , 2001 ) . `` Map of the 25 nearest star systems '' . Astronomy Picture of the Day . NASA . Retrieved 2005 - 10 - 24 . `` Notable Nearby Stars '' . SolStation . Retrieved 2005 - 10 - 24 . `` Cool stars in the solar Neighbourhood '' . D. Montes , UCM . Retrieved 2005 - 11 - 14 . The dynamics of the closest stars Takeda , G. ; E.B. Ford ; A. Sills ; F.A. Rasio ; D.A. Fischer ; J.A. Valenti ( 2006 ) . `` Structure and Evolution of Nearby Stars with Planets II . Physical Properties of ~ 1000 Cool Stars from the SPOCS Catalog '' . California & Carnegie Planet Search . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 13 . Nearest Stars 3D View Table 4 `` The Census of Stars and Brown Dwarfs within 8 Parsecs of the Sun '' in Kirkpatrick et al. ( 2012 ) Further Defining Spectral Type `` Y '' and Exploring the Low - mass End of the Field Brown Dwarf Mass Function , http://arxiv.org/pdf/1205.2122v1.pdf http://phl.upr.edu/projects/nearby-stars-catalog Star Formation Accretion Molecular cloud Bok globule Young stellar object Protostar Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be Orion T Tauri FU Orionis Herbig -- Haro object Hayashi track Henyey track Evolution Main sequence Red giant branch Horizontal branch Red clump Asymptotic giant branch Protoplanetary nebula Planetary nebula PG1159 star Dredge - up Instability strip Luminous blue variable Blue straggler Stellar population Supernova Supernova impostor Hypernova Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram Color -- color diagram Luminosity class Subdwarf Dwarf Blue Red White Yellow Brown Subgiant Giant Blue Red Bright giant Supergiant Blue Red Yellow Hypergiant Yellow Spectral classification WR Be OB Subdwarf O Subdwarf B Late - type Chemically peculiar Am Ap / Bp Barium Carbon CH CN Extreme helium Lambda Boötis Lead HgMn Technetium Shell Remnants White dwarf Helium planet Neutron star Radio - quiet Pulsar Binary X-ray Magnetar Stellar black hole X-ray binary Burster Theoretical stars Black dwarf Exotic Quark Strange Preon Planck Electroweak star Dark - matter star Dark - energy star Black star Gravastar Frozen star Q star Quasi-star Thorne -- Żytkow object Iron star Blitzar Nucleosynthesis Deuterium burning Lithium burning Proton -- proton chain CNO cycle Helium flash Triple - alpha process Alpha process Carbon burning Neon burning Oxygen burning Silicon burning S - process R - process Fusor Nova Symbiotic Remnant Luminous red nova Structure Core Convection zone Microturbulence Oscillations Radiation zone Atmosphere Photosphere Starspot Chromosphere Corona Stellar wind Bubble Bipolar outflow Accretion disk Asteroseismology Helioseismology Eddington luminosity Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Properties Designation Dynamics Effective temperature Kinematics Magnetic field Absolute magnitude Mass Metallicity Rotation UBV color Variable star Mira variable Star systems Binary Contact Common envelope Eclipsing Multiple Star cluster Open cluster Globular cluster Super star cluster Planetary system Earth 's Solar System Earth - centric observation of Pole star Circumpolar star Constellation Asterism Magnitude Apparent Extinction Photographic Radial velocity Proper motion Parallax Photometric - standard star Lists Star names Arabic Chinese Extremes Most massive Highest temperature Largest volume Smallest volume Brightest Historical Most luminous Nearest Nearest bright Stars with exoplanets Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Milky Way novae Notable supernovae Supernova candidates Supernova remnants Planetary nebulae Timeline of stellar astronomy Related articles Substellar object Brown dwarf Sub-brown dwarf Planet Galactic year Galaxy Supercluster Guest star Gravity Intergalactic star Infrared dark cloud Starfield Category : Stars Star portal Known celestial objects within 20 light - years Primary member type Celestial objects by systems . Secondary members are listed in small print . 0 -- 5 ly → Main - sequence stars G - type Sun ( 0 ly ) rest of Solar System α Cen ( 4.366 ± 0.007 ly ) K - type main - sequence star B red dwarf C ( Proxima Centauri ) ( 4.2430 ± 0.0017 ly ) planet b ← 5 -- 10 ly → Main - sequence stars A-type Sirius ( α CMa ) ( 8.60 ± 0.04 ly ) white dwarf B M - type ( red dwarfs ) Barnard 's Star ( 5.980 ± 0.003 ly ) Wolf 359 ( 7.856 ± 0.031 ly ) Lalande 21185 ( 8.307 ± 0.014 ly ) L 726 - 8 ( 8.73 ± 0.06 ly ) red dwarf UV Cet Ross 154 ( 9.60 ± 0.05 ly ) Brown dwarfs L - type Luhman 16 ( 6.59 ± 0.06 ly ) T - type brown dwarf B Sub-brown dwarfs and rogue planets Y - type WISE 0855 − 0714 ( 7.27 ± 0.13 ly ) ← 10 -- 15 ly → Subgiant stars F - type Procyon ( α CMi ) ( 11.41 + 0.04 − 0.03 ly ) white dwarf B Main - sequence stars G - type τ Cet ( 11.905 ± 0.007 ly ) 5 ? planets : b d f K - type ε Eri ( 10.475 ± 0.003 ly ) 1 ( 2 ? ) planets : b c ? 61 Cyg ( 11.409 ± 0.022 ly ) K - type main - sequence star B ε Ind ( 11.815 ± 0.012 ly ) 2 T - type brown dwarfs : Ba Bb 1 ? planets M - type ( red dwarfs ) Ross 248 ( 10.298 ± 0.023 ly ) Lac 9352 ( 10.685 + 0.025 − 0.024 ly ) Ross 128 ( 10.94 ± 0.06 ly ) EZ Aqr ( 11.08 ± 0.13 ly ) 2 red dwarfs : B Σ 2398 ( 11.40 ± 0.07 ly ) red dwarf B Gmb 34 ( 11.70 ± 0.03 ly ) red dwarf B planet Ab SIPS 1259 - 4336 ( 11.8 + 2.1 − 1.5 ly ) DX Cnc ( 11.83 ± 0.13 ly ) Gliese 1061 ( 12.04 ± 0.06 ly ) YZ Cet ( 12.20 ± 0.14 ly ) Luyten 's Star ( 12.20 ± 0.04 ly ) Kapteyn 's Star ( 12.78 ± 0.04 ly ) 1 ( 2 ? ) planets : b Lac 8760 ( 12.87 ± 0.04 ly ) Kruger 60 ( 13.18 ± 0.08 ly ) red dwarf B Ross 614 ( 13.36 ± 0.04 ly ) red dwarf B Wolf 1061 ( 14.0 ± 0.1 ly ) 3 planets : b d Wolf 424 ( 14.05 + 0.27 − 0.26 ly ) red dwarf B GJ 1 ( 14.15 ± 0.06 ly ) TZ Ari ( 14.51 + 0.19 − 0.18 ly ) LHS 292 ( 14.76 ± 0.24 ly ) GJ 687 ( 14.77 ± 0.06 ly ) planet b GJ 674 ( 14.81 + 0.10 − 0.09 ly ) planet b G 208 - 44 ( 14.81 ± 0.07 ly ) 2 red dwarfs : B G 208 - 45 Degenerate stars White dwarfs van Maanen 2 ( 14.03 + 0.12 − 0.11 ly ) Brown dwarfs M - type SCR 1845 - 6357 ( 12.57 ± 0.05 ly ) T - type brown dwarf B Teegarden 's star ( 12.58 ± 0.05 ly ) DEN 1048 − 3956 ( 13.15 ± 0.03 ly ) 2M1540 ( 14.3 + 1.7 − 1.4 ly ) T - type WISE 1506 + 7027 ( 11.1 + 2.3 − 1.3 ly ) UGPS 0722 - 05 ( 13.43 ± 0.13 ly ) Y - type WISE 0350 − 5658 ( 12.1 + 5.2 − 1.3 ly ) ← 15 -- 20 ly Subgiant stars G - type δ Pav ( 19.923 ± 0.021 ly ) Main - sequence stars A-type Altair ( α Aql ) ( 16.73 ± 0.05 ly ) G - type σ Dra ( 18.769 ± 0.019 ly ) η Cas ( 19.42 ± 0.06 ly ) K - type main - sequence star B e ( 82 G . ) Eri ( 19.711 ± 0.023 ly ) 3 planets : b d K - type Groombridge 1618 ( 15.89 ± 0.04 ly ) ο2 ( 40 ) Eri ( 16.257 ± 0.019 ly ) white dwarf B red dwarf C 70 Oph ( 16.58 ± 0.07 ly ) K - type main - sequence star B GJ 570 ( 19.05 + 0.11 − 0.10 ly ) 2 red dwarfs : B T - type brown dwarf D 36 Oph ( 19.35 ± 0.06 ly ) 2 K - type main - sequence stars : B HR 7703 ( 19.62 ± 0.03 ly ) red dwarf B M - type ( red dwarfs ) GJ 876 ( 15.198 ± 0.014 ly ) 4 ( 6 ? ) planets : d f ? g ? LHS 288 ( 15.61 + 0.21 − 0.20 ly ) GJ 1002 ( 15.74 + 0.24 − 0.23 ly ) GJ 412 ( 15.81 ± 0.08 ly ) red dwarf B AD Leo ( 16.00 ± 0.22 ly ) GJ 832 ( 16.16 ± 0.08 ly ) 2 planets : c EV Lac ( 16.37 ± 0.08 ly ) GJ 682 ( 16.56 ± 0.18 ly ) 2 planets : b GJ 3379 ( 16.85 ± 0.16 ly ) G 9 - 38 ( 17.05 + 0.23 − 0.22 ly ) red dwarf B LHS 1723 ( 17.29 ± 0.07 ly ) GJ 445 ( 17.58 + 0.14 − 0.13 ly ) GJ 526 ( 17.73 ± 0.10 ly ) Stein 2051 ( 18.06 ± 0.08 ly ) white dwarf B GJ 251 ( 18.22 ± 0.16 ly ) GJ 205 ( 18.45 ± 0.12 ly ) LP 816 - 60 ( 18.6 ± 0.4 ly ) GJ 229 ( 18.77 ± 0.11 ly ) T - type brown dwarf B 1 ? planets : Ab ? GJ 693 ( 18.95 + 0.25 − 0.24 ly ) Ross 47 ( 18.99 ± 0.12 ly ) GJ 752 ( 19.05 ± 0.08 ly ) red dwarf B ( vB 10 ) GJ 754 ( 19.30 ± 0.18 ly ) TYC 3980 - 1081 - 1 ( 19.3 ± 4.3 ly ) GJ 588 ( 19.34 ± 0.15 ly ) YZ CMi ( 19.43 + 0.27 − 0.26 ly ) GJ 908 ( 19.50 ± 0.14 ly ) GJ 1005 ( 19.58 ± 0.09 ly ) red dwarf B 2MASS J05332802 - 4257205 ( ~ 19.6 ly ) 2MASS J18450079 - 1409036 ( ~ 19.6 ly ) red dwarf B Scholz 's star ( 19.60 + 0.40 − 0.28 ly ) T - type brown dwarf B GJ 268 ( 19.74 ± 0.25 ly ) red dwarf B Degenerate stars White dwarfs LP 145 - 141 ( 15.11 ± 0.09 ly ) G 240 - 72 ( 19.80 + 0.29 − 0.28 ly ) Brown dwarfs M - type 2MASS 1835 + 3259 ( 18.48 ± 0.05 ly ) L - type DEN 0255 - 4700 ( 16.20 + 0.32 − 0.31 ly ) T - type DEN 0817 - 6155 ( 16.1 + 1.1 − 1.0 ly ) WISE J0521 + 1025 ( 16.3 ± 4.2 ly ) 2MASS 0939 - 2448 ( 17.4 ± 0.4 ly ) T - type brown dwarf B WISE 1741 + 2553 ( 18.1 + 1.6 − 1.4 ly ) 2MASS 1114 - 2618 ( 18.20 ± 0.14 ly ) 2MASS 0415 - 0935 ( 18.62 ± 0.18 ly ) WISE J2000 + 3629 ( 19.4 ± 6.7 ly ) 2MASS 0937 + 2931 ( 19.96 + 0.22 − 0.21 ly ) Y - type WISE 1639 - 6847 ( 16.12 + 0.25 − 0.24 ly ) WISE 0359 − 5401 ( 19.2 + 4.2 − 2.6 ly ) Sub-brown dwarfs and rogue planets Y - type WISE 1541 − 2250 ( 18.6 ± 0.5 ly ) Italic are systems without known trigonometric parallax . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_nearest_stars_and_brown_dwarfs&oldid=810525178 '' Categories : Lists of stars Local Bubble Lists of superlatives in astronomy Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from December 2015 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 20 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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About Wikipedia	which is the nearest star to earth after sun	[ "\n\n#\nDistance[3]\nLight-years (±err)\nDesignation\nStellar class\nApparent magnitude (mV or mJ)\nAbsolute magnitude (MV or MJ)\nEpoch J2000.0\nParallax[2][note 1]\nmas (±err)\nDiscovery date[note 2]\nNotes and additional\nreferences\n\nSystem\nStar\nStar #\nRight ascension[2]\nDeclination[2]\n\n\n\n\n0\nSolar System\nSun\n\nG2V[2]\n−26.74[2]\n4.85[2]\n—\n—\n—\n—\nhas eight known planets\n\n\n1\n4.2421(16)\nAlpha Centauri\n(Rigil Kentaurus)\nProxima Centauri (V645 Centauri)\n1\nM5.5Ve\n11.09[2]\n15.53[2]\n14h 29m 43.0s\n−62° 40′ 46″\n768.87(029)[4][5]\n1915\nhas one known planet\n\n\n4.3650(68)\nα Centauri A (HD 128620)\n2\nG2V[2]\n0.01[2]\n4.38[2]\n14h 39m 36.5s\n−60° 50′ 02″\n747.23(117)[4][6]\n\n\n\n\nα Centauri B (HD 128621)\n2\nK1V[2]\n1.34[2]\n5.71[2]\n14h 39m 35.1s\n−60° 50′ 14″\n1689\nhas two suspected planets (b & c)[7]\n\n\n2\n5.9630(109)\nBarnard's Star (BD+04°3561a)\n4\nM4.0Ve\n9.53[2]\n13.22[2]\n17h 57m 48.5s\n+04° 41′ 36″\n546.98(1 00)[4][5]\n1916\nlargest known proper motion[8]\n\n\n3\n6.59(7)\nLuhman 16\n(WISE 1049−5319)\nLuhman 16A\n5\nL8±1[9]\n10.7 J\n14.2 J\n10h 49m 15.57s\n−53° 19′ 06″\n495 (5)[9]\n2013\nhas one suspected planet[10]\n\n\nLuhman 16B\n5\nT1±2[9]\n\n\n\n\n4\n7.2(6)[11]\nWISE 0855−0714\n7\nY\n\n\n08h 55m 10.83s\n−07° 14′ 42.5″\n\n2014\nsub-brown dwarf\n\n\n5\n7.7825(390)\nWolf 359 (CN Leonis)\n8\nM6.0V[2]\n13.44[2]\n16.55[2]\n10h 56m 29.2s\n+07° 00′ 53″\n419.10(210)[4]\n1919\n\n\n\n6\n8.2905(148)\nLalande 21185 (BD+36°2147)\n9\nM2.0V[2]\n7.47[2]\n10.44[2]\n11h 03m 20.2s\n+35° 58′ 12″\n393.42(070)[4][5]\n1801\nhas one suspected planet[12]\n\n\n7\n8.5828(289)\nSirius\n(α Canis Majoris)\nSirius A\n10\nA1V[2]\n−1.46[2]\n1.42[2]\n06h 45m 08.9s\n−16° 42′ 58″\n380.02(128)[4][5]\n\nbrightest star in the night sky\n\n\nSirius B\n10\nDA2[2]\n8.44[2]\n11.34[2]\n1844\n\n\n8\n8.7280(631)\nLuyten 726-8\nLuyten 726-8 A (BL Ceti)\n12\nM5.5Ve\n12.54[2]\n15.40[2]\n01h 39m 01.3s\n−17° 57′ 01″\n373.70(270)[4]\n1949\n\n\n\nLuyten 726-8 B (UV Ceti)\n12\nM6.0Ve\n12.99[2]\n15.85[2]\n\n\n9\n9.6813(512)\nRoss 154 (V1216 Sagittarii)\n14\nM3.5Ve\n10.43[2]\n13.07[2]\n18h 49m 49.4s\n−23° 50′ 10″\n336.90(178)[4][5]\n1925\n\n\n\n10\n10.322(36)\nRoss 248 (HH Andromedae)\n15\nM5.5Ve\n12.29[2]\n14.79[2]\n23h 41m 54.7s\n+44° 10′ 30″\n316.00(110)[4]\n1925\n\n\n\n11\n10.522(27)\nEpsilon Eridani (BD−09°697)\n16\nK2V[2]\n3.73[2]\n6.19[2]\n03h 32m 55.8s\n−09° 27′ 30″\n309.99(079)[4][5]\n150\nat least one planet[13]\n\n\n12\n10.742(31)\nLacaille 9352 (CD−36°15693)\n17\nM0.5V\n7.34[2]\n9.75[2]\n23h 05m 52.0s\n−35° 51′ 11″\n303.64(087)[4][5]\n1753\n\n\n\n13\n10.919(49)\nRoss 128 (FI Virginis)\n18\nM4.0Vn\n11.13[2]\n13.51[2]\n11h 47m 44.4s\n+00° 48′ 16″\n298.72(135)[4][5]\n1925\nhas one known planet [14]\n\n\n14\n11.089[15]\nWISE 1506+7027\n19\nT6\n14.3 J\n16.6 J\n15h 06m 49.9s\n+70° 27′ 36″\n310(042)[15]\n2011\n\n\n\n15\n11.266(171)\nEZ Aquarii\n(Gliese 866, Luyten 789-6)\nEZ Aquarii A\n20\nM5.0Ve\n13.33[2]\n15.64[2]\n22h 38m 33.4s\n−15° 17′ 57″\n289.50(440)[4]\n1937\n\n\n\nEZ Aquarii B\n20\nM?\n13.27[2]\n15.58[2]\n-\n\n\nEZ Aquarii C\n20\nM?\n14.03[2]\n16.34[2]\n1995\n\n\n16\n11.402(32)\nProcyon\n(α Canis Minoris)\nProcyon A\n23\nF5V–IV[2]\n0.38[2]\n2.66[2]\n07h 39m 18.1s\n+05° 13′ 30″\n286.05(081)[4][5]\n\n\n\n\nProcyon B\n23\nDQZ[2]\n10.70[2]\n12.98[2]\n1844\n\n\n17\n11.403(22)\n61 Cygni\n61 Cygni A (BD+38°4343)\n25\nK5.0V[2]\n5.21[2]\n7.49[2]\n21h 06m 53.9s\n+38° 44′ 58″\n286.04(056)[4][5]\n1725\nfirst star (other than the Sun) to have its distance measured[16]\n\n\n61 Cygni B (BD+38°4344)\n25\nK7.0V[2]\n6.03[2]\n8.31[2]\n21h 06m 55.3s\n+38° 44′ 31″\n-\n\n\n18\n11.525(69)\nStruve 2398\n(Gliese 725, BD+59°1915)\nStruve 2398 A (HD 173739)\n27\nM3.0V[2]\n8.90[2]\n11.16[2]\n18h 42m 46.7s\n+59° 37′ 49″\n283.00(169)[4][5]\n1835\n\n\n\nStruve 2398 B (HD 173740)\n27\nM3.5V[2]\n9.69[2]\n11.95[2]\n18h 42m 46.9s\n+59° 37′ 37″\n1835\n\n\n19\n11.624(39)\nGroombridge 34\n(Gliese 15)\nGroombridge 34 A (GX Andromedae)\n29\nM1.5V[2]\n8.08[2]\n10.32[2]\n0h 18m 22.9s\n+44° 01′ 23″\n280.59(095)[4][5]\n1813\nhas one planet[17]\n\n\nGroombridge 34 B (GQ Andromedae)\n29\nM3.5V[2]\n11.06[2]\n13.30[2]\n-\n\n\n\n20\n11.824(30)\nEpsilon Indi\n(CPD−57°10015)\nEpsilon Indi A\n31\nK5Ve[2]\n4.69[2]\n6.89[2]\n22h 03m 21.7s\n−56° 47′ 10″\n275.84(069)[4][5]\n1597\none suspected planet[18]\n\n\nEpsilon Indi Ba\n31\nT1.0V\n12.3 J[19]\n\n22h 04m 10.5s\n−56° 46′ 58″\n2003\n\n\n\nEpsilon Indi Bb\n31\nT6.0V\n13.2 J[19]\n\n2003\n\n\n\n21\n11.826(129)\nDX Cancri (G 51-15)\n34\nM6.5Ve\n14.78[2]\n16.98[2]\n08h 29m 49.5s\n+26° 46′ 37″\n275.80(300)[4]\n1972\n\n\n\n22\n11.887(33)\nTau Ceti (BD−16°295)\n35\nG8Vp[2]\n3.49[2]\n5.68[2]\n01h 44m 04.1s\n−15° 56′ 15″\n274.39(076)[4][5]\n150\npossibly five planets\n\n\n23\n11.991(57)\nGJ 1061 (LHS 1565)\n36\nM5.5V[2]\n13.09[2]\n15.26[2]\n03h 35m 59.7s\n−44° 30′ 45″\n272.01(130)[note 3]\n1995\n[20][21]\n\n\n24\n12.068[15]\nWISE 0350−5658\n37\nY1\n22.8 J[22]\n\n03h 50m 00.32s\n−56° 58′ 30.2″\n291(050)[15]\n2011\n\n\n\n25\n12.132(133)\nYZ Ceti (LHS 138)\n38\nM4.5V[2]\n12.02[2]\n14.17[2]\n01h 12m 30.6s\n−16° 59′ 56″\n268.84(295)[4][5]\n1961\nhas three known planets[23]\n\n\n26\n12.366(59)\nLuyten's Star (BD+05°1668)\n39\nM3.5Vn\n9.86[2]\n11.97[2]\n07h 27m 24.5s\n+05° 13′ 33″\n263.76(125)[4][5]\n1935\nhas two known planets[24]\n\n\n27\n12.514(129)\nTeegarden's star (SO025300.5+165258)\n40\nM6.5V\n15.14[2]\n17.22[2]\n02h 53m 00.9s\n+16° 52′ 53″\n260.63(269)[note 3]\n2003\npossible planetary system[21][25]\n\n\n28\n12.571(54)\nSCR 1845-6357\nSCR 1845-6357 A\n41\nM8.5V[2]\n17.39\n19.41\n18h 45m 05.3s\n−63° 57′ 48″\n259.45(111)[note 3]\n2004\n[21]\n\n\nSCR 1845-6357 B\n41\nT6[26]\n13.3 J[19]\n\n18h 45m 02.6s\n−63° 57′ 52″\n2006\n\n\n29\n12.777(43)\nKapteyn's Star (CD−45°1841)\n43\nM1.5V[2]\n8.84[2]\n10.87[2]\n05h 11m 40.6s\n−45° 01′ 06″\n255.27(086)[4][5]\n1898\nhas two known planets[27]\n\n\n30\n12.870(57)\nLacaille 8760 (AX Microscopii)\n44\nM0.0V[2]\n6.67[2]\n8.69[2]\n21h 17m 15.3s\n−38° 52′ 03″\n253.43(112)[4][5]\n1753\n\n\n\n31\n13.0+6.0\n−3.1\nWISE 0535−7500\n45\n≥Y1\n>21.1 J[15]\n\n05h 35m 16.8s\n−75° 00′ 24.9″\n250[15]\n2012\n\n\n\n32\n13.149(74)\nKruger 60\n(BD+56°2783)\nKruger 60 A\n46\nM3.0V[2]\n9.79[2]\n11.76[2]\n22h 27m 59.5s\n+57° 41′ 45″\n248.06(139)[4][6]\n1880\n\n\n\nKruger 60 B (DO Cephei)\n46\nM4.0V[2]\n11.41[2]\n13.38[2]\n1890?\n\n\n33\n13.167(82)\nDEN 1048-3956\n48\nM8.5V[2]\n17.39[2]\n19.37[2]\n10h 48m 14.7s\n−39° 56′ 06″\n247.71(155)[note 3]\n2001\n[28][29]\n\n\n34\n13.259\nUGPS 0722-05\n49\nT9[2]\n16.52 J[30]\n\n07h 22m 27.3s\n–05° 40′ 30″\n246\n2010\n[31]\n\n\n35\n13.349(110)\nRoss 614\n(V577 Monocerotis, Gliese 234)\nRoss 614A (LHS 1849)\n50\nM4.5V[2]\n11.15[2]\n13.09[2]\n06h 29m 23.4s\n−02° 48′ 50″\n244.34(201)[4][6]\n1927\n\n\n\nRoss 614B (LHS 1850)\n50\nM5.5V\n14.23[2]\n16.17[2]\n1936\n\n\n36\n13.820(98)\nWolf 1061 (Gliese 628, BD−12°4523)\n52\nM3.0V[2]\n10.07[2]\n11.93[2]\n16h 30m 18.1s\n−12° 39′ 45″\n236.01(167)[4][5]\n1919\npotentially three planets, second out in habitable zone[32]\n\n\n37\n14.066(109)\nVan Maanen's star (Gliese 35, LHS 7)\n53\nDZ7[2]\n12.38[2]\n14.21[2]\n00h 49m 09.9s\n+05° 23′ 19″\n231.88(179)[4][5]\n1896\n\n\n\n38\n14.231(66)\nGliese 1 (CD−37°15492)\n54\nM1.5 V [2]\n8.55[2]\n10.35[2]\n00h 05m 24.4s\n−37° 21′ 27″\n229.20(107)[4][5]\n1884\n\n\n\n39\n14.312(289)\nWolf 424\n(FL Virginis, LHS 333, Gliese 473)\nWolf 424 A\n55\nM5.5Ve\n13.18[2]\n14.97[2]\n12h 33m 17.2s\n+09° 01′ 15″\n227.90(460)[4]\n\n\n\n\nWolf 424 B\n55\nM7Ve\n13.17[2]\n14.96[2]\n\n\n\n40\n14.4\n2MASS J154043.42-510135.7\n57\nM7V\n15.26\n17.04\n15h 40m 43.42s\n−51° 01′ 35.7″\n228(024)\n2014\n[33]\n\n\n41\n14.509(187)\nL 1159-16 (TZ Arietis, Gliese 83.1)\n58\nM4.5V[2]\n12.27[2]\n14.03[2]\n02h 00m 13.2s\n+13° 03′ 08″\n224.80(290)[4]\n\n\n\n\n42\n14.793(55)\nGliese 687 (LHS 450, BD+68°946)\n59\nM3.0V[2]\n9.17[2]\n10.89[2]\n17h 36m 25.9s\n+68° 20′ 21″\n220.49(082)[4][5]\n\nhas one known planet[34]\n\n\n43\n14.805(242)\nLHS 292 (LP 731-58)\n60\nM6.5V[2]\n15.60[2]\n17.32[2]\n10h 48m 12.6s\n−11° 20′ 14″\n220.30(360)[4]\n\n\n\n\n44\n14.809(107)\nGliese 674 (LHS 449)\n61\nM3.0V[2]\n9.38[2]\n11.09[2]\n17h 28m 39.9s\n−46° 53′ 43″\n220.25(159)[4][5]\n\nhas one known planet[35]\n\n\n45\n14.812(67)\nG 208-44\nG 208-45\n(GJ 1245)\nG 208-44 A (V1581 Cyg)\n62\nM5.5V[2]\n13.46[2]\n15.17[2]\n19h 53m 54.2s\n+44° 24′ 55″\n220.20(100)[4]\n\n\n\n\nG 208-45\n62\nM6.0V[2]\n14.01[2]\n15.72[2]\n19h 53m 55.2s\n+44° 24′ 56″\n\n\n\nG 208-44 B\n62\nM5.5\n16.75[2]\n18.46[2]\n19h 53m 54.2s\n+44° 24′ 55″\n\n\n\n46\n15.060(140)\nLP 145-141 (WD 1142-645, Gliese 440)\n65\nDQ6[2]\n11.50[2]\n13.18[2]\n11h 45m 42.9s\n−64° 50′ 29″\n216.57(201)[4][5]\n\n\n\n\n47\n15.313(259)\nGJ 1002\n66\nM5.5V[2]\n13.76[2]\n15.40[2]\n00h 06m 43.8s\n−07° 32′ 22″\n213.00(360)[4]\n\n\n\n\n48\n15.342(141)\nGliese 876 (Ross 780)\n67\nM3.5V[2]\n10.17[2]\n11.81[2]\n22h 53m 16.7s\n−14° 15′ 49″\n212.59(196)[4][5]\n\nhas four known planets[36]\n\n\n49\n15.610(204)\nLHS 288 (Luyten 143-23)\n68\nM5.5V[2]\n13.90[2]\n15.51[2]\n10h 44m 21.2s\n−61° 12′ 36″\n208.95(273)[note 3]\n\n[21]\n\n\n50\n15.832(83)\nGliese 412\nGliese 412 A\n69\nM1.0V[2]\n8.77[2]\n10.34[2]\n11h 05m 28.6s\n+43° 31′ 36″\n206.02(108)[4][5]\n\n\n\n\nGliese 412 B (WX Ursae Majoris)\n69\nM5.5V[2]\n14.48[2]\n16.05[2]\n11h 05m 30.4s\n+43° 31′ 18″\n\n\n\n51\n15.848(52)\nGroombridge 1618 (Gliese 380)\n71\nK7.0V[2]\n6.59[2]\n8.16[2]\n10h 11m 22.1s\n+49° 27′ 15″\n205.81(067)[4][5]\n\n\n\n\n52\n15.942(218)\nAD Leonis\n72\nM3.0V[2]\n9.32[2]\n10.87[2]\n10h 19m 36.4s\n+19° 52′ 10″\n204.60(280)[4]\n\n\n\n\n53\n16.067[22]\nDENIS J081730.0-615520\n73\nT6\n13.6\n\n08h 17m 30.1s\n−61° 55′ 16″\n203 [22]\n2010\n\n\n\n54\n16.085(105)\nGliese 832\n74\nM1.5 V[2]\n8.66[2]\n10.20[2]\n21h 33m 34.0s\n−49° 00′ 32″\n202.78(132)[4][5]\n\nhas two known planets[37][38]\n\n\n55\n16.197(313)\nDEN 0255-4700\n75\nL7.5V[2]\n22.92[2]\n24.44[2]\n02h 55m 03.7s\n−47° 00′ 52″\n201.37(389)[note 3]\n1999?\n[29]\n\n\n56\n16.265(765)\nGJ 1005\nGJ 1005 A\n76\nM4V[39]\n11.48[39]\n\n00h 15m 28.11s\n−16° 08′ 01.6″\n200.53(941)[39]\n\n\n\n\nGJ 1005 B\n76\n ?\n ?\n ?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n#\nDistance[3]\nLight-years (±err)\nSystem\nStar\nStar #\nStellar class\nApparent magnitude (mV or mJ)\nAbsolute magnitude (MV or MJ)\nRight ascension[2]\nDeclination[2]\nParallax[2][note 1]\nmas (±err)\nDiscovery date\nAdditional\nreferences\n\nDesignation\nEpoch J2000.0\n" ]	[ "Proxima Centauri" ]
-3223271450149228060	Voltron: Legendary Defender	Voltron : Legendary Defender - wikipedia Voltron : Legendary Defender Jump to : navigation , search Voltron : Legendary Defender Genre Action / Adventure Comedy - drama Mecha Science fantasy Based on Beast King GoLion by Toei Animation Voltron : Defender of the Universe by World Events Productions Voices of Josh Keaton Steven Yeun Jeremy Shada Bex Taylor - Klaus Tyler Labine Kimberly Brooks Rhys Darby Neil Kaplan Cree Summer A.J. Locascio Opening theme Alex Geringas Composer ( s ) Brad Breeck Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 45 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Joaquim Dos Santos Lauren Montgomery Ted Koplar Bob Koplar Yoo Jae Myung Producer ( s ) Choi Goun Kim Young Hyun Kim Seul Ki Lee Soo Kyung Running time 23 minutes 69 minutes ( The Rise of Voltron ) Production company ( s ) Studio Mir ( animation ) World Events Productions DreamWorks Animation Television Distributor Netflix NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network Netflix Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release June 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by Voltron Voltron : Fleet of Doom Voltron : The Third Dimension Voltron Force External links Website Voltron : Legendary Defender is an animated web television series produced by American companies DreamWorks Animation and World Events Productions and animated by South Korean Studio Mir . It is a reboot of Japanese anime series Beast King GoLion and the Voltron franchise , and its animation is a mix of anime - influenced traditional animation for characters and background and CGI for Voltron action sequences . Voltron : Legendary Defender is set in a science fiction universe where planetary energy called `` quintessence '' can be used to power vehicles and magic . The series follows the adventures of the Paladins of Voltron who must learn to work together to form the giant robot Voltron and use it to defeat the evil Galra Empire . The first season premiered on Netflix on June 10 , 2016 , and consisted of 13 episodes . The series has a 78 - episode commitment from Netflix . It has been released globally in United States , Canada , United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , Ireland , France , Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Scandinavia , Benelux Union and Latin America . The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20 , 2017 , and consisted of 13 episodes . The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4 , 2017 , and consisted of 7 episodes while the fourth season premiered on October 13 , 2017 , and consisted of 6 episodes . The fifth season premiered on March 2 , 2018 , and consists of six episodes . The sixth season will premiere on June 15 , 2018 and will consist of seven episodes . The series ' success has spawned several comics , action figures , and other toys . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 6 Comics 6.1 Volume 1 ( 2016 ) 6.2 Volume 2 ( 2017 ) 6.3 Volume 3 ( 2018 ) 7 International broadcast 8 Home media 9 Promotion and merchandising 10 References 11 External links Overview ( edit ) For millennia , the evil Galra Empire has plagued the universe by destroying other civilizations and enslaving various races . The only known threat strong enough against the empire 's power and plans is the legendary `` Defender of the Universe '' Voltron , a 100 - meter tall robot warrior composed of five lion mechas whose pilots are known as the Paladins . At the crux of the war that ended with the destruction of planet Altea , Voltron was separated by King Alfor of Altea in order to protect Voltron from falling into the Galran Emperor Zarkon 's possession . King Alfor bonded the five lion 's energies to his daughter Allura 's life force and sent them across the universe to different locations until the time for the next generation of Paladins to appear and pilot Voltron arrived . Princess Allura , her retainer Coran , and the Altean Castle of Lions were hidden on planet Arus along with the Black Lion . In the present , the Galra Empire 's path of conquest and search for Voltron has led them to Earth 's solar system . A group of space pilots -- Shiro , Keith , Lance , Pidge , and Hunk -- discover the Blue Lion and immediately get swept up into the Galran War . They meet Princess Allura , become Paladins , and reunite the five lions to form Voltron to combat Emperor Zarkon 's nefarious schemes , with the hopes of ultimately defeating the entire Galra Empire . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Voltron characters Main ( edit ) Josh Keaton as Takashi `` Shiro '' Shirogane - The Black Paladin , the pilot of the Black Lion and Guardian Spirit of Sky . The Leader of the Defenders of the Universe , Shiro was captured by the Galra Empire a year before the start of the series during which he was given a weaponized prosthetic right arm . A natural , decisive leader , Shiro is calm and always in control . At the end of season two , Shiro reclaims his personal bayard weapon from Zarkon that enables them to defeat him , but Shiro mysteriously vanishes afterwards . In season three , it is revealed he was teleported to a Galra ship , as he ended up on one before escaping and was eventually found by the team . After finding that the Black Lion no longer accepts him as its true paladin , he continues to aid the team by providing guidance and support to them from the Castle of the Lions . At the start of season four , Shiro manages to re-establish his bond with the Black Lion when Keith was absent during an intense battle . In season five , he has become an unwitting mole of Haggar , who can see through his eyes to keep an eye on Lotor . Steven Yeun as Keith - The Red Paladin , the pilot of the Red Lion and Guardian Spirit of Fire . Formerly a cadet at Galaxy Garrison academy before being expelled , Keith is an orphan and a lone wolf as a result . Sullen and temperamental , Keith spends his free time honing his skills for battle . In season two , Keith discovers he has Galra blood , apparently from his maternal side of the family . The revelation comes from a knife which associated him with a secret rebel group of the Galra called the `` Blade of Marmora , '' but also ends up straining Allura 's trust in him for a while . Due to Shiro 's absence , Keith takes over as the head of Voltron as the new pilot of the Black Lion in season three . At the start of season four , Keith officially steps down as the leader of Voltron , handing the position back to Shiro so that he can continue to work with the Blade of Marmora . At the end of season five , Keith is reunited with the Galra who is his mother . Jeremy Shada as Lance - The Blue Paladin , the pilot of the Blue Lion and Guardian Spirit of Water . Lance was the fighter pilot of his team at Galaxy Garrison academy . Cocky and confident , Lance is the comic relief of the Defenders and likes to think of himself as a ladies ' man as well as the sharpshooter . Lance has maintained a one - sided rivalry with Keith from when the two were at the Galaxy Garrison together , but the two have shown to be an effective team . Lance takes over piloting the Red Lion in season three . Bex Taylor - Klaus as Katie `` Pidge '' Holt - The Green Paladin , the pilot of the Green Lion and Guardian Spirit of Forest . Katie disguised herself as a boy named Pidge Gunderson to get into Galaxy Garrison academy to find out what happened to her father and brother who disappeared whilst on the same mission which Shiro was captured on . A technical genius , Pidge is the smartest member of the team able to create specialist modifications for the Green Lion such as a cloaking device ( which only lasts thirty seconds ) and she re-purposed a Galran drone to work for her , naming it Rover , who later sacrifice itself to protect her . During her time as a Paladin , she eventually rescues her family and while her brother , Matt keeps fighting for the alliance , her father returns to Earth to warn the Galaxy Garrison about the war against the Galra . Tyler Labine as Hunk - The Yellow Paladin , the pilot of the Yellow Lion and Guardian Spirit of Land . Hunk was the engineer of his team at Galaxy Garrison academy . A gentle giant with an equally large appetite , Hunk is the heart of the team , lifting them up and making peace between them . After witnessing first hand the devastation and misery that Zarkon 's conquest of the universe has brought upon the people of various worlds , Hunk is determined to free those enslaved . Kimberly Brooks as Princess Allura - Crown Princess of Altea , the daughter of King Alfor , Allura is the last known female Altean . Pilot and keeper of the Castle of Lions , a structure that is both a castle and a spaceship , Allura granted the Defenders their titles and sent them on their mission to defeat Zarkon and liberate the universe . Allura wishes more than anything to finish her father 's work in stopping Zarkon . In season three , she becomes the new pilot of the Blue Lion as the Pink Paladin . As an Altean , Allura 's abilities include the chameleon - like ability to blend in with other species and magical abilities related to quintessence . She has a telepathic bond with some Altean mice that had ended up in the same cryo - pod that she was hibernating inside of . Rhys Darby as Coran - The Royal advisor to Princess Allura 's family and the last known male Altean . Energetic and excitable , Coran serves Allura dutifully whilst being fiercely protective of her . He tends to ramble on and on about his past , particularly about his supposedly daring feats or past experiences . Despite his odd and quirky character , he is a reliable and steadfast ally to his princess and the Paladins . Neil Kaplan as Emperor Zarkon - The Emperor of the ruthless Galra Empire , and the ruler of most of the known universe after spending the last ten thousand years conquering it . He desires the Lions of Voltron , not only because they represent the biggest threat to his campaign , but because he is later revealed to be the former Black Paladin . As such , he views the Lions as his own property rather than seeing himself as a former chosen one to pilot the Black Lion . He is powerful enough to go toe - to - toe directly with the Lions themselves . At the end of season two , Zarkon faces Voltron and the Paladins in an experimental mecha armor and is defeated but left in critical condition , unconscious and requiring life - support . By the end of season three , his history is fully revealed and Haggar successfully reawakens him and he starts a manhunt for Lotor . In season five , Lotor seems to have killed him in a duel to the death , and he is declared dead by the empire . Cree Summer as Witch Haggar - Zarkon 's primary advisor , and leader of the Druids , dark mystics who fanatically serve the Galra Empire . Haggar is both a dangerous sorceress and a mad scientist . She combines her unnatural magic with abominable science to arm Galra soldiers with powerful weapons , create terrible monsters ( dubbed `` Ro - beasts '' in the second season ) to fight Voltron , and leech all manner of living things , including entire planets , of the mystical energy known as Quintessence for the Galra to use in their conquest of the universe . In battle , her magical abilities allow her to teleport , cast illusions , fog the minds of others with hallucinations , and use her hands to project energy blasts and shields . Haggar is revealed to be Altean in the second - season finale , and after Zarkon 's defeat , orders the remaining Galran commanders to summon their lord 's son , Prince Lotor . By the end of season three , she is revealed to be Honerva , an Altean alchemist and wife to Zarkon before both of them were corrupted by dark creatures , that are linked to Voltron 's origins , ten thousand years ago . Haggar seemed to have lost her memory of her former life , only recently discovering this knowledge with her magic and using it to gradually recover the rest of her memories , learning that Prince Lotor is her own son . A.J. Locascio as Prince Lotor - The son of Zarkon and Honerva ( Witch Haggar ) and heir to the Galra Empire , who assumes control of the Galra following his father 's defeat . Lotor follows a different philosophy than other Galra , believing that strength comes from bringing in worthy followers from the worlds they conquer rather than expending further resources to keep them subjugated . He has a personal all - female strike team consisting of individuals who are , like himself , only half - Galra . During his leadership of the Galra , he ignores matters that he deems a waste of time . It is eventually revealed that he has been working on his own plans to obtain Quintessence , and as a result , Zarkon declares him an outlaw . At the end of season 4 , he provides assistance to the Paladins , saving them from an ambush by Haggar and offers an alliance with them . In season 5 , Lotor defeats his father in a fight to the death and assumes control of the Empire , while forming an alliance with the Paladins and dealing with insurgents who question his authority . Production ( edit ) On January 5 , 2016 , Netflix and DreamWorks Animation announced a new original animated Voltron series to debut in 2016 as an expansion of their existing multi-year agreement . Voltron is one of several series planned for initial development and debut in 2016 , including Guillermo del Toro 's animated Trollhunters . Lauren Montgomery and Joaquim Dos Santos , both known for their work on the Avatar : The Last Airbender and its sequel The Legend of Korra , served as showrunners while fellow crew member Tim Hedrick served as head writer . On March 25 , 2016 , at WonderCon it was announced that the voice cast would consist of Steven Yeun as Keith , Jeremy Shada as Lance , Bex Taylor - Klaus as Pidge , Josh Keaton as Shiro , Tyler Labine as Hunk , Kimberly Brooks as Princess Allura ; and Rhys Darby as Coran and Neil Kaplan as King Zarkon . Cree Summer later confirmed that she would be voicing Witch Haggar . It was announced at San Diego Comic - Con that season two will premiere on Netflix in late 2016 . A few months later , at New York Comic Con , it was announced that the second season will premiere on January 20 , 2017 . The second season saw a special premiere at the New York Comic Con in October 7 , 2016 , where an episode was shown at the Voltron panel . The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20 , 2017 , and consisted of 13 episodes . The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4 , 2017 , and consisted of 7 episodes . The fourth season premiered on October 2017 , and consisted of 6 episodes . The series was revealed at WonderCon 2017 to have a 78 - episode commitment from Netflix . The fifth season premiered on March 2 , 2018 , and consisted of 6 episodes . The sixth season is set to release June 15 , 2018 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Voltron : Legendary Defender episodes Season Episodes Originally released First aired 13 June 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) 13 January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 7 August 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 04 ) 6 October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 5 6 March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 6 7 June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) Reception ( edit ) Voltron : Legendary Defender has received critical acclaim . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating for the first season , based on 11 reviews , with Critic Consensus being that `` Voltron : Legendary Defender honors its source material with beautifully expressive animation and impactful action . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Status Ref . 2017 44th Annie Awards Best / Animated TV Broadcast Production For Children 's Audience Episode : `` Return of the Gladiator '' Nominated Kidscreen Awards Best Animated Series , Teens and Tweens Voltron : Legendary Defender Nominated IGN 's Best of 2016 Awards Best Animated Series Voltron : Legendary Defender Nominated 6th Annual BTVA Awards BTVA People 's Choice Award for Best Vocal Ensemble in a New Television Series Voltron : Legendary Defender Won Best Male Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series Jeremy Shada ( Lance ) Nominated Best Female Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series Kimberly Brooks ( Allura ) Won Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role Neil Kaplan ( Emperor Zarkon ) Won BTVA People 's Choice Award for Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role Neil Kaplan ( Emperor Zarkon ) Won IGN 's Best of 2017 Awards Best Animated Series Voltron : Legendary Defender Nominated 2018 Kidscreen Awards Best Animated Series , Teens and Tweens Voltron : Legendary Defender Nominated Comics ( edit ) Three comic series detailing events happening in between seasons were announced in January 2016 . Taking story ideas that were deemed too outlandish and too epic to be contained in a 23 - minute episode from the animated series , these comic series bridges the time lapse between seasons . Volume 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The first miniseries consisted of 5 issues , published by Lion Forge Comics . It was written by show head writer Tim Hedrick and Mitch Iverson , and illustrated by Digital Art Chefs . A special cover variant of issue # 1 was available at San Diego Comic - Con in 2016 , with a limited release of 250 copies . Issue # 2 was released on August 2 , 2016 , followed by issue # 3 on October 5 , 2016 , issue # 4 on November 9 , 2016 , and issue # 5 on November 20 , 2016 . The whole series will be collected in a graphic novel and was initially scheduled for a December 2016 release , but got pushed back to January 3 , 2017 , then was finally released January 25 , 2017 , according to Lion Forge . The second series will be announced after the release of the graphic novel . A motion comic of issue 1 with full voice acting by the series cast was released on June 15 , 2017 , at the DreamWorksTV YouTube channel . Issue Release Date Writer ( s ) Artist ( s ) Collection ISBN # 1 July 13 , 2016 Tim Hedrick Mitch Iverson Digital Art Chefs Voltron : Legendary Defender -- Volume 1 RELEASED JANUARY 25 , 2017 9781941302217 # 2 August 24 , 2016 # 3 October 5 , 2016 # 4 November 9 , 2016 # 5 November 30 , 2016 Volume 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) During the Voltron : Legendary Defender panel at WonderCon 2017 , it was announced that the second series of five issues would debut in May 2017 . The date was pushed back to late June due to production delays. , however the date was pushed back on October 4 , 2017 where was published where lssue 2 and 3 was published on the same day , November 1 , 2017 and issue 4 was published on November 15 , 2017 , lssue 5 was published on December 13 , 2017 , the Vol. 2 Trade Paperback was published on January 31 , 2018 . Volume 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Volume 3 is set to debut on July 11 , 2018 . International broadcast ( edit ) Country Channel United Kingdom Netflix Google Play Pop Italy K2 Germany Netflix Super RTL Philippines Netflix TV5 Asia DreamWorks Channel Canada Family Chrgd Netflix Australia Netflix ABC Me Hungary Minimax Home media ( edit ) A DVD collection of all episodes from seasons one and two will be released on DVD on June 12 , 2018 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment . It is also scheduled for DVD releases in the UK , Italy , and Germany . Promotion and merchandising ( edit ) To promote the series in between the release of season 1 and 2 , a Robeast fanart contest was announced via social media on October 18 , 2016 . The winner was announced on December 27 , 2016 on social media under the username `` Zilla B '' . A virtual - reality video game based on the series , known as Voltron VR Chronicles , was released for Steam , Oculus and PlayStation 4 via PlayStation Network . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender '' . Netflix Media Center . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Voltron Online Netflix '' . www.netflix.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Voltron : Legendary Defender announces season 2 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kelley , Shamus ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` Voltron Season 3 Confirmed '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Voltron : Legendary Defender ' Season 5 Release Date Revealed '' . TV Shows . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` New Trailer for `` Voltron Legendary Defender '' Season 5 , Streaming Starting March 2 , 2018 `` . Toonzone . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ' Voltron ' Season 6 Release Date Confirmed ! '' . Collider . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 1 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Playmates Voltron Legendary Defender 14 '' Electronic Voltron `` . Voltron.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix and DreamWorks Animation Expand Global Relationship '' . Netflix Media Center . January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix And DreamWorks Are Working On An Animated Reboot Of ' Voltron ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks and Netflix reveal Voltron : Legendary Defender animated series showrunners '' . Nerd Reactor . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , By . `` WonderCon : Netflix 's Voltron Animated Series - Release Date Set , Voice Cast Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cree Summer will voice Haggar the Witch '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Jevon ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Voltron : Legendary Defender ' gets a second season on Netflix '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas . `` DreamWorks Animation and Netflix Head to New York Comic - Con '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Season 4 '' . Dreamworks . July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' Leads Annie Awards Nominations '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` And the 2017 Kidscreen Awards winners are ... '' . February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best Animated Series - Best of 2016 Awards - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 BTVA Voice Acting Awards '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Best Animated Series - Best of 2017 Awards - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` And the 2018 Kidscreen Awards go to ... '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voltron Legendary Defender Graphic Novel initial date '' . Dreamworks . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic SDCC Cover Variant '' . Comicsalliance.com . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Issue # 2 Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Issue # 3 Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Issue # 4 Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Issue # 5 Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Trade Paper Back Release Date '' . Lionforge . January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender -- Volume 1 Trade Paperback Release Date '' . Lionforge . January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( MOTION COMIC ) Shakedown at the Fripping Bulgogian DREAMWORKS VOLTRON LEGENDARY DEFENDER ( Motion comic ) . DreamWorksTV . June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 2 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 3 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 4 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 5 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender -- Comic Series 2 Announcement '' . Lionforge. April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Series 2 new Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VOLTRON LEGENDARY DEFENDER VOL 3 # 1 CVR A YAMASHIN ( MAY181839 ) '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender - ' Seasons 1 & 2 ' of the Current Show are Soaring to DVD Soon ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Robeast contest announcement '' . Voltron.com . October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robeast contest announcement '' . Voltron.com . December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is season 6 of voltron coming out	[ "The first season premiered on Netflix on June 10, 2016, and consisted of 13 episodes. The series has a 78-episode commitment from Netflix. It has been released globally in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Scandinavia, Benelux Union and Latin America.[1][2] The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20, 2017, and consisted of 13 episodes.[3] The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4, 2017, and consisted of 7 episodes while the fourth season premiered on October 13, 2017, and consisted of 6 episodes.[4] The fifth season premiered on March 2, 2018, and consists of six episodes.[5][6] The sixth season will premiere on June 15, 2018 and will consist of seven episodes.[7] The series' success has spawned several comics,[8] action figures, and other toys.[9]" ]	[ "June 15, 2018" ]
-4226420259456570604	Sweetener (album)	Sweetener ( album ) - wikipedia Sweetener ( album ) 2018 studio album by Ariana Grande Sweetener Studio album by Ariana Grande Released August 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 17 ) Studio Various ( show ) Glenwood Place ( Burbank , California ) Jungle City and Germano ( New York City ) Chalice , Conway and East West ( Hollywood , California ) MXM and The Lunchtable ( Los Angeles , California ) Midnight Blue and South Beach ( Miami , Florida ) MXM and Wolf Cousins ( Stockholm , Sweden ) District 4 - 12 ( Northridge , California ) Genre Pop R&B trap Length 47 : 25 Label Republic Producer Ariana Grande ( exec. ) Scooter Braun ( exec . ) Charles Anderson Brian Malik Baptiste Tommy Brown Michael Foster Hit - Boy Ilya Max Martin Pharrell Williams Ariana Grande chronology The Best ( 2017 ) Sweetener ( 2018 ) Singles from Sweetener `` No Tears Left to Cry '' Released : April 20 , 2018 `` God Is a Woman '' Released : July 13 , 2018 `` Breathin '' Released : September 18 , 2018 Sweetener is the fourth studio album by American singer Ariana Grande . It was released on August 17 , 2018 , through Republic Records . The album is the follow - up to her 2016 studio album , Dangerous Woman , and features guest appearances from Pharrell Williams , Nicki Minaj and Missy Elliott . The lead single , `` No Tears Left to Cry '' , was released on April 20 , 2018 , and debuted at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 . `` The Light Is Coming '' , featuring Minaj , was released as a promotional single on June 20 , 2018 , along with the pre-order of the album . `` God Is a Woman '' was released as the second single on July 13 , 2018 , and peaked at number 8 . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , becoming her third to reach the top position in the country . It also topped several international album charts , including in Australia , Belgium , Canada , Ireland , Italy , New Zealand , Norway , Portugal , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 2.1 Music and lyrics 2.2 Songs and lyrical content 3 Promotion 4 Singles 4.1 Promotional singles 5 Critical reception 6 Commercial performance 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 9 Charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 References Background On November 13 , 2016 , Grande stated on Snapchat that she had finished her fourth album . She later clarified by saying , `` I did n't mean to make an album , and I do n't know if it 's done at all , but I just have a bunch of songs that I really really like . I 've been working a lot and have been creating and feeling inspired . '' In December 2017 , she confirmed that she was still working on the album . Grande 's manager Scooter Braun told Variety that the album has a more mature sound : `` It 's time for ( Ariana ) to sing the songs that define her ... Whitney , Mariah , Adele -- when they sing , that 's their song . Ariana has big vocal moments ; it 's time for her song . '' Pharrell Williams told Los Angeles Times : `` The things that ( Ariana ) has to say on this album , it 's pretty next - level . '' Producers Max Martin and Savan Kotecha were later confirmed to have collaborated with Grande in the album . On December 28 , 2017 , Grande shared several pictures of her in the studio throughout the year . The following week , Grande shared a snippet from the album on her Instagram , which was later revealed to be a track titled `` Get Well Soon '' . On April 16 , 2018 , it was reported that Grande may move up the lead single release to April 20 , 2018 , due to labelmate Post Malone 's album being released on April 27 . On April 17 , 2018 , Grande announced that the album 's lead single , `` No Tears Left to Cry '' , would be released on April 20 , 2018 . On The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , Grande announced that her album would be called Sweetener . She said the meaning behind the title is `` It 's kind of about like bringing light to a situation , or to someone 's life , or somebody else who brings light to your life , or sweetening the situation . '' A May 2018 cover article in Time magazine by Sam Lansky notes that , for the first time with this album , Grande `` took the lead on writing '' . In late May 2018 , she announced that the album would feature 15 tracks and three collaborations , which are Missy Elliott , Nicki Minaj and Pharrell Williams . In early June 2018 , Grande announced at Wango Tango that the album would be available for pre-order on June 20 , and `` The Light Is Coming '' would be released along with it . The second single , `` God Is a Woman '' , was initially scheduled to be released on July 20 , 2018 , however , she later moved the release forward a week to July 13 . Prior to the album 's release , Spencer Kornhaber of The Atlantic commented that the first three singles from the album `` sparked with a sense of defiance and rattled mortality ... ( a ) trifecta of pseudo-spiritualism and sneaky innovation ... Grande 's music and videos radiate ( intoxicating , unworried confidence ) '' . Composition Music and lyrics `` It 's definitely more personal . You know , I feel like ' Dangerous Woman ' was a grown - up ' My Everything , ' and this is a grown - up ' Yours Truly . ' '' -- Ariana Grande on the album 's sound . Sweetener consists mostly of pop , R&B , and trap songs that include elements of house , funk , neo soul and hip hop music on its beats and productions . The melodies and harmonies on the album are diverse and include uptempo songs and many different down tempo sentimental ballads . It explores a diversity of other music genres , including tropical house , EDM , synthpop and minimalist urban influences . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic stated that the album `` deepens the R&B inclinations of 2016 's Dangerous Woman . '' In an interview with Zach Sang she said : `` Listen , the thing that I love most about this project sonically , is that all I really did was sing in my sweet lower register '' . Songs and lyrical content The album begins with 38 - second a cappella intro , `` Raindrops ( An Angel Cried ) '' , written by Bob Gaudio and performed by The Four Seasons . The song is known to completely show Grande 's vocals . `` Blazed '' is a high tempo funk - influenced song . It features vocals and background vocals by Pharrell Williams , who also produced the track . She first admitted the name of the song on her Twitter account . Lyrically , it is about `` loving someone and being with them . '' `` The Light Is Coming '' merges hip hop and R&B elements . Grande sings the lyrics `` The light is coming / to give back everything the darkness stole '' . Which is sung over a `` jittery beat '' that is used with quick drums and synths . It samples a CNN archive clip of a man who is shouting at former senator Arlen Specter at a town hall meeting in Pennsylvania in 2009 concerning healthcare ( `` You would n't let anybody speak for this and instead ! '' ) . Israel Daramola described the song as a `` glitchy , thumping '' dance record with a sample that highlights Grande 's `` nursery rhyme - style melody '' `` R.E.M '' is an R&B song that is built over a smooth doo - wop beat . The song 's title stands for `` rapid eye movement '' , which is where memorable and vivid dreams occur . In an interview with Jimmy Fallon for the Tonight Show , she admitted that `` R.E.M '' was her favourite song . She later confirmed on Twitter that `` R.E.M. '' is a song based on Beyoncé 's demo titled `` Wake Up '' , a leftover from the singer 's 2013 self - titled album . Missy Elliott ( left ) , Nicki Minaj ( middle ) and Pharrell Williams ( right ) all perform , and Williams is a producer , on the album . The track `` God Is a Woman '' contains lyrics about female sexual empowerment and spirituality ; Time described the song as `` an anthemic , sultry banger '' . a trap - pop song , `` God Is a Woman '' contains influences of reggae. and is performed in the key of E ♭ minor with a tempo of 72 -- 76 beats per minute . `` Sweetener '' ( which is the title track ) was the first song that Grande recorded for the album , and it features Williams vocals in the background similar to `` R.E.M '' . Being a trap - inspired song , the chorus contains the lyrics `` When life deals us cards / Make everything taste like it is salt / Then you come through like the sweetener you are . '' which symbolises empowerment . `` Successful '' is a 90s - inspired neo soul song , that has elements of gospel and trap . Lyrically , it 's about `` girls feeling good about their own individual success . '' `` Everytime '' is a `` trap - pop '' song that contains a pop - rap chorus . `` Breathin '' is a dance - pop song that contains influences of synthpop . It was written by songwriter Peter Svensson . The Independent called the song an `` emotional highlight '' and that it is a `` mental health bop over a good , solid pop beat . '' Lyrically , it is about Grande 's overcoming growth from anxiety . `` No Tears Left To Cry '' is a dance - pop and disco song with a UK garage beat. and was served as the first official single for the album . Lyrically , it is about the Manchester Arena bombing . `` Borderline '' is a 90s contemporary R&B song features American rapper Missy Elliott . It 's one of Grande 's favourites on the album . `` Better Off '' is a power ballad that discusses a toxic relationship that Grande was in with former - boyfriend Mac Miller . `` Goodnight n Go '' is an EDM song with deep house and tropical influences . It contains a sample of `` Goodnight and Go '' , written and performed by Grande 's inspiration Imogen Heap . In an interview with Billboard Heap said that `` it feels like a gift '' . She went on saying : `` When somebody that famous picks up on a song that has had its day and gives it a second life , it 's a real gift . I think she 's done a lovely version of it . '' `` Pete Davidson '' is an interlude of the album and has a trap and hip hop production . Lyrically , it is about her then - fiancé , Pete Davidson . `` Get Well Soon '' is a soul - ballad that has a laid back R&B melody . At the end of the song , 40 seconds of silence are played as a tribute to the twenty - two victims of the Manchester Arena bombing , which took place after her concert on May 22 , 2017 . Promotion See also : The Sweetener Sessions and Sweetener World Tour Grande went silent on all social media after sharing a snippet of a song from the album on December 31 , 2017 . On April 17 , 2018 , Grande broke her silence by sharing a teaser of the album 's lead single , `` No Tears Left to Cry '' , which was released on April 20 , 2018 , alongside its music video . She first performed the song at Coachella later that night , as a guest during the performance of DJ Kygo . Grande announced the title of the album and several song titles on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on May 1 , 2018 , shortly before performing `` No Tears Left to Cry '' . She also opened the 2018 Billboard Music Awards with a performance of the song on May 20 , 2018 . On June 2 , 2018 , Grande performed at Wango Tango in California , closing her set with a performance of `` No Tears Left to Cry '' and also sharing a snippet of `` The Light Is Coming '' . On August 8 , 2018 , three dates were announced for a series of promotional concerts in the United States , titled The Sweetener Sessions , in partnership with American Express . Grande also announced a world tour in support of the album . The tour , titled Sweetener World Tour is scheduled to begin on March 18 , 2019 . Singles The album 's lead single , `` No Tears Left to Cry '' , was released on April 20 , 2018 alongside its music video . The track debuted at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Grande 's ninth Hot 100 top 10 and sixth to debut in the top 10 , tying Grande with Lady Gaga and Rihanna in sixth among acts with the most top 10 debuts on the chart . The single made Grande the first artist in the chart 's 60 - year history to debut in the top 10 with lead single from each of her first four albums . The second single , `` God Is a Woman '' , was released on July 13 , 2018 , with its music video premiering 12 hours after the song 's release . The single debuted at number eleven on the Hot 100 and peaked at number eight , making it Grande 's tenth top ten song on the chart and placing her as the twelfth overall artist and seventh female artist with the most Hot 100 top 10s in the 2010s decade . `` Breathin '' was released to US contemporary hit radio as the third single from the album on September 18 , 2018 . The song has reached number 22 on the Hot 100 . Promotional Singles A promotional single , `` The Light Is Coming '' , featuring Nicki Minaj , was released on June 20 , 2018 , along with the pre-order of the album . The song debuted at number 95 on the Billboard Hot 100 and later peaked at number 89 , after the release of the album . Critical reception Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating AnyDecentMusic ? 7.5 / 10 Metacritic 81 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The Daily Telegraph Entertainment Weekly A -- The Guardian The Independent The Irish Times NME Pitchfork 8.1 / 10 Rolling Stone The Times At Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , Sweetener has an average score of 81 based on 20 reviews . In The New York Times , Jon Pareles wrote that Grande 's voice `` can be silky , breathy or cutting , swooping through long melismas or jabbing out short R&B phrases ; it 's always supple and airborne , never forced. ... Ms. Grande sails above any fray , past or present . Her aplomb is her triumph . '' Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone called the album `` a refreshing , cohesive package. ... ( The producers ' approach lets ) Grande 's easy way with trap phrasing find a home next to her flair for Broadway-esque dramatic runs '' ; it combines `` the sensual romance of the album 's plentiful love songs and the aching heartbreak of the others . '' Spanos concludes that it is Grande 's `` best album yet , and one of 2018 's strongest pop releases to date . Kate Solomon of The Independent commented that with music that is `` often unexpected , sometimes in a good way , it is an album by an artist in flux -- trying to move forward while reluctant to fully relinquish old ideas . '' Writing for NME , Douglas Greenwood deemed the album `` ( a ) confident , accomplished , sometimes left - field collection of pop bangers , proving that she 's not shy of experimentation . '' He also commented that `` there are a couple of songs on Sweetener that you 'd happily leave on the shelf . '' Similarly , in The Guardian , Alexis Petridis said that `` her collaborations with Pharrell really push the boundaries . But they make the rest of this album seem formulaic . '' He considered the album `` uneven '' , with its attempts to balance out what Grande called a `` weird '' record . Petridis felt that `` the world could use more pop music as imaginative as Sweetener 's highlights . '' Neil McCormick in The Daily Telegraph felt that `` the quality of the songs is high , although there are moments when they might be trying too hard to demonstrate that the teen queen is all grown up now , '' and argued , `` as modern , branded , blockbuster pop albums go , Sweetener is a delightful confection . '' He commented less favorably about guest rappers Nicki Minaj and Missy Elliott , who `` sound like they dialled in clichéd verses for a pay cheque . '' Commercial performance In the United States , Sweetener opened at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 231,000 album - equivalent units , of which 127,000 were from traditional album sales , thus becoming Grande 's third number - one album in the United States . It also logged the largest streaming week for a non-hip hop album by a female artist ; the songs were streamed 126.7 million times in the album 's first week . On the US Billboard Hot 100 chart issue dated September 1 , ten songs ( nine of which are from Sweetener ) appeared simultaneously , placing Grande as the fourth female artist with the most simultaneous entries on the chart by a solo female artist behind Taylor Swift , Beyoncé , and Cardi B. Grande also topped the Artist 100 chart the same week due to album sales and song streams . In its second week , Sweetener dropped to number four moving 75,000 equivalent album units , while in its third week , it fell one position to number five moving an additional 56,000 equivalent album units . In the United Kingdom , Sweetener debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart , moving 45,000 album - equivalent units . It became her second number - one album in the UK , and her fastest selling album to date . Following its release , two album tracks entered the UK Singles Chart as `` Breathin '' debuted at number 8 , and `` Sweetener '' landed at number 22 , while the single `` God Is a Woman '' ascended six places to number 6 . In Australia , the album became Grande 's third number one on the ARIA Albums Chart , with all 15 of its tracks placing on the ARIA Singles Chart in the same week . Track listing Sweetener No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Raindrops ( An Angel Cried ) '' Bob Gaudio Ilya Max Martin 0 : 37 2 . `` Blazed '' ( featuring Pharrell Williams ) Pharrell Williams Williams 3 : 16 3 . `` The Light Is Coming '' ( featuring Nicki Minaj ) Williams Onika Maraj Ariana Grande Williams 3 : 48 4 . `` R.E.M '' Williams Williams 4 : 05 5 . `` God Is a Woman '' Grande Ilya Salmanzadeh Savan Kotecha Martin Rickard Göransson Ilya 3 : 17 6 . `` Sweetener '' Williams Grande Williams 3 : 28 7 . `` Successful '' Williams Williams 3 : 47 8 . `` Everytime '' Grande Salmanzadeh Kotecha Martin Martin Ilya 2 : 52 9 . `` Breathin '' Grande Salmanzadeh Kotecha Peter Svensson Ilya 3 : 18 10 . `` No Tears Left to Cry '' Grande Martin Kotecha Salmanzadeh Martin Ilya 3 : 25 11 . `` Borderline '' ( featuring Missy Elliott ) Williams Melissa Elliott Williams 2 : 57 12 . `` Better Off '' Tommy Brown Chauncey Hollis Brian Malik Baptiste Kim `` Kaydence '' Krysiuk Grande Hit - Boy Brown Baptiste 2 : 51 13 . `` Goodnight n Go '' Imogen Heap Brown Charles Anderson Michael Foster Grande Victoria McCants Brown Anderson Foster 3 : 09 14 . `` Pete Davidson '' Grande Brown Anderson McCants Brown Anderson 1 : 13 15 . `` Get Well Soon '' Williams Grande Williams 5 : 22 Total length : 47 : 25 show Japan bonus tracks No . Title Length 16 . `` No Tears Left to Cry '' ( instrumental ) 3 : 25 17 . `` God Is a Woman '' ( instrumental ) 3 : 17 show Japan deluxe edition ( bonus DVD ) No . Title Length 1 . `` No Tears Left to Cry '' ( music video ) 3 : 59 2 . `` The Light Is Coming '' ( featuring Nicki Minaj ; music video ) 3 : 53 Notes All track titles are stylized in all lowercase , except `` R.E.M '' and the proper noun `` God '' in tracks 4 and 5 respectively . `` Raindrops ( An Angel Cried ) '' is a cover of `` An Angel Cried '' , written by Bob Gaudio and performed by The Four Seasons . `` R.E.M '' contains a sample elements of Beyoncé 's unreleased demo entitled `` Wake Up '' . `` Goodnight n Go '' contains a sample of and incorporates lyrics from `` Goodnight and Go '' , written and performed by Imogen Heap . Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Sweetener . Performers and musicians Ariana Grande -- vocals Pharrell Williams -- featured artist ( 2 ) , additional vocals ( 4 , 6 ) Nicki Minaj -- featured artist ( 3 ) Missy Elliott -- featured artist ( 11 ) Rickard Göransson -- guitar ( 5 ) Peter Lee Johnson -- strings ( 12 , 14 ) Max Martin -- bass ( 8 , 10 ) , drums ( 8 , 10 ) , keyboards ( 8 -- 10 ) , percussion ( 10 ) Ilya Salmanzadeh -- background vocals ( 5 , 9 ) , drums ( 5 , 8 -- 10 ) , guitar ( 5 , 9 ) , keyboard ( 5 , 8 -- 10 ) , bass ( 8 -- 9 ) , percussion ( 10 ) Production Charles Anderson -- production ( 13 -- 14 ) Brian Malik Baptiste -- production ( 12 ) Cory Bice -- recording engineer assistance ( 1 , 8 -- 10 ) Scooter Braun -- executive production Tommy Brown -- production ( 12 -- 14 ) Andrew Coleman -- recording ( 2 , 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 ) , digital editing ( 2 , 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 ) , arrangement ( 2 , 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 ) Kris Crawford -- recording assistance ( 3 ) Thomas Cullison -- recording assistance ( 2 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) Aubrey `` Big Juice '' Delaine -- vocals recording ( 3 ) Jacob Dennis -- recording engineer assistance ( 3 , 6 ) Scott Desmarais -- mix assistance ( 3 ) Corte Ellis -- recording ( 11 ) Missy Elliott -- recording ( 11 ) Iain Findlay -- recording assistance ( 6 ) Robin Florent -- mix assistance ( 3 ) Michael Foster -- production ( 13 ) Chris Galland -- mix assistance ( 3 ) Serban Ghenea -- mixing ( 5 , 8 -- 14 ) Ariana Grande -- executive production Hart Gunther -- recording assistance ( 7 ) John Hanes -- mix assistance ( 5 , 8 -- 14 ) Hit - Boy -- production ( 12 ) Sam Holland -- recording ( 1 , 8 -- 10 ) Chris Khan -- recording assistance ( 6 ) David Kim -- recording assistance ( 6 ) Mike Larson -- recording ( 2 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) , digital editing ( 2 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) , arrangement ( 2 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) , additional programming ( 3 -- 4 ) Guillermo Lefeld -- recording assistance ( 4 ) Jeremy Lertola -- recording engineer assistance ( 1 , 8 -- 10 ) Manny Marroquin -- mixing ( 3 ) Max Martin -- production ( 1 , 8 , 10 ) , programming ( 8 , 10 ) Randy Merrill -- mastering Brendan Morawski -- recording engineer assistance ( 3 ) Manny Park -- recording assistance ( 3 ) Noah Passovoy -- recording ( 9 ) Ramon Rivas -- recording engineer assistance ( 3 ) Ilya Salmanzadeh -- production ( 1 , 5 , 8 -- 10 ) , mixing ( 1 ) , programming ( 5 , 8 -- 10 ) Ben `` Bengineer '' Sedano -- recording assistance ( 2 -- 3 , 6 , 11 ) Jon Sher -- recording assistance ( 4 ) Phil Tan -- mixing ( 2 , 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) Pharrell Williams -- production ( 2 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) Bill Zimmerman -- additional engineering ( 2 , 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) Artwork Dave Meyers -- photography Jessica Severn -- art direction , design Charts Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) French Albums ( SNEP ) German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) 6 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) Italian Albums ( FIMI ) Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) 5 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) Scottish Albums ( OCC ) South Korean Albums ( Gaon ) 24 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 100,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history Region Date Format Label Ref . Various August 17 , 2018 CD digital download streaming Republic Island United Kingdom August 21 , 2018 Cassette Island Various October 15 , 2018 Republic November , 2018 LP References ^ Jump up to : Mapes , Jillian . `` Ariana Grande : Sweetener Review '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Neil ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande , Sweetener review : Out of the darkness came sweetness '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elias ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande 's Sweetener Proves That Trap Is the New Pop '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Taps Nicki Minaj for New Song `` The Light Is Coming '' : Listen `` . Pitchfork. 2018 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Is Already Working On Her Fourth Album '' . Idolator. 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande 's Been So ' Inspired ' That She Already Made Her Next Album '' . MTV . 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Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Opens the Billboard Music Awards With Fiery Performance of ' No Tears Left to Cry ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Performs ' The Light is Coming ' for the First Time Live : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Rita ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Announces Intimate ' Sweetener Sessions ' in New York City , Los Angeles & Chicago '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Announces ' Sweetener ' World Tour : See the Dates '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Zellner , Xander ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Scores 9th Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 With ' No Tears Left to Cry ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Leads Billboard Hot 100 , Ariana Grande Arrives at No. 3 & J. Cole Collects Record Three Debuts in Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's ' In My Feelings ' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Second Week With Record - Breaking 116.2 Million U.S. Streams '' . billboard . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Just outside the Hot 100 's top 10 , Ariana Grande launches at No. 11 with `` God Is a Woman , '' the official follow - up single to `` Tears '' from her album Sweetener , due Aug. 17 . Following the July 13 premiere of its official video , `` God '' starts at No. 4 on Digital Song Sales ( 42,000 ) and No. 8 on Streaming Songs ( 26.5 million ) . Jump up ^ Anderson , Trevor ( August 27 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's ' In My Feelings ' Leads Billboard Hot 100 for Seventh Week , Ariana Grande 's ' God Is A Woman ' Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . All Access . September 18 , 2018 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2018 . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweetener by Ariana Grande reviews '' . Any Decent Music . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews for Sweetener by Ariana Grande '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande 's Sweetner is a sneakily complex pop album '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : `` Ariana Grande , Sweetener review : A portrait of an artist in flux '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande : Sweetener -- celebrating the art of being okay '' . The Irish Times . Jump up ^ Hodgkinson , Will . `` Pop review : Ariana Grande : Sweetener '' . The Times . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( August 29 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Sails Above Sorrow on Sweetener '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( August 26 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Earns Third No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With ' Sweetener ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zellner , Xander ( August 27 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Earns 10th Top 10 Hit , Lands 10 Songs on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zellner , Xander ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Returns to No. 1 On the Artist 100 Chart , Aretha Franklin Reaches No. 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( September 2 , 2018 ) . `` BTS Scores Second No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With ' Love Yourself : Answer ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( September 9 , 2018 ) . `` Eminem Earns Ninth No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With ' Kamikaze ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/ariana-grandes-sweetener-earns-her-a-second-number-1-on-the-official-albums-chart-im-so-grateful-__23727/ Jump up ^ http://www.mtv.co.uk/ariana-grande/news/ariana-grande-sweetener-uk-album-chart-number-1 Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 : 24 August 2018 -- 30 August 2018 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweetener lands Ariana Grande third # 1 album '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . August 25 , 2018 . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 487 '' . auspOp . August 25 , 2018 . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sweetener ( booklet ) . Ariana Grande . New York City : Republic Records . 2018 . B002881502 . Jump up ^ `` Sweetener by Ariana Grande '' . Tidal . Canada . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` アリアナ・グランデ『 Sweetener 』特設サイト '' . Universal Music Japan . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Farley , Rebecca ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` Everything We Know About Ariana Grande 's New Album Sweetener '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved August 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hussein , Wandera ( July 30 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande 's `` REM '' is a flip of a leaked Beyoncé song `` . Fader ( thefader.com ) . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sweetener ( Media notes ) . Ariana Grande . Republic Records . 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select 201834 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande : Sweetener '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums -- SNEP ( Week 34 , 2018 ) '' . SNEP . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez - lista -- 2018 . 34 . hét '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Ariana Grande '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oricon Top 50 Albums : 2018 - 08 - 27 '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Album Chart -- Week 36 , 2018 '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand album certifications -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved October 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Type Sweetener in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande - Sweetener '' . Universal Music Group . Jump up ^ `` Sweetener Cassette + Album -- Ariana Grande Official Store '' . Universal Music Group . Jump up ^ `` Sweetener Vinyl + Album -- Ariana Grande Official Store '' . Universal Music Group . Ariana Grande Discography Awards and nominations Songs Live performances Studio albums Yours Truly My Everything Dangerous Woman Sweetener EPs and compilations Christmas Kisses The Remix Christmas & Chill The Best Singles `` Put Your Hearts Up '' `` The Way '' `` Baby I '' `` Right There '' `` Problem '' `` Break Free '' `` Bang Bang '' `` Love Me Harder '' `` Santa Tell Me '' `` One Last Time '' `` E Più Ti Penso '' `` Focus '' `` Dangerous Woman '' `` Into You '' `` Side to Side '' `` Everyday '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' `` No Tears Left to Cry '' `` God Is a Woman '' `` Breathin '' Promotional singles `` Almost Is Never Enough '' `` Best Mistake '' `` Be Alright '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` The Light Is Coming '' Featured singles `` Popular Song '' `` All My Love '' `` Adore '' `` Boys Like You '' `` Over and Over Again '' `` Research '' `` My Favorite Part '' `` Faith '' `` Heatstroke '' `` Dance to This '' `` Bed '' Other songs `` Greedy '' `` Goodnight n Go '' `` Get Well Soon '' Concert tours The Listening Sessions The Honeymoon Tour Dangerous Woman Tour The Sweetener Sessions Sweetener World Tour Related articles Frankie Grande One Love Manchester Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweetener_(album)&oldid=866469512 '' Categories : 2018 albums Albums produced by Ilya Salmanzadeh Albums produced by Max Martin Albums produced by Pharrell Williams Ariana Grande albums Republic Records albums Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with short description Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 14 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is ariana grande's album sweetener coming out	[ "Sweetener is the fourth studio album by American singer Ariana Grande. It was released on August 17, 2018, through Republic Records.[4] The album is the follow-up to her 2016 studio album, Dangerous Woman, and features guest appearances from Pharrell Williams, Nicki Minaj and Missy Elliott.\n" ]	[ "August 17, 2018" ]
-8248824101799167236	2018–19 NBA season	2018 -- 19 NBA season - wikipedia 2018 -- 19 NBA season 2018 -- 19 NBA season League National Basketball Association Sport Basketball Duration October 16 , 2018 -- April 10 , 2019 April -- May 2019 ( Playoffs ) May -- June 2019 ( Finals ) Number of games 82 Number of teams 30 TV partner ( s ) ABC , TNT , ESPN , NBA TV Draft Top draft pick Deandre Ayton Picked by Phoenix Suns Regular season Playoffs Finals NBA seasons ← 2017 -- 18 2019 -- 20 → The 2018 -- 19 NBA season will be the 73rd season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The regular season will begin on October 16 , 2018 , and end on April 10 , 2019 . The playoffs will begin shortly after , with the NBA Finals concluding in June . The 2019 NBA All - Star Game will be played on February 17 , 2019 , at the Spectrum Center in Charlotte , North Carolina . Contents 1 Transactions 1.1 Retirement 1.2 Free agency 1.3 Coaching changes 1.3. 1 Off - season 2 Preseason 2.1 International games 3 Regular season 3.1 International games 4 Arenas 5 Media 6 Uniforms 6.1 Uniform sponsorships 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Transactions Main article : List of 2018 -- 19 NBA season transactions Retirement On May 10 , 2018 , Nick Collison announced his retirement from the NBA . Collison played all his 15 seasons with the Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder franchise . On May 25 , 2018 , after playing 13 seasons in the NBA for seven teams , Mo Williams announced his retirement from the NBA to take the assistant head coaching job at Cal State Northridge . On July 17 , 2018 , after playing 10 seasons in the NBA for four teams , Roy Hibbert retired from the NBA . On August 27 , 2018 , Manu Ginóbili announced his retirement from the NBA . Ginóbili played all his 16 seasons with the San Antonio Spurs franchise . Free agency Free agency negotiations began on July 1 . Players began signing on July 6 after the July moratorium ended . Coaching changes Coaching changes Off - season Team 2017 -- 18 season 2018 -- 19 season Atlanta Hawks Mike Budenholzer Lloyd Pierce Charlotte Hornets Steve Clifford James Borrego Detroit Pistons Stan Van Gundy Dwane Casey Milwaukee Bucks Joe Prunty ( interim ) Mike Budenholzer New York Knicks Jeff Hornacek David Fizdale Orlando Magic Frank Vogel Steve Clifford Phoenix Suns Jay Triano ( interim ) Igor Kokoškov Toronto Raptors Dwane Casey Nick Nurse Off - season On April 12 , 2018 , the New York Knicks fired head coach Jeff Hornacek after the team missed the playoffs . In addition , associate head coach Kurt Rambis was also fired . On April 12 , 2018 , the Orlando Magic fired head coach Frank Vogel after the team missed the playoffs . On April 13 , 2018 , the Charlotte Hornets fired head coach Steve Clifford after the team missed the playoffs . On April 25 , 2018 , the Atlanta Hawks and Mike Budenholzer had mutually agreed to part ways . On May 1 , 2018 , the Memphis Grizzlies announced that J.B. Bickerstaff would become the new permanent head coach of the team . On May 2 , 2018 , the Phoenix Suns hired Igor Kokoškov as head coach . On May 7 , 2018 , the New York Knicks hired David Fizdale as head coach . On May 7 , 2018 , the Detroit Pistons fired head coach Stan Van Gundy after the team missed the playoffs for the second consecutive season . On May 10 , 2018 , the Charlotte Hornets hired James Borrego as head coach . On May 11 , 2018 , the Toronto Raptors fired Dwane Casey after the team was swept by the Cleveland Cavaliers for the second consecutive time in the postseason . On May 11 , 2018 , the Atlanta Hawks hired Lloyd Pierce as head coach . On May 17 , 2018 , the Milwaukee Bucks hired Mike Budenholzer as head coach . On May 30 , 2018 , the Orlando Magic hired Steve Clifford as head coach . On June 11 , 2018 , the Detroit Pistons hired Dwane Casey as head coach . On June 14 , 2018 , the Toronto Raptors promoted assistant coach Nick Nurse as their head coach . Preseason The Preseason will begin on September 29 and will end on October 12 . International games The Toronto Raptors will play two preseason games in Canada first beginning with the Portland Trail Blazers in Vancouver at the Rogers Arena on September 29 . And then the Brooklyn Nets in Montreal at the Bell Centre on October 10 . The Dallas Mavericks and the Philadelphia 76ers will play two preseason games in China at Shanghai on October 5 and Shenzhen on October 8 . Regular season The regular season will begin on October 16 , 2018 and will end on April 10 , 2019 . The entire schedule was released on August 10 , 2018 . International games On June 20 , 2018 , the NBA announced that the Washington Wizards would play the New York Knicks at the O2 Arena in London , United Kingdom on January 17 , 2019 . On August 7 , 2018 , the NBA announced that the Orlando Magic would play two games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City . They will play the Chicago Bulls on December 13 , 2018 , and they will play the Utah Jazz on December 15 , 2018 . Arenas This will be the Golden State Warriors ' final season at Oracle Arena in Oakland , before moving to the new Chase Center in San Francisco . The Warriors will play their final regular season game there in April 2019 . This will be the Milwaukee Bucks ' first season at the new Fiserv Forum after playing at the Bradley Center from 1988 to 2018 . The Bucks will play their first game there in October 2018 . The Toronto Raptors ' home arena was renamed Scotiabank Arena on July 1 , 2018 . Media This will be the third year of the current nine - year contracts with ABC , ESPN , TNT , and NBA TV . Uniforms On June 6 , 2018 , the Denver Nuggets unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018 -- 19 season . On July 25 , 2018 , the Charlotte Hornets unveiled their new `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary . On July 31 , 2018 , the Los Angeles Lakers unveiled their new uniforms to enter the 2018 -- 19 season . On August 2 , 2018 , the Memphis Grizzlies unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018 -- 19 season . On August 8 , 2018 , the Orlando Magic unveiled their first `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary . On August 16 , 2018 , the Atlanta Hawks unveiled their new `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 50th anniversary since moving from St. Louis to Atlanta . Uniform sponsorships In April 2016 , the NBA announced that teams would be permitted to sign a uniform sponsorship contract for the 2017 -- 18 season . Prior and during the 2017 -- 18 season 21 teams signed a uniform sponsorship contract . Before the 2018 -- 19 season two more teams signed such contract : Memphis Grizzlies -- FedEx San Antonio Spurs -- Frost Bank As of August 22 , 2018 , seven teams have not signed a uniform sponsorship contract : Chicago Bulls , Houston Rockets , Indiana Pacers , Oklahoma City Thunder , Phoenix Suns , Portland Trail Blazers , and Washington Wizards . See also National Basketball Association portal References Jump up ^ Gallo , Nick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Seeing Off a True Pro -- Thunder Fan Favorite Nick Collison Retires '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fenno , Nathan ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Former UCLA coach Jim Harrick and former NBA player Mo Williams join coaching staff at Cal State Northridge '' . latimes.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.tmz.com/2018/07/17/roy-hibbert-nba-future-lakers-moving-on/ Jump up ^ Schad , Matt ( August 27 , 2018 ) . `` Manu Ginobili announces retirement '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Hornacek Relieved of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com. April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Denton , John ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Orlando Magic Dismiss Frank Vogel as Head Coach '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Relieve Clifford of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com. April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks Part Ways With Head Coach Mike Budenholzer '' . NBA.com. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Grizzlies introduce J.B. Bickerstaff Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Agree to Terms with Igor Kokoškov To Become New Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 2 , 2018 . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` New York Knicks name David Fizdale new coach '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Van Gundy to Be Replaced as Head Coach and President of Basketball Operations '' . Detroit Pistons . May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Name James Borrego Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dwane Casey Relieved Of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com . May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks Reach Agreement in Principle With Lloyd Pierce To Become Team 's Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Budenholzer Named Head Coach Of The Milwaukee Bucks '' . NBA.com . May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Magic Name Steve Clifford Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 30 , 2018 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons Name Dwane Casey as Head Coach '' . NBA.com . June 11 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors Name Nick Nurse Head Coach '' . NBA.com . June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors Will Play Preseason Game In Vancouver '' . Nationalpost.com . June 28 , 2018 . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA China Games 2018 Mavericks Vs 76ers '' . NBA.com. April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA TV to reveal full 2018 - 19 regular - season schedule on Friday at 4 p.m. ET '' . NBA.com . August 9 , 2018 . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA London Game 2019 official '' . NBA.com . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Mexico City Games 2018 to feature Orlando Magic hosting Chicago Bulls and Utah Jazz '' . NBA.com . August 7 , 2018 . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Saracevic , Al ( January 20 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors ' Chase Center arena rising from the ground in SF '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirchen , Rich ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Bucks ' last regular season game at BMO Harris Bradley Center ends with a win , memories : Slideshow '' . www.bizjournals.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fiserv Forum is the New Home of the Milwaukee Bucks '' . Bucks.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 26 , 2018 . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krashinsky Robertson , Susan ; Bradshaw , James ; Gray , Jeff ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Toronto 's Air Canada Centre to be renamed Scotiabank Arena in $800 - million deal '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Blake ( July 1 , 2018 ) . `` Air Canada Centre officially becomes Scotiabank Arena '' . Raptors Republic . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets Reveal Evolved Brand Identity '' . NBA.com . June 6 , 2018 . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , Christopher ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Evolve : Nuggets Usher in a New Era with Reimagined Logos , Uniforms '' . Denver Nuggets . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Unveil New White Classic Uniform For 2018 - 19 Season '' . NBA . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Unveil New Uniforms for 2018 - 19 '' . NBA.com . July 31 , 2018 . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Grizzlies unveil reimagined brand identity system and newly designed uniforms '' . NBA.com . August 2 , 2018 . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Denton , John . `` Orlando Magic Unveil 30 Years of Pure Magic '' . nba.com . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Hawks Basketball Club Announces Major Next - Generation Initiatives at Season Preview Event '' . NBA.com . August 16 , 2018 . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomorrow Starts Today '' . NBA.com . August 16 , 2018 . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` NBA to begin selling jersey sponsorships in 2017 - 18 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Grizzlies unveil new uniforms with FedEx as jersey sponsor '' . NBA.com . August 2 , 2018 . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FROST BANK BECOMES FIRST - EVER JERSEY PARTNER OF THE SAN ANTONIO SPURS '' . NBA.com . August 22 , 2018 . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the 2018 19 nba schedule come out	[ "The regular season will begin on October 16, 2018 and will end on April 10, 2019. The entire schedule was released on August 10, 2018.[22]\n" ]	[ "August 10, 2018" ]
4136152874386005789	Hierarchy of the Catholic Church	Hierarchy of the Catholic Church - wikipedia Hierarchy of the Catholic Church Part of a series on the Hierarchy of the Catholic Church Saint Peter Ecclesiastical titles ( order of precedence ) Pope Cardinal Cardinal Vicar Moderator of the curia Chaplain of His Holiness Papal legate Papal majordomo Apostolic Nuncio Apostolic Delegate Apostolic Syndic Apostolic visitor Vicar Apostolic Apostolic Exarch Apostolic Prefect Assistant at the Pontifical Throne Eparch Metropolitan Patriarch Bishop Archbishop Bishop Emeritus Diocesan bishop Major archbishop Primate Suffragan bishop Titular bishop Coadjutor bishop Auxiliary bishop Territorial prelate Territorial abbot Liturgical titles ( show ) Acolyte Consecrator Lector Reader Subdeacon Administrative and pastoral titles ( show ) Auditor Brother Chancellor Chaplain Military chaplain Military ordinary Coarb Confessor Consultor Curate Deacon Defender of the Bond Definitor Devil 's advocate Diocesan administrator Ecclesiastical judge Episcopal vicar Exorcist Judicial vicar Lay brother Lay cardinal Monsignor Officialis Pastor Assistant pastor Personal prelate Preacher Prefect Presbyter Priest Protonotary Apostolic Saint Blessed Venerable Seminarian Vicar forane Vicar general Consecrated and professed titles ( show ) Abbess Abbot Consecrated virgin Corrector Custos Friar Dean Grand Master Hermit Master general Master of novices Monk Novice Nun Postulant Oblate Prior Provincial superior Rector Religious Superior general Additional titles ( show ) Almoner Altar server Archimandrite Archpriest Archdeacon Canon Captain General of the Church Chorbishop Commissary Apostolic Datarius Honorary Prelate Minor canon Notarius Ostiarius Peritus Postulator Precentor Prince - bishop Promotor Fidei Protopriest Protodeacon Protosyncellus Regionarius Organization titles ( show ) Grand Master Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order of the Holy Sepulchre Teutonic Knights Catholicism portal Part of a series on the Catholic Church St. Peter 's Basilica , Vatican City Overview Pope : Francis Hierarchy History ( Timeline ) Theology Liturgy Sacraments Mary Background ( show ) Jesus Crucifixion Resurrection Ascension Early Christianity History of the Catholic Church History of the papacy Ecumenical Councils Four Marks of the Church One true church Apostolic succession Organisation ( show ) Holy See College of Cardinals Ecumenical Councils Episcopal polity Latin Church Eastern Churches Canon law Theology ( show ) Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Ten Commandments Three States of the Church Purgatory Paschal Mystery Passion Crucifixion Harrowing of Hell Resurrection Ascension Mary Mariology Veneration Immaculate Conception Theotokos Perpetual virginity Assumption Titles Morality Body Lectures Sexuality Apologetics Divine grace Salvation Original sin Saints Dogma Catechism Philosophy ( show ) Natural law Catholic ethics Personalism Social teaching Philosophers Worship ( show ) Liturgy Mass Divine Office Liturgical year Sacraments Baptism Penance Eucharist Confirmation Anointing of the Sick Matrimony Holy Orders Prayer Devotions Bible Biblical canon Rites ( show ) Latin Roman Ordinary form Tridentine Anglican Use Zaire Use Gallican Ambrosian Braga Mozarabic Eastern Antiochian Maronite West Syrian Syro - Malankara Chaldean East Syrian Syro - Malabar Byzantine Armenian Alexandrian Ethiopic Controversies ( show ) Antipopes Anti-Catholicism Criticism Homosexuality Sex and gender roles Sexual abuse cases Other topics ( show ) Art Ecumenism Evolution Health care Monasticism Music Science Role in civilization Links and resources ( show ) Index Outline Glossary Category Media Templates WikiProject Book Pope portal Vatican City portal Catholicism portal The hierarchy of the Catholic Church consists of its bishops , priests , and deacons . In the ecclesiological sense of the term , `` hierarchy '' strictly means the `` holy ordering '' of the Church , the Body of Christ , so to respect the diversity of gifts and ministries necessary for genuine unity . ( 1 Cor 12 ) In canonical and general usage , it refers to those who exercise authority within a Christian church . In the Catholic Church , authority rests chiefly with the bishops , while priests and deacons serve as their assistants , co-workers or helpers . Accordingly , `` hierarchy of the Catholic Church '' is also used to refer to the bishops alone . As of 31st of December 2014 , the Catholic Church consisted of 2,998 dioceses or equivalent jurisdictions , each overseen by a bishop . Dioceses are divided into individual communities called parishes , each staffed by one or more priest , deacon , or lay ecclesial minister . Ordinarily , care of a parish is entrusted to a priest , though there are exceptions . Approximately 22 % of all parishes do not have a resident pastor , and 3,485 parishes worldwide are entrusted to a deacon or lay ecclesial minister . All clergy , including deacons , priests , and bishops , may preach , teach , baptize , witness marriages , and conduct funeral liturgies . Only priests and bishops can celebrate the sacraments of the Eucharist ( though others may be ministers of Holy Communion ) , Penance ( Reconciliation , Confession ) , Confirmation ( priests may administer this sacrament with prior ecclesiastical approval ) , and Anointing of the Sick . Only bishops can administer the sacrament of Holy Orders , by which men are ordained as bishops , priests or deacons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bishop 1.1 Pope ( Bishop of Rome ) 1.1. 1 Offices and titles 1.1. 2 Election 1.2 Patriarchs 1.3 Major archbishops 1.4 Cardinals 1.5 Primates 1.6 Metropolitans 1.7 Archbishops 1.8 Diocesan bishops 1.8. 1 Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law 1.9 Other bishops 2 Ordinaries and local ordinaries 3 Presbyterate 3.1 In general 3.2 Priests in service outside their diocese 3.3 Positions within a diocese at diocesan level 3.4 Vicars Forane or Deans 3.5 Parish priest / pastor 3.6 Assistant priests / parochial vicars 3.7 Honorary titles 4 Diaconate 5 Laity 6 Religious 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Bishop ( edit ) Main article : Bishop ( Catholic Church ) The bishops , who possess the fullness of orders , and therefore the fullness of both priesthood and diaconate , are as a body ( the College of Bishops ) considered the successors of the Apostles and are `` constituted Pastors in the Church , to be the teachers of doctrine , the priests of sacred worship and the ministers of governance '' and `` represent the Church . '' In the year 2012 , there were 5,133 Catholic bishops ; at the end of 2014 , there were 5,237 Catholic bishops . The Pope himself is a bishop ( the bishop of Rome ) and traditionally uses the title `` Venerable Brother '' when writing formally to another bishop . The typical role of a bishop is to provide pastoral governance for a diocese . Bishops who fulfill this function are known as diocesan ordinaries , because they have what canon law calls ordinary ( i.e. not delegated ) authority for a diocese . These bishops may be known as hierarchs in the Eastern Catholic Churches . Other bishops may be appointed to assist ordinaries ( auxiliary bishops and coadjutor bishops ) or to carry out a function in a broader field of service to the Church , such as appointments as papal nuncios or as officials in the Roman Curia . Bishops of a country or region may form an episcopal conference and meet periodically to discuss current problems . Decisions in certain fields , notably liturgy , fall within the exclusive competence of these conferences . The decisions of the conferences are binding on the individual bishops only if agreed to by at least two - thirds of the membership and confirmed by the Holy See . Bishops are normally ordained to the episcopate by at least three other bishops , though for validity only one is needed and a mandatum from the Holy See is required . Ordination to the episcopate is considered the completion of the sacrament of Holy Orders ; even when a bishop retires from his active service , he remains a bishop , since the ontological effect of Holy Orders is permanent . On the other hand , titles such as archbishop or patriarch imply no ontological alteration , and existing bishops who rise to those offices do not require further ordination . Sacramentally , all bishops are equal . According to jurisdiction , office , and privileges , however , various ranks are distinguished , as indicated below . All bishops are `` vicars of Christ '' . Pope ( bishop of Rome ) ( edit ) Main article : Pope Pope Francis , bishop of Rome The pope is the bishop of Rome . He is also , by virtue of that office : Vicar of Jesus Christ , Successor of the Prince of the Apostles , Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church , Patriarch of the Latin Church , Primate of Italy , Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province , Sovereign of the Vatican City State , Servant of the servants of God . Offices and titles ( edit ) `` Pope '' is a pronominal honorific , not an office or a title , meaning `` Father '' ( the common honorific for all clergy ) . The honorific `` pope '' was from the early 3rd century used for any bishop in the West , and is known in Greek as far back as Homer 's Odyssey ( 6 : 57 ). ( 18 ) In the East , `` pope '' is still a common form of address for clergy in the Russian Orthodox Church , and is the style of the Bishop of Alexandria . Pope Marcellinus ( d . 304 ) is the first Bishop of Rome shown in sources to have had the title `` pope '' used of him . From the 6th century , the imperial chancery of Constantinople normally reserved this designation for the Bishop of Rome. ( 18 ) From the early 6th century , it began to be confined in the West to the Bishop of Rome , a practice that was firmly in place by the 11th century , when Pope Gregory VII declared it reserved for the Bishop of Rome . As bishop of the Church of Rome , he is successor to the co-patrons of that local Church , Saint Peter and Saint Paul . As such , the Church of Rome , and its bishop , has always had a prominence in the Catholic communion and at least to some degree primacy among his peers , the other bishops , as Peter had a certain primacy among his peers , the other apostles . The exact nature of that primacy is one of the most significant ecumenical issues of the age , and has developed as a doctrine throughout the entire history of the Church . The Catechism of the Catholic Church , quoting the Second Vatican Council 's document Lumen gentium , states : `` The pope , Bishop of Rome and Peter 's successor , ' is the perpetual and visible source and foundation of the unity both of the bishops and of the whole company of the faithful . ' '' Communion with bishop of Rome has become such a significant identifier of Catholic identity that at times the Catholic Church has been known in its entirety as `` Roman Catholic '' , though this is inaccurate in Catholic theology ( ecclesiology ) . Three other of the pope 's offices stem directly from his office as bishop of the Church of Rome . As the Latin Church owes its identity and development to its origins in the liturgical , juridical , and theological patrimony of Rome , the bishop of Rome is de facto the patriarch of the Latin Church . According to no less than Pope Benedict XVI , there has been much ' confusion ' between the pope 's primacy as patriarch of the western church and his primacy as first patriarch among equals , that this `` failure to distinguish '' between the roles and responsibilities of these two distinct positions lead in time to the `` extreme centralization of the Catholic Church '' and the schism between East and West . As the first local Church of Italy , the bishop of Rome is the Primate of Italy and is empowered to appoint the president of the Italian Bishops ' Conference . The Church of Rome is also the principal church of the Province of Rome , so the bishop of Rome is Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman province . As a bishop , the pope is referred to as a Vicar of Christ . This title was common to all bishops from the fourth through twelfth centuries , reserved to the bishop of Rome from the twelfth through early twentieth centuries , and restored to all bishops at the Second Vatican Council . The pope resides in Vatican City , an independent state within the city of Rome , set up by the 1929 Lateran Pacts between the Holy See and Italy . As popes were sovereigns of the papal states ( 754 -- 1870 ) , so do they exercise absolute civil authority in the microstate of Vatican City since 1929 . Ambassadors are accredited not to Vatican City State but to the Holy See , which was a subject of international law even before the state was instituted . The body of officials that assist the Pope in governance of the Church as a whole is known as the Roman curia . The term `` Holy See '' ( i.e. of Rome ) is generally used only of Pope and curia , because the Code of Canon Law , which concerns governance of the Latin Church as a whole and not internal affairs of the see ( diocese ) of Rome itself , necessarily uses the term in this technical sense . Finally , the title `` Servant of the servants of God '' was an addition of Pope Gregory the Great , a reminder that in Christianity , leadership is always about service / ministry ( diakonia ) . The style of address for the bishop of Rome is `` His Holiness '' . Election ( edit ) The present rules governing the election of a pope are found in the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis . This deals with the powers , from the death of a pope to the announcement of his successor 's election , of the cardinals and the departments of the Roman curia ; with the funeral arrangements for the dead pope ; and with the place , time and manner of voting of the meeting of the cardinal electors , a meeting known as a conclave . This word is derived from Latin com - ( together ) and clavis ( key ) and refers to the locking away of the participants from outside influences , a measure that was introduced first as a means instead of forcing them to reach a decision . Like all bishops , the pope has the option of resigning , though unlike other bishops , it is not required . The best known cases are those of Pope Celestine V in 1294 , Pope Gregory XII in 1415 and Pope Benedict XVI in 2013 . Approximately 10 % of all popes left or were removed from office before death . Patriarchs ( edit ) The heads of some autonomous ( in Latin , sui iuris ) particular Churches consisting of several local Churches ( dioceses ) have the title of Patriarch . The pope , as patriarch of the Latin Church , is the head of the only sui iuris Church in the West , leading to the relatively short - lived title Patriarch of the West ( in use 1863 -- 2006 ) . Eastern patriarchs are elected by the synod of bishops of their particular Church . The Patriarchs who head autonomous particular Churches are : The Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria ( Coptic Catholic Church ) The Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarch of Antioch ( Melkite Greek Catholic Church ) The Maronite Patriarch of Antioch ( Maronite Church ) The Syriac Catholic Patriarch of Antioch ( Syriac Catholic Church ) The Armenian Catholic Patriarch of Cilicia ( Armenian Catholic Church ) The Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylonia ( Chaldean Catholic Church ) These have authority not only over the bishops of their particular Church , including metropolitans , but also directly over all the faithful . Eastern Catholic patriarchs have precedence over all other bishops , with the exceptions laid down by the Pope . The honorary title prefixed to their names is `` His Beatitude '' . There are also titular patriarchs in the Latin Church , who , for various historical reasons , were granted the title , but never the corresponding office and responsibilities , of `` patriarch '' . They include the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem , the Patriarch of Venice , the Patriarch of Lisbon , and the Patriarch of the East Indies . All of these offices are honorary , and the patriarchs are not the heads of autonomous particular Churches . The Patriarch of the East Indies is the archbishop of Goa , while the other patriarchs are the archbishops of the named cities . The title of Patriarch of the West Indies was in the past granted to some Spanish bishops ( not always of the same see ) , but is long in abeyance . Current and historical Catholic patriarchates Type Church Patriarchate Patriarch Patriarchs of sui iuris Churches Coptic Alexandria Patriarch Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak Greek - Melkite Antioch Patriarch Youssef Absi Maronite Antioch Patriarch Bechara Boutros al - Rahi Syriac Antioch Patriarch Ignatius Joseph III Younan Armenian Cilicia Patriarch Gregory Petros XX Gabroyan Chaldean Babylon Patriarch Louis Raphaël I Sako Titular Patriarchs Latin Jerusalem Sede vacante Latin East Indies Patriarch Filipe Neri Ferrão Latin Lisbon Cardinal Manuel Clemente Latin Venice Patriarch Francesco Moraglia Suppressed or vacant titles Latin Alexandria suppressed in 1964 Latin Antioch suppressed in 1964 Latin Constantinople suppressed in 1964 Latin West Indies vacant from 1963 Latin Aquileia suppressed in 1751 Latin Grado transferred to Venice in 1451 Major archbishops ( edit ) Sviatoslav Shevchuk , the Major Archbishop of Kiev -- Galicia Other autonomous particular Churches are headed by a major archbishop . The Syro - Malankara Catholic Church uses the title Catholicos for their major archbishop . With few exceptions , the authority of a major archbishop in his sui iuris Church is equivalent to that of a patriarch in his Church . This less prestigious office was established in 1963 for those Eastern Catholic Churches which have developed in size and stability to allow full self - governance if historical , ecumenical , or political conditions do not allow their elevation to a patriarchate . At present , there are four major archbishops : Major archdiocese Country Church Archbishop Ernakulam - Angamaly India Syro - Malabar Cardinal George Alencherry Făgăraş and Alba Iulia Romania Romanian Cardinal Lucian Mureșan Kiev -- Galicia Ukraine Ukrainian Major Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk Trivandrum India Syro - Malankara Cardinal Baselios Cleemis Cardinals ( edit ) Main article : Cardinal ( Catholicism ) A cardinal ( second from left ) and bishops Cardinals are princes of the Church appointed by the Pope . He generally chooses bishops who head departments of the Roman Curia or important episcopal sees throughout the world . As a whole , the cardinals compose a College of Cardinals which advises the Pope , and those cardinals under the age of 80 at the death or resignation of a Pope elect his successor . Their heraldic achievement is surmounted by the red galero and tassels as a form of martyred position in the Church . Not all cardinals are bishops . Domenico Bartolucci , Karl Josef Becker , Roberto Tucci and Albert Vanhoye are examples of 21st - century non-bishop cardinals . The 1917 Code of Canon Law introduced the requirement that a cardinal must be at least a priest . Previously , they need only be in minor orders and not even deacons . Teodolfo Mertel , who died in 1899 , was the last non-priest cardinal . In 1962 , Pope John XXIII made it a rule that a man who has been nominated a cardinal is required to be consecrated a bishop , if not one already , but some ask for and obtain dispensation from this requirement . It is rare that the Pope will appoint Cardinals who are priests only and not consecrated as a bishop . The 1917 Code of Canon Law , continuing the tradition observed , for instance , at the First Vatican Council , laid down that cardinals have precedence over all other prelates , even patriarchs . The 1983 Code of Canon Law did not deal with questions of precedence . The cardinalate is not an integral part of the theological structure of the Catholic Church , but largely an honorific distinction that has its origins in the 1059 assignation of the right of electing the Pope exclusively to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian dioceses . Because of their resulting importance , the term cardinal ( from Latin cardo , meaning `` hinge '' ) was applied to them . In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began . Each cardinal is still assigned a church in Rome as his `` titular church '' or is linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses . Of these sees , the Dean of the College of Cardinals holds that of Ostia , while keeping his preceding link with one of the other six sees . Traditionally , only six cardinals held the rank of Cardinal Bishop , but when Eastern patriarchs are made cardinals , they too hold the rank of Cardinal Bishop , without being assigned a suburbicarian see . The other cardinals have the rank either of Cardinal Priest or Cardinal Deacon , the former rank being normally assigned to bishops in charge of dioceses , and the latter to officials of the Curia and to priests raised to the cardinalate . Primates ( edit ) The Latin Church title of primate has in some countries been granted to the bishop of a particular ( usually metropolitan ) see . It once involved authority over all the other sees in the country or region , but now only gives a `` prerogative of honor '' with no power of governance unless an exception is made in certain matters by a privilege granted by the Holy See or by an approved custom . The title is usually assigned to the ordinary of the first diocese or the oldest archdiocese in the country . Thus in Poland , the primate is the archbishop of the oldest archdiocese ( Gniezno , founded in 1000 ) , and not the oldest diocese ( Poznań , founded in 968 ) . Notably , the Archbishop of Baltimore is not formally considered a primate of the Catholic Church in the United States , but `` prerogative of the place '' . The closest equivalent position in Eastern Orthodoxy is an exarch holding authority over other bishops without being a patriarch . In the Eastern Catholic Churches , exarchs , whether apostolic or patriarchal , do not hold authority over other bishops ( see below , # Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law ) . Metropolitans ( edit ) Archbishop Robert Carlson , Metropolitan Archbishop of St. Louis . Note his wearing of the pallium . A Latin Church Metropolitan is the bishop of the principal ( the `` metropolitan '' ) see of an ecclesiastical province composed of several dioceses . The metropolitan receives a pallium from the pope as a symbol of his office . The metropolitan bishop has limited oversight authority over the suffragan dioceses in their province , including ensuring that the faith and ecclesiastical discipline are properly observed . He also has the power to name a diocesan administrator for a vacant suffragan see if the diocesan council of consultors fails to properly elect one . His diocesan tribunal additionally serves by default as the ecclesiastical court of appeal for suffragans ( court of second instance ) , and the metropolitan has the option of judging those appeals personally . Eastern metropolitans in patriarchal or major archiepiscopal churches have a level of authority similar to that of Latin metropolitans , subject to the specific laws and customs of their sui iuris church . Eastern metropolitans who head a metropolitan sui iuris church have much greater authority within their church , although it is less than that of a major archbishop or patriarch . All metropolitans have the title of Archbishop , and the metropolitan see is usually referred to as an archdiocese or archeparchy , a title held not only by the 553 metropolitan sees but also by 77 other sees . An exception is the metropolitan Diocese of Rome . Archbishops ( edit ) The title of archbishop is held not only by bishops who head metropolitan sees , but also by those who head archdioceses that are not metropolitan sees ( most of these are in Europe and the Levant ) . In addition , it is held by certain other bishops , referred to as `` Titular Archbishops '' ( see `` Other Bishops '' below ) who have been given no - longer - residential archdioceses as their titular sees -- many of these in administrative or diplomatic posts , for instance as papal nuncios or secretaries of curial congregations . The bishop of a non-archiepiscopal see may be given the personal title of archbishop without also elevating his see ( such a bishop is known as an archbishop ad personam ) , though this practice has seen significantly reduced usage since the Second Vatican Council . Diocesan bishops ( edit ) The bishop or eparch of a see , even if he does not also hold a title such as Archbishop , Metropolitan , Major Archbishop , Patriarch or Pope , is the centre of unity for his diocese or eparchy , and , as a member of the College of Bishops , shares in responsibility for governance of the whole Church ( cf . Catechism of the Catholic Church , 886 ) . As each local particular Church is an embodiment of the whole Catholic Church , not just an administrative subdivision of something larger , the bishop who is its head is not a delegate of the Pope . Instead , he has of himself primary teaching , governance and sanctifying responsibility for the see for which he has been ordained bishop . Within each diocese , even if the Eucharist is celebrated by another bishop , the necessary communion with the Bishop of the diocese is signified by the mention of his name . In Eastern eparchies the name of the patriarch , major archbishop or metropolitan is also mentioned , because these also have direct responsibility within all the eparchies of the particular Church in question . For the same reason , every Catholic celebration of the Eucharist has a mention of the Pope by name . Ordination to the episcopate is the fullness of the priesthood and the completion of the sacrament of Holy Orders . Bishops are considered the successors of the apostles . Within the Catholic Church the following posts have similarities to that of a diocesan bishop , but are not necessarily held by a bishop . Equivalents of diocesan bishops in Law ( edit ) Canon 368 of the Code of Canon Law lists five Latin Church jurisdictional areas that are considered equivalent to a diocese . These are headed by : A Territorial Prelate , formerly called a Prelate nullius dioceseos ( of no diocese ) , in charge of a geographical area that has not yet been raised to the level of diocese A Territorial Abbot , in charge of an area , which in mission countries can be quite vast , associated with an abbey A Vicar Apostolic ( normally a bishop of a titular see ) , in charge of an apostolic vicariate , usually in a mission country , not yet ready to be made a diocese A Prefect Apostolic ( usually not a bishop ) , in charge of an apostolic prefecture , not yet ready to be made an apostolic vicariate A Permanent Apostolic Administrator , in charge of a geographical area that for serious reasons can not be made a diocese . To these may be added : An Apostolic Exarch ( normally a bishop of a titular see ) , in charge of an apostolic exarchate -- not yet ready to be made an eparchy -- for the faithful of an Eastern Catholic Church in an area that is situated outside the home territory of that Eastern Church . A Patriarchal Exarch , a bishop in charge of a patriarchal exarchate -- not yet ready to be made an eparchy -- for the faithful of an Eastern Catholic Church in an area situated within the home territory of that patriarchal Eastern Church . A Military Ordinary , serving Catholics in a country 's armed forces A Personal Prelate , in charge of a group of persons without regard to geography : the only personal prelature existing is that of Opus Dei . An Apostolic Administrator of a Personal Apostolic Administration : only one exists , the Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney An Ordinary of a personal ordinariate for former Anglicans A Superior of an autonomous mission Of somewhat similar standing is the Diocesan Administrator ( formerly called a Vicar Capitular ) elected to govern a diocese during a vacancy . Apart from certain limitations of nature and law , he has , on a caretaker basis , the same obligations and powers as a Diocesan Bishop ( canons 427 -- 429 of the Code of Canon Law ) . Occasionally an Apostolic Administrator is appointed by the Holy See to run a vacant diocese , or even a diocese whose bishop is incapacitated or otherwise impeded . Other bishops ( edit ) A Diocesan Bishop may have bishops who assist in his ministry . The Coadjutor Bishop of a see has the right of succession on the death or resignation of the Diocesan Bishop , and , if the see is an archdiocese , holds the title of Archbishop . Similarly , a retired Diocesan Bishop keeps his connection with the see to which he was appointed , and is known as Bishop ( or Archbishop ) Emeritus of that see . On the other hand , an Auxiliary Bishop , who may also hold posts such as vicar general or episcopal vicar , is appointed bishop of a titular see , a see that in the course of history has ceased to exist as an actual jurisdictional unit . The titular sees -- which may be archiepiscopal or simply episcopal -- assigned to such bishops were once known as sees in partibus infidelium , because they were situated in areas lost to Christianity as a result of Muslim conquests . Now former sees even in Christian countries are assigned as titular sees . These sees are also assigned to bishops who serve in the Roman Curia , as Papal Nuncios , or as equivalents of Diocesan Bishops in law ( see above ) , such as Vicars Apostolic and Apostolic Exarchs . The term `` Titular Bishop '' is frequently used for such bishops , but is , strictly speaking , inaccurate , since they are indeed bishops , even if they do not serve the see to which they are appointed , and are not merely holders of an honorary title of bishop . They are members of the College of Bishops as much as the Diocesan Bishops . In most English - speaking countries , the honorary title prefixed to the name of a bishop is `` The Most Reverend '' . However , in the United Kingdom and in those countries most strongly influenced by English ( not Irish ) practice , `` The Most Reverend '' is reserved for archbishops , and other bishops are called `` The Right Reverend '' . Important titles or functions usually , but not necessarily , held by ( arch ) bishops who are not in charge of a diocese or an equivalent community include those of Apostolic Delegate , Apostolic Nuncio , Papal Legate , Patriarchal Vicar , Pontifical Delegate . Ordinaries and local ordinaries ( edit ) Main article : Ordinary ( officer ) Local ordinaries are placed over or exercise ordinary executive power in particular churches or equivalent communities . The Supreme Pontiff ( the Pope ) is a local ordinary for the whole Catholic Church . In Eastern Catholic Churches , Patriarchs , major archbishops , and metropolitans have ordinary power of governance for the whole territory of their respective autonomous particular churches . Diocesan / eparchial bishops / eparchs Other prelates who head , even if only temporarily , a particular church or a community equivalent to it ( see above # Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law ) Vicars general and protosyncelli Main article : Vicar general Episcopal vicars and syncelli Main article : Vicar general Major superiors of religious institutes ( including abbots ) and of societies of apostolic life are ordinaries of their respective memberships , but not local ordinaries . Presbyterate ( edit ) Main article : Priesthood in the Catholic Church In general ( edit ) Bishops are assisted by priests and deacons . All priests and deacons are incardinated in a diocese or religious order . Parishes , whether territorial or person - based , within a diocese are normally in the charge of a priest , known as the parish priest or the pastor . In the Latin Church , only celibate men , as a rule , are ordained as priests , while the Eastern Churches , again as a rule , ordain both celibate and married men . Among the Eastern particular Churches , the Ethiopic Catholic Church ordains only celibate clergy , while also having married priests who were ordained in the Orthodox Church , while other Eastern Catholic Churches , which do ordain married men , do not have married priests in certain countries . The Western or Latin Church does sometimes , though rarely , ordain married men , usually Protestant clergy who have become Catholics . All sui iuris Churches of the Catholic Church maintain the ancient tradition that , following ordination , marriage is not allowed . Even a married priest whose wife dies may not then marry again . The Catholic Church and the ancient Christian Churches see priestly ordination as a sacrament dedicating the person ordained to a permanent relationship of service , and , like Baptism and Confirmation , having an ontological effect on the person . It is for this reason that a person may be ordained to each of the three orders only once . They also consider that ordination can be conferred only on males . Priests in service outside their diocese ( edit ) Although priests are incardinated into a diocese or order , they may obtain the permission of their diocesan ordinary or religious superior to serve outside the normal jurisdiction of the diocese or order . These assignments may be temporary or more permanent in nature . Temporary assignments may include studying for an advanced degree at a Pontifical University in Rome . They may also include short - term assignments to the faculty of a seminary located outside the diocese 's territory . Long - term assignments include serving the universal church on the staff of a dicastery or tribunal of the Roman Curia or in the diplomatic corps of the Holy See . They may also be appointed the rector or to long - term teaching assignments to the faculty of a seminary or Catholic university . Priests may also serve on the staff of their episcopal conference , as military chaplains in the military ordinariates , or as missionaries . Positions within a diocese at diocesan level ( edit ) The diocesan bishop appoints a vicar general to assist him in the governance of the diocese . Usually , only one vicar general is appointed ; particularly large dioceses may have more than one vicar general . The vicar general or one of them is usually appointed moderator of the curia who coordinates the diocesan administrative offices and ministries . A diocesan bishop can also appoint one or more episcopal vicars for the diocese . They have the same ordinary power as a vicar general , however , it is limited to a specified division of the diocese , to a specific type of activity , to the faithful of a particular rite , or to certain groups of people . Vicars general and episcopal vicars must be priests or bishops . In the Eastern Catholic Churches , they are called protosyncelli and syncelli ( canon 191 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches ) . Diocesan bishops are required to appoint a judicial vicar to whom is delegated the bishop 's ordinary power to judge cases ( canon 1420 of the Code of Canon Law , canon 191 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches ) . In the Latin church , the judicial vicar may also be called officialis . The person holding this post must be a priest , have earned a doctorate in canon law ( or at least a license ) , be at least thirty years old , and , unless the smallness of the diocese or the limited number of cases suggests otherwise , must not be the vicar general . As one of the jobs of the judicial vicar is to preside over collegiate tribunals , many dioceses have adjutant judicial vicars who can preside over collegiate tribunals in place of the judicial vicar and must have the same qualifications . The diocesan bishop appoints a chancellor , possibly a vice-chancellor , and notaries to the diocesan chancery . These officials maintain the records and archives of the diocese . They also serve as the secretaries of the diocesan curia . The bishop also appoints a finance officer and a finance council to oversee the budget , temporal goods , income , and expenses of the diocese . The diocesan bishop may appoint priests to be members of the chapter of his cathedral or of a collegiate church ( so called after their chapter ) . These priests are given the title of canon . He also appoints six to twelve priests from the presbyteral council to serve as a college of consultors . They have the responsibility to elect the diocesan administrator in the event of the vacancy of the see . The bishop appoints priests and other members of the faithful to various advisory bodies . These include the presbyteral council , the diocesan synod , and the pastoral council . Vicars forane or deans ( edit ) `` The Vicar Forane known also as the Dean or the Archpriest or by some other title , is the priest who is placed in charge of a vicariate forane '' ( canon 553 of the Code of Canon Law ) , namely of a group of parishes within a diocese . Unlike a regional Episcopal Vicar , a Vicar Forane acts as a help for the Parish Priests and other priests in the vicariate forane , rather than as an intermediate authority between them and the Diocesan Bishop . Parish priest / pastor ( edit ) This section concerns the priest who in the Code of Canon Law is referred to by the term parochus , which is some English - speaking countries is rendered as `` the parish priest '' , in others as `` the pastor '' . The English term `` pastor '' is also used in a more generic sense corresponding instead to the Latin term pastor : The parish priest is the proper pastor of the parish entrusted to him . He exercises the pastoral care of the community entrusted to him under the authority of the diocesan Bishop , whose ministry of Christ he is called to share , so that for this community he may carry out the offices of teaching , sanctifying and ruling with the cooperation of other priests or deacons and with the assistance of lay members of Christ 's faithful , in accordance with the law -- canon 519 of the Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland , assisted by the Canon Law Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Canadian Canon Law Society The pastor ( parochus ) is the proper pastor ( pastor ) of the parish entrusted to him , exercising the pastoral care of the community committed to him under the authority of the diocesan bishop in whose ministry of Christ he has been called to share , so that for that same community he carries out the functions of teaching , sanctifying , and governing , also with the cooperation of other presbyters or deacons and with the assistance of lay members of the Christian faithful , according to the norm of law -- canon 519 of the Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of America ) . Assistant priests / parochial vicars ( edit ) The parish priest / pastor may be assisted by one or more other priests : Whenever it is necessary or opportune for the due pastoral care of the parish , one or more assistant priests can be joined with the parish priest . As cooperators with the parish priest and sharers in his concern , they are , by common counsel and effort with the parish priest and under his authority , to labour in the pastoral ministry -- canon 545 of the Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland , assisted by the Canon Law Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Canadian Canon Law Society Whenever it is necessary or opportune in order to carry out the pastoral care of a parish fittingly , one or more parochial vicars can be associated with the pastor . As co-workers with the pastor and sharers in his solicitude , they are to offer service in the pastoral ministry by common counsel and effort with the pastor and under his authority -- canon 545 of the Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of America Honorary titles ( edit ) The honorary title of monsignor is conferred by the Pope upon diocesan priests ( not members of religious institutes ) in the service of the Holy See , and may be granted by him also to other diocesan priests at the request of the priest 's bishop . The priest so honored is considered to be a member of the papal household . The title goes with any of the following three awards : Chaplain of His Holiness ( called Papal Chamberlain until a 1969 reform ) , the lowest level , distinguished by purple buttons and trim on the black cassock , with a purple sash . Honorary Prelate ( until 1969 called Domestic Prelate ) , the middle level , distinguished by red buttons and trim on the black cassock , with a purple sash , and by choir dress that includes a purple cassock . Protonotary Apostolic , the highest level , with the same dress as that of an Honorary Prelate , except that the non-obligatory purple silk cape known as a ferraiolo may be worn also . In December 2013 , Pope Francis decided to make future grants of the title of Monsignor to priests not in the service of the Holy See only in the rank of Chaplain of His Holiness and only to priests aged 65 or over . Under legislation of Pope Pius X , vicars general and vicars capitular ( the latter are now called diocesan administrators ) are titular ( not actual ) Protonotaries durante munere , i.e. , as long as they hold those offices , and so are entitled to be addressed as Monsignor , as indicated also by the placing of the abbreviated title `` Mons . '' before the name of every member of the secular ( diocesan ) clergy listed as a vicar general in the Annuario Pontificio . ( Honorary titles such as that of `` Monsignor '' are not considered appropriate for religious . ) Some of the Eastern Catholic Churches of Syriac tradition use the title Chorbishop , roughly equivalent to the Western title of Monsignor . Other Eastern Catholic Churches bestow the honorific title of Archimandrite upon unmarried priests as a mark of respect or gratitude for their services . Married presbyters may be honored with the position of Archpriest , which has two grades , the higher is `` Mitred Archpriest '' which permits the priest to wear a mitre . In the Latin Church titles of Archpriest is sometimes attached to the pastor of a few number of historic churches including the major basilicas in Rome . These archpriests are not presbyers , but bishops or cardinals . Similarly , the title of Archdeacon is sometimes conferred on presbyters . Diaconate ( edit ) Deacons are ordained ministers of the Church who are co-workers with the bishop alongside presbyters , but are intended to focus on the ministries of direct service and outreach to the poor and needy , rather than pastoral leadership . They are usually related to a parish , where they have a liturgical function as the ordinary minister of the Gospel and the Prayers of the Faithful , They may preach homilies , and in the Roman Rite , may preside at non-Eucharistic liturgies such as baptisms , weddings , funerals , and adoration / benediction . In the Eastern Catholic Churches , in the absence of a priest , deacons do not vest and may only lead services as a reader , never presiding at weddings or funerals . The scriptural basis and description of the role and qualifications of the deacon can be found in Acts 6 : 1 -- 9 , and in 1 Timothy 3 : 1 -- 13 . They may be seminarians preparing for ordination to the priesthood , `` transitional deacons '' , or `` permanent deacons '' who do not intend to be ordained as priests . To be ordained deacons , the latter must be at least 25 years old , if unmarried ; if married , a prospective deacon must be at least 35 years old and have the consent of his wife . In the Latin Church , married deacons are permanent deacons . In most diocese there is a cut - off age for being accepted into formation for the diaconate . The passage from membership of the laity to that of the clergy occurs with ordination to the diaconate . Previously , the Latin Church rule was that one became a cleric on receiving clerical tonsure , which was followed by minor orders and by the subdiaconate , which was reckoned as one of the major orders . By his motu proprio Ministeria quaedam of 15 August 1972 , Pope Paul VI decreed : `` The orders hitherto called minor are henceforth to be spoken of as ' ministries ' . '' The same motu proprio also decreed that the Latin Church would no longer have the major order of subdiaconate , but it permitted any episcopal conference that so desired to apply the term `` subdeacon '' to those who hold the ministry ( formerly called the minor order ) of `` acolyte '' . Even in those societies within the Latin Church that , with the approval of the Holy See , continue to administer the rites of tonsure , minor orders and subdiaconate , those who receive those rites remain lay people , becoming clerics only on being ordained as deacons . Laity ( edit ) Most of the people of God are the laity , a term derived from Greek λαὸς Θεοῦ ( Laos Theou ) , meaning `` people of God '' . All Christian faithful have the right and duty to bring the gospel message increasingly to `` all people in every age and every land '' . They all have a share in the Church 's mission and have the right to undertake apostolic activity according to their own state and condition . Lay ministry can take the form of exercising the priesthood of all the baptized , and more specifically undertaking the work of catechists . serving the Church pastorally , administratively , and in other ways , including the liturgical services as acolytes , lectors , cantors , and the like , initiation sponsors , pastoral care ministers , and members of parish and diocesan consultative bodies . Some lay Catholics carry out full - time professional and vocational service in the name of the Church , rather than in a secular calling . Though the phenomenon is widespread in North America and much of Europe , the organization and definition of the ministry is left to national bishops conferences . The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops has adopted the term lay ecclesial ministry for these individuals , as intentionally distinct from the general apostolate or ministry of the laity described above . The consultative leadership of the church , in both the diocese and the parish , usually comprises a Pastoral Council and a Finance Council , as well as several Commissions usually focusing on major aspects of the church 's life and mission , such as Faith Formation or Christian Education , Liturgy , Social Justice , Ecumenism , or Stewardship . Religious ( edit ) See also : Religious institute ( Catholic ) Religious -- who can be either lay people or clergy -- are members of religious institutes , societies in which the members take public vows and live a fraternal life in common . This is a form of consecrated life distinct from other forms , such as that of secular institutes . It is distinct also from forms that do not involve membership of an institute , such as that of consecrated hermits , that of consecrated virgins , and other forms whose approval is reserved to the Holy See . Religious institutes have historically been subdivided into the categories of orders and congregations . See also ( edit ) Order of precedence in the Catholic Church Catholic Church by country Global organisation of the Catholic Church List of Roman Catholic dioceses ( alphabetical ) List of Roman Catholic dioceses ( structured view ) List of Roman Catholic archdioceses List of Roman Catholic military dioceses List of Roman Catholic apostolic administrations List of Roman Catholic apostolic vicariates List of Eastern Catholic exarchates List of Roman Catholic apostolic prefectures List of Roman Catholic territorial prelatures List of Roman Catholic missions sui juris Lists of patriarchs , archbishops , and bishops Anglican ministry Apostolic Syndic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 873 Archived 2010 - 09 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` If any one saith , that , in the Catholic Church there is not a hierarchy by divine ordination instituted , consisting of bishops , priests , and ministers ; let him be anathema '' ( Council of Trent , session XXIII , canon VI on the sacrament of Order ) . Jump up ^ `` Hierarchy '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 1911 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ __P2A. HTM Catechism of the Catholic Church , 874 -- 896 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 886 , 888 , 893 , 939 Archived 2011 - 04 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hierarchy '' in John Hardon , Modern Catholic Dictionary Jump up ^ Vatican , Annuario Pontificio 2016 , p. 1142 . Jump up ^ Barry , p. 52 Jump up ^ `` Frequently Requested Church Statistics '' . Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate . Georgetown University . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Committee on the Diaconate . `` Frequently Asked Questions About Deacons '' . United States Conference of Catholic Bishops . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The minister who is able to confect the sacrament of the Eucharist in the person of Christ is a validly ordained priest alone '' ( __P38. HTM Code of Canon Law , canon 900 § 1 ) . While in the English language , the word `` priest '' usually means someone received into the second of the three holy orders ( also called the presbyterate ) but not into the highest , that of bishop , the Latin text underlying this statement uses the Latin term sacerdos , which comprises both bishops and , in the common English sense , priests . To refer exclusively to priests in the more common English sense , Latin uses the word presbyter . See Dennis Chester Smolarski , The General Instruction of the Roman Missal , 1969 -- 2002 : A Commentary ( Liturgical Press 2003 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 2936 - 9 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Canon 42 Catholic Church Canon Law . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Canon 375 Archived 2008 - 02 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , Catholic Church Canon Law . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Barry , p. 114 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 42 '' . Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches. 1990 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Roman Catholicism ( at `` Structure of the Church : The College of Bishops '' ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : __P1D. HTM `` Canon 375 '' Check url = value ( help ) . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Instruction on the Ecclesial Vocation of Theologian , 19 Member of the Episcopal College by virtue of his sacramental ordination and hierarchical communion , the bishop represents his Church just as all the bishops , in union with the Pope , represent the Church universal in the bonds of peace , love , unity , and truth . Jump up ^ Carol Glatz , Vatican statistics : Church growth remains steady worldwide , Catholic Herald ( May 5 , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Junno Arocho Esteves , Vatican statistics report increase in baptized Catholics worldwide , Catholic News Service ( March 7 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Canon 1014 '' . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ __P3O. HTM `` Canon 1013 '' Check url = value ( help ) . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lumen Gentium . Catholic Church . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Annuario Pontificio , published annually by Libreria Editrice Vaticana , p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 209 - 8722 - 0 . Jump up ^ Roman Catholicism ( at `` Structure of the Church : Apostolic Succession '' ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 331 '' . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ __P15. HTM `` Canon 330 '' Check url = value ( help ) . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Schatz , Klaus ( 1996 ) . Papal Primacy : From its Origins to the Present . Michael Glazier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 5522 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` # 882 '' . Catechism of the Catholic Church . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 336 '' . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ DeVille , Adam A.J. ( 2011 ) . Orthodoxy and the Roman Papacy : Ut Unum Sint and the Prospects of East - West Unity . University of Notre Dame Press . Jump up ^ `` Second Vatican Council , Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen gentium § 27 '' . Site da Santa Sé . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Pope John Paul II ( February 22 , 1996 ) . `` Apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 55 '' . Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches. 1990 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 63 '' . Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches. 1990 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Coptic Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Melkite Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Maronite Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Syrian Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Armenian Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Chaldean Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Canon 53 , 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Jump up ^ Canon 58 , Ibid Jump up ^ __P1J. HTM Canon 438 , 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Canon 151 , 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Jump up ^ `` Syro Malankara Church says it can use Catholicos title '' , Indian Catholic News Service , July 21 , 2005 Jump up ^ Canon 152 , 1990 Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches Jump up ^ Canon 154 , 1990 Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches ^ Jump up to : Roman Catholicism ( at `` Structure of the Church : The Roman Curia and the College of Cardinals '' ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law ( 1917 ) , canon 232 § 1 Jump up ^ Pope John XXIII ( 15 April 1962 ) . `` Cum gravissima '' . Jump up ^ Chas . Augustine , A Commentary on the New Code of Canon Law ( Herder 1918 ) , book II , pp. 36 -- 37 Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law ( 1917 ) , canon 239 § 1 21 ° ^ Jump up to : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Primate '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 438 Jump up ^ Canons 435 -- 437 , Ibid . Jump up ^ __P1H. HTM Canon 421 § 2 , Ibid . Jump up ^ Canon 1438 , Ibid . Jump up ^ Canon 1419 § 1 , Ibid . Jump up ^ Canons 133 - 139 , Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Jump up ^ Canons 155 - 173 , Ibid Jump up ^ Annuario Pontificio 2017 . Libreria Editrice Vaticana . p. 1136 . ISBN 9788820999759 . Jump up ^ According to Catholic-Hierarchy.org , as of 2007 , non-metropolitan archdioceses include 37 in Europe ( 10 immediately subject to the Holy See , 1 immediately subject to an Eastern Catholic major archbishop , 25 suffragan archdioceses , and 1 military archdiocese ) , 37 in Southwest Asia ( 3 immediately subject to the Holy See , 21 immediately subject to Eastern Catholic patriarchs , 4 suffragan archdioceses ) , 4 in Africa ( 2 immediately subject to the Holy See , 2 immediately subject to Eastern Catholic patriarchs ) , 2 in North America ( 1 immediately subject to the Holy See , 1 military archdiocese ) , 2 in South America ( 1 immediately subject to the Holy See , 1 military archdiocese ) , 2 in Australia ( both immediately subject to the Holy See ) , 1 in Southeast Asia ( immediately subject to the Holy See ) , and 1 in South Asia ( immediately subject to an Eastern Catholic major archbishop ) Jump up ^ Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches , canon 314 § 1 Archived 2011 - 06 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. ; cf . Bert Groen , William Peter van den Bercken ( editors ) , Four Hundred Years Union of Brest ( Peeters 1998 ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 0670 - 9 ) , p. 197 , which also mentions Eastern Catholic exarchs appointed in the past even by a metropolitan Jump up ^ Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum coetibus of 4 November 2009 Archived 27 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Id. c. 134 § § 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ __P1D. HTM `` Canon 134 , § 1 and § 2 '' Check url = value ( help ) . 1983 Code of Canon Law . Libreria Editrice Vaticana . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches , canons 43 and 45 Archived 2011 - 06 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches , canons 78 , 152 and 157 Archived 2011 - 06 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Roman Catholicism ( at `` Structure of the Church : The priesthood '' ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 475 '' . 1983 Code of Canon Law . The Holy See . 1983 - 01 - 28 . ISBN 0 - 943616 - 79 - 4 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 476 '' . __P1O. HTM 1983 Code of Canon Law Check url = value ( help ) . The Holy See . 1983 - 01 - 28 . ISBN 0 - 943616 - 79 - 4 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church -- Guide Jump up ^ O'Connell , Gerard ( 4 January 2014 ) . `` Pope abolishes honorary title of monsignor for diocesan priests under the age of 65 '' . Vatican Insider . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pariter , qui vicarii generalis aut etiam capitularis munere fungitur , hoc munere dumtaxat perdurante , erit protonotarius titularis '' ( Pope Pius X , Inter multiplices curas , 62 . 21 February 1905 ) Jump up ^ See Archpriest # Roman Catholicism . Jump up ^ `` The Deacon '' . St. Brendan Church . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 266 Jump up ^ Ministeria quaedam Archived 2011 - 11 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , II Jump up ^ Ministeria quaedam Archived 2011 - 11 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , IV Jump up ^ Instruction on the Application of the Apostolic Letter Summorum Pontificum Archived 2016 - 02 - 23 at the Wayback Machine. , 30 Jump up ^ Canon 211 Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Canon 216 Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ __PV. HTM Canon 230 § 1 , 1983 Code of Canon Law ^ Jump up to : Roman Catholicism ( at `` Structure of the Church : The laity '' ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Canon 228 § 2 , 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Co-Workers in the Vineyard ( pdf ) , United States Conference of Catholic Bishops , 2005 Jump up ^ __P1T. HTM Canon 512 § 1 , 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Canon 536 § 1 , 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ __P1Q. HTM Canon 492 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Canon 537 , 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ __P1Z. HTM Code of Canon Law , canon 607 Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 710 Jump up ^ __P1Y. HTM Code of Canon Law , canon 603 Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 604 Archived 2016 - 04 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ __P1Y. HTM Code of Canon Law , canon 605 External links ( edit ) Explanations of the hierarchy Book II : The People of God Liber II . De Populo Dei , Part II : The Hierarchical Constitution from the Code of Canon Law on the Holy See official website Catholic Encyclopedia `` hierarchy '' article Barry , Rev. Msgr . John F ( 2001 ) . One Faith , One Lord : A Study of Basic Catholic Belief . Gerard F. Baumbach , Ed. D. ISBN 0 - 8215 - 2207 - 8 . Directory of officials Catholic-Hierarchy.org . This is an online database of bishops and dioceses of the Roman Catholic Church . It contains geographical , organizational and address information on each Catholic diocese in the world , including Eastern Catholic Churches in communion with the Holy See , such as the Maronite Catholic Church or the Syro - Malabar Church . It also gives biographical information on current and previous bishops of each diocese , such as dates of birth , ordinations and ( when applicable ) death . Not officially sanctioned by the church , the website is run as a private project by David M. Cheney in Kansas City . For the sources used by Cheney in his compilation , see http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/sources.html . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the hierarchy in the roman catholic church	[ "The hierarchy of the Catholic Church consists of its bishops, priests, and deacons.[1][2] In the ecclesiological sense of the term, \"hierarchy\" strictly means the \"holy ordering\" of the Church, the Body of Christ, so to respect the diversity of gifts and ministries necessary for genuine unity. (1 Cor 12)\n" ]	[ "bishops, priests, and deacons" ]
3866506077172466377	Biomass (ecology)	Biomass ( ecology ) - wikipedia Biomass ( ecology ) Apart from bacteria , the total global live biomass has been estimated as 550 or 560 billion tonnes C , most of which is found in forests . Shallow aquatic environments , such as wetlands , estuaries and coral reefs , can be as productive as forests , generating similar amounts of new biomass each year on a given area . Biomass is the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time . Biomass can refer to species biomass , which is the mass of one or more species , or to community biomass , which is the mass of all species in the community . It can include microorganisms , plants or animals . The mass can be expressed as the average mass per unit area , or as the total mass in the community . How biomass is measured depends on why it is being measured . Sometimes , the biomass is regarded as the natural mass of organisms in situ , just as they are . For example , in a salmon fishery , the salmon biomass might be regarded as the total wet weight the salmon would have if they were taken out of the water . In other contexts , biomass can be measured in terms of the dried organic mass , so perhaps only 30 % of the actual weight might count , the rest being water . For other purposes , only biological tissues count , and teeth , bones and shells are excluded . In some applications , biomass is measured as the mass of organically bound carbon ( C ) that is present . The total live biomass on Earth is about 550 - 560 billion tonnes C , and the total annual primary production of biomass is just over 100 billion tonnes C / yr . The total live biomass of bacteria may be as much as that of plants and animals or may be much less . The total number of DNA base pairs on Earth , as a possible approximation of global biodiversity , is estimated at ( 5.3 ± 3.6 ) x 10 , and weighs 50 billion tonnes . In comparison , the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 x 10 tonnes of carbon . Contents 1 Ecological pyramids 2 Terrestrial biomass 3 Ocean biomass 4 Bacterial biomass 5 Global biomass 6 Global rate of production 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Ecological pyramids ( edit ) Main article : Ecological pyramid An ecological pyramid . An ecological pyramid is a graphical representation that shows , for a given ecosystem , the relationship between biomass or biological productivity and trophic levels . A biomass pyramid shows the amount of biomass at each trophic level . A productivity pyramid shows the production or turn - over in biomass at each trophic level . An ecological pyramid provides a snapshot in time of an ecological community . The bottom of the pyramid represents the primary producers ( autotrophs ) . The primary producers take energy from the environment in the form of sunlight or inorganic chemicals and use it to create energy - rich molecules such as carbohydrates . This mechanism is called primary production . The pyramid then proceeds through the various trophic levels to the apex predators at the top . When energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next , typically only ten percent is used to build new biomass . The remaining ninety percent goes to metabolic processes or is dissipated as heat . This energy loss means that productivity pyramids are never inverted , and generally limits food chains to about six levels . However , in oceans , biomass pyramids can be wholly or partially inverted , with more biomass at higher levels . Terrestrial biomass ( edit ) Terrestrial biomass generally decreases markedly at each higher trophic level ( plants , herbivores , carnivores ) . Examples of terrestrial producers are grasses , trees and shrubs . These have a much higher biomass than the animals that consume them , such as deer , zebras and insects . The level with the least biomass are the highest predators in the food chain , such as foxes and eagles . In a temperate grassland , grasses and other plants are the primary producers at the bottom of the pyramid . Then come the primary consumers , such as grasshoppers , voles and bison , followed by the secondary consumers , shrews , hawks and small cats . Finally the tertiary consumers , large cats and wolves . The biomass pyramid decreases markedly at each higher level . Ocean biomass ( edit ) The marine food chain predatory fish ↑ filter feeders ↑ predatory zooplankton ↑ zooplankton ↑ phytoplankton See also : Marine life Ocean or marine biomass , in a reversal of terrestrial biomass , can increase at higher trophic levels . In the ocean , the food chain typically starts with phytoplankton , and follows the course : Phytoplankton → zooplankton → predatory zooplankton → filter feeders → predatory fish Phytoplankton are the main primary producers at the bottom of the marine food chain . Phytoplankton use photosynthesis to convert inorganic carbon into protoplasm . They are then consumed by microscopic animals called zooplankton . Zooplankton comprise the second level in the food chain , and includes small crustaceans , such as copepods and krill , and the larva of fish , squid , lobsters and crabs . In turn , small zooplankton are consumed by both larger predatory zooplankters , such as krill , and by forage fish , which are small , schooling , filter - feeding fish . This makes up the third level in the food chain . An ocean food web showing a network of food chains The fourth trophic level consists of predatory fish , marine mammals and seabirds that consume forage fish . Examples are swordfish , seals and gannets . Apex predators , such as orcas , which can consume seals , and shortfin mako sharks , which can consume swordfish , make up the fifth trophic level . Baleen whales can consume zooplankton and krill directly , leading to a food chain with only three or four trophic levels . Marine environments can have inverted biomass pyramids . In particular , the biomass of consumers ( copepods , krill , shrimp , forage fish ) is larger than the biomass of primary producers . This happens because the ocean 's primary producers are tiny phytoplankton that grow and reproduce rapidly , so a small mass can have a fast rate of primary production . In contrast , terrestrial primary producers grow and reproduce slowly . There is an exception with cyanobacteria . Marine cyanobacteria are the smallest known photosynthetic organisms ; the smallest of all , Prochlorococcus , is just 0.5 to 0.8 micrometres across . Prochlorococcus is possibly the most plentiful species on Earth : a single millilitre of surface seawater may contain 100,000 cells or more . Worldwide , there are estimated to be several octillion ( ~ 10 ) individuals . Prochlorococcus is ubiquitous between 40 ° N and 40 ° S and dominates in the oligotrophic ( nutrient poor ) regions of the oceans . The bacterium accounts for an estimated 20 % of the oxygen in the Earth 's atmosphere , and forms part of the base of the ocean food chain . Bacterial biomass ( edit ) There are typically 50 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water . The 2018 census gives for bacterial biomass ≈ 70 billions of tonnes of carbon , equal to 15 % of the whole biomass , In a much - cited study from 1998 the world bacterial biomass had been mistakenly calculated to be 350 to 550 billions of tonnes of carbon , equal to between 60 % and 100 % of the carbon in plants . More recent studies of seafloor microbes had cast considerable doubt on that , one study in 2012 reduced the calculated microbial biomass on the seafloor from the original 303 billions of tonnes of C to just 4.1 billions of tonnes of C , reducing the global biomass of prokaryotes to 50 to 250 billions of tonnes of C. Further , if the average per cell biomass of prokaryotes is reduced from 86 to 14 femtograms C then the global biomass of prokaryotes was reduced to 13 to 44.5 billions of tonnes of C , equal to between 2.4 % and 8.1 % of the carbon in plants . The mentioned current value ( ≈ 70 billions of tonnes of carbon ) was published in May 2018 . Geographic location Number of cells ( × 10 ) Billions of tonnes of carbon Ocean floor 2.9 to 50 4.1 to 303 Open ocean 1.7 to 10 Terrestrial soil 2.6 3.7 to 22 Subsurface terrestrial 2.5 to 25 3.5 to 215 Global biomass ( edit ) Estimates for the global biomass of species and higher level groups are not always consistent across the literature . Apart from bacteria , the total global biomass has been estimated at about 560 billion tonnes C. Most of this biomass is found on land , with only 5 to 10 billion tonnes C found in the oceans . On land , there is about 1,000 times more plant biomass ( phytomass ) than animal biomass ( zoomass ) . About 18 % of this plant biomass is eaten by the land animals . However , in the ocean , the animal biomass is nearly 30 times larger than the plant biomass . Most ocean plant biomass is eaten by the ocean animals . name number of species date of estimate individual count mean living mass of individual percent biomass ( dried ) total number of carbon atoms global dry biomass in million tonnes global wet ( fresh ) biomass in million tonnes Terrestrial Humans 2012 7.0 billion 50 kg ( incl children ) 30 % 4.015 x 10 105 350 2005 4.63 billion 62 kg ( excl children ) 287 Cattle 1.3 billion 400 kg 30 % 156 520 Sheep and goats 2002 1.75 billion 60 kg 30 % 31.5 105 Chickens 24 billion 2 kg 30 % 14.4 48 Ants 12,649 10 - 10 billion 3 x 10 kg ( 0.003 grams ) 30 % 10 -- 100 30 - 300 Earthworms > 7,000 1881 Darwin 1.3 x 10 billion 3 g 30 % 1,140 - 2,280 3,800 - 7,600 Termites > 2,800 445 Marine Blue whales Pre-whaling 340,000 40 % 36 4,700 40 % 0.5 Fish > 10,000 2009 800 - 2,000 Antarctic krill 1924 -- 2004 7.8 x 10 0.486 g 379 Copepods ( a zooplankton ) 13,000 10 - 10 kg 1x10 Cyanobacteria ( a picoplankton ) ? 2003 1,000 Global Prokaryotes ( bacteria ) ? 2018 1 x 10 cells ≈ 70 Humans comprise about 100 million tonnes of the Earth 's dry biomass , domesticated animals about 700 million tonnes , earthworms over 1,100 million tonnes , and annual cereal crops about 2.3 billion tonnes . The most successful animal species , in terms of biomass , may well be Antarctic krill , Euphausia superba , with a fresh biomass approaching 500 million tonnes , although domestic cattle may also reach these immense figures . However , as a group , the small aquatic crustaceans called copepods may form the largest animal biomass on earth . A 2009 paper in Science estimates , for the first time , the total world fish biomass as somewhere between 0.8 and 2.0 billion tonnes . It has been estimated that about 1 % of the global biomass is due to phytoplankton , and 25 % is due to fungi . Grasses , trees and shrubs have a much higher biomass than the animals that consume them The total biomass of bacteria may equal that of plants . Copepods may form the largest biomass of any animal species group . Antarctic krill form one of the largest biomasses of any individual animal species . It has been claimed that fungi make up 25 % of the global biomass Global rate of production ( edit ) Globally , terrestrial and oceanic habitats produce a similar amount of new biomass each year ( 56.4 billion tonnes C terrestrial and 48.5 billion tonnes C oceanic ) . Net primary production is the rate at which new biomass is generated , mainly due to photosynthesis . Global primary production can be estimated from satellite observations . Satellites scan the normalised difference vegetation index ( NDVI ) over terrestrial habitats , and scan sea - surface chlorophyll levels over oceans . This results in 56.4 billion tonnes C / yr ( 53.8 % ) , for terrestrial primary production , and 48.5 billion tonnes C / yr for oceanic primary production . Thus , the total photoautotrophic primary production for the Earth is about 104.9 billion tonnes C / yr . This translates to about 426 gC / m2 / yr for land production ( excluding areas with permanent ice cover ) , and 140 gC / m2 / yr for the oceans . However , there is a much more significant difference in standing stocks -- while accounting for almost half of total annual production , oceanic autotrophs account for only about 0.2 % of the total biomass . Autotrophs may have the highest global proportion of biomass , but they are closely rivaled or surpassed by microbes . Terrestrial freshwater ecosystems generate about 1.5 % of the global net primary production . Some global producers of biomass in order of productivity rates are Producer Biomass productivity ( gC / m2 / yr ) Ref Total area ( million km2 ) Ref Total production ( billion tonnes C / yr ) Swamps and Marshes 2,500 Tropical rainforests 2,000 8 16 Coral reefs 2,000 0.28 0.56 Algal beds 2,000 River estuaries 1,800 Temperate forests 1,250 19 24 Cultivated lands 650 17 11 Tundras 140 Open ocean 125 311 39 Deserts 50 0.15 See also ( edit ) Biomass ( as in bioproducts ) Natural organic matter Productivity ( ecology ) Primary nutritional groups Standing stock Lake Pohjalampi - a biomass manipulation study List of harvested aquatic animals by weight References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bar - On YM , Phillips R , Milo R ( June 2018 ) . `` The biomass distribution on Earth '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 115 ( 25 ) : 6506 -- 6511 . Bibcode : 1998PNAS ... 95.6578 W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1711842115 . PMID 29784790 . Jump up ^ `` Biomass '' . Archived from the original on 14 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ricklefs RE , Miller GL ( 2000 ) . Ecology ( 4th ed . ) . Macmillan . p. 192 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 2829 - 0 . Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 2006 -- ) `` biomass '' . ^ Jump up to : Groombridge B , Jenkins MD ( 2000 ) Global biodiversity : Earth 's living resources in the 21st century Page 11 . World Conservation Monitoring Centre , World Conservation Press , Cambridge ^ Jump up to : Field CB , Behrenfeld MJ , Randerson JT , Falkowski P ( July 1998 ) . `` Primary production of the biosphere : integrating terrestrial and oceanic components '' . Science . 281 ( 5374 ) : 237 -- 40 . Bibcode : 1998Sci ... 281 ... 237F . doi : 10.1126 / science. 281.5374. 237 . PMID 9657713 . ^ Jump up to : Whitman WB , Coleman DC , Wiebe WJ ( June 1998 ) . `` Prokaryotes : the unseen majority '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 95 ( 12 ) : 6578 -- 83 . Bibcode : 1998PNAS ... 95.6578 W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 95.12. 6578 . PMC 33863 . PMID 9618454 . ^ Jump up to : Kallmeyer J , Pockalny R , Adhikari RR , Smith DC , D'Hondt S ( October 2012 ) . `` Global distribution of microbial abundance and biomass in subseafloor sediment '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 109 ( 40 ) : 16213 -- 6 . Bibcode : 2012PNAS ... 10916213K . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1203849109 . PMC 3479597 . PMID 22927371 . Jump up ^ Landenmark HK , Forgan DH , Cockell CS ( June 2015 ) . `` An Estimate of the Total DNA in the Biosphere '' . PLoS Biology . 13 ( 6 ) : e1002168 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 1002168 . PMC 4466264 . PMID 26066900 . Jump up ^ Nuwer R ( 18 July 2015 ) . `` Counting All the DNA on Earth '' . The New York Times . New York : The New York Times Company . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Biosphere : Diversity of Life '' . Aspen Global Change Institute . Basalt , CO . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Kettler GC , Martiny AC , Huang K , Zucker J , Coleman ML , Rodrigue S , Chen F , Lapidus A , Ferriera S , Johnson J , Steglich C , Church GM , Richardson P , Chisholm SW ( December 2007 ) . `` Patterns and implications of gene gain and loss in the evolution of Prochlorococcus '' . PLoS Genetics . 3 ( 12 ) : e231 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pgen. 0030231 . PMC 2151091 . PMID 18159947 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , R. ; Bonnell , J. , eds. ( 27 September 2006 ) . `` Earth from Saturn '' . Astronomy Picture of the Day . NASA . Jump up ^ Partensky F , Hess WR , Vaulot D ( March 1999 ) . `` Prochlorococcus , a marine photosynthetic prokaryote of global significance '' . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews . 63 ( 1 ) : 106 -- 27 . PMC 98958 . PMID 10066832 . Jump up ^ The Most Important Microbe You 've Never Heard Of Jump up ^ Lipp JS , Morono Y , Inagaki F , Hinrichs KU ( August 2008 ) . `` Significant contribution of Archaea to extant biomass in marine subsurface sediments '' . Nature . 454 ( 7207 ) : 991 -- 4 . Bibcode : 2008Natur. 454 ... 991L . doi : 10.1038 / nature07174 . PMID 18641632 . ^ Jump up to : Hartley , Sue ( 2010 ) The 300 Million Years War : Plant Biomass v Herbivores Royal Institution Christmas Lecture . Jump up ^ Darlington , P ( 1966 ) http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Terrestrial+Fauna `` Biogeografia '' . Published in The Great Soviet Encyclopedia , 3rd Edition ( 1970 - 1979 ) . Jump up ^ US world population clock Archived 1 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Freitas , Robert A. Jr. Nanomedicine 3.1 Human Body Chemical Composition Foresight Institute , 1998 ^ Jump up to : Walpole SC , Prieto - Merino D , Edwards P , Cleland J , Stevens G , Roberts I ( June 2012 ) . `` The weight of nations : an estimation of adult human biomass '' ( PDF ) . BMC Public Health . 12 ( 1 ) : 439 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2458 - 12 - 439 . PMC 3408371 . PMID 22709383 . Jump up ^ Cattle Today . `` Breeds of Cattle at CATTLE TODAY '' . Cattle-today.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ World 's Rangelands Deteriorating Under Mounting Pressure Archived 11 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Earth Policy Institute 2002 Jump up ^ http://osuc.biosci.ohio-state.edu/hymenoptera/tsa.sppcount?the_taxon=Formicidae Jump up ^ Embery J , Lucaire E , Karel H ( 1983 ) . Joan Embery 's collection of amazing animal facts . New York : Delacorte Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 28486 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Blakemore RJ ( 2017 ) . `` Darwin 's win - win for Global Worming ? '' . Jump up ^ Lee KE ( 1985 ) . Earthworms : their ecology and relationships with soils and land use . Sydney : Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 440860 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sum of ( ( biomass m ^ - 2 ) * ( area m ^ 2 ) ) from table 3 in Sanderson , M.G. 1996 Biomass of termites and their emissions of methane and carbon dioxide : A global database Global Biochemical Cycles , Vol 10 : 4 543 - 557 Jump up ^ Pershing AJ , Christensen LB , Record NR , Sherwood GD , Stetson PB ( August 2010 ) . Humphries S , ed . `` The impact of whaling on the ocean carbon cycle : why bigger was better '' . PLOS One . 5 ( 8 ) : e12444 . Bibcode : 2010PLoSO ... 512444P . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0012444 . PMC 2928761 . PMID 20865156 . ( Table 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Jelmert A , Oppen - Berntsen DO ( 1996 ) . `` Whaling and Deep - Sea Biodiversity '' . Conservation Biology . 10 ( 2 ) : 653 -- 654 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1523 - 1739.1996. 10020653. x . Jump up ^ Wilson RW , Millero FJ , Taylor JR , Walsh PJ , Christensen V , Jennings S and Grosell M ( 2009 ) `` Contribution of Fish to the Marine Inorganic Carbon Cycle '' Science , 323 ( 5912 ) 359 - 362 . ( This article provides a first estimate of global fish `` wet weight '' biomass ) ^ Jump up to : Atkinson A , Siegel V , Pakhomov EA , Jessopp MJ , Loeb V ( 2009 ) . `` A re-appraisal of the total biomass and annual production of Antarctic krill '' ( PDF ) . Deep - Sea Research Part I. 56 ( 5 ) : 727 -- 740 . Bibcode : 2009DSRI ... 56 ... 727A . doi : 10.1016 / j. dsr. 2008.12. 007 . Jump up ^ Buitenhuis ET , Le Quéré C , Aumont O , Beaugrand G , Bunker A , Hirst A , Ikeda T , O'Brien T , Piontkovski S , Straile D ( 2006 ) . `` Biogeochemical fluxes through mesozooplankton '' . Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 20 : 2003 . Bibcode : 2006GBioC ... 20.2003 B . doi : 10.1029 / 2005GB002511 . Jump up ^ Garcia - Pichel F , Belnap J , Neuer S , Schanz F ( 2003 ) . `` Estimates of global cyanobacterial biomass and its distribution '' ( PDF ) . Algological Studies . 109 : 213 -- 217 . doi : 10.1127 / 1864 - 1318 / 2003 / 0109 - 0213 . Jump up ^ The world human population was 6.6 billion in January 2008 . At an average weight of 100 pounds ( 30 lbs of biomass ) , that equals 100 million tonnes . Jump up ^ FAO Statistical Yearbook 2013 : page 130 - http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3107e/i3107e.PDF ^ Jump up to : Nicol S , Endo Y ( 1997 ) . Fisheries Technical Paper 367 : Krill Fisheries of the World . FAO . Jump up ^ Ross , R.M. and Quetin , L.B. ( 1988 ) . Euphausia superba : a critical review of annual production . Comp . Biochem. Physiol . 90B , 499 - 505 . ^ Jump up to : Biology of Copepods Archived 1 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . at Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg Jump up ^ Wilson RW , Millero FJ , Taylor JR , Walsh PJ , Christensen V , Jennings S , Grosell M ( January 2009 ) . `` Contribution of fish to the marine inorganic carbon cycle '' . Science . 323 ( 5912 ) : 359 -- 62 . Bibcode : 2009Sci ... 323 ... 359W . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1157972 . PMID 19150840 . Jump up ^ Researcher gives first - ever estimate of worldwide fish biomass and impact on climate change PhysOrg.com , 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Bidle KD , Falkowski PG ( August 2004 ) . `` Cell death in planktonic , photosynthetic microorganisms '' . Nature Reviews . Microbiology. 2 ( 8 ) : 643 -- 55 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro956 . PMID 15263899 . Jump up ^ Miller , JD ( 1992 ) . `` Fungi as contaminants in indoor air '' . Atmospheric Environment. 26 ( 12 ) : 2163 -- 2172 . Bibcode : 1992AtmEn ... 26.2163 M . doi : 10.1016 / 0960 - 1686 ( 92 ) 90404 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sorenson WG ( June 1999 ) . `` Fungal spores : hazardous to health ? '' ( PDF ) . Environmental Health Perspectives. 107 Suppl 3 ( Suppl 3 ) : 469 -- 72 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 99107s3469 . PMC 1566211 . PMID 10423389 . Jump up ^ Whitman WB , Coleman DC , Wiebe WJ ( June 1998 ) . `` Prokaryotes : the unseen majority '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 95 ( 12 ) : 6578 -- 83 . Bibcode : 1998PNAS ... 95.6578 W . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 95.12. 6578 . PMC 33863 . PMID 9618454 . Jump up ^ Groombridge B , Jenkins M ( 2002 ) . World Atlas of Biodiversity : Earth 's Living Resources in the 21st Century . World Conservation Monitoring Centre , United Nations Environment Programme . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23668 - 8 . PMC 3408371 . Jump up ^ Alexander DE ( 1 May 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Environmental Science . Springer . ISBN 0 - 412 - 74050 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ricklefs RE , Miller GL ( 2000 ) . Ecology ( 4th ed . ) . Macmillan . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 2829 - 0 . Jump up ^ Spalding , Mark , Corinna Ravilious , and Edmund Green . 2001 . World Atlas of Coral Reefs . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press and UNEP / WCMC . ^ Jump up to : Park CC ( 2001 ) . The environment : principles and applications ( 2nd ed . ) . Routledge . p. 564 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 21770 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Foley JA , Monfreda C , Ramankutty N , Zaks D ( July 2007 ) . `` Our share of the planetary pie '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 104 ( 31 ) : 12585 -- 6 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10412585F . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0705190104 . PMC 1937509 . PMID 17646656 . Haberl H , Erb KH , Krausmann F , Gaube V , Bondeau A , Plutzar C , Gingrich S , Lucht W , Fischer - Kowalski M ( July 2007 ) . `` Quantifying and mapping the human appropriation of net primary production in earth 's terrestrial ecosystems '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 104 ( 31 ) : 12942 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10412942H . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0704243104 . PMC 1911196 . PMID 17616580 . Purves WK , Orians GH ( 2007 ) . Life : The Science of Biology ( 8th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 0877 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Look up biomass in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . The mass of all life on Earth is staggering -- until you consider how much we 've lost Counting bacteria Trophic levels Biomass distributions for high trophic - level fishes in the North Atlantic , 1900 -- 2000 Ecology : Modelling ecosystems : Trophic components General Abiotic component Abiotic stress Behaviour Biogeochemical cycle Biomass Biotic component Biotic stress Carrying capacity Competition Ecosystem Ecosystem ecology Ecosystem model Keystone species List of feeding behaviours Metabolic theory of ecology Productivity Resource Producers Autotrophs Chemosynthesis Chemotrophs Foundation species Mixotrophs Myco - heterotrophy Mycotroph Organotrophs Photoheterotrophs Photosynthesis Photosynthetic efficiency Phototrophs Primary nutritional groups Primary production Consumers Apex predator Bacterivore Carnivores Chemoorganotroph Foraging Generalist and specialist species Intraguild predation Herbivores Heterotroph Heterotrophic nutrition Insectivore Mesopredators Mesopredator release hypothesis Omnivores Optimal foraging theory Planktivore Predation Prey switching Decomposers Chemoorganoheterotrophy Decomposition Detritivores Detritus Microorganisms Archaea Bacteriophage Environmental microbiology Lithoautotroph Lithotrophy Microbial cooperation Microbial ecology Microbial food web Microbial intelligence Microbial loop Microbial mat Microbial metabolism Phage ecology Food webs Biomagnification Ecological efficiency Ecological pyramid Energy flow Food chain Trophic level Example webs Cold seeps Hydrothermal vents Intertidal Kelp forests Lakes North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Rivers San Francisco Estuary Soil Tide pool Processes Ascendency Bioaccumulation Cascade effect Climax community Competitive exclusion principle Consumer - 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Marine life Bacteriophages Census Fish coastal coral reef deep sea demersal pelagic Deep sea communities Deep sea creature Deep - water coral Invertebrates Larvae Mammals Marine life Microorganisms Paradox of the plankton Reptiles Seabirds Seashore wildlife Vertebrates Wild fisheries Marine habitats Bay mud Coastal biogeomorphology Cold seeps Coral reefs Davidson Seamount Estuaries Intertidal ecology Intertidal wetlands Kelp forests Hydrothermal vents Lagoons Mangroves Marine biomes Marine habitats Mudflats Rocky shores Salt marshes Salt pannes and pools Seagrass meadows Sponge grounds Sponge reefs Tide pools Issues Ecological values of mangroves Fisheries and climate change HERMIONE Marine conservation Marine conservation activism Marine pollution Marine Protected Area Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biomass_(ecology)&oldid=852085769 '' Categories : Ecology terminology Environmental terminology Ecological metrics Ecosystems Fisheries science Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2012 Use dmy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Català Eesti Français Gaeilge Galego Bahasa Indonesia עברית Кыргызча Lietuvių Polski Română Русский Simple English Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 14 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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-6997631503304901017	Barbie (film series)	Barbie ( film series ) - Wikipedia Barbie ( film series ) For other uses , see Barbie ( disambiguation ) . This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : tone , check for potential OR Please help improve this article if you can . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Barbie Film Collection Barbie logo Produced by Mattel Creations Production company Mainframe Entertainment ( 2001 -- 2007 ) ( except The Barbie Diaries ) Rainmaker Studios ( 2007 -- date ) Arc Productions ( 2013 , 2015 , 2016 ) Technicolor ( 2011 , 2013 ) Distributed by Artisan Entertainment / FHE ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Lionsgate ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Universal Studios ( 2006 -- date ) Sony Pictures Entertainment ( upcoming live action ) Country United States Canada Language English French Barbie is a fashion doll manufactured by the American toy company Mattel , Inc. who has been a computer animated virtual actress starring in direct - to - DVD animated films . Although Barbie has appeared in miniseries and short films since 1987 , the series officially began in 2001 with Barbie in the Nutcracker which is tagged as `` ( Barbie ) Starring in Her First ( Feature - length ) Movie '' . It is followed by a total of thirty - five films while the series is on hiatus as of 2017 . Other appearances of Barbie as a character in other films including Mattel 's My Scene line as well as the Toy Story film series are not considered part of the franchise . Created by Mattel Creations ( formerly Mattel Entertainment ) , the films have sold more than 27 million units worldwide , as of 2006 . The Barbie films and their plot lines center on Barbie as a singular CGI actress , and often frame Barbie as a modern girl telling the story to a younger friend while simultaneously starring in the film . Scholars examining how the Barbie films differ from Disney and other princess narratives have concluded that Mattel intentionally attempted to remediate its brand based on feminist criticisms through story - telling in the films . Barbie is always placed as the central heroine of the story , with male characters and romantic interests serving as secondary to the plot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Films 3 Live action film adaptation 4 References 5 External links Origins ( edit ) Barbie 's popularity on the toy market began to decline in the 1990s , and struggled further when MGA Entertainment introduced a line of Bratz dolls , whose sexualized characters contrasted with Barbie 's older , chaste image . Mattel therefore attempted to overhaul the Barbie brand to keep the toy relevant to consumers in the modern age by bringing in consultants and conducting research on key market groups . Mattel consultants initially considered reducing the Barbie 's breast size , but later claimed that the doll 's figure could not be changed because `` being consistent is one of her biggest strengths . '' This move might also have been rejected because of the success of the sexualized Bratz dolls of Mattel 's competitors . Mattel 's team also considered targeting market audiences of career women and their daughters by introducing lines of Doctor or Lawyer Barbies . However , Mattel 's research showed that girls were spending more time online than playing with physical dolls . Therefore , targeted career Barbies were discarded in favor of looking for more interactive platforms through online or digital media . This resulted in the creation of the Barbie film series , which initially revolved around Barbie being reimagined a princess and eventually expanded into various worlds of fashion and fantasy . A primary benefit of this strategy revolved around marketing , as Mattel could sell dolls specific to each film separately from the DVDs and merchandise related to props , costumes , and sets from the films . Tim Kilpin , the senior vice-president for girls marketing at Mattel , stated that `` What you see now are several different Barbie worlds anchored by content and storytelling . A girl can understand what role Barbie is playing , what the other characters are doing , and how they interrelate . That 's a much richer level of story that leads to a richer level of play . '' The strategy worked : US Barbie sales , led by the princess line , `` increased by two percent in 2006 , saving Mattel 's bottom line at a time when its worldwide share of the toy market was declining . '' Within the films , Mattel includes performances by well - known companies and orchestras , such as the London Symphony Orchestra , the Czech Philharmonic and the New York City Ballet . These associations could have been included as an enrichment strategy on behalf of Mattel 's marketing team , to help the films be seen as educational . Films ( edit ) The following is the official list of thirty - six films in the Barbie film series . # Title Barbie 's Role ( s ) Release Date Director ( s ) Barbie in the Nutcracker Clara / Sugarplum Princess October 23 , 2001 Owen Hurley Barbie as Rapunzel Rapunzel October 1 , 2002 Owen Hurley Barbie of Swan Lake Odette September 30 , 2003 Owen Hurley Barbie as the Princess and the Pauper Princess Anneliese / Erika September 28 , 2004 William Lau 5 Barbie : Fairytopia Elina March 8 , 2005 Walter P. Martishius 6 Barbie and the Magic of Pegasus Princess Annika September 20 , 2005 Greg Richardson 7 Barbie Fairytopia : Mermaidia Elina March 14 , 2006 William Lau Walter P. Martishius 8 The Barbie Diaries Barbie May 9 , 2006 Eric Fogel 9 Barbie in the 12 Dancing Princesses Princess Genevieve September 19 , 2006 Greg Richardson 10 Barbie Fairytopia : Magic of the Rainbow Elina March 13 , 2007 William Lau 11 Barbie as the Island Princess Ro / Rosella September 18 , 2007 Greg Richardson 12 Barbie : Mariposa Elina / Mariposa February 26 , 2008 Conrad Helten 13 Barbie & the Diamond Castle Barbie / Liana September 9 , 2008 Gino Nichele 14 Barbie in A Christmas Carol Barbie / Eden Starling November 4 , 2008 William Lau 15 Barbie Presents : Thumbelina Barbie March 17 , 2009 Conrad Helten 16 Barbie and the Three Musketeers Corinne September 15 , 2009 William Lau 17 Barbie in A Mermaid Tale Merliah Summers March 2 , 2010 Adam L. Wood 18 Barbie : A Fashion Fairytale Barbie September 14 , 2010 William Lau 19 Barbie : A Fairy Secret Barbie March 15 , 2011 William Lau 20 Barbie : Princess Charm School Blair Willows / Princess Sophia September 13 , 2011 Ezekiel Norton 21 Barbie : A Perfect Christmas Barbie November 8 , 2011 Mark Baldo 22 Barbie in A Mermaid Tale 2 Merliah Summers February 27 , 2012 William Lau 23 Barbie : The Princess & the Popstar Princess Tori / Keira September 11 , 2012 Ezekiel Norton 24 Barbie in the Pink Shoes Kristyn Farraday / Giselle / Odette February 26 , 2013 Owen Hurley 25 Barbie : Mariposa & the Fairy Princess Mariposa August 27 , 2013 William Lau 26 Barbie & Her Sisters in A Pony Tale Barbie Roberts October 22 , 2013 Kyran Kelly 27 Barbie : The Pearl Princess Princess Lumina March 11 , 2014 Ezekiel Norton 28 Barbie and the Secret Door Princess Alexa September 16 , 2014 Karen J. Lloyd 29 Barbie in Princess Power Princess Kara March 4 , 2015 Ezekiel Norton 30 Barbie in Rock ' N Royals Princess Courtney September 8 , 2015 Karen J. Lloyd 31 Barbie and Her Sisters in The Great Puppy Adventure Barbie Roberts October 27 , 2015 Andrew Tan 32 Barbie : Spy Squad Barbie February 8 , 2016 Conrad Helten 32 Barbie : Star Light Adventure Barbie of Para-Den August 29 , 2016 Andrew Tan 34 Barbie and Her Sisters In A Puppy Chase Barbie Roberts October 18 , 2016 Conrad Helten 35 Barbie : Video Game Hero Barbie January 31 , 2017 Conrad Helten Ezekiel Norton 36 Barbie : Dolphin Magic Barbie Roberts October 13 , 2017 Conrad Helten Live action film adaptation ( edit ) In 1986 , a St. Petersburg Times newspaper reported that Cannon Films planned to make a Barbie film , but nothing came to fruition . Sony Pictures and Mattel are developing a comedic live - action Barbie movie with Walter F. Parkes and Laurie MacDonald producing and Jenny Bicks writing the film . On March 4 , 2015 it was announced that Diablo Cody will be doing rewrites on the script . In December 2015 it was announced that Sony would hire three different writers to write scripts , and that they would choose the best one . They are working with the draft written by Hilary Winston . On August 5 , 2015 , Sony Pictures set the film 's release date on June 2 , 2017 . On December 2 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Amy Schumer had been cast as Barbie . It also reported that minor changes would be made in terms of the character and the story itself , centering on a Barbie , who after she is exiled from a world full of Barbies , enters the real world as a normal woman who is imperfect . On March 23 , 2017 , The Hollywood Reporter confirmed that Schumer had dropped out of the project due to scheduling conflicts ; similar reports stated that the film was without a director . In August 2017 , it was announced that Anne Hathaway would star as the titular character and that up - and - coming director Alethea Jones would helm the film . Originally scheduled for release on May 12 , 2017 , it was reported that the live - action film adaptation was pushed back and was set for a June 29 , 2018 release in the United States ; it was later pushed back to August 8 , 2018 . The film would later move its release date to May 8 , 2020 . On April 26 , 2018 , Diablo Cody announced she has dropped out of the project . Cody said that she spent too much time involved working on the screenplay for Tully to focus on writing the live action Barbie movie and that she does n't feel she is the right person to write the script . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brandweek '' . Brandweek . Adweek. 47 ( 14 - 26 ) : 8 . April 2006 . To date , the Barbie brand 's seven released , animated direct - to - DVDs have collectively sold more than 27 million units worldwide . ^ Jump up to : Vered , Karen Orrl & Maizonniaux , Christèlel , `` Barbie and the straight - to - DVD movie : pink post-feminist pedagogy '' , Feminist Media Studies . Apr2017 , Vol. 17 Issue 2 , p198 - 214 . 17p . Jump up ^ Still , Julie , `` Feminist Barbie : Mattel 's Remakes of Classic Tales '' , MP : A Feminist Journal Online . Oct2010 , Vol. 3 Issue 2 , p148 - 164 . 17p . ^ Jump up to : Ault , Susanne , `` Girl Power Builds Barbie muscle : Mattel Takes Kids ' Fave Forward with U Pact , '' Daily Variety ( February 12 , 2007 ) . A11 - A13 . ^ Jump up to : Orr , Lisa , `` ' Difference That is Actually Sameness Mass - Reproduced , : Barbie Joins the Princess Convergence , '' Jeunesse : Young People , Texts Cultures 1.1 ( 2009 ) : 9 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Holding Back the Years . '' Marketing Week . Marketing Week , 14 Aug. 2008 . Web . 22 Apr. 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Gogoi , Pallavi . `` Mattel 's Barbie Trouble . '' Business Week Online 18 July 2006 : 7 . Academic Search Premier . Web . 15 Mar. 2009 . Jump up ^ Netherby , Jennifer . `` Doll Shape Shifts with Times . '' Daily Variety 9 Feb. 2007 . LexisNexis . Web . 25 Oct. 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Barbie 's Midlife Crisis . '' Brand Strategy 14 May 2004 : 20 + . LexisNexis . Web . 25 Oct. 2008 . Jump up ^ Mattel . `` Mattel Incorporated Fourth Quarter 2008 Earnings Conference Call . '' Mattel . Mattel , 2 Feb. 2009 . Web . 16 Mar. 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Teams With Mattel To Fashion Film Franchise Based On Barbie Toyline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's ' Barbie ' Movie Draws Diablo Cody for Rewrite '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Barbie ' Movie : Sony Trying Three Poses With Three Scripts '' . Jump up ^ `` Amy Schumer exits live - action Barbie movie '' . Jump up ^ CS ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sony Pictures Dates 16 Films Through 2019 ! '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Amy Schumer in Talks to Star in ' Barbie ' Movie From Sony '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Amy Schumer Exits ' Barbie ' Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sony Sets Dates for ' Spider - Man ' Spinoff ' Silver & Black ' and ' Sicario 2 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Columbia Pictures also confirmed that Anne Hathaway will star in Barbie ( news she was in talks for the role broke last month ) and said it has moved the film back a few weeks to Aug. 8 , 2018 ( it was previously set for June 29 , 2018 ) . Alethea Jones directs the film . Jump up ^ `` Barbie Release Date Set for Summer 2018 '' . ComingSoon.net . December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Dates ' Silver And Black ' , ' Sicario 2 ' ; Moves ' Holmes And Watson ' , ' Bad Boys 3 ' Unset & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Anne Hathaway 's ' Barbie ' Moved Back Two Years to 2020 '' . Variety . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Chris ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Diablo Cody Never Actually Wrote a Script for the ' Barbie ' Movie '' . Slash Film . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website http://barbie.mattel.com/ hide Barbie Dolls Basics Blaine Burqa Computer Engineer Earring Magic Ken Fashion Model Collection Francie Ken List of friends and family Midge Nikki The Rockers Skipper Teen Talk Tefillin Teresa Totally Hair Films 2000s The Nutcracker ( 2001 ) Rapunzel ( 2002 ) Swan Lake ( 2003 ) The Princess and the Pauper ( 2004 ) Fairytopia ( 2005 ) The Magic of Pegasus ( 2005 ) Mermaidia ( 2006 ) The Barbie Diaries ( 2006 ) The 12 Dancing Princesses ( 2006 ) The Island Princess ( 2007 ) Mariposa ( 2008 ) The Diamond Castle ( 2008 ) Thumbelina ( 2009 ) The Three Musketeers ( 2009 ) 2010s A Mermaid Tale ( 2010 ) A Fashion Fairytale ( 2010 ) A Fairy Secret ( 2011 ) Princess Charm School ( 2011 ) A Mermaid Tale 2 ( 2012 ) The Princess & the Popstar ( 2012 ) The Secret Door ( 2014 ) Star Light Adventure ( 2016 ) Dolphin Magic ( 2017 ) TV series Life in the Dreamhouse ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Dreamtopia ( 2016 -- present ) Dreamhouse Adventures ( 2018 - present ) Shorts and specials The Rockers : Out of This World ( 1987 ) The Sensations : Rockin ' Back to Earth ( 1987 ) Other animation Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) My Scene : Jammin ' in Jamaica ( 2004 ) My Scene Goes Hollywood : The Movie ( 2005 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Hawaiian Vacation ( 2011 ) Video games 1980s Barbie ( 1984 ) 1990s Barbie ( 1991 ) Game Girl Magic Fairy Tales : Barbie as Rapunzel Super Model Vacation Adventure Race & Ride Super Sports Nail Designer Storymaker 2000s Beach Vacation Magic Genie Adventure Explorer Horse Adventures Blue Ribbon Race Mystery Ride Wild Horse Rescue Riding Camp The Island Princess Fashion Show : An Eye for Style Series Detective Barbie Related `` Barbie Girl '' Barbie Liberation Organization Barbie Shanghai Barbie 's careers Elliot Handler Ruth Handler `` Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy '' Mattel Inc v 3894207 Canada Inc Mattel , Inc. v. MCA Records , Inc . Museum of Lifestyle & Fashion History Kitty Black Perkins LaVonne Salleé Superstar : The Karen Carpenter Story The Tribe Willows , Wisconsin Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbie_(film_series)&oldid=847985328 '' Categories : Film series introduced in 1987 American animated films Films set in the 21st century Universal Studios franchises American direct - to - video films Computer - animated films Film series Barbie films Canadian animated films Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from June 2018 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from June 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from June 2018 Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Suomi 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 02 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the new barbie movie coming out	[ "Originally scheduled for release on May 12, 2017, it was reported that the live-action film adaptation was pushed back and was set for a June 29, 2018 release in the United States;[19] it was later pushed back to August 8, 2018.[20] The film would later move its release date to May 8, 2020.[21] On April 26, 2018, Diablo Cody announced she has dropped out of the project. Cody said that she spent too much time involved working on the screenplay for Tully to focus on writing the live action Barbie movie and that she doesn't feel she is the right person to write the script.[22]\n" ]	[ "May 8, 2020" ]
-3297542719612855197	Doris Roberts	Doris Roberts - wikipedia Doris Roberts Jump to : navigation , search Doris Roberts Roberts at the Night of Comedy 9 benefit in Beverly Hills , California in April 2011 Doris May Green ( 1925 - 11 - 04 ) November 4 , 1925 St. Louis , Missouri , U.S. April 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 17 ) ( aged 90 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Stroke Resting place Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery Occupation Actress Years active 1951 -- 2016 Spouse ( s ) Michael E. Cannata ( m . 1956 ; div. 1962 ) William Goyen ( m . 1963 ; his death 1983 ) Children Doris Roberts ( born Doris May Green ; November 4 , 1925 -- April 17 , 2016 ) was an American actress , author and philanthropist whose career spanned six decades of television . She appeared as a guest on many talk and variety shows , along with appearing as a panelist on several game shows . She was an advocate of animal rights and animal - rights activism , supporting groups such as the United Activists for Animal Rights . Doris Roberts also studied acting at The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York City . Roberts started in films in 1961 , and had prominent roles in movies , including playing opposite Shirley Stoler in The Honeymoon Killers ( 1969 ) , Elliott Gould in Little Murders ( 1971 ) , Steven Keats in Hester Street ( 1975 ) , Billy Crystal in Rabbit Test ( 1978 ) , Robert Carradine in Number One with a Bullet ( 1987 ) , and Cady McClain in Simple Justice ( 1989 ) , among many others . She received five Emmy Awards and a Screen Actors Guild award during her acting career , which began in 1951 . She achieved continuing success for her co-starring role as Raymond Barone 's mother , Marie Barone , on the long - running CBS sitcom , Everybody Loves Raymond ( 1996 -- 2005 ) . She played Mildred Krebs in Remington Steele from 1983 to 1987 . Towards the end of her acting career , she also had a prominent role opposite Tyler Perry in Madea 's Witness Protection ( 2012 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Film and television 2.2 Stage 3 Honors 4 Advocacy and other work 5 Personal life 6 Death 7 Filmography 7.1 Television 7.2 Film 8 Stage 9 Awards and nominations 10 References 10.1 Sources 11 External links Early life ( edit ) Doris May Green was born on November 4 , 1925 , in St. Louis , Missouri , to a family of Russian Jewish immigrants . She was raised by her mother , Ann ( née Meltzer ) , and her maternal grandparents in The Bronx , New York , after her father , Larry Green , deserted the family . Roberts ' stepfather , whose surname she took as her own , was Chester H. Roberts . Chester and Roberts ' mother operated the Z.L. Rosenfield Agency , a stenographic service catering to playwrights and actors . Career ( edit ) Film and Television ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Roberts ' acting career began in 1951 with a role on the TV series Studio One . She appeared in episodes of The Naked City ( 1958 -- 63 ) , Way Out ( 1961 ) , Ben Casey ( 1963 ) , and The Defenders ( 1962 -- 63 ) . In 1961 , she made her film debut in Something Wild ( 1961 ) . She appeared in such cult 1960s / 1970s films as A Lovely Way to Die , No Way to Treat a Lady , The Honeymoon Killers , Such Good Friends , Little Murders , and The Taking of Pelham One Two Three . In 1978 , she appeared in a film about John F. Kennedy 's assassination , Ruby and Oswald , in which she played Jack Ruby 's sister . She also appeared very briefly in The Rose , as the mother of the title character ( played by Bette Midler ) . Roberts in 1980 at the premiere of Seems Like Old Times , taken by Alan Light In an interview with the Archive of American Television , Rue McClanahan confirmed that in 1972 she was approached by Norman Lear during the taping of an All in the Family episode to be a late replacement for Roberts , who was originally intended for the role of Vivian on Maude . ( Roberts later guest starred in a 1976 All in the Family episode , `` Edith 's Night Out '' . ) Roberts played Theresa Falco on Angie , and later appeared as Mildred Krebs on Remington Steele . After Remington Steele ended , she starred in the TV movie remake of If It 's Tuesday , It Still Must Be Belgium ( 1987 ) and the National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation ( 1989 ) . She appeared on Alice , playing the mother of the title character ( played by her former Broadway co-star Linda Lavin ) , on Barney Miller as the wife of a man who secretly went to a sex surrogate , and on Full House as Danny Tanner 's mother , Claire . She played the unhinged Flo Flotsky on four episodes of Soap ; Dorelda Doremus , a faith healer , on Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman ; and lonely Aunt Edna on Step by Step . Roberts in December 2010 Roberts achieved much of her fame for her role as Marie Barone on Everybody Loves Raymond . She was reportedly one of 100 actresses considered for the role . For her work on the series , she was nominated for seven Emmy Awards ( and won four times ) for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series . She had previously won an Emmy for a guest appearance on St. Elsewhere , playing a homeless woman , and was also once nominated for her role on Remington Steele . She was nominated for appearances on Perfect Strangers and a PBS special called The Sunset Gang . In 2003 , she made a guest appearance as Gordo 's grandmother in Lizzie McGuire . The same year , she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . In 2006 , she starred in Our House as a wealthy woman who took in homeless people into her own house , and in Grandma 's Boy . In 2007 , she made a guest appearance on Law & Order : Criminal Intent . In 2008 , she appeared in the romantic comedy Play the Game alongside Andy Griffith , who plays a lonely widowed grandfather re-entering the dating world after a 60 - year hiatus . Roberts appeared in the 2009 film Aliens in the Attic , which was filmed in Auckland , New Zealand . She played George Needleman 's mother in Tyler Perry 's Madea 's Witness Protection ( 2012 ) . On September 23 , 2010 , she played Ms. Rinsky , Brick Heck 's teacher in the second - season premiere episode of The Middle . This appearance reunited her with Patricia Heaton , her co-star from Everybody Loves Raymond . The two women 's characters , of course , clash , with Heaton 's Frankie Heck always managing to get pushed out of sorts into disastrous action usually resulting in some kind of public chastisement by Roberts ' Rinsky , an expert at passive - aggressive manipulation . Roberts returned in two other episodes that season , `` The Math Class '' and the finale , `` Back to Summer '' . Stage ( edit ) Roberts ' stage career began in the 1950s on Broadway . She appeared in numerous Broadway shows including William Marchant 's The Desk Set ( with Shirley Booth ) , Neil Simon 's The Last of the Red Hot Lovers ( with James Coco and Linda Lavin ) and Terrence McNally 's Bad Habits . She starred in McNally 's Unusual Acts of Devotion at the LaJolla Playhouse in June 2009 . Honors ( edit ) In May 2005 , Roberts received an honorary doctorate of fine arts from the University of South Carolina . She was awarded the Ellis Island Medal of Honor on May 7 , 2011 . She was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in February 2003 , at 7021 Hollywood Blvd . Advocacy and other work ( edit ) On September 4 , 2002 , Roberts testified before a U.S. Congressional panel that age discrimination was prevalent in Hollywood . She was a registered Democrat . An animal rights advocate , Roberts worked with the group Puppies Behind Bars , which works with inmates in training guide dogs and assistance dogs for the physically disabled and elderly , as well as dogs trained in explosives detection to be used by law enforcement agencies . She was also active with the Children with AIDS Foundation , where she served as chairwoman . With Danelle Morton , Roberts wrote Are You Hungry , Dear ? Life , Laughs , and Lasagna . The book was published by St. Martin 's Press in 2003 , and serves as a memoir as well as a collection of some of Roberts ' recipes . Personal life ( edit ) Roberts married Michael Cannata in 1956 ; they divorced in 1962 . Their son , Michael Cannata , Jr. ( born 1957 ) is her only child . She had three grandchildren : Kelsey , Andrew and Devon . Her second husband was writer William Goyen and they were married from 1963 until his death from leukemia in 1983 . Death ( edit ) Roberts died in Los Angeles , California , on the morning of April 17 , 2016 in her sleep following a stroke . She was 90 years old . She had also suffered from pulmonary hypertension for many years before her death . Just a month after her death she was memorialized in New York City , where a public tribute was held at the Ambassador Theatre , where she appeared in 1972 in The Secret Affairs of Mildred Wild with Maureen Stapleton . Among the stars attending the service were Ray Romano and Patricia Heaton ( her co-stars from Everybody Loves Raymond ) and actor David Hyde Pierce . Romano said of Roberts , `` Doris Roberts had an energy and a spirit that amazed me . She never stopped . Whether working professionally or with her many charities , or just nurturing and mentoring a green young comic trying to make it as an actor , she did everything with such a grand love for life and people and I will miss her dearly . '' In another interview Romano jokingly responded about the kissing thing that Roberts did off - camera : `` You know how great she was then ! '' He also added : `` We had a little get together for her . She was one of a kind . She can outwork it , outdrink it , good kisser , I was joking ! I appreciated her . '' Just a month after her death he added : `` Here 's how good she was : She played the most intrusive , overbearing , nosy woman -- always starting fights and whatnot and meddling in our business -- and yet when I asked the fans who their favorite character was , all the time it was her , '' said Romano , `` She was so good at portraying the love that was underneath . '' She was interred at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles , California . Filmography ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1951 Starlight Theatre Operator Episode : `` Act of God Notwithstanding '' 1952 Studio One in Hollywood The Madwoman Episode : `` Jane Eyre '' Suspense Woman Episode : `` A Time on Innocence '' 1954 Look Up and Live Minnah Episode : `` Rider Number Six '' 1962 Naked City Miss Tresant Episode : `` One of the Most Important Men in the Whole World '' 1963 Ben Casey Claire Forest Episode : `` Father Was an Intern '' 1969 CBS Playhouse Shimmy Episode : `` Shadow Game '' The Mary Tyler Moore Show Helen Ferrell Episode : `` Phyllis Whips Inflation '' Medical Center Gladys Callahan Episode : `` Two Against Death '' Baretta Mrs. Asher Episode : `` Sharper Than a Serpent 's Tooth '' 1976 All in the Family Marge Episode : `` Edith 's Night Out '' Viva Valdez Gladys Episode : `` The Nurse 's Pipes '' Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman Dorelda Doremus 3 episodes The Streets of San Francisco Mrs. Strauss `` The Thrill Killers '' ( Parts I and II ) Family Etta Episode : `` Home Movie '' Rhoda Sylvia Levy Episode : `` Meet the Levy 's '' 1977 It Happened One Christmas Ma Bailey Movie 1978 -- 1980 Barney Miller Harriet Brauer 3 episodes 1978 Soap Flo Flotsky 4 episodes 1979 -- 1980 Angie Theresa Falco 36 episodes 1979 Fantasy Island Marjorie Gibbs Episode : `` Goose for the Gander / The Stuntman '' 1980 The Diary of Anne Frank Mrs. Van Daan Movie 1981 Fantasy Island Madam Clooney Episode : `` Delphine / The Unkillable '' 1981 -- 1982 Maggie Loretta 8 episodes Alice Mona Spivak 2 episodes 1982 St. Elsewhere Cora Episode : `` Cora and Arnie '' Romance Theatre Maggie 5 episodes Cagney & Lacey Helen Freitas Episode : `` Jane Doe # 37 '' 1983 -- 1987 Remington Steele Mildred Krebs Recurring : season 2 , main role : seasons 3 -- 5 ( 71 episodes ) 1985 California Girls Mrs. Bowzer Movie 1986 Mr. Belvedere Judge Westphall Episode : `` Deportation : Part 2 '' 1989 Perfect Strangers Mrs. Bailey Episode : `` Maid to Order '' Full House Claire Tanner Episode : `` Granny Tanny '' Murder , She Wrote Helen Owens Episode : `` Shear Madness '' Blind Faith Tessie McBride Miniseries A Mom for Christmas Philomena Movie 1991 Empty Nest Aunt Retha Episode : `` The Last Temptation of Laverne '' American Playhouse Mimi Finkelstein Episode : `` The Sunset Gang '' The Boys Doris Greenblat 6 episodes The John Larroquette Show Mrs. Shenker Episode : `` Pilot '' 1993 -- 1995 Dream On Angie Pedalbee 6 episodes Murder , She Wrote Mrs. Leah Colfax Episode : `` The Murder Chanel '' Step by Step Aunt Edna Episode : `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' A Time to Heal Maddy Movie 1995 Walker , Texas Ranger Elaine Portugal Episode : `` The Big Bingo Bamboozle '' 1996 -- 2005 Everybody Loves Raymond Marie Barone Main role ( 210 episodes ) 1997 A Thousand Men and a Baby Sister Philomena Movie 1999 The King of Queens Marie Barone Episode : `` Rayny Day '' 2000 The Wild Thornberrys Cow # 1 Episode : `` Critical Masai '' One True Love Lillian Movie 2001 The Sons of Mistletoe Margie Movie 2002 Touched by an Angel Rose Episode : `` The Bells of St. Peters '' 2003 Lizzie McGuire Grandma Ruth Episode : `` Grand Ole ' Grandma '' A Time to Remember Maggie Calhoun Movie Raising Waylon Great Aunt Marie Movie 2006 Our House Ruth Movie 2007 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Virginia Harrington Episode : `` Privilege '' 2009 Mrs. Miracle Mrs. Merkle Movie Miracle in Manhattan Mrs. Miracle Movie ; originally titled Call Me Mrs. Miracle 2010 -- 2011 The Middle Mrs. Rinsky 3 episodes 2011 Grey 's Anatomy Gladys Polcher Episode : `` It 's a Long Way Back '' Hot in Cleveland Lydia Episode : `` Dancing Queens '' Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension Mrs. Thompson Disney Channel original movie 2012 Desperate Housewives Doris Hammond Episode : `` Lost My Power '' 2013 Major Crimes Vera Walker Episode : `` There 's No Place Like Home '' 2013 -- 2014 Melissa & Joey Sofia 3 episodes 2014 Touched Norma Movie 2015 Merry Kissmas Mrs. Billing Movie 2016 Adam Astra Casting Dame Daisy Phillips / Lois Willard / Lana delPeno / Carla Lockwood / Cleo Benington Movie Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref . 1961 Something Wild Mary Ann 's Co-Worker 1967 Barefoot in the Park Hotel Maid Divorce American Style Hypnotic Subject 1968 No Way to Treat a Lady Sylvia Poppie A Lovely Way to Die Feeney 1970 The Honeymoon Killers Bunny 1971 Little Murders Mrs. Chamberlain A New Leaf Mrs. Traggert Such Good Friends Mrs. Gold 1972 The Heartbreak Kid Mrs. Cantrow The Taking of Pelham One Two Three Jessie Hester Street Mrs. Kavarsky - 1978 Rabbit Test Mrs. Carpenter 1979 Good Luck , Miss Wyckoff Marie The Rose Mrs. Foster Loosely based on the life of singer Janis Joplin Number One with a Bullet Mrs. Barzak 1989 National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation Frances Used People Aunt Lonnie 1995 The Grass Harp Mrs. Richards Taffy 1997 Walking to Waldheim Mina Goldblatt Short drama film 1998 My Giant Rose Kaminski 1999 A Fish in the Bathtub Frieda 2001 All Over the Guy Esther 2003 Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star Peggy Roberts 2006 Grandma 's Boy Grandma Lilly Keeping Up with the Steins Rose Fielder Showcase for Gary Marshall and Doris Roberts produced by Scott Marshall . Excellent / ethnic . 2009 Play the Game Rose Sherman Aliens in the Attic Nana Rose Pearson Another Harvest Moon Alice 2011 Margarine Wars Grandma Betty Johansson 2012 Madea 's Witness Protection Barbara 2014 The Little Rascals Save the Day Grandma Also known as The Little Rascals 2 : Save the Day The Secret of Joy Grandma Short film 2015 Zizi and Honeyboy Zizi Short drama film 2016 Job 's Daughter Ruth Morrison The Escort Margaret Short film Old Soldiers Gracie McBee The Red Maple Leaf Mrs. Samantha Adams Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Venue Dates Ref . 1955 The Time of Your Life The Streetwalker 's Sidekick CityCenter January 19 -- January 30 The Desk Set Miss Rumple Broadhurst Theatre October 24 , 1955 -- July 7 , 1956 1963 Marathon ' 33 Rae Wilson ANTA Playhouse December 22 , 1963 -- February 1 , 1964 1966 Malcolm Standby for : Alice Drummond as Eloisa Brace Ruth White as Madame Girard Shubert Theatre January 11 -- January 15 The Office Miss Punk Henry Miller 's Theatre Never officially opened -- April 30 , 1966 Under the Weather Standby for : Shelley Winters as Flora Sharkey / Marcella Vankuchen / Hilda Cort Theatre October 27 -- November 5 1967 The Natural Look Edna Longacre Theatre March 11 -- March 11 1969 Last of the Red Hot Lovers Jeanette Fisher Eugene O'Neill Theater Center December 28 , 1969 -- September 4 , 1971 1972 The Secret Affairs of Mildred Wild Miss Manley Standby for : Maureen Stapleton as Mildred Wild Ambassador Theatre November 14 -- December 2 Bad Habits Dolly Scupp Booth Theatre May 5 -- October 5 1978 Cheaters Grace Biltmore Theatre January 15 -- February 11 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Work Result Ref . Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series St. Elsewhere Won 1985 Remington Steele Nominated 1989 Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Perfect Strangers Nominated 1991 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Special American Playhouse Nominated 1999 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2000 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated 2001 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Won Online Film & Television Association Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated 2002 American Film Institute Actor of the Year -- Female -- TV Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Won Online Film & Television Association Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated 2003 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Won Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated 2005 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Won 2015 Hang Onto Your Shorts Film Festival Best Actress in a Short Film Zizi and Honeyboy Nominated CineRockom International Film Festival Lifetime Achievement Award Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Doris Roberts profile at Film Reference.com '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kelly Wilson ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Doris Roberts in the News '' . Members.aol.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mrs. Chester Roberts '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . June 19 , 1974 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( via YouTube ) `` Rue McClanahan Interview , part 2 of 5 '' . Archive of American Television . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Foundation . Retrieved June 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Larry King Live ' transcript , interview with Everybody Loves Raymond Cast '' . CNN.com . CNN . March 8 , 2002 . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doris Roberts , Star Of ' Everybody Loves Raymond ' , Dead At 90 '' . The Huffington Post . AOL ( Verizon Communications ) . April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mandell Weiss Theatre ( June 28 , 2009 ) . `` Unusual Acts of Devotion '' . La Jolla Playhouse . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Webster , Jacintha ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Remembering Doris Roberts '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best of Entertainment '' . Getty Images . The Carlyle Group . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ BBC News Staff ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Doris Roberts : Everybody Loves Raymond star dies at 90 '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hearings on Ageism '' . CNN . September 4 , 2002 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Profile '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Levitt , Hayley ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Everybody Loves Raymond Star Doris Roberts Dies at 90 '' . Theater Mania . Los Angeles . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Are you hungry , dear ? : life , laughs , and lasagna '' . World Cat . United States . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Doris ; Morton , Danelle ( 2004 ) . Are You Hungry , Dear ? Life , Laughs , and Lasagna . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0312312275 . Jump up ^ `` Doris Roberts profile at '' . Biography.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ D'Zurilla , Christie ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Doris Roberts dies at 90 ; Italian mamma from ' Everybody Loves Raymond ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Doris Roberts Died of a Stroke '' . TMZ . May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doris Roberts Dead Reactions Everybody Loves Raymond '' . deadline.com . May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Romano Doris Roberts ... Good Drinker , Good Kisser '' . TMZ.com . May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Everybody Loves Raymond Star Roberts Memorialized in NYC '' . usnews.com . May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Mom for Christmas '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Time to Heal '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Thousand Men and a Baby '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One True Love '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Sons of Mistletoe '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Raising Waylon '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Our House '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mrs. Miracle '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me Mrs. Miracle '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Merry Kissmas '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Something Wild '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barefoot in the Park '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Divorce American Style '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No Way to Treat a Lady '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Lovely Way to Die '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Honeymoon Killers '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Murders '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A New Leaf '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Such Good Friends '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Heartbreak Kid '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Taking of Pelham One Two Three '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hester Street '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rabbit Test '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Good Luck , Miss Wyckoff '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Rose '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Number One with a Bullet '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Used People '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grass Harp '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taffy '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` My Giant '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Fish in the Bathtub '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Over the Guy '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grandma 's Boy '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Steins '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Play the Game '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aliens in the Attic '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Another Harvest Moon '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Margarine Wars '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madea 's Witness Protection '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Rascals Save the Day '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta , Georgia : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Time of Your Life '' . Internet Broadway Database . The Broadway League . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Desk Set '' . Internet Broadway Database . The Broadway League . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marathon ' 33 '' . Internet Broadway Database . The Broadway League . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Malcolm '' . Internet Broadway Database . The Broadway League . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Office '' . Internet Broadway Database . The Broadway League . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Under the Weather '' . Internet Broadway Database . The Broadway League . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Natural Look '' . Internet Broadway Database . The Broadway League . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Last of the Red Hot Lovers '' . Internet Broadway Database . The Broadway League . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simon 1970 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Affairs of Mildred Wild '' . Internet Broadway Database . The Broadway League . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Habits '' . Internet Broadway Database . The Broadway League . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cheaters '' . Internet Broadway Database . The Broadway League . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 35th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 37th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 41st Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 43rd Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 51st Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 52nd Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 53rd Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OFTA 2001 '' . OFTA . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2001 '' . American Film Institute Awards . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 54th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OFTA 2002 '' . OFTA . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 55th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Award . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 56th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 11th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Award . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 57th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners and Nominees '' . Hang on to your shorts film festival . United States . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CineRockom International Film Festival '' . Cinerockom . United States . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Roberts , Doris ; Morton , Danelle ( 2004 ) . Are You Hungry , Dear ? Life , Laughs , and Lasagna . St. Martin 's Press . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 0312312275 . Simon , Neil ( 1970 ) . Last of the Red Hot Lovers . New York City : Samuel French , Inc. p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0573611438 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Missouri portal Film portal Television portal Theatre portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Doris Roberts . Doris Roberts on IMDb Doris Roberts at the Internet Broadway Database Doris Roberts at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Doris Roberts at TV Guide Doris Roberts at the University of Wisconsin 's Actors Studio audio collection National Ethnic Coalition of Organizations website Doris Roberts interview video at the Archive of American Television Awards for Doris Roberts Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Barbara Hale ( 1959 ) Pamela Brown ( 1962 ) Glenda Farrell ( 1963 ) Ruth White ( 1964 ) Lee Grant ( 1966 ) Agnes Moorehead ( 1967 ) Barbara Anderson ( 1968 ) Susan Saint James ( 1969 ) Gail Fisher ( 1970 ) Margaret Leighton ( 1971 ) Jenny Agutter ( 1972 ) Ellen Corby ( 1973 ) Joanna Miles ( 1974 ) Ellen Corby ( 1975 ) Ellen Corby ( 1976 ) Kristy McNichol ( 1977 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1978 ) Kristy McNichol ( 1979 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1980 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1981 ) Nancy Marchand ( 1982 ) Doris Roberts ( 1983 ) Alfre Woodard ( 1984 ) Betty Thomas ( 1985 ) Bonnie Bartlett ( 1986 ) Bonnie Bartlett ( 1987 ) Patricia Wettig ( 1988 ) Melanie Mayron ( 1989 ) Marg Helgenberger ( 1990 ) Madge Sinclair ( 1991 ) Valerie Mahaffey ( 1992 ) Mary Alice ( 1993 ) Leigh Taylor - Young ( 1994 ) Julianna Margulies ( 1995 ) Tyne Daly ( 1996 ) Kim Delaney ( 1997 ) Camryn Manheim ( 1998 ) Holland Taylor ( 1999 ) Allison Janney ( 2000 ) Allison Janney ( 2001 ) Stockard Channing ( 2002 ) Tyne Daly ( 2003 ) Drea de Matteo ( 2004 ) Blythe Danner ( 2005 ) Blythe Danner ( 2006 ) Katherine Heigl ( 2007 ) Dianne Wiest ( 2008 ) Cherry Jones ( 2009 ) Archie Panjabi ( 2010 ) Margo Martindale ( 2011 ) Maggie Smith ( 2012 ) Anna Gunn ( 2013 ) Anna Gunn ( 2014 ) Uzo Aduba ( 2015 ) Maggie Smith ( 2016 ) Ann Dowd ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Vivian Vance ( 1953 ) Audrey Meadows ( 1954 ) Nanette Fabray ( 1955 ) Pat Carroll ( 1956 ) Ann B. Davis ( 1957 ) Ann B. Davis ( 1959 ) Alice Pearce ( 1966 ) Frances Bavier ( 1967 ) Marion Lorne ( 1968 ) Karen Valentine ( 1970 ) Valerie Harper ( 1971 ) Sally Struthers / Valerie Harper ( TIE ) ( 1972 ) Valerie Harper ( 1973 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1974 ) Betty White ( 1975 ) Betty White ( 1976 ) Mary Kay Place ( 1977 ) Julie Kavner ( 1978 ) Sally Struthers ( 1979 ) Loretta Swit ( 1980 ) Eileen Brennan ( 1981 ) Loretta Swit ( 1982 ) Carol Kane ( 1983 ) Rhea Perlman ( 1984 ) Rhea Perlman ( 1985 ) Rhea Perlman ( 1986 ) Jackée Harry ( 1987 ) Estelle Getty ( 1988 ) Rhea Perlman ( 1989 ) Bebe Neuwirth ( 1990 ) Bebe Neuwirth ( 1991 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 1992 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 1993 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 1994 ) Christine Baranski ( 1995 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 1996 ) Kristen Johnston ( 1997 ) Lisa Kudrow ( 1998 ) Kristen Johnston ( 1999 ) Megan Mullally ( 2000 ) Doris Roberts ( 2001 ) Doris Roberts ( 2002 ) Doris Roberts ( 2003 ) Cynthia Nixon ( 2004 ) Doris Roberts ( 2005 ) Megan Mullally ( 2006 ) Jaime Pressly ( 2007 ) Jean Smart ( 2008 ) Kristin Chenoweth ( 2009 ) Jane Lynch ( 2010 ) Julie Bowen ( 2011 ) Julie Bowen ( 2012 ) Merritt Wever ( 2013 ) Allison Janney ( 2014 ) Allison Janney ( 2015 ) Kate McKinnon ( 2016 ) Kate McKinnon ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Will & Grace , season 2 / season 3 ( 2000 ) : Hayes ; McCormack ; Messing ; Mullally Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Everybody Loves Raymond season 6 / season 7 ( 2002 ) : Boyle ; Garrett ; Heaton ; Roberts ; Romano ; Sweeten Sex and the City , season 6 ( 2003 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) : Bowen ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; Kasch ; Longoria ; Metcalfe ; Moses ; Sheridan ; Strong Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) : Bart ; Bowen ; Brooks ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; B. Kinsman ; S. Kinsman ; Longoria ; Moses ; Savant ; Sheridan ; Strong ; Woodard The Office , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson The Office , season 3 / season 4 ( 2007 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) : Adsit ; Baldwin ; Bowden ; Fey ; Friedlander ; Krakowski ; McBrayer ; Morgan ; Powell Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) : Agron ; Colfer ; Gallagher ; Gilsig ; Lynch ; Mays ; McHale ; Michele ; Monteith ; Morris ; Morrison ; Riley ; Rivera ; Salling ; Shum ; Sussman ; Talton ; Theba ; Ushkowitz Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) VIAF : 107571480 LCCN : no00093647 ISNI : 0000 0001 1479 6271 SUDOC : 111092744 IATH : w68n0231 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doris_Roberts&oldid=803326704 '' Categories : 1925 births 2016 deaths Actresses from St. Louis Actresses from New York City American film actresses American people of Russian - Jewish descent American stage actresses American television actresses Disease - related deaths in California Jewish American actresses Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners People from the Bronx California Democrats New York ( state ) Democrats Primetime Emmy Award winners Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with IBDb links Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends name Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Picard Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Volapük Walon Winaray Yorùbá Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 20 : 42 . 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-8252692628945605416	Constitution of India	Constitution of India - Wikipedia Constitution of India Jump to : navigation , search Constitution of India The original text of the Preamble Ratified 26 November 1949 Date effective January 26 , 1950 ; 68 years ago ( 1950 - 01 - 26 ) Author ( s ) B.R. Ambedkar and Drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly of India Signatories 284 members of the Constituent Assembly Purpose To replace the Indian Independence Act Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India . It lays down the framework defining fundamental political principles , establishes the structure , procedures , powers and duties of government institutions and sets out fundamental rights , directive principles and the duties of citizens . It is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world . B.R. Ambedkar , the chairman of the Drafting Committee , is widely considered to be its chief architect . It imparts constitutional supremacy and not parliamentary supremacy , as it is not created by the Parliament but , by a constituent assembly , and adopted by its people , with a declaration in its preamble . Parliament can not override the constitution . It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 , and came into effect on 26 January 1950 . With its adoption , the Union of India became the modern and contemporary Republic of India replacing the Government of India Act , 1935 as the country 's fundamental governing document . To ensure constitutional autochthony , the framers of the constitution repealed the prior Acts of the British Parliament via Article 395 of the constitution . India celebrates its coming into force on 26 January each year , as Republic Day . It declares India a sovereign , socialist , secular , democratic republic , assuring its citizens of justice , equality , and liberty , and endeavours to promote fraternity among them . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Previous legislation used as sources 2 Constituent assembly 2.1 Drafting 2.2 Influence of other constitutions 3 Structure 3.1 Parts 3.2 Schedules 3.3 Appendices 4 The constitution and the government 5 The constitution and the legislature 5.1 Amendment 5.2 Limitations 6 The constitution and the judiciary 6.1 Judicial review 7 The constitution -- a living document 8 See also 9 Notes 9.1 Notes on Article 21 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar , chairman of the Drafting Committee , presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949 The major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947 . When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950 , it repealed the Indian Independence Act . India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic . The date of 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence of 1930 . Articles 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 60 , 324 , 366 , 367 , 379 , 380 , 388 , 391 , 392 , 393 and 394 of the Constitution came into force on 26 November 1949 and the remaining articles on 26 January 1950 . Previous legislation used as sources It is drawn from many sources . Keeping in mind the needs and conditions of India its framers borrowed different features freely from previous legislation viz . Government of India Act 1858 , Indian Councils Act 1861 , Indian Councils Act 1892 , Indian Councils Act 1909 , Government of India Act 1919 , Government of India Act 1935 and the Indian Independence Act 1947 . The last legislation which led to the creation of the two independent nations of India and Pakistan provided for the division of the erstwhile Constituent Assembly into two , with each new assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it , to enable each to draft and enact a new constitution , for the separate states . Constituent Assembly A meeting of the Constituent Assembly of India , 1950 CE Main article : Constituent Assembly of India It was drafted by the Constituent Assembly , which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies . The 389 member Constituent Assembly took almost three years ( two years , eleven months and eighteen days to be precise ) to complete its historic task of drafting the Constitution for independent India , during which , it held eleven sessions over 165 days . Of these , 114 days were spent on the consideration of the draft Constitution . On 29 August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a draft Constitution for India . While deliberating upon the draft Constitution , the assembly moved , discussed and disposed of as many as 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635 tabled . Dr B.R. Ambedkar , Sanjay Phakey , Jawaharlal Nehru , C. Rajagopalachari , Rajendra Prasad , Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Kanaiyalal Munshi , Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar , Sandipkumar Patel , Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Shyama Prasad Mukherjee , Nalini Ranjan Ghosh , and Balwantrai Mehta were some important figures in the assembly . There were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes . Frank Anthony represented the Anglo - Indian community , and the Parsis were represented by H.P. Modi . The Chairman of the Minorities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee , a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo - Indians . Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha Community . Prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer , Benegal Narsing Rau and K.M. Munshi , Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly . Sarojini Naidu , Hansa Mehta , Durgabai Deshmukh , Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and Vijayalakshmi Pandit were important women members . The first temporary 2 - day president of the Constituent Assembly was Dr Sachchidananda Sinha . Later , Rajendra Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly . The members of the Constituent Assembly met for the first time on 9 December 1946 . Drafting B.N. Rau was appointed as the Constitutional Adviser to the Constituent Assembly in formulating the Indian Constitution in 1946 . He was responsible for the general structure of its democratic framework of the Constitution and prepared its initial draft in February 1948 . This draft was debated , revised and finally adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 . On 14 August 1947 meeting of the Assembly , a proposal for forming various committees was presented . Such committees included a Committee on Fundamental Rights , the Union Powers Committee and Union Constitution Committee . On 29 August 1947 , the Drafting Committee was appointed , with Dr B.R. Ambedkar as the Chairman along with six other members assisted by a constitutional advisor . These members were Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant , Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi ( KM Munshi , Ex - Home Minister , Bombay ) , Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer ( Ex - Advocate General , Madras State ) , N Gopalaswami Ayengar ( Ex-Prime Minister , J&K and later member of Nehru Cabinet ) , BL Mitter ( Ex-Advocate General , India ) , Md . Saadullah ( Ex - Chief Minister of Assam , Muslim League member ) and DP Khaitan ( Scion of Khaitan Business family and a renowned lawyer ) . The constitutional advisor was Sir Benegal Narsing Rau ( who became First Indian Judge in International Court of Justice , 1950 -- 54 ) . Later BL Mitter resigned and was replaced by Madhav Rao ( Legal Advisor of Maharaja of Vadodara ) . On DP Khaitan 's death , TT Krishnamachari was included in the drafting committee . A draft Constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947 , which was debated and over 2000 amendments were moved over a period of two years . Finally on 26 November 1949 , the process was completed and the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution . 284 members signed the document and the process of constitution making was complete . This day is celebrated as National Law Day or Constitution Day . Jawaharlal Nehru signing the Constitution The assembly met in sessions open to the public , for 166 days , spread over a period of 2 years , 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution , the 308 members of the assembly signed two copies of the document ( one each in Hindi and English ) on 24 January 1950 . The original Constitution of India is hand - written with beautiful calligraphy , each page beautified and decorated by artists from Shantiniketan including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose . The illustrations on the cover and pages represent styles from the different civilisations of the subcontinent , ranging from the prehistoric Mohenjodaro civilisation , in the Indus Valley , to the present . The calligraphy in the book was done by Prem Behari Narain Raizda . It was published in Dehra Dun , and photolithographed at the offices of Survey of India . The entire exercise to produce the original took nearly five years . Two days later , on 26 January 1950 , the Constitution of India became the law of all the States and territories of India . Rs. 1 , 00 , 00,000 was official estimate of expenditure on constituent assembly . It has undergone many amendments since its enactment . The original 1950 Constitution of India is preserved in helium cases in the Parliament house , New Delhi . There are two original versions of this -- one in Hindi and the other in English . The original constitution can be viewed here . Influence of other constitutions British Constitution Parliamentary form of government The idea of single citizenship The idea of the Rule of law Institution of Speaker and his role Lawmaking procedure Procedure established by Law United States Constitution United States Bill of Rights Federal structure of government Electoral College Independence of the judiciary and separation of powers among the three branches of the government Judicial review President as supreme commander of armed forces Equal Protection under law Irish Constitution Directive principles of state policy Australian Constitution Freedom of trade and commerce within the country and between the states Power of the national legislature to make laws for implementing treaties , even on matters outside normal Federal jurisdiction Concurrent List Terminology for the Preamble French Constitution Ideals of Liberty , Equality and Fraternity Canadian Constitution A quasi-federal form of government -- a federal system with a strong central government Distribution of powers between the central government and state governments Residual powers retained by the central government Constitution of the Soviet Union Fundamental Duties u / a 51 - A A Constitutionally mandated Planning Commission to oversee the development of the economy Other Constitutions Emergency Provision u / a 356 , Weimar Constitution ( Germany ) Amendment of Constitution , South Africa Due Procedure of Law , Japan Structure The Indian constitution is the world 's longest . At its commencement , it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules . It is made up of approximately 145,000 words , making it the second largest active constitution in the world . In its current form ( September 2012 ) , it has a preamble , 25 parts with 448 articles , 12 schedules , 5 appendices and 101 amendments , the latest of which came into force on 8 September 2016 . Parts The individual articles of the constitution are grouped together into the following parts : Preamble with the words `` socialist '' and `` secular '' added to it in 1976 by the 42nd constitutional amendment . Part I -- Union and its Territory Part II -- Citizenship . Part III -- Fundamental Rights Part IV -- Directive Principles of State Policy Part IVA -- Fundamental Duties Part V -- The Union Part VI -- The States Part VII -- States in the B part of the First schedule ( repealed ) Part VIII -- The Union Territories Part IX -- The Panchayats Part IXA -- The Municipalities Part IXB -- The Co-operative Societies . Part X -- The scheduled and Tribal Areas Part XI -- Relations between the Union and the States Part XII -- Finance , Property , Contracts and Suits Part XIII -- Trade and Commerce within the territory of India Part XIV -- Services Under the Union , the States Part XIVA -- Tribunals Part XV -- Elections Part XVI -- Special Provisions Relating to certain Classes Part XVII -- Languages Part XVIII -- Emergency Provisions Part XIX -- Miscellaneous Part XX -- Amendment of the Constitution Part XXI -- Temporary , Transitional and Special Provisions Part XXII -- Short title , date of commencement , Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals . Schedules Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government . First Schedule ( Articles 1 and 4 ) -- This lists the states and territories of India , lists any changes to their borders and the laws used to make that change . Second Schedule ( Articles 59 ( 3 ) , 65 ( 3 ) , 75 ( 6 ) , 97 , 125 , 148 ( 3 ) , 158 ( 3 ) , 164 ( 5 ) , 186 and 221 ) -- This lists the salaries of officials holding public office , judges , and Comptroller and Auditor General of India . Third Schedule ( Articles 75 ( 4 ) , 99 , 124 ( 6 ) , 148 ( 2 ) , 164 ( 3 ) , 188 and 219 ) -- Forms of Oaths -- This lists the oaths of offices for elected officials and judges . Fourth Schedule ( Articles 4 ( 1 ) and 80 ( 2 ) ) -- This details the allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha ( the upper house of Parliament ) per State or Union Territory . Fifth Schedule ( Article 244 ( 1 ) ) -- This provides for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes ( areas and tribes needing special protection due to disadvantageous conditions ) . Sixth Schedule ( Articles 244 ( 2 ) and 275 ( 1 ) ) -- Provisions made for the administration of tribal areas in Assam , Meghalaya , Tripura , and Mizoram . Seventh Schedule ( Article 246 ) -- The union ( central government ) , state , and concurrent lists of responsibilities . Eighth Schedule ( Articles 344 ( 1 ) and 351 ) -- The official languages . Ninth Schedule ( Article 31 - B ) -- Validation of certain Acts and Regulations . Tenth Schedule ( Articles 102 ( 2 ) and 191 ( 2 ) ) -- `` Anti-defection '' provisions for Members of Parliament and Members of the State Legislatures . Eleventh Schedule ( Article 243 - G ) -- Panchayat Raj ( rural local government ) , Twelfth Schedule ( Article 243 - W ) -- Municipalities ( urban local government ) . Appendices Appendix I -- The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1954 . Appendix II -- Re-statement , with reference to the present text of the Constitution , of the exceptions and modifications subject to which the Constitution applies to the State of Jammu and Kashmir . Appendix III -- Extracts from the Constitution ( Forty - fourth Amendment ) Act , 1978 . Appendix IV -- The Constitution ( Eighty - sixth Amendment ) Act , 2002 . Appendix V -- The Constitution ( Eighty - eighth Amendment ) Act , 2003 . The Constitution and the government Institutions of governance -- the Parliament , the President , the Judiciary , the Executive , etc. get their power from the Constitution and are bound by it . With the aid of the Constitution , India is governed by a parliamentary system of government with the executive directly accountable to the legislature . It states that there shall be a President of India who shall be the head of the executive , under Articles 52 and 53 . The President 's duty is to preserve , protect and defend the constitution and the law under Article 60 of the Indian constitution . Article 74 provides that there shall be a Prime Minister as the head of union cabinet which would aid and advise the President in performing his constitutional duty . Union cabinet is collectively responsible to the House of the People per Article 75 ( 3 ) . The Constitution of India is federal in nature but unitary in spirit . The common features of a federation such as written Constitution , supremacy of Constitution , rigidity of Constitution , two government , division of powers , bicameralism and independent judiciary as well as unitary features like single Constitution , single citizenship , integrated judiciary , flexible Constitution , a strong Centre , appointment of state governor by the Centre , All - India Services , Emergency Provisions etc. can be seen in Indian Constitution . This unique combination makes it quasi-federal in form . Each state and each Union territory of India has its own government . Analogous to President and Prime Minister , each has a Governor ( in case of states ) or Lieutenant Governor ( in the case of Union territories ) and a Chief Minister . Article 356 permits the President to dismiss a state government and assume direct authority when a situation has arisen in which the Government of the State can not be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution . This power , known as President 's rule , was abused earlier as state governments came to be dismissed on the flimsiest of grounds , and more due to the political discomfiture of the party in power at the centre . Post -- Bommai judgment , such a course of action has been rendered rather difficult , as the courts have asserted their right to review it . Consequently , very few state governments have been disbanded since . The 73rd and 74th Amendment Act also introduced the system of Panchayati Raj in rural areas and Municipality in urban areas . Also , Article 370 of the Constitution gives special status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir . The Constitution and the legislature Main article : Amendment of the Constitution of India See also : List of amendments of the Constitution of India Amendment The process of addition , variation or repeal of any part of the constitution by the parliament under its constituent powers , is called amendment of the constitution . The procedure is laid out in Article 368 . An amendment bill must be passed by each House of the Parliament by a majority of the total membership of that House when at least two - thirds members are present and voted . In addition to this , certain amendments which pertain to the federal nature of the Constitution must be ratified by a majority of state legislatures . Unlike the ordinary bills under legislative powers of Parliament as per Article 245 ( with exception to money bills ) , there is no provision for joint sitting of the two houses ( Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha ) of the parliament to pass a constitutional amendment bill . During recess of Parliament , President can not promulgate ordinances under his legislative powers per Article 123 , Chapter III which needs constitutional amendment . Deemed amendments to the constitution which can be passed under legislative powers of Parliament , are no more valid after the addition of Article 368 ( 1 ) by Twenty - fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India . As of September 2015 , there have been 120 amendment bills presented in the parliament , out of which 100 have been passed to become Amendment Acts . Despite the supermajority requirement for amendments to pass , the Constitution of India is the most frequently amended national governing document in the world . The Constitution is so specific in spelling out government powers that many of these amendments address issues dealt with by ordinary statute in other democracies . As a result , the document is amended roughly twice a year , and three times every two years . In 2000 , the National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution ( NCRWC ) was set up to look into updating the constitution . Government of India , establishes term based law commissions to recommend law reforms for maximising justice in society and for promoting good governance under the rule of law . Limitations Main article : Basic structure doctrine The Supreme Court has ruled in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case that an amendment can not destroy what it seeks to modify , which means , while amending anything in the Constitution , it can not tinker with the `` basic structure '' or its framework , which is immutable . Such an amendment will be declared invalid even though no part of the constitution is explicitly prevented from being amended , nor does the basic structure doctrine protect any single provision of the Constitution . Yet , this `` doctrine of basic features '' lays down that , the Constitution when `` read as a whole '' , that what comes to be understood as its basic features can not be abridged , deleted or abrogated . What these `` basic features '' are , have not been defined exhaustively anywhere , and whether a particular provision of the Constitution of India is a `` basic feature '' is decided as and when an issue is raised before a court in an instant case . The judgment in the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case laid down the following as the basic structure of the constitution of India : The Supremacy of the Constitution Republican and Democratic form of the Government Secular Character of the Constitution Maintenance of Separation of powers The Federal Character of the Constitution This implies that the Parliament , while amending the Constitution , can only amend it to the extent so as to not destroy any of the aforesaid characters . The Supreme Court / High Court ( s ) may declare the amendment null and void if this is violated , by performing Judicial review . This is typical of Parliamentary governments , where the Judiciary has to exercise an effective check on the exercise of the powers of the Parliament , which in many respects is supreme . In the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case of 1967 , the Supreme Court ruled that the State of Punjab could not restrict any of the Fundamental rights protected by the basic structure doctrine . Extent of land ownership and practice of profession , in this case , were held to be a fundamental right . The ruling of the Golak Nath v. State of Punjab case was eventually overturned with the ratification of the 24th Amendment in 1971 . The Constitution and the Judiciary The Judiciary interprets the Constitution as its final arbiter . It is its duty as mandated by the Constitution , to be its watchdog , by calling for scrutiny any act of the legislature or the executive , who otherwise , are free to enact or implement these , from overstepping bounds set for them by the Constitution . It acts like a guardian in protecting the fundamental rights of the people , as enshrined in the Constitution , from infringement by any organ of the state . It also balances the conflicting exercise of power between the centre and a state or among states , as assigned to them by the Constitution . While pronouncing decisions under its constitutional mandate , it is expected to remain unaffected by pulls and pressures exerted by other branches of the state , citizens or interest groups . And crucially , independence of the judiciary has been held to be a basic feature of the Constitution , and which being inalienable , has come to mean -- that which can not be taken away from it by any act or amendment by the legislature or the executive . Judicial review Judicial review is adopted in the Constitution of India from judicial review in the United States . In the Indian constitution , Judicial review is dealt with under Article 13 . Judicial Review refers that the Constitution is the supreme power of the nation and all laws are under its supremacy . Article 13 states that : All pre-constitutional laws , if in part or completely in conflict with the Constitution , shall have all conflicting provisions deemed ineffective until an amendment to the Constitution ends the conflict . In such situation the provision of that law will again come into force , if it is compatible with the constitution as amended . This is called the Doctrine of Eclipse . In a similar manner , laws made after adoption of the Constitution by the Constituent Assembly must be compatible with the constitution , otherwise the laws and amendments will be deemed to be void ab initio . In such situations , the Supreme Court or High Court interprets the laws to decide if they are in conformity with the Constitution . If such an interpretation is not possible because of inconsistency , and where a separation is possible , the provision that is inconsistent with constitution is considered to be void . In addition to article 13 , articles 32 , 226 and 227 provide a constitutional basis to judicial review in India . Due to the adoption of the thirty - eighth amendment , the Indian Supreme Court was not allowed to preside over any laws adopted during a state of emergency that infringes upon fundamental rights under article 32 i.e. Right to Constitutional Remedies . Later with the Forty - second Amendment of the Constitution of India , article 31 C was widened and article 368 ( 4 ) and 368 ( 5 ) were added , which stated that any law passed by the parliament ca n't be challenged in the court on any ground . The Supreme court in the Minerva Mills v. Union of India case said that Judicial Review is one of the basic character of the constitution and therefore ca n't be taken away quashing Article 368 ( 4 ) & ( 5 ) as well as 31 C . The Constitution -- a living document `` The Indian Constitution is first and foremost a social document , and is aided by its Parts III & IV ( Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles of State Policy , respectively ) acting together , as its chief instruments and its conscience , in realising the goals set by it for all the people . '' The Constitution 's provisions have consciously been worded in generalities , though not in vague terms , instead of making them rigid and static with a fixed meaning or content as in an ordinary statute , so that they may be interpreted by coming generations of citizens with the onward march of time , to apply to new and ever - changing and demanding situations , making the Constitution a living and an organic document . Justice Marshall asserts : `` It is the nature of ( a ) Constitution that only its great outlines be marked '' . It is a document intended `` to endure for ages '' and therefore , it has to be interpreted not merely on the basis of the intention and understanding of the its framers but on the experience of its working effectively , in the existing social and political context . For instance , `` right to life '' as guaranteed under Article 21 , has by interpretation been expanded to progressively mean a whole lot of human rights In the conclusion of his Making of India 's Constitution , Justice Khanna writes : `` If the Indian constitution is our heritage bequeathed to us by our founding fathers , no less are we , the people of India , the trustees and custodians of the values which pulsate within its provisions ! A constitution is not a parchment of paper , it is a way of life and has to be lived up to . Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty and in the final analysis , its only keepers are the people . '' See also India portal Politics portal Constitution Day ( India ) Constitutional economics Constitutionalism History of democracy List of national constitutions Magna Carta Rule according to higher law Uniform civil code of India Notes ^ Jump up to : The Constitution of Yugoslavia briefly held this position from 1974 till the nation split up in 1990 . Jump up ^ The Constitution was in 22 Parts originally . Part VII & IX ( older ) was repealed in 1956 , whereas newly added Part IVA , IXA , IXB & XIVA by Amendments to the Constitution in different times ( lastly added IXB by the 97th Amendment ) . Jump up ^ Although the last article of the Constitution is Article 395 , the total number , as of March 2013 is 465 . New articles added through amendments have been inserted in the relevant location in the original constitution . In order not to disturb the original numbering , the new articles are inserted with alpha numeric enumerations . For example , Article 21A pertaining to Right to Education was inserted by the 86th Amendment Act . Jump up ^ By 73rd & 74th Amendment , the lists of administrative subjects of Panchayat raj & Municipality included in the Constitution as Schedule 11 & 12 respectively in the year 1993 . Jump up ^ Scheduled Areas are autonomous areas within a state , administered federally , usually populated by a predominant Scheduled Tribe . Jump up ^ Scheduled Tribes are groups of indigenous people , identified in the Constitution , struggling socioeconomically Jump up ^ These lines by Granville Austin from his book The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation at p. 50 , have been authoritatively quoted many times Notes on Article 21 Jump up ^ Art . 21 -- `` No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law '' Jump up ^ Right to speedy trial Right to water Right to livelihood Right to health Right to education References Jump up ^ `` Preface , The constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pylee , M.V. ( 1997 ) . India 's Constitution . S. Chand & Co. p. 3 . ISBN 81 - 219 - 0403 - X . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional supremacy vs parliamentary supremacy '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Constitution of India '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . 29 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Swaminathan , Shivprasad ( 26 January 2013 ) . `` India 's benign constitutional revolution '' . The Hindu : opinion . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Das , Hari ( 2002 ) . Political System of India . Anmol Publications . p. 120 . ISBN 81 - 7488 - 690 - 7 . Jump up ^ WP ( Civil ) No. 98 / 2002 ( 12 September 2002 ) . `` Aruna Roy & Ors . v. Union of India & Ors . '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of India . p. 18 / 30 . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Preamble of the Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Law & Justice . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commencement '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) : ( 9th December , 1946 to 24 January 1950 ) '' . The Parliament of India Archive . Retrieved 22 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating Constitution Day '' . 26 November 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Some Facts of Constituent Assembly '' . Parliament of India . National Informatics Centre . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . On 29 August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of B.R. Ambedkar to prepare a Draft Constitution for India Jump up ^ On National Law Day , saluting two remarkable judges , Firstpost , 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ PM Modi greets people on Constitution Day , DNA India , 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original unamended constitution of India , January , 1950 '' . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION ( AMENDMENT ) ACTS '' . India Code Information System . Ministry of Law , Government of India . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of India '' . www.wdl.org . World Digital Library . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Sridhar , Madabhushi . `` Evolution and Philosophy behind the Indian Constitution ( page 22 ) '' ( PDF ) . Dr. Marri Channa Reddy Human Resource Development Institute ( Institute of Administration ) , Hyderabad . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Borrowed features of Constitution '' . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Miglani , Dr. Deepak . `` Constitution of India : A ' Bag of Borrowings ' '' . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California 's Constitution is Not the Longest '' . scocablog.com . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of india '' . Ministry of Law and Justice , Govt. of India . Jump up ^ `` Constitution ( Ninety - ninth Amendment ) Act , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . 1 , Law Street . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Baruah , Aparijita ( 2007 ) . Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight and Comparison with Other Constitutions . New Delhi : Deep & Deep . p. 177 . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 996 - 0 . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chishti , Seema ; Anand , Utkarsh ( 30 January 2015 ) . `` Legal experts say debating Preamble of Constitution pointless , needless '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forty - Second Amendment to the Constitution '' . Ministry of Law and Justice of India . 28 August 1976 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Part I Jump up ^ Part II Jump up ^ Part IV Jump up ^ Part V Jump up ^ Part VI Jump up ^ Part VII Jump up ^ Part VIII Jump up ^ Part IX Jump up ^ Part IXA Jump up ^ http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend97.pdf Jump up ^ Originally Articles mentioned here were immune from judicial review on the ground that they violated fundamental rights . but in a landmark judgement in 2007 , the Supreme Court of India held in I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu and others that laws included in the 9th schedule can be subject to judicial review if they violated the fundamental rights guaranteed under Article 14 , 15 , 19 , 21 or the basic structure of the Constitution ( ( ambiguous ) ) -- I.R. Coelho ( dead ) by L.Rs . v. State of Tamil Nadu and others ( 2007 ) 2 S.C.C. 1 ^ Jump up to : Menon , N.R. Madhava ( 26 September 2004 ) . `` Parliament and the Judiciary '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ M Laxmikanth. `` 3 '' . Indian Polity ( 4th ed . ) . McGraw Hill Education . p. 3.2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 25 - 906412 - 8 . Jump up ^ Krishnakumar , R. `` ' Article 356 should be abolished ' '' . Frontline ( Vol. 15 : : No. 14 : : 4 -- 17 July 1998 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rajendra Prasad , R.J. `` ' Bommai verdict has checked misuse of Article 356 ' '' . Frontline ( Vol. 15 : : No. 14 : : 4 -- 17 July 1998 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Swami , Praveen . `` Protecting secularism and federal fair play '' . Frontline ( Vol. 14 : : No. 22 : : 1 -- 14 Nov. 1997 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pages 311 & 312 of original judgement : A.K. Roy , Etc vs Union Of India And Anr on 28 December , 1981 '' . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ name = `` amendments '' Jump up ^ Krishnamurthi , Vivek ( 2009 ) . `` Colonial Cousins : Explaining India and Canada 's Unwritten Constitutional Principles '' ( PDF ) . Yale Journal of International Law . 34 ( 1 ) : 219 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kuri 's blog : National Commission to review the working of the Constitution ( NCRWC ) . Kurishravan.blogspot.in ( 23 February 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Dhamija , Dr. Ashok ( 2007 ) . Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features . Wadhwa and Company . p. 568 . ISBN 9788180382536 . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : aDvantage . `` Doctrine of Basic Structure -- Constitutional Law '' . www.legalserviceindia.com . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacobsohn , Gary J. ( 2010 ) . Constitutional Identity . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 9780674047662 . ^ Jump up to : Dalal , Milan ( 2008 ) . `` India 's New Constitutionalism : Two Cases That Have Reshaped Indian Law '' . Boston College International Comparative Law Review . 31 ( 2 ) : 258 -- 260 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Pratap Bhanu ( 2002 ) . Hasan , Zoya ; Sridharan , E. ; Sudarshan , R. , eds . Article -- The Inner Conflict of Constitutionalism : Judicial Review and the ' Basic Structure ' ( Book -- India 's Kiving Constitution : Ideas , Practices , Controversies ) ( ( 2006 ) Second Impression ( 2002 ) First ed . ) . Delhi : Permanent Black . p. 187 . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 087 - 4 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharyya , Bishwajit . `` Supreme Court Shows Govt Its LoC '' . the day after ( 1 -- 15 Nov 2015 ) . Archived from the original on 5 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ National Comionmission to Review the Working of the Constitution . `` A Consultation Paper on the Financial Autonomy of the Indian Judiciary '' . Chapter 1 . New Delhi ( 26 September 2001 ) . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chakrabarty , Bidyut ( 2008 ) . Indian Politics and Society Since Independence : Events , Processes and Ideology ( First ed . ) . Oxon ( UK ) , New York ( USA ) : Routledge . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 40867 - 7 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sorabjee , Soli J. ( 1 November 2015 ) . `` A step in the Wrong Direction '' . The Week . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ V. Venkatesan -- A fresh look at the relevance of three early doctrines that have defined the Indian Constitution over the years . Front - line ( Vol. 29 -- Issue 05 : : 10 -- 23 Mar. 2012 ) Jump up ^ Jain , M.P. ( 2010 ) . Indian Constitutional Law . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . p. 921 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 621 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lectures By Professor Parmanad Singh , Jindal Global Law School . Jump up ^ Jacobsohn , Gary ( 2010 ) . Constitutional Identity . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 57 . ISBN 9780674047662 . Jump up ^ Raghavan , Vikram ( 2010 ) . `` The biographer of the Indian constitution '' . Seminar . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Dharmadhikari , Justice D.M. `` Principle of Constitutional Interpretation : Some Reflections '' . ( 2004 ) 4 SCC ( Jour ) 1 . Retrieved 6 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gaur , K.D. ( 2002 ) . Article -- Law and the Poor : Some Recent Developments in India ( Book -- Criminal Law and Criminology ) . New Delhi : Deep & Deep . p. 564 . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 410 - 1 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Narain , Vrinda . `` Water as a Fundamental Right : A Perspective from India '' ( PDF ) . Vermont Law Review . 34 : 917 : 920 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Khosla , Madhav ( 2011 ) . `` Making social rights conditional : Lessons from India '' ( PDF ) . I con ( 2010 ) . 8 ( 4 ) : 761 . doi : 10.1093 / icon / mor005 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ H.R. Khanna . Making of India 's Constitution . Eastern Book Co , Lucknow , 1981 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4 . Bibliography Khanna , Justice H.R ( 2015 ) . Making of India 's Constitution ( 2nd Edition 2008 , ( Reprinted 2015 ) ed . ) . Eastern Book Company . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 188 - 6 . Austin , Granville ( 1999 ) . The Indian Constitution : Cornerstone of a Nation ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 01 - 9564 - 959 - 8 . Austin , Granville ( 2003 ) . Working a Democratic Constitution : A History of the Indian Experience ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 01 - 9565 - 610 - 7 . Baruah , Aparajita ( 2007 ) . Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight & Comparison . Eastern Book Co . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7629 - 996 - 1 . Basu , Durga Das ( 1965 ) . Commentary on the constitution of India : ( being a comparative treatise on the universal principles of justice and constitutional government with special reference to the organic instrument of India ) . 1 -- 2 . S.C. Sarkar & Sons ( Private ) Ltd . Basu , Durga Das ( 1984 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 10th ed . ) . South Asia Books . ISBN 0 - 8364 - 1097 - 1 . Basu , Durga Das ( 1981 ) . Shorter Constitution of India . Prentice - Hall of India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87692 - 200 - 2 . Das , Hari Hara ( 2002 ) . Political System of India . Anmol Publications . ISBN 81 - 7488 - 690 - 7 . Dash , Shreeram Chandra ( 1968 ) . The Constitution of India ; a Comparative Study . Chaitanya Pub . House . Dhamija , Dr. Ashok ( 2007 ) . Need to Amend a Constitution and Doctrine of Basic Features . Wadhwa and Company . ISBN 9788180382536 . Ghosh , Pratap Kumar ( 1966 ) . The Constitution of India : How it Has Been Framed . World Press . Jayapalan , N. ( 1998 ) . Constitutional History of India . Atlantic Publishers & Distributors . ISBN 81 - 7156 - 761 - 4 . Khanna , Hans Raj ( 1981 ) . Making of India 's Constitution . Eastern Book Co . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7012 - 108 - 4 . Rahulrai , Durga Das ( 1984 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India ( 10th ed . ) . South Asia Books . ISBN 0 - 8364 - 1097 - 1 . Pylee , M.V. ( 1997 ) . India 's Constitution . S. Chand & Co . ISBN 81 - 219 - 0403 - X . Pylee , M.V. ( 2004 ) . Constitutional Government in India . S. Chand & Co . ISBN 81 - 219 - 2203 - 8 . Sen , Sarbani ( 2007 ) . The Constitution of India : Popular Sovereignty and Democratic Transformations . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568649 - 4 . Sharma , Dinesh ; Singh , Jaya ; Maganathan , R. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . Indian Constitution at Work . Political Science , Class XI . NCERT . `` The Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) : ( 9th December , 1946 to 24 January 1950 ) '' . The Parliament of India Archive . Retrieved 22 February 2008 . External links Find more aboutConstitution of Indiaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Original as published in the Gazette of India Original Unamended version of the Constitution of India Ministry of Law and Justice of India -- The Constitution of India Page Constitution of India as of 29 July 2008 Constitutional predilections `` Constitution of India '' . 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7798166615677456765	Canadian Shield	Canadian Shield - wikipedia Canadian Shield Jump to : navigation , search Canadian Shield Stratigraphic range : Precambrian Had'n Archean Proterozoic Pha . Type Shield Unit of North American craton Sub-units Laurentian Upland Kazan Area 8 000 000 km Location Region North America Country Canada United States The Canadian Shield is a broad region of Precambrian rock ( pictured in shades of red ) that encircles Hudson Bay . It spans Eastern , Northeastern , and East - central Canada and the Northern portion of the upper midwestern United States . The Canadian Shield , also called the Laurentian Plateau , or Bouclier canadien ( French ) , is a large area of exposed Precambrian igneous and high - grade metamorphic rocks ( geological shield ) that forms the ancient geological core of the North American continent ( the North American Craton or Laurentia ) . Composed of igneous rock resulting from its long volcanic history , the area is covered by a thin layer of soil . With a deep , common , joined bedrock region in eastern and central Canada , it stretches north from the Great Lakes to the Arctic Ocean , covering over half of Canada ; it also extends south into the northern reaches of the United States . Human population is sparse , and industrial development is minimal , while mining is prevalent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographical extent 2 Geology 3 Ecology 4 Mining and economics 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Geographical extent ( edit ) The Canadian Shield is a physiographic division , consisting of five smaller , physiographic provinces : the Laurentian Upland , Kazan Region , Davis , Hudson and James . The shield extends into the United States as the Adirondack Mountains ( connected by the Frontenac Axis ) and the Superior Upland . The Canadian Shield is U-shaped and is a subsection of the Laurentia craton signifying the area of greatest glacial impact ( scraping down to bare rock ) creating the thin soils . The Canadian Shield is more than 3.96 billion years old . The Canadian Shield once had jagged peaks , higher than any of today 's mountains , but millions of years of erosion have changed these mountains to rolling hills . The Canadian Shield is a collage of Archean plates and accreted juvenile arc terranes and sedimentary basins of the Proterozoic Eon that were progressively amalgamated during the interval 2.45 to 1.24 Ga , with the most substantial growth period occurring during the Trans - Hudson orogeny , between ca . 1.90 to 1.80 Ga . The Canadian Shield was the first part of North America to be permanently elevated above sea level and has remained almost wholly untouched by successive encroachments of the sea upon the continent . It is the Earth 's greatest area of exposed Archean rock . The metamorphic base rocks are mostly from the Precambrian Supereon ( between 4.5 billion and 540 million years ago ) , and have been repeatedly uplifted and eroded . Today it consists largely of an area of low relief 300 to 610 m ( 980 to 2,000 ft ) above sea level with a few monadnocks and low mountain ranges ( including the Torngat and Laurentian Mountains ) probably eroded from the plateau during the Cenozoic Era . During the Pleistocene Epoch , continental ice sheets depressed the land surface ( see Hudson Bay ) , scooped out thousands of lake basins , and carried away much of the region 's soil . When the Greenland section is included , the Shield is approximately circular , bounded on the northeast by the northeast edge of Greenland , with Hudson Bay in the middle . It covers much of Greenland , Labrador , most of Quebec north of the St. Lawrence River , much of Ontario including northern sections of the southern peninsula between the Great Lakes , the Adirondack Mountains of New York , the northernmost part of Lower Michigan and all of Upper Michigan , northern Wisconsin , northeastern Minnesota , the central / northern portions of Manitoba away from Hudson Bay , northern Saskatchewan , a small portion of northeastern Alberta , and the mainland northern Canadian territories to the east of a line extended north from the Saskatchewan / Alberta border ( Northwest Territories and Nunavut ) . In total , the exposed area of the Shield covers approximately 8,000,000 km ( 3,088,817 sq mi ) . The true extent of the Shield is greater still and stretches from the Western Cordillera in the west to the Appalachians in the east and as far south as Texas , but these regions are overlaid with much younger rocks and sediment . The underlying rock structure also includes Hudson Bay . Canadian Shield geography in the Flin Flon , Manitoba region . The lake in the background is Big Island Lake . Geology ( edit ) Weathered Precambrian pillow lava in the Temagami Greenstone Belt The Canadian Shield is among the oldest on earth , with regions dating from 2.5 to 4.2 billion years . The multitude of rivers and lakes in the entire region is caused by the watersheds of the area being so young and in a state of sorting themselves out with the added effect of post-glacial rebound . The Shield was originally an area of very large , very tall mountains ( about 12,000 metres or 39,000 feet ) with much volcanic activity , but over hundreds of millions of years , the area has been eroded to its current topographic appearance of relatively low relief . It has some of the oldest ( extinct ) volcanoes on the planet . It has over 150 volcanic belts ( now deformed and eroded down to nearly flat plains ) whose bedrock ranges from 600 to 1200 million years old . Each belt probably grew by the coalescence of accumulations erupted from numerous vents , making the tally of volcanoes reach the hundreds . Many of Canada 's major ore deposits are associated with Precambrian volcanoes . The Sturgeon Lake Caldera in Kenora District , Ontario , is one of the world 's best preserved mineralized Neoarchean caldera complexes , which is 2.7 billion years old . The Canadian Shield also contains the Mackenzie dike swarm , which is the largest dike swarm known on Earth . Typical Canadian Shield : spruce , lakes , bogs , and rock . Mountains have deep roots and float on the denser mantle much like an iceberg at sea . As mountains erode , their roots rise and are eroded in turn . The rocks that now form the surface of the Shield were once far below the Earth 's surface . The high pressures and temperatures at those depths provided ideal conditions for mineralization . Although these mountains are now heavily eroded , many large mountains still exist in Canada 's far north called the Arctic Cordillera . This is a vast deeply dissected mountain range , stretching from northernmost Ellesmere Island to the northernmost tip of Labrador . The range 's highest peak is Nunavut 's Barbeau Peak at 2,616 metres ( 8,583 ft ) above sea level . Precambrian rock is the major component of the bedrock . The North American craton is the bedrock forming the heart of the North American continent and the Canadian Shield is the largest exposed part of the craton 's bedrock . The Canadian Shield is part of an ancient continent called Arctica , which was formed about 2.5 billion years ago during the Neoarchean era . It was split into Greenland , Laurentia , Scotland and Siberia and is now roughly situated in the Arctic around the current North Pole . Ecology ( edit ) The current surface expression of the Shield is one of very thin soil lying on top of the bedrock , with many bare outcrops . This arrangement was caused by severe glaciation during the ice age , which covered the Shield and scraped the rock clean . The lowlands of the Canadian Shield have a very dense soil that is not suitable for forestation ; it also contains many marshes and bogs ( muskegs ) . The rest of the region has coarse soil that does not retain moisture well and is frozen with permafrost throughout the year . Forests are not as dense in the north . Typical landscape in a southern Ontario region with very few old growth trees , due to a history of logging and fires . Black River , Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands Provincial Park . The Shield is covered in parts by vast boreal forests in the south that support natural ecosystems as well as a major logging industry . This boreal forest area includes ecoregions such as the Eastern Canadian Shield taiga that covers northern Quebec and most of Labrador , and the Midwestern Canadian Shield forests that run westwards from Northwestern Ontario . Hydrographical drainage is generally poor , the soil compacting effects of glaciation being one of the many causes . Tundra typically prevails in the northern regions . Many mammals such as caribou , white - tailed deer , moose , wolves , wolverines , weasels , mink , otters , grizzly bear , polar bears and black bears are present . In the case of polar bears ( Ursus maritimus ) the Shield area contains many of the denning locations such as the Wapusk National Park . Mining and economics ( edit ) The Canadian Shield is one of the world 's richest areas in terms of mineral ores . It is filled with substantial deposits of nickel , gold , silver , and copper . Throughout the Shield there are many mining towns extracting these minerals . The largest , and one of the best known , is Sudbury , Ontario . Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the Shield since the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater . Ejecta from the meteorite impact was found in the Rove Formation in May 2007 . The nearby , but less known Temagami Magnetic Anomaly , has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin . This suggests it could be a second metal - rich impact crater . In northeastern Quebec , the giant Manicouagan Reservoir is the site of an extensive hydroelectric project ( Manic - cinq , or Manic - 5 ) . This is one of the largest - known meteorite impact craters on Earth . The Flin Flon greenstone belt in central Manitoba and east - central Saskatchewan is one of the largest Paleoproterozoic volcanic - hosted massive sulfide ( VMS ) districts in the world , containing 27 copper - zinc - ( gold ) deposits from which more than 183 million tons of sulfide have been mined . The Shield , particularly the portion in the Northwest Territories , has recently been the site of several major diamond discoveries . The kimberlite pipes in which the diamonds are found are closely associated with cratons , which provide the deep lithospheric mantle required to stabilize diamond as a mineral . The kimberlite eruptions then bring the diamonds from over 150 kilometres ( 93 mi ) depth to the surface . Currently the Ekati and Diavik mines are actively mining kimberlite diamonds . See also ( edit ) Geography of Canada portal Athabasca Basin Platform Oldest rock Basement Platform basement Volcanology of Canada Glacial history of Minnesota References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Atlas of Canada . `` Physiographic Regions Map '' ( JP2 ) . Natural Resources Canada . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Canadian Shield '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Stephen Marshak . Essentials of Geology . 3rd ed . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Shield '' in Columbia Encyclopedia . 6th ed. , 2005 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , D. ( 2008 ) . `` Metallogeny and Tectonic Evolution of the Trans - Hudson Orogen '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Peterson Field Guide to Geology of Eastern North America by Roberts , David & Roger Tory Peterson . Jump up ^ Alberta Heritage - Alberta Online Encyclopedia - The Canadian Shield Region of Alberta Jump up ^ Tsuyoshi Iizuka , at al. , Geology and Zircon Geochronolgy of the Acasta Gneiss Complex , Precambrian Research , 153 ( 2007 ) pp. 179 - 208 Jump up ^ Clark , Bruce W. ( 1999 ) . `` Geologic History '' . Making Connections : Canada 's geography . Scarborough , Ontario : Prentice Hall Ginn Canada . p. 95 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 012635 - 7 . Jump up ^ Caldera Volcanoes Retrieved on 2007 - 07 - 20 Jump up ^ Mark Pilkington and Walter R. Roest , Removing varying directional trends in aeromagnetic data , Geophysics , vol. 63 no . 2 ( 1998 ) , pp. 446 -- 453 . Jump up ^ `` Barbeau Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Jump up ^ World Wildlife Fund ( 2001 ) . `` Northern Canadian Shield taiga '' . WildWorld Ecoregion Profile . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan ( 2008 ) Polar Bear : Ursus maritimus , Globaltwitcher.com , ed . Nicklas Stromberg Archived December 24 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 3 - D Magnetic Imaging using Conjugate Gradients : Temagami anomaly Archived 2009 - 07 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2008 - 03 - 12 Jump up ^ Norris , Jessica ( 2007 ) . `` Report on the 2007 Diamond Drilling Program McClarty Lake Project , Manitoba '' ( PDF ) . Aurora Geosciences Ltd . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 22 . Further reading ( edit ) Library resources about Canadian Shield Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Schwartzenberger , Tina ( 2005 ) , The Canadian Shield , Weigl Educational ISBN 1 - 55388 - 141 - 9 Pazynych V.G. Formation of placer gold deposits in Canadian Shield during late Wisconsin glaciation Canada History Year list ( Timeline ) Pre-colonization New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) British Canada ( 1763 -- 1867 ) Post-Confederation ( 1867 -- 1914 ) World Wars and Interwar Years ( 1914 -- 1945 ) Modern times : 1945 -- 1960 1960 -- 1981 1982 -- 1992 since 1992 Topics Constitutional Crown & Aboriginals Economic Etymology Former colonies & territories Immigration Military Monarchical National Historic Sites Persons of significance Territorial evolution Women Provinces and territories Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Government Law Constitution Monarch Governor General Parliament ( Senate House of Commons ) Prime Minister list Courts Supreme Court Military Local government Foreign relations Law enforcement Politics Elections LGBT rights Multiculturalism Geography Regions ( west to east ) Pacific Northwest Western Canada Great Plains Canadian Prairies Northern Canada Canadian Shield Great Lakes Central Canada The Maritimes Eastern Canada Atlantic Canada Topics Animals Cities Earthquakes Islands Mountains National Parks Plants Great Lakes Regions Rivers Volcanoes Economy Agriculture Banking Bank of Canada Dollar Communications Companies Energy Fishing Oil Stock exchange Taxation Tourism Transportation Science and technology Social programs Poverty Society Education Healthcare Crime Values Demographics Topics Canadians Immigration Languages Religion 2001 Census 2006 Census 2011 Census Population Top 100s Metropolitan areas and agglomerations Population centres Municipalities Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Festivals Folklore People Holidays Identity Literature Music Nationalisms Online media Protectionism Sport Theatre Symbols Coat of arms Flags Provincial and territorial Royal Heraldic Article overviews Index Outline Topics Research Bibliography Historiography Book Category Portal Continental glaciations General Canadian Shield Glacial history of Minnesota Lake Agassiz Lake Chicago Lake Tight Last Glacial Maximum Laurentide Ice Sheet List of prehistoric lakes Post-glacial rebound Proglacial lake Teays River Timeline of glaciation Landforms Erosional Fjord Glacial striae Ribbon lake Roche moutonnée Tunnel valley U-shaped valley Depositional Drumlin Drumlin field Erratic block Moraine Pulju moraine Rogen moraine Terminal moraine Till plain Veiki moraine Glacifluvial Diluvium Esker Giant current ripples Kame Kame delta Kettle hole Outwash fan Sandur North American places Canada Arrowhead Provincial Park , Ontario Big Rock ( glacial erratic ) , Alberta Cypress Hills ( Canada ) , Saskatchewan Eramosa River , Ontario Eskers Provincial Park , British Columbia Foothills Erratics Train , Alberta Lion 's Head Provincial Park , Ontario Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine , Ontario Ovayok Territorial Park , Nunavut United States Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area , Wisconsin Coteau des Prairies , South Dakota Devil 's Lake State Park , Wisconsin Glacial Lake Wisconsin , Wisconsin Glacial Lakes State Park , Minnesota Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area , Wisconsin Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail , Idaho , Oregon & Washington Ice Age National Scientific Reserve , Wisconsin Ice Age Trail , Wisconsin Interstate State Park , Minnesota & Wisconsin Kelleys Island , Ohio Kettle Moraine State Forest , Wisconsin Lake Bonneville , Utah Lake Lahontan , Nevada Lake Missoula , Montana Mill Bluff State Park , Wisconsin Oneida Lake , New York Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area , Wisconsin Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field , Washington Yosemite National Park , California Eurasian and Antarctic places Antarctica Hardangerfjord Killary Harbour Lambert Glacier Monte Rosa Ross Ice Shelf Svalbard Time periods Illinoian Stage Interglacial Interstadial Last glacial period Little Ice Age Older Dryas Pleistocene Pre-Illinoian Stage Quaternary glaciation Sangamonian Stage Wisconsin glaciation Younger Dryas Category Physiographic regions and provinces ( list ) Africa African Alpine System ( Atlas Mountains ) African massive ( Sahara Mid-African ) South African Platform ( Kalahari Region Lunda Swell Matabele Upland Veldt High Karoo Damara -- Nama Upland Namib Desert Cape Mountains Natal Terrace Belt Mozambique Plain Madagascar ) East African Highlands Rift Valley Abyssinian Americas Appalachian Appalachian Highlands Arctic Lowlands Atlantic Plain Canadian Shield Hudson Bay Lowlands Innuitian Region Interior Highlands Interior Plains Intermontane Plateaus Pacific Mountain System Rocky Mountain System Sierra Madre System Baja California Peninsula Buried Ranges Central Meseta Gulf Coastal Lowlands Neovolcanic Plateau Chiapas -- Guatemala Highlands Gulf Coast Plain and Yucatán Peninsula Andean Mountain System Brazilian Highlands Guiana Shield Amazon Plain Orinoco Basin Paraná -- Paraguay Plain Patagonian Plateau Antarctica East Antarctica West Antarctica Australia West Australian Shield East Australian Shield East Australian Cordillera Eurasia Fenno - Scandian Shield Central European Uplands Alpine System Great European Plain Ural Mountains Middle East Eastern Highlands Fertile Crescent West Siberian Plain Central Siberian Upland Eastern Highlands Northern Asian Mountains North Indian Plain Himalayan Mountain System Deccan Plateau Central Asian Lowlands See also : Physical geography and Physiographic regions of the world Coordinates : 52 ° 00 ′ N 71 ° 00 ′ W / 52.000 ° N 71.000 ° W / 52.000 ; - 71.000 VIAF : 239998762 LCCN : sh85019406 GND : 4259101 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Shield&oldid=807929072 '' Categories : Cratons Geology of North America Precambrian North America Regional geology Geology of Canada Geology of the United States Precambrian Canada Precambrian United States Stratigraphy of Canada Stratigraphy of the United States Geology of Ontario Geology of Michigan Geology of Quebec Geology of Minnesota Geology of Newfoundland and Labrador Geology of New York ( state ) Geology of Manitoba Geology of Saskatchewan Geology of Nunavut Geology of the Northwest Territories Geology of Alberta Geology of Greenland Physiographic regions of Canada Regions of the Subarctic Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2009 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español 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-6049894372472601428	Passiflora	Passiflora - wikipedia Passiflora `` Passion Flower '' redirects here . For other uses , see Passion Flower ( disambiguation ) . Passiflora Passiflora incarnata P. platyloba fruit , often confused with P. quadrangularis Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Order : Malpighiales Family : Passifloraceae Subfamily : Passifloroideae Tribe : Passifloreae Genus : Passiflora L . Species About 550 , see list Synonyms Anthactinia Bory ex M. Roem . Asephananthes Bory Astrophea Lam . ex M. Roem . Baldwinia Raf . Ceratosepalum Oerst . Cieca Medik . Decaloba M. Roem . Disemma Labill . Granadilla Mill . Hollrungia K. Schum . Monactineirma Bory Murucuja Medik . Pentaria M. Roem . Poggendorffia H. Karst . Tacsonia Juss . Tetrapathaea ( DC . ) Rchb . Tetrastylis Barb. Rodr . Passiflora , known also as the passion flowers or passion vines , is a genus of about 550 species of flowering plants , the type genus of the family Passifloraceae . They are mostly tendril - bearing vines , with some being shrubs or trees . They can be woody or herbaceous . Passion flowers produce regular and usually showy flowers with a distinctive corona . The flower is pentamerous and ripens into an indehiscent fruit with numerous seeds . For more information about the fruit of the Passiflora plant , see passionfruit . Contents 1 List of species 2 Distribution 3 Ecology 4 Use by humans 4.1 Ornamental 4.2 Fruit 4.3 Traditional medicine 5 Chemistry 6 Etymology and names 7 Taxonomy 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 External links List of species ( edit ) A list of Passiflora species is found at List of Passiflora species . Distribution ( edit ) Passiflora has a largely neotropic distribution , unlike its family Passifloraceae , which includes more Old World species ( such as the genus Adenia ) . The vast majority of Passiflora are found in Mexico , Central and South America , although there are additional representatives in the United States , Southeast Asia , and Oceania . New species continue to be identified : for example , P. xishuangbannaensis and P. pardifolia have only been known to the scientific community since 2005 and 2006 , respectively . Some species of Passiflora have been naturalized beyond their native ranges . For example , the blue passion flower ( P. caerulea ) now grows wild in Spain . The purple passionfruit ( P. edulis ) and its yellow relative flavicarpa have been introduced in many tropical regions as commercial crops . Ecology ( edit ) Stinking passion flower or Wild water lemon ( P. foetida ) bracts with insect - catching hairs . The sword - billed hummingbird ( Ensifera ensifera ) is adapted to feed on Passiflora mixta and similar flowers . A Passiflora introduced in the Canary Islands . Passiflora foetida in Tumkur , India Passion flowers have unique floral structures , which in most cases require biotic pollination . Pollinators of Passiflora include bumblebees , carpenter bees ( Xylocopa varipuncta ) , wasps , bats , and hummingbirds ( especially hermits such as Phaethornis ) ; some others are additionally capable of self - pollination . Passiflora often exhibit high levels of pollinator specificity , which has led to frequent coevolution across the genus . The sword - billed hummingbird ( Ensifera ensifera ) is a notable example : it , with its immensely elongated bill , is the sole pollinator of 37 species of high Andean Passiflora in the supersection Tacsonia . Bud of the passion flower The leaves are used for feeding by the larvae of a number of species of Lepidoptera . Famously , they are exclusively targeted by many butterfly species of the tribe Heliconiini . The many defensive adaptations visible on Passiflora include diverse leaf shapes ( which help disguise their identity ) , colored nubs ( which mimic butterfly eggs and can deter Heliconians from ovipositing on a seemingly crowded leaf ) , extrafloral nectaries , trichomes , variegation , and chemical defenses . These , combined with adaptations on the part of the butterflies , were important in the foundation of coevolutionary theory . The following lepidoptera larvae are known to feed on Passiflora : Longwing butterflies ( Heliconiinae ) Cydno longwing ( Heliconius cydno ) , one of few Heliconians to feed on multiple species of Passiflora Gulf fritillary ( Agraulis vanillae ) , which feeds on several species of Passiflora , such as Passiflora lutea , Passiflora affinis , stinking passion flower ( P. foetida ) , and Maypop ( P. incarnata ) American Sara longwing ( Heliconius sara ) Red postman ( Heliconius erato ) Asian leopard lacewing ( Cethosia cyane ) . Postman butterfly ( Heliconius melpomene ) prefer P. menispermifolia and P. oerstedii Zebra longwing ( Heliconius charithonia ) feed on yellow passion flower , two - flowered passion flower ( P. biflora ) , and corky - stemmed passion flower ( P. suberosa ) Banded orange ( Dryadula phaetusa ) feed on P. tetrastylis Julia butterfly ( Dryas iulia ) feed on yellow passion flower and P. affinis Swift moth Cibyra serta The generally high pollinator and parasite specificity in Passiflora may have led to the tremendous morphological variation in the genus . It is thought to have among the highest foliar diversity among all plant genera , with leaf shapes ranging from unlobed to five - lobed frequently found on the same plant . Coevolution can be a major driver of speciation , and may be responsible for the radiation of certain clades of Passiflora such as Tacsonia . The bracts of the stinking passion flower are covered by hairs which exude a sticky fluid . Many small insects get stuck to this and get digested to nutrient - rich goo by proteases and acid phosphatases . Since the insects usually killed are rarely major pests , this passion flower seems to be a protocarnivorous plant . Banana passion flower or `` banana poka '' ( P. tarminiana ) , originally from Central Brazil , is an invasive weed , especially on the islands of Hawaii . It is commonly spread by feral pigs eating the fruits . It overgrows and smothers stands of endemic vegetation , mainly on roadsides . Blue passion flower ( P. caerulea ) is holding its own in Spain these days , and it probably needs to be watched so that unwanted spreading can be curtailed . On the other hand , some species are endangered due to unsustainable logging and other forms of habitat destruction . For example , the Chilean passion flower ( P. pinnatistipula ) is a rare vine growing in the Andes from Venezuela to Chile between 2,500 and 3,800 meters altitude , and in Coastal Central Chile , where it occurs in woody Chilean Mediterranean forests . P. pinnatistipula has a round fruit , unusual in Tacsonia group species like banana passion flower and P. mixta , with their elongated tubes and brightly red to rose - colored petals . Notable and sometimes economically significant pathogens of Passiflora are several sac fungi of the genus Septoria ( including S. passiflorae ) , the undescribed proteobacterium called `` Pseudomonas tomato '' ( pv . passiflorae ) , the Potyvirus passionfruit woodiness virus , and the Carlavirus Passiflora latent virus . Use by humans ( edit ) Ornamental ( edit ) Passiflora incarnata , one of the most common passion flowers Passiflora entwine this 1880 Baxter process illustration by Joseph Martin Kronheim A number of species of Passiflora are cultivated outside their natural range for both their flowers and fruit . Hundreds of hybrids have been named ; hybridizing is currently being done extensively for flowers , foliage and fruit . The following hybrids and cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit : ' Amethyst ' P. × exoniensis ( Exeter passion flower ) P. × violacea During the Victorian era the flower ( which in all but a few species lasts only one day ) was very popular , and many hybrids were created using the winged - stem passion flower ( P. alata ) , the blue passion flower ( P. caerulea ) and other tropical species . Many cool - growing Passiflora from the Andes Mountains can be grown successfully for their beautiful flowers and fruit in cooler Mediterranean climates , such as the Monterey Bay and San Francisco in California and along the western coast of the U.S. into Canada . One blue passion flower or hybrid even grew to large size at Malmö Central Station in Sweden . Passion flowers have been a subject of studies investigating extranuclear inheritance ; paternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA has been documented in this genus . The plastome of the two - flowered passion flower ( P. biflora ) has been sequenced . The French name for this plant has lent itself to La Famille Passiflore , a highly successful children 's book series by Geneviève Huriet , and an animated series based upon it . These have been translated into English as Beechwood Bunny Tales and The Bellflower Bunnies . Fruit ( edit ) Unripened Passiflora fruit Most species have round or elongated edible fruit from two to eight inches long and an inch to two inches across , depending upon the species or cultivar . The passion fruit or maracujá ( P. edulis ) is cultivated extensively in the Caribbean , South America , south Florida and South Africa for its fruit , which is used as a source of juice . A small pink fruit which wrinkles easily and a larger shiny yellow to orange fruit are traded under this name . The latter is usually considered just a variety flavicarpa , but seems to be more distinct in fact . Sweet granadilla ( P. ligularis ) is another widely grown species . In large parts of Africa and Australia it is the plant called `` passionfruit '' : confusingly , in South African English the latter species is more often called `` granadilla '' ( without an adjective ) . Its fruit is somewhat intermediate between the two sold as P. edulis . Maypop ( P. incarnata ) , a common species in the southeastern US . This is a subtropical representative of this mostly tropical family . However , unlike the more tropical cousins , this particular species is hardy enough to withstand the cold down to − 20 ° C ( − 4 ° F ) before its roots die ( it is native as far north as Pennsylvania and has been cultivated as far north as Boston and Chicago . ) The fruit is sweet , yellowish , and roughly the size of a chicken 's egg ; it enjoys some popularity as a native plant with edible fruit and few pests . Giant granadilla ( giant tumbo or badea , P. quadrangularis ) , water lemon ( P. laurifolia ) and sweet calabash ( P. maliformis ) are Passiflora species locally famed for their fruit , but not widely known elsewhere yet . Wild maracuja are the fruit of P. foetida , which are popular in Southeast Asia . Banana passionfruits are the very elongated fruits of P. tripartita var . mollissima and P. tarminiana . These are locally eaten , but their invasive properties make them a poor choice to grow outside of their native range . Traditional medicine ( edit ) This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) P. incarnata ( maypop ) leaves and roots have a long history of use among Native Americans in North America and were adapted by the European colonists . The fresh or dried leaves of maypop are used to make a tea that is used for insomnia , hysteria , and epilepsy , and is also valued for its analgesic properties . P. edulis ( passion fruit ) and a few other species are used in Central and South America for similar purposes . Once dried , the leaves can also be smoked . The medical utility of only a few species of Passiflora has been scientifically studied . In initial study in 2001 for treatment of generalized anxiety disorder , maypop extract performed as well as oxazepam but with fewer short - term side effects . It was recommended to follow up with long - term studies to confirm these results . A study performed on mice demonstrated that Passiflora alata has a genotoxic effect on cells , and suggested further research was recommended before this one species is considered safe for human consumption . In another study performed with non-smoking patients , it demonstrates that oral administration of Passifora incarnata following extubation for patients surgery reduced the patients coughing versus the control group . By administering Passiflora incarnata orally with the correct dosage , it can result in antitussive activities without impairing the patient drastically . The results presented show a decrease of post extubation cough after out - patient surgery but it was only recorded early on . With this information , further research can be applied to create other medications for coughing but the authors note the limitations on the study included short observation period as well as a small sample size . Passionflower herb ( Passiflorae herba ) from P. incarnata is listed in the European Pharmacopoeia . The herbal drug should contain not less than 1.5 % total flavonoids expressed as vitexin . Passionflower is reputed to have sedative effects and has been used in sedative products in Europe , but in 1978 , the U.S. Food and Drug Administration prohibited its use in over-the - counter sedative preparations because it had not been proven safe and effective . In 2011 , the University of Maryland Medical Center reported that passionflower `` ... can trigger side effects and can interact with other herbs , supplements , or medications . For these reasons , you should take herbs with care , under the supervision of a health care provider . '' Passionflower is classified as generally recognized as safe ( GRAS ) for use in foods in the US , and is `` possibly safe when used orally and appropriately for short - term medicinal purposes , '' `` possibly unsafe when used in excessive amounts , '' but unsafe when used orally during pregnancy since `` ... passionflower constituents show evidence of uterine stimulation . '' The database suggests it is possibly effective for adjustment disorder with anxious mood , anxiety , and opiate withdrawal , but it `` can cause dizziness , confusion , sedation , and ataxia '' and there are some reports of more severe side effects including vasculitis and altered consciousness . Chemistry ( edit ) Chrysin , a commercially important flavone found in the blue passion flower , P. caerulea Harman , a harmala alkaloid found in many species of Passiflora Many species of Passiflora have been found to contain beta - carboline harmala alkaloids , some of which are MAO inhibitors . The flower and fruit have only traces of these chemicals , but the leaves and the roots often contain more . The most common of these alkaloids is harman , but harmaline , harmalol , harmine , and harmol are also present . The species known to bear such alkaloids include : P. actinea , P. alata ( winged - stem passion flower ) , P. alba , P. bryonioides ( cupped passion flower ) , P. caerulea ( blue passion flower ) , P. capsularis , P. decaisneana , P. edulis ( passion fruit ) , P. eichleriana , P. foetida ( stinking passion flower ) , P. incarnata ( maypop ) , P. quadrangularis ( giant granadilla ) , P. suberosa , P. subpeltata and P. warmingii . Other compounds found in passion flowers are coumarins ( e.g. scopoletin and umbelliferone ) , maltol , phytosterols ( e.g. lutenin ) and cyanogenic glycosides ( e.g. gynocardin ) which render some species , i.e. P. adenopoda , somewhat poisonous . Many flavonoids and their glycosides have been found in Passiflora , including apigenin , benzoflavone , homoorientin , 7 - isoorientin , isoshaftoside , isovitexin ( or saponaretin ) , kaempferol , lucenin , luteolin , n - orientin , passiflorine ( named after the genus ) , quercetin , rutin , saponarin , shaftoside , vicenin and vitexin . Maypop , blue passion flower ( P. caerulea ) , and perhaps others contain the flavone chrysin . Also documented to occur at least in some Passiflora in quantity are the hydrocarbon nonacosane and the anthocyanidin pelargonidin - 3 - diglycoside . The genus is rich in organic acids including formic , butyric , linoleic , linolenic , malic , myristic , oleic and palmitic acids as well as phenolic compounds , and the amino acid α - alanine . Esters like ethyl butyrate , ethyl caproate , n - hexyl butyrate and n - hexyl caproate give the fruits their flavor and appetizing smell . Sugars , contained mainly in the fruit , are most significantly d - fructose , d - glucose and raffinose . Among enzymes , Passiflora was found to be rich in catalase , pectin methylesterase and phenolase . Etymology and names ( edit ) The `` Passion '' in `` passion flower '' refers to the passion of Jesus in Christian theology . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Spanish Christian missionaries adopted the unique physical structures of this plant , particularly the numbers of its various flower parts , as symbols of the last days of Jesus and especially his crucifixion : Blue passion flower ( P. caerulea ) showing most elements of the Christian symbolism The pointed tips of the leaves were taken to represent the Holy Lance . The tendrils represent the whips used in the flagellation of Christ . The ten petals and sepals represent the ten faithful apostles ( excluding St. Peter the denier and Judas Iscariot the betrayer ) . The flower 's radial filaments , which can number more than a hundred and vary from flower to flower , represent the crown of thorns . The chalice - shaped ovary with its receptacle represents a hammer or the Holy Grail . The 3 stigmas represent the 3 nails and the 5 anthers below them the 5 wounds ( four by the nails and one by the lance ) . The blue and white colors of many species ' flowers represent Heaven and Purity . The flower has been given names related to this symbolism throughout Europe since that time . In Spain , it is known as espina de Cristo ( `` thorn of Christ ' '' ) . Older Germanic names include Christus - Krone ( `` Christ 's crown '' ) , Christus - Strauss ( `` Christ 's bouquet '' ) , Dorn - Krone ( `` crown of thorns '' ) , Jesus - Lijden ( `` Jesus ' passion '' ) , Marter ( `` passion '' ) or Muttergottes - Stern ( `` Mother of God 's star '' ) . Outside the Roman Catholic heartland , the regularly shaped flowers have reminded people of the face of a clock . In Israel they are known as `` clock - flower '' ( שעונית ) and in Greece as `` clock plant '' ( ρολογιά ) ; in Japan too , they are known as tokeisō ( 時計草 , `` clock plant '' ) . In Hawaiian , they are called lilikoʻi ; lī is a string used for tying fabric together , such as a shoelace , and liko means `` to spring forth leaves '' . In India , blue passionflowers are called Krishnakamala in Karnataka and Maharashtra , while in Uttar Pradesh and generally north it is colloquially called `` Paanch Paandav '' ( referring to the five Pandavas in the Hindu epic , the Mahabharata ) . The five anthers are interpreted as the five Pandavas , the divine Krishna is at the centre , and the radial filaments are opposing hundred . The colour blue is moreover associated with Krishna as the colour of his aura . Passiflora ' Soi Fah ' aka Krishnakamala in India In northern Peru and Bolivia , the banana passionfruits are known as tumbos . This is one possible source of the name of the Tumbes region of Peru . In Turkey , the shape of the flowers have reminded people of Rota Fortunae , thus it called Çarkıfelek . Taxonomy ( edit ) See also : List of Passiflora species Passiflora is the most species rich genus of both the family Passifloraceae and the tribe Passifloreae . With over 550 species , an extensive hierarchy of infrageneric ranks is required to represent the relationships of the species . The infrageneric classification of Passiflora not only uses the widely used ranks of subgenus , section and series , but also the rank of supersection . The New World species of Passiflora were first divided among 22 subgenera by Killip ( 1938 ) in the first monograph of the genus . More recent work has reduced these to 4 , which are commonly accepted today ( in order from most basally to most recently branching ) : Astrophea ( Americas , ~ 60 species ) , trees and shrubs with simple , unlobed leaves Passiflora ( Americas , ~ 250 species ) , woody vines with large flowers and elaborate corolla Deidamioides ( Americas , 13 species ) , woody or herbaceous vines Decaloba ( Americas , Asia and Australasia , ~ 230 species ) , herbaceous vines with palmately veined leaves Some studies have shown that the segregate Old World genera Hollrungia and Tetrapathaea are nested within Passiflora , and form a fifth subgenus ( Tetrapathaea ) . Other studies support the current 4 subgenus classification . Relationships below the subgenus level are not known with certainty and are an active area of research . The Old World species form two clades - supersection Disemma ( part of subgenus Decaloba ) and subgenus Tetrapathaea . The former is composed of 21 species divided into sections Disemma ( 3 Australian species ) , Holrungiella ( 1 New Guinean species ) and Octandranthus ( 17 south and east Asian species ) . The remaining ( New World ) species of subgenus Decaloba are divided into 7 supersections . Supersection Pterosperma includes 4 species from Central America and southern Mexico . Supersection Hahniopathanthus includes 5 species from Central America , Mexico and northernmost South America . Supersection Cicea includes 19 species , with apetalous flowers . Supersection Bryonioides includes 21 species , with a distribution centered on Mexico . Supersection Auriculata includes 8 species from South America , one of which is also found in Central America . Supersection Multiflora includes 19 species . Supersection Decaloba includes 123 species . See also ( edit ) List of culinary fruits Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Krosnick , S.E. ; Porter - Utley , K.E. ; MacDougal , J.M. ; Jørgensen , P.M. ; McDade , L.A. ( 2013 ) . `` New insights into the evolution of Passiflora subgenus Decaloba ( Passifloraceae ) : phylogenetic relationships and morphological synapomorphies '' . Systematic Botany. 38 ( 3 ) : 692 -- 713 . doi : 10.1600 / 036364413x670359 . ^ Jump up to : Dana et al. ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Abrahamczyk , S. ( 2014 ) . `` Escape from extreme specialization : passionflowers , bats and the sword - billed hummingbird '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 281 ( 1795 ) : 20140888 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2014.0888 . PMC 4213610 . Jump up ^ de Castro , É. C.P. ; Zagrobelny , M. ; Cardoso , M.Z. ; Bak , S. ( 2017 ) . `` The arms race between heliconiine butterflies and Passiflora plants - new insights on an ancient subject '' . Biological Reviews . doi : 10.1111 / brv. 12357 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , P.R. ; Raven , P.H. ( 1964 ) . `` Butterflies and Plants : A Study in Coevolution '' . Evolution. 18 ( 4 ) : 586 -- 608 . doi : 10.2307 / 2406212 . Jump up ^ Benson , W.W ; Brown , K.S. ; Gilbert , L.E. ( 1975 ) . `` Coevolution of plants and herbivores : passion flower butterflies '' . Evolution. 29 : 659 -- 680 . doi : 10.2307 / 2407076 . Jump up ^ Merrill , R.M. ; Naisbit , R.E. ; Mallet , J. ; Jiggins , C.D. ( 2013 ) . `` Ecological and genetic factors influencing the transition between host - use strategies in sympatric Heliconius butterflies '' . Journal of Evolutionary Biology . 26 : 1959 -- 1967 . doi : 10.1111 / jeb. 12194 . Jump up ^ Knight , R.J. ; Payne , J.A. ; Schnell , R.J. ; Amis , A.A. ( 1995 ) . `` ' Byron Beauty ' , An Ornamental Passion Vine for the Temperate Zone '' ( PDF ) . HortScience. 30 ( 5 ) : 1112 . Jump up ^ Neck , Raymond W. ( 1976 ) . `` Lepidopteran Foodplant Records from Texas '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. 15 ( 2 ) : 75 -- 82 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Soule , J.A. 2012 . Butterfly Gardening in Southern Arizona . Tierra del Soule Press , Tucson , AZ ^ Jump up to : Killip , E.P. ( 1938 ) . The American Species of Passifloraceae . Chicago , US : Field Museum of Natural History . Jump up ^ Chitwood , D. ; Otoni , W. ( 2017 ) . `` Divergent leaf shapes among Passiflora species arise from a shared juvenile morphology '' . Plant Direct . 1 ( 5 ) . doi : 10.1002 / pld3. 28 . Jump up ^ Radhamani et al. ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ `` RHS Plant Selector Passiflora ' Amethyst ' AGM / RHS Gardening '' . Apps.rhs.org.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` RHS Plant Selector Passiflora × exoniensis AGM / RHS Gardening '' . Apps.rhs.org.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` RHS Plant Selector Passiflora × violacea AGM / RHS Gardening '' . Apps.rhs.org.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Petersen ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ E.g. Hansen et al. ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Smith , Clifford W. `` Impact of Alien Plants on Hawai'i's Native Biota '' . University of Hawaii . Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ The University of Georgia - Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health and the National Park Service ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States '' . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ UMMC ( 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Duke ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Akhondzadeh , S. ( October 2001 ) . `` Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety : a pilot double - blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam '' . Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics . 26 ( 5 ) : 363 -- 367 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2710.2001. 00367. x . Jump up ^ Boeira , JM ; Fenner , R ; Betti , AH ; et al. ( March 2010 ) . `` Toxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of Passiflora alata Curtis ( Passifloraceae ) '' . J Ethnopharmacol. 128 ( 2 ) : 526 -- 32 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jep. 2009.09. 037 . PMID 19799991 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Saliminia , Alireza ; Azimaraghi , Omid ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Preoperative Oral Passiflora Incarnata Reduces Coughing Following Extubation : A Double Blind , Placebo - Controlled Study '' . Archives of Anesthesiology and Critical Care . 3 ( 3 ) : 338 -- 341 . ISSN 2423 - 5849 . Jump up ^ `` Passionflower '' . nih.gov . Jump up ^ `` Passionflower '' . University of Maryland Medical Center . Jump up ^ `` CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 '' . fda.gov . ^ Jump up to : Drugs.com ( 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Medicinal Plants of North America : A Field Guide By Jim Meuninck , p. 38 , https://books.google.com/books?id=AVOsBwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA38&ots=2Mqv0Yy6Jx&dq=native%20%22north%20america%22%20%22beta-Carboline%22&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q=beta-Carboline&f=false Jump up ^ Dhawan , et al. ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Roger L. Hammer ( 6 January 2015 ) . Everglades Wildflowers : A Field Guide to Wildflowers of the Historic Everglades , including Big Cypress , Corkscrew , and Fakahatchee Swamps . Falcon Guides . pp. 206 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4930 - 1459 - 0 . Jump up ^ Marzell ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ `` Christ 's flower '' is a mistranslation of Marzell ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ `` Martyr '' is a mistranslation of Marzell ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Muttergottes - Schuzchen ( or - Schurzchen ) is a nonsensical misreading of Marzell ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel Hoyt Elbert ( 2003 ) . `` lookup of lilikoʻi '' . in Hawaiian Dictionary . Ulukau , the Hawaiian Electronic Library , University of Hawaii Press . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Pukui et al. ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Feuillet , C. ; MacDougal , J. ( 2004 ) . `` A new infrageneric classification of Passiflora L. ( Passifloraceae ) '' . Passiflora. 13 ( 2 ) : 34 -- 35 , 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Krosnick , S.E. ; Ford , A.J. ; Freudenstein , J.V. ( 2009 ) . `` Taxonomic Revision of Passiflora Subgenus Tetrapathea Including the Monotypic Genera Hollrungia and Tetrapathea ( Passifloraceae ) , and a New Species of Passiflora '' . Systematic Botany. 34 ( 2 ) : 375 -- 385 . doi : 10.1600 / 036364409788606343 . Jump up ^ Hansen , K.A. ; Gilbert , L.E. ; Simpson , B.B. ; Downie , S.R. ; Cervi , A.C. ; Jansen , R.K. ( 2006 ) . `` Phylogenetic Relationships and Chromosome Number Evolution in Passiflora '' . Systematic Botany. 31 ( 1 ) : 138 -- 150 . doi : 10.1600 / 036364406775971769 . Jump up ^ Shawn Elizabeth Krosnick , Ph. D. thesis , Phylogenetic relationships and patterns of morphological evolution in the Old Word species of Passiflora ( subgenus Decaloba : supersection Disemma and subgenus Tetrapathaea ) Jump up ^ `` MBG : Research : Passiflora Research Network '' . mobot.org . References ( edit ) Akhondzadeh , Shahin ; Naghavi , H.R. ; Vazirian , M. ; Shayeganpour , A. ; Rashidi , H. ; Khani , M. ( 2001 ) . `` Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety : a pilot double - blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics . 26 ( 5 ) : 363 -- 367 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2710.2001. 00367. x . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 September 2008 . Dana , E.D. ; Sanz - Elorza , M. & Sobrino , E. ( 2001 ) : Plant Invaders in Spain Check - List . PDF fulltext Dhawan , Kamaldeep ; Kumar , Suresh ; Sharma , Anupam ( 2002 ) . `` Beneficial Effects of Chrysin and Benzoflavone on Virility in 2 - Year - Old Male Rats '' . Journal of Medicinal Food . 5 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 48 . doi : 10.1089 / 109662002753723214 . Drugs.com ( 2008 ) : Passion Flower . Retrieved 2008 - NOV - 01 . Duke , James A. ( 2008 ) : Dr. Duke 's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases -- Passiflora spp . Retrieved 2008 - NOV - 01 . Hansen , A. Katie ; Escobar , Linda K. ; Gilbert , Lawrence E. ; Jansen , Robert K. ( 2006 ) . `` Paternal , maternal , and biparental inheritance of the chloroplast genome in Passiflora ( Passifloraceae ) : implications for phylogenic studies '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Botany. 94 ( 1 ) : 42 -- 46 . doi : 10.3732 / ajb. 94.1. 42 . PMID 21642206 . Marzell , Heinrich ( 1927 ) : Deutsches Wörterbuch der Pflanzennamen ( `` German Plant Name Dictionary '' ) . Leipzig . Pukui , Mary Kawena ; Elbert , Samuel Hoyt ; Mookini , Esther T. & Nishizawa , Yu Mapuana ( 1992 ) : New Pocket Hawaiian Dictionary with a Concise Grammars and Given Names in Hawaiian . University of Hawaii Press , Honolulu . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1392 - 8 Petersen , Elly ( 1966 ) : Passionsblume ( `` Passion flowers '' ) . In : Praktisches Gartenlexikon der Büchergilde ( 2nd ed . ) : 270 - 271 ( in German ) . Büchergilde Gutenberg . Frankfurt am Main , Vienna , Zürich . Radhamani , T.R. ; Sudarshana , L. ; Krishnan , R. ( 1995 ) . `` Defence and carnivory : dual roles of bracts '' . Passiflora foetida . Journal of Biosciences. 20 ( 5 ) : 657 -- 664 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02703305 . University of Maryland Medical Center ( UMMC ) ( 2008 ) : Passionflower . Retrieved 2008 - NOV - 01 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passiflora . Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Passion - flower . Passiflora at the Encyclopedia of Life The Passiflora Society International Killip , The American Species of Passifloraceae , Fieldiana , Bot. 19 ( 1938 ) Passiflora online Passiflora edulis Passiflora Picture Gallery Chilean Passiflora pictures A list of Heliconius Butterflies and the Passiflora species their larvae consume Carnivorous and protocarnivorous plants Carnivorous genera ( † extinct ) Aldrovanda † Archaeamphora Brocchinia Byblis Catopsis Cephalotus Darlingtonia Dionaea Drosera † Droserapites † Droserapollis † Droseridites Drosophyllum † Fischeripollis Genlisea Heliamphora Nepenthes † Palaeoaldrovanda Philcoxia Pinguicula Roridula Sarracenia † Saxonipollis Triphyophyllum Utricularia Protocarnivorous genera Aracamunia Capsella Colura Dipsacus Drymocallis Geranium Ibicella Lathraea Paepalanthus Passiflora Plumbago Proboscidea Stylidium See also International Carnivorous Plant Society Insectivorous Plant Society List of carnivorous plants List of carnivorous plant periodicals Pitcher plant Passiflora Section Astrophea arborea ascidia balbis chlorina lindeniana putumayensis sphaerocarpa saulensis tica Section Coccinea aimae coccinea guyanensis miniata quadriglandulosa speciosa vitifolia Section Decaloba Auriculata auriculata fanchonae ferruginea jatunsachensis Bryonioides adenopoda bryonioides colimensis dioscoreifolia dolichocarpa exsudans gracilis karwinskii lobata morifolia oaxacensis pendens pilosa podadenia pterocarpa quercetorum sicyoides trichopoda uncinata Cieca clypeophylla coriacea eglandulosa juliana lancifolia macfadyenii mcvaughiana obtusifolia pallida sexocellata suberosa tenuiloba tridactylites trinifolia viridiflora xiikzodz Decaloba affinis allantophylla alnifolia amalocarpa anadenia andersonii andreana anfracta apetala azeroana berteroana bicornis bicrura bicuspidata biflora bilobata boenderi bogotensis bucaramangensis calcicola candollei capsularis carnosisepala chelidonea chrysosepala citrina lutea rubra sanguinolenta tulae urnifolia vespertilio viridescens xiikzodz yucatanensis Disemma aurantia aurantioides cinnabarina cochinchinensis cupiformis eberhardtii henryi herbertiana hollrungii jiangfengensis jugorum kwangtungensis leschenaultii moluccana papilio perakensis siamica xishuangbannaensis Hahniopathanthus cissampeloides guatemalensis hahnii membranacea quetzal Deidamioides arbelaezii gracillima pacifica tryphostemmatoides Distephana glandulosa miniata variolata Laurifolia Laurifolia ambigua acuminata laurifolia nitida Quadrangulares alata christianii marcocarpa quadrangularis trialata Tiliifolia ligularis maliformis seemannii Passiflora Passiflora bahiensis cincinnata edulis filamentosa incarnata malacophylla mayarum palmatisecta pedata prolata recurva serratifolia setacea trintae Stipulata actinia amethystina arida bahamensis caerulea castellanosii catharinensis chocoensis crassifolia cyanea deltoifolia dispar eichleriana elegans exura foetida galbana garckei gardneri gibertii gritensis imbeana jilekii loefgrenii lonchophora madidiana mapiriensis menispermifolia mooreana mucronata mucugeana oerstedii picturata racemosa resticulata retipetala saccoi setulosa sprucei subpeltata subrotunda tenuifolia trisulca tucumanensis umbilicata urbaniana urubiciensis Tacsonia Boliviana gracilens Colombiana adulterina ampullacea antioquiensis crispolanata cremastantha cuatrecasasii coactilis cremastantha flexipes formosa lanata leptomischa linearistipula pamplonensis quindeinsis rigidifolia rugosa tenerifensis trianae truxillensis unipetala Elkea anastomosans brachyantha cumbalensis jamesonii linda luzmarina roseorum sanctae - barbarae tarminiana tripartita zamorana Fimbriatistipula fimbriatistipula uribei Insignes carrascoensis insignis lanceolata mandonii pilosicorona pinnatistipula Manicata macropoda manicata peduncularis trisecta Parritana jardinensis parritae Tasconia amazonica matthewsii mixta schlimiana Rathea andina harlingii colombiana Tasconiopsis bracteosa purdiei Trifoliata trifoliata Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q161185 Wikispecies : Passiflora APDB : 193454 EoL : 38402 EPPO : 1PAQG FloraBase : 21795 FoC : 124132 GBIF : 2874172 GRIN : 8936 iNaturalist : 51452 IRMNG : 1042033 ITIS : 22219 NBN : NHMSYS0000461533 NCBI : 3684 NZOR : 5e5c1ba5 - 2374 - 4ef3 - 92ec - 907b675f0c44 PLANTS : PASSI POWO : urn : lsid : ipni.org : names : 328300 - 2 Tropicos : 40002275 uBio : 5866220 WoRMS : 415781 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passiflora&oldid=865248664 '' Categories : Passiflora Malpighiales genera Butterfly food plants Flora of Central America Flora of South America Garden plants of North America Garden plants of Central America Garden plants of South America Medicinal plants Edible fruits Tropical fruit Vines Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Pantropical flora Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2014 CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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8779028561576454363	Anthony of Padua	Anthony of Padua - wikipedia Anthony of Padua For the Italian film , see Anthony of Padua ( film ) . For others known as Saint Anthony , see Saint Anthony . Saint Anthony of Padua Anthony of Padua with the Infant Jesus by Francisco de Zurbarán , 1627 -- 1630 Evangelical Doctor Hammer of Heretics Professor of Miracles 15 August 1195 Lisbon , Portugal 13 June 1231 ( 1231 - 06 - 13 ) ( aged 35 ) Padua , Italy Venerated in Catholic Church Beatified 30 May 1232 Canonized 30 May 1232 , Spoleto , Italy by Pope Gregory IX Major shrine Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua , Italy Feast 13 June Attributes Book ; bread ; Infant Jesus ; lily ; fish ; flaming heart Patronage Lisbon , Lost items , lost people , lost souls , American Indians ; amputees ; animals ; barrenness ; Brazil ; elderly people ; faith in the Blessed Sacrament ; fishermen ; Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land ; harvests ; horses ; lost articles ; lower animals ; mail ; mariners ; oppressed people ; poor people ; Portugal ; pregnant women ; seekers of lost articles ; shipwrecks ; starvation ; sterility ; swineherds ; Tigua Indians ; travel hostesses ; travellers ; Tuburan , Cebu ; Watermen ; runts of litters ; counter-revolutionaries ; San Antonio De Padua Parish , Taytay , Rizal Saint Anthony of Padua ( Portuguese : Santo António de Lisboa ) , born Fernando Martins de Bulhões ( 15 August 1195 -- 13 June 1231 ) , also known as Anthony of Lisbon , was a Portuguese Catholic priest and friar of the Franciscan Order . He was born and raised by a wealthy family in Lisbon , Portugal , and died in Padua , Italy . Noted by his contemporaries for his powerful preaching , expert knowledge of scripture , and undying love and devotion to the poor and the sick , he was one of the most quickly canonized saints in church history . He was proclaimed a Doctor of the Church on 16 January 1946 . He is also the patron saint of lost things . Contents 1 Life 1.1 Early years 1.2 Joining the Franciscans 1.3 Preaching and teaching 1.4 Death 2 Saint and Doctor of the Church 3 Veneration as patron saint 3.1 North America 3.2 Brazil and Europe 3.3 Asia 4 In art 5 In films 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Life ( edit ) Church of Saint Anthony , in Lisbon , Portugal , the birthplace of Saint Anthony of Padua Early years ( edit ) Fernando Martins was born in Lisbon , Portugal . While fifteenth century writers state that his parents were Vicente Martins and Teresa Pais Taveira , and that his father was the brother of Pedro Martins de Bulhões , the ancestor of the Bulhão or Bulhões family , Niccolò Dal - Gal views this as less certain . His wealthy and noble family arranged for him to be instructed at the local cathedral school . At the age of fifteen , he entered the community of Canons Regular at the Augustinian Abbey of Saint Vincent on the outskirts of Lisbon . In 1212 , distracted by frequent visits from family and friends , he asked to be transferred to the motherhouse of the congregation , the Abbey of Santa Cruz in Coimbra , then the capital of Portugal . There the young Fernando studied theology and Latin . Joining the Franciscans ( edit ) In Alvise Vivarini 's painting , Anthony is distinguished from the other saints by his attributes , the book and the white lily stalk . After his ordination to the priesthood , Fernando was named guestmaster and placed in charge of hospitality for the abbey . While he was in Coimbra , some Franciscan friars arrived and settled at a small hermitage outside Coimbra dedicated to Saint Anthony of Egypt . Fernando was strongly attracted to the simple , evangelical lifestyle of the friars , whose order had been founded only eleven years prior . News arrived that five Franciscans had been beheaded in Morocco , the first of their order to be killed . King Afonso ransomed their bodies to be returned and buried as martyrs in the Abbey of Santa Cruz . Inspired by their example , Fernando obtained permission from church authorities to leave the Canons Regular to join the new Franciscan Order . Upon his admission to the life of the friars , he joined the small hermitage in Olivais , adopting the name Anthony ( from the name of the chapel located there , dedicated to Saint Anthony the Great ) , by which he was to be known . Anthony then set out for Morocco , in fulfillment of his new vocation . However , he fell seriously ill in Morocco and set sail back for Portugal in hope of regaining his health . On the return voyage the ship was blown off course and landed in Sicily . From Sicily he made his way to Tuscany where he was assigned to a convent of the order , but he met with difficulty on account of his sickly appearance . He was finally assigned to the rural hermitage of San Paolo near Forlì , Romagna , a choice made after considering his poor health . There he had recourse to a cell one of the friars had made in a nearby cave , spending time in private prayer and study . Preaching and teaching ( edit ) Saint Anthony of Padua Holding Baby Jesus by Strozzi , c. 1625 ; the white lily represents purity . One day , in 1222 , in the town of Forlì , on the occasion of an ordination , a number of visiting Dominican friars were present , and there was some misunderstanding over who should preach . The Franciscans naturally expected that one of the Dominicans would occupy the pulpit , for they were renowned for their preaching ; the Dominicans , on the other hand , had come unprepared , thinking that a Franciscan would be the homilist . In this quandary , the head of the hermitage , who had no one among his own humble friars suitable for the occasion , called upon Anthony , whom he suspected was most qualified , and entreated him to speak whatever the Holy Spirit should put into his mouth . Anthony objected but was overruled , and his sermon created a deep impression . Not only his rich voice and arresting manner , but the entire theme and substance of his discourse and his moving eloquence , held the attention of his hearers . Everyone was impressed with his knowledge of scripture , acquired during his years as an Augustinian friar . At that point , Anthony was sent by Brother Gratian , the local Minister Provincial , to the Franciscan province of Romagna , based in Bologna . He soon came to the attention of the founder of the order , Francis of Assisi . Francis had held a strong distrust of the place of theological studies in the life of his brotherhood , fearing that it might lead to an abandonment of their commitment to a life of real poverty . In Anthony , however , he found a kindred spirit for his vision , who was also able to provide the teaching needed by young members of the order who might seek ordination . In 1224 he entrusted the pursuit of studies for any of his friars to the care of Anthony . St Anthony holding Baby Jesus The reason St. Anthony 's help is invoked for finding things lost or stolen is traced to an incident that occurred in Bologna . According to the story , Anthony had a book of psalms that was of some importance to him as it contained the notes and comments he had made to use in teaching his students . A novice who had decided to leave took the psalter with him . Prior to the invention of the printing press , any book was an item of value . Upon noticing it was missing , Anthony prayed it would be found or returned . The thief was moved to restore the book to Anthony and return to the Order . The stolen book is said to be preserved in the Franciscan friary in Bologna . Occasionally he took another post , as a teacher , for instance , at the universities of Montpellier and Toulouse in southern France , but it was as a preacher that Anthony revealed his supreme gift . According to historian Sophronius Clasen , Anthony preached the grandeur of Christianity . His method included allegory and symbolical explanation of Scripture . In 1226 , after attending the General Chapter of his order held at Arles , France , and preaching in the French region of Provence , Anthony returned to Italy and was appointed provincial superior of northern Italy . He chose the city of Padua as his location . In 1228 he served as envoy from the general chapter to Pope Gregory IX . At the Papal court , his preaching was hailed as a `` jewel case of the Bible '' and he was commissioned to produce his collection of sermons , Sermons for Feast Days ( Sermones in Festivitates ) . Gregory IX himself described him as the `` Ark of the Testament '' ( Doctor Arca testamenti ) . Death ( edit ) Anthony of Padua with the Infant Jesus by Antonio de Pereda , detail Anthony became sick with ergotism in 1231 , and went to the woodland retreat at Camposampiero with two other friars for a respite . There he lived in a cell built for him under the branches of a walnut tree . Anthony died on the way back to Padua on 13 June 1231 at the Poor Clare monastery at Arcella ( now part of Padua ) , aged 35 . According to the request of Anthony , he was buried in the small church of Santa Maria Mater Domini , probably dating from the late 12th century and near a convent which had been founded by him in 1229 . Nevertheless , due to his increased notability , construction of a large Basilica began around 1232 -- although it was not completed until 1301 . The smaller church was incorporated into structure as the Cappella della Madonna Mora ( Chapel of the Dark Madonna ) . The basilica is commonly known today as `` Il Santo '' . Various legends surround the death of Anthony . One holds that when he died , the children cried in the streets and that all the bells of the churches rang of their own accord . Another legend regards his tongue . Anthony is buried in a chapel within the large basilica built to honor him , where his tongue is displayed for veneration in a large reliquary along with his jaw and his vocal cords . When his body was exhumed thirty years after his death , it was found turned to dust , but the tongue was claimed to have glistened and looked as if it was still alive and moist ; apparently a further claim was made that this was a sign of his gift of preaching . On 1 January 1981 , Pope Saint John Paul II authorized a scientific team to study the saint 's remains and the tomb was opened on 6 January . Saint and Doctor of the church ( edit ) St Anthony of Padua and St Francis of Assisi by Friedrich Pacher Anthony was canonized by Pope Gregory IX on 30 May 1232 , at Spoleto , Italy , less than one year after his death . `` The richness of spiritual teaching contained in the Sermons was so great that in ( 16 January ) 1946 Venerable Pope Pius XII proclaimed Anthony a Doctor of the Church , attributing to him the title Doctor Evangelicus ( '' Evangelical Doctor `` ) , since the freshness and beauty of the Gospel emerge from these writings . '' Veneration as patron Saint ( edit ) El Greco 's painting , 1580 , shows the book with an image of the Christ child on the page . Anthony 's fame spread through Portuguese evangelization , and he has been known as the most celebrated of the followers of Saint Francis of Assisi . He is the patron saint of Lisbon , Padua and many places in Portugal and in the countries of the former Portuguese Empire . He is especially invoked and venerated all over the world as the patron saint for the recovery of lost items and is credited with many miracles involving lost people , lost things and even lost spiritual goods . North America ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1692 Spanish missionaries came across a small Payaya Indian community along what was then known as the Yanaguana River on the feast day of Saint Anthony , 13 June . The Franciscan chaplain , Father Damien Massanet , with agreement General Domingo de Teran , renamed the rivers in his honor , and eventually a mission built nearby as well . This mission became the focal point of a small community that eventually grew in size and scope to become the seventh largest city in the country , the U.S. city of San Antonio , Texas . In New York City , the Shrine Church of St. Anthony in Greenwich Village , Manhattan celebrates his feast day , starting with the traditional novena of prayers asking for his intercession on the thirteen Tuesdays preceding his feast . This culminates with a week - long series of services and a street fair . A traditional Italian - style procession is held that day through the streets of its South Village neighborhood , in which a relic of the saint is carried for veneration . Miraculous Image of Saint Anthony , by Franciszek Lekszycki OFM , 1649 , Przeworsk , Poland Each year on the weekend of the last Sunday in August , Boston 's North End holds a feast in honor of Saint Anthony . Referred to as the `` Feast of All Feasts '' , Saint Anthony 's Feast in Boston 's North End was begun in 1919 by Italian immigrants from Montefalcione , a small town near Naples , where the tradition of honoring Saint Anthony goes back to 1688 . Each year the Sandia Pueblo along with Santa Clara Pueblo celebrate the feast day of Saint Anthony with traditional Native American dances . On 27 January 1907 , in Beaumont , Texas , a church was dedicated and named in honor of Saint Anthony . The church was later designated a cathedral in 1966 with the formation of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Beaumont , but was not formally consecrated . On 28 April 1974 , St. Anthony Cathedral was dedicated and consecrated by Bishop Warren Boudreaux . In 2006 Pope Benedict XVI granted the cathedral the designation of minor basilica . St. Anthony Cathedral Basilica celebrated its 100th anniversary on 28 January 2007 . St. Anthony gives his name to Mission San Antonio de Padua , the third Franciscan mission dedicated along El Camino Real in California in 1771 . In Ellicott City , Maryland , southwest of Baltimore , the Conventual Franciscans of the St. Anthony Province dedicated their old novitiate house as The Shrine of St. Anthony which since 1 July 2004 serves as the official Shrine to Saint Anthony for the Archdiocese of Baltimore , the nation 's `` premier see '' and oldest diocese / first bishop . A large relic of Saint Anthony was donated to the shrine in 1995 by the friars in Padua as well as copies of thirteen original paintings detailing particularly important moments in the life of St. Anthony . The Shrine of Saint Anthony is modeled upon the `` Sacro Convento '' in Assisi , Italy and situated upon land once owned in a large estate by Charles Carroll of Carrollton , the only Roman Catholic signer of the Declaration of Independence for Maryland and then wealthiest man in America . Maryland had been founded as an English colony and a haven for Catholics in 1634 . In addition to daily Mass and regular confession schedule , the Shrine of St. Anthony also offers retreat spaces for outside guests and hosts an annual pilgrimage in mid-June in honor of the Feast Day of St. Anthony of Padua . Brazil and europe ( edit ) Santo Antônio ( Saint Anthony ) Church in Teresópolis , Brazil Saint Anthony is known in Portugal , Spain and Brazil as a marriage saint , because there are legends of him reconciling couples . His feast day , 13 June , is Lisbon 's municipal holiday , celebrated with parades and marriages ( the previous day , 12 June , is the Dia dos Namorados in Brazil ) . He is one of the saints celebrated in the Brazilian Festa Junina ( also known as the `` Santo Antônio '' ) , along with John the Baptist and Saint Peter . He is venerated in Mogán Village in Gran Canaria where his feast day is celebrated every year with oversized objects carried through the streets for the fiesta . In the town of Brusciano , Italy , located near Naples , an annual feast in honor of Saint Anthony is held in late August . This tradition dates back to 1875 . The tradition started when a man prayed to Saint Anthony for his sick son to get better . He vowed that if his son would become healthy that he would build and dance a giglio like the people of Nola do for their patron San Paolino during the annual Fest Dei Gigli . ( A giglio is a tall tower topped with a statue of the saint that is carried through the streets in carefully choreographed maneuvers that resemble a dance . ) The celebration has grown over the years to include six giglio towers built in honor of the saint . This tradition has also carried over to America , specifically the East Harlem area of New York where the immigrants from the town of Brusciano formed the Giglio Society of East Harlem and have been holding their annual feast since the early 1900s . In Poland he is the patron saint of Przeworsk . The icon of Saint Anthony , dating from 1649 , is housed in a local ( Franciscan church , Kaplica Świętego Antoniego w Przeworsku ( pl ) ) . Asia ( edit ) St. Anthony of Padua in St. Joseph 's Church , Macao Devotion to Saint Anthony is popular throughout all of India . In Uvari , in Tamil Nadu , India , the church of Saint Anthony is home to an ancient wooden statue that is said to have cured the entire crew of a Portuguese ship suffering from cholera . Saint Anthony is said to perform many miracles daily , and Uvari is visited by pilgrims of different religions from all over South India . Christians in Tamil Nadu have great reverence for Saint Anthony and he is a popular saint there , where he is called `` The Miracle Saint . '' Also in India , a small crusady known with the name of Saint Anthony is located in the village called Pothiyanvilai , state of Tamil Nadu Kanyakumari district near Thengapattinam , where thousands of devotees attend every Tuesday and Friday to receive his blessings , miracles and guidings directly from St. Anthony 's soul entering in the body of a holy person for the last 34 years . The southern Indian state of Karnataka is also a holy pilgrimage center in honor of Saint Anthony ( specifically located in the small village of Dornahalli , near Mysore ) . Local lore holds that a farmer there unearthed a statue that was later identified as being that of Saint Anthony . The statue was deemed miraculous and an incident of divine intervention . A church was then erected to honor the saint . Additionally , Saint Anthony is highly venerated in Sri Lanka , and the nation 's Saint Anthony National Shrine in Kochikade , Colombo , receives many devotees of Saint Anthony , both Catholic and non-Catholic . In the Philippines , the devotion to St. Anthony of Padua began in the year 1581 , in the town of Pila , Laguna where Franciscans established the very first church in the whole country dedicated to St. Anthony of Padua , now it is elevated as the Diocesan Shrine of St. Anthony of Padua under the Diocese of San Pablo . In Siolim , a village in the Indian state of Goa , St. Anthony is always shown holding a serpent on a stick . This is a depiction of the incident which occurred during the construction of the church wherein a snake was disrupting construction work . The people turned to St. Anthony for help and placed his statue at the construction site . The next morning , the snake was found caught in the cord placed in the statue 's hand . In Art ( edit ) Giacomo Farelli -- St. Antony of Padua As the number of Franciscan saints increased , iconography struggled to distinguish Anthony from the others . Because of a legend that he had once preached to the fish , this was sometimes used as his attribute . He is also often seen with a white lily stalk , representing his purity . Other conventions referred to St. Anthony 's visionary fervor . Thus , one attribute in use for some time was a flaming heart . In 1511 , Titian painted three large frescoes in the Scuola del Santo in Padua , depicting scenes of the miracles from the life of Saint Anthony : The Miracle of the Jealous Husband , which depicts the murder of a young woman by her husband ; A Child Testifying to Its Mother 's Innocence ; and The Saint Healing the Young Man with a Broken Limb . Another key pattern has him meditating on an open book in which the Christ Child himself appears , as in the El Greco above . Over time the child came to be shown considerably larger than the book and some images even do without the book entirely . He typically appears carrying the infant Jesus and holding a cross . Anthony of Padua in Art An early work by Raphael , 1503 , at the Dulwich Picture Gallery , London , UK Baby Jesus with St. Anthony of Padua , Elisabetta Sirani , 1656 , Bologna , Italy Anthony of Padua with the Infant Jesus by Antonio de Pereda St Antony Reading by Marco Antonio Bassetti Triptych of Saint Antonius by Ambrosius Benson Saint Anthony of Padua with the Infant Christ by Guercino , 1656 , Bologna , Italy Vision of Saint Anthony , by Alonso Cano St. Antony with Christ Child , from , Carinthia , in Austria In films ( edit ) The 1931 silent film Saint Anthony of Padua ( Antonio di Padova , il santo dei miracoli ) directed by Giulio Antamoro . He was played in the 1949 Italian film Anthony of Padua by Aldo Fiorelli Umberto Marino 's 2002 Sant'Antonio di Padova aka Saint Anthony : The Miracle Worker of Padua is an Italian TV movie about the saint . While the VHS format is without English subtitles , the DVD version released in 2005 is simply called Saint Anthony and is subtitled . Saint Anthony , The Faithful Knight . Antonello Belluco 's 2006 Antonio guerriero di Dio aka Anthony , Warrior of God is a biopic about the saint . João Pedro Rodrigues directed the 2016 film The Ornithologist , a sort of modern - day fantastic allegory of the life of St. Anthony . See also ( edit ) Part of a series on Christian mysticism Theology Philosophy ( show ) Apophatic Ascetical Cataphatic Catholic spirituality Hellenistic Mystical theology Neoplatonic Henosis Practices ( show ) Monasticism Monasticism Asceticism Spiritual direction Meditation Meditation Lectio Divina Invoking of Mystic Saints Active ascetism Contemplation Hesychasm Jesus prayer Quietism Stages of Christian perfection Divinization Catharsis Theosis Kenosis Spiritual dryness Religious ecstasy Passive ascetism Abstinence People ( by era or century ) ( show ) Antiquity ( show ) Ancient African Origen Gregory of Nyssa Pseudo-Dionysius Desert Fathers ( show ) Paul of Thebes Anthony the Great Arsenius the Great Poemen Macarius of Egypt Moses the Black Syncletica Athanasius John Chrysostom Hilarion John Cassian 11th 12th ( show ) Bernard of Clairvaux Guigo II Hildegard of Bingen Symeon the New Theologian 13th 14th ( show ) Dominican Dominic de Guzmán Franciscan Francis of Assisi Anthony of Padua Bonaventure Jacopone da Todi Angela of Foligno English Richard Rolle Walter Hilton Julian of Norwich Margery Kempe Flemish Hadewijch Beatrice of Nazareth John of Ruysbroeck German Meister Eckhart Johannes Tauler Henry Suso Female Beatrice of Nazareth Bridget of Sweden Catherine of Siena Mechthild of Magdeburg Marguerite Porete 15th 16th ( show ) Spanish Ignatius of Loyola Francisco de Osuna John of Ávila Teresa of Ávila John of the Cross Others Catherine of Genoa 17th 18th ( show ) French Pierre de Bérulle Jean - Jacques Olier Louis de Montfort Charles de Condren John Eudes John of St. Samson Others María de Ágreda Anne Catherine Emmerich Veronica Giuliani Francis de Sales 19th ( show ) Dina Bélanger Catherine Labouré Mélanie Calvat Maximin Giraud Bernadette Soubirous Conchita de Armida Luisa Piccarreta Mary of the Divine Heart Thérèse of Lisieux Gemma Galgani 20th ( show ) Padre Pio Therese Neumann Marthe Robin Adrienne von Speyr Alexandrina of Balazar Faustina Kowalska Berthe Petit Sister Lúcia of Fátima Edgar Cayce Simone Weil Alfred Delp Thomas Merton Charles de Foucauld Contemporary papal views ( show ) Aspects of meditation ( Orationis Formas , 1989 ) Reflection on the New Age ( 2003 ) Literature Media ( show ) Lingua Ignota Ordo Virtutum Scivias Ascent of Mount Carmel Dark Night of the Soul Spiritual Canticle Way of Perfection Book of the First Monks The Interior Castle Abbey of the Holy Ghost A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation Diary : Divine Mercy in My Soul From Willow Creek to Sacred Heart The Glories of Mary The Imitation of Christ The Ladder of Divine Ascent Philokalia Revelations of Divine Love Spiritual Canticle The Story of a Soul Theologia Germanica Devotio Moderna The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima Sol de Fátima The Cloud of Unknowing The Consolation of Philosophy The Mirror of Simple Souls Sister Catherine Treatise Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii The Vision of Adamnán Divine Comedy Inferno Purgatorio Paradiso List of Catholic saints List of Latin nicknames of the Middle Ages : Doctors in theology Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua Marian doctrines of St. Anthony Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Purcell , Mary ( 1960 ) . Saint Anthony and His Times . Garden City , New York : Hanover House . pp. 19 , 275 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Dal - Gal , Niccolò ( 1907 ) . `` St. Anthony of Padua '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 1 . Robert Appleton Company . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Monti , Dominic V. ( O.F.M. ) ( 2008 ) . Francis and His Brothers . A Popular History of the Franciscan Friars . Cincinnati , Ohio : Franciscan Media . ISBN 0 - 86716855 - 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 867 - 16855 - 6 . Excerpt . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ José Manuel Azevedo Silva ( 2011 ) , p. 1 ^ Jump up to : Wintz O.F.M. , Jack . `` Anthony of Padua : The Italian Years '' , St. Anthony Messenger , Franciscan Media ^ Jump up to : Foley , Leonard . `` Who Is St. Anthony ? '' . American Catholic . Archived from the original on 17 October 2000 . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Perry O.F.M. , Norman . Anthony of Padua : The Story of His Life and Popular Devotions Jump up ^ Pope Benedict XVI ( 10 February 2010 ) . `` GENERAL AUDIENCE '' . Vatican City : Holy See . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Skeleton of St Anthony goes on display to public more than 750 years after his death '' . Daily Mail . 15 February 2010 . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` When Anthony spoke again '' . Messenger of Saint Anthony . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Pope Benedict XVI ( 10 February 2010 ) . `` GENERAL AUDIENCE '' . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Anthony of Padua , Saint '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ `` Novena to Saint Anthony to Find a Lost Article - Prayer to Saint Anthony of Padua - Novena to Find a Lost Item '' . 14 November 2007 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` San Antonio : The City of St. Anthony '' . St. Anthony Messenger Magazine Online . Americancatholic.org . June 2004 . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mass Schedule '' . stanthonynyc.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Aluia , Jason ( 2013 - 08 - 19 ) . `` 94th St. Anthony 's Feast Schedule Highlights -- Friday , August 23 -- Monday , August 26 , 2013 '' . North End Waterfront.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Sweet , Jill Drayson ( 2004 ) . Dances of the Tewa Pueblo Indians : expressions of new life . Santa Fe : School of American Research Press . ISBN 1 - 930618 - 29 - 8 . Jump up ^ Media , Mogan . `` Church of San Antonio El Chico '' . www.moganguide.com . Jump up ^ Green , Frank . `` Parishioners will hoist nearly 4 - ton wooden tower during Dance of the Giglio Festival '' , , Daily News , August 07 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Siolim The Village Everyone Loves St. Mary 's Goan Community Dubai '' . 6 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Morosini , Sergio Rossetti ( March 1999 ) . `` New Findings in Titian 's Fresco Technique at the Scuola del Santo in Padua '' . The Art Bulletin . New York . 81 ( 1 ) : 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Chong , Alan , ed . Christianity in Asia : Sacred Art and Visual Splendour . Printed in Singapore for the Asian Civilisations Museum : Dominie Press , 2016 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Sant'Antonio di Padova aka Saint Anthony : The Miracle Worker of Padua at IMDb . Jump up ^ VHS on Amazon . Jump up ^ DVD on Amazon . Jump up ^ DVD on Amazon with English subtitles . Jump up ^ Antonio guerriero di Dio aka Anthony , Warrior of God at IMDb . References ( edit ) St. Anthony , Doctor of the Church , Franciscan Institute Publications , 1973 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8199 - 0458 - 4 Anthony of Padua , Sermones for the Easter Cycle , Franciscan Institute Publications , 1994 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57659 - 041 - 6 Attwater , Donald ; John , Catherine Rachel ( 1993 ) , The Penguin Dictionary of Saints ( 3rd ed . ) , New York , New York : Penguin Books , ISBN 0 - 14 - 051312 - 4 Silva , José Manuel Azevedo ( 2011 ) , Câmara Municipal , ed. , A criação da freguesia de Santo António dos Olivais : Visão Histórica e Perspectivas Actuais ( PDF ) ( in Portuguese ) , Santo António dos Olivias ( Coimbra ) , Portugal : Câmara Municipal de Santo António dos Olivais , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 December 2011 , retrieved 5 September 2011 External links ( edit ) Media related to Saint Anthony of Padua at Wikimedia Commons St. Anthony Basilica official website Representations of Anthony of Padua `` Saint Anthony of Padua '' at the Christian 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5595845956101028312	Military history of New Zealand during World War I	Military History of New Zealand during World war I - wikipedia Military History of New Zealand during World war I Jump to : navigation , search New Zealand troops unloading at a French port in 1918 . The military history of New Zealand during World War I began in August 1914 when Great Britain declared war on Germany at the start of the First World War , the New Zealand government followed without hesitation , despite its geographic isolation and small population . It was believed at the time that any declaration of war by the United Kingdom automatically included New Zealand . The total number of New Zealand troops and nurses to serve overseas in 1914 -- 18 , excluding those in British and other Dominion forces , was 100,444 , from a population of just over a million . Forty - two percent of men of military age served in the New Zealand Expeditionary Force , fighting in the Gallipoli Campaign and on the Western Front . 16,697 New Zealanders were killed and 41,317 were wounded during the war -- a 58 percent casualty rate . Approximately a further thousand men died within five years of the war 's end , as a result of injuries sustained , and 507 died while training in New Zealand between 1914 and 1918 . The First World War saw Māori soldiers serve for the first time in a major conflict with the New Zealand Army ( although a number had fought in the Second Boer War when New Zealand recruiters chose to ignore British military policy of the time of disallowing ' native ' soldiers ) . A contingent took part in the Gallipoli Campaign , and later served with distinction on the Western Front as part of the New Zealand ( Māori ) Pioneer Battalion. 2688 Māori and 346 Pacific islanders , including 150 Niueans , served with New Zealand forces in total . Contents ( hide ) 1 Outbreak of the war 2 Samoa 3 Middle East 3.1 Training in Egypt 3.2 Gallipoli , Turkey 3.3 Evacuation from Gallipoli 3.4 Palestine Campaign 4 Training in England 5 Western Front 6 Other theatres 7 Recruiting and Conscription 8 Hospitals 9 Repatriation 10 Cemeteries and Memorials 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Outbreak of the war ( edit ) Upon the outbreak of the war , the New Zealand Government authorised the raising of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( NZEF ) for service overseas . Mobilisation for the NZEF had already begun , with preparations discreetly beginning a few days prior to the declaration of war . Samoa ( edit ) Main article : Occupation of German Samoa The Union Flag being raised at the courthouse at Apia on 30 August 1914 The day after the declaration of war , the British Government requested New Zealand seize the wireless station on the island of Upolu , part of Imperial Germany 's protectorate of German Samoa , deeming it an `` a great and urgent Imperial service . '' A mixed force of 1,413 men , known as the Samoan Expeditionary Force ( SEF ) under the command of Colonel Robert Logan , plus six nursing sisters , sailed from New Zealand on 15 August 1914 . After stopping in Fiji to collect some guides and interpreters as well as additional escort ships , the New Zealanders arrived at Apia on 29 August 1914 . Germany refused to officially surrender the islands but with only a minimal military presence , there was little prospect for meaningful resistance . The Governor of German Samoa , Dr. Erich Schultz , sent a message from the island 's radio station that no resistance would be offered . The New Zealanders proceeded to land at Apia and seized key buildings and facilities without interference . The only opposition encountered was at the radio station , where the equipment was sabotaged by the German operators . Logan officially declared German Samoa to be under the control of New Zealand the following day , 30 August 1914 , in a ceremony at the courthouse in Apia . When Vizeadmiral ( Vice Admiral ) Maximilian von Spee , commander of Germany 's East Asia Squadron , learned of the occupation , he hastened to Samoa with the armoured cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and SMS Gneisenau . Arriving at Apia on 14 September 1914 , the approach of the German ships was observed and the New Zealanders prepared to defend themselves . However , von Spee and his ships soon departed for Tahiti , with neither side opening fire . The SEF remained in Samoa until March 1915 at which time it began returning to New Zealand , a process completed by the following month . Middle east ( edit ) Training in Egypt ( edit ) Map of the landing at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915 As early as October 1914 the main body of the NZEF sailed from Wellington . Diverted from their original destination in Europe , the New Zealanders were landed in Egypt , where they helped repulse a Turkish attack on the Suez Canal in February 1915 . The New Zealand volunteer soldiers remained encamped in Egypt , alongside their Australian comrades , undergoing training prior to being sent to France . Gallipoli , Turkey ( edit ) On 25 April 1915 , as part of the New Zealand and Australian Division , the New Zealanders landed at Anzac Cove on the Gallipoli peninsula , and fought in the Gallipoli Campaign under the command of British General Alexander Godley . The combined British Empire and French operation was mounted in order to eventually capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople ( now Istanbul ) . Because of a navigational error , the Anzacs came ashore about a mile north of the intended landing point in their initial landing . Instead of facing the expected beach and gentle slope they found themselves at the bottom of steep cliffs , offering the few Turkish defenders an ideal defensive position . Establishing a foothold , the Anzacs found an advance to be impossible . On 30 April 1915 , when the first news of the landing reached New Zealand a half - day holiday was declared and impromptu services were held -- the origin of the commemorative public holiday , ANZAC Day , recognised by New Zealand and Australia and held each year on 25 April . Evacuation from Gallipoli ( edit ) Despite the blunder at ANZAC Cove , the New Zealand soldiers fought valiantly throughout the campaign but it was a failed venture overall . The estimated casualties on both sides were 392,000 of whom 131,000 were killed , with New Zealand casualties of 2,721 dead and 4,852 wounded . The Allied forces eventually evacuated in December 1915 and early January 1916 . The significance of the Gallipoli Campaign was strongly felt in New Zealand ( and Australia ) where it was the first great conflict experienced by the fledgling nation . Before Gallipoli the citizens of New Zealand were confident of the superiority of the British Empire and were proud and eager to offer their service . The campaign in Gallipoli shook that confidence . The New Zealand Rifle Brigade ( less two battalions ) had meanwhile reached Egypt in November 1915 and was sent into the Egyptian desert to help defeat a Senussi invasion from Libya . The 1st Battalion fought two brisk but inexpensive actions south - west of Matruh as part of a mixed force ( including British , Australians , and Indians ) , one on Christmas Day , the other on 23 January 1916 . Both were successful and broke the back of the invasion . In mid-February the 1st Battalion rejoined the rest of the brigade at Moascar in the Suez Canal area . Palestine Campaign ( edit ) In Egypt , the New Zealand Expeditionary Force was reorganised into the New Zealand Mounted Brigade and the New Zealand Division ( infantry ) . Reinforcements from New Zealand replaced the Australian component of the division , which embarked for France in April 1916 . The New Zealand Mounted Brigade , 147 officers and 2,897 other ranks , remained in Egypt as part of the Anzac Mounted Division . In April 1916 , it was deployed to the Sinai Peninsula where it took part in the ultimately successful Sinai and Palestine Campaign against the Turks . New Zealanders fought in most of the battles leading up to the fall of Jerusalem and the defeat of the Ottoman Army , and were praised for their fighting alongside their Australian and British comrades . In 1919 , Field Marshal Sir Edmund Allenby , said this of the New Zealand soldiers in the Sinai campaign ; `` Nothing daunted these intrepid fighters : to them nothing was impossible . '' A total of 17,723 New Zealanders served in this campaign and New Zealand casualties were 640 killed in action and 1,146 wounded . Training in England ( edit ) While in England -- either freshly arrived from New Zealand or having already served at Gallipoli and awaiting transfer to the Western Front -- New Zealand troops were stationed at Sling Camp , an annexe of Bulford Camp in Wiltshire . The troops who were still stationed at the camp at the end of the war created the giant chalk kiwi known as the Bulford Kiwi whilst waiting to be repatriated . Western Front ( edit ) Infantry from the 2nd Battalion , Auckland Regiment , New Zealand Division in the Switch Line near Flers , taken some time in September 1916 , after the Battle of Flers - Courcelette In France , the New Zealand Division settled in on the stalemated Western Front and their first major trial was during the Battle of the Somme . It took part in the Fourth Army 's attack on 15 September , under the command of the British XV Corps . By the time they were relieved on 4 October , the New Zealanders had advanced three kilometres and captured eight kilometres of enemy front line . 7,048 had become casualties , of whom 1,560 were killed . In June 1917 , the New Zealand Division further distinguished itself in the storming of Messines Ridge and the capture of the village of Messines . On 7 June , after the detonation of nearly 500 tons of explosives in huge mines on both sides of the New Zealand sector , the 2nd and 3rd Brigades scrambled over the top , in and out of shell holes , and up the battered slopes . Carrying the German front line and supports , they were soon into the ruined village . The 1st Brigade passed through , helped on the left by a solitary tank , to the final objective . With prisoners and booty including many guns it was a striking success at no great cost ; but the German artillery revived and by the time the division was relieved on 9 and 10 June it had lost 3,700 men , evenly distributed between the three brigades . The New Zealand Division 's next major engagement was at Passchendaele in October 1917 . The division had been training since the end of August to overcome the numerous concrete pillboxes in this sector . The first objective was the Gravenstafel Spur , attacked before dawn on 4 October , as part of a major advance . The 1st and 4th Brigades forestalled a heavy German counter-attack , and the supporting artillery barrage inflicted frightful slaughter on the waiting Germans . Crossing this scene of carnage , the 1st and 4th Brigades gained their objectives after a hard fight , inflicting exceptionally heavy loss on the enemy and capturing much equipment . For such a resounding success the 1,700 New Zealand casualties , though a sad loss , did not in current terms seem excessive . But heavy rain turned the countryside into a bog and tragedy lay ahead . A British attack on the ninth on Bellevue Spur and part of the main Passchendaele ridge gained a little ground at prohibitive cost . Heavy swathes of barbed wire still girdled the hillside , however , and belated and meagre heavy artillery made no impression on them , nor on the many pillboxes beyond . New Zealand gunners slaved to breaking point to get only a few guns and howitzers forward , but stable platforms and accurate fire were unattainable . The division returned to the attack on 12 October , with the 2nd and 3rd Brigades . There was little to encourage the men as they waited overnight in a morass under steady rain . Shelled in their assembly area , some were shelled again by their own guns when the thin barrage opened at 5.25 a.m. , and then they led off into a deluge of small - arms fire , speckled with geyser - like eruptions as shells exploded in the mud . Worst of all was the wire , covered with deadly fire , its few gaps deliberate deathtraps . Some men tried to crawl under it , some threw themselves at it , two got right through and were killed in the act of hurling grenades at the loopholes of the nearest pillbox . The left gained 500 yards of slippery slope , the centre 200 heartbreaking yards , the right nothing until the 80 - odd occupants of two blockhouses and a trench used up all their ammunition . Then they were captured , blockhouses and all , by two brave and skillful men , sole survivors of two Otago platoons . For these small gains , the New Zealanders suffered 640 dead and 2,100 wounded . For the first time the division had failed in a major operation . After this failure , the division continued to hold a sector of the line . The steady drain of men while units only held the line was less spectacular , though it made up half the losses of the division . Here , before withdrawing from the front , 400 more men were lost in the 4th Brigade alone . The division now had four brigades , making it one of the largest on the Western Front , and was stationed in the Polygon Wood area . An attack by the 2nd Brigade on 3 December 1917 gained useful ground but failed to capture Polderhoek Chateau . When the division was relieved , on 24 February 1918 , three `` quiet '' months had cost 3,000 men , more than 1,873 of them killed . As the Germans launched their great Spring Offensive of 1918 , the New Zealand Division was rushed to stem a breakthrough in the First Battle of the Somme , which threatened Amiens . The gap was between the British IV and V Corps in the Ancre Valley . After confused fighting , the New Zealanders eventually gained the upper hand and soon were counter-attacking advantageous land , stabilising the British line . Later in the year , they excelled in the open country fighting that was brought about by the Allied counter-offensive . The advance of the New Zealand Division -- part of the Third Army 's IV Corps -- during the 100 Days Offensive . In their last action of the war , the division captured the ancient fortress ( Vauban - designed ) town of Le Quesnoy in a daring assault on 4 November 1918 . The day proved to be the division 's most successful of their whole time on the Western Front as they pushed east and advanced ten kilometres , capturing 2,000 German soldiers and 60 field guns . The town occupied a strategic position in north - eastern France and had been held by the Germans since 1914 . Although with no specific orders indicating that the town need to be captured with any haste , the New Zealand soldiers were determined to and just before midday the first New Zealand troops reached the outer walls and scaled them with ladders . Propping the ladders against the precariously narrow inner walls , sections of one New Zealand battalion ascended the walls and engaged in hand - to - hand fighting with fleeing German defenders . The few thousand strong German garrison surrendered soon after New Zealand soldiers entered the town itself . The infantry were relieved on the eastern side of the forest at midnight on 5 -- 6 November and the war ended five days later . The division left the Third Army on 28 November , and marched through Belgium , to entrain at the German frontier for Cologne and take up billets in neighbouring towns as part of the army of occupation . Demobilisation soon started and at Mülheim near Cologne the division was finally disbanded on 25 March 1919 . The cost of maintaining the division for two and a half years on the Western Front was appalling . Altogether some 13,250 New Zealanders died of wounds or sickness as a direct result of this campaign , including 50 as prisoners of war and more than 700 at home . Another 35,000 were wounded , and 414 prisoners of war were ultimately repatriated . The total casualties therefrom approached 50,000 , well over half the number of those who served in France or Belgium . Other theatres ( edit ) New Zealand also contributed to the war at sea . The New Zealand Naval Forces was a Division of the Royal Navy . Immediately after the start of the war , the cruiser HMS Philomel , loaned to New Zealand as a training ship , was augmented with 70 New Zealand reservists and sailed with two Royal Navy cruisers to escort the New Zealand troops sent to occupy German Samoa . Later in 1914 these three ships also escorted the New Zealand Expeditionary Force to Egypt . From January 1915 , Philomel patrolled the Gulf of Alexandretta in the Eastern Mediterranean , supporting several landings and sustaining three fatal casualties , one being the first New Zealander killed in action in the war . She also took part in the defence of the Suez Canal , operations in the Gulf of Aden and patrols in the Persian Gulf . Although refitting from time to time at Malta or Bombay kept her seaworthy , age eventually forced her out of the war and in March 1917 she returned to Wellington for a major overhaul . New Zealand was not subject to any significant direct military threat during the war . Although Germany had plans for naval raids on Australia and New Zealand , the threat from her Asiatic Squadron did not eventuate , as that force moved across the Pacific before being destroyed at the Battle of the Falkland Islands . In June 1917 , a German surface raider , the SMS Wolf entered New Zealand waters . She laid two small minefields in New Zealand waters and sank two merchant ships . One ( the Port Kembla ) off Farewell Spit , and another ( the Wairuna ) off the Kermadec Islands . Two fishing trawlers , the Nora Niven and Simplon , were fitted as minesweepers and took up sweeping duties in these areas . Another brief flurry of activity occurred when Felix von Luckner , imprisoned on Motuihe Island after being captured in the Society Islands , escaped and commandeered a small vessel before being recaptured in the Kermadec Islands . New Zealand also contributed a wireless troop to the Mesopotamian Campaign . The Wireless Troop was formed in New Zealand and arrived at Basra in April 1916 . In Mesopotamia the New Zealand troop was amalgamated with the 1st Australian Wireless Signal Squadron , forming `` C '' Wireless Troop of the Anzac Squadron . The troop was much affected by disease , but once in operation was attached to the Cavalry Division in the assault on Baghdad . The Wireless Troop was among the first batch of troops to enter the city on 11 March 1917 . The Wireless Troop joined further operations in Mesopotamia and was then moved to Persia . In June 1917 , the troop was redirected to France , where it was absorbed into the New Zealand Divisional Signal Company . New Zealand had no air force of her own during the First World War but several hundred New Zealanders served with the Royal Flying Corps , the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Air Force . Recruiting and conscription ( edit ) When the supply of volunteers for reinforcements for the New Zealand Expeditionary Force slowed , conscription was introduced , with the first ballot held in Wellington on 16 November 1916 . Men between 20 and 45 could be conscripted , subject to a medical check and limited rights of objection on conscience , family or business grounds . Conscription was extended to Māori for the `` Native Contingent '' in late 1917 , with the first `` Māori ballot '' for the Waikato district held in May 1918 . There wes resistance in the Waikato ( led by Princess Te Puea ) to conscription . By the end of the war 552 Māori had been balloted , but no Māori conscripts had been sent overseas . And 2,227 Māori served in the war ; about 4.5 % of the Māori population or under half of the total contribution per head of the total New Zealand population . Hospitals ( edit ) Walton - on - Thames railway station was about one and a quarter miles from No 2 New Zealand General Hospital New Zealand Hospitals were set up at Port Said and Suez in 1915 , Walton - on - Thames in 1915 , and Amiens , Brockenhurst , Codford and Hornchurch in 1916 . Hospital ships Maheno and Marama were converted in 1915 . Walton closed in 1919 . Repatriation ( edit ) Shortages of shipping , influenza and strikes were among causes for delays in repatriating troops after the war . The frustration of the delay resulted in riots at Sling Camp in March 1919 and at Ismailia in July . Allied governments paid compensation for looted Egyptian shops . New Zealand 's share of the cost was £ 2,529 ( 2016 equivalent $250,000 ) . Cemeteries and memorials ( edit ) New Zealand war deaths are buried or commemorated in CWGC ( Commonwealth War Graves Commission ) cemeteries with other allied soldiers . Gallipoli dead are buried in 24 CWGC cemeteries in Turkey , and in CWGC cemeteries in Egypt , Gibraltar , Greece and Malta . There are memorials to the New Zealand missing on Chunuk Bair and at three CWGC cemeteries : Hill 60 Cemetery , Lone Pine Cemetery and Twelve Tree Copse Cemetery . On the Western Front missing New Zealand soldiers are commemorated in cemeteries near where they were lost rather than at the large memorials of Menin Gate and the Thiepval Memorial on the Somme . The New Zealand monuments to the missing are at Messines in Belgium and Armentierses , Longueval ( Caterpillar Valley Cemetery ) , Grevillers , and Marfaux in France . There are four national battlefield memorials at Passchendaele , Messines , the Somme and Le Quesnoy . See also ( edit ) New Zealand Expeditionary Force Bere Ferrers rail accident in which ten NZEF soldiers died in 1917 . SS Marquette troopship sunk 1915 with 32 New Zealanders including 10 nurses lost List of New Zealand soldiers executed during World War I Bulford Kiwi a memento to New Zealand soldiers who were stationed in Wiltshire . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Price , Mark ( 3 February 2009 ) . `` Dunedin family 's pride as soldier honoured '' . Otago Daily Times . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Niuean war heroes marked '' . Western Leader . 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ McGibbon 1991 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ McGibbon 1991 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Smith 1924 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Smith 1924 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Smith 1924 , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Smith 1924 , pp. 57 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Smith 1924 , pp. 59 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Smith 1924 , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ McGibbon 2007 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Smith 1924 , pp. 130 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Sharpe , Maureen ( 1981 ) . `` Anzac Day in New Zealand , 1916 - 1939 '' . THE NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF HISTORY. 15 ( 2 ) : 97 - 114 . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Eveline ( Apr 23 , 2008 ) . `` How the Herald reported the Gallipoli landings '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Recruiting and Conscription '' . NZ History . New Zealand Government . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Māori objection to conscription '' . NZ History . New Zealand Government . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker 1988 , pp. 220,221 . ^ Jump up to : `` NZANS History - 1915 - 1922 '' . www.nzans.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Hospitals in the United Kingdom '' . nzetc.victoria.ac.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` A vessel with a noble mission : the steamer Marama , New Zealand 's second hospital ship , which left Wellington for the front last Saturday . ( New Zealand Herald , 1915 - 12 - 08 ) '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz . National Library of New Zealand . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` HOSPITAL SHIP MARAMA IMPERIAL CONFERENCE ( North Otago Times , 1915 - 12 - 06 ) '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz . National Library of New Zealand . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` WALTON - ON - THAMES . ( New Zealand Herald , 1919 - 05 - 28 ) '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz . National Library of New Zealand . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Woodfin , E ( 2012 ) . Camp and Combat on the Sinai and Palestine Front : The Experience of the British Empire Soldier , 1916 - 18 . Springer . ISBN 9781137264800 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIOT AT SLING CAMP . ( Wanganui Herald , 1919 - 05 - 13 ) '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` SHIPPING CONTROL MUDDLE . ( Oamaru Mail , 1919 - 04 - 26 ) '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` THE ESTIMATES ( Waikato Times , 1920 - 11 - 12 ) '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Inflation calculator - Reserve Bank of New Zealand '' . www.rbnz.govt.nz . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ McGibbon , Ian ( 2004 ) . Gallipoli : A Guide to New Zealand Battlefields and Memorials . Auckland : Reed Books . pp. 16 , 24 , 26,120 . ISBN 0 - 7900 - 0999 - 4 . Jump up ^ McGibbon , Ian ( 2001 ) . New Zealand Battlefields and Memorials of the Western Front . Auckland : Oxford University Press . pp. 6 , 16 , 59 . References ( edit ) Baker , Paul ( 1988 ) . King and Country Call : New Zealanders , Conscription and the Great War . Auckland : Auckland University Press . ISBN 1 - 86940 - 034 - 8 . McGibbon , Ian ( 1991 ) . The Path to Gallipoli : Defending New Zealand 1840 -- 1915 . New Zealand : GP Books . ISBN 0 - 477 - 00026 - 6 . McGibbon , Ian ( 2007 ) . `` The Shaping of New Zealand 's War Effort , August -- October 1914 '' . In Crawford , John ; McGibbon , Ian . New Zealand 's Great War : New Zealand , the Allies & the First World War . Auckland , New Zealand : Exisle Publishing . pp. 49 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 908988 - 85 - 3 . Smith , Stephen John ( 1924 ) . The Samoa ( N.Z. ) Expeditionary Force 1914 -- 1915 . Wellington , New Zealand : Ferguson & Osborn . OCLC 8950668 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Zealand in World War I . Three e-books on WW1 in NZetc e-book Featherston Training Camp in Digger History e-book New Zealand at the Front ( 1917 ) in Digger History Letters and Papers of Cecil Malthus ( digitised ) New Zealand Mounted Rifles New Zealand and the First World War ( NZHistory ) Military history of New Zealand Timeline of Māori battles Musket Wars New Zealand Wars World War I World War II Malaysia Korean War Vietnam War New Zealand Army Royal New Zealand Navy Royal New Zealand Air Force Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) Expeditionary Forces 1st Australian Imperial Force ( 1st AIF ) Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force ( AN&MEF ) New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( 1st NZEF ) Corps Australian and New Zealand Army Corps I ANZAC Corps II ANZAC Corps Australian Corps Divisions Australia 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th New Zealand New Zealand Division New Zealand and Australian Division Brigades Australia 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 1st Light Horse 2nd Light Horse 3rd Light Horse 4th Light Horse 5th Light Horse New Zealand 1st Infantry Brigade 2nd Infantry Brigade 3rd New Zealand ( Rifle ) Brigade 4th Infantry Brigade New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade Military history during World War I Australia New Zealand History of World War I by region and country Africa Angola East Africa Egypt Liberia Morocco South Africa South West Africa Southern Rhodesia North America Canada United States South America Brazil Asia Caucasus India Iran Iraq Japan Levant Siam Vietnam Yemen Europe Austria - Hungary Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg Poland Ottoman Empire Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_I&oldid=827150356 '' Categories : Military history of New Zealand New Zealand in World War I Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская עברית Norsk Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 01 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many new zealand soldiers died in ww1	[ "The total number of New Zealand troops and nurses to serve overseas in 1914–18, excluding those in British and other Dominion forces, was 100,444, from a population of just over a million. Forty-two percent of men of military age served in the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, fighting in the Gallipoli Campaign and on the Western Front. 16,697 New Zealanders were killed and 41,317 were wounded during the war – a 58 percent casualty rate.[1] Approximately a further thousand men died within five years of the war's end, as a result of injuries sustained, and 507 died while training in New Zealand between 1914 and 1918." ]	[ "16,697" ]
94169181720489886	Education in Wales	Education in Wales - wikipedia Education in Wales Education in Wales Department for Education and Skills Cabinet Secretary for Education Kirsty Williams National education budget ( 2014 / 15 ) Budget £ 2,055.5 million General details Primary languages Welsh and English System type National Compulsory education Literacy ( 2003 ) Total 99 % Male 99 % Female 99 % Education in Wales differs in certain respects from education elsewhere in the United Kingdom . For example , a significant minority of students all over Wales are educated either wholly or largely through the medium of Welsh : in 2014 / 15 , 15.7 % of children and young people received Welsh - medium education - a drop from the 15.9 % in 2010 / 11 . And additional 10 % attend schools which had a significant portion of the curriculum is bilingual . The study of the Welsh language is available to all age groups through nurseries , schools , colleges and universities and in adult education . The study of the language is compulsory for all pupils in State Schools until the age of 16 . Since devolution , education policy in the four constituent countries of the UK has diverged : for example , England has pursued reforms based on diversity of school types and parental choice ; Wales ( and Scotland ) remain more committed to the concept of the community - based comprehensive school . Systems of governance and regulation - the arrangements for planning , funding , quality - assuring and regulating learning , and for its local administration - are becoming increasingly differentiated across the four home countries . Education researcher David Reynolds claims that policy in Wales is driven by a `` producerist '' paradigm emphasising collaboration between educational partners . He also alludes to lower funding in Welsh schools compared to England , echoing similar concerns at university level . He concludes that performance data does not suggest that Wales has improved more rapidly than England , although there are considerable difficulties in making these kinds of assessments . Contents ( hide ) 1 The structure of the Welsh educational system 1.1 Compulsory schooling 1.1. 1 Primary education 1.1. 2 Secondary education 1.2 Further education 1.3 Adult community learning 1.4 Higher education 2 See also 3 References 4 External links The structure of the Welsh Educational system ( edit ) Compulsory schooling ( edit ) A child 's age on 1 September determines the point of entry into the relevant stage of education . Education is compulsory beginning with the term following the child 's fifth birthday , but may take place at either home or school . Most parents choosing to educate through school - based provision , however , enrol their children in the reception year in September of that school year , with most children thus beginning school at age four or four and a half . This age was traditionally much earlier than in most other Western nations , but in recent years many European countries have lowered their age of compulsory education , usually by making one or more years of kindergarten compulsory . Primary education ( edit ) Primary school pupils in 1960 , in Barmouth , celebrating St David 's Day Main article : Primary education in Wales In 2014 / 15 , there were 1,330 primary schools in Wales with 273,400 pupils and 12,240 full - time equivalent ( FTE ) teachers . The teacher / pupil ratio was 1 : 22 and the average class size was 26 pupils . In the same year , there were 13 nursery schools in with 1,076 pupils and 43 full - time equivalent teachers . In 2015 / 16 , there were 276,950 pupils in 1,310 primary schools - a rise of 3,550 since 2014 / 15 . In 2008 a unique new curriculum - the Foundation phase - was rolled out to all schools in Wales . It began for 3 - to 4 - year - olds and by 2011 is in place for 3 - to 7 - year - olds . It is based on experiential learning , in small groups , with a teacher ratio of 1 : 8 for the youngest ages . In 2014 / 15 , there were 435 Welsh - medium primary schools with 65,460 pupils , rising from 64,366 in 2013 / 14 but the number of Welsh - medium primary schools decreasing from 444 . Secondary education ( edit ) Main article : Secondary education in Wales Pupils in secondary school take part in the compulsory GCSE and the non-compulsory A-level or BTEC qualifications at age 16 and 18 respectively . Since 2007 the Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification has also been available as an option although it was ungraded until 2014 . In 2014 / 15 there were 207 secondary schools ( a drop of six since 2013 / 14 ) in Wales with 182,408 pupils and 11,269 FTE teachers ( a drop of 310 since 2013 / 14 ) . The pupil / teacher ratio was 17 : 1 , which has remained largely the same since 2000 / 01 . In 2015 / 16 , there were 178,650 pupils in 205 secondary schools - a drop of 3,700 since 2014 / 15 . The same report found that in 2015 / 16 , there were 8,000 pupils in 34 independent schools , 4,540 pupils in 32 independent special schools , and 730 pupils in 25 pupil referral units . In 2014 / 15 , there were 50 Welsh - medium secondary ( a drop of 2 since 2013 / 14 ) schools with 36,485 pupils , dropping from 37,400 in 2013 / 14 . In the same year , there were 4 Welsh - medium middle schools ( a rise of 2 since 2013 / 14 ) with 2,448 pupils , a rise from 1,577 in 2013 / 14 . In 2016 , 60 / 3 % of Year 11 pupils ( aged 16 ) achieved the Level 2 inclusive threshold ( Level 2 including a grade A * - C in English or Welsh first language and Mathematics ) . 35.6 % of pupils eligible for FSM ( free school meals ) achieved the L2 inclusive threshold. 66.9 % of pupils achieved A * - C in maths. 70.4 % of pupils achieved A * - C in either English or Welsh first language . PISA results , by which the performance of Welsh pupils is compared to that of other countries , is also of enormous concern , with Wales lagging behind all other countries in the UK , leading to the then Minister of Education Leighton Andrews to describe the performance as `` unacceptable '' . Education Consortia There are four formal education consortia in Wales covering : North Wales ( Flintshire , Conwy , Wrexham , Gwynedd , Isle of Anglesey , Denbighshire ) South West and Mid Wales ( Swansea , Neath Port Talbot , Carmarthenshire , Pembrokeshire , Powys , Ceredigion ) Central South Wales ( Bridgend , Cardiff , Merthyr Tydfil , Rhondda Cynon Taff , Vale of Glamorgan ) South East Wales ( Caerphilly , Monmouthshire , Newport , Blaenau Gwent , Torfaen ) Each of the consortia are responsible for school improvement services throughout their respective local authorities and schools . Whilst all aspects of school improvement are considered consortia roles , they are specifically targeted with addressing the three Ministerial priorities of ; improving levels of literacy , numeracy and reducing the impact of poverty on education attainment . Further education ( edit ) Main article : List of further education colleges in Wales Further education ( FE ) includes full - and part - time learning for people over compulsory school age , excluding higher education . FE and publicly funded training in Wales is provided by 15 FE institutions in 2014 / 15 and a range of public , private and voluntary sector training providers , such as the Workers ' Educational Association . Colleges vary in size and mission , and include general FE , tertiary and specialist institutions , including one Roman Catholic Sixth Form College and a residential adult education college . Many colleges offer leisure learning and training programmes designed to meet the needs of business . In 2014 / 15 there were 263,315 FE students in Wales spanning the entire availability of FE at multiple placements , including FE , HE ( higher education ) , LA ( local authority ) Community , and work - based learning . Adult Community learning ( edit ) Adult Community learning is a form of adult education or lifelong learning delivered and supported by local authorities in Wales . Programmes can be formal or informal , non-accredited or accredited , and vocational , academic or leisure orientated . In 2015 / 16 there were 28,710 learners in Local Authority Community Learning . Higher education ( edit ) See also : List of universities in Wales Main Building of Cardiff University St David 's building of the University of Wales Lampeter - Wales ' oldest University Students normally enter higher education ( HE ) from 18 onwards . All undergraduate education is largely state - financed ( with Welsh students contributing £ 1,255 ) , and students are generally entitled to student loans for maintenance . The state does not control syllabi , but it does influence admission procedures and monitors standards through the Higher Education Funding Council for Wales . The typical first degree offered at Welsh universities is the Bachelor 's degree , typically taking three years to complete full - time . Some institutions offer an undergraduate master 's degree as a first degree , typically lasting four years . During a first degree students are known as undergraduates . Some universities offer a vocationally based Foundation degree , typically two years in length . Within Wales , medical undergraduate education is provided by only Cardiff University , while graduate fast track route training is provided at Swansea University . In recent years there has been an increase in the number of universities with their own degree awarding powers owing to the change in the University of Wales from a single awarding body for most of the Universities in Wales to a confederal structure , along with former institutes gaining university status . In 2014 / 15 , there were 8 HE institutions in Wales including one music conservatoire , the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama in Cardiff which is part of the University of Glamorgan Group . The University of Glamorgan , the second largest university in Wales , has never been a member of the University of Wales and awards its own degrees : the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama also awards University of Glamorgan degrees . In 2014 / 15 there were 145,735 enrolments at HE institutions in Wales , including 97,900 first degree and other undergraduates and 27,780 postgraduates . Welsh HE institutions had a total of 10,140 full - time and part - time staff . In 2012 , the minister with responsibility for education within Wales , Leighton Andrews , made a significant statement in relation to the merger of Cardiff Metropolitan University ( CMU , formerly UWIC ) , the University of Glamorgan and University of Wales , Newport ( UWN ) , in which he proposed the dissolution of CMU and UN as part of the process towards merger . However significant such changes may seem , it is arguable that the effective imposition of an average undergraduate fee of £ 7.5 K pa for the three institutions ( and others , but not to Cardiff , Swansea , Bangor and Aberystwyth all of whom will charge £ 9 K pa ) will cause much more substantial long term damage to these universities and reinvent the ' binary divide ' between universities and the former polytechnics and HE institutes . See also ( edit ) Wales portal Estyn , the education and training inspectorate for Wales Music education in Wales Primary education in Wales Secondary education in Wales Treachery of the Blue Books Education in England Education in Northern Ireland Education in Scotland List of education articles by country Home education in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Estimate for the United Kingdom , from United Kingdom , CIA World Factbook Jump up ^ `` Comisiynydd : Nifer y plant mewn addysg Gymraeg yn ' sioc ' '' . BBC Cymru Fyw ( in Welsh ) . BBC . 4 August 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raffe , D. and Byrne , D. ( 2005 ) Policy Learning From ' Home International ' Comparisons . Centre for Educational Sociology briefing '' ( PDF ) . ed.ac.uk . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , D. ( 2008 ) `` New Labour , Education and Wales : The Devolution Decade '' inOxford Review of Education , v34 n6 p753 - 765 Dec 2008 Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - UK - Education - Is five too soon to start school ? '' . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/images/2/24/Compulsory_Education_in_Europe_2016_2017.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Key Education Statistics Wales 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Welsh Government . 27 April 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Annual Report of Her Majesty 's Chief Inspector of Education and Training in Wales 2015 - 2016 '' ( PDF ) . estyn. gov. wales . ESTYN. 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An annual report collated from examination bodies on the results of external examinations taken by pupils aged 15 or 17 , which includes GCSE and A Levels by subject '' . gov. wales. 7 December 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Pisa tests show pupils in Wales falling behind '' . BBC News . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Education Act 1996 , Part 1 , Chapter 1 , Paragraph 2 Jump up ^ Welcome to fforwm Archived February 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` National Training Federation Wales '' . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' . archive.org. 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Delivering Skills that Work for Wales : A new approach to Adult Community Learning . Consultation document issued 29 September 2008 Jump up ^ `` Cardiff Metropolitan University included in merger plan '' . BBC News . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welsh university fees set to fall after Hefcw decision to reallocate spaces '' . walesonline. 11 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales in English and Welsh Welsh FE Colleges Education in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Education in the United Kingdom Modern systems England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales History England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Higher education England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales UK Topics Academies Comprehensives English medium education Free school ( England ) Gaelic medium education in Scotland Irish medium education in Northern Ireland Grammar schools Studio schools UTCs Welsh medium education Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&oldid=846852962 '' Categories : Education in Wales Secondary education by country Hidden categories : CS1 Welsh - language sources ( cy ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Français Edit links This page was last edited on 21 June 2018 , at 08 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many secondary schools are there in wales	[ "In 2014/15 there were 207 secondary schools (a drop of six since 2013/14) in Wales with 182,408 pupils and 11,269 FTE teachers (a drop of 310 since 2013/14). The pupil/teacher ratio was 17:1, which has remained largely the same since 2000/01.[7] In 2015/16, there were 178,650 pupils in 205 secondary schools - a drop of 3,700 since 2014/15.[8] The same report found that in 2015/16, there were 8,000 pupils in 34 independent schools, 4,540 pupils in 32 independent special schools, and 730 pupils in 25 pupil referral units.\n" ]	[ "205" ]
-8218928690194694568	Oval Office	Oval Office - wikipedia Oval Office For the NASCAR command station , see Oval Office ( NASCAR ) . President Donald Trump meets with ( from left ) U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Tom Price ; Vice President Mike Pence ; Speaker of the House Paul Ryan ; Dr. Zeke Emanuel ; and Director of Domestic Policy Council Andrew Bremberg , Monday , March 20 , 2017 , in the Oval Office . The Oval Office in 1981 The Oval Office is the working office space of the President of the United States located in the West Wing of the White House , Washington , D.C. . The room features three large south - facing windows behind the president 's desk , and a fireplace at the north end . It has four doors : the east door opens to the Rose Garden ; the west door leads to a private study and dining room ; the northwest door opens onto the main corridor of the West Wing ; and the northeast door opens to the office of the president 's secretary . Presidents generally decorate the office to suit their personal taste , choosing new furniture , new drapery , and designing their own oval - shaped carpet to take up most of the floor . Artwork is selected from the White House 's own collection , or borrowed from museums for the president 's term in office . Contents 1 Cultural history 2 Antecedents 2.1 Washington 's Bow Window 2.2 White House 2.3 West Wing 3 Taft Oval Office : 1909 -- 1933 4 Modern Oval Office : 1934 -- present 4.1 Decoration 4.1. 1 Desks 4.1. 2 Artwork 4.2 Redecoration 4.3 Alterations 4.4 Conservation 4.5 Dimensions 5 Taft Oval Office , 1909 -- 1933 6 Modern Oval Office , 1934 -- present 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Cultural History ( edit ) The Oval Office has become associated in Americans ' minds with the presidency itself through memorable images , such as a young John F. Kennedy , Jr. peering through the front panel of his father 's desk , President Richard Nixon speaking by telephone with the Apollo 11 astronauts during their moonwalk , and daughter Amy Carter bringing her Siamese cat Misty Malarky Ying Yang to brighten President Jimmy Carter 's day . Several presidents have addressed the nation from the Oval Office on occasion . Examples include Kennedy presenting news of the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) , Nixon announcing his resignation from office ( 1974 ) , Ronald Reagan following the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster ( 1986 ) , and George W. Bush in the wake of the September 11 attacks ( 2001 ) . In 2018 , former White House stenographer Beck Dorey - Stein published a memoir about her years working for Obama called `` From the Corner of the Oval . '' Antecedents ( edit ) President 's House , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . George Washington 's Bow Window ( not depicted ) is echoed in the shape of the Oval Office . Washington 's Bow Window ( edit ) George Washington never occupied the White House . He spent most of his presidency in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , which served as the temporary national capital for 10 years , 1790 -- 1800 , while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In 1790 , Washington built a large , two - story , semi-circular addition to the rear of the President 's House in Philadelphia , creating a ceremonial space in which the public would meet the President . Standing before the three windows of this Bow Window , he formally received guests for his Tuesday afternoon levees , delegations from Congress and foreign dignitaries , and the general public at open houses on New Year 's Day , the Fourth of July , and his birthday . `` Washington received his guests , standing between the windows in his back drawing - room . The company , entering a front room and passing through an unfolding door , made their salutations to the President , and turning off , stood on one side . '' President John Adams occupied the Philadelphia mansion beginning in March 1797 , and used the Bow Window in the same manner as his predecessor . Curved foundations of Washington 's Bow Window were uncovered during a 2007 archaeological excavation of the President 's House site . They are exhibited under glass at the President 's House Commemoration , just north of the Liberty Bell Center . White House ( edit ) The Yellow Oval Room as President Grover Cleveland 's library and study , 1886 . Note his use of the Resolute desk . Architect James Hoban visited President Washington in Philadelphia in June 1792 and would have seen the Bow Window . The following month , he was named winner of the design competition for The White House . The `` elliptic salon '' at the center of the White House was the outstanding feature of Hoban 's original plan . An oval interior space was a Baroque concept that was adapted by Neoclassicism . Oval rooms became popular in eighteenth century neoclassical architecture . In November 1800 , John Adams became the first President to occupy the White House . He and his successor , President Thomas Jefferson , used Hoban 's oval rooms in the same ceremonial manner that Washington had used the Bow Window , standing before the three windows at the south end to receive guests . During the 19th century , a number of presidents used the White House 's second - floor Yellow Oval Room as a private office or library . West Wing ( edit ) The West Wing was the idea of President Theodore Roosevelt , brought about by his wife 's opinion that the second floor of the White House , then shared between bedrooms and offices , should be just a domestic space . The one - story Executive Office Building was intended to be a temporary structure , for use until a permanent building was erected either on that site or elsewhere . Building it to the west of the White House allowed the removal of a vast , dilapidated set of pre-Civil War greenhouses that had been constructed by President James Buchanan . Roosevelt moved the offices of the executive branch to the newly constructed wing in 1902 . His workspace was a two - room suite of Executive Office and Cabinet Room , located just west of the present Cabinet Room . The furniture , including the president 's desk , was designed by architect Charles Follen McKim and executed by A.H. Davenport and Company , of Boston . Location of the Yellow Oval Room on the second floor of the White House . A number of presidents used this as their private office or library . The Yellow Oval Room about 1868 used as President Andrew Johnson 's library . Note the bearskin chair on the right . Taft Oval Office : 1909 -- 1933 ( edit ) Taft Oval Office , completed 1909 . Nearly identical in size to the modern office , it was damaged by fire in 1929 and demolished in 1933 . President William Howard Taft made the West Wing a permanent building , expanding it southward , doubling its size , and building the first Oval Office . Designed by Nathan C. Wyeth and completed in 1909 , the office was centered on the south side of the building , much as the oval rooms in the White House are . Taft intended it to be the hub of his administration , and , by locating it in the center of the West Wing , he could be more involved with the day - to - day operation of his presidency . The Taft Oval Office had simple Georgian Revival trim , and was likely the most colorful in history ; the walls were covered with vibrant seagrass green burlap . On December 24 , 1929 , during President Herbert Hoover 's administration , a fire severely damaged the West Wing . Hoover used this as an opportunity to create more space , excavating a partial basement for additional offices . He restored the Oval Office , upgrading the quality of trim and installing air - conditioning . He also replaced the furniture , which had undergone no major changes in twenty years . Exterior of the West Wing ( circa 1910s ) , showing the curve of the Taft Oval Office . President Hoover views West Wing fire ruins , January 15 , 1930 . West Wing construction , 1934 . Exterior of the Oval Office as viewed from the South Lawn , July 15 , 2006 . Modern Oval Office : 1934 -- present ( edit ) Location of the Oval Office in the West Wing . The newly built FDR Oval Office in 1934 . Plaster ceiling medallion installed in 1934 includes elements of the Seal of the President of the United States . Ronald Reagan discussing Grenada with Prime Minister Eugenia Charles of Dominica in the Oval Office Dissatisfied with the size and layout of the West Wing , President Franklin D. Roosevelt engaged New York architect Eric Gugler to redesign it in 1933 . To create additional space without increasing the apparent size of the building , Gugler excavated a full basement , added a set of subterranean offices under the adjacent lawn , and built an unobtrusive `` penthouse '' story . The directive to wring the most office space out of the existing building was responsible for its narrow corridors and cramped staff offices . Gugler 's most visible addition was the expansion of the building eastward for a new Cabinet Room and Oval Office . The modern Oval Office was built at the West Wing 's southeast corner , offering FDR , who was physically disabled and used a wheelchair , more privacy and easier access to the Residence . He and Gugler devised a room architecturally grander than the previous two rooms , with more robust Georgian details : doors topped with substantial pediments , bookcases set into niches , a deep bracketed cornice , and a ceiling medallion of the Presidential Seal . Rather than a chandelier or ceiling fixture , the room is illuminated by light bulbs hidden within the cornice that `` wash '' the ceiling in light . In small ways , hints of Art Moderne can be seen , in the sconces flanking the windows and the representation of the eagle in the ceiling medallion . FDR and Gugler worked closely together , often over breakfast , with Gugler sketching the president 's ideas . One notion resulting from these sketches that has become fixed in the layout of the room 's furniture , is that of two high back chairs in front of the fireplace . The public sees this most often with the president seated on the left , and a visiting head of state on the right . This allowed FDR to be seated , with his guests at the same level , de-emphasizing his inability to stand . Construction of the modern Oval Office was completed in 1934 . Decoration ( edit ) The basic Oval Office furnishings have been a desk in front of the three windows at the south end , a pair of chairs in front of the fireplace at the north end , a pair of sofas , and assorted tables and chairs . The Neoclassical mantel was made for the Taft Oval Office in 1909 , and salvaged after the 1929 West Wing fire . A tradition of displaying potted Swedish ivy ( Plectranthus verticillatus ) atop the mantel goes back to the administration of John F. Kennedy , and the current plants were rooted from the original plant . A Federal longcase clock , made in Boston by John and Thomas Seymour c. 1795 -- 1805 -- commonly known as the Oval Office grandfather clock -- was purchased by the White House Historical Association in 1972 , and has stood next to the Oval Office 's northeast door since 1975 . The carpet of the Oval Office bears the Seal of the President . President Harry S. Truman 's oval carpet was the first to incorporate the presidential seal . In Truman 's carpet , the seal was represented monochromatically through varying depths of the cut pile . His carpet was used in the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations . In recent years most administrations have created their own rug , working with an interior designer and the Curator of the White House . As part of her overall restoration of the White House , Jacqueline Kennedy had a redecoration of the Oval Office begun on November 21 , 1963 , when she accompanied President John F. Kennedy on a trip to Texas . The next day , November 22 , a new carpet was installed just as the Kennedys were making their way through Dallas and the President was assassinated . Desks ( edit ) Caroline Kennedy and Kerry Kennedy beneath the Resolute desk in 1963 Six desks have been used in the Oval Office by U.S. Presidents . The Theodore Roosevelt desk was used there by seven presidents -- most recently by Dwight Eisenhower -- and by Theodore Roosevelt in his non-oval office . Equally popular is the Resolute Desk , so named because it was made from the timbers of the British frigate HMS Resolute . The ship had been frozen in Arctic ice and abandoned but was later found and freed by American seamen . It was refurbished and presented as a gift from the United States to Queen Victoria in 1856 . When the ship was decommissioned from the British Navy in 1879 , Queen Victoria ordered twin desks made from its timbers , keeping one and presenting the other as a gift to President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1880 . President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered a kneehole panel with the Presidential Seal added , but work was not completed until after his 1945 death in office . First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy had the desk restored , and she was the first to place it in the Oval Office . Following the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy , the desk toured the country as part of a traveling exhibit for the Kennedy Presidential Library and was then lent to the Smithsonian Institution . President Jimmy Carter brought the desk back to the Oval Office in the 1970s . Since then , Presidents Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , Barack Obama and Donald Trump have also used it as their Oval Office desk . When not in use in the Oval Office , a desk is often placed in the adjacent Oval Office Study , in the White House , or is used by the vice-president . Artwork ( edit ) Oval Office floor , replaced during the administration of Ronald Reagan . Designed by Nancy Reagan , the installation is arranged in a contrasting cross pattern of quarter sawn oak and walnut . Decorator Ted Graber arranged for the floor to be built , installed and donated by Rode Brothers from Los Angeles . Art may be selected from the White House collection , or may be borrowed from museums or individuals for the length of an administration . Most presidents have hung a portrait of George Washington -- usually the Rembrandt Peale `` Porthole '' portrait or the Charles Willson Peale three - quarter - length portrait -- over the mantel at the north end of the room . A portrait of Andrew Jackson by Thomas Sully hung in Lyndon Johnson 's office , and in Ronald Reagan 's , George H.W. Bush 's and Bill Clinton 's . A portrait of Abraham Lincoln by George Henry Story hung in George W. Bush 's office , and continued in Barack Obama 's . Three landscapes / cityscapes by minor artists -- City of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard by George Cooke , Eastport and Passamaquoddy Bay by Victor de Grailly , and The President 's House , a copy after William Henry Bartlett -- have adorned the walls in multiple administrations . The Avenue in the Rain by Childe Hassam and Working on the Statue of Liberty by Norman Rockwell flanked the Resolute Desk in Bill Clinton 's office , and did the same in Barack Obama 's . Statuettes , busts , heads , and figurines are frequently displayed in the Oval Office . Abraham Lincoln has been the most common subject , in works by sculptors Augustus Saint - Gaudens , Gutzon Borglum , Adolph Alexander Weinman , Leo Cherne and others . In recent administrations , traditional busts of George Washington , Thomas Jefferson or Benjamin Franklin have given way to heads of Franklin D. Roosevelt , Harry S. Truman or Dwight Eisenhower . Western bronzes by Frederic Remington have been frequent choices : Harry S. Truman displayed Fired On ; Lyndon Johnson displayed The Bronco Buster , as did Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush and Barack Obama . Presidents Reagan and Bush added its companion piece , Rattlesnake . President Harry S. Truman displayed works related to his home state of Missouri , illustrations of biplanes , and models of jet - airplanes . He hung a large photograph of the White House portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt , under whom he had served as Vice-President , who died in office in 1945 . President Dwight Eisenhower filled the office walls with landscape paintings , as well as a painting of Robert E. Lee . President John F. Kennedy surrounded himself with paintings of naval battles from the War of 1812 , photographs of sailboats , and ship models . President Lyndon Johnson installed sconces on either side of the mantel , and added the office 's first painting by a woman artist , Franklin D. Roosevelt by Elizabeth Shoumatoff . President Richard Nixon tried three different George Washington portraits over the mantel , and hung a copy of Earthrise -- a photograph of the earth taken from the moon 's orbit during the Apollo 8 mission -- beside his desk . President Gerald Ford displayed tasteful , conservative works ; paintings that remained mostly in place through the administrations of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan . President George H.W. Bush added luminist landscapes . President Bill Clinton chose the Childe Hassam and Norman Rockwell paintings mentioned above , along with Waiting for the Hour by William T. Carlton , a genre painting showing African - Americans gathered in anticipation of the Emancipation Proclamation going into effect . President George W. Bush mixed traditional works with paintings by Texas artists and Western sculptures . Following the September 11 , 2001 attacks , British Prime Minister Tony Blair lent him a bust of Winston Churchill , who had guided Great Britain through World War II . President Barack Obama honored Abraham Lincoln with the portrait by Story , a bust by Augustus Saint - Gaudens , and a copy of the Emancipation Proclamation . Below the proclamation was a bust of Martin Luther King Jr. by Charles Alston , and in the nearby bookcase was a program from the August 28 , 1963 March on Washington , at which Dr. King gave his `` I Have a Dream Speech . '' Redecoration ( edit ) A tradition evolved in the latter part of the twentieth century of each new administration redecorating the office to the President 's liking . A new administration usually selects an oval carpet , new drapery , the paintings on the walls , and some furniture . Most incoming presidents continue using the rug of their predecessor until their new one is installed . The retired carpet very often is then moved to the presidential library of the president for whom it was made . The redecoration of the Oval Office is usually coordinated by the First Lady 's office in the East Wing , working with an interior designer and the White House Curator . Alterations ( edit ) Since the present Oval Office 's construction in 1934 during the administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt the room has remained mostly unchanged architecturally . More than any president , FDR left an impression on the room and its use . Doors and window frames have been modified slightly . A screen door on the east wall was removed after the installation of air conditioning . President Lyndon B. Johnson 's row of wire service Teletype machines on the southeast wall required cutting plaster and flooring to accommodate wiring . The Georgian style plaster ornament has been cleaned to remove accumulated paint , and a series of electrified wall sconces have come and gone . Though some presidents have chosen to do day - to - day work in a smaller study just west of the Oval Office , most use the actual Oval Office for work and meetings . Traffic from the large numbers of staff , visitors , and pets over time takes its toll . There have been four sets of flooring in the Oval Office . The original floor was made of cork installed over soft wood ; however , President Dwight D. Eisenhower was an avid golfer and damaged the floor with his golf spikes . Johnson had the floor replaced in the mid-1960s with wood - grain linoleum . In 1982 , President Ronald Reagan had the floor replaced with quarter sawn oak and walnut , in a cross parquet pattern similar in design to Eric Gugler 's 1933 sketch , which had never been installed . In August 2005 , the floor was replaced again under President George W. Bush , in exactly the same pattern as the Reagan floor . Conservation ( edit ) In the late 1980s , a comprehensive assessment of the entire house , including the Oval Office , was made as part of the National Park Service 's Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) . Detailed photographs and measured drawings were made documenting the interior and exterior and showing even slight imperfections . A checklist of materials and methods was generated for future conservation and restoration . Dimensions ( edit ) Dimensions US SI Major axis ( north - south ) 35 ft 10 in 10.9 m Minor axis ( east - west ) 29 ft 8.8 m Eccentricity 0.59 0.59 Height 18 ft 6 in 5.6 m Line of rise ( the point at which the ceiling starts to arch ) 16 ft 7 in 5.0 m Approximate circumference 102 ft 5 in 31.2 m Approximate area 816.2 sq ft 75.8 sq m The ratio of the major axis to the minor axis is approximately 21 : 17 or 1.24 . John F. Kennedy 's children visit the Oval Office The Oval Office during the presidency of Gerald Ford President Richard M. Nixon and Bob Hope play golf in the Oval Office , a tradition harking back to the tenure of Lyndon B. Johnson President George W. Bush chose a more muted color palette than his predecessor , using shades of taupe , celadon and navy . One of many hand - shake photos in front of the fireplace . President George W. Bush sitting to the viewer 's right , the guest ( Paul Kagame , President of Rwanda ) to the left . One of the rare images where there is fire in the fireplace . March 2003 . Taft Oval Office , 1909 -- 1933 ( edit ) President Image Designer Furnishings Artwork Notes William Howard Taft 1909 -- 1913 Nathan C. Wyeth , 1909 Marble Neoclassical mantel Bookcases with glass doors Lighting fixtures by E.F. Caldwell & Co . Walls covered in green burlap Skylight Theodore Roosevelt desk Green drapery Green rug 2 leather `` Davenport '' sofas Leather armchairs Side chairs covered in leather President Roosevelt 's Executive Office , 1904 . President Taft used the desk and furniture from President Roosevelt 's office . Woodrow Wilson 1913 -- 1921 President Wilson rarely used the Oval Office , preferring to work in the Treaty Room . Warren G. Harding 1921 -- 1923 President Harding died in office on August 2 , 1923 . This photo , taken on the day of his funeral , shows a mourning crepe tied to the desk chair and blotter . Calvin Coolidge 1923 -- 1929 President Coolidge 's first official photograph , taken August 15 , 1923 . Herbert Hoover 1929 -- 1933 Before fire : Theodore Roosevelt desk After fire : Hoover desk Art Moderne - style sconces 6 cane - back armchairs Upholstered furniture President Hoover rebuilt the West Wing after the December 24 , 1929 fire . He installed air - conditioning , and replaced the Oval Office 's Colonial - Revival lighting fixtures with Art Moderne ones . He replaced the leather sofas and chairs with upholstered furniture , and added the 6 cane - back armchairs that are still used in the modern Oval Office . Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933 -- 1945 Hoover desk Note the Art Moderne sconces in this 1933 photo . President Roosevelt moved the marble mantel , 2 of the sconces , the rug , drapery , desk , and furniture to the modern Oval Office . Modern Oval Office , 1934 -- present ( edit ) President Image Designer Furnishings Artwork Notes Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933 -- 1945 Eric Gugler , 1934 Marble mantel ( from prior Oval Office ) 2 sconces ( from prior Oval Office ) Hoover desk Green drapery Green rug Arched - back desk chair Arched - back armchairs ( against the wall ) `` Lawson '' sofa ( against the wall ) 6 cane - back armchairs George Washington by Rembrandt Peale Prints of the Hudson Valley Ship models George Washington by Rembrandt Peale Oval Office replica at Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum . Harry S. Truman 1945 -- 1953 Theodore Roosevelt desk Gray drapery Blue - gray rug with the Presidential Seal Television set George Washington by Rembrandt Peale George Washington by Luis Cadena ( gift of Ecuador ) Simón Bolívar by Tito Salas ( gift of Venezuela ) José de San Martín , copy after Jean Baptiste Madou ( gift of Argentina ) USS Constitution by Gordon Grant Missouri State Seal plaque Fired On by Frederic Remington Equestrian Statue of Andrew Jackson by Charles Keck Photograph of Portrait of Franklin Delano Roosevelt by Frank O. Salisbury Jet - airplane models Truman receiving a bust of Simón Bolívar ( gift of Venezuela ) , 1946 . Oval Office replica at Harry S. Truman Presidential Library . Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953 -- 1961 Theodore Roosevelt desk Truman drapery Truman rug Landscape paintings Seated Lincoln by Gutzon Borglum Seated Lincoln by Gutzon Borglum . John F. Kennedy 1961 -- 1963 Stéphane Boudin , 1963 Resolute desk White drapery Red rug Rocking chair 2 white sofas ( not against the wall ) Round coffee table , with phone attached Replaced sconces with brass lanterns USS United States vs. HMS Macedonian by Thomas Birch Paintings of naval battles Photographs of sailboats Ship models First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy restored the Resolute desk . Redecoration of the Oval Office was nearing completion at the time of JFK 's assassination . Lyndon B. Johnson 1963 -- 1969 Johnson desk Truman rug Kennedy drapery Cabinet for Teletype Banquette with three televisions Kennedy rocking chair Kennedy sofas Round coffee table , with phone in drawer Federal - style tall - case clock Replaced brass lanterns with brass sconces Covered floor with wood - grained linoleum George Washington by Gilbert Stuart Andrew Jackson by Thomas Sully Thomas Jefferson by Gilbert Stuart Franklin D. Roosevelt by Elizabeth Shoumatoff The Bronco Buster by Frederic Remington Bust of Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1966 ) by Jimilu Mason Franklin D. Roosevelt by Elizabeth Shoumatoff ( on mantel ) . Richard Nixon 1969 -- 1974 Wilson desk Yellow drapery Royal blue rug 1st . George Washington by Gilbert Stuart 2nd . George Washington by Rembrandt Peale 3rd . George Washington by Charles Willson Peale The President 's House , copy after William Henry Bartlett Bust of Abraham Lincoln by Leo Cherne Bird figurines by Edward Marshall Boehm Earthrise ( photograph of the earth from the moon 's orbit ) Oval Office replica at Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . First Lady Pat Nixon designed the Oval Office 's royal blue rug . Gerald Ford 1974 -- 1977 Wilson desk Red drapery Yellow floral rug 2 yellow Queen Anne - style armchairs 2 yellow wing chairs 2 striped sofas Seymour tall - case clock Removed the brass sconces George Washington by Charles Willson Peale The President 's House , copy after William Henry Bartlett Eastport and Passamaquoddy Bay by Victor de Grailly City of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard by George Cooke Benjamin Franklin by Charles Willson Peale Standing Lincoln by Adolph Alexander Weinman The Bronco Buster by Frederic Remington President Ford first placed the Seymour tall - case clock in the Oval Office . Jimmy Carter 1977 -- 1981 1977 Resolute desk Ford drapery Ford rug Placed the Ford sofas back - to - back George Washington by Charles Willson Peale . The President 's House , copy after William Henry Bartlett Eastport and Passamaquoddy Bay by Victor de Grailly The City of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard by George Cooke Bust of Benjamin Franklin by Jean - Antoine Houdon Bust of George Washington by Hiram Powers Bust of Thomas Jefferson by Jean - Antoine Houdon The Bronco Buster by Frederic Remington Bust of Harry S. Truman by Charles Keck Ship model Oval Office replica at Jimmy Carter Library and Museum . Ronald Reagan 1981 -- 1989 Ted Graber , 1981 Ted Graber , 1988 Resolute desk Ford drapery Ford rug ( First Term ) Replaced the wood floor `` Sunbeam '' rug ( Second Term ) George Washington by Charles Willson Peale . The President 's House , copy after William Henry Bartlett Eastport and Passamaquoddy Bay by Victor de Grailly The City of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard by George Cooke Andrew Jackson by Thomas Sully The Bronco Buster by Frederic Remington Rattlesnake by Frederic Remington Numerous family pictures Oval Office replica at Ronald Reagan Presidential Library . First Lady Nancy Reagan designed the rug . George H.W. Bush 1989 -- 1993 Mark Hampton C&O desk Pale blue drapery Pale blue rug George Washington by Rembrandt Peale The President 's House , copy after William Henry Bartlett Rutland Falls , Vermont by Frederic Edwin Church The Three Tetons by Thomas Moran Andrew Jackson by Thomas Sully Ship model Numerous family pictures Oval Office replica at George Bush Presidential Library . Bill Clinton 1993 -- 2001 Kaki Hockersmith , 1993 Resolute desk Yellow drapery Navy blue rug George Washington by Rembrandt Peale The Avenue in the Rain by Childe Hassam Statue of Liberty by Norman Rockwell The City of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard by George Cooke Waiting for the Hour by William Tolman Carlton Andrew Jackson by Thomas Sully The Thinker by Auguste Rodin The Bronco Buster by Frederic Remington Appeal to the Great Spirit by Cyrus Dallin Bust of Abraham Lincoln by Robert Berks Bust of Franklin D. Roosevelt by Jo Davidson Numerous family pictures Oval Office replica at William J. Clinton Presidential Library . George W. Bush 2001 -- 2009 Ken Blasingame , 2001 Resolute desk Gold drapery `` Sunbeam '' rug Replaced the wood floor George Washington by Rembrandt Peale . A Charge to Keep by W.H.D. Koerner Rio Grande by Tom Lea Near San Antonio by Julian Onderdonk Chili Queens at the Alamo by Julian Onderdonk Cactus Flower by Julian Onderdonk Abraham Lincoln by George Henry Story The Bronco Buster by Frederic Remington Rattlesnake by Frederic Remington Bust of Dwight D. Eisenhower by Nison Tregor Bust of Abraham Lincoln by Augustus Saint - Gaudens Bust of Winston Churchill by Jacob Epstein ( lent by British Prime Minister Tony Blair from the British Government Art Collection ) Numerous family pictures Oval Office replica at George W. Bush Presidential Center . First Lady Laura Bush designed the `` Sunbeam '' rug . Barack Obama 2009 -- 2017 Michael S. Smith , 2010 Resolute desk Red drapery Taupe rug with quotes in border Striped wallpaper George Washington by Rembrandt Peale The Avenue in the Rain by Childe Hassam Statue of Liberty by Norman Rockwell The Three Tetons by Thomas Moran Abraham Lincoln by George Henry Story Cobb 's Barns , South Truro by Edward Hopper Burly Cobb 's House , South Truro by Edward Hopper The Bronco Buster by Frederic Remington Bust of Abraham Lincoln by Augustus Saint - Gaudens Bust of Martin Luther King , Jr. by Charles Alston Copy of the Emancipation Proclamation Numerous family pictures The rug 's border incorporates quotes from Abraham Lincoln , Theodore Roosevelt , Franklin D. Roosevelt , John F. Kennedy , and Martin Luther King , Jr . Donald Trump 2017 -- present 2017 Resolute desk Clinton drapery Reagan sunburst rug Classic White motif wallpaper G.W. Bush cream - colored sofas Andrew Jackson by Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl Abraham Lincoln by George Henry Story George Washington by Gilbert Stuart Thomas Jefferson by Gilbert Stuart The Bronco Buster by Frederic Remington Bust of Abraham Lincoln by Augustus Saint - Gaudens Bust of Winston Churchill by Jacob Epstein Bust of Martin Luther King , Jr. by Charles Alston Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson by Clark Mills Letter from President Nixon Pictures of Trump 's parents ( Fred and Mary Anne Trump ) Collection of Challenge coins References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Herbers , John . `` The 37th President Is First to Quit Post '' . The New York Times ( 9 August 1974 ) . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Address to the Nation on the Explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger '' . reaganlibrary.archives.gov . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Eidenmuller . `` The Rhetoric of 9 / 11 : President George W. Bush -- Address to the Nation on 9 - 11 - 01 '' . Americanrhetoric.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Why is the Oval Office oval ? from White House Historical Association . Jump up ^ `` Recollections of Judge John B. Wallace , '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography , vol. 2 ( 1878 ) , p. 175 . Jump up ^ David McCullough , John Adams ( New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 ) , p. 490 . Jump up ^ A Window with Its Place in History . Philadelphia Inquirer , May 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Photos of the archaeology . Jump up ^ `` There can be little doubt that in Washington 's bow can be found the seed that was later to flower in the oval shape of the Blue Room . '' William Seale , The President 's House , A History ( Washington , D.C. , 1986 ) , 8 . Jump up ^ William Seale , `` James Hoban : Builder of the White House , '' in White House History no . 22 ( Spring 2008 ) , pp. 8 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Architect Daniel Burnham recommended that it be erected on the opposite side of Pennsylvania Avenue in Lafayette Park , to assure that it would remain a temporary building . Seale , The President 's House , p. 664 . Jump up ^ The greenhouses were disassembled and relocated . Jump up ^ William Allman , White House Curator , `` Oval Office Tour , December 1 , 2008 , '' CSPAN documentary , 14 : 45 . Jump up ^ Seale , The President 's House , p. 895 . Jump up ^ `` The White House : Inside America 's Most Famous Home '' -- CSPAN Documentary Jump up ^ Seale , The President 's House , pp. 946 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Seale , The President 's House , p. 948 . Jump up ^ William Allman , White House Curator , `` Oval Office Tour , December 1 , 2008 , '' CSPAN documentary , 00 : 45. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Treasures of the White House : Seymour Tall Case Clock '' . WHHA . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Brandus , Paul ( September 2015 ) . Under This Roof The White House and the Presidency -- 21 Presidents , 21 Rooms , 21 Inside Stories . Globe Pequot Press / Lyons Press . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4930 - 0834 - 6 . Jump up ^ Eisenhower , Dwight ( August 9 , 1960 ) , Letter to Leon W. Scott , retrieved December 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ Waiting for the Hour from Virginia Memory . Jump up ^ `` Clinton announces first image of a Black is on display at the White House '' . Jet . March 14 , 2000 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) No . DC - 37 , `` White House , 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue , Northwest , Washington , District of Columbia , DC '' , 599 photos , 3 color transparencies , 41 measured drawings , 8 data pages , 35 photo caption pages Jump up ^ Monkman , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Seale , The President 's House , p. 812 . Jump up ^ After the fire , the president used `` the great mahogany desk presented to Hoover by furniture makers in Grand Rapids . '' Seale , The President 's House , p. 918 . Jump up ^ George Washington by Luis Cadena from White House Historical Association . Jump up ^ Simón Bolívar by Tito Salas from Harry S. Truman Presidential Library . Jump up ^ USS United States vs. HMS Macedonian ( 1813 ) from Sotheby 's Auction , May 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kennedy Oval Office from White House Museum . Scroll to bottom for photo . Jump up ^ President Johnson used the same desk he had used as a U.S. Senator and Vice-President . Jump up ^ FDR by Elizabeth Shoumatoff from White House Historical Association . Jump up ^ Bust of Lyndon B. Johnson from U.S. Senate Vice-Presidential Bust Collection . Jump up ^ Seymour tall - case clock from White House Historical Association . Jump up ^ `` Oval Office has new face for Reagan , '' from Los Angeles Herald - Examiner , September 5 , 1981 . Jump up ^ Oval Office Flooring from HuffPostLive . Jump up ^ `` Easy come , easy go , '' from Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ A Charge to Keep from Wikimedia Commons . Lent by the Bush Family . Jump up ^ `` Mrs. Bush 's Remarks for 100th Anniversary of the West Wing Symposium '' . -- White House Historical Association . -- November 13 , 2002 . -- Light from the Sky : A Tom Lea Retrospective , 1907 -- 2001 . -- Mid-America Arts Alliance . -- ( Adobe Acrobat *. PDF document ) . -- Retrieved : July 5 , 2008 Lent by the El Paso Museum . Jump up ^ Lent by the San Antonio Museum of Art. `` Julian Onderdonk '' from Questroyal Fine Art , LLC . Jump up ^ Lent by the Witte Museum . Jump up ^ Lent by the Witte Museum . Jump up ^ `` Bush weaves Rug story into many an occasion , '' from The Washington Post , March 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Manetti , Michelle ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` Here 's How President Trump Has Already Redecorated the Oval Office '' . House Beautiful . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Janie ( 20 January 2017 ) . `` Of Course Trump Already Installed Gold Curtains In The Oval Office '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Martha ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` Trump or Obama : Who decorated the Oval Office better ? '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hannity , Sean ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` President Trump gives ' Hannity ' a tour of the Oval Office '' . Fox News . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Karni , Annie . `` Trump plans personal touch for Oval Office wall '' . POLITICO . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Valverde , Miriam ( 22 January 2017 ) . `` In context : Churchill , MLK busts in Oval Office '' . PolitiFact . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ President Trump signs tax bill - CNN Further reading ( edit ) Portions of this article are based on public domain text from the White House . The White House : An Historic Guide . White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society : 2001 . ISBN 0 - 912308 - 79 - 6 . Abbott James A. , and Elaine M. Rice . Designing Camelot : The Kennedy White House Restoration . Van Nostrand Reinhold : 1998 . ISBN 0 - 442 - 02532 - 7 . Clinton , Hillary Rodham . An Invitation to the White House : At Home with History . Simon & Schuster : 2000 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85799 - 5 . Monkman , Betty C. The White House : The Historic Furnishing & First Families . Abbeville Press : 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0624 - 2 . Ryan , William and Desmond Guinness . The White House : An Architectural History . McGraw Hill Book Company : 1980 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 054352 - 6 . Seale , William . The President 's House . White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society : 1986 . ISBN 0 - 912308 - 28 - 1 . Seale , William , The White House : The History of an American Idea . White House Historical Association : 1992 , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 912308 - 85 - 0 . West , J.B. with Mary Lynn Kotz . Upstairs at the White House : My Life with the First Ladies . Coward , McCann & Geoghegan : 1973 . ISBN 0 - 698 - 10546 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oval Office . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Oval Office Oval Office historical photo essay Pictures of the Oval Office during different presidencies ( 1909 -- 2005 ) Washington Post : `` Inside the Real West Wing '' Oval Office and Presidential desks White House Museum online tour : the Oval Office The Oval Office on Whitehouse.gov Google Sketchup 3D Model 2010 Oval Office Makeover An Office Fitted for a President -- slideshow by The New York Times White House Executive Residence Basement Basement Chief Floral Designer Ground floor China Room collection Office of the Curator Diplomatic Reception Room Library Map Room Vermeil Room State floor Blue Room Cross Hall East Room Entrance Hall Family Dining Room Grand Staircase Green Room Red Room South Portico State Dining Room Chief Usher Second floor Center Hall Dressing Room East Bedroom East Sitting Hall Family Kitchen Lincoln Bedroom Lincoln Sitting Room President 's Bedroom President 's Dining Room Private Sitting Room Queens ' Bedroom Queens ' Sitting Room Treaty Room Truman Balcony West Bedroom West Sitting Hall Yellow Oval Room Third floor Center Hall Diet Kitchen Linen Room Music Room Sun Room Work - out Room West Wing Cabinet Room Executive Office Oval Office desk clock Oval Office Study Press Briefing Room Roosevelt Room Situation Room East Wing Office of the First Lady Graphics and Calligraphy Office Presidential Emergency Operations Center White House Family Theater Social Secretary Visitors Office White House Military Office Grounds The Ellipse Jacqueline Kennedy Garden Lafayette Square North Lawn President 's Park Rose Garden South Lawn White House to Treasury Building tunnel Annex Eisenhower Executive Office Building New Executive Office Building White House Conference Center Blair House Trowbridge House Presidential Townhouse Nearby streets 15th Street 17th Street Constitution Avenue E Street East Executive Avenue H Street NW Hamilton Place Jackson Place Madison Place Pennsylvania Avenue State Place West Executive Avenue Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 51 '' N 77 ° 02 ′ 15 '' W / 38.8974 ° N 77.0374 ° W / 38.8974 ; - 77.0374 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oval_Office&oldid=853929815 '' Categories : Rooms in the White House Georgian Revival architecture in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Български Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 21 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the oval office in the white house	[ "The modern Oval Office was built at the West Wing's southeast corner, offering FDR, who was physically disabled and used a wheelchair, more privacy and easier access to the Residence. He and Gugler devised a room architecturally grander than the previous two rooms, with more robust Georgian details: doors topped with substantial pediments, bookcases set into niches, a deep bracketed cornice, and a ceiling medallion of the Presidential Seal. Rather than a chandelier or ceiling fixture, the room is illuminated by light bulbs hidden within the cornice that \"wash\" the ceiling in light.[17] In small ways, hints of Art Moderne can be seen, in the sconces flanking the windows and the representation of the eagle in the ceiling medallion. FDR and Gugler worked closely together, often over breakfast, with Gugler sketching the president's ideas. One notion resulting from these sketches that has become fixed in the layout of the room's furniture, is that of two high back chairs in front of the fireplace. The public sees this most often with the president seated on the left, and a visiting head of state on the right. This allowed FDR to be seated, with his guests at the same level, de-emphasizing his inability to stand. Construction of the modern Oval Office was completed in 1934.\n" ]	[ "at the West Wing's southeast corner" ]
-2424547519283305903	American Grit	American Grit - wikipedia American Grit Jump to : navigation , search American Grit Genre Reality Starring John Cena Rorke Denver Noah Galloway Tawanda Hanible Nicholas Irving John Burk Riki Long Chloe Mondesir Grady Powell Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) John Cena Brent Montgomery David George Adam Sher Will Nothacker Jon Kroll Running time 43 minutes Distributor Leftfield Pictures Hard Nocks South Productions Release Original network Fox Picture format 720p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) -- present External links Official website www.fox.com/american-grit American Grit is an American reality television series that premiered on Fox on April 14 , 2016 . The series stars WWE wrestler John Cena . Fox ordered ten episodes for the first season of the competition series . On July 29 , 2016 , Fox renewed the series for a second season , which premiered on Sunday , June 11 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 2 Cadre 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 3 Contestants 3.1 Season 1 3.2 Season 2 4 Contestant progress 4.1 Season 1 4.2 Season 2 5 Episodes 5.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 5.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 6 Ratings 6.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 6.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Competitors are divided into four teams of four , each led by a military veteran who is designated as the team 's Cadre and compete in a series of Team Challenges . All members of the winning team are safe from elimination and advance to the next round , while a member of each losing team is chosen to participate in an Elimination Challenge . The elimination continues until one contestant quits , fails the challenge , or becomes physically unable to continue , at which point he or she is eliminated from the competition . Eliminated competitors ring a ship 's bell on the site before departing , after the tradition of Navy SEAL trainees `` ringing out '' if they choose to withdraw from the program . In the finale , the remaining competitors take part in an elimination challenge that concludes with a winner being named and receiving a $250,000 cash prize . Season 1 ( edit ) Filmed at the foothills of Mount Rainier in Eatonville , Washington , the first season focuses on `` pushing teams to the brink '' and features sixteen contestants with a variety of fitness backgrounds . Competitors who lose during Team Challenges , called `` Evolutions '' , are selected by their own Cadre to participate in the Elimination Challenge . As long as a team has at least two members , a contestant can not be sent to two consecutive Elimination Challenges . The Elimination Challenge begins with an obstacle course , called `` The Circus '' , followed by an endurance test . The obstacle course remains constant , but the endurance test differs in each episode . The endurance test begins once all three participants have completed the obstacle course , with the first - and second - place finishers receiving an advantage over the third - place finisher , and concludes with the elimination of one competitor . As a team - based competition , all surviving members of the last remaining team are eligible to win . The season was won by Clare Painter and Mark Bouquin of Team Noah . Season 2 ( edit ) Taking place in Hampton Island , Georgia in a location referred to as `` Camp Grit '' , the second season focuses on `` helping competitors find their grit '' and features contestants with various issues `` who either have lost their grit or never had it '' . Seventeen competitors appear at the start of the competition , one of whom is eliminated before the teams are formed . The Cadre of the winning team chooses the members of the losing teams who will be sent to the Elimination Challenge and consecutive appearances are allowed . Only an endurance test is featured in the Elimination Challenge and no advantages are provided to its participants . Depending on the Elimination Challenge , it concludes with one or two contestants being eliminated . The competition eventually becomes contestant - based , with all remaining competitors ultimately competing against each other and only one winner being named . Winning the second season was Gigi Gustin of Team Grady . Cadre ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Rorke Denver , a US Navy SEAL Commander who led assault teams worldwide . He also starred in Act of Valor . Noah Galloway , a US Army member of the 502nd Infantry and 101st Airborne Division , awarded the Purple Heart when he lost his left arm and left leg in a roadside bomb attack Tawanda `` Tee '' Hanible , a US Marine Corps Gunnery Sergeant Nicholas `` Nick '' Irving , a US Army sniper with the 3rd Ranger Battalion with thirty - three confirmed kills , nicknamed `` The Reaper '' Season 2 ( edit ) John Burk , a US Army Infantry Drill Sergeant who served in Iraq and Afghanistan and also trained younger soldiers for battle , now an entrepreneur Riki Long , a US Marine who was in charge of the legal administration at the largest Marine Corps personnel center , now a fitness nutrition specialist and weightlifter Chloe Mondesir , a US Marine Ammunition Technician , now working with a non-profit organization to raise money for Veteran Affairs programs Grady Powell , a US Army Green Beret with the 10th Special Forces Group with tours in Iraq and Africa , now runs a firearms training facility . He also won NBC 's reality television program Stars Earn Stripes alongside former WWE Divas Champion Eve Torres . Contestants ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The contestants of Season 1 range in age from 22 to 54 . Team Nick Team Noah Team Rorke Team Tee Contestant Age Hometown Nickname Occupation Placement Clare Painter 47 Omak , WA The Fisherman Horse trainer and fisherman Winners Mark Bouquin 26 Colden , NY The Lumberjack Timbersports athlete Tony Simmons 41 Chicago , IL Touchdown Tony Sports performance coach and former NFL player 3rd place Jim Vaglica 54 Billerica , MA The Boston Cop Police officer 4th place Tabatha `` Goldie '' Chandler 39 Chattanooga , TN The Roller Girl Registered nurse 5th place David Neville 31 Fort Wayne , IN The Olympian College track and field head coach and former Olympic medalist 6th place Ashley `` Haze '' Hazlett 31 Cincinnati , OH The Marine 's Daughter Event coordinator 7th place Mario Robinson 25 Queens , NY The Triathlete Personal Trainer 8th place Cameron `` Cam '' Zagami 22 Salem , NH The Wrestler Professional wrestler 9th place Kimberly Joy `` KJoy '' Lipson 38 Houston , TX The Yogi Yoga instructor 10th place Ivette Saucedo 35 Los Angeles , CA The Equestrian Model 11th place Lisa Traugott 42 Austin , TX The Bikini Bodybuilder Trainer and author 12th place Maria Kang 35 Elk Grove , CA The No Excuses Mom Nonprofit founder and author 13th place Marc Lobliner 35 Elgin , IL The Machine CEO of nutrition company 14th place Brooke Van Paris 25 Indianapolis , IN The Obstacle Course Junkie Sales rep 15th place Chris Krueger 32 Los Angeles , CA The Hollywood Trainer Strength and performance coach 16th place Season 2 ( edit ) The second season contains 17 contestants , ranging in age from 20 to 48 . Team Chloe Team Grady Team Burk Team Riki Eliminated before teams chosen Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Placement Gigi Gustin 20 Glassboro , NJ Sales associate Winner Michael Wilson Morgan 38 Brooklyn , NY Costume designer Runner - up Hannah Koen 23 Newburyport , MA Housewife 3rd place Herman Brar 26 Billings , MT Nurse 4th place Chris Edom 48 Merrick , NY Kindergarten teacher 5th place Alison Kempkey 36 Seattle , WA Fashion consultant 6th place George Foreman IV 28 Houston , TX Publicist 7th place Carla Mireles 26 Chino , CA Account executive 8th place Richard Mallard 32 Berryville , TX Vlogger 9th place Janessa Morgan 36 Los Angeles , CA Telecommunications manager 10th place Scarlett Angelina 24 New Brunswick , NJ Public relations coordinator 11th place Melanie Mahanna 29 Brooklyn , NY Tutor 12th place Shermon Braithwaite 22 Brooklyn , NY Hotel clerk 13th place Will Westwater 23 West Hollywood , CA Swimming instructor 14th place Gill Morton 36 Vernal , UT Yoga instructor 15th place Nathalie Martin 45 Youngsville , LA Cleaning business owner 16th place Heather Pincelli 36 Lakeland , FL Private investigator 17th place ^ Note 1 George was originally on Team Grady , but later became a member of Team Burk . Contestant progress ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Color key WINNER The player or players were the winner ( s ) of American Grit . WIN The player was on the winning team in an Evolution and automatically advanced to the next stage of the competition . EXEMPT The player was on a losing team , but was exempt from the Circus due to having been chosen for it in the previous episode . SAFE The player was on a losing team in an Evolution , but was not chosen for the Circus . CIRCUS The player was on a losing team in an Evolution , competed in the Circus , and advanced . OUT The player competed in the Circus and was eliminated . Contestants Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 Clare WIN WIN WIN WIN SAFE WIN WIN SAFE SAFE WINNER Mark WIN WIN WIN WIN SAFE WIN WIN CIRCUS EXEMPT WINNER Tony SAFE SAFE CIRCUS EXEMPT CIRCUS EXEMPT CIRCUS WIN WIN OUT Jim CIRCUS EXEMPT SAFE SAFE WIN CIRCUS EXEMPT SAFE CIRCUS OUT Goldie CIRCUS EXEMPT SAFE SAFE SAFE CIRCUS EXEMPT CIRCUS EXEMPT OUT David WIN WIN WIN WIN SAFE WIN WIN SAFE CIRCUS OUT Haze SAFE CIRCUS EXEMPT CIRCUS EXEMPT SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Mario SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE CIRCUS EXEMPT CIRCUS EXEMPT OUT Cam SAFE SAFE CIRCUS EXEMPT WIN SAFE SAFE OUT KJoy SAFE CIRCUS EXEMPT SAFE WIN SAFE OUT Ivette SAFE SAFE SAFE CIRCUS EXEMPT OUT Lisa WIN WIN WIN WIN OUT Maria SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Marc SAFE SAFE OUT Brooke SAFE OUT Chris OUT Season 2 ( edit ) Color key WINNER The player was the winner of American Grit . RUNNER - UP The player finished in second place and was the runner - up of American Grit . WIN The player was on the winning team in a Team Challenge and automatically advanced to the next stage of the competition . SAFE The player was on a losing team in a Team Challenge , but was not chosen for the Elimination Challenge . LOW The player was on a losing team in a Team Challenge , competed in the Elimination Challenge , and advanced . OUT The player competed in the Elimination Challenge and was eliminated . CHOSEN The player was saved by being chosen to be on a team by one of the Cadre . OUT The player was eliminated before teams were chosen , being the sole contestant to not be chosen for a team . Contestants Episodes 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gigi CHOSEN SAFE WIN WIN SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE WIN SAFE WINNER Michael CHOSEN SAFE WIN WIN SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Hannah CHOSEN WIN LOW SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE LOW SAFE OUT Herman CHOSEN SAFE WIN WIN LOW LOW WIN LOW WIN OUT Chris CHOSEN WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN LOW SAFE OUT Alison CHOSEN SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE LOW WIN OUT George CHOSEN LOW WIN WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Carla CHOSEN SAFE SAFE LOW LOW SAFE SAFE OUT Richard CHOSEN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Janessa CHOSEN SAFE LOW SAFE WIN OUT Scarlett CHOSEN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Melanie CHOSEN WIN SAFE SAFE OUT Shermon CHOSEN SAFE SAFE OUT Will CHOSEN WIN SAFE OUT Gill CHOSEN LOW OUT Nathalie CHOSEN OUT Heather OUT Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) `` Ruck Up '' April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) 2.35 Sixteen competitors are split into teams of four . Led by the Cadre , four retired military members , the teams face the Evolution , which challenges their team skills . Team Noah wins the Evolution , an obstacle course where a log must be carried through holes in walls , carried over three miles , and placed in a locked hole . The other three teams pick Chris ( Tee ) , Goldie ( Rorke ) , and Jim ( Nick ) . The three must hold a rope weighted with a sandbag . Chris drops the bag first , and rings out . ELIMINATED : Chris Krueger `` Ice Cubed '' April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) 2.17 After Chris ' departure , the members of Team Tee find themselves one person down . The Evolution involves collecting a raft after climbing over a wall . They must row across a cold lake . Once on the other side , the teams must get a paddle back across the lake , either by opening a locked box , or by bringing the 100 - pound lockbox . Team Noah wins again , followed by Team Tee . Tee sends Brooke to the Circus competition , Nick send KJoy , and Rorke sends Haze . Haze sets the record for the fastest time in the Circus . The endurance test is to do ten burpees , then submerge themselves in ice water . After many cycles of doing this , Brooke passes out and is eliminated . ELIMINATED : Brooke Van Paris `` Moving Camp '' April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) 2.10 The teams are challenged to move a full camp and set it up exactly the way they found it . Tee 's group , being two members down , finds an advantage because they only have to set up two tents , while the other teams set up four . After packing the equipment into big suitcases , the teams must swim across the lake , build a wheelbarrow , and take all the wheelbarrow parts to the new campsite . Team Noah wins , followed by Team Tee , in the closest finish so far in the season . Tee sends Tony to the Circus , Rorke sends Marc , and Nick sends Cam . The endurance test is to stand on a wooden post , then switch to a higher and narrower post fifteen minutes later . Marc falls off while transitioning to the third and final post , and is eliminated . ELIMINATED : Marc Lobliner `` Charlie Foxtrot '' May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 1.77 The teams must find and remember eight pictures to put on a board . Team Noah wins once again , extending the winning streak to four . In the Circus , Ivette must go because Tony went the previous week . Nick sends Maria , and Rorke sends Haze ( who was the only person to previously face the Circus ) . Ivette arrives first after rolling over and passing Haze . The endurance portion is to hold onto a band of a pole , then switching to a lower band after 20 minutes . Maria is eliminated after slipping while adjusting back to the higher post . ELIMINATED : Maria Kang 5 5 `` Double Time '' May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 1.78 The teams must show survival skills by setting up a tent , purifying water , and making fire tall enough to ignite two flares . Cena then reveals there are two paths : a longer one with easier steps , and a shorter one with harder , longer steps . Team Nick breaks Team Noah 's winning streak , by finishing first . In the Circus , Tony is forced to enter , Rorke chooses Mario , and Noah chooses Lisa . The endurance portion is to run laps between logs in under twenty seconds . The time shortens to 15 seconds after the fifteenth lap , and 10 seconds after the twentieth lap . After lap 25 , Lisa is unable to touch the log in under ten seconds . She rings out and leaves . ELIMINATED : Lisa Traugott 6 6 `` Squat Till You Drop '' May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 1.88 The Evolution involves the teams using supplies to build bridges across various obstacles strewn across a 60 - foot long field without their feet touching the ground . If a member 's feet touch the ground , they must restart that portion of the obstacle . Team Noah wins the event and regains their confidence . They win a weightlifting workout with Cena as a reward . For the Circus , Team Tee is forced to send Ivette , Team Rorke sends Goldie , and Team Nick sends Jim . The endurance portion involves squatting to fit inside of a three - foot by five - foot frame while balancing a small cylinder on a plank . The first person to drop the cylinder or leave the frame is eliminated . Eventually , Ivette 's cylinder falls , and she rings out and leaves . ELIMINATED : Ivette Saucedo 7 7 `` Dawn Patrol '' May 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 26 ) 1.73 All the teams receive land navigation compasses , and most teams struggle to learn to use them , but Mark from Team Noah has land nav experience and teaches the rest of the team how to use the device . Early the next morning , the teams are all blindfolded and taken to an unknown location in the woods . From there , they must use the compass and gear they are supplied to locate a checkpoint , solve a navigation problem at the checkpoint to get a map , then carry their gear to the finish . In a close finish , Team Noah wins again and is rewarded with massages . Rorke gives his team gifts of custom ammo shells to help inspire them . At the Circus , Tony is forced to go , while Rorke sends Mario and Nick sends KJoy . The endurance challenge involves carrying sandbags uphill and over a set of steps , and they must move at a constant pace . If a contestant stops or slows down too much , they will be eliminated . After over an hour of this endurance , KJoy can not go any further and she quits , ringing out and going home . ELIMINATED : Kimberly Joy `` KJoy '' Lipson 8 8 `` Barricade the Bunker '' June 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) 1.96 At base camp , the teams are told the winners of the next Evolution will win visits from their loved ones . The Evolution involves one team member building a barricade with various materials in thirty minutes around a bunker with flags inside it . After thirty minutes , another team member must attempt to breach an opponent 's bunker with a pair of pliers and retrieve their flag . Tony , on his own , barely beats out Mario and wins immunity and a visit from his family . Cam and Haze have a date and Nick is concerned that Haze is playing with Cam 's emotions . Tony surprises Haze by sacrificing his reward so that she can visit her father instead . For the Circus , Nick chooses Cam , Rorke chooses Goldie , and Noah chooses Mark . Cena reveals that for this Circus , the military Cadre can not assist . The endurance challenge involves stilts held together at the top with chains and three sets of increasingly smaller footholds on them . The contestants must climb the stilts and switch to the higher and narrower footholds at Cena 's signal . After 45 minutes of this endurance , Cam slips and falls , and he is forced to ring out and go home . ELIMINATED : Cameron `` Cam '' Zagami 9 9 `` Tired Out '' June 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 09 ) 2.11 The Evolution involves obstacles over a five mile course : a tire shuffle , freeing a tire from a puzzle , crawling through a mud pit , and solving another tire puzzle , while each time grabbing a tire and carrying it back to a post at the start / finish line , and teams with multiple members must travel together . Tony wins his second Evolution in a row , guaranteeing him a spot in the finals . The Cadre each bring in a guest military member to give inspirational stories to their teams . Jim is forced to go to the Circus , while Noah sends Mark and Rorke sends Mario , which means by default that Clare and Haze are automatically in the finals , while Mark and Goldie are also automatically in due to being exempt from the Circus this week . The endurance trial involves a ladder that contestants must constantly climb down , under , up , and over within one minute . At the top of the ladder is a button which must be pressed , and the contestants must wait for all other contestants to press the button before the next cycle begins . In a rain - soaked Circus , Mario finishes the course first , but after over 71 rotations , he forgets to hit the button and is eliminated , ringing out and going home . Cena then reveals that the remaining contestants have only 30 minutes to gear up and get ready for the next challenge . ELIMINATED : Mario Robinson 10 10 `` Over the Falls '' June 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 09 ) 2.11 The contestants must cross a suspended traverse line hand - over-hand that spans over a 125 - foot high waterfall , and for teams with multiple members , the average time of the team will be what counts , with the winning team earning an advantage in the final Circus . Team Noah wins this challenge . Cena explains that the final Circus has been expanded , and he spends some time thanking the remaining contestants before bringing in their family members for a visit . Cena explains that all seven remaining contestants must run the tougher Circus twice , with a fifteen - minute endurance in between the two runs . The endurance involves a rope suspended from a pole with two knots tied into it . After the first run , contestants must hold on via the top knot , and after the second run , they must hold on via the bottom knot . Contestants will be eliminated one after another until one team remains and the remaining members of that team will be the winners . Team Noah 's advantage is a one - minute head start in the first run , which they use to gain the advantage in the first endurance . All teams make it through to the second run , and Tony from Team Tee finishes it first , Jim from Team Nick finishes second , Team Noah is third , and Team Rorke finishes fourth . Haze drops out in seventh place , David finishes in sixth , Goldie drops out in fifth and eliminates Team Rorke . Jim drops out next in fourth and eliminates Team Nick . After over 90 minutes of endurance , Tony drops out in third place eliminating Team Tee , and giving the win and the $250,000 prize to both Clare and Mark from Team Noah . ELIMINATED : Ashley `` Haze '' Hazlett , David Neville , Tabatha `` Goldie '' Chandler , Jim Vaglica , Tony Simmons WINNERS : Clare Painter and Mark Bouquin Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 11 `` Find Your Grit '' June 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) 1.11 At the new location known as Camp Grit , John Cena and the new Cadre meet the 17 new competitors . Cena tells them that there are only 16 beds in the cabin , and that one contestant will go home before the team challenges start . The contestants race around a lake to claim one of the beds . The next day , the contestants are hung upside down over a lake , and the first person to give up will be eliminated . After over 30 minutes of the players being repeatedly dunked in the lake , no one gives up , and Cena ends the contest with no one eliminated . On day three , the contestants must spin a beach ball over their heads until the Cadre pick them for a team and only 16 players will be on the teams . Eventually , Heather is not chosen for a team and she is eliminated . ELIMINATED : Heather Pincelli 12 `` Cena Does the Dishes '' June 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 18 ) 1.67 The four teams must complete a relay race where they must pass through a gate and get a flag then plant the flags at the finish line . In addition , when a gate is reached , one of the team members must complete a task of either putting on a shock collar , drinking a liquefied alligator tail , or stripping naked . Team Burk wins the race , but Cena tells them they will not be immune unless the fourth member who did not complete a task has their head shaved . Melanie agrees to have her head shaved and thus Team Burk wins immunity and Burk gets to choose one member of the other three teams for the Elimination Challenge . He chooses Nathalie , George , and Gill . The Elimination Challenge has the contestants hold a bar while standing inside a frame suspended over the lake . Every 15 minutes , the frame will be tilted forward . The first person to drop will be eliminated . Nathalie drops out first , ending her day . ELIMINATED : Nathalie Martin 13 `` Liar Liar '' June 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 25 ) 1.00 The Team Challenge has the four teams blindfolded and in a canoe race where they must navigate a series of gates while being led by one member designated as team captain who is able to see . Team Grady wins the race and Grady chooses the other three team captains , Gill , Janessa , and Hannah , for the Elimination Challenge . In this challenge , the contestants have a set of four wheels slightly separate from one another which they must constantly keep spinning . The first contestant to have a wheel stop spinning is eliminated . After over an hour of endurance , one of Gill 's wheels stops turning and she is eliminated . ELIMINATED : Gill Morton 14 `` Secrets Are Revealed '' July 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 02 ) 1.04 Cena advises the contestants that this week will have a double elimination . The Team Challenge has the members tethered together at the waist by a rope and they must complete a muddy race through a swamp . Team Grady wins the challenge , but Hannah from Team Burke is injured . She receives medical attention and is okay the next day . Grady selects Carla , Shermon , and Will for the Elimination Challenge . This challenge has the contestants balance on a platform while holding a ball over their heads suspended over the lake . When the ball is let go , it will swing into a bell to signal the elimination of that contestant . After an hour , Will loses control of the ball and is eliminated . After three hours , Shermon loses control of the ball and is also eliminated . ELIMINATED : Will Westwater and Shermon Braithwaite 15 5 `` Camp Love '' July 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 09 ) 1.10 The Team Challenge has the members releasing triangle - shaped puzzle pieces that must be placed on stakes to spell out the words love , money , or power . If the winning team spells love , they win a visit from their families , while spelling money wins the team $1,000 each , and spelling power gives the team the ability to move members around . Team Chloe wins by spelling out love , and they earn a visit from their families . Chloe chooses Carla , Herman , and Melanie for the Elimination Challenge . In this challenge , there is an hourglass filled with sand which will slowly drain out . The competitors must repeatedly cross a balance beam and refill the sand using either a small bag or a larger bucket with holes in it . They also have one bucket of sand near the hourglass for a single use . The contestant whose hourglass drains out first is eliminated . Eventually , Melanie 's hourglass empties and she is sent home . ELIMINATED : Melanie Mahanna 16 6 `` Selfish vs. Selfless '' July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 0.95 Cena tells the Cadre that they will not be beside their team for the challenge . The challenge tasks each individual to pick whether they would choose to do something for the team ( worth more points ) or something personally for themselves ( worth less points ) . Team Burk wins and also gets the reward to steal someone from another team , while Carla secures a safety which grants her next week free of elimination . Chris , having won the reward for his team , takes George from Grady 's team . Burk sends Janessa , Scarlett , and Herman to the Elimination Challenge , which is a double elimination this week . The challenge is to hold on to an outcrop on a 45 ° slope with water running down it . Scarlett slides into the water and has to ring out , while an hour later , Janessa does too . Cena then reveals if all of one Cadre 's team has rung out , the Cadre too must ring out . ELIMINATED : Scarlett Angelina and Janessa Morgan 17 7 `` Role Reversal '' July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 1.14 This week 's challenge looks nearly identical to the last Elimination Challenge in that there is a 45 ° slope with water running down it and a handle at the top , but this time , the Cadre are the ones who will participate . Grady wins the challenge and his team selects Richard , Alison , and Chris for the Elimination Challenge . In this challenge , three floating balls are under ropes , and the contestants must balance on the balls while using the ropes to prevent floating away . The first one to drop will be eliminated . Richard falls quickly and is sent home . ELIMINATED : Richard Mallard 18 8 `` Shady Grady '' July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 1.15 For this week 's Team Challenge there is a rotating set of four basketball hoops on one end of a court , a pile of colored balls on another , and large bungee cords in the middle . The contestants must run with the bungee attached to them to grab a ball then shoot it into an opponent 's colored basket . The first three teams that have five balls in their baskets will go to elimination , which this week is another double elimination . Alison secures the win for Team Chloe . By default , Carla is sent to elimination while Allison selects George and Herman . In this challenge , the competitors are harnessed to an underwater pulley system which supports a box that holds 50 % of each competitor 's weight . They must hold on to a rope while in the water to support the box . The first two competitors to let go will both be eliminated . Carla drops out first , eliminating Team Riki altogether . After over 50 minutes , George loses his grip and is eliminated . ELIMINATED : Carla Mireles and George Foreman IV 19 9 `` Cena Says '' August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 1.01 With Riki 's team being eliminated , Riki becomes the first - ever Cadre to ring out . Cena visits the contestants and shares with them a story with details about his life . For the Team Challenge , Cena quizzes the contestants about details of his story , and they must slide down a ramp into a mud pit to grab a tile with the correct answer , then return it to the start . The first team with four correct answers is safe from another double elimination . Team Grady wins the challenge . All members of the other teams must compete in the Elimination Challenge . This challenge has the contestants balance a weighted ball on a shelf while also balancing themselves on an unstable platform . After ten minutes , they must transition to another platform that is more unstable . The first two contestants to drop their balls will be eliminated . After about 36 minutes , Alison drops her ball , thus also eliminating Team Chloe . A few minutes later , Chris drops his ball and is also eliminated . ELIMINATED : Alison Kempkey and Chris Edom 20 10 `` Who 's Got Grit ? '' August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 1.01 Cena tells the remaining contestants that they are now competing as individuals and their Cadre can no longer assist them . In the first challenge , the contestants have a puzzle where every piece is the face of a former contestant , and they must put them in the order that they were eliminated . Michael solves the puzzle first , and he gets to choose two other people to compete with him in the finals . He chooses Hannah and Gigi to move on , thus eliminating Herman . ELIMINATED : Herman Brar For the final challenge , the contestants are suspended over the lake while holding on to a crossbar . They will be quizzed on facts that occurred during the course of the season , and must answer them by releasing either their left or right hand . Getting a wrong answer results in a penalty of holding the bar with one hand for three minutes . The last competitor to hold on will be the winner . After over an hour , Hannah loses her grip and is eliminated in third place . After over two hours , Cena runs out of trivia questions and forces the two contestants to hold on with one hand for the remainder . Michael loses his grip and is eliminated , making Gigi the winner of season two of American Grit and the $250,000 prize . ELIMINATED : Hannah Koen RUNNER - UP : Michael Wilson Morgan WINNER : Gigi Gustin Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Ruck Up '' April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) 0.8 / 3 2.35 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Ice Cubed '' April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) 0.7 / 2 2.17 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Moving Camp '' April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) 0.7 / 2 2.10 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Charlie Foxtrot '' May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 0.6 / 2 1.77 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Double Time '' May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 0.6 / 2 1.78 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Squat Till You Drop '' May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 0.6 / 2 1.88 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Dawn Patrol '' May 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 26 ) 0.5 / 2 1.73 0.2 0.53 0.7 2.26 8 `` Barricade the Bunker '' June 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 02 ) 0.6 / 2 1.96 0.3 0.55 0.9 2.51 9 `` Tired Out '' June 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 09 ) 0.7 / 3 2.11 0.2 0.47 0.9 2.58 10 `` Over the Falls '' June 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 09 ) 0.7 / 3 2.11 0.2 0.47 0.9 2.58 Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Find Your Grit '' June 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) 0.4 / 2 1.11 0.2 0.47 0.6 1.58 `` Cena Does the Dishes '' June 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 18 ) 0.5 / 2 1.67 0.2 0.47 0.7 2.14 `` Liar Liar '' June 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 25 ) 0.4 / 2 1.00 0.1 0.44 0.5 1.43 `` Secrets Are Revealed '' July 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 02 ) 0.4 / 2 1.04 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Camp Love '' July 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 09 ) 0.4 / 2 1.10 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Selfish vs. Selfless '' July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 0.4 / 2 0.95 0.1 0.44 0.5 1.39 7 `` Role Reversal '' July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 0.4 / 2 1.14 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Shady Grady '' July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 0.4 / 2 1.15 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` Cena Says '' August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 0.4 / 2 1.01 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Who 's Got Grit ? '' August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 0.4 / 2 1.01 N / A N / A N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Conway , Tyler ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` John Cena Announces He 'll Host ' American Grit ' Reality TV Series '' . Bleacher Report . Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AMERICAN GRIT SERIES PREMIERE SET FOR THURSDAY , APRIL 14 '' . Fox.com . Fox . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bones ' returns in April , paired with ' American Grit ' on Thursdays '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All - New Military - Inspired Competition Series `` American Grit '' to Debut Following Return of `` Bones '' on Thursday , April 14 , on FOX `` . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMERICAN GRIT STARRING JOHN CENA TO AIR IN 2016 '' . Fox.com . Fox . November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul , Tyson ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` JOHN CENA TO HOST `` AMERICAN GRIT '' TV SHOW `` . Kaboom Magazine . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` John Cena 's ' American Grit ' Renewed For Second Season By Fox '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` FOX Announces Summer Premiere Dates '' . The Futon Critic . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena has grit to get American Grit renewed '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` `` American Grit '' starring WWE ® Superstar John Cena ® to air in 2016 `` . Fox . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get to Know John Burk American Grit on FOX '' . Fox Broadcasting Company . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get to Know Riki Long American Grit on FOX '' . Fox Broadcasting Company . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get to Know Chloe Mondesir American Grit on FOX '' . Fox Broadcasting Company . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get to Know Grady Powell American Grit on FOX '' . Fox Broadcasting Company . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Meet the Competitors on John Cena 's American Grit '' . TV Guide . NTVB Media ( magazine ) and CBS Interactive ( CBS Corporation ) ( digital assets ) . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Competitors '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kwiatkowski , Elizabeth ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Grit ' recap : Four new military cadres introduced , one competitor goes home '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Manning , Judy . `` Meet the 17 New Competitors of AMERICAN GRIT Season 2 '' . Your Entertainment Corner . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Bones ' adjust up , ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Odd Couple , ' ' Mom ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' and ' Rush Hour ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Bones ' adjusts up , ' The Catch ' finale and ' Game of Silence ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Bones ' and ' Modern Family ' rerun adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : NBA Finals tops 2015 's Game 1 , ' Big Bang ' adjusts up , ' American Grit ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : Stanley Cup Finals rise '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Stanley cup adjusts up , ' Funderdome ' and ' Megyn Kelly ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Madam Secretary ' rerun adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Family Feud , ' everything else unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Grit , ' ' Big Brother ' and reruns unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly , ' ' AFV ' rerun adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Family Feud , ' ' Big Brother , ' everything else unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Spartan ' finale , ' Big Brother ' and everything else unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Candy Crush ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up to season high , ' Candy Crush ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot ' leads for May 23 - 29 as summer slowdown begins '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Bachelorette , ' ' America 's Got Talent ' premiere lead the week of May 30 - June 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Bachelorette ' and ' America 's Got Talent ' top the week of June 6 - 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' iZombie ' get biggest bumps in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for June 5 - 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Reign ' series finale doubles : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for June 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' leads , ' Originals ' finale doubles : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for June 19 - 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' remains No. 1 in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for July 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . General references `` Shows A-Z -- american grit on fox '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Television portal American Grit on IMDb American Grit at TV Guide ( hide ) Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Grit ( since 2016 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( since 2013 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) The Exorcist ( since 2016 ) The F Word ( since 2017 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) Ghosted ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Home Free ( since 2015 ) Hotel Hell ( since 2012 ) The Last Man on Earth ( since 2015 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) The Mick ( since 2017 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) New Girl ( since 2011 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) Wayward Pines ( since 2015 ) The X-Files ( 1993 -- 2002 ; since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming 9 - 1 - 1 ( TBA ) Famous ( TBA ) L.A. to Vegas ( TBA ) The Resident ( TBA ) See also 4Kids TV Fox Kids Speed on Fox Weekend Marketplace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Grit&oldid=808599707 '' Categories : Fox network shows 2010s American television series 2016 American television series debuts American reality television series English - language television programs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 21 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was eliminated from american grit last night	[]	[]
-1493859989384756722	9-1-1 (TV series)	9 - 1 - 1 ( tv series ) - Wikipedia 9 - 1 - 1 ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search 9 - 1 - 1 Genre Procedural drama Created by Ryan Murphy Brad Falchuk Tim Minear Starring Angela Bassett Peter Krause Oliver Stark Aisha Hinds Kenneth Choi Rockmond Dunbar Connie Britton Narrated by Connie Britton Composer ( s ) Mac Quayle Todd Haberman Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 7 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ryan Murphy Brad Falchuk Tim Minear Alexis Martin Woodall Bradley Buecker Producer ( s ) Lou Eyrich Eryn Krueger Mekash Adam Penn Erica L. Anderson Matt Hodgson Robert M. Williams Jr . Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Editor ( s ) Tom Costantino Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Reamworks Brad Falchuk Teley - Vision Ryan Murphy Television 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network Fox Original release January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website 9 - 1 - 1 is an American procedural drama television series created by Ryan Murphy , Brad Falchuk and Tim Minear which follows the lives of Los Angeles first responders : cops , paramedics , firefighters and dispatchers . The series premiered on January 3 , 2018 , on the Fox network , during the 2017 -- 18 television season . The series is produced by 20th Century Fox Television , with Murphy , Falchuck , Minear and Bradley Buecker as executive producers . Minear also serves as showrunner and Buecker directed the premiere episode . On January 16 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Notable guests 2 Production 2.1 Casting 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Angela Bassett as Athena Grant , LAPD patrol sergeant Peter Krause as Bobby Nash , Captain , LAFD Oliver Stark as Evan `` Buck '' Buckley , firefighter Aisha Hinds as Henrietta `` Hen '' Wilson , firefighter / paramedic Kenneth Choi as Howie `` Chimney '' Han , firefighter / paramedic Rockmond Dunbar as Michael Grant , Athena 's husband Connie Britton as Abby Clark , 911 operator Recurring ( edit ) Mariette Hartley as Patricia Clark , Abby 's mother Cocoa Brown as Carla Price , Abby 's mother 's nurse Notable guests ( edit ) Corinne Massiah as May Grant Marcanthonee Jon Reis as Harry Grant John Marshall Jones as Dave Morrisey Genneya Walton as Laila Creedy Tracie Thoms as Karen Wilson , Hen 's wife Jee Young Han as Liz Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) In October 2017 , Angela Bassett , Connie Britton , and Peter Krause joined the main cast . Later that month , it was announced that Oliver Stark , Aisha Hinds , Kenneth Choi , and Rockmond Dunbar had been cast in regular roles . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Bradley Buecker Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk & Tim Minear January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) 1LAY01 6.83 Los Angeles emergency dispatchers and first responders must balance the pressures of their respective jobs with their personal lives : from 9 - 1 - 1 operator Abby Clark 's mother having dementia to police sergeant Athena Grant 's husband deciding to reveal to his children that he 's gay . `` Let Go '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk & Tim Minear January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) 1LAY02 5.55 A roller coaster accident leaves Buck in a traumatic situation . Athena and Hen respond to a devil dog attack , which Athena later discovers is a home invasion . Abby makes an on - the - phone connection with Buck . Athena arrives home and finds that her daughter has overdosed . `` Next of Kin '' Barbara Brown John J. Gray January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 1LAY03 6.21 The team is tested when Chimney is critically injured in a car accident after a discussion with Nash . Athena deals with the consequences of her daughter 's suicide attempt . `` Worst Day Ever '' Bradley Buecker Zachary Reiter January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) 1LAY04 6.57 A plane crash in Los Angeles calls out the entire team . Athena takes drastic actions for the protection of her daughter and in doing so is confined to desk duty . Bobby relapses into his alcoholism . Abby deals with a serious crisis with her mother . 5 `` Point of Origin '' Gwyneth Horder - Payton Erica L. Anderson January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 1LAY05 6.21 A building collapses during a big Hindu wedding . Henrietta 's convict ex-girlfriend , Eve , asks for her help getting parole , which upsets her wife . Abby tries to find her wayward mother with Buck 's help . Bobby tells his confessor how he accidentally killed his family five years before , when , under the effects of oxycodone and alcohol , he forgot a burning stove , which burned his building down . 6 `` Heartbreaker '' Bradley Buecker Matthew Hodgson February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 1LAY06 6.64 7 `` Full Moon ( Creepy AF ) '' Maggie Kiley Adam Penn February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) 1LAY07 5.95 8 `` Karma 's a Bitch '' TBA TBA March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 1LAY08 TBD 9 `` Trapped '' TBA TBA March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 1LAY09 TBD Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' January 3 , 2018 1.8 / 6 6.83 1.2 3.87 3.0 10.69 `` Let Go '' January 10 , 2018 1.5 / 6 5.55 1.5 4.44 3.0 9.99 `` Next of Kin '' January 17 , 2018 1.8 / 6 6.21 1.2 4.00 3.0 10.21 `` Worst Day Ever '' January 24 , 2018 1.6 / 6 6.57 1.5 4.70 3.1 11.27 5 `` Point of Origin '' January 31 , 2018 1.6 / 6 6.21 1.5 4.37 3.1 10.58 6 `` Heartbreaker '' February 7 , 2018 1.7 / 6 6.64 1.5 4.76 3.2 11.40 7 `` Full Moon ( Creepy AF ) '' February 28 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Karma 's A Bitch '' March 7 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` Trapped '' March 14 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 69 % approval rating , with an average rating of 5.19 / 10 based on 26 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` 9 - 1 - 1 occasionally veers into melodrama , but is redeemed with a top - tier cast , adrenaline - pumping action , and a dash of trashy camp that pushes the show into addictive guilty pleasure territory . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 60 out of 100 based on 21 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Fox Fall 2017 Schedule : ' Empire ' Shifts To 8 PM , ' Gotham ' Moves To Thursday , ' Lethal Weapon ' To Tuesday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' & New Drama ' 9 - 1 - 1 ' Get Premiere Dates On Fox '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' 9 - 1 - 1 ' : Connie Britton To Star In Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk 's Fox Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` 9 - 1 - 1 Renewed for Season 2 at Fox '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # NIN - 101 ) `` Pilot '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # NIN - 103 ) `` Next of Kin '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # NIN - 107 ) `` Full Moon ( Creepy AF ) '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan Murphy 's ' 9 - 1 - 1 ' Adds Four to Cast , Including Rockmond Dunbar , Aisha Hinds '' . Variety . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' adjusts up , ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' X-Files ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Match Game ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race ' adjusts up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( NIN - 108 ) `` Karma 's a Bitch '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( NIN - 109 ) `` Trapped '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Winter Premiere Starts 2018 Strong '' . Variety . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 9 - 1 - 1 : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 9 - 1 - 1 : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . 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7454958877953821928	Walt Disney Parks and Resorts	Walt Disney Parks and Resorts - Wikipedia Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Jump to : navigation , search Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide , Inc . Type Wholly owned subsidiary of a public corporation Industry Travel Founded 1971 ; 46 years ago ( 1971 ) Headquarters Burbank , California , United States Key people Bob Chapek ( Chairman ) Services Theme parks Hotel lodging Cruises Timeshares Guided tours Travel packages Attraction design Number of employees 130,000 ( 2015 ) Parent The Walt Disney Company Divisions Disneyland Resort Subsidiaries Walt Disney Imagineering Research & Development , Inc . Walt Disney Parks and Resorts U.S. , Inc . Euro Disney Investments , Inc . Disneyland International Website disneyparks.disney.go.com corporate Walt Disney Parks and Resorts , officially Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide , Inc. and informally known as Disney Parks , is one of The Walt Disney Company 's four major business segments and a subsidiary . The company is responsible for the conception , building , and managing of its theme parks and vacation resorts , as well as a variety of family - oriented leisure enterprises . It was founded in 1971 , following the opening of Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World in Florida . Originally , the company was known as Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division and later as Walt Disney Attractions . The chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts is Bob Chapek , formerly president of Disney Consumer Products . Chapek reports to Disney CEO Bob Iger . In 2016 , the company 's theme parks hosted over 140.4 million guests , making Disney Parks the world 's most visited theme park company worldwide , with United Kingdom based Merlin Entertainments coming in second . It is by far Disney 's largest business segment according to employee headcount , with approximately 130,000 of the company 's 180,000 employees as of 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division 2.2 Walt Disney Attractions 2.3 Walt Disney Parks and Resorts 2.4 Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide 3 Disney resorts 3.1 Disneyland Resort 3.2 Walt Disney World Resort 3.3 Tokyo Disney Resort 3.4 Disneyland Paris 3.5 Hong Kong Disneyland Resort 3.6 Shanghai Disney Resort 4 Other ventures 4.1 New Vacation Operations 4.1. 1 Disney Cruise Line 4.2 Disney Sports Enterprises 4.2. 1 DSE background 4.2. 2 DSE history 5 Training 6 Abandoned and misreported concepts 7 Future projects 8 Properties outside Disney parks 9 Adaptations 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Disneyland , Inc . In 1949 , Ice Capades added a Disney segment to its performances . Costumes from those shows were used at the opening of Disneyland in 1955 with some performers hired away for Disney . Originally , entry into the theme park and travel business was a side project of Walt Disney himself . As the Disneylandia project started to become a reality , Walt Disney Productions at Walt 's request set up Disneyland , Inc . ( DLI ) in 1951 and agreed to a design deal in March 1953 with WED Enterprises ( WED ) , Walt 's personal corporation , which then included what would now be called Disney Imagineering . With the WED concept designs and prospectus for Disneylandia , Roy Disney in September 1953 met with TV networks in a deal for Disney - produced TV show and Disneyland investment . American Broadcasting - Paramount Theatres ( AB - PT ) agreed to the Disneyland , Inc. investment . Joining AB - PT as Disneyland investors were Walt Disney Productions ( WDP ) , Western Publishing and Walt Disney . Walt Disney Productions had the option to repurchase the Walt Disney , WED and Western Publishing shares ( 31 % ) by May 1 , 1959 , for $562,500 . With a need for the Disneyland Hotel nearby and no funding available for Disney to build it , Walt Disney approached Jack Wrather to build the hotel who agreed . Disneyland , changed from Disneylandia , was announced in 000000001954 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1954 by Walt to be opened in 000000001955 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1955 . On 000000001955 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 , 1955 , the Disneyland park with five themed `` lands '' containing eighteen attractions with double the expected guests . WED owned Santa Fe & Disneyland Railroad opened , too . On 000000001957 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1957 , Disney Production exercised its options to purchase all but AB - PT 's common stock outstanding . This allowed WDP to consolidate DLI into its 1957 annual accounting statements adding four months worth of net profits , $511 K . In June 1960 , Walt Disney Productions completed the purchase of AB - PT 's share of the company for nearly $7.5 million and its TV contract , and the theme park became a fully owned subsidiary of Walt Disney Productions . The first Audio - Animatronic attraction , Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room , opened at Disneyland in 1963 . History ( edit ) Beginning in 1958 with the contracting of Economics Research Associates ( ERA ) to find a location for another Disney resort , Disney Productions moved beyond a single park . ERA recommended Florida ; another study in 1961 named Ocala or Orlando in Florida as possible locations . In 000000001963 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1963 , Walt Disney made a trip to Florida for final site selection . In 1962 , Disney Productions purchased Celebrity Sports Center ( opened on September 17 , 1960 , in Denver , Colorado ) from its owners , including Walt Disney , Art Linkletter , and John Payne , to use as a staff training center for its second resort . In 1963 , Roy made plans to buy from 5,000 to 10,000 acres ( 2,000 to 4,000 ha ) , which was carried out in 1964 , amassing 27,443 acres ( 11,106 ha ) by 000000001965 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1965 . Plans for the Florida project that would eventually become Walt Disney World were announced to the public in 000000001965 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1965 . Legislation forming the Reedy Creek Improvement District was signed into law by Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk , Jr. on May 12 , 1967 , allowing Disney to build the infrastructure for the second park . Ground breaking followed for the future Reedy Creek park on May 30 . In Roy O. Disney 's last act as CEO in 1968 , he officially named the second park Walt Disney World . Disneyland International was incorporated on 000000001961 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 1961 . The next year , The Oriental Land Company contacted Disney about building a theme park . In 000000001959 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1959 , the WED - owned Disneyland - Alweg Monorail System was installed at Disneyland . Disneyland 's first new themed land , New Orleans Square , opened in 000000001966 - 01 - 01 - 0000 1966 . Tomorrowland was revamped in 1967 with seven new attractions . The design and architectural group and the WED Enterprise name was purchased from Walt 's corporation , renamed as Retlaw Enterprise . Disney expanded into attractions at the 1964 New York World 's Fair with It 's a Small World and costumed character appearances . When the characters proved a hit at the 1964 World 's Fair , Walt wanted another outlet for `` live '' characters ; thus , Disneyland put on Disney on Parade , a self - produced live arena show starting in 1969 . Small World and its famous song lasted two years at the fair ; it was then moved to Disneyland as an expanded major attraction in 1966 and later duplicated in the other Disney theme parks . In 1965 , Walt Disney won a bid with the US Forest Service to develop Mineral King as a ski resort . The Sierra Club sued in 000000001969 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1969 to stop the development , which was granted by the federal district judge . The Forest Service appealed and won at the appeal and the Supreme Court . The Supreme Court ruling left open to the Club the possibility of refiling . In the next round of lawsuits , the same district judge blocked the redevelopment . The injunction and the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act led to Disney backing out . $40 million worth of Walt Disney Productions Convertible Debentures were sold in 000000001968 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1968 to fund Disney World ( WDW ) . The next year in February , an agreement was made with multiple labor unions , in which the unions exchanged the right to strike for regular pay increases during the first building phase . By 1971 , chairman of the Park Operations Committee and vice president of park operations Dick Nunis was appointed executive vice president of Disneyland and Walt Disney World . Walt Disney World began operation on 000000001971 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1971 , with the Magic Kingdom park at a cost of $400 million . The Magic Kingdom had six themed lands : Main Street , Adventureland , Fantasyland , Frontierland , Liberty Square , and Tomorrowland . Additionally , Disney 's Fort Wilderness Resort campground and two hotels , Disney 's Contemporary Resort and Disney 's Polynesian Village Resort , also opened . Disneyland expanded in 1972 with a seventh themed land , Bear Country , replacing the Indian Village of Frontierland , and later renamed Critter Country . In 1979 , the Disneyland crafts and maintenance union workers went on strike for 15 days , at first rejecting and then accepting the park 's contract . Space Mountain opens at Disneyland in 1977 . Two more hotels opened in 1973 at Walt Disney World : the Golf Resort and the Gold Resort ; Disney 's Village Resort hotel opened in 1974 . Disney opened the Buena Vista Club golf club in Lake Buena Vista on 000000001974 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 1974 . Lake Buena Vista Village , the shopping area , opened on 000000001975 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 1975 and was renamed Walt Disney World Village in 1977 . Celebrity Sports Center , Disney World 's training center , was sold on March 29 , 1979 . At Walt Disney World , the Treasure Island nature preserve pens opened on April 8 , 1974 , renamed Discovery Island in 1977 . On 000000001975 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1975 , the WEDway PeopleMover opened in the Magic Kingdom 's Tomorrowland . The first water park , River Country , opened on 000000001976 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 1976 at Disney World . EPCOT Center 's groundbreaking occurred at Walt Disney World in May 1979 . In 1979 , Oriental Land and Disney agreed to build a Japanese theme park . Tokyo Disneyland opened on 000000001983 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 1983 on 200 acres ( 80 ha ) in Urayasu , Chiba , Japan . Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division ( edit ) With the June 3 , 1980 , retirement of Donn Tatum as Walt Disney Productions ' Chairman and CEO , three divisions were formed , including the Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division , of which Nunis was named division president . Disneyland started using Disney Dollars on May 5 , 1987 , while Walt Disney World parks started with Epcot on October 2 . A renegotiated Disneyland Japan royalty agreement in April 1988 by Chief Financial Officer Gary L. Wilson netted Disney US $723 million in cash in exchange for lower royalty payments . The steam railroad and monorail at Disneyland were purchased from Retlaw Enterprises , formerly WED Enterprises , in 1982 . Bear Country was renamed Critter Country on November 23 , 1988 . Tishman Company 's plans for two Walt Disney World hotels were rejected by new CEO Michael Eisner on September 30 , 1984 , marking a change in Disney architecture . New plans for the Dolphin and Swan hotels were submitted by Michael Graves in July 1986 ; ground breaking took place on January 28 , 1988 . The first non-Disney owned hotel , Pickett Suite Resort , opened in Disney World Village on March 15 , 1987 . On June 1 , 1982 , the Walt Disney World monorail line was extended to EPCOT Center from the Ticket and Transportation Center . The EPCOT Center theme park opened on October 1 , 1982 , at a building cost of US $1.2 billion , with two areas , Future World and World Showcase . Plans for a Hollywood - style theme park were announced in April 1985 for the Walt Disney World resort at a project cost of US $300 million . In April 1985 , Disney signed a licensing agreement with MGM , giving Disney the right to use the MGM name , logo and movie library for this third park . Construction of the Disney - MGM Studios theme park began in 1986 . Disney - MGM Studios opened on May 1 , 1989 , along with a Pleasure Island entertainment area ; its second water park , Disney 's Typhoon Lagoon , opened on June 1 . In 1983 , Walt Disney World Village 's name was changed to the Disney Village Marketplace . A new themed area , Mickey 's Birthdayland , opened in the Magic Kingdom near Fantasyland on June 18 , 1988 . In 1987 , Disney and Ron Brierley 's Industrial Equity ( Pacific ) Ltd. , already a 28 % owner of the Wrather Corporation , agreed to purchase the remaining Wrather Corporation stock with a 50 % share each . Wrather Corporation owned the Disneyland Hotel and operated the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose tourist attractions . In March 1988 , Disney purchased Industrial Equity 's half of Wrather Corporation . In 1985 , Premier Cruise Line became the licensed partner cruise line with Disney . This allowed Disney characters on their ships and combined cruise , hotel , and theme park packages . Walt Disney Attractions ( edit ) The Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division was incorporated as Walt Disney Attractions , Inc. on August 10 , 1989 . In January 1990 , Disney CEO Eisner announced plans to expand both Disneyland ( by 20 % in 10 years ) and Disney World ( WDW ) . The plan would have WDW add another theme park and 16 new attractions in Disney - MGM Studios . Disney and The Coca - Cola Company agreed to a 15 - year marketing contract on January 25 : Coca - Cola products would be exclusive in Disney theme parks , and Coca - Cola would use some Disney characters in their ads . On March 16 , 1990 , Attractions president Nunis announced a 25 - year plan for a 4,400 - acre ( 1,800 ha ) development in Osceola , Florida , with homes , shopping malls and industrial buildings . In 1990 , the possibility of a West Coast version of Epcot Center was placed in development . This was announced as WestCOT in 1991 , to be placed at the Disneyland Resort . On July 31 , 1990 , a new 350 - acre ( 140 ha ) ocean - themed park and resort , Port Disney , was announced for Long Beach . Port was to have a cruise - ship terminal , five hotels , restaurants , and shopping area , costing $2 billion to build . On December 12 , 1991 , Disney selected only one California project to go forward with , Disneyland Resort , which was to include the WestCOT Center , hotels , a shopping mall and a lake . Port Disney was abandoned in March 1992 , and Disney canceled its leases on the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose attractions picked up from the Wrather Corporation . Mickey 's Toontown , a new themed land at Disneyland , opened on January 24 , 1993 . Disney canceled its plans for WestCOT in mid-1995 due to financial issues at Disneyland Paris and the park 's projected high cost . That park was then replaced by plans for the California Adventure park , hotels and a retail district . At Walt Disney World , Mickey 's Birthdayland closed on April 22 , 1991 , then reopened on May 26 as Mickey 's Starland . In order to expand Disney World on wetland , on April 23 , 1993 , the company agreed to form a 8,500 - acre ( 3,400 ha ) wilderness preserve in Florida . The Disney Inn hotel was leased starting February 1 , 1994 , by the US Army , then purchased on January 12 , 1996 , and later renamed Shades of Green . Planet Hollywood opened a location in Pleasure Island on December 17 , 1994 . The third water park at Walt Disney World , Disney 's Blizzard Beach , opened on April 1 , 1995 . In June 1995 , the Magic Kingdom 's Tomorrowland was completely refurbished and reopened in June 1995 . Taking up a corner of the Magic Kingdom parking lot , the Walt Disney World Speedway opened on November 28 , 1995 . In 1996 , the Disney Institute opened on February 9 , and the Boardwalk resort area opened on July 1 . The first of the World of Disney stores opened in the Disney Village Marketplace on October 3 . The Downtown Disney district opened in November 1997 , combining Disney Village Marketplace and Pleasure Island . A fourth theme park , Disney 's Animal Kingdom , opened at Disney World the week of April 20 , 1998 . The first Disney Vacation Club Resorts , Vacation Club Resort , opened on October 1 , 1991 , and was renamed Disney 's Old Key West Resort in January 1996 . These vacation club hotels were operated by Disney Vacation Developments , Inc. as vacation timeshares . The first off - resort vacation club hotel was Vacation Club Resort , which opened on October 1 , 1995 , in Vero Beach , Florida . In 1993 , Premier Cruises discontinued its partnership with Disney for one with Warner Bros. After failing to reach agreements with Carnival or Royal Caribbean , Disney announced in 1994 the formation of its own cruise line . The Disney Cruise Line launched with the Disney Magic ship in 1998 along with its exclusive resort island port of Castaway Cay . Disney reportedly had plans to build a park named Disney 's America . The park was to have been located in Haymarket , Virginia ; 2,300 acres ( 930 ha ) of property were purchased from Exxon in 1993 . The history - themed park was announced on November 11 , 1993 . The plans for the 3,000 acres ( 1,200 ha ) called for a 150 - acre ( 61 ha ) amusement park , a campground , a golf course , 2 million square feet ( 190,000 m ) of office / commercial space , and 2500 homes . With projections indicating that the park would operate at a loss and with opposition in the press , Disney canceled the project on September 15 , 1994 . Walt Disney Imagineering created Disney Fair , a U.S. traveling attraction , which premiered in September 1996 . The fair was poorly attended and was pulled after a few stops . Disney Entertainment Projects ( Asia Pacific ) Inc. , a new Disney Asian Pacific subsidiary , selected a renamed fair called DisneyFest as its first project , taking it to Singapore to open there on October 30 , 1997 . In November 1995 , Disney announced the building of Tokyo DisneySea , to be owned by Oriental along with Tokyo Disneyland . Oriental and Disney signed the DisneySea licensing agreement in November 1997 ; the theme park was scheduled to open in 2001 at a cost of $2.6 billion . In December 1998 , Walt Disney Attractions added Disneyland Paris , Disney Regional Entertainment and Walt Disney Imagineering to its portfolio , which already held Disney World , Disney Cruise Line , Disneyland , and Tokyo Disneyland . Chairman Dick Nunis retired at the same time . On October 31 , 1999 , Walt Disney Attractions , Inc. was merged into Walt Disney Attractions , LLC . On June 19 , 1998 , Disney Regional Entertainment opened its first DisneyQuest , a location - based entertainment venue , at Downtown Disney West Side in Walt Disney World . The first DisneyQuest outside of a resort was opened in Chicago on June 16 , 1999 , with plans for more locations worldwide . In 1999 , plans were announced for a new resort in Hong Kong , Hong Kong Disneyland , as a joint venture , Hong Kong International Theme Parks Ltd. , between the Hong Kong Government and Disney Resorts . The Disney Wonder cruise ship began operation on August 15 . Disney World 's Discovery Island was closed on April 8 , 1999 . Walt Disney Parks and Resorts ( edit ) Walt Disney Attractions , LLC changed its name to Walt Disney Parks and Resorts , LLC on April 14 , 2000 , then to Disney Destinations , LLC on April 25 , 2006 . Tokyo DisneySea at Tokyo Disney Resort opened on September 4 , 2001 . The Walt Disney Company in selling its Japanese and US chains decided to keep the Disney Stores in Europe , along with the store in Manhattan , which was converted into a World of Disney store run by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts in 2004 . Downtown Disney opened at the Disneyland Resort on January 12 , 2001 , between Disneyland and the future California Adventure . Disney California Adventure Park opened at the Disneyland Resort on February 8 , 2001 , with three major areas : Paradise Pier , Hollywood Pictures Backlot , and the Golden State . In California Adventure on October 6 , 2002 , A Bug 's Land area opened . Parks and Resorts chairman Jay Rasulo announced at Disney 's D23 Expo in Anaheim , California on September 12 , 2009 , that Walt Disney World 's Fantasyland would be overhauled and increased in size by 2013 . A $1 billion expansion / renovation of Disney California Adventure Park was announced in 2007 to be completed by 2012 . River Country water park closed on September 1 , 2001 . Disney - MGM Studios is renamed Disney 's Hollywood Studios in January 2008 . Pleasure Island 's core remaining six nightclubs were closed down in late 2008 to change the area to match the family friendly make - up of the other two sections of Downtown Disney at Disney World . Walt Disney Studios Park opened March 16 , 2002 , as the second theme park at the renamed Disneyland Resort Paris . The first park was renamed Disneyland Park ( DLP . DLP Paris opened in August 2000 Toy Story Playland with three attractions . Construction on Hong Kong Disneyland began on January 12 , 2003 , then opened September 12 , 2005 . Groundbreaking occurred at Hong Kong Disneyland in December 2009 for a three land expansion : Mystic Point , Grizzly Gulch , and Toy Story Land . In June 2005 , Disney Magic made the first cruise outside of the Caribbean , by moving its port for the summer to Los Angeles with a Mexican Riviera schedule . Disney Cruise Line ordered a new 2 ships class from Meyer Werft shipyard in Germany by February 22 , 2007 . The Magic in May 2007 transferred its home port to Barcelona , Spain , for the lines ' first summer Mediterranean itinerary then returned to its permanent port in September . The Chicago DisneyQuest location was closed in September 2001 . Disney Parks started the Adventures by Disney tour vacation business in 2005 . Disney entered a float , `` The Most Magical Celebration on Earth '' , into the 2006 Pasadena Tournament of Roses parade . In October 2007 , Disney announced plans to build a resort at Ko Olina Resort & Marina in Kapolei , Hawaii , featuring both a hotel and Disney Vacation Club timeshare units . The 800 - unit property , named Aulani , opened in 2011 and joined the other resorts not associated with a theme park , such as Disney 's Hilton Head Island Resort in South Carolina . With the Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration starting on October 1 , 2000 , sanctioned Disney Pin Trading was started . In 2001 , the Themed Entertainment Association gave Disney Parks and Resorts the Thea Award for Breakthrough Innovation for the park 's FastPass system . Walt Disney Parks and Resorts worldwide ( edit ) Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide , Inc. was incorporated on September 29 , 2008 , buy out and took over the parks and resorts business segment . Disney Parks and Resorts reorganized in early 2009 which included layoffs in all units due to recession - induced falling attendance . 600 U.S. managers in January were buyout packages . Worldwide Operations was formed under President Al Weiss in 2009 . Worldwide Operations would take over various back office functions previously performed by both Disney World and Disneyland including training , procurement , menu planning and merchandise development . While its Walt Disney Imagineering subsidiary combined its three development units . In November 2009 , Disney received approval from the Chinese government to build a Disneyland resort in Shanghai 's Pudong district . The resort opened on June 16 , 2016 . California Adventure completed its overhaul in 2012 adding two new lands : Cars Land and Buena Vista Street . The overhaul also included a re-themed of several attractions plus a pair of classic dark rides . In 2017 , it was announced that Paradise Pier land would be replaced by Pixar Pier , with four neighborhoods , and Paradise Park ( remainder not in Pixar Pier ) . Pixar Pier would open in summer of 2018 . Star Wars Land 14 acres ( 5.7 ha ) themed land for both Disneyland park and Disney 's Hollywood Studios announced at the D23 Expo on August 15 , 2015 . Construction began at both locations on April 14 , 2016 . The New Fantasyland at Magic Kingdom opened on December 6 , 2012 . It is the biggest upgrade to the theme park since its opening in 1971 . Announced along with its new Star Wars Land expansion at the D23 Expo on August 15 , 2015 , Hollywood Studios was slated to have a version of Toy Story Land . Holz became president of New Vacation Operations of Parks & Resorts reporting to Al Weiss , president of worldwide operations for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts . by April 2008 . In February 2009 , Holz returned to the presidency of Disney Cruise Line in addition to his continuing as head of New Vacation Operations , which was primarily Adventures by Disney . As an extension of the `` One Disney '' initiative and the resignation of Weiss , Disney Vacation Club was added to New Vacation Operations . While Holz and Meg Crofton joined Disney Parks and Resorts executive committee in July 2011 . At that time , Crofton was transferred from Disney World president to president of operations in the U.S. and France , a new positions . The Disney Dream began service in January 2011 and Disney Cruise Line ( DCL ) announced the maiden voyage of the Disney Fantasy to be March 31 , 2012 . The Dream deployment allowed Disney Wonder to be permanently stationed at Port of Los Angeles for Mexican Riviera cruises , but initial served in the short Alaska cruise season . Magic moved to New York for Canadian or Bahama cruises starting May 25 , 2012 . DCL 's Magic was refitted in late 2013 . The first of three expansion theme lands at Hong Kong Disneyland , Toy Story Land , opens on November 18 , 2011 . Grizzly Gulch opens at Hong Kong Disneyland on July 13 , 2012 . The final land of this expansion , Mystic Point , opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on May 17 , 2013 . On February 5 , 2015 , it was announced that Tom Staggs had been promoted to Disney Company Chief operating officer but would continue as chairman of Parks and Resorts until his successor was named . On February 23 , 2015 , Robert Chapek was named chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts effective that day . On April 29 , 2015 , The Walt Disney Company , through the subsidiary , Carousel Holdings Eat LLC , has purchased Carousel Inn & Suites hotel in Anaheim , from Good Hope International for $32 million . The purchase was considered a strategic purchase ; the hotel would not be considered a part of the Disneyland hotel portfolio and would operate independently . Disney indicted in August 2016 , that the company would be closing the Carousel Inn in October 2016 in preparation for razing it as part of plans to construct a new parking structure , transit plaza , and pedestrian bridge over Harbor Boulevard . On February 10 , 2017 , Disney revealed a deal to purchase Kingdom Holding Co. 's shares of Euro Disney S.C.A. as first step in purchasing the remaining shares held by others . Disney has offered about $2.12 a share , a 67 % premium over the Euronext Paris Stock Exchange value as of February 9 . The company expects the buyout and delisting to be finished by June . Plans are for the company to invest another $1.4 billion into Disneyland Paris after the buyout to counteract the recent Paris terrorist attack , which hurt a previous 2014 park hotel investment . If this buyout is successful , it would make the resort the only resort 100 % owned and operated by Disney outside of the United States of America . On June 13 , 2017 , The Walt Disney Company reached the 95 % threshold required for a mandatory takeover according to French law , owning 97.08 % of Euro Disney S.C.A. , paving the way for The Walt Disney Company to become the sole owner and operator of Disneyland Paris . Disney Resorts ( edit ) Shanghai Disney Resort Hong Kong Disneyland Resort Disneyland Paris Tokyo Disney Resort Walt Disney World Disneyland Resort Locations of Disney resorts Disneyland Resort ( edit ) Main article : Disneyland Resort Disneyland was founded as a single park by Walt Disney and opened on July 17 , 1955 , in Anaheim , California . Disneyland Hotel opened to the public on October 5 , 1955 . In 2001 , the site expanded significantly and was renamed the Disneyland Resort with the opening of Disney California Adventure Park on February 8 , 2001 , Disney 's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa on January 2 , 2001 , Disney 's Paradise Pier Hotel on December 15 , 2000 , and Downtown Disney on January 12 , 2001 . Disneyland was rebranded Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the larger resort complex . The resort focuses on Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters and occupies 500 acres ( 2.0 km ) . Walt Disney World Resort ( edit ) Main article : Walt Disney World The Walt Disney World Resort opened October 1 , 1971 , in Lake Buena Vista , Florida , with the Magic Kingdom theme park and three resort hotels . It expanded with the opening of Epcot in 1982 , Disney - MGM Studios ( now Disney 's Hollywood Studios ) and Disney 's Typhoon Lagoon in 1989 , Disney 's Blizzard Beach in 1995 , Disney 's Animal Kingdom in 1998 , Disney Springs retail , dining , and entertainment complex , eight golf courses , and 18 new resort hotels . The resort is the largest ( by area ) and most - visited vacation resort in the world , with four theme parks , two water parks , a shopping , dining , and entertainment complex , 21 resort hotels , eight golf courses , and several additional recreational activities , and covers 27,258 acres of land . Other venues : ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex Tokyo Disney Resort ( edit ) Main article : Tokyo Disney Resort Tokyo Disney Resort , located in Urayasu , Chiba , Japan , opened April 15 , 1983 , with Tokyo Disneyland . On September 4 , 2001 , the resort expanded with Tokyo DisneySea . There are several resort hotels on site , but only three are actually owned by the resort , which boasts the largest parking structure in the world . Tokyo Disney Resort is fully owned and operated by The Oriental Land Company and is licensed by The Walt Disney Company . The resort was built by Walt Disney Imagineering , and Disney maintains a degree of control ; Nick Franklin leads the Walt Disney Attractions Japan team at The Walt Disney Company , which communicates with the Oriental Land Company over all aspects of the Resort , and assigns Imagineers to the Resort . Its properties , listed below , are divided into parks , shopping centers , and lodging . Shopping , dining , and entertainment complex : Ikspiari Disneyland Paris ( edit ) Main article : Disneyland Paris Disneyland Paris , Disney 's second resort complex outside the United States , opened on April 12 , 1992 , as the Euro Disney Resort . Located in Marne - la - Vallée in the suburbs of Paris , France , it features two theme parks , a golf course , an entertainment complex , and seven Disney resort hotels . It is the only resort out of the United States fully owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company Its properties sit on 4,940 acres ( 20.0 km ) , listed below , and are divided into parks and shopping centers . Hong Kong Disneyland Resort ( edit ) Main article : Hong Kong Disneyland Resort Hong Kong Disneyland Resort , Disney 's fifth resort and its second in Asia , opened September 12 , 2005 . The resort is located in Penny 's Bay , Lantau Island , Hong Kong . The resort consists of Hong Kong Disneyland theme park , Inspiration Lake Recreation Centre , and three hotels , with land reserved for future expansion . It is owned and operated by Hong Kong International Theme Parks , an incorporated company jointly owned by The Walt Disney Company and the Government of Hong Kong . The first phase of Hong Kong Disneyland Resort occupies 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) . Shanghai Disney Resort ( edit ) Main article : Shanghai Disney Resort In November 2009 , Disney received approval from the central government of China to build a Disney theme park , Shanghai Disneyland Park , in Shanghai 's Pudong district . `` China is one of the most dynamic , exciting and important countries in the world and this approval marks a very significant milestone for Walt Disney Co in mainland China , '' said Robert Iger , president and CEO of Disney . The resort opened on June 16 , 2016 . A groundbreaking ceremony took place on April 7 , 2011 . Other ventures ( edit ) Disneyland International , Inc. oversees foreign projects and was previously based ( c. 1987 ) at a French Quarter mansion located atop the Pirates of the Caribbean ride in Disneyland Park which became an art gallery . Three World of Disney retail stores managed by the Parks and Resorts merchandise division . Disney Regional Entertainment , defunct subsidiary that attempted local based entertainment concept chains , DisneyQuest , Club Disney and ESPN Zone . New Vacation Operations ( edit ) Disney Cruise Line and New Vacation Operations division holds newer non-theme park travel units under president Karl Holz . Disney Vacation Club , a timeshare program that includes several themed resorts within Disneyland Resort , Walt Disney World Resort , Hong Kong Disneyland Resort plus Disney 's Aulani Resort , Disney 's Hilton Head Island Resort , and Disney 's Vero Beach Resort . Adventures by Disney , a program of all - inclusive , guided vacation tour packages offered at predominantly non-Disney sites around the world . Disney Cruise Line ( edit ) Main article : Disney Cruise Line Disney Cruise Line was formed in 1995 . Its fleet comprises four ships : Disney Magic ( launched 1998 ) , Disney Wonder ( 1999 ) , Disney Dream ( 2011 ) , and Disney Fantasy ( 2012 ) . In early 2016 , Disney Cruise Line announced two new ships that will be completed in 2021 and 2023 . The two ships , as yet unnamed , are described as larger than Disney Dream and Disney Fantasy but with an equivalent number of staterooms . Each ship was designed and built in collaboration with Walt Disney Imagineering . Disney Cruise Line serves the Caribbean , Mexican Riviera , and Alaskan cruises market . Disney Sports Enterprises ( edit ) Disney Sports Enterprises Formerly called Disney Sports Attractions Industry Sports Founder Reggie Williams . Key people Maribeth Bisienere ( senior vice president ) Services road race sports events Divisions ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex runDisney Website disneyparks.disney.go.com Disney Sports Enterprises , formerly called Disney Sports Attractions , is the unit of Disney Parks and Resorts for Disney 's sports functions and is made up of the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex and the runDisney program . Dse background ( edit ) Disney Golf facilities date back to the opening of Disney World with two golf courses , the Palm and Magnolia courses . At the time , those courses started hosting the Walt Disney World Open Invitational , an annual PGA tour event . In 1994 , Disney held the Walt Disney World Marathon , its first road race added addition races later . Disneyland Marathon and 5K were run in 1995 three weeks after the LA Marathon on March 26 , 1995 . In 1995 , Disney World had IMS Events , Inc. build the Walt Disney World Speedway . Disney 's Wide World of Sports opened in 1997 under executive Reggie Williams . Dse History ( edit ) By 1998 , Williams was named Vice President of Disney Sports Attractions , overseeing a newly created sports & recreation division . The first 10K Disney Classic race on October 3 , 1999 , kicked off Disney World 's 15 - month Millennium Celebration . On March 30 , 2003 , Sports Attractions held the first Disney Inline Marathon . runDisney races Race weekend month location Inaugurated Disney World Marathon January Disney World Princess Half - Marathon February 2009 Star Wars Half Marathon -- The Dark Side April 2016 Wine & Dine Half - Marathon November Tinker Bell Half - Marathon May Disneyland Disneyland Half - Marathon September ( Labor Day weekend ) Avengers Super Heroes Half Marathon November 2014 Star Wars Half Marathon -- The Light Side January 2015 Disneyland Paris Half Marathon September Disneyland Paris 2016 On November 21 , 2007 , Reggie Williams retired as vice president of Disney Sports Attractions . His replacement was named on January 3 , 2008 , when Ken Potrock was promoted to Senior Vice President , Disney Sports Enterprises . On February 25 , 2010 , Disney 's Wide World of Sports was renamed ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex with some upgrades and new facilities . On September 25 , 2011 , Disney started its lease of its five Disney World golf courses ( Palm , Magnolia , Lake Buena Vista , Osprey Ridge , and Oak Trail ) to Arnold Palmer Golf Management to operate for 20 years while splitting the revenue . As part of the deal , Arnold Palmer would redesign the Palm course . The Orlando market for golf had a glut of course from the building boom then bust making profitability a challenge for any golf course . Disney hoped that Palmer 's involvement and `` Palmer Advantage '' membership club would draw more attention to Disney 's course . With the Osprey Ridge course sold to Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts to build a hotel , which was delayed until 2014 , the golf management company would run the course until hotel construction begins . While another golf course , the Eagle Pines , was closed several years ago to make way for a residential housing subdivision development called Golden Oak being built in 2011 . In January 2013 , Ken Petrock was promoted to Disney Vacation Club and Adventures by Disney Senior VP & GM while Tom Wolber , Disney Cruise Line Senior VP / Operations , was promoted to replace Petrock at Disney Sports . In late June 2015 , the Walt Disney World Speedway was shut down . Training ( edit ) Founded by Walt Disney in 1955 , each new employee at a Disney theme park is trained at a Disney University . Before classes and on - the - job training specific to the job they will be performing in the park , each employee attends the `` Disney Traditions '' course where they learn of the philosophies and history of Disney 's guest services . Abandoned and misreported concepts ( edit ) Disney had plans to build Walt Disney 's Riverfront Square in St. Louis . In July 1965 , Disney canceled the project . In the 1960s , Disney initiated a plan for a ski resort at Mineral King in California . Opposition from environmental groups led by the Sierra Club led to a temporary court injunction in 1969 and legal battles through the 1970s . The project 's planning and scale changed multiple times , and in 1978 , Mineral King was annexed into Sequoia National Park , ending any possibility of developing a ski resort . Disney reportedly had plans to build a park named Disney 's America . The park was to have been located in Haymarket , Virginia , but local opposition to the idea persuaded Disney to abandon the idea in 1994 . On September 28 , 1994 , Michael Eisner announced that Disney was canceling its plans to build Disney 's America after a bruising national media fight with Protect Historic America and aggressive local opposition in Virginia from Protect Prince William and other citizen groups . Disney had plans to build a Disneyland in Sydney , Australia , between 2007 and 2008 with the proposed name `` Disney Wharf at Sydney Harbour '' , but the concept was abandoned due to mixed responses in the New South Wales Government . In early January 2011 , conflicting reports emerged regarding Disney 's involvement in a proposed entertainment complex in Haifa , Israel , whose plans include a small ( 30,000 square meter ) amusement park scheduled to open in 2013 . The project will be partially funded by Shamrock Holdings , a Disney - affiliated investment firm . In the wake of reports from Israeli business newspaper Globes and industry newswire Amusement Management that Disney itself would be involved in the project 's development , a spokesperson for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts clarified to Fast Company that Disney did not have any plans to involve itself in the building of the park . Future projects ( edit ) It was reported in August 2014 that beginning in 2015 , Disney planned to expand the presence of Star Wars throughout their theme parks ( though it was initially unclear which parks ) and could also create an entire theme park area dedicated to the film franchise . Disney Chairman and CEO Bob Iger indicated that plans were to match what Universal Orlando did when they expanded and added a Harry Potter themed section to two of their theme parks . In 2012 , Disney acquired Lucasfilm , which includes the rights to the Star Wars franchise and Indiana Jones franchise ( which is also expected to see an increase in presence at the theme parks ) , and in December 2015 , Disney released Star Wars : The Force Awakens , the first of a new trilogy of films . Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge was announced on August 15 , 2015 as Star Wars Land , and is currently under construction at the Disneyland Resort in California and Disney 's Hollywood Studios in Florida . Both lands are set to open in 2019 . At D23 Expo 2017 , Disney Parks chairman Bob Chapek revealed Galaxy 's Edge as the area 's official name , announcing an attraction set inside the hangar bay of a First Order Star Destroyer . The Disneyland version of Galaxy 's Edge is currently slated to open first , with the Walt Disney World version following later in 2019 . In addition , it was announced that a Star Wars - themed hotel and resort are planned for Walt Disney World ; the company aims for guest experiences to be `` 100 % immersive '' , with Chapek claiming that each guest 's stay will `` culminate in a unique journey '' . Toy Story Land is currently under construction at Disney 's Hollywood Studios in Florida and Shanghai Disneyland . In September 2011 , Walt Disney Parks and Resorts announced plans to partner with filmmaker James Cameron and his Lightstorm Entertainment production company , along with 20th Century Fox , to develop theme park attractions based on Cameron 's Avatar film franchise , with the first installation planned for Disney 's Animal Kingdom at Walt Disney World , in the form of a themed land . While no specific plans or attractions were announced , construction on the new area was expected to begin by 2013 . Disney also secured exclusive global theme parks rights to the Avatar franchise . The expansion , named `` Pandora -- The World of Avatar '' , opened May 27 , 2017 . Both Hong Kong Disneyland Resort and Disneyland Paris have room for future expansion . Disney has made announcements regarding plans for another American theme park and CEO Robert Iger frequently has cited international expansion as one of the company 's three strategic priorities . Properties outside Disney Parks ( edit ) Due to its acquisitions of Marvel Entertainment in 2009 and Lucasfilm in 2012 , some Disney - owned franchises are represented in its competitors ' parks . Marvel Super Hero Island , a themed land featuring characters and settings from Marvel Comics , has operated at Universal Orlando Resort 's Islands of Adventure park since 1999 , as well as the Islands of Adventure cloned ride The Amazing Adventures of Spider - Man at Universal Studios Japan since 2004 . Under Marvel 's 1994 agreement with Universal Parks & Resorts in regional terms , none of the Marvel characters and other persons related to such characters ( e.g. , side characters , team members , and the villains associated with the Avengers , Fantastic Four , X-Men , Spider - Man , etc . ) connected with Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Japan can be used at Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney Resort . Disneyland Resort , Walt Disney World , and Tokyo Disney also can not use the Marvel name as part of an attraction or marketing and the Marvel - themed simulator ride . This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet and greets with Marvel characters not associated with the ones at Islands of Adventure , such as Star - Lord and Gamora from Guardians of the Galaxy as well as Baymax and Hiro from Big Hero 6 . Hong Kong Disneyland , Shanghai Disneyland , and Disneyland Paris either have or planned to incorporate meet and greets as well as attractions relating to the Marvel characters , as well as using the Marvel name and the Marvel simulator ride . A Star Wars - themed section of Legoland California 's Miniland USA opened in 2011 , with a similar version opening at Legoland Florida in November 2012 , just weeks after Disney 's acquisition of Lucasfilm and the Star Wars franchise . Adaptations ( edit ) While Disney Parks generally adapt movies into rides , some Disney Park attractions and a theme land have been adapted into movies , books , comic books , and television pilots . Disney Productions , now the Walt Disney Company , entered the TV field with a network TV show named after Disneyland ( which was then its only park , and was being built at the time ) , in order to fund the park . In this series , some episodes featured the park or a park attraction . The Walt Disney Company pioneered and is the only film company and theme park company to have converted theme park attractions to film productions . However , lackluster results were achieved for most of these films except for the Pirates Of The Caribbean series . Disney Pictures made two Pirates Of The Caribbean sequels in 2006 and 2011 that made over a billion - dollar at the box office . At first , Disney had merely dabbled with this type of film . Disney Telefilms made the first movie - based - on - ride , Tower of Terror , for the Wonderful World of Disney anthology television series in 1997 . In 2000 , Touchstone Pictures made Mission to Mars based on the closed ride of the same name . Walt Disney Pictures took the Country Bear Jamboree attraction and made it into The Country Bears in 2002 . In 2003 , Disney Pictures issued two ride - based films in Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl and The Haunted Mansion . Pirates of the Caribbean launched a film series and a franchise . After four Pirates sequels , the franchise took in more than $5.4 billion worldwide . Disney Publishing Worldwide started mining Disney Parks with its The Kingdom Keepers series . The first novel of the series , Disney after Dark , was released in 2005 . A five - book series was laid out by Pearson , but was extended to seven with the first book 's success . With the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise as Disney Pictures ' top franchise , the company had been looking for additional projects in this category for a decade . Disney Pictures took another push at additional adaptations in the 2010s . By November 2010 , Jon Favreau had been tapped to develop the Magic Kingdom park into a `` Night at the Museum '' like film , with Strike Entertainment signed on to produce it after a script by Ronald D. Moore was turned down . Another Haunted Mansion film was in the works with Guillermo del Toro as of August 2012 . Mr. Toad 's Wild Ride ride film was in the works at Disney Pictures by January 2013 . Tomorrowland , first to be loosely based on a theme park area , was announced in January 2013 for a December 2014 release . Also in 2013 , American Broadcasting Company had ordered a pilot based on Big Thunder Mountain Railroad . It 's A Small World was added to the list of known projects in April 2014 . Tower of Terror was given a theatrical treatment by John August under producer Jim Whitaker in October 2015 , while the long - in - production Jungle Cruise gained an actor . Marvel Publishing with Disney announced in October 2013 that in January 2014 it would release its first comic book title under their joint `` Disney Kingdoms '' imprint `` Seekers of the Weird '' , a five - issue miniseries inspired by a never built Disneyland attraction Museum of the Weird . On March 31 , 2015 , the first novel in The Kingdom Keeper sequel trilogy series was released . See also ( edit ) Universal Parks & Resorts , Disney 's major competitor in the theme park industry References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Detail by Entity Name : Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide , Inc '' . SunBiz.org . Florida Department of State Division of Corporations . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Brooks ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Names Robert Chapek Chairman for Theme Parks '' . 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Jump up ^ The New York Times , January 13 , 1990 . Page 37 . Jump up ^ The New York Times , January 26 , 1990 . Page D4 . Jump up ^ The New York Times , March 17 , 1990 . Page 37 . Jump up ^ Business Week , January 29 , 2001 . Page 58 . Jump up ^ The New York Times , August 1 , 1990 . Page D4 . Jump up ^ The New York Times , March 7 , 1992 . Page 49 . Jump up ^ `` Vacation Club Resort , Vero Beach , Florida '' . Page 584 . Disney A to Z - The Updated Official Encyclopedia , by Dave Smith , 1998 . Via Chronology of Walt Disney Company ( End of 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Work in Progress , by Michael Eisner , 1998 . Page 321 . Jump up ^ The New York Times , November 12 , 1993 . Page A14 . Jump up ^ Disney War , by James Stewart , 2005 . Page 190 . Jump up ^ Pages 23 , 28 . Disney Magazine . Fall 2000 . Accessed on April 18 , 2016 . Page 16 . Disney Magazine , Winter 2000 - 2001 . Jump up ^ http://kpolsson.com/disnehis/disn2002.htm Disney Magazine , Spring 2003 , Volume 8 , Number 2 . Page 29 . 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Chronology of the Walt Disney Company . Ken Polsson . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Walt Disney - An American Original , by Bob Thomas , 1994 . Jump up ^ Building a Company - Roy O. Disney and the Creation of an Entertainment Empire , by Bob Thomas , 1998 . Pages 278 , 279 , 281 - 282 . ^ Jump up to : Walt Disney - An American Original , by Bob Thomas , 1994 . Page 337 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( 1994 ) . Walt Disney - An American Original . p. 357 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Smith , Dave ; Clark , Steven ( 2002 ) . Disney - The First 100 Years ( updated ed . ) . p. 103 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cooper , M ; Friedman , D ( May 28 , 1990 ) . `` Empire of the Sun '' . U.S. News & World Report . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum 's Walt Disney World 1997 . Hearst Business Publishing . 1996 . p. 15 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Smith , Dave ( 1996 ) . Disney A to Z - The Official Encyclopedia . p. 103,191,397 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Smith , Dave ( 1996 ) . Disney A to Z - The Official Encyclopedia . p. 209 . Retrieved from Polsson , Ken . `` Chronology of Walt Disney World '' . Chronology of the Walt Disney Company ( 1972 - 1982 ) . Ken Polsson . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Dave ( 1996 ) . Disney A to Z - The Official Encyclopedia . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Disney A to Z - The Updated Official Encyclopedia , by Dave Smith , 1998 . Jump up ^ Disney Magazine , Summer 1999 . Page 85 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum 's Walt Disney World 1997 , by Hearst Business Publishing , 1996 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney World , by The Walt Disney Company , 1994 ? . Jump up ^ The New York Times , June 4 , 1980 . Page D1 . Jump up ^ Forbes , March 6 , 1989 , Volume 143 . Page 42 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney - Hollywood 's Dark Prince , by Marc Eliot , 1993 . Retrieved from Polsson , Ken . `` Chronology of Walt Disney World ( 1983 - 1989 ) '' . Chronology of the Walt Disney Company . Ken Polsson . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Canadian Coin News , October 27 , 1987 , Volume 25 , Number 13 . Page 1 . Jump up ^ Building a Dream - The Art of Disney Architecture , by Beth Dunlop , 1996 . Pages 63 , 66 . Jump up ^ The New York Times , January 28 , 1988 . Page C1 . Jump up ^ Disney A to Z - The Official Encyclopedia , by Dave Smith , 1996 . Page 387 . Jump up ^ Prince of the Magic Kingdom , by Joe Flower , 1991 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney World - 20 Magical Years , by the Walt Disney Company , 1991 / 2 ? . Jump up ^ Page D5 . The New York Times , May 1 , 1989 , Volume 138 , Number 47857 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum 's Walt Disney World 1997 , by Hearst Business Publishing , 1996 . Page 18 . Jump up ^ Orlando Attractions , Summer 2009 . Page 33 . Jump up ^ Disney A to Z - The Official Encyclopedia , by Dave Smith , 1996 . Page 132 . Jump up ^ Disney A to Z - The Official Encyclopedia , by Dave Smith , 1996 . Page 324 . Jump up ^ The Disney Magazine , Fall 1995 , Volume 30 , Number 4 . Page 43 . Retrieved from Polsson , Ken . `` Chronology of Walt Disney World ( 1990 - 1994 ) '' . Chronology of the Walt Disney Company . Ken Polsson . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The New York Times , January 16 , 1990 . Page D8 . ^ Jump up to : Disney A to Z - The Official Encyclopedia , by Dave Smith , 1996 . Jump up ^ Disney Magazine , Summer 2001 . Page 39 . Jump up ^ The Disney Magazine , Spring 1996 , Volume 31 , Number 2 . Page 18 . Disney A to Z - The Updated Official Encyclopedia , by Dave Smith , 1998 . Page 584 . Retrieved from Polsson , Ken . `` Chronology of Walt Disney World ( 1995 - end ) '' . Chronology of the Walt Disney Company . Ken Polsson . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum 's Walt Disney World 1997 , by Hearst Business Publishing , 1996 . Page 192 . Jump up ^ Building a Dream - The Art of Disney Architecture , by Beth Dunlop , 1996 . Page 192 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney World Speedway . Disney A to Z - The Updated Official Encyclopedia , by Dave Smith , 1998 . Page 597 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum 's Walt Disney World 1997 , by Hearst Business Publishing , 1996 . Page 181 . Jump up ^ Boardwalk . Page 62 . ( 1996 ) . Disney A to Z - The Official Encyclopedia , by Dave Smith . Jump up ^ Smith , Dave . World of Disney . Page 62 . ( 1999 ) . Disney A to Z - The Updated Official Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Disney Magazine , Spring 1998 . Page 31 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Disney . 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2558187666640656558	History of Delhi	History of Delhi - Wikipedia History of Delhi See also : Timeline of Delhi Historical Region of North India Delhi Location Delhi State established : 736 CE Language Khariboli , Hindi , Urdu , Punjabi , English Dynasties Tomara Dynasty ( 736 - 1160 ) Chauhans of Shakambhari ( 1160 - 1206 ) Mamluk ( 1206 -- 1289 ) Khalji ( 1290 -- 1320 ) Tughlaqs ( 1320 -- 1413 ) Sayyids ( 1414 -- 51 ) Lodis ( 1451 -- 1526 ) Mughals ( 1526 -- 1540 ) Suris ( 1540 - 1553 ) Hindu - Hemu ( 1553 -- 56 ) Mughals ( 1556 - 1757 ) Marathas ( 1757 - 1803 ) Company Rule ( 1803 - 1857 ) British ( 1857 -- 1947 ) Independence ( 1947 -- Present ) The Indian capital city of Delhi has a long history , and has been an important political centre of India as the capital of several empires . Much of Delhi 's ancient history finds no record and this may be regarded as a lost period of its history . Extensive coverage of Delhi 's history begins with the onset of the Delhi Sultanate in the 12th century . Since then , Delhi has been the centre of a succession of mighty empires and powerful kingdoms , making Delhi one of the longest serving Capitals and one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world . It is considered to be a city built , destroyed and rebuilt several times , as outsiders who successfully invaded the Indian Subcontinent would ransack the existing capital city in Delhi , and those who came to conquer and stay would be so impressed by the city 's strategic location as to make it their capital and rebuild it in their own way . The core of Delhi 's tangible heritage is Hindu , Islamic ( spanning over seven centuries of Islamic rule over the city ) with expansive British - era architecture in Lutyens ' Delhi dating to the British rule in India . Significant prehistoric sites in Delhi include Anangpur ( in the Badarpur region ) , as well as Harappan excavations near Narela and Nand Nagari . References to Delhi 's history in ancient literature are based on myths and legends . According to the Hindu epic Mahabharata , a city called Indraprastha , `` City of the God Indra '' , was the capital of the Pandavas . There is a strong belief that Purana Qila was built over the site of ancient Indraprastha . Northern Black Polished Ware ( c. 700 - 200 BCE ) have been excavated at the site , and pieces of Painted Grey Ware were found on the surface , suggesting an even older settlement , possibly going back to ca . 1000 BCE . In 1966 , an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka ( 273 - 236 BCE ) was discovered near Srinivaspur . Two sandstone pillars inscribed with the edicts of Ashoka were brought to by Firuz Shah Tughluq in the 14th century . The famous Iron pillar near the Qutub Minar was commissioned by the emperor Kumara Gupta I of the Gupta dynasty ( 320 - 540 CE ) and transplanted to Delhi during the 10th century . Contents 1 Cities of Delhi 2 Early history 3 8th century to 16th century 4 16th century to 19th century 5 Further reading 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Cities of Delhi ( edit ) Historic map of Shahjahanabad ( now known as Old Delhi ) , in 1863 It is popularly said that Delhi was the site for a total of seven different cities between 3000 BCE and the 17th century BCE , although taking smaller towns and strongholds into account , as many as 15 settlements can be identified . All the earlier locations of Delhi fall within an area commonly called the ' Delhi Triangle , ' bounded on the south and the west by the Aravalli Range , known as the Delhi Ridge , and to the east by the Yamuna River . Notable settlements to have been established in the region include : Indraprastha , supposedly built by the Pandavas . Surajkund ( Anangpur ) , Tomar city dating from the 9th or 10th century , where a large masonry tank can be found . Lalkot , built ca . 1052 A.D. by the Tomara ruler , Anangpal . In ca . 1180 A.D. Prithviraj Chauhan extended and fortified it as a defence against invaders ; the city then became known as Qila Rai Pithora . This area , now called as Mehrauli , was also the seat of the Mamluk ( Slave ) dynasty . Siri , first established as a camp for protection against invading Mongols by Alauddin Khalji , and fortified in about ca . 1303 A.D. Tughluqabad , built by Ghiyasuddin Tughluq in ca . 1320 A.D. A subsidiary fort Adilabad was built by his son Muhammad bin Tughlaq in ca . 1325 A.D. Jahanpanah , Refuge of the World , name given to the area enclosed by walling - in of the suburbs between Qila Rai Pithora and Siri , built by Muhammad bin Tughluq in ca . 1325 A.D. Ferozabad , built by Firuz Shah Tughluq in ca . 1354 A.D. ; all that remains is the palace , known as Feroz Shah Kotla . Feroz Shah 's building activity indicates that the suburbs were still occupied ; major mosques were built inside Jahanpanah ( Khirki and Begumpur ) and Nizamuddin ; and the area around Khalji reservoir Hauz Khas was developed . Dinpanah built by Humayun and Shergarh built by Sher Shah Suri , both in the area near the speculated site of the legendary Indraprastha ( 1538 -- 1545 ) . Shahjahanabad , the walled city built by Shah Jahan from 1638 to 1649 , containing the Lal Qila and the Chandni Chowk . It was the capital of the Mughal Empire during Shah Jahan 's reign . It is presently referred to as `` Old Delhi '' . Lutyens ' Delhi or New Delhi , the city built by the British on the south - west , declared Capital on 12 December 1911 . On 12 December 2011 New Delhi celebrated 100 years of serving as India 's National Capital . Early Political History of Delhi , 1060 - 1947 Modern Delhi , referred to as ' Dilli ' locally , derived from its historical name Dhili , is an amalgam all of the above . Officially , however , only seven of the above - mentioned settlements are recognised as historical cities with distinct identities and indigenous heritage : Qila Rai Pithora , Mehrauli , Siri , Tughlaqabad , Ferozabad , Dinpanah and Shahjahanabad . The rest are not officially identified as Cities of Delhi because of some specific reasons . Indraprastha , the legendary Ancient City is believed to have been established 5000 years ago ( c. 2800 BC ) , as per the ancient Indian text - the Mahabharata . Though very much a part of India 's very Ancient history , it lacks any tangible evidence to say without doubt that it existed . Archaeological evidence exists , but in such scarcity as be inconclusive . As acknowledged by British historian Michael Wood in his BBC documentary The Story of India , the excavated ceramic pottery from the site of today 's Purana Qila in Delhi and the excavated layers of the ancient city seem to match what the verses of the Mahabharata indicate . More possible evidence in its favour is the existence of a village named Indraprastha very close to the Purana Qila that was destroyed by the British during the construction of Lutyens ' Delhi . Jahanpanah is not considered as a City of Delhi because it is very much in ruins and too diffused now to be considered a distinct city . Moreover , sections of the city still standing are now counted in Siri or Mehrauli . Lodi Complex is not counted as a distinct city because their architectures are too few to be counted as a whole city . The Sayyid and Lodhi dynasties that followed the Tughlak dynasty were far more concerned with restoring stability than patronisation of arts or architecture . Tombs erected in the honour of the rulers are the only monuments of these times and these are scattered all over current South and Central Delhis . New Delhi , the Capital city of modern India is also not counted as a City of Delhi because the structures of those times are still in use as government buildings . So there seems no such thing as `` history '' about it . Early history ( edit ) The ancient Yogmaya Temple , claimed to be one of the five temples of Mahabharata days in Delhi . The iron pillar of Delhi , is said to have been fashioned at the time of Chandragupta Vikramaditya ( 375 -- 413 ) of the Gupta Empire . According to Indian folklore , Delhi was the site of the magnificent and opulent Indraprastha , capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata , founded around 3500 BC . It was , one of the five prasthas or ` plains ' , which included Sonepat , Panipat , Tilpat ( near Faridabad ) , and Baghpat . 16th - century , Persian historian , Firishta , recorded a tradition that Delhi or Dilli was founded by a Raja Dhilu before the Yavana ( Greek ) invasions . However , it should be noted that the kings then referred to the initial Muslim invaders as Yavanas . Hindu texts state that the city of Delhi used to be referred to in Sanskrit as Hasthinapur , which means `` elephant - city '' . The name Delhi may be derived from the word ' Dhillika ' , though there are other theories . According to Satyarth Prakash ( 1874 ) of Swami Dayanand , Raja Dhilu ( King Dihlu ) founded ancient Delhi in 800 BCE . It was the name of the first medieval township of Delhi , located on the southwestern border of the present Delhi , in Mehrauli . This was the first in the series of seven medieval cities . It is also known as Yoginipura , that is , the fortress of the Yoginis ( female divinities ) . It gained importance during the time of Anangpal Tomar . In the 12th century , the city was included in the dominions of Prithviraj Chauhan . Pasanaha Chariu of Vibudh Shridhar ( VS 1189 - 1230 ) an Apabhramsha writer , provides the first reference to the legend of the origin of the name Dhilli for Delhi . हरियाणए देसे असंखगाम , गामियण जणि अणवरथ काम परचक्क विहट्टणु सिरिसंघट्टणु , जो सुरव इणा परिगणियं रिउ रुहिरावट्टणु बिउलु पवट्टणु , ढिल्ली नामेण जि भणियं Translation : There are countless villages in Haryana country . The villagers there work hard . They do n't accept domination of others , and are experts in making the blood of their enemies flow . Indra himself praises this country . The capital of this country is Dhilli . जहिं असिवर तोडिय रिउ कवालु , णरणाहु पसिद्धउ अणंगवालु वलभर कम्पाविउ णायरायु , माणिणियण मणसंजनीय Translation : The ruler Anangapal is famous , he can slay his enemies with his sword . The weight ( of the Iron pillar ) caused the Nagaraj to shake . A VS 1383 inscription in Delhi Museum confirms the founding of Delhi by the Tomars : देशोऽस्ति हरियानाख्यो पॄथिव्यां स्वर्गसन्निभः ढिल्लिकाख्या पुरी तत्र तोमरैरस्ति निर्मिता Prithviraj Raso also confirms the founding by the Tomars and the legend of the loose nail : हुं गड्डि गयौ किल्ली सज्जीव हल्लाय करी ढिल्ली सईव फिरि व्यास कहै सुनि अनंगराइ भवितव्य बात मेटी न जाइ 8th century to 16th century ( edit ) See also : Delhi Sultanate The bastion of Lal Kot fort in Delhi 's Mehrauli built by Tomara Rajput ruler , Anangpal in c . AD 736 . The Qutub Minar is the world 's tallest brick minaret at 72.5 metres , built by Qutb - ud - din Aibak of Turkic Slave dynasty in 1192 . The Tomar dynasty founded Lal Kot in 736 . The Prithviraj Raso names the Tomar Anangpal as the founder of Lal Kot , whose name is inscribed on Iron Pillar of Delhi at Qutb complex , ascribed to Chandra or Chandragupta II . Anangpal Tomar , who , according to historian Augustus Hoernle , was a Rajput ruler of Delhi , often described as the founder of Delhi , built the citadel some 10 kilometres from Suraj Kund . The Chauhan kings of Ajmer conquered Lal Kot in 1180 and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora . Museum and remnants of the walls at Qila Rai Pithora , the first city of Delhi , founded during the 10th century by Prithviraj Chauhan The Chauhan king Prithviraj III was defeated in 1192 by Muhammad Ghori . From 1206 , Delhi became the capital of the Delhi Sultanate under the Slave Dynasty . The first Sultan of Delhi , Qutb - ud - din Aybak , was a former slave who rose through the ranks to become a general , a governor and then Sultan of Delhi . Qutb - ud - din started the construction of the Qutub Minar , a recognisable symbol of Delhi , to commemorate his victory but died before its completion . In the Qutb complex he also constructed the Quwwat - al - Islam ( might of Islam ) , which is the earliest extant mosque in India . He was said to have destroyed twenty - seven Jain temples initially housed in the Qutb complex and pillaged exquisitely carved pillars and building material from their debris for this mosque , many of which can still be seen . After the end of the Slave dynasty , a succession of Turkic Central Asian and Afghan dynasties , the Khalji dynasty , the Tughluq dynasty , the Sayyid dynasty and the Lodi dynasty held power in the late medieval period and built a sequence of forts and townships in Delhi . In 1398 , Timur Lang invaded India on the pretext that the Muslim sultans of Delhi were too tolerant of their Hindu subjects . After defeating the armies of Nasiruddin Mahmud of Tughlaq dynasty , on 15 December 1398 , Timur entered Delhi on 18 December 1398 , and the city was sacked , destroyed , and left in ruins , and over 100,000 war prisoners were killed as well . In 1526 , following the First Battle of Panipat , Zahiruddin Babur , the former ruler of Fergana , defeated the last Afghan Lodi sultan and founded the Mughal dynasty which ruled from Delhi , Agra and Lahore . 16th century to 19th century ( edit ) The India Gate commemorates the 90,000 Indian soldiers who died in the Afghan Wars and World War I . Hemu , Hem Chandra Vikramaditya , the Hindu emperor of North India who resisted Mughals in the 16th century . Jama Masjid built by Shah Jahan , 1656 In the mid-16th century there was an interruption in the Mughal rule of India as Sher Shah Suri defeated Babur 's son Humayun and forced him to flee to Persia . Sher Shah Suri built the sixth city of Delhi , as well as the old fort known as Purana Qila , even though this city was settled since the ancient era . After Sher Shah Suri 's death in 1545 , his son Islam Shah took the reins of north India from Delhi . Islam Shah ruled from Delhi till 1553 when Hindu king Hem Chandra Vikramaditya , also called Hemu , became the Prime Minister and Chief of Army of Adil Shah . Hem Chandra fought and won 22 battles in all against rebels and twice against Akbar 's army in Agra and Delhi , without losing any . After defeating Akbar 's army on 7 October 1556 at Tughlakabad fort area in Battle of Delhi ( 1556 ) , Hemu acceded to Delhi throne and established Hindu Raj in North India for a brief period , and was bestowed with the title ' Vikramaditya ' , at his coronation in Purana Quila , Delhi . The third and greatest Mughal emperor , Akbar , moved the capital to Agra , resulting in a decline in the fortunes of Delhi . In the mid-17th century , the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan ( 1628 -- 1658 ) built the city that sometimes bears his name Shahjahanabad , the seventh city of Delhi that is more commonly known as the old city or old Delhi . This city contains a number of significant architectural features , including the Red Fort ( Lal Qila ) and the Jama Masjid . The old city served as the capital of the later Mughal Empire from 1638 onwards , when Shah Jahan transferred the capital back from Agra . Aurangzeb ( 1658 -- 1707 ) crowned himself as emperor in Delhi in 1658 at the Shalimar garden ( ' Aizzabad - Bagh ) with a second coronation in 1659 . After 1680 , the Mughal Empire 's influence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha Empire rose to prominence . Raghunath Rao , the Maratha peshwa who played a key role in capturing Delhi from the Afghans in the Second Battle of Delhi . In 1737 , Bajirao I marched towards Delhi with a huge army . The Marathas defeated the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi . The Maratha forces sacked Delhi following their victory against the Mughals . In 1739 , the Mughal Empire lost the huge Battle of Karnal in less than three hours against the numerically outnumbered but military superior Persian army led by Nader Shah during his invasion after which he completely sacked and looted Delhi , the Mughal capital , followed by massacre for 2 days , killing over 30,000 civilians and carrying away immense wealth including the Peacock Throne , the Daria - i - Noor , and Koh - i - Noor . Nader eventually agreed to leave the city and India after forcing the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah I to beg him for mercy and granting him the keys of the city and the royal treasury . A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protector of the Mughal throne at Delhi . Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded North India for the fourth time in early 1757 . He entered Delhi in January 1757 and kept the Mughal emperor under arrest . In August 1757 , the Marathas once again attacked Delhi , decisively defeating Najib - ud - Daula and his Rohilla Afghan army in the Second Battle of Delhi . Thus , the Marathas established full control over the city . In 1803 , during the Second Anglo - Maratha War , the forces of British East India Company defeated the Maratha forces in the Third Battle of Delhi , ending the Maratha rule over the city . As a result , Delhi came under the control of British East India Company . Between 1836 and 1858 , Delhi was a part of what then known as the North - Western Provinces . Delhi passed into the direct control of British Government in 1857 after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . The city received significant damage during the 1857 siege . Afterwards , the last titular Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II was exiled to Rangoon and the remaining Mughal territories were annexed as a part of British India . Delhi today The Raj Ghat , where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated . Calcutta was declared the capital of British India but in 1911 at the Delhi Durbar of 1911 , held at the Coronation Park , King George V announced the shifting of the capital back to Delhi . Parts of the old city were New Delhi , a monumental new quarter of the city designed by the British architect Edwin Lutyens to house the government buildings was inaugurated in 1931 after its construction was delayed due to World War I. New Delhi was officially declared as the seat of the Government of India after independence in 1949 . During the Partition of India thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Punjab migrated to Delhi , and subsequently settled in North and West Delhi areas , while Hindus from East Pakistan , settled in the late 1960s at EPDP Colony ( EPDP : East Pakistan Displaced Persons ) in South Delhi , later named Chittaranjan Park in the 1980s . Further reading ( edit ) Hartcourt , A. , Assistant Commissioner Delhi ( 1873 ) . The New guide to Delhi . Lahore , Victoria Press . Fanshawe , H.C. ( 1902 ) . Delhi - Past and Present . London , J. Murray . Fraser , Lovat ( 1903 ) . At Delhi ( An account of the Delhi Durbar , 1903 ) . Bombay : Times of India Press and Thacker . Bardiar , Nilendra . Urban , Cultural , Economic and Social Transformation : History of New Delhi 1947 - 65 ) . New Delhi , Ruby Press & Co . Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 . Hearn , Gordon Risley ( 1906 ) . The Seven Cities of Delhi . W. Thacker & Co. , London . See also ( edit ) Agrasen ki Baoli Gates of Delhi Mehrauli Archaeological Park References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ List of cities by time of continuous habitation # Central and South Asia Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Singh , Upinder ( 2006 ) . Delhi : Ancient History . Berghahn Books . ISBN 9788187358299 . ^ Jump up to : Bosworth , Clifford Edmund ( 2007 ) . Historic Cities of the Islamic World . BRILL . ISBN 9789004153882 . ^ Jump up to : Pletcher , Kenneth . The Geography of India : Sacred and Historic Places. 2010 : The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 9781615301423 . Jump up ^ New Delhi celebrates 100 years Jump up ^ Seven Cities of Delhi Jump up ^ Indraprastha did exist ! The Mahabharata is a reality ! - British historian Michael Wood Jump up ^ Indraprastha Village Jump up ^ Why Lodi Complex is n't counted as a distinct city ? Jump up ^ Balasubramaniam , R. 2002 Jump up ^ Arnold Silcock ; Maxwell Ayrton ( 2003 ) . Wrought iron and its decorative use : with 241 illustrations ( reprint ed . ) . Mineola , N.Y : Dover . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 42326 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Gazetter , p. 233 Jump up ^ Satyarth Prakash - Swami Dayananda Saraswati . Jump up ^ Cohen , Richard J. `` An Early Attestation of the Toponym Ḍhillī '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 1989 : 513 -- 519 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , A. ( 1991 ) . Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology . BRILL . p. 251 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09264 - 1 . Jump up ^ http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/480820/Prithviraja-III Jump up ^ Jāvīd , ʻAlī . `` World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India '' . Pg. 107 . Google Books . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Battuta 's Travels : Delhi , capital of Muslim India Archived 23 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Islamic World to 1600 : The Mongol Invasions ( The Timurid Empire ) Archived 16 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hunter , Sir William Wilson ( 1909 ) . `` The Indian Empire : Timur 's invasion 1398 '' . The Imperial Gazetteer of India . 2 . p. 366 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Amelia . Rajasthan , Delhi and Agra . Lonely Planet . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 690 - 8 . Jump up ^ Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707 - 1813 Jump up ^ History Modern India Jump up ^ Soul and Structure of Governance in India . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Stewart . The Marathas 1600 -- 1818 , Volume 2 . Cambridge University Press , 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26883 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009 , Showick Thorpe Edgar Thorpe Jump up ^ Mayaram , Shail . Against history , against state : counterperspectives from the margins Cultures of history . Columbia University Press , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12731 - 8 . Jump up ^ A brief but fascinating account of the Indian contractors behind this constructed a Little Malice . Bibliography ( edit ) Kishore , Raghav ( 2016 ) . `` Planning , traffic and the city : railway development in colonial Delhi , c. 1899 -- 1905 '' . Urban History : 1 -- 17 . doi : 10.1017 / S0963926816000353 . `` History of Delhi District '' . The Imperial Gazetteer of India , Vol. 11 . Oxford at Clarendon Press . 1909 . p. 225 . Kapoor , Pramod ; Malvika Singh ; Rudrangshu Mukherjee ( 2009 ) . New Delhi : Making of a Capital . Lustre Press . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7436 - 574 - 3 . Byron , Robert ( 1931 ) . New Delhi . The Architectural Review , Westminster . External links ( edit ) Delhi ( 1938 ) , a documentary by BFI archives `` Scenes from Delhi ( Silent film , 18 : 16 - 23.27 ) '' . University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Films . c. 1930 . Land and Acquisition Act of 1894 , under which the new city of Delhi was acquired The agreement of construction of new city of Delhi with original signatures of Herbert Baker and Edwin Luteyns Delhi topics Topics History Government Economy Tourism Education Sport Transport Neighbourhoods History Timeline Indraprastha Hastinapur Tomaras Chauhan Prithviraj Raso Islamic invasions of India Delhi Sultanate Slave dynasty Khalji dynasty Tughluq dynasty Sayyid dynasty Lodhi dynasty Sher Shah Suri Mughal dynasty Maratha Empire British East India Company Bahadur Shah Zafar Indian rebellion of 1857 British Raj Viceroy of India Indian independence movement Partition of India New Delhi Government and localities Government Legislative Assembly Lt. 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-5717814368450441242	James J. Braddock	James J. Braddock - wikipedia James J. Braddock Jump to : navigation , search James Walter Braddock Statistics Real name James Walter Braddock Nickname ( s ) Bulldog of Bergen Pride of the Irish Pride of New Jersey Cinderella Man Weight ( s ) Middleweight Light heavyweight Heavyweight Height 6 ft 2 ⁄ in ( 1.89 m ) Reach 75 in ( 191 cm ) Nationality American ( 1905 - 06 - 07 ) June 7 , 1905 New York City , New York , U.S. November 29 , 1974 ( 1974 - 11 - 29 ) ( aged 69 ) North Bergen , New Jersey , U.S. Stance Orthodox Boxing record Total fights 85 Wins 50 Wins by KO 25 Losses 26 Draws 7 No contests James Walter `` Cinderella Man '' Braddock ( June 8 , 1905 -- November 29 , 1974 ) was an American boxer who was the world heavyweight champion from 1935 to 1937 . Fighting under the name James J. Braddock ( ostensibly to follow the pattern set by two prior world boxing champions , James J. Corbett and James J. Jeffries ) , Braddock was known for his spoiling , counterpunching style , powerful right hand and his iron chin . He had lost several bouts due to chronic hand injuries and was forced to work on the docks and collect social assistance to feed his family during the Great Depression . He made a comeback , and in 1935 he fought Max Baer for the Heavyweight title and won . For this unlikely feat he was given the nickname `` Cinderella Man '' by Damon Runyon . Braddock was managed by Joe Gould . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Baer versus Jim J. Braddock 2.2 Heavyweight Champion 3 Personal life 4 Death and legacy 5 Professional boxing record 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Braddock was born in Hell 's Kitchen in New York City on West 48th Street . He was one of seven children being raised by both immigrant parents ; Irish mother Elizabeth O'Tool and Anglo - Irish father Joseph Braddock . He stated his life 's early ambition was to play football for Knute Rockne at the University of Notre Dame , but he had `` more brawn than brains . '' Career ( edit ) Braddock pursued boxing , turning pro at the age of 21 , fighting as a light heavyweight . The first fight Braddock fought in a ring occurred on November 27 , 1923 . After three years , Braddock 's record was 44 -- 2 -- 2 , with 21 knockouts . In 1928 he pulled off a major upset by knocking out highly regarded Tuffy Griffiths . The following year he earned a chance to fight for the title , but he narrowly lost to Tommy Loughran in a 15 - round decision . Braddock was greatly depressed by the loss and badly fractured his right hand in several places in the process . His career suffered as a result , as did his disposition . His record for the next 33 fights fell to 11 -- 20 -- 2 . With his family in poverty during the Great Depression , Braddock had to give up boxing for a little while and worked as a longshoreman . Due to frequent injuries to his right hand , Braddock compensated by using his left hand during his longshoreman work , and it gradually became stronger than his right . He always remembered the humiliation of having to accept government relief money , but was inspired by the Catholic Worker Movement , a Christian social justice organization founded by Dorothy Day and Peter Maurin in 1933 to help the homeless and hungry . After his boxing comeback , Braddock returned the welfare money he had received and made frequent donations to various Catholic Worker Houses , including feeding homeless guests with his family . Baer versus Jim J. Braddock ( edit ) Braddock ( left ) and Joe Gould ( center ) , training as officers at the Atlantic Coast Transportation Corps Officers Training School in Fort Slocum , New York In 1934 Braddock was given a fight with the highly touted John `` Corn '' Griffin . Although Braddock was intended simply as a stepping stone in Griffin 's career , he knocked out the `` Ozark Cyclone '' in the third round . Braddock then fought John Henry Lewis , a future light heavyweight champion . He won in one of the most important fights of his career . After defeating another highly regarded heavyweight contender , Art Lasky , whose nose he broke during the bout on March 22 , 1935 , Braddock was given a title fight against the World Heavyweight Champion , Max Baer . Baer hardly trained for the bout . Braddock , on the other hand , was training hard . `` I 'm training for a fight . Not a boxing contest or a clownin ' contest or a dance '' , he said . `` Whether it goes 1 round or 3 rounds or 10 rounds , it will be a fight and a fight all the way ... When you 've been through what I 've had to face in the last two years , a Max Baer or a Bengal tiger looks like a house pet . He might come at me with a cannon and a blackjack and he would still be a picnic compared to what I 've had to face . '' Considered little more than a journeyman fighter , Braddock was hand - picked by Baer 's handlers because he was seen as an easy payday for the champion , despite his recent impressive victories . Instead , on June 13 , 1935 , at Madison Square Garden Bowl , Braddock won the Heavyweight Championship of the World as the 10 - to - 1 underdog in what was called `` the greatest fistic upset since the defeat of John L. Sullivan by Jim Corbett '' . During the fight , a dogged Braddock took a few heavy hits from the powerful younger champion ( 30 years vs 26 years for Baer ) , but Braddock kept coming , wearing down Baer , who seemed perplexed by Braddock 's ability to take a punch . In the end , the judges gave Braddock the title with a unanimous decision . Heavyweight champion ( edit ) Braddock suffered from problems with his arthritic hands after injuries throughout his career and , in 1936 , his title defense in Madison Square Garden against the German Max Schmeling was canceled under suspicious circumstances . Braddock argued he would have received only a US $25,000 purse against Schmeling , compared to $250,000 against rising star Joe Louis . There was also concern that if Schmeling won , the Nazi government would deny American fighters opportunities to fight for the title . Finally , American commentators had expressed opposition to the fight in light of the connections between Schmeling and Adolf Hitler , with whom the German fighter had been associated after his earlier victory over Louis . Personal life ( edit ) Braddock married Mae Fox in 1930 and the couple had three children , James ( Jay ) , Howard and Rosemarie . Braddock enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1942 and became a 1st Lieutenant . Braddock served on the island of Saipan , where he trained enlisted men in hand - to - hand combat . Upon return , he worked as a marine equipment surplus supplier and helped construct the Verrazano Bridge in the early 1960s . Death and legacy ( edit ) James J. Braddock North Hudson Park in North Bergen , New Jersey . After his death in 1974 at the age of 69 , James J. Braddock was interred in the Mount Carmel Cemetery in Tenafly , New Jersey . He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 2001 . James J. Braddock North Hudson County Park in North Bergen , New Jersey is named in his honor . The 2005 biographical film Cinderella Man tells Braddock 's story . Directed by Ron Howard , it stars Russell Crowe as Braddock and Renée Zellweger as his wife , Mae . The film had an estimated budget of $88 million and grossed $108.5 million worldwide . Crowe 's performance earned him a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor . Paul Giamatti , playing Braddock 's manager Joe Gould , was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . The role of neighbor Sara Wilson was played by Rosemarie DeWitt , who is Braddock 's real - life granddaughter ( daughter of Braddock 's daughter Rosemarie Braddock and husband Kenny DeWitt ) . The film received mostly positive reviews . Professional boxing record ( edit ) Result Record Opponent Type Round Date Location Notes Win 51 -- 26 -- 7 2 NC Tommy Farr SD 10 01 / 21 / 1938 Madison Square Garden , New York City Referee had it 4 -- 4 -- 2 , but Braddock on points . Loss 50 -- 26 -- 7 2 NC Joe Louis KO 8 ( 15 ) 06 / 22 / 1937 Comiskey Park , Chicago , Illinois , United States Lost World Heavyweight title . Louis down in 1st ; Braddock in 8th . NYSAC recognized Louis as Champion on June 30 ; NBA on July 1 . Win 50 -- 25 -- 7 2 NC Max Baer UD 15 06 / 13 / 1935 Madison Square Garden Bowl , Long Island City , Queens , New York , United States Won World Heavyweight title . Baer feinted a knockdown in the 8th round . Win 49 -- 25 -- 7 2 NC Art Lasky UD 15 03 / 22 / 1935 Madison Square Garden , New York City , New York , United States Win 48 -- 25 -- 7 2 NC John Henry Lewis PTS 10 11 / 16 / 1934 Madison Square Garden , New York City , New York , United States Win 47 -- 25 -- 7 2 NC Corn Griffin TKO 3 ( 5 ) 06 / 14 / 1934 Madison Square Garden Bowl , Long Island City , Queens , New York , United States Both fighters down in second round . NC 46 -- 25 -- 7 2 NC Abe Feldman NC 6 ( 10 ) 09 / 25 / 1933 Memorial Field Stadium , Mount Vernon , New York , United States Benefit for Mt . Vernon Police Department Home Relief Fund . Braddock broke his right hand . Win 46 -- 25 -- 7 1 NC Chester Matan PTS 10 07 / 21 / 1933 Playgrounds Stadium , West New York , New Jersey , United States Win 45 -- 25 -- 7 1 NC Les Kennedy PTS 10 06 / 21 / 1933 Oakland Arena , Jersey City , New Jersey , United States Loss 44 -- 25 -- 7 1 NC Al Stillman UD 10 06 / 19 / 1933 Arena , Saint Louis , Missouri Stillman down in first ; Braddock injured his right hand with the punch . Two judges voted . Loss 44 -- 24 -- 7 1 NC Martin Levandowski MD 10 04 / 05 / 1933 Arena , Saint Louis , Missouri Win 44 -- 23 -- 7 1 NC Al Stillman TKO 10 ( 10 ) 03 / 21 / 1933 Arena , Saint Louis , Missouri Stillman down once in 9th and twice in 10th rounds . Loss 43 -- 23 -- 7 1 NC Al Ettore DQ 4 ( 8 ) 03 / 01 / 1933 Olympia A.C. , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States Braddock was disqualified for ' not trying ' . Loss 43 -- 22 -- 7 1 NC Hans Birkie PTS 10 11 / 09 / 1932 Madison Square Garden , New York City , New York , United States Win 43 -- 21 -- 7 1 NC Martin Levandowski PTS 10 01 / 13 / 1933 Chicago Stadium , Chicago , Illinois , United States Loss 42 -- 21 -- 7 1 NC Lou Scozza TKO 6 ( 10 ) 11 / 09 / 1932 Bill Graham Civic Auditorium , San Francisco , California , United States Braddock stopped with a cut left eye ; he had been cut in the Patrick fight . Loss 42 -- 20 -- 7 1 NC Tom Patrick PTS 10 10 / 21 / 1932 Legion Stadium , Hollywood , California , United States Win 42 -- 19 -- 7 1 NC Dynamite Jackson PTS 10 09 / 30 / 1932 Coliseum , San Diego , California , United States Jackson down in the 1st round . Loss 41 -- 19 -- 7 1 NC John Henry Lewis PTS 10 09 / 21 / 1932 Civic Auditorium , San Francisco Loss 41 -- 18 -- 7 1 NC Tony Shucco PTS 8 07 / 25 / 1932 Madison Square Garden Bowl , Long Island City , Queens , New York Win 41 -- 17 -- 7 1 NC Vicente Parrile PTS 5 06 / 21 / 1932 Madison Square Garden Bowl , Long Island City , Queens , New York Walk -- Out Bout after Sharkey won Schmeling . Loss 40 -- 17 -- 7 1 NC Charley Retzlaff PTS 10 05 / 13 / 1932 Boston Garden , Boston Loss 40 -- 16 -- 7 1 NC Baxter Calmes UD 10 03 / 18 / 1932 Chicago Stadium , Chicago Loss 40 -- 15 -- 7 1 NC Al Gainer PTS 10 12 / 04 / 1931 Arena , New Haven , Connecticut NC 40 -- 14 -- 7 1 NC Maxie Rosenbloom NC 2 ( 10 ) 11 / 10 / 1931 Minneapolis Auditorium , Minneapolis Braddock and Rosenbloom were accused of a pre -- arranged deal . The MN Commission allowed each $350 in training expenses , the balance of their purses was donated to charity . Loss 40 -- 14 -- 7 Joe Sekyra PTS 10 10 / 09 / 1931 Madison Square Garden , New York City Draw 40 -- 13 -- 7 Andy Mitchell PTS 10 09 / 03 / 1931 Navin Field , Detroit Win 40 -- 13 -- 6 Jack Kelly PTS 10 03 / 30 / 1931 New Haven Arena , New Haven , Connecticut Win 39 -- 13 -- 6 Jack Roper KO 1 ( 6 ) 03 / 05 / 1931 Madison Square Garden Stadium , Miami Loss 38 -- 13 -- 6 Ernie Schaaf SD 10 01 / 23 / 1931 Madison Square Garden , New York City Win 38 -- 12 -- 6 Phil Mercurio KO 2 ( 6 ) 01 / 23 / 1931 Boston Garden , Boston Mercurio went down 3 times in round 1 , and then was counted out in the 2nd . Loss 37 -- 12 -- 6 Babe Hunt PTS 10 08 / 11 / 1930 Braves Field , Boston Win 37 -- 11 -- 6 Joe Monte PTS 10 07 / 02 / 1930 Fenway Park , Boston Loss 36 -- 11 -- 6 Harold Mays PTS 10 06 / 05 / 1930 Playgrounds Stadium , West New York , New Jersey Loss 36 -- 10 -- 6 Billy Jones UD 10 04 / 07 / 1930 Arena , Philadelphia Loss 36 -- 9 -- 6 Leo Lomski SD 10 17 / 01 / 1930 Coliseum , Chicago Lomski knocked down in 2nd and 5th rounds . Win 36 -- 8 -- 6 Jake Warren KO 2 ( 6 ) 12 / 07 / 1929 Ridgewood Grove , Brooklyn , New York Loss 35 -- 8 -- 6 Maxie Rosenbloom PTS 10 11 / 15 / 1929 Madison Square Garden , New York City Loss 35 -- 7 -- 6 Yale Okun PTS 10 08 / 27 / 1929 Olympic Auditorium , Los Angeles Loss 35 -- 6 -- 6 Tommy Loughran UD 15 07 / 18 / 1929 Yankee Stadium , Bronx , New York For NYSAC World Light Heavyweight titles . In September 1929 Loughran gave up his claim to the Light Heavyweight Title to compete at heavyweight . Win 35 -- 5 -- 6 Eddie Benson KO 1 ( 8 ) 04 / 22 / 1929 Broadway Auditorium , Buffalo , New York Win 34 -- 5 -- 6 Jimmy Slattery TKO 9 ( 10 ) 03 / 11 / 1929 Madison Square Garden , New York Cit Win 33 -- 5 -- 6 George Gemas KO 1 ( 10 ) 02 / 04 / 1929 Laurel Garden , Newark , New Jersey Loss 32 -- 5 -- 6 Leo Lomski MD 10 01 / 18 / 1929 Madison Square Garden , New York City Win 32 -- 4 -- 6 Tuffy Griffiths TKO 2 ( 10 ) 11 / 30 / 1928 Madison Square Garden , New York City Griffiths was floored 4 times in the 2nd round . Win 31 -- 4 -- 6 Pete Latzo PTS 10 10 / 17 / 1928 Newark Armory , Newark , New Jersey Latzo 's jaw was broken , and he was forced to cancel his Nov 30 bout with Tuffy Griffiths . Braddock met Griffiths in his place . Loss 30 -- 4 -- 6 Joe Sekyra PTS 10 08 / 08 / 1928 Ebbets Field , Brooklyn , New York Braddock cut over left eye in 7th . Draw 30 -- 3 -- 6 Nando Tassi PTS 10 07 / 25 / 1928 Ebbets Field , Brooklyn , New York Draw 30 -- 3 -- 5 Billy Vidabeck NWS 10 06 / 27 / 1928 Playgrounds Stadium , West New York , New Jersey Newspaper decision from New York City area newspapers ( Jack Kincaid ) . Loss 30 -- 3 -- 4 Joe Monte PTS 10 06 / 07 / 1928 Madison Square Garden , New York City , New York Win 30 -- 2 -- 4 Jimmy Francis NWS 10 05 / 16 / 1928 Playgrounds Stadium , West New York , New Jersey Newspaper decision from New York City area newspapers ( Jack Kincaid ) . Win 29 -- 2 -- 4 Jack Darnell KO 4 ( 10 ) 05 / 07 / 1928 Grotto Auditorium , Jersey City , New Jersey Win 28 -- 2 -- 4 Paul Swiderski PTS 8 01 / 06 / 1928 Madison Square Garden , New York City Draw 27 -- 2 -- 4 Joe Monte PTS 10 10 / 07 / 1927 Madison Square Garden , New York City Loss 27 -- 2 -- 3 Herman Heller NWS 10 09 / 21 / 1927 Playgrounds Stadium , West New York , New Jersey Newspaper decision from New York City area newspapers ( Jack Kincaid ) . Win 27 -- 1 -- 3 Vic McLaughlin NWS 10 08 / 10 / 1927 Playgrounds Stadium , West New York , New Jersey Newspaper decision from The New York Times . Win 26 -- 1 -- 3 George LaRocco UD 6 07 / 21 / 1927 Yankee Stadium , Bronx , New York Win 25 -- 1 -- 3 Jimmy Francis NWS 10 07 / 13 / 1927 Playgrounds Stadium , West New York , New Jersey Newspaper decision from the Philadelphia Record . Win 24 -- 1 -- 3 Jimmy Francis NWS 10 06 / 08 / 1927 Playgrounds Stadium , West New York , New Jersey Newspaper decision from The New York Times . Loss 23 -- 1 -- 3 Paul Cavalier NWS 10 05 / 27 / 1927 Arcola Park , Paramus , New Jersey Henry Hascup 's record for Cavalier in IBRO # 55 shows two Newspaper scores for this fight , 7 -- 3 and 8 -- 2 in favor of Cavalier . Draw 23 -- 0 -- 3 George LaRocco PTS 6 05 / 19 / 1927 Yankee Stadium , Bronx , New York Win 22 -- 0 -- 2 Jack Stone NWS 10 05 / 19 / 1927 Playgrounds Stadium , West New York , New Jersey Braddock knocked down for first time in career , but won . ( Source : Boxing Blade , May 28 , 1927 , page 6 . ) Win 21 -- 0 -- 2 Stanley Simmons TKO 1 ( 6 ) 05 / 02 / 1927 Oakland Arena , Jersey City , New Jersey Simmons down 4 times Win 20 -- 0 -- 2 Frankie Lennon TKO 3 ( 6 ) 04 / 19 / 1927 Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania Win 19 -- 0 -- 2 Tom McKiernan KO 2 ( ? ) 03 / 15 / 1927 United States Bout held during March ; possibly Wilkes -- Barre . Win 18 -- 0 -- 2 Nick Fadil PTS 6 03 / 08 / 1927 Pioneer Sporting Club , New York City Win 17 -- 0 -- 2 Lou Barba PTS 03 / 03 / 1927 Madison Square Garden , New York City Win 16 -- 0 -- 2 Jack Nelson PTS 6 02 / 15 / 1927 Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania Win 15 -- 0 -- 2 Johnny Alberts KO 4 ( 6 ) 02 / 01 / 1927 Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania Win 14 -- 0 -- 2 George LaRocco KO 1 ( 4 ) 01 / 28 / 1927 Madison Square Garden , New York City Draw 13 -- 0 -- 2 Doc Conrad NWS 12 / 20 / 1926 4th Regiment Armory , Jersey City , New Jersey Christmas Fund Show . Jersey Journal & Hudson Dispatch both called this a draw . Win 13 -- 0 -- 1 Joe Hudson PTS 6 12 / 08 / 1926 Manhattan A.C. , New York City Win 12 -- 0 -- 1 Al Settle PTS 6 12 / 04 / 1926 Walker A.C. , New York City Win 11 -- 0 -- 1 Lou Barba PTS 6 11 / 12 / 1926 Pioneer Sporting Club , New York City Win 10 -- 0 -- 1 Carmine Caggiano KO 1 ( 6 ) 09 / 30 / 1926 Playgrounds Stadium , West New York , New Jersey Win 9 -- 0 -- 1 Ray Kennedy KO 1 ( 6 ) 09 / 16 / 1926 Playgrounds Stadium , West New York , New Jersey Win 8 -- 0 -- 1 Mike Rock KO 1 ( 6 ) 09 / 13 / 1926 Oakland Arena , Jersey City , New Jersey Win 7 -- 0 -- 1 Gene Travers KO 1 ( 6 ) 09 / 07 / 1926 Oakland Arena , Jersey City , New Jersey Win 6 -- 0 -- 1 Walter Westman TKO 3 ( 6 ) 07 / 09 / 1926 Boyle 's Thirty Acres , Jersey City , New Jersey Win 5 -- 0 -- 1 Jim Pearson TKO 2 ( ? ) 06 / 28 / 1926 Oakland Arena , Jersey City , New Jersey Win 4 -- 0 -- 1 Leo Dobson KO 1 ( 4 ) 06 / 18 / 1926 Boyle 's Thirty Acres , Jersey City , New Jersey Win 3 -- 0 -- 1 Willie Daily KO 1 ( ? ) 05 / 03 / 1926 Jersey City , New Jersey Win 2 -- 0 -- 1 Jack O'Day KO 1 ( ? ) 05 / 02 / 1926 Jersey City , New Jersey Win 1 -- 0 -- 1 Phil Weisberger KO 2 ( 6 ) 04 / 22 / 1926 Knights of Columbus , Ridgefield Park , New Jersey Deschner down twice in 1st round . Draw 0 -- 0 -- 1 Al Settle NWS 04 / 13 / 1926 Amsterdam Hall , Union City , New Jersey Jersey Journal & Hudson Dispatch both called this a draw . Pro debut for Braddock . See also ( edit ) List of lineal boxing world champions List of heavyweight boxing champions Boyle 's Thirty Acres Joe Louis Arena ( located in Detroit , Michigan ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://azhist329.umwblogs.org/biographyfamily-life/ Jump up ^ http://www.jamesjbraddock.com/theman/ Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=ujm2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA253&lpg=PA253&dq=james+j.+braddock+irish+heritage&source=bl&ots=WKNl7fa5lL&sig=qAQrkv5yVuwP44k6Uvczbpdv74c&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dEduVarnLsGlsAXh1IKQCg&ved=0CEYQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=james%20j.%20braddock%20irish%20heritage&f=false Jump up ^ Brown , Ned ( June 16 , 1935 ) . `` Life 's Been No Rose Bed for New Heavy Champ '' . The Milwaukee Journal . p. 1 . Archived at Google News . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rice , Grantland . `` It Will Be A Real Fight , Says Jim Braddock '' . Milwaukee Journal , June 2 , 1935 , p. 2 - Sports . Retrieved on November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cinderella Man -- James J Braddock '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Neil , Edward J. `` Verdict for Braddock unanimous '' . Milwauke Journal , June 14 , 1935 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Retrieved on November 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh , Davis J. `` Title Affair Chances Dim After Protest '' . Reading Eagle , January 9 , 1937 , p. 12 . Retrieved on November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pegler , Westbrook . `` Fair Enough '' . St. Petersburg Evening Independent , January 14 , 1937 , p. 3 . Retrieved on November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Estate of James J. Braddock , James J. Braddock.com Bio Jump up ^ Braddock Who Beat Baer for Title Dies New York Times , 1974 Jump up ^ James J. Braddock. Dictionary of American Biography , Supplement 9 : 1971 -- 1975 . Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1994 Jump up ^ Rounds , Kate . `` James J. Braddock Park -- North Bergen '' Palisade magazine ; Summer 2010 . p. 16 Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Braddock Climbed Fast : Hit Top of Fight Ladder in Three Years '' . Associated Press / The Milwaukee Journal . June 19 , 1935 . p. 1 . Archived at Google News . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cinderella Man at The Numbers Jump up ^ `` Cinderella Man ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James J. Braddock - Fight Record '' . Estate of James J. Braddock . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` James J. `` Jim '' Braddock ( James Walter Braddock ) ( `` Cinderella Man '' ) `` . Tracy Callis , Historian , International Boxing Research Organization . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . References ( edit ) Joe Louis , Edna Rust , Art Rust Jr. , Joe Louis : My Life `` Cinderella Man '' by Eminem , 2010 Joe Louis , 66 , Heavyweight King Who Reigned 12 Years , Is Dead , Obituary , New York Times , April 13 , 1981 . Louis ' TAX issues Jenny Nolan , `` The Brown Bomber -- The Man Behind The Fist '' , The Detroit News `` Remembering Joe Louis '' , WTVM `` The Long Loneliness '' , by Dorothy Day , 1952 External links ( edit ) Official James J. Braddock website ( includes videos of some rounds of Braddock 's fights with Baer and Louis ) `` James J. Braddock '' . Find a Grave . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 . Braddock 's career record -- from the Official James J. Braddock website Collection of critical opinion of Cinderella Man at Rotten Tomatoes Braddock 's short biography at the International Boxing Hall of Fame James Braddock vs Max Baer , 13 June 1935 , all rounds James Braddock vs Joe Louis , 22 June 1937 , all rounds Professional boxing record for James J. Braddock from BoxRec James J. Braddock - CBZ Profile Quits Docks To Win Three Great Fights : Half Starved , Braddock Battles His Way To Scrap With Baer , by Harry Grayson , Sports Editor , NEA Service , June 5 , 1935 Sporting positions Preceded by Max Baer World Heavyweight Champion June 13 , 1935 -- June 22 , 1937 Succeeded by Joe Louis VIAF : 55261494 LCCN : n2005000679 ISNI : 0000 0001 1646 7180 GND : 130679801 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_J._Braddock&oldid=827100529 '' Categories : 1905 births 1974 deaths American male boxers American military personnel of World War II American people of English descent American people of Irish descent American Roman Catholics Boxers from New York ( state ) Burials in New Jersey Heavyweight boxers Light - heavyweight boxers People from Manhattan People from North Bergen , New Jersey People from West New York , New Jersey World Boxing Association champions World heavyweight boxing champions Hidden categories : Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata BoxRec template with ID different from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 19 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does braddock fight when he is offered a purse of $250.00	[]	[]
1611567736427194122	History of the United Kingdom during the First World War	History of the United Kingdom during the First World War - wikipedia History of the United Kingdom during the First World War Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the effect of the war on civilian and military life in the United Kingdom , 1914 -- 18 . For information on the engagements in which its armed forces fought , see First World War . See also : Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during the First World War Britain in the First World War 1914 -- 1918 ( 1919 ) British First World War propaganda poster Preceded by Edwardian era Followed by Interwar Britain Monarch ( s ) George V Leader ( s ) Civil ( show ) H.H. Asquith David Lloyd George Army ( show ) William Robertson John French Douglas Haig Royal Navy ( show ) Jackie Fisher Henry Jackson John Jellicoe Rosslyn Wemyss RNAS & RFC ( show ) David Henderson Frederick Sykes Hugh Trenchard Godfrey Paine Timeline of the United Kingdom during the First World War 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 Periods in English history ( hide ) Prehistoric Britain until c. 43 Roman Britain c. 43 -- 410 Anglo - Saxon c. 500 -- 1066 Norman 1066 -- 1154 Plantagenet 1154 -- 1485 Tudor 1485 -- 1603 Elizabethan 1558 -- 1603 Stuart 1603 -- 1714 Jacobean 1603 -- 1625 Caroline 1625 -- 1649 ( Interregnum ) 1649 -- 1660 Restoration 1660 -- 1714 Georgian 1714 -- 1837 Regency 1811 -- 1820 Victorian 1837 -- 1901 Edwardian 1901 -- 1914 First World War 1914 -- 1918 Interwar Britain 1918 -- 1939 Second World War 1939 -- 1945 See also Political history ( 1945 -- present ) Social history ( 1945 -- present ) Timeline The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was one of the Allied Powers during the First World War of 1914 -- 1918 , fighting against the Central Powers ( the German Empire , the Austro - Hungarian Empire , the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria ) . The state 's armed forces were reorganised -- the war marked the founding of the Royal Air Force , for example -- and increased in size because of the introduction , in January 1916 , of conscription for the first time in the country 's history as well as the raising of what was , at the time , the largest all - volunteer army in history , known as Kitchener 's Army , of more than 2,000,000 men . The outbreak of war has generally been regarded as a socially unifying event , although this view has been challenged by more recent scholarship . In any case , responses in Great Britain in 1914 were similar to those amongst populations across Europe . On the eve of war , there was serious domestic unrest in the UK ( amongst the labour and suffrage movements and especially in Ireland ) but much of the population rapidly rallied behind the government . Significant sacrifices were made in the name of defeating the Empire 's enemies and many of those who could not fight contributed to philanthropic and humanitarian causes . Fearing food shortages and labour shortfalls , the government passed legislation such as the Defence of the Realm Act 1914 , to give it new powers . The war saw a move away from the idea of `` business as usual '' under Prime Minister H.H. Asquith , and towards a state of total war ( complete state intervention in public affairs ) under the premiership of David Lloyd George ; the first time this had been seen in Britain . The war also witnessed the first aerial bombardments of cities in Britain . Newspapers played an important role in maintaining popular support for the war . Large quantities of propaganda were produced by the government under the guidance of such journalists as Charles Masterman and newspaper owners such as Lord Beaverbrook . By adapting to the changing demographics of the workforce ( or the `` dilution of labour '' , as it was termed ) , war - related industries grew rapidly , and production increased , as concessions were quickly made to trade unions . In that regard , the war is also credited by some with drawing women into mainstream employment for the first time . Debates continue about the impact the war had on women 's emancipation , given that a large number of women were granted the vote for the first time in 1918 . The experience of individual women during the war varied ; much depended on locality , age , marital status and occupation . The civilian death rate rose due to food shortages and Spanish Flu , which hit the country in 1918 . Military deaths are estimated to have exceeded 850,000 . The Empire reached its zenith at the conclusion of peace negotiations . However , the war heightened not only imperial loyalties but also individual national identities in the Dominions ( Canada , Newfoundland , Australia , New Zealand and South Africa ) and India . Irish nationalists after 1916 moved from collaboration with London to demands for immediate independence ( see Easter Rising ) , a move given great impetus by the Conscription Crisis of 1918 . Military historians continue to debate matters of tactics and strategy . However , in terms of memory of the war , historian Adrian Gregory argues that : `` The verdict of popular culture is more or less unanimous . The First World War was stupid , tragic and futile . The stupidity of the war has been a theme of growing strength since the 1920s . From Robert Graves , through ' Oh ! What a Lovely War ' to ' Blackadder Goes Forth , ' the criminal idiocy of the British High Command has become an article of faith . '' Ireland did not want to be part of the British side they held a rebellion during the war Contents ( hide ) 1 Government 1.1 Asquith as Prime Minister 1.2 Lloyd George as Prime Minister 1.3 Collapse of the Liberal Party 1.4 Finance 2 Monarchy 3 Defence of the Realm Act 4 Armed forces 4.1 Army 4.2 Royal Navy 4.3 British air services 5 Recruitment and conscription 5.1 Conscription Crisis of 1918 5.2 Conscientious objectors 6 Naval and air raids 6.1 Naval raids 6.2 Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft 6.3 Air raids 7 Media 7.1 Propaganda 7.2 Newspapers 7.3 News magazines 7.4 Music 7.5 War poems 8 Economy 8.1 Rationing 8.2 Industry 8.3 Labour 8.4 Energy 9 Social change 10 Regional conditions 11 Casualties 12 Legacy and memory 13 See also 14 References 15 External links 16 Further reading 16.1 Surveys 16.2 Politics 16.3 Empire 16.4 Economics 16.5 Propaganda and popular culture 16.6 Year books 16.7 Women , family and society 16.8 Primary sources 16.9 Historiography and memory Government ( edit ) Further information : Causes of World War I H.H. Asquith ( c. 1915 ) , Prime Minister at the beginning of the war Asquith as prime minister ( edit ) Main article : Asquith coalition ministry On 4 August , the King took Britain ( and her Empire ) into the Great War with H.H. Asquith of the Liberal Party as Prime Minister . Britain 's reasons for declaring war were complex . The ostensible reason given was that Britain was required to safeguard Belgium 's neutrality under the 1839 Treaty of London . The German invasion of Belgium was , therefore , the casus belli and , importantly , legitimized and galvanized popular support for the war . The strategic risk posed by German control of the Belgian and ultimately French coast was considered unacceptable . German guarantees of post-war behaviour were cast into doubt by her blasé treatment of Belgian neutrality . However , the Treaty of London had not committed Britain on her own to safeguard Belgium 's neutrality . Moreover , naval war planning demonstrated that Britain herself would have violated Belgian neutrality by blockading her ports ( to prevent imported goods passing to Germany ) in the event of war with Germany . Britain 's relationship with her Entente partners , both France and Russia , were equally significant factors . The Foreign Secretary Edward Grey argued that the secret naval agreements with France ( although they had not been approved by the Cabinet ) created a moral obligation vis a vis Britain and France . What is more , in the event that Britain abandoned its Entente friends , it was feared that if Germany won the war , or the Entente won without British support , then , either way , Britain would be left without any friends . This would have left both Britain and her Empire vulnerable to attack . British Foreign office mandarin Eyre Crowe said : `` Should the war come , and England stand aside , one of two things must happen . ( a ) Either Germany and Austria win , crush France and humiliate Russia . What will be the position of a friendless England ? ( b ) Or France and Russia win . What would be their attitude towards England ? What about India and the Mediterranean ? '' The Liberal Party might have survived a short war , but the totality of the Great War called for strong measures that the Party had long rejected . The result was the permanent destruction of the ability of the Liberal Party to lead a government . Historian Robert Blake explains the dilemma : the Liberals were traditionally the party of freedom of speech , conscience and trade . They were against jingoism , heavy armaments and compulsion ... Liberals were neither wholehearted nor unanimous about conscription , censorship , the Defence of the Realm Act , severity toward aliens and pacifists , direction of labour and industry . The Conservatives ... had no such misgivings . Blake further notes that it was the Liberals , not the Conservatives who needed the moral outrage of Belgium to justify going to war , while the Conservatives called for intervention from the start of the crisis on the grounds of realpolitik and the balance of power . Asquith 's Liberal government was brought down in May 1915 , due in particular to a crisis in inadequate artillery shell production and the protest resignation of Jackie Fisher over the Gallipoli Campaign against Turkey . Reluctant to face doom in an election , Asquith formed a new coalition government on 25 May , with the majority of the new cabinet coming from his own Liberal party and the Unionist ( Conservative ) party , along with a token Labour representation . The new government lasted a year and a half , and was the last time Liberals controlled the government . Lloyd George as prime minister ( edit ) Main article : Lloyd George ministry This coalition government lasted until 1916 , when the Unionists became dissatisfied with Asquith and the Liberals ' conduct of affairs , particularly over the Battle of the Somme . Asquith 's opponents now took control , led by Bonar Law ( leader of the Conservatives ) , Sir Edward Carson ( leader of the Ulster Unionists ) , and David Lloyd George ( then a minister in the cabinet ) . Law , who had few allies outside his own party , lacked sufficient support to form a new coalition ; the Liberal Lloyd George , on the other hand , enjoyed much wider support and duly formed a majority - Conservative coalition government with Lloyd George Liberals and Labour . Asquith was still the party head but he and his followers moved to the opposition benches in Parliament . Lloyd George immediately set about transforming the British war effort , taking firm control of both military and domestic policy . In the first 235 days of its existence , the War Cabinet met 200 times . Its creation marked the transition to a state of total war -- the idea that every man , woman and child should play his or her part in the war effort . Moreover , it was decided that members of the government should be the men who controlled the war effort , primarily utilising the power they had been given under the Defence of the Realm Act . For the first time , the government could react quickly , without endless bureaucracy to tie it down , and with up - to - date statistics on such matters as the state of the merchant navy and farm production . The policy marked a distinct shift away from Asquith 's initial policy of laissez - faire , which had been characterised by Winston Churchill 's declaration of `` business as usual '' in November 1914 . The success of Lloyd George 's government can also be attributed to a general lack of desire for an election , and the practical absence of dissent that this brought about . David Lloyd George ( c. 1920 ) , prime minister at the end of the war In rapid succession in spring 1918 came a series of military and political crises . The Germans , having moved troops from the Eastern front and retrained them in new tactics , now had more soldiers on the Western Front than the Allies . On 21 March 1918 Germany launched a full scale Spring Offensive against the British and French lines , hoping for victory on the battlefield before United States troops arrived in large numbers . The Allied armies fell back 40 miles in confusion , and facing defeat London realized it needed more troops to fight a mobile war . Lloyd George found half a million soldiers and rushed them to France , asked American President Woodrow Wilson for immediate help , and agreed to the appointment of the French Marshal Foch as commander in chief on the Western Front , so that Allied forces could be coordinated to handle the German offensive . Despite strong warnings that it was a bad idea , the War Cabinet decided to impose conscription on Ireland in 1918 . The main reason was that labour in Britain demanded it as the price for cutting back on exemptions for certain workers . Labour wanted the principle established that no one was exempt , but it did not demand that conscription should actually take place in Ireland . The proposal was enacted , but never enforced . The Roman Catholic bishops for the first time entered the fray , calling for open resistance to compulsory military service , while the majority of Irish nationalists moved to supporting the intransigent Sinn Féin movement ( away from the constitutional Irish National Party ) . This proved a decisive moment , marking the end of Irish willingness to stay inside the Union . On 7 May 1918 , a senior army officer on active duty , Major - General Sir Frederick Maurice , prompted a second crisis when he went public with allegations that Lloyd George had lied to Parliament on military matters . Asquith , the Liberal leader in the House , took up the allegations and attacked Lloyd George ( also a Liberal ) . While Asquith 's presentation was poor , Lloyd George vigorously defended his position , treating the debate as a vote of confidence . He won over the House with a powerful refutation of Maurice 's allegations . The main results were to strengthen Lloyd George , weaken Asquith , end public criticism of overall strategy , and strengthen civilian control of the military . Meanwhile , the German offensive stalled and was ultimately reversed . Victory came on 11 November 1918 . Historian George H. Cassar has evaluated Lloyd George 's legacy as a war leader : After all that has been said and done , what are we to make of Lloyd George 's legacy as a war leader ? On the home front he achieved varied results in tackling difficult , and in some instances , unprecedented problems . It would be hard to have improved on his dealings with labour and the program to increase homegrown food , but in the sectors of manpower , price control and food distribution he adopted the same approach as his predecessor , taking action only in response to the changing nature of the conflict . In the vital area of national morale , while he did not have the technical advantages of Churchill , his personal conduct damaged his ability to do more to inspire the nation . All things considered , it is unlikely that any of his political contemporaries could have handled matters at home as effectively as he did , although it can be argued that if someone else had been in charge , the difference would not have been sufficient to change the final outcome . In his conduct of the war he did advance the cause of the Entente significantly in some ways , but in determining strategy , one of the most important tasks for which a prime minister must be responsible , he was undeniably a failure . To sum up , while Lord George 's contributions outweighed his mistakes , the margin is too narrow , in my opinion , to include him In the pantheon of Britain 's outstanding war leaders . Collapse of the Liberal party ( edit ) In the general election of 1918 , Lloyd George , `` the Man Who Won the War '' , led his coalition into another khaki election and won a sweeping victory over the Asquithian Liberals and the newly emerging Labour Party . Lloyd George and the Conservative leader Bonar Law wrote a joint letter of support to candidates to indicate they were considered the official Coalition candidates -- this `` coupon '' , as it became known , was issued to opponents of many sitting Liberal MPs , devastating the incumbents . Asquith and most of his Liberal colleagues lost their seats . Lloyd George was increasingly under the influence of the rejuvenated Conservative party . The Liberal party never recovered . Finance ( edit ) Before the war , the government spent 13 percent of gross national product ( GNP ) ; in 1918 it spent 59 percent of GNP . The war was financed by borrowing large sums at home and abroad , by new taxes , and by inflation . It was implicitly financed by postponing maintenance and repair , and cancelling unneeded projects . The government avoided indirect taxes because they raised the cost of living , and caused discontent among the working class . In 1913 - 14 , indirect taxes on tobacco and alcohol yielded £ 75 million , while direct taxes yielded £ 88 million , including an income tax of £ 44 million and estate duties of £ 22 million . That is , 54 percent of revenue came from direct taxes ; by 1918 , direct taxes were 80 percent of revenue . There was a strong emphasis on being `` fair '' and being `` scientific . '' The public generally supported the heavy new taxes , with minimal complaints . The Treasury rejected proposals for a stiff capital levy , which the Labour Party wanted to use to weaken the capitalists . Instead , there was an excess profits tax , of 50 percent of profits above the normal prewar level ; the rate was raised to 80 percent in 1917 . Excise taxes were added on luxury imports such as automobiles , clocks and watches . There was no sales tax or value added tax . The main increase in revenue came from income tax , which in 1915 went up to 3s . 6d in the pound ( 17.5 % ) , and individual exemptions were lowered . The income tax rate grew to 5s in the pound ( 25 % ) in 1916 , and 6s ( 30 % ) in 1918 . Altogether , taxes provided at most 30 percent of national expenditure , with the rest from borrowing . The national debt soared from £ 625 million to £ 7,800 million . Government bonds typically paid five percent . Inflation escalated so that the pound in 1919 purchased only a third of the basket it had purchased it 1914 . Wages were laggard , and the poor and retired were especially hard hit . Monarchy ( edit ) `` A good riddance '' A 1917 Punch cartoon depicts King George sweeping away his German titles . Further information : George V § First World War The British Royal Family faced a serious problem during the First World War because of its blood ties to the ruling family of Germany , Britain 's prime adversary in the war . Before the war , the British royal family had been known as the House of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha . In 1910 , George V became King on the death of his father , King Edward VII , and remained king throughout the war . He was the first cousin of the German Kaiser Wilhelm II , who came to symbolise all the horrors of the war . Queen Mary , although British like her mother , was the daughter of the Duke of Teck , a descendant of the German Royal House of Württemberg . During the war H.G. Wells wrote about Britain 's `` alien and uninspiring court '' , and George famously replied : `` I may be uninspiring , but I 'll be damned if I 'm alien . '' On 17 July 1917 , to appease British nationalist feelings , King George issued an Order in Council that changed the name of the British Royal Family to the House of Windsor . He specifically adopted Windsor as the surname for all descendants of Queen Victoria then living in Britain , excluding women who married into other families and their descendants . He and his relatives who were British subjects relinquished the use of all German titles and styles , and adopted English surnames . George compensated several of his male relatives by creating them British peers . Thus , his cousin , Prince Louis of Battenberg , became the Marquess of Milford Haven , while his brother - in - law , the Duke of Teck , became the Marquess of Cambridge . Others , such as Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig - Holstein and Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig - Holstein , simply stopped using their territorial designations . The system for titling members of the royal family was also simplified . Relatives of the British royal family who fought on the German side were simply cut off ; their British peerages were suspended by a 1919 Order in Council under the provisions of the Titles Deprivation Act 1917 . King George V ( right ) with his first cousin Tsar Nicholas II , Berlin , 1913 Developments in Russia posed another set of issues for the monarchy . Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was King George 's first cousin and the two monarchs looked very much alike . When Nicholas was overthrown in the Russian Revolution of 1917 , the liberal Russian Government asked that the tsar and his family be given asylum in Britain . The cabinet agreed but the king was worried that public opinion was hostile and said no . It is likely the tsar would have refused to leave Russia in any case . He remained and in 1918 he and his family were ordered killed by Lenin , the Bolshevik leader . The Prince of Wales -- the future Edward VIII -- was keen to participate in the war but the government refused to allow it , citing the immense harm that would occur if the heir to the throne were captured . Despite this , Edward witnessed trench warfare at first hand and attempted to visit the front line as often as he could , for which he was awarded the Military Cross in 1916 . His role in the war , although limited , led to his great popularity among veterans of the conflict . King George V and his son the Prince of Wales visiting the Grand Fleet in 1918 . From left to right : Admiral David Beatty , RN ; Rear Admiral Hugh Rodman , USN ; King George V ; Prince of Wales ; Vice Admiral William S. Sims , USN Other members of the royal family were similarly involved . Prince Albert , Duke of York ( later George VI ) , was commissioned in the Royal Navy and saw action as a turret officer aboard HMS Collingwood at the battle of Jutland but saw no further action in the war , largely because of ill health . Princess Mary , the King 's only daughter , visited hospitals and welfare organisations with her mother , assisting with projects to give comfort to British servicemen and assistance to their families . One of these projects was Princess Mary 's Christmas Gift Fund , through which £ 162,000 worth of gifts was sent to all British soldiers and sailors for Christmas 1914 . She took an active role in promoting the Girl Guide movement , the Voluntary Aid Detachment ( VAD ) , the Land Girls and in 1918 , she took a nursing course and went to work at Great Ormond Street Hospital . Defence of the Realm Act ( edit ) Main article : Defence of the Realm Act 1914 The first Defence of the Realm Act ( DORA ) was passed on 8 August 1914 , during the early weeks of the war , though in the next few months its provisions were extended . It gave the government wide - ranging powers , such as the ability to requisition buildings or land needed for the war effort . Some of the things the British public were prohibited from doing included loitering under railway bridges , feeding wild animals and discussing naval and military matters . British Summer Time was also introduced . Alcoholic beverages were now to be watered down , pub closing times were brought forward from 12.30 am to 10 pm , and , from August 1916 , Londoners were no longer able to whistle for a cab between 10 pm and 7 am . It has been criticised for both its strength and its use of the death penalty as a deterrent -- although the act itself did not refer to the death penalty , it made provision for civilians breaking these rules to be tried in army courts martial , where the maximum penalty was death . Armed forces ( edit ) Army ( edit ) August 1914 : London army volunteers await their pay at St. Martin - in - the - Fields The British Army during World War I was small in size when compared to the other major European powers . In 1914 , the British had a small , largely urban English , volunteer force of 400,000 soldiers , almost half of whom were posted overseas to garrison the British Empire . ( In August 1914 , 74 of the 157 infantry battalions and 12 of the 31 cavalry regiments were posted overseas . ) This total included the Regular Army and reservists in the Territorial Force . Together they formed the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) , for service in France and became known as the Old Contemptibles . The mass of volunteers in 1914 -- 1915 , popularly known as Kitchener 's Army , was destined to go into action at the battle of the Somme . In January 1916 , conscription was introduced , and by the end of 1918 , the army had reached its peak of strength of four million men . Royal Navy ( edit ) Further information : Naval warfare of World War I Ships of the 2nd Battle Squadron of the Royal Navy 's Grand Fleet The Royal Navy at the start of the war was the largest navy in the world due , for the most part , to the Naval Defence Act 1889 and the two - power standard which called for the navy to maintain a number of battleships such as their strength was at least equal to the combined strength of the next two largest navies in the world , which at that point were France and Russia . The major part of the Royal Navy 's strength was deployed at home in the Grand Fleet , with the primary aim of drawing the German High Seas Fleet into an engagement . No decisive victory ever came . The Royal Navy and the German Imperial Navy did come into contact , notably in the Battle of Heligoland Bight , and at the Battle of Jutland . In view of their inferior numbers and firepower , the Germans devised a plan to draw part of the British fleet into a trap and put it into effect at Jutland in May 1916 , but the result was inconclusive . In August 1916 , the High Seas Fleet tried a similar enticement operation and was `` lucky to escape annihilation '' . The lessons learned by the Royal Navy at Jutland made it a more effective force in the future . In 1914 , the navy had also formed the 63rd ( Royal Naval ) Division from reservists , and this served extensively in the Mediterranean and on the Western Front . Almost half of the Royal Navy casualties during the War were sustained by this division , fighting on land and not at sea . British Air services ( edit ) Further information : Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service Royal Flying Corps recruitment poster At the start of the war , the Royal Flying Corps ( RFC ) , commanded by David Henderson , was sent to France and was first used for aerial spotting in September 1914 , but only became efficient when they perfected the use of wireless communication at Aubers Ridge on 9 May 1915 . Aerial photography was attempted during 1914 , but again only became effective the next year . In 1915 Hugh Trenchard replaced Henderson and the RFC adopted an aggressive posture . By 1918 , photographic images could be taken from 15,000 feet ( 4,600 m ) , and interpreted by over 3,000 personnel . Planes did not carry parachutes until 1918 , though they had been available since before the war . On 17 August 1917 , General Jan Smuts presented a report to the War Council on the future of air power . Because of its potential for the ' devastation of enemy lands and the destruction of industrial and populous centres on a vast scale ' , he recommended a new air service be formed that would be on a level with the army and navy . The formation of the new service however would make the under utilised men and machines of the Royal Naval Air Service ( RNAS ) available for action across the Western Front , as well as ending the inter-service rivalries that at times had adversely affected aircraft procurement . On 1 April 1918 , the RFC and the RNAS were amalgamated to form a new service , the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . Recruitment and conscription ( edit ) Main article : Recruitment to the British Army during the First World War Poster by the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee , featuring St. George and the Dragon . Particularly in the early stages of the war , many men , for a wide variety of reasons , decided to `` join up '' to the armed forces -- by 5 September 1914 , over 225,000 had signed up to fight for what became known as Kitchener 's Army . Over the course of the war , a number of factors contributed to recruitment rates , including patriotism , the work of the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee in producing posters , dwindling alternative employment opportunities , and an eagerness for adventure to escape humdrum routine . Pals battalions , where whole battalions were raised from a small geographic area or employer , also proved popular . Higher recruitment rates were seen in Wales and Scotland , though in the case of the Welsh and Irish , political tensions tended to `` put something of a blight upon enlistment '' . A 1914 poster shows a Scottish soldier in Belgium , in response to Germany describing the Treaty of London , which protected Belgium 's independence and neutrality , as a `` scrap of paper '' when they invaded in August 1914 . Recruitment remained fairly steady through 1914 and early 1915 , but fell dramatically during the later years , especially after the Somme campaign , which resulted in 500,000 casualties . As a result , conscription was introduced for the first time in January 1916 for single men , and extended in May -- June to all men aged 18 to 41 across England , Wales and Scotland , by way of the Military Service Acts . Urban centres , with their poverty and unemployment were favourite recruiting grounds of the regular British army . Dundee , where the female dominated jute industry limited male employment had one of the highest proportion of reservists and serving soldiers than almost any other British city . Concern for their families ' standard of living made men hesitate to enlist ; voluntary enlistment rates went up after the government guaranteed a weekly stipend for life to the survivors of men who were killed or disabled . After the introduction of conscription from January 1916 every part of the country was affected . The policy of relying on volunteers had sharply reduced the capacity of heavy industry to produce the munitions needed for the war . Historian R.J.Q. Adams reports that 19 % of the men in the iron and steel industry entered the Army , 22 % of the miners , 20 % in the engineering trades , 24 % in the electrical industries , 16 % among small arms craftsmen , and 24 % of the men who had been engaged in making high explosives . In response critical industries were prioritised over the army ( `` reserved occupations '' ) , including munitions , food production and merchant shipping . Conscription Crisis of 1918 ( edit ) Main article : Conscription Crisis of 1918 In April 1918 legislation was brought forward which allowed for extension of conscription to Ireland . Though this ultimately never materialised , the effect was `` disastrous '' . Despite significant numbers volunteering for Irish regiments , the idea of enforced conscription proved unpopular . The reaction was based particularly on the fact that implementation of conscription in Ireland was linked to a pledged `` measure of self - government in Ireland '' . The linking of conscription and Home Rule in this way outraged the Irish parties at Westminster , who walked out in protest and returned to Ireland to organise opposition . As a result , a general strike was called , and on 23 April 1918 , work was stopped in railways , docks , factories , mills , theatres , cinemas , trams , public services , shipyards , newspapers , shops , and even official munitions factories . The strike was described as `` complete and entire , an unprecedented event outside the continental countries '' . Ultimately the effect was a total loss of interest in Home Rule and of popular support for the nationalist Irish Party who were defeated outright by the separatist republican Sinn Féin party in the December 1918 Irish general election , one of the precursors of the Anglo - Irish War . Conscientious objectors ( edit ) Further information : Conscientious objector § United Kingdom The conscription legislation introduced the right to refuse military service , allowing for conscientious objectors to be absolutely exempted , to perform alternative civilian service , or to serve as a non-combatant in the army , according to the extent to which they could convince a Military Service Tribunal of the quality of their objection . Around 16,500 men were recorded as conscientious objectors , with Quakers playing a large role . 4,500 objectors were sent to work on farms to undertake `` work of national importance '' , 7,000 were ordered non-combatant duties as stretcher bearers , but 6,000 were forced into the army , and when they refused orders , they were sent to prison , as in the case of the Richmond Sixteen . Some 843 conscientious objectors spent more than two years in prison ; ten died while there , seventeen were initially given the death penalty ( but received life imprisonment ) and 142 were imprisoned on life sentences . Conscientious objectors who were deemed not to have made any useful contribution were disenfranchised for five years after the war . Naval and Air raids ( edit ) German bombardments were concentrated on the east coast of England At the start of the First World War , for the first time since the Napoleonic Wars , the population of the British Isles was in danger of attack from naval raids . The country also came under attack from air raids by zeppelins and fixed - wing aircraft , another first . Naval raids ( edit ) Main articles : Raid on Yarmouth and Raid on Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby The Raid on Yarmouth , which took place in November 1914 , was an attack by the German Navy on the British North Sea port and town of Great Yarmouth . Little damage was done to the town itself , since shells only landed on the beach once German ships laying mines offshore were interrupted by British destroyers . One British submarine was sunk by a mine as it attempted to leave harbour and attack the German ships , while one German armoured cruiser was sunk after striking two mines outside its own home port . British propaganda fuelled by the German raid on Scarborough In December 1914 , the German navy carried out attacks on the British coastal towns of Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby . The attack resulted in 137 fatalities and 593 casualties , many of which were civilians . The attack made the German navy very unpopular with the British public , as an attack against British civilians in their homes . Likewise , the British Royal Navy was criticised for failing to prevent the raid . Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft ( edit ) Main article : Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft In April 1916 a German battlecruiser squadron with accompanying cruisers and destroyers bombarded the coastal ports of Yarmouth and Lowestoft . Although the ports had some military importance , the main aim of the raid was to entice out defending ships which could then be picked off either by the battlecruiser squadron or by the full High Seas Fleet , which was stationed at sea ready to intervene if an opportunity presented itself . The result was inconclusive : nearby Royal Navy units were too small to intervene so largely kept clear of the German battlecruisers , and the German ships withdrew before the first British fast response battlecruiser squadron or the Grand Fleet could arrive . British propaganda poster from 1915 , drawing on the fear of zeppelin attacks to aid recruitment Air raids ( edit ) Further information : Zeppelins in World War I German zeppelins bombed towns on the east coast , starting on 19 January 1915 with Great Yarmouth . London was also hit later in the same year , on 31 May . Propaganda supporting the British war effort often used these raids to their advantage : one recruitment poster claimed : `` It is far better to face the bullets than to be killed at home by a bomb '' ( see image ) . The reaction from the public , however , was mixed ; whilst 10,000 visited Scarborough to view the damage there , London theatres reported having fewer visitors during periods of `` Zeppelin weather '' -- dark , fine nights . Throughout 1917 Germany began to deploy increasing numbers of fixed - wing bombers , the Gotha G. IV 's first target being Folkestone on 25 May 1917 , following this attack the number of airship raids decreased rapidly in favour of raids by fixed wing aircraft , before Zeppelin raids were called off entirely . In total , Zeppelins dropped 6,000 bombs , resulting in 556 dead and 1,357 wounded . Soon after the raid on Folkestone , the bombers began raids on London : one daylight raid on 13 June 1917 by 14 Gothas caused 162 deaths in the East End of London . In response to this new threat , Major General Edward Bailey Ashmore , a RFC pilot who later commanded an artillery division in Belgium , was appointed to devise an improved system of detection , communication and control , The system , called the Metropolitan Observation Service , encompassed the London Air Defence Area and would later extend eastwards towards the Kentish and Essex coasts . The Metropolitan Observation Service was fully operational until the late summer of 1918 ( the last German bombing raid taking place on 19 May 1918 ) . During the war , the Germans carried out 51 airship raids and 52 fixed - wing bomber raids on England , which together dropped 280 tons of bombs . The casualties amounted to 1,413 killed , and 3,409 wounded . The success of anti-air defence measures was limited ; of the 397 aircraft that had taken part in raids , only 24 Gothas were shot down ( though 37 more were lost in accidents ) , despite an estimated rate of 14,540 anti-air rounds per aircraft . Anti-zeppelin defences were more successful , with 17 shot down and 21 lost in accidents . Media ( edit ) Propaganda ( edit ) Main article : British propaganda during World War I A world map showing territory that `` Germany Wants '' by Edward Stanford . 1917 . Close reading of the quoted material shows that the map is misleading : it implies that Germany plans to annex all the territory in red , but this is only the case for a small fraction of it . Propaganda and censorship were closely linked during the war . The need to maintain morale and counter German propaganda was recognised early in the war and the War Propaganda Bureau was established under the leadership of Charles Masterman in September 1914 . The Bureau enlisted eminent writers such as HG Wells , Arthur Conan Doyle , Rudyard Kipling as well as newspaper editors . Until its abolition in 1917 , the department published 300 books and pamphlets in 21 languages , distributed over 4,000 propaganda photographs every week , and circulated maps , cartoons , and lantern slides to the media . Masterman also commissioned films about the war such as The Battle of the Somme , which appeared in August 1916 , while the battle was still in progress as a morale - booster and in general it met with a favourable reception . The Times reported on 22 August 1916 that `` Crowded audiences ... were interested and thrilled to have the realities of war brought so vividly before them , and if women had sometimes to shut their eyes to escape for a moment from the tragedy of the toll of battle which the film presents , opinion seems to be general that it was wise that the people at home should have this glimpse of what our soldiers are doing and daring and suffering in Picardy '' . Newspapers ( edit ) Newspapers during the war were subject to the Defence of the Realm Act , which eventually had two regulations restricting what they could publish : Regulation 18 , which prohibited the leakage of sensitive military information , troop and shipping movements ; and Regulation 27 , which made it an offence to `` spread false reports '' , `` spread reports that were likely to prejudice recruiting '' , `` undermine public confidence in banks or currency '' or cause `` disaffection to His Majesty '' . Where the official Press Bureau failed ( it had no statutory powers until April 1916 ) , the newspaper editors and owners operated a ruthless self - censorship . Having worked for government , press barons Viscount Rothermere , Baron Beaverbrook ( in a sea of controversy ) , and Viscount Northcliffe all received titles . For these reasons , it has been concluded that censorship , which at its height suppressed only socialist journals ( and briefly the right wing The Globe ) had less effect on the British press than the reductions in advertising revenues and cost increases which they also faced during the war . One major loophole in the official censorship lay with parliamentary privilege , when anything said in Parliament could be reported freely . The most infamous act of censorship in the early days of the war was the sinking of HMS Audacious in October 1914 , when the press was directed not to report on the loss , despite the sinking being observed by passengers on the liner RMS Olympic and quickly reported in the American press . The most popular papers of the period included dailies such as The Times , The Daily Telegraph and The Morning Post , weekly newspapers such as The Graphic and periodicals like John Bull , which claimed a weekly circulation of 900,000 . The public demand for news of the war was reflected in the increased sales of newspapers . After the German Navy raid on Hartlepool and Scarborough , the Daily Mail devoted three full pages to the raid and the Evening News reported that The Times had sold out by a quarter past nine in the morning , even with inflated prices . The Daily Mail itself increased in circulation from 800,000 a day in 1914 to 1.5 million by 1916 . News magazines ( edit ) The public 's thirst for news and information was in part satisfied by news magazines , which were dedicated to reporting the war . They included amongst others The War Illustrated , The Illustrated War News , and The War Pictorial , and were lavishly filled with photographs and illustrations , regardless of their target audience . Magazines were produced for all classes , and ranged both in price and tone . Many otherwise famous writers contributed towards these publications , of which H.G. Wells , Arthur Conan Doyle and Rudyard Kipling were three examples . Editorial guidelines varied ; in cheaper publications especially it was considered more important to create a sense of patriotism than to relay up - to - the - minutes news of developments of the front . Stories of German atrocities were commonplace . Music ( edit ) On 13 August 1914 , the Irish regiment the Connaught Rangers were witnessed singing `` It 's a Long Way to Tipperary '' as they marched through Boulogne by the Daily Mail correspondent George Curnock , who reported the event in that newspaper on 18 August 1914 . The song was then picked up by other units of the British Army . In November 1914 , it was sung in a pantomime by the well - known music hall singer Florrie Forde , which helped contribute to its worldwide popularity . Another song from 1916 , which became very popular as a music hall and marching song , boosting British morale despite the horrors of that war , was `` Pack Up Your Troubles in Your Old Kit - Bag '' . War poems ( edit ) Further information : War poetry during World War I There was also a notable group of war poets who wrote about their own experiences of war , which caught the public attention . Some died on active service , most famously Rupert Brooke , Isaac Rosenberg , and Wilfred Owen , while some , such as Siegfried Sassoon survived . Themes of the poems included the youth ( or naivety ) of the soldiers , and the dignified manner in which they fought and died . This is evident in lines such as `` They fell with their faces to the foe '' , from the `` Ode of Remembrance '' taken from Laurence Binyon 's For the Fallen , which was first published in The Times in September 1914 . Female poets such as Vera Brittain also wrote from the home front , to lament the losses of brothers and lovers fighting on the front . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of World War I § British Empire On the whole the British successfully managed the economics of the war . There had been no prewar plan for mobilization of economic resources . Controls were imposed slowly , as one urgent need followed another . With the City of London the world 's financial capital , it was possible to handle finances smoothly ; in all Britain spent 4 million pounds everyday on the war effort . The economy ( in terms of GDP ) grew about 14 % from 1914 to 1918 despite the absence of so many men in the services ; by contrast the German economy shrank 27 % . The War saw a decline of civilian consumption , with a major reallocation to munitions . The government share of GDP soared from 8 % in 1913 to 38 % in 1918 ( compared to 50 % in 1943 ) . The war forced Britain to use up its financial reserves and borrow large sums from private and government creditors in the United States . Shipments of American raw materials and food allowed Britain to feed itself and its army while maintaining his productivity . The financing was generally successful , as the City 's strong financial position minimized the damaging effects of inflation , as opposed to much worse conditions in Germany . Overall consumer consumption declined 18 % from 1914 to 1919 . Women were available and many entered munitions factories and took other home front jobs vacated by men . Scotland specialized in providing manpower , ships , machinery , food ( particularly fish ) and money . Its shipbuilding industry expanding by a third . Rationing ( edit ) Main article : Rationing in the United Kingdom A British government wartime leaflet detailing the consequences of breaking the rationing laws In line with its `` business as usual '' policy , the government was initially reluctant to try to control the food markets . It fought off efforts to try to introduce minimum prices in cereal production , though relenting in the area of controlling of essential imports ( sugar , meat and grains ) . When it did introduce changes , they were only limited in their effect . In 1916 , it became illegal to consume more than two courses whilst lunching in a public eating place or more than three for dinner ; fines were introduced for members of the public found feeding the pigeons or stray animals . In January 1917 , Germany started using U-boats ( submarines ) in order to sink Allied and later neutral ships bringing food to the country in an attempt to starve Britain into surrender under their unrestricted submarine warfare programme . One response to this threat was to introduce voluntary rationing in February 1917 , a scheme said to have been endorsed by the King and Queen themselves . Bread was subsidised from September that year ; prompted by local authorities taking matters into their own hands , compulsory rationing was introduced in stages between December 1917 and February 1918 , as Britain 's supply of wheat stores decreased to just six weeks worth . It is said to have in the most part benefited the health of the country , through the ' levelling of consumption of essential foodstuffs ' . To assist with rationing , ration books were introduced on 15 July 1918 for butter , margarine , lard , meat , and sugar . During the war , average calorific intake decreased only three percent , but protein intake six percent . Industry ( edit ) Forging steel shell cases Total British production fell by ten percent over the course of the war ; there were , however , increases in certain industries such as steel . Although Britain faced a highly contentious Shell Crisis of 1915 With severe shortages of artillery shells reported from the Western Front . In 1915 , a powerful new Ministry of Munitions under David Lloyd George was formed to control munitions production . The Government 's policy , according to historian and Conservative politician J.A.R. Marriott , was that : no private interest was to be permitted to obstruct the service , or imperil the safety , of the State . Trade Union regulations must be suspended ; employers ' profits must be limited , skilled men must fight , if not in the trenches , in the factories ; man - power must be economize by the dilution of labour and the employment of women ; Private factories must pass under the control of the State , and new national factories be set up . Results justified the new policy : the output was prodigious ; the goods were at last delivered . By April 1915 , just two million rounds of shells had been sent to France ; by the end of the war the figure had reached 187 million , and a year 's worth of pre-war production of light munitions could be completed in just four days by 1918 . Aircraft production in 1914 provided employment for 60,000 men and women ; by 1918 British firms employed over 347,000 . Labour ( edit ) Industrial production of munitions was a central feature of the war , and with a third of the men in the labour force moved into the military , demand was very high for industrial labour . Large numbers of women were employed temporarily . Most trade unions gave strong support to the war effort , cutting back on strikes and restrictive practices . However the coal miners and engineers were less enthusiastic . Trade unions were encouraged as membership grew from 4.1 million in 1914 to 6.5 million in 1918 , peaking at 8.3 million in 1920 before relapsing to 5.4 million in 1923 . Membership soared from 4.1 million in 1914 to 6.5 million in 1918 , peaking at 8.3 million in 1920 before relapsing to 5.4 million in 1923 . In 1914 , 65 % of union members had been associated with the Trades Union Congress ( TUC ) rising to 77 % in 1920 . Women were grudgingly admitted to the trade unions . Looking at a union of unskilled workers , Cathy Hunt concludes its regard for women workers , `` was at best inconsistent and at worst aimed almost entirely at improving and protecting working conditions for its male members . '' Labour 's prestige had never been higher , and it systematically placed its leaders into Parliament . The Munitions of War Act 1915 followed the Shell Crisis of 1915 when supplies of material to the front became a political issue . The Act forbade strikes and lockouts and replaced them with compulsory arbitration . It set up a system of controlling war industries , and established munitions tribunals that were special courts to enforce good working practices . It suspended , for the duration , restrictive practices by trade unions . It tried to control labour mobility between jobs . The courts ruled the definition of munitions was broad enough to include textile workers and dock workers . The 1915 act was repealed in 1919 , but similar legislation took effect during the Second World War . It was only as late as December 1917 that a War Cabinet Committee on Manpower was established , and the British government refrained from introducing compulsory labour direction ( though 388 men were moved as part of the voluntary National Service Scheme ) . Belgian refugees became workers , though they were often seen as `` job stealers '' . Likewise , the use of Irish workers , because they were exempt from conscription , was another source of resentment . Worried about the impact of the dilution of labour caused by bringing external groups into the main labour pool , workers in some areas turned to strike action . The efficiency of major industries improved markedly during the war . For example , the Singer Clydebank sewing machine factory received over 5000 government contracts , and made 303 million artillery shells , shell components , fuzes , and airplane parts , as well as grenades , rifle parts , and 361,000 horseshoes . Its labour force of 14,000 was about 70 percent female at war 's end . Energy ( edit ) Energy was a critical factor for the British war effort . Most of the energy supplies came from coal mines in Britain , where the issue was labour supply . Critical however was the flow of oil for ships , lorries and industrial use . There were no oil wells in Britain so everything was imported . The U.S. pumped two - thirds of the world 's oil . In 1917 , total British consumption was 827 million barrels , of which 85 percent was supplied by the United States , and 6 percent by Mexico . The great issue in 1917 was how many tankers would survive the German u-boats . Convoys and the construction of new tankers solved the German threat , while tight government controls guaranteed that all essential needs were covered . An Inter-Allied Petroleum Conference allocated American supplies to Britain , France and Italy . Fuel oil for the Royal Navy was the highest priority . In 1917 , the Royal Navy consumed 12,500 tons a month , but had a supply of 30,000 tons a month from the Anglo - Persian Oil Company , using their oil wells in Persia . Social change ( edit ) Main article : Women 's roles in the World Wars § World War I Variously throughout the war , serious shortage of able - bodied men ( `` manpower '' ) occurred in the country , and women were required to take on many of the traditional male roles , particularly in the area of arms manufacture ; though this was only significant in the later years of the war , since unemployed men were often prioritised by employers . Women both found work in the munitions factories ( as `` munitionettes '' ) despite initial trade union opposition , which directly helped the war effort , but also in the Civil Service , where they took men 's jobs , releasing them for the front . The number of women employed by the service increased from 33,000 in 1911 to over 102,000 by 1921 . The overall increase in female employment is estimated at 1.4 million , from 5.9 to 7.3 million , and female trade union membership increased from 357,000 in 1914 to over a million by 1918 -- an increase of 160 percent . Beckett suggests that most of these were working class women going into work at a younger age than they would otherwise have done , or married women returning to work . This taken together with the fact that only 23 percent of women in the munitions industry were actually doing men 's jobs , would limit substantially the overall impact of the war on the long - term prospects of the working woman . First World War poster When the government targeted women early in the war focussed on extending their existing roles -- helping with Belgian refugees , for example -- but also on improving recruitment rates amongst men . They did this both through the so - called `` Order of the White Feather '' and through the promise of home comforts for the men while they were at the front . In February 1916 , groups were set up and a campaign started to get women to help in agriculture and in March 1917 , the Women 's Land Army was set up . One goal was to attract middle - class women who would act as models for patriotic engagement in nontraditional duties . However the uniform of the Women 's Land Army included male overalls and trousers , which sparked debate on the propriety of such cross-dressing . The government responded with rhetoric that explicitly feminized the new roles . In 1918 , the Board of Trade estimated that there were 148,000 women in agricultural employment , though a figure of nearly 260,000 has also been suggested . The war also caused a split in the British suffragette movement , with the mainstream , represented by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughter Christabel 's Women 's Social and Political Union , calling a ' ceasefire ' in their campaign for the duration of the war . In contrast , more radical suffragettes , like the Women 's Suffrage Federation run by Emmeline 's other daughter , Sylvia , continued their ( at times violent ) struggle . Women were also allowed to join the armed forces in a non-combatant role and by the end of the War 80,000 women had joined the armed forces in auxiliary roles such as nursing and cooking . Following the war , millions of returning soldiers were still not entitled to vote . This posed another dilemma for politicians since they could be seen to be withholding the vote from the very men who had just fought to preserve the British democratic political system . The Representation of the People Act 1918 attempted to solve the problem , enfranchising all adult males as long as they were over 21 years old and were resident householders . It also gave the vote to women over 30 who met minimum property qualifications . The enfranchisement of this latter group was accepted as recognition of the contribution made by women defence workers , though the actual feelings of members of parliament ( MPs ) at the time is questioned . In the same year the Parliament ( Qualification of Women ) Act 1918 allowed women over 21 to stand as MPs . The new coalition government of 1918 charged itself with the task of creating a `` land fit for heroes '' , from a speech given in Wolverhampton by David Lloyd George on 23 November 1918 , where he stated `` What is our task ? To make Britain a fit country for heroes to live in . '' More generally , the war has been credited , both during and after the conflict , with removing some of the social barriers that had pervaded Victorian and Edwardian Britain . Regional conditions ( edit ) The War had a profound influence upon rural areas , as the U-boat blockade required the government to take full control of the food chain , as well as agricultural labour . Cereal production was a high priority , and the Corn Production Act 1917 guaranteed prices , regulated wage rates , and required farmers to meet efficiency standards . The government campaigned heavily for turning marginal land into cropland . The Women 's Land Army brought in 23,000 young women from the towns and cities to milk cows , pick fruit and otherwise replace the men who joined the services . More extensive use of tractors and machinery also replaced farm labourers . However , there was a shortage of both men and horses on the land by late 1915 . County War Agricultural Executive Committees reported that the continued removal of men was undercutting food production because of the farmers ' belief that operating a farm required a set number of men and horses . Kenneth Morgan argues that , `` the overwhelming mass of the Welsh people cast aside their political and industrial divisions and threw themselves into the war with gusto . '' Intellectuals and ministers actively promoted the war spirit . With 280,000 men enrolled in the services ( 14 % of the population ) , the proportionate effort in Wales outstripped both England and Scotland . However Adrian Gregory points out that the Welsh coal miners , while officially supporting the war effort , refused the government request to cut short their vacation time . After some debate , the miners agreed to extend the working day . Scotland 's distinctive characteristics have attracted significant attention from scholars . Daniel Coetzee shows it supported the war effort with widespread enthusiasm . Casualties ( edit ) See also : World War I casualties Poster for a fundraising event in support of Welsh troops by Frank Brangwyn In the post war publication Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 ( The War Office , March 1922 ) , the official report lists 908,371 ' soldiers ' as being either killed in action , dying of wounds , dying as prisoners of war or missing in action in the World War . ( This is broken down into Britain and its colonies 704,121 ; British India 64,449 ; Canada 56,639 ; Australia 59,330 ; New Zealand 16,711 ; South Africa 7,121 . ) Listed separately were the Royal Navy ( including the Royal Naval Air Service until 31 March 1918 ) war dead and missing of 32,287 and the Merchant Navy war dead of 14,661 . The figures for the Royal Flying Corps and the nascent Royal Air Force were not given in the War Office report . A second publication , Casualties and Medical Statistics ( 1931 ) , the final volume of the Official Medical History of the War , gives British Empire Army losses by cause of death . The total losses in combat from 1914 to 1918 were 876,084 , which included 418,361 killed , 167,172 died of wounds , 113,173 died of disease or injury , 161,046 missing presumed dead and 16,332 died as a prisoner of war . The Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists 888,246 war dead from the UK and colonies ( excluding the dominions , which are listed separately ) . This figure includes identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials ; there are an additional 187,644 unidentified burials from the Commonwealth ( then Empire ) as a whole . The civilian death rate exceeded the prewar level by 292,000 , which included 109,000 deaths due to food shortages and 183,577 from Spanish Flu . The 1922 War Office report detailed the deaths of 1,260 civilians and 310 military personnel due to air and sea bombardment the home islands . Losses at sea were 908 civilians and 63 fisherman killed by U-boat attacks . With a population of 4.8 million in 1911 , Scotland sent 690,000 men to the war , of whom 74,000 died in combat or from disease , and 150,000 were seriously wounded . At times Scottish troops made up large proportions of the active combatants , and suffered corresponding loses , as at the Battle of Loos , where there were three full Scots divisions and other Scottish units . Thus , although Scots were only 10 per cent of the British population , they made up 15 per cent of the national armed forces and eventually accounted for 20 per cent of the dead . Some areas , like the thinly populated Island of Lewis and Harris suffered some of the highest proportional losses of any part of Britain . Clydeside shipyards and the engineering shops of west - central Scotland became the most significant centre of shipbuilding and arms production in the Empire . In the Lowlands , particularly Glasgow , poor working and living conditions led to industrial and political unrest . Legacy and Memory ( edit ) The extent of the British Empire in 1898 The extent of the British Empire in 1914 The extent of the British Empire in 1921 The horrors of the Western Front as well as Gallipoli and Mesopotamia were seared into the collective consciousness of the twentieth century . To a large extent the understanding of the war in popular culture focused on the first day of the Battle of the Somme . Historian A.J.P. Taylor argued , `` The Somme set the picture by which future generations saw the First World War : brave helpless soldiers ; blundering obstinate generals ; nothing achieved . '' Images of trench warfare became iconic symbols of human suffering and endurance . The post-war world had many veterans who were maimed or damaged by shell shock . In 1921 1,187,450 men were in receipt of pensions for war disabilities , with a fifth of these having suffered serious loss of limbs or eyesight , paralysis or lunacy . The war was a major economic catastrophe as Britain went from being the world 's largest overseas investor to being its biggest debtor , with interest payments consuming around 40 percent of the national budget . Inflation more than doubled between 1914 and its peak in 1920 , while the value of the Pound Sterling fell by 61.2 percent . Reparations in the form of free German coal depressed the local industry , precipitating the 1926 General Strike . During the war British private investments abroad were sold , raising £ 550 million . However , £ 250 million new investment also took place during the war . The net financial loss was therefore approximately £ 300 million ; less than two years investment compared to the pre-war average rate and more than replaced by 1928 . Material loss was `` slight '' : the most significant being 40 percent of the British merchant fleet sunk by German U-boats . Most of this was replaced in 1918 and all immediately after the war . The military historian Correlli Barnett has argued that `` in objective truth the Great War in no way inflicted crippling economic damage on Britain '' but that the war only `` crippled the British psychologically '' ( emphasis in original ) . Less concrete changes include the growing assertiveness of the Dominions within the British Empire . Battles such as Gallipoli for Australia and New Zealand , and Vimy Ridge for Canada led to increased national pride and a greater reluctance to remain subordinate to London . These battles were often portrayed favourably in these nations ' propaganda as symbolic of their power during the war . The war released pent - up indigenous nationalism , as populations tried to take advantage of the precedent set by the introduction of self - determination in eastern Europe . Britain was to face unrest in Ireland ( 1919 -- 21 ) , India ( 1919 ) , Egypt ( 1919 -- 23 ) , Palestine ( 1920 -- 21 ) and Iraq ( 1920 ) at a time when they were supposed to be demilitarising . Nevertheless , Britain 's only territorial loss came in Ireland , where the delay in finding a resolution to the home rule issue , along with the 1916 Easter Rising and a failed attempt to introduce conscription in Ireland , increased support for separatist radicals , and led indirectly to the outbreak of the Irish War of Independence in 1919 . Further change came in 1919 . With the Treaty of Versailles , London took charge of an additional 1,800,000 square miles ( 4,700,000 km ) and 13 million new subjects . The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers ( and to Australia , New Zealand and South Africa ) as League of Nations mandates , with the United Kingdom at least gaining control of Palestine and Transjordan , Iraq , parts of Cameroon and Togo , and Tanganyika . Indeed , the British Empire reached its territorial peak after the settlement . See also ( edit ) World War I portal Diplomatic history of World War I References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Foreign Office , `` A State of War , '' August 4 , 1914 , Supplement to the London Gazette no . 28861 ( August 5 , 1914 ) : 6161 `` . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Office , Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Austria - Hungary , August 12 , 1914 , Supplement to the London Gazette no . 28868 ( August 13 , 1914 ) : 6375 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Office , Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Turkey , November 5 , 1914 , London Gazette no . 28965 ( November 6 , 1914 ) : 9011 '' . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Office , Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Bulgaria , October 15 , 1915 , London Gazette no . 29333 ( October 19 , 1915 ) : 10257 -- 58 '' . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Spencer C. ; Roberts , Priscilla ( 2005 ) . The Encyclopedia of World War I : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` The war and the changing face of British society '' . National Archives . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Gregory ( 2008 ) ; Pennell ( 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : Baker ( 1921 ) p 21 ^ Jump up to : Trueman , Chris . `` Total war '' . History Learning Site . Archived from the original on 30 May 2015 . 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'' Journal of Modern History 39.3 ( 1967 ) : 283 - 303 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Barry McGill , `` Asquith 's Predicament , 1914 -- 1918 , '' Journal of Modern History ( 1967 ) 39 # 3 pp. 283 -- 303 in JSTOR Jump up ^ John M. McEwen , `` The Struggle for Mastery in Britain : Lloyd George versus Asquith , December 1916 . '' Journal of British Studies 18 # 1 ( 1978 ) : 131 - 156 . Jump up ^ John Grigg , Lloyd George : War Leader 1916 -- 1918 ( 2002 ) vol 4 pp 1 -- 30 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , English History , 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) pp 73 -- 99 Jump up ^ The Oxford Library of Words and Phrases . Oxford University Press . 1981 . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Beckett ( 2007 ) , pp 499 -- 500 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , English History , 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) pp 100 -- 106 Jump up ^ John Grigg , Lloyd George : War Leader 1916 -- 1918 ( 2002 ) vol 4 pp 478 -- 83 Jump up ^ Alan J. Ward , `` Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish Conscription Crisis , '' Historical Journal ( 1974 ) 17 # 1 pp. 107 -- 129 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Grigg , Lloyd George vol 4 pp 465 -- 88 Jump up ^ John Gooch , `` The Maurice Debate 1918 , '' Journal of Contemporary History ( 1968 ) 3 # 4 pp. 211 -- 228 in JSTOR Jump up ^ John Grigg , Lloyd George : War leader , 1916 -- 1918 ( London : Penguin , 2002 ) , pp 489 -- 512 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , English History , 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) pp 108 -- 11 Jump up ^ George H. Cassar , Lloyd George at War , 1916 - 1918 ( 2009 ) p 351 online at JSTOR Jump up ^ Trevor Wilson , `` The Coupon and the British General Election of 1918 , '' Journal of Modern History , ( 1964 ) 36 # 1 pp. 28 -- 42 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Wilson , The Downfall of the Liberal Party : 1914 -- 1935 ( 1966 ) pp 135 -- 85 Jump up ^ Martin Horn , Britain , France , and the financing of the First World War ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Peter Dewey , War and progress : Britain 1914 - 1945 ( 1997 ) pp 28 - 31 . Jump up ^ Anthony J. Arnold , `` ' A paradise for profiteers ' ? The importance and treatment of profits during the First World War . '' Accounting History Review 24 # 2 - 3 ( 2014 ) : 61 - 81 . Jump up ^ Mark Billings and Lynne Oats , `` Innovation and pragmatism in tax design : Excess Profits Duty in the UK during the First World War . '' Accounting History Review 24 # 2 - 3 ( 2014 ) : 83 - 101 . Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , English History 1914 - 1945 ( 1965 ) pp 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ M.J. Daunton , `` How to Pay for the War : State , Society and Taxation in Britain , 1917 -- 24 , '' English Historical Review ( 1996 ) 111 # 443 pp. 882 -- 919 Jump up ^ Nicolson ( 1952 ) , p 308 Jump up ^ `` The Royal Family name '' . Official web site of the British monarchy . Archived from the original on 15 February 2009 . Retrieved 8 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Nicolson ( 195 ) , p 310 Jump up ^ `` Titles Deprivation Act 1917 '' . office of public sector information . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . Jump up ^ At George 's wedding in 1893 , The Times claimed that the crowd may have confused Nicholas with George , because their beards and uniforms made them look alike ( The Times 7 July 1893 , p 5 ) Jump up ^ Nicolson ( 1952 ) , p 301 Jump up ^ Andrew Roberts ( 2000 ) . The House of Windsor . U of California Press . p. 30 . Jump up ^ Roberts ( 2000 ) , p 41 Jump up ^ Ziegler ( 1991 ) , p 111 Jump up ^ Duke of Windsor ( 1998 ) , p 140 Jump up ^ Bradford ( 1989 ) , pp 55 -- 76 Jump up ^ Imperial War Museum . `` Princess Mary 's Gift to the Troops , Christmas 1914 '' . archive.iwm.org.uk . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Thornton - Cook ( 1977 ) , p. 229 Jump up ^ Beckett ( 2007 ) , Chronology ^ Jump up to : Beckett ( 2007 ) , p 348 Jump up ^ FitzRoy , Almeric William , Clerk of the Privy Council ( 14 August 1914 ) . `` Part 1 : General Regulations '' ( PDF ) . The London Gazette ( 28870 ) . p. 3 . It shall be lawful for the competent naval or military authority ... ( a ) to take possession of any land ... ( b ) to take possession of any buildings or other property CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ FitzRoy , Almeric William , Clerk of the Privy Council ( 14 August 1914 ) . `` Part 2 : Regulations specially designed to prevent persons communicating with the enemy ... '' ( PDF ) . The London Gazette ( 28870 ) . p. 4 . No person shall trespass on any railway , or loiter under or near any bridge , viaduct , or culvert , over which a railway passes . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Beckett ( 2007 ) , pp 380 -- 382 Jump up ^ FitzRoy , Almeric William , Clerk of the Privy Council ( 14 August 1914 ) . `` Part 2 : Regulations specially designed to prevent persons communicating with the enemy ... '' ( PDF ) . The London Gazette ( 28870 ) . p. 4 . No person shall ... communicate any information with respect to the movement or disposition of any of the forces , ships , or war materials ... or with respect to the plans of any naval or military operations CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Beckett ( 2007 ) , p 383 Jump up ^ `` Treachery Bill '' . Hansard . Retrieved 13 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` British Army : Courts Martial : First World War , 1914 -- 1918 '' . National Archives . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . 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Coetzee , `` A life and death decision : the influence of trends in fertility , nuptiality and family economies on voluntary enlistment in Scotland , August 1914 to December 1915 '' , Family and Community History , November 2005 , vol. 8 ( 2 ) , pp. 77 -- 89 . Jump up ^ R.J.Q. Adams , `` Delivering the Goods : Reappaising the Ministry of Munitions : 1915 -- 1916 . '' Albion : A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies ( 1975 ) 7 # 3 pp : 232 -- 244 at p. 238 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Adams ( 1999 ) , p 266 Jump up ^ Alan J. , Ward ( 1974 ) . Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish Conscription Crisis . The Historical Journal , Vol . XVII , no . 1 . Jump up ^ Cahill , Liam ( 1990 ) . Forgotten Revolution : Limerick Soviet , 1919 . O'Brien Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86278 - 194 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor ( 2001 ) , p 116 Jump up ^ Silence in castle to honour First World War conscientious objectors dated 25 June 2013 at thenorthernecho.co.uk , accessed 19 October 2014 Jump up ^ Beckett ( 2007 ) , p 507 Jump up ^ Corbett Julian . `` Yorkshire Coast Raid , 15 -- 16 December 1914 '' . Official History of the War , Naval Operations Vol. II . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Massie ( 2004 ) , pp 309 -- 311 Jump up ^ His Majesty 's stationery Office ( 1922 ) , pp 674 -- 677 Jump up ^ `` Damage by German Raids '' . UK Parliament `` Hansard '' . Retrieved 13 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` German Attacks on Unfortified Towns '' . UK Parliament `` Hansard '' . Retrieved 13 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Wood & Murphy ( 2005 ) , P. 193 ^ Jump up to : Beckett ( 2007 ) , pp 258 -- 261 Jump up ^ Powers ( 1976 ) , pp 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Bourne ( 2001 ) , p 10 Jump up ^ Bourne ( 2001 ) , p 20 Jump up ^ `` Air Raids '' . National Archives . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Espionage , propaganda and censorship '' . National Archives . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . Jump up ^ D.G. Wright , `` The Great War , Government Propaganda and English ' Men Of Letters ' 1914 - 16 . '' Literature and History 7 ( 1978 ) : 70 + . Jump up ^ ' War 's Realities on the Cinema ' , The Times , London , 22 August , 1916 , p 3 ^ Jump up to : Paddock ( 2004 ) , p 22 Jump up ^ `` No. 31427 '' . The London Gazette. 1 July 1919 . p. 8221 . Jump up ^ McCreery ( 2005 ) , pp 26 -- 27 Jump up ^ `` No. 30533 '' . The London Gazette. 19 February 1918 . p. 2212 . Jump up ^ Paddock ( 2004 ) , p 24 Jump up ^ Paddock ( 2004 ) , p 16 Jump up ^ Paddock ( 2004 ) , p 34 Jump up ^ `` War Weeklies '' . Time . 25 September 1939 . Retrieved 12 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Cryer ( 2009 ) , p 188 Jump up ^ Shepherd ( 2003 ) , p 390 Jump up ^ The Times on 21 September 1914 . Jump up ^ Singh , Anita ( 13 February 2009 ) . `` Vera Brittain to be subject for film '' . London : Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 May 2009 . Jump up ^ William Ashworth , An Economic History of England , 1870 -- 1939 ( 1960 ) pp 265 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Tom Kington . `` Recruited by MI5 : the name 's Mussolini . Benito Mussolini '' . Jump up ^ David Stevenson ( 2011 ) . With Our Backs to the Wall : Victory and Defeat in 1918 . Harvard U.P. p. 370 . ISBN 9780674062269 . Jump up ^ Niall Ferguson , The Pity of War ( 1998 ) p 249 Jump up ^ Steven Lobell , `` The Political Economy of War Mobilization : From Britain 's Limited Liability to a Continental Commitment , '' International Politics ( 2006 ) 43 # 3 pp 283 -- 304 Jump up ^ M.J. Daunton , `` How to Pay for the War : State , Society and Taxation in Britain , 1917 -- 24 , '' English Historical Review ( 1996 ) 111 # 443 pp. 882 -- 919 in JSTOR Jump up ^ T. Balderston , `` War finance and inflation in Britain and Germany , 1914 -- 1918 , '' Economic History Review ( 1989 ) 42 # 2 pp 222 -- 244 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ B.R. Mitchell , Abstract of British Historical Statistics ( 1962 ) p 371 Jump up ^ Gail Braybon , Women Workers in the First World War : The British Experience ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ G.R. Searle , A New England ? : Peace and War , 1886 - 1918 ( OUP , 2005 ) pp. 777 - 793 . Jump up ^ Adrian Gregory ( 2008 ) . The Last Great War : British Society and the First World War . Cambridge U.P. ISBN 9780521728836 . Jump up ^ Samuel J. Hurwitz ( 1949 ) . State Intervention in Great Britain : Study of Economic Control and Social Response , 1914 -- 1919 . pp. 12 -- 29 . ISBN 9781136931864 . Jump up ^ Condell & Liddiard ( 1987 ) , p 18 Jump up ^ Morrow ( 2005 ) , p 202 Jump up ^ Beckett attributes this quotation ( page 382 ) to Margaret Barnett , but does not give further details . Jump up ^ Palmer ( 1992 ) , pp 355 -- 356 Jump up ^ Bentley Gilbert , David Lloyd George : Organizer of Victory 1912 -- 1916 ( 1992 ) , pp 209 -- 50 Jump up ^ John Grigg , Lloyd George : From Peace to War 1912 -- 1916 ( 1985 ) pp 223 -- 56 Jump up ^ J.A.R. Marriott , Modern England : 1885 - 1945 ( 4th ed. 1948 ) p. 376 Jump up ^ `` The war and the changing face of British society '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ John N. Horne , Labour at war : France and Britain , 1914 - 1918 ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ G.R. Searle , A New England ? : Peace and War , 1886 - 1918 ( 2005 ) pp. 819 - 821 ^ Jump up to : B.R. Mitchell , Abstract of British Historical Statistics ( 1962 ) p 68 Jump up ^ Cathy Hunt , `` ' Her Heart and Soul were with The Labour Movement ' : Using a Local Study to Highlight the Work Of Women Organizers Employed by the Workers ' Union in Britain From the First World War to 1931 . '' Labour History Review 70.2 ( 2005 ) : 167 - 184 , quote p 180 . Jump up ^ David Swift , `` Patriotic labour in the era of the great war '' ( PhD . Dissertation University of Central Lancashire , 2014 ) online Detailed bibliography on pp 220 - 35 . Jump up ^ F.M. Leventhal , ed . Twentieth - Century Britain : An Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) p 78 - 80 . Jump up ^ Beckett ( 2007 ) , p 369 Jump up ^ Gerry R. Rubin , `` Law , War and Economy : The Munitions Acts 1915 - 17 and Corporatism in Context . '' Journal of Law and Society 11.3 ( 1984 ) : 317 - 333 . Jump up ^ Beckett ( 2007 ) , p 366 Jump up ^ Robert Bruce Davies , Peacefully working to conquer the world ( Arno Press , 19760 p 170 Jump up ^ Harold F. Williamson , The American Petroleum Industry : the Age of Energy 1899 -- 1959 ( 1963 ) 2 : 267 Jump up ^ Daniel Yergin , The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money and Power ( 1991 ) pp 176 -- 77 Jump up ^ Ronald W. Ferrier ; J.H. Bamberg ( 1982 ) . The History of the British Petroleum Company : Volume 1 , The Developing Years , 1901 -- 1932 . Cambridge UP . pp. A -- 13 . ISBN 9780521246477 . ^ Jump up to : Professor Joanna Bourke . `` Women on the Home Front in World War One '' . Retrieved 13 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Susan R. Grayzel , `` Nostalgia , Gender , and The Countryside : Placing the ' Land Girl ' in First World War Britain , '' Rural History ( 1999 ) 10 # 2 pp 155 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Professor Joanna Bourke . `` Women and the Military during World War One '' . Retrieved 13 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fraser ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ Law ( 1997 ) , p 115 Jump up ^ The Times , 25 November 1918 . Jump up ^ Pamela Horn , Rural Life in England in the First World War ( St. Martin 's Press , 1984 ) Jump up ^ Peter E. Dewey , `` British Farming Profits and Government Policy During the First World War . '' Economic History Review ( 1984 ) 37 # 3 pp : 373 -- 390 . Jump up ^ Peter E. Dewey , British Agriculture in the First World War ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Bonnie White , The Women 's Land Army in First World War Britain ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Bonnie White , `` Feeding the war effort : agricultural experiences in First World War Devon , 1914 -- 17 , '' Agricultural History Review ( 2010 ) 58 # 1 pp 95 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Kenneth O. Morgan ( 1981 ) . Rebirth of a Nation : Wales , 1880 -- 1980 . Oxford UP . pp. 159 -- 60 . ISBN 9780198217367 . Jump up ^ Adrian Gregory ( 2008 ) . The Last Great War : British Society and the First World War . Cambridge UP . ISBN 9781107650862 . ch 1 Jump up ^ C.M.M. Macdonald and E.W. McFarland , eds , Scotland and the Great War ( Edinburgh : Tuckwell Press , 1999 ) Jump up ^ Daniel Coetzee , `` Measures of enthusiasm : new avenues in quantifying variations in voluntary enlistment in Scotland , August 1914 -- December 1915 '' , Local Population Studies , Spring 2005 , Issue 74 , pp. 16 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2010 - 2011 Archived 4 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , page 45 . Jump up ^ Gilbert ( 1994 ) , pp 674 -- 678 Jump up ^ Gilbert ( 1994 ) , p 78 Jump up ^ I.F.W. Beckett and K.R. Simpson , eds . A Nation in Arms : a Social Study of the British Army in the First World War ( Manchester : Manchester University Press , 1985 ) p. 11 . Jump up ^ R.A. Houston and W.W. Knox , eds , The New Penguin History of Scotland ( London : Penguin , 2001 ) , p. 426 . ^ Jump up to : J. Buchanan , Scotland ( Langenscheidt , 3rd edn. , 2003 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Brian Bond ( 2002 ) . The Unquiet Western Front : Britain 's Role in Literature and History . Cambridge UP . pp. 62 -- 63 . ISBN 9781139434096 . Jump up ^ Chris Wrigley , `` The Impact of the First World War , '' in Chris Wrigley , ed. , A Companion to Early Twentieth - Century Britain ( 2003 ) pp 502 , 512 ^ Jump up to : `` Inflation value of the Pound '' ( PDF ) . House of Commons . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 February 2006 . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2001 ) , p 123 Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2001 ) , p 122 Jump up ^ Barnett ( 2002 ) , pp 424 -- 426 ^ Jump up to : Beaumont ( 1995 ) , pp 125 -- 148 Jump up ^ Hennessey ( 1998 ) , p 220 Jump up ^ Ferguson ( 2004 ) , p 315 Jump up ^ Olson ( 1996 ) , p 658 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Kingdom in World War I . Badsey , Stephen : Great Britain , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Johnson , Matthew : Governments , Parliaments and Parties ( Great Britain and Ireland ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Wrigley , Chris : Labour , Labour Movements , Trade Unions and Strikes ( Great Britain and Ireland ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Pennell , Catriona : Making Sense of the War ( Great Britain and Ireland ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Monger , David : Press / Journalism ( Great Britain and Ireland ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Noakes , Lucy : Women 's Mobilization for War ( Great Britain and Ireland ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Monger , David : Propaganda at Home ( Great Britain and Ireland ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Meyer , Jessica : Subjectivity and Emotions ( Great Britain and Ireland ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Millman , Brock : War Aims and War Aims Discussions ( Great Britain and Ireland ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Horn , Martin : War Finance ( Great Britain and Ireland ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Sheffield City Council Libraries and Archives : `` Sources for the Study of World War I in Sheffield '' website -- research guide links . Further reading ( edit ) Surveys ( edit ) Encyclopædia Britannica ( 12th ed. 1922 ) comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30 - 31 - 32 that cover events since 1911 with very thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony . Included also in 13th edition ( 1926 ) partly online Beckett , Ian F.W. ( 2007 ) . The Great war ( 2 ed . ) . Longman . ISBN 1 - 4058 - 1252 - 4 . Available on Google books . Beckett , Ian F.W. The Home Front , 1914 -- 1918 : How Britain Survived the Great War ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search Chandler , David ( 2003 ) . The Oxford History of the British Army . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280311 - 5 . The Cambridge History of the First World War Volume 3 : Civil Society ( 2014 ) online Ferguson , Niall ( 1999 ) . The Pity of War . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027523 - 1 . Gilbert , Martin ( 1994 ) . Atlas of World War I. Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 521077 - 8 . Marriott , J.A.R. Modern England , 1885 - 1945 A History Of My Own Times ( 4th ed. 1949 ) pp 347 -- 456 online free Massie , Robert ( 2004 ) . Castles of Steel : Britain , Germany , and the Winning of the Great War at Sea . London : Jonathan Cape . ISBN 0 - 224 - 04092 - 8 . Mitchell , T.J. ( 1931 ) . Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War . London : Reprinted by Battery Press ( 1997 ) . ISBN 0 - 89839 - 263 - 2 . Palmer , Alan ; Palmer , Veronica ( 1992 ) . The Chronology of British History . London : Century Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 5616 - 2 . Searle , G.R. A New England ? : Peace and War , 1886 - 1918 ( New Oxford History of England , Oxford University Press , 2005 ) pp 663 -- 838 ... Somervell , D.C. The Reign of King George V , ( 1936 ) pp 101 -- 202 ; wide - ranging survey . online free Taylor , A.J.P. ( 2001 ) . English History 1914 -- 1945 ( The Oxford History of England ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280140 - 6 . Turner , John , ed . Britain and the First World War ( 1988 ) Wilson , Trevor . The Myriad Faces of War : Britain and the Great War 1914 -- 1918 ( 1989 ) excerpt and text search 864pp ; covers both the homefront and the battlefields Winter , Jay , and Jean - Louis Robert , eds . Capital Cities at War : Paris , London , Berlin 1914 -- 1919 ( 2 vol. 1999 , 2007 ) , 30 chapters 1200pp ; comprehensive coverage by scholars vol 1 excerpt ; vol 2 excerpt and text search Woodward , Llewellyn . Great Britain and the War of 1914 - 1918 ( 1967 ) 610pp ; thorough scholarly coverage of military operations , diplomacy , and high politics , with the chapter on economics ; more recent histories cover much more social , cultural and intellectual history . Politics ( edit ) Adams , R.J.Q. ( 1999 ) . Bonar Law . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 3716 - 6 . Available on Google books . Bourne , JM ( 2001 ) . Who 's who in World War One . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 14179 - 6 . Gilbert , Bentley Brinkerhoff . David Lloyd George : Organizer of Victory 1912 -- 1916 ( 1992 ) Grigg , John . Lloyd George : From Peace to War 1912 -- 1916 ( 1985 ) Grigg , John . Lloyd George : War Leader 1916 -- 1918 ( 2002 ) Hennessey , Thomas ( 1998 ) . Dividing Ireland , World War I and Partition , The Irish Convention and Conscription . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 17420 - 1 . McEwen , John M. `` The Struggle for Mastery in Britain : Lloyd George versus Asquith , December 1916 . '' Journal of British Studies 18 # 1 ( 1978 ) : 131 - 156 . McGill , Barry . `` Asquith 's Predicament , 1914 - 1918 . '' Journal of Modern History 39.3 ( 1967 ) : 283 - 303 . in JSTOR Martin , Ged . `` Asquith , the Maurice Debate and the Historians . '' Australian Journal of Politics & History 31.3 ( 1985 ) : 435 - 444 . Nicolson , Sir Harold ( 1952 ) . King George the Fifth : His Life and Reign . London : Constable and Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 453181 - 9 . Pennell , Catriona ( 2012 ) . A Kingdom United : Popular Responses to the Outbreak of the First World War in Britain and Ireland . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 959058 - 2 . Pugh , Martin D. `` Asquith , Bonar Law and the First Coalition . '' Historical Journal 17 # 4 ( 1974 ) : 813 - 836 . in JSTOR Robbins , Keith . The Abolition of War : The '' Peace Movement '' in Britain , 1914 - 1919 ( U of Wales Press , 1976 ) . Rose , Kenneth ( 1983 ) . King George V. London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 78245 - 2 . Turner , John . British Politics and the Great War : Coalition and Conflict 1915 -- 1918 ( 1992 ) Empire ( edit ) Beaumont , Broken Nation : Australians in the Great War ( 2014 ) Beaumont , Joan ( 1995 ) . Australia 's War , 1914 -- 1918 . St Leonards : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86373 - 461 - 9 . Fogarty , Richard S. , and David Killingray . `` Demobilization in British and French Africa at the End of the First World War . '' Journal of Contemporary History ( 2015 ) 50 # 1 pp : 100 -- 123 . McCreery , Christopher ( 2005 ) . The Order of Canada . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 3940 - 5 . Available on Google books . Olson , James ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29366 - X . Morrow , John Howard ( 2005 ) . The Great War : An Imperial History . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 20440 - 2 . Pierce , John ( Spring 1992 ) . `` Constructing Memory : The Vimy Memorial '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Military History . 1 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 5 -- 14 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . The War Office ( 1922 ) . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 . Reprinted by Naval & Military Press . ISBN 1 - 84734 - 682 - 0 . Economics ( edit ) Adams , R.J.Q. `` Delivering the Goods : Reappaising the Ministry of Munitions : 1915 -- 1916 . '' Albion : A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies ( 1975 ) 7 # 3 pp : 232 -- 244 in JSTOR Adams , R.J.Q. Arms and the Wizard : Lloyd George and the Ministry of Munitions. ( 1978 ) Ashworth , William . An Economic History of England , 1870 -- 1939 ( 1960 ) Baker , Charles Whiting ( 1921 ) . Government control and operation of industry in Great Britain and the United States during the World War . New York : Oxford University Press . Retrieved 18 May 2009 . As available from Archive.org . Barnett , Margaret . British food policy during the First World War ( Routledge , 2014 ) Barnett , Correlli ( 2002 ) . The Collapse of British Power . Pan books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 49181 - 4 . Burk , Kathleen . Britain , America and the sinews of war , 1914 - 1918 ( 1985 ) online free Great Britain . Ministry of Munitions . History of the Ministry of Munitions ( 8 vol. 1922 ) , online free Grieves , Keith . The politics of manpower , 1914 - 18 ( Manchester UP , 1988 ) . Hancock , W.K. and M.M. Gowing . British War Economy ( 1949 ) pp 3 -- 40 Hurwitz , Samuel J. ( 1949 ) . State Intervention in Great Britain : Study of Economic Control and Social Response , 1914 -- 1919 . Routledge . ISBN 9781136931864 . McVey , Frank L. The financial history of Great Britain , 1914 - 1918 ( 1918 ) online free Whetham , Edith H. The Agrarian History of England and Wales : Volume VIII : 1914 -- 39 ( Cambridge University Press , 1978 ) , pp 70 -- 123 Propaganda and popular culture ( edit ) Bell , Stuart . `` ' Soldiers of Christ arise ' : Religious Nationalism in the East Midlands during World War I . '' Midland History 39.2 ( 2014 ) : 219 -- 235 . Field , Clive . `` Keeping the Spiritual Home Fires Burning : Religious Belonging in Britain during the First World War . '' War & Society 33.4 ( 2014 ) : 244 -- 268 . Fussell , Paul . The Great War and modern memory ( 1975 ) , highly influential cultural interpretation online free Goebel , Stefan and White , Jerry . `` London and the First World War '' . London Journal 41 : 3 ( 2016 ) : 1 -- 20 , < URL : http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03058034.2016.1216758 > Green , Leanne . `` Advertising war : Picturing Belgium in First World War publicity . '' Media , War & Conflict 7.3 ( 2014 ) : 309 -- 325 . Haste , Cate . Keep the home fires burning : Propaganda in the First World War ( Lane , Allen , 1977 ) Hynes , Samuel . A war imagined : the First World War and English culture ( 2011 ) Kennedy , Kate . `` ' A music of grief ' : classical music and the First World War . '' International Affairs 90.2 ( 2014 ) : 379 -- 395 . Lasswell , Harold D ... Propaganda Technique in World War I. ( 1927 ) Lonsdale , Sarah . `` `` Roast Seagull and other Quaint Bird Dishes '' The development of features and `` lifestyle '' journalism in British newspapers during the First World War . '' Journalism Studies ( 2014 ) : 1 -- 16 . Millman , Brock . Managing Domestic Dissent in First World War Britain ( Routledge , 2014 ) Monger , David . Patriotism and Propaganda in First World War Britain : The National War Aims Committee and Civilian Morale ( 2013 ) online edition O'Prey , Paul . `` Poetry of the First World War : Dispelling the Myths . '' The RUSI Journal 159.4 ( 2014 ) : 102 -- 105 . Paddock , Troy RE ( 2004 ) . A call to arms : propaganda , public opinion , and newspapers in the Great War . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97383 - 2 . Wilkinson , Alan . The Church of England and the First World War ( Lutterworth Press , 2014 ) Williams , Vanessa . `` ' Welded in a single mass ' : Memory and Community in London 's Concert Halls during the First World War . '' Journal of Musicological Research 3.1 -- 3 ( 2014 ) : 27 -- 38 . Year books ( edit ) Annual Register 1915 , ighly detailed political history of UK and British Empire Annual Register 1916 Annual Register 1917 Annual Register 1918 Annual Register 1919 Women , family and Society ( edit ) Braybon , Gail ( 1990 ) . Women Workers in the First World War : The British Experience . London : Routledge . Condell , Diana ; Liddiard , Jean ( 1987 ) . Working for victory ? : images of women in the First World War , 1914 -- 18 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0974 - 6 . Available on Google books . Grayzel , Susan R. Women 's identities at war : gender , motherhood , and politics in Britain and France during the First World War . UNC Press Books , 1999 . Gregory , Adrian ( 2008 ) . The Last Great War : British Society and the First World War . Cambridge . Law , Cheryl ( 1997 ) . Suffrage and power : the women 's movement , 1918 -- 1928 . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 201 - 2 . Available on Google books . Marwick , Arthur ( 1965 ) The Deluge : British Society and the First World War ISBN 0 - 393 - 00523 - 2 Peel , Mrs. C.S. ( Dorothy Constance ) ( 1929 ) How We Lived Then , 1914 -- 1918 : a Sketch of Social and Domestic Life in England during the War , London : Bodley Head Shields , Rosemary , and Linda Shields . `` Dame Maud McCarthy ( 1859 -- 1949 ) : Matron - in - Chief , British Expeditionary Forces France and Flanders , First World War . '' Journal of medical biography ( 2015 ) : 0967772013480610 . Primary sources ( edit ) Gooch , G.P. Recent Revelations Of European Diplomancy ( 1940 ) , pp 343 -- 429 summarizes published memoirs by main participants Historiography and Memory ( edit ) Bond , Brian , ed . The First World War and British Military History ( Oxford UP , 1991 ) DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780198222996.001. 0001 online . 11 topical essays by experts . Braybon , Gail ( 2005 ) . Evidence , History and the Great War : Historians and the Impact of 14 -- 18 . Berghahn Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57181 - 801 - 0 . Elton , G.R. Modern Historians on British History 1485 - 1945 : A Critical Bibliography 1945 - 1969 ( 1969 ) , annotated guide to 1000 history books on every major topic , plus book reviews and major scholarly articles . online Gaffney , Angela . Aftermath : Remembering the Great War in Wales ( 1998 ) Korte , Barbara and Ann - Marie Einhaus . `` Short - Term Memories : The First World War in British Short Stories , 1914 -- 39 , '' Literature & History ( 2009 ) 18 # 1 pp 54 -- 67 . McCartney , Helen B . `` The First World War soldier and his contemporary image in Britain , '' International Affairs ( 2014 ) 90 # 2 pp 299 -- 315 . Reynolds , David J. `` Britain , the Two World Wars , and the Problem of Narrative '' Historical Journal , 60 # 1 , 197 - 231 . https://Doi.Org/10.1017/S0018246X16000509 Wolford , Scott . `` Teaching the First World War in ' Real Time ' '' ( 2015 ) . online History of World War I by region and country Africa Angola East Africa Egypt Liberia Morocco South Africa South West Africa Southern Rhodesia North America Canada United States South America Brazil Asia Caucasus India Iran Iraq Japan Levant Siam Vietnam Yemen Europe Austria - Hungary Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg Poland Ottoman Empire Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Category Portal United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac . Hydroelectricity Marine North Sea oil Solar Wind Food Agriculture Fishing English Scottish Hunting Materials Flora Forestry Mining Politics Constitution Courts Elections Foreign relations Human rights Judiciary Law Law enforcement Legislation Monarchy monarchs Nationality Parliament House of Commons House of Lords Political parties Government Cabinet list Civil service Departments Prime Minister list Military Royal Navy Army Royal Air Force Weapons of mass destruction Economy Banks Bank of England Budget Economic geography Manufacturing Pound ( currency ) Stock Exchanges ( London Exchange ) Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transport British Rail Society Affordability of housing Crime Demography Drug policy Education Ethnic groups Health Immigration Innovation Languages Poverty Prostitution Public holidays Social care Social structure Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Identity Literature Media Music Religion Sport Symbols Theatre Countries of the United Kingdom England History social timeline Geography Politics Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Northern Ireland History Geography Politics Assembly Executive First Minister and deputy Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Scotland History timeline Geography Politics Parliament Government First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Wales History Geography Welsh Government Politics Assembly First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Outline Index Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War&oldid=836265286 '' Categories : United Kingdom in World War I British Empire in World War I 1910s in the United Kingdom Military history of the United Kingdom during World War I World War I by country 20th century in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from September 2017 Use dmy dates from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Español Հայերեն Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 18 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the queen of britain during ww1	[ "The British Royal Family faced a serious problem during the First World War because of its blood ties to the ruling family of Germany, Britain's prime adversary in the war. Before the war, the British royal family had been known as the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. In 1910, George V became King on the death of his father, King Edward VII, and remained king throughout the war. He was the first cousin of the German Kaiser Wilhelm II, who came to symbolise all the horrors of the war. Queen Mary, although British like her mother, was the daughter of the Duke of Teck, a descendant of the German Royal House of Württemberg. During the war H. G. Wells wrote about Britain's \"alien and uninspiring court\", and George famously replied: \"I may be uninspiring, but I'll be damned if I'm alien.\"[46]" ]	[ "George V" ]
99078247192037468	Me and the Devil Blues	Me and the Devil blues - Wikipedia Me and the Devil blues This article is about a song . For manga , see Me and the Devil Blues ( manga ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Me and the Devil Blues '' Original 78 record label Single by Robert Johnson Released 1937 ( 1937 ) Format 78 rpm record Recorded Dallas , Texas , June 19 , 1937 Genre Blues Length 2 : 37 ( take 1 ) 2 : 29 ( take 2 ) Label Vocalion ( no . 04108 -- both takes ) Songwriter ( s ) Robert Johnson Producer ( s ) Don Law `` Me and the Devil Blues '' is a blues song by Robert Johnson . It tells the story of the singer 's waking up one morning to the devil knocking on the door , telling him that `` it 's time to go '' . The song has become a blues standard and been covered , among others , by Peter Green Splinter Group , Cowboy Junkies , Eric Clapton , Soap&Skin , Widespread Panic , TS McPhee , Gil Scott - Heron and The Doors . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robert Johnson , mythmaking , and contemporary American culture - Patricia R. Schroeder - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Robert Johnson Albums King of the Delta Blues Singers King of the Delta Blues Singers , Vol. II The Complete Recordings Original 78 rpm records ( chronological ) `` Terraplane Blues '' / `` Kind Hearted Woman Blues '' `` 32 - 20 Blues '' / `` Last Fair Deal Gone Down '' `` I Believe I 'll Dust My Broom '' / `` Dead Shrimp Blues '' `` Cross Road Blues '' / `` Ramblin ' on My Mind '' `` Come On in My Kitchen '' / `` They 're Red Hot '' `` Sweet Home Chicago '' / `` Walkin ' Blues '' `` Hellhound on My Trail '' / `` From Four Until Late '' `` Milkcow 's Calf Blues '' `` Stones in My Passway '' `` Stop Breaking Down '' `` Me and the Devil Blues '' `` Love in Vain '' Later song releases `` If I Had Possession over Judgment Day '' `` When You Got a Good Friend '' `` Travelling Riverside Blues '' Related Discography The Search for Robert Johnson Me and the Devil Blues ( manga ) Me and Mr. Johnson / Sessions for Robert J The Robert Johnson Songbook Johnson 's guitars Crossroads ( 1986 film ) Gil Scott - Heron Studio albums Solo Small Talk at 125th and Lenox ( 1970 ) Pieces of a Man ( 1971 ) Free Will ( 1972 ) The Mind of Gil Scott - Heron ( 1978 ) Real Eyes ( 1980 ) Reflections ( 1981 ) Moving Target ( 1982 ) Spirits ( 1994 ) I 'm New Here ( 2010 ) Nothing New ( 2014 ) with Brian Jackson Winter in America ( 1974 ) The First Minute of a New Day ( 1975 ) From South Africa to South Carolina ( 1975 ) Bridges ( 1977 ) Secrets ( 1978 ) 1980 ( 1979 ) with Jamie xx We 're New Here ( 2011 ) Live albums It 's Your World ( 1976 ) Minister of Information : Live ( 1994 ) Tour de Force ( Live ) ( 2004 ) Compilations The Revolution Will Not Be Televised ( 1974 ) The Best of Gil Scott - Heron ( Arista ) ( 1984 ) Tales of Gil Scott - Heron ( 1990 ) Glory : The Gil Scott - Heron Collection ( 1990 ) Ghetto Style ( 1998 ) The Gil Scott - Heron Collection : Sampler 1974 - 1975 ( 1998 ) Evolution ( And Flashback ) : The Very Best of Gil Scott - Heron ( 1999 ) Save the Children ( 2004 ) Anthology : Messages ( 2005 ) The Revolution Begins : The Flying Dutchman Masters ( 2011 ) Singles `` Home Is Where the Hatred Is '' `` The Bottle '' `` Johannesburg '' `` B - Movie '' `` Superman '' `` Hello Sunday ! Hello Road ! '' `` Storm Music '' `` Re-Ron '' `` Winter in America '' `` Space Shuttle '' `` Do n't Give Up '' `` The Klan '' `` Me and the Devil '' Other songs `` The Revolution Will Not Be Televised '' `` Rivers of My Fathers '' Related topics Discography Brian Jackson Perpis - Fall Music , Inc . Flying Dutchman Records Strata - East Records Proto - rap Orange Man This blues song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Me_and_the_Devil_Blues&oldid=824928274 '' Categories : 1930 songs Blues songs Robert Johnson songs Songs about the Devil Blues song stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 12 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	me and the devil walking side by side robert johnson	[]	[]
2991579809522240595	Lists of time zones	Lists of time zones - wikipedia Lists of time zones Jump to : navigation , search Main article : Time zone International : List of time zones by country -- sorted by number of current time zones in the world List of time zones by UTC offset -- current UTC offsets List of time zone abbreviations -- abbreviations List of IANA time zones -- zones that have the same time since 1970 List of military time zones Country - specific : List of time zones by U.S. state See also ( edit ) Category : Time by country This article includes a list of related items that share the same name ( or similar names ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_time_zones&oldid=794469429 '' Categories : Set indices Time zones Lists of lists Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Wikidata فارسی Français Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia မြန်မာဘာသာ Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2017 , at 06 : 53 . About Wikipedia	countries that share the same time zone with nigeria	[]	[]
-7249652168478153057	Government of Karnataka	Government of Karnataka - wikipedia Government of Karnataka Government of Karnataka The state of India Seat of Government Vidhana Soudha , Bangalore Executive Governor Vajubhai Vala Chief Minister H.D. Kumaraswamy Deputy Chief Minister G. Parameshwara Legislature Assembly Karnataka State Assembly Speaker K.R. Ramesh Kumar Members in Assembly 224 Council Karnataka Legislative Council Chairman D.H. Shankaramurthy Members in Council 75 Judiciary High Court Karnataka High Court Chief Justice Dinesh Maheshwari The Government of Karnataka is a democratically elected body with the governor as the constitutional head . The governor who is appointed for five years appoints the chief minister and on the advice of the chief minister appoints his council of ministers . Even though the governor remains the ceremonial head of the state , the day - to - day running of the government is taken care of by the chief minister and his council of ministers in whom a great amount of legislative powers are vested . Contents ( hide ) 1 Administrative divisions 1.1 Political and administrative reorganisation 2 Legislature 3 Ministry 4 Chief Minister 5 Cabinet 6 Karnataka Panchayat Raj 7 Executive 8 Police Administration 9 Politics 9.1 Elections 9.2 LNG Terminal in Karawar , Karnataka ( India ) 9.3 Asia 's largest FSRU planned for Karnataka 9.4 See also 10 Footnotes 11 References Administrative divisions ( edit ) A map showing the 30 districts of Karnataka See also : Taluks of Karnataka Karnataka State has been divided into four revenue divisions , 49 sub-divisions , 30 districts , 176 taluks and 747 hoblies / revenue circles and 5628 gram panchayats for administrative purposes . The state has 281 towns and 7 municipal corporations . Bangalore is the fifth largest urban agglomeration out of 23 metropolis , urban agglomerations and cities in India . It is among the fastest growing cities in the world . Political and administrative reorganisation ( edit ) Main article : Unification of Karnataka Karnataka took its present shape in 1956 , when the states of Mysore and Coorg ( Kodagu ) were merged with the Kannada - speaking districts of the former states of Bombay and Hyderabad , and Madras . Mysore state was made up of 10 districts : Bangalore , Kolar , Tumkur , Mandya , Mysore , Hassan , Chikmagalur ( Kadur ) , Shimoga and Chitradurga ; Bellary had been transferred from Madras state to Mysore in 1953 , when the new Andhra State was created out of Madras ' northern districts . Kodagu became a district , and Dakshina Kannada ( South Kanara ) district was transferred from Madras state , Uttara Kannada ( North Kanara ) , Dharwad , Belgaum District , and Bijapur District from Bombay state , and Bidar District , Kalaburgi District , and Raichur District from Hyderabad state . In 1989 , Bangalore rural district was split from Bangalore and , in 1997 , Bagalkot district split from Vijayapur , Chamrajnagar district split from Mysore , Gadag district split from Dharwad , Haveri district split from Dharwad , Koppal district split from Raichur , Udupi district split from Dakshina Kannada , and Davanagere district was created from parts of Bellary , Chitradurga , Dharwad , and Shimoga . Legislature ( edit ) The Vidhana Soudha Main article : Karnataka legislature The state legislature is bicameral and consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council . The Legislative Assembly consists of 224 members with one member nominated by the governor to represent the Anglo - Indian community . The term of office of the members is five years and the term of a member elected to the council is six years . The Legislative Council is a permanent body with one - third of its members retiring every two years . Ministry ( edit ) The government is headed by the governor who appoints the chief minister and his council of ministers . The governor is appointed for five years and acts as the constitutional head of the state . Even though the governor remains the ceremonial head of the state , the day - to - day running of the government is taken care of by the chief minister and his council of ministers in whom a great deal of legislative powers is vested ... The secretariat headed by the secretary to the governor assists the council of ministers . The council of ministers consists of cabinet ministers , ministers of state and deputy ministers . The chief minister is assisted by the chief secretary , who is the head of the administrative services . As of June 2018 , the Government of Karnataka consists of 27 ministers including Chief Minister and a Deputy Chief Minister . Chief Minister ( edit ) The present Chief Minister of Karnataka is H.D. Kumaraswamy ( List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka ) Cabinet ( edit ) Designation / Portfolio Minister Chief minister ( including portfolios like Finance , Energy , Textiles , Cabinet Affairs , Personnel and Administrative Reforms , Intelligence Wing , Planning and Statistics , Small Scale Industries and Sugar , and other portfolios not allocated to or vacated by any ministers ) H.D. Kumaraswamy Deputy Chief Minister ( Home , Bangalore City Development ) G. Parameshwara Public Works Department excluding Ports & Inland Transport H.D. Revanna Revenue excluding Muzrai , Skill Development and Entrepreneurship R.V. Deshpande Co-operation Bandeppa Kashempur Medium and Major Irrigation and Medical Education D.K. Shivakumar Forest , Ecology & Environment Department Ramesh Jarkiholi Transport D.C. Thammanna Large & Medium Scale Industries , IT and BT , Science and Technology K.J. George Higher Education GT Devegowda Horticulture and Agricultural marketing Srinivas Rural Development and Panchayat Raj , Parliamentary Affairs , Law , Justice and Human Rights Krishna Byregowda Social Welfare ( excluding Minority Welfare ) , Backward Classes Priyank M. Kharge Municipalities & local bodies , Public Enterprises Ramesh Jarkiholi Urban development ( excluding Bangalore ) , City Corporations ( excluding BBMP ) , Urban Land Transport , KUWSDB & KUIDFC , Housing U.T. Khader Health and Family Welfare ( excluding Medical Education ) Shivanand Patil Labour Venkataramanappa Primary and Secondary Education , N. Mahesh Mujarayi Rajashekar Patil Food and Civil Supplies , Consumer Affairs , Haj Information and Wakf Zameer Ahmed Khan Women & Child Welfare and Kannada & Culture Jayamala Minor Irrigation , C.S. Puttaraju Fisheries and Youth services & Sports Venkataramanappa Agriculture N.H. Shivashankar Reddy Mines and Geology Rajshekhar Baswaraj Patil Animal Husbandry , Sericulture Venkatarao Nadagowda Karnataka Panchayat Raj ( edit ) ( Rule of Village Committee ) is a three - tier system in the state with elected bodies at the village , taluk and district levels . It ensures greater participation of people and more effective implementation of rural development programmes . There will be a Grama Panchayat for a village or group of villages , a taluk level and the Zilla Panchayat at the district level . All the three institutions will have elected representatives and there is no provision for nomination by the government to any of these councils . s the first in the country to enact new Panchayat Raj Act incorporating all provisions of 73rd Amendment to the Constitution . In 2014 Karantaka State Grama Panchayats Delimitation committee constituted By govt. of Karnataka . Chairmen SG Nanjaiahna mutt and 6 members . joint secretory of the committee Dr. Revaiah Odeyar . Report Submitted 2014 October 30 . This report implemented 2015 Gram Panchayath Elections . Executive ( edit ) A district of an Indian state is an administrat , headed by a deputy commissioner or district magistrate , an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service . The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Karnataka Civil Service and other Karnataka state services . A Deputy Commissioner of Police , an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district . The commissioner is assisted by the officers of the Karnataka Police Service and other Karnataka Police officials . A Deputy Conservator of Forests , an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service , is responsible for managing the forests , environment and wildlife related issues of the district . He is assisted by the officers of the Karnataka Forest Service and other Karnataka forest and wildlife officials . Sectoral development is looked after by the district head of each development department such as PWD , Health , Education , Agriculture , Animal husbandry , etc . These officers belong to the State Services . Police administration ( edit ) The state is divided into 20 police districts , 77 sub-divisions , 178 circles , State Police consists of 20 police districts , 5 Police Commissioners at Bangalore , Mysore , Mangalore , belgaum and Hubli - Dharwad cities , 77 sub-divisions , 178 circles , 696 police stations , and 317 police outposts . There are six ranges : Central Range at Bangalore , Eastern Range at Davanagere , Northern Range at Gulbarga , Southern Range at Mysore and Western Range at Mangalore . The government Railway Police is headed by a D.I.G. of Police . Units that assist the state in law and order include Criminal Investigation Department ( Forest Cell , Anti-Dowry Cell , etc . ) , Dog Squad , Civil Rights Enforcement Wing , Police Wireless and Police Motor Transport Organization and special units . Village Defence Parties protect persons and property in the village and assist the police when necessary . The police force is at times supplemented by Home Guards . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Karnataka Politics Karnataka politics is dominated by the Indian National Congress ( INC ) , Janata Dal ( Secular ) ( JDS ) and the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) . Current politics of Karnataka has roots in 2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly elections . It saw unstable coalition governments of JDS and Congress , JDS and BJP during 2004 to 2007 period . The Karnataka Government for an initial term of 20 months was led by N. Dharam Singh then by H.D. Kumaraswamy of JDS and the post was supposed to subsequently be transferred to BJP 's B.S. Yeddyurappa with JDS and BJP making 20 - 20 agreement to topple Congress government in 2006 . A political fall out , due to the failure in transfer of power to Yeddyurappa broke the coalition . The state was then under President 's rule until the elections in May 2008 . As a result of the BJP victory in those elections B.S. Yeddyurappa became chief minister of Karnataka opening southern gateway to BJP for the first time . But he resigned on 31 July 2011 , following his indictment by the Karnataka Lokayukta in illegal iron ore export scam . D.V. Sadananda Gowda was sworn in as the 26th chief minister of the state on 4 August 2011 . Sadananda Gowda resigned in 2012 . Jagadish Shettar replaced him as new chief minister of Karnataka and administered until general assembly elections May 2013 . The assembly elections held to choose new assembly in May 2013 and INC got a clear majority with winning 121 of 224 seats in the assembly of Karnataka . Siddaramaiah was sworn in as the new chief minister of Karnataka . In recent election conducted in May 2018 BJP emerged as single largest party with 104 seats leaving behind INC with 79 , JDS with 38 and others 2 . B.S. Yeddyurappa took oath as Chief Minister on 17th May 2018 and he could not prove the majority . After his resignation current Chief Minister Shri . H.D. Kumaraswamy was sworn in on 23rd May 2018 . Elections ( edit ) Last assembly elections : Karnataka Legislative Assembly election , 2018 LNG Terminal in Karawar , Karnataka ( India ) ( edit ) Asia 's Biggest LNG Terminal in Karawar , Karnataka ( India ) . MOU Between Fox Petroleum and Govt of Karnataka worth $1,038 Million USD has been signed between Ajay Kumar and Minister of Industry - Government of Karnataka ( India Govt ) . Asia 's largest FSRU planned for Karnataka ( edit ) NEW DELHI , January 6 , 2017 -- Fox Petroleum has signed a deal with Hyundai Heavy Industries for the construction of a floating storage and regasification unit ( FSRU ) . The USD 560 - million contract will see Hyundai construct Asia 's biggest FSRU , with a processing capacity of 28.3 mcm ( 1 bcf ) . It is expected to be completed by late 2018 , after which it will moored n 40 metres of water The vessel is intended to serve Fox 's USD 1.05 - billion Karnataka LNG development in southwest India . A memorandum of understanding was signed with the state government in April 2016 for the project , which includes 330,000 square metres of storage capacity and an LNG plant at Karawar in Karnataka . The mix of facilities is expected to create around 3,000 jobs , 90 % of which are intended for local workers . Among the other entities vying for the FSRU contract were Samsung , Excelerate and Exmar . http://www.theoilandgasyear.com/news/asias-largest-fsru-planned-for-karnataka/ See also ( edit ) Karnataka List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Statistics - Karnataka state '' . Online webpage of the Forest Department . Government of Karnataka . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ A Jayaram . `` Council polls may not give Congress majority '' . Online Edition of The Hindu , dated 2002 - 05 - 31 . 2002 , The Hindu . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Karnataka Legislative Council '' . Online webpage of Legislative bodies in India . Government of India . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ karnatakastatepolice.org - de beste bron van informatie over karnataka state police . Deze website is te koop References ( edit ) https://web.archive.org/web/20070311212509/http://www.kar.nic.in/kla/histry.htm http://www.karnataka.com/govt/ https://web.archive.org/web/20100619201924/http://kla.kar.nic.in/cabm.htm Police http://www.karnatakastatepolice.org/First.htm Judiciary http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/hcourts.htm http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/roct2003/30102003/r301020037.html http://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/ Transport http://www.rto.kar.nic.in Transport Department - All RTO 's in Karnataka LNG http://www.theoilandgasyear.com/news/asias-largest-fsru-planned-for-karnataka/ State governments of India State governments Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal NCT Delhi Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Indian state of Karnataka Overviews Architecture Cinema Climate Cuisine Demography Economy Education Folk Arts Geography History Media People Sports Transportation Wildlife History Aihole Alupa dynasty Amoghavarsha Badami Banavasi Balligavi Belur Chalukya dynasty Chitradurga Nayakas Deva Raya II Durvinita Halebidu Haleri Kingdom Halmidi Hampi Hoysala Empire Kadamba dynasty Kalyani Chalukyas Keladi Nayakas Shivappa Nayaka Kittur Chennamma Kingdom of Mysore Mayurasharma Pattadakal Pulakeshin II Rashtrakuta dynasty Sringeri Srirangapatna Tipu Sultan Unification of Karnataka Vijayanagara Empire Vijayanagara Vishnuvardhana Veera Ballala II Vikramaditya II Vikramaditya VI Western Ganga dynasty Geography Cities and towns Districts Rivers Dams and Reservoirs Taluks Villages Highest point Bayalu Seeme Malenadu Karavali Western Ghats Culture Bharata Natyam Buta Kola Bidriware Channapatna toys Chitrakala Parishat Gaarudi Gombe Ilkal saree Kamsale Kannada Karnatik music Kasuti Khedda Mysore Dasara Togalu Gombeyaata Udupi cuisine Veeragase Yakshagana Mysore musicians Literature Kannada Milestones Epics Medieval Rashtrakuta Western Ganga Western Chalukya Hoysala Vijayanagara Vachana Haridasa Mysore Play Modern Kannada Sahitya Parishat Kannada Sahitya Sammelana Karnataka Noted poets Asaga Gunavarma I Adikavi Pampa Sri Ponna Ranna Devar Dasimayya Basava Akka Mahadevi Allama Prabhu Siddharama Harihara Raghavanka Rudrabhatta Janna Kumara Vyasa Chamarasa Nijaguna Shivayogi Ratnakaravarni Purandara Dasa Kanaka Dasa Vijaya Dasa Gopala Dasa Jagannatha Dasa Lakshmisa Sarvajna Shishunala Sharif Krishnaraja Wadiyar III D.R. Bendre Gopalakrishna Adiga K.S. Narasimhaswamy M. Govinda Pai Kuvempu D.V. Gundappa G.S. Shivarudrappa People and Society Karnataka ethnic groups List of people from Karnataka Tourism Beaches Dams Forts National Parks Hindu Temples Jain Temples Waterfalls Awards Karnataka Ratna Pampa Award Nrupatunga Award Basava Puraskara Rajyotsava Prashasti Jakanachari Award Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award Kempegowda Award Media Cinema Newspapers Magazines Television Radio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Karnataka&oldid=849911501 '' Categories : Government of Karnataka Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ नेपाल भाषा संस्कृतम् தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 07 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the minister of karnataka in 2018	[ "Government of Karnataka The state of India\nSeat of Government\nVidhana Soudha, BangaloreExecutiveGovernor\nVajubhai ValaChief Minister\nH. D. KumaraswamyDeputy Chief Minister\nG. ParameshwaraLegislatureAssembly\nKarnataka State AssemblySpeaker\nK. R. Ramesh KumarMembers in Assembly\n224Council\nKarnataka Legislative CouncilChairman\nD. H. ShankaramurthyMembers in Council\n75JudiciaryHigh Court\nKarnataka High CourtChief Justice\nDinesh Maheshwari" ]	[ "H. D. Kumaraswamy" ]
-5879696290160709175	Avatar (2009 film)	Avatar ( 2009 film ) - wikipedia Avatar ( 2009 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Avatar Theatrical release poster Directed by James Cameron Produced by James Cameron Jon Landau Written by James Cameron Starring Sam Worthington Zoe Saldana Stephen Lang Michelle Rodriguez Sigourney Weaver Music by James Horner Cinematography Mauro Fiore Edited by James Cameron John Refoua Stephen E. Rivkin Production company Lightstorm Entertainment Dune Entertainment Ingenious Media Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 10 ) ( London premiere ) December 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 17 ) ( United Kingdom ) December 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 18 ) ( United States ) Running time 161 minutes Country United States United Kingdom Language English Budget $237 million $9 million+ ( re-release ) Box office $2.788 billion Avatar , marketed as James Cameron 's Avatar , is a 2009 American epic science fiction film directed , written , produced , and co-edited by James Cameron , and starring Sam Worthington , Zoe Saldana , Stephen Lang , Michelle Rodriguez , and Sigourney Weaver . The film is set in the mid-22nd century , when humans are colonizing Pandora , a lush habitable moon of a gas giant in the Alpha Centauri star system , in order to mine the mineral unobtanium , a room - temperature superconductor . The expansion of the mining colony threatens the continued existence of a local tribe of Na'vi -- a humanoid species indigenous to Pandora . The film 's title refers to a genetically engineered Na'vi body with the mind of a remotely located human that is used to interact with the natives of Pandora . Development of Avatar began in 1994 , when Cameron wrote an 80 - page treatment for the film . Filming was supposed to take place after the completion of Cameron 's 1997 film Titanic , for a planned release in 1999 , but , according to Cameron , the necessary technology was not yet available to achieve his vision of the film . Work on the language of the film 's extraterrestrial beings began in 2005 , and Cameron began developing the screenplay and fictional universe in early 2006 . Avatar was officially budgeted at $237 million . Other estimates put the cost between $280 million and $310 million for production and at $150 million for promotion . The film made extensive use of new motion capture filming techniques , and was released for traditional viewing , 3D viewing ( using the RealD 3D , Dolby 3D , XpanD 3D , and IMAX 3D formats ) , and for `` 4D '' experiences in select South Korean theaters . The stereoscopic filmmaking was touted as a breakthrough in cinematic technology . Avatar premiered in London on December 10 , 2009 , and was internationally released on December 16 and in the United States and Canada on December 18 , to positive critical reviews , with critics highly praising its groundbreaking visual effects . During its theatrical run , the film broke several box office records and became the highest - grossing film of all time , as well as in the United States and Canada , surpassing Cameron 's Titanic , which had held those records for twelve years . It also became the first film to gross more than $2 billion and the best - selling film of 2010 in the United States . Avatar was nominated for nine Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director , and won three , for Best Art Direction , Best Cinematography and Best Visual Effects . Following the film 's success , Cameron signed with 20th Century Fox to produce three sequels , making Avatar the first of a planned tetralogy . On April 14 , 2016 , Cameron confirmed that there were now plans for four sequels . Avatar 2 was scheduled for release in December 2018 before being delayed , with the sequels following in December 2020 , 2022 , and 2023 , respectively . The sequels are scheduled for release in 2020 , 2021 , 2024 and 2025 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Origins 3.2 Development 3.3 Themes and inspirations 3.4 Filming 3.5 Visual effects 3.6 Music and soundtrack 4 Marketing 4.1 Promotions 4.2 Books 4.3 Video games 4.4 Action figures and postage stamps 5 Release 5.1 Initial screening 5.2 Box office 5.2. 1 General 5.2. 2 Commercial analysis 5.3 Critical reception 5.4 Accolades 5.5 Extended theatrical re-release 5.6 Home media 6 Sequels 7 Related media 7.1 Stage adaptation 7.2 Theme park attraction 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Plot By 2154 , humans have depleted Earth 's natural resources , leading to a severe energy crisis . The Resources Development Administration ( RDA for short ) mines for a valuable mineral -- unobtanium -- on Pandora , a densely forested habitable moon orbiting the gas giant Polyphemus in the Alpha Centauri star system . Pandora , whose atmosphere is poisonous to humans , is inhabited by the Na'vi , a species of 10 - foot tall ( 3.0 m ) , blue - skinned , sapient humanoids that live in harmony with nature and worship a mother goddess named Eywa . To explore Pandora 's biosphere , scientists use Na'vi - human hybrids called `` avatars , '' operated by genetically matched humans ; Jake Sully , a paraplegic former Marine , replaces his deceased identical twin brother as an operator of one . Dr. Grace Augustine , head of the Avatar Program , considers Sully an inadequate replacement but accepts his assignment as a bodyguard . While protecting the avatars of Grace and fellow scientist Dr. Norm Spellman as they collect biological data , Jake 's avatar is attacked by a thanator and flees into the forest , where he is rescued by Neytiri , a female Na'vi . Witnessing an auspicious sign , she takes him to her clan , whereupon Neytiri 's mother Mo'at , the clan 's spiritual leader , orders her daughter to initiate Jake into their society . Colonel Miles Quaritch , head of RDA 's private security force , promises Jake that the company will restore his legs if he gathers information about the Na'vi and the clan 's gathering place , a giant tree called Hometree , on grounds that it stands above the richest deposit of unobtanium in the area . When Grace learns of this , she transfers herself , Jake , and Norm to an outpost . Over the following three months , Jake grows to sympathize with the natives . After Jake is initiated into the tribe , he and Neytiri choose each other as mates , and soon afterward , Jake reveals his change of allegiance when he attempts to disable a bulldozer that threatens to destroy a sacred Na'vi site . When Quaritch shows a video recording of Jake 's attack on the bulldozer to Administrator Parker Selfridge , and another in which Jake admits that the Na'vi will never abandon Hometree , Selfridge orders Hometree destroyed . Despite Grace 's argument that destroying Hometree could damage the biological neural network native to Pandora , Selfridge gives Jake and Grace one hour to convince the Na'vi to evacuate before commencing the attack . While trying to warn the Na'vi , Jake confesses to being a spy and the Na'vi take him and Grace captive . Seeing this , Quaritch 's men destroy Hometree , killing Neytiri 's father ( the clan chief ) and many others . Mo'at frees Jake and Grace , but they are detached from their avatars and imprisoned by Quaritch 's forces . Pilot Trudy Chacón , disgusted by Quaritch 's brutality , carries them to Grace 's outpost , but during the escape , Quaritch fires at them , hitting Grace . To regain the Na'vi's trust , Jake connects his mind to that of Toruk , a dragon - like predator feared and honored by the Na'vi . Jake finds the refugees at the sacred Tree of Souls and pleads with Mo'at to heal Grace . The clan attempts to transfer Grace from her human body into her avatar with the aid of the Tree of Souls , but she dies before the process can be completed . Supported by the new chief Tsu'tey , who acts as Jake 's translator , Jake speaks to unite the clan and tells them to gather all of the clans to battle against the RDA . Noticing the impending gathering , Quaritch organizes a pre-emptive strike against the Tree of Souls , believing that its destruction will demoralize the natives . On the eve of battle , Jake prays to Eywa , via a neural connection to the Tree of Souls , to intercede on behalf of the Na'vi . During the subsequent battle , the Na'vi suffer heavy casualties , including Tsu'tey and Trudy ; but are rescued when Pandoran wildlife unexpectedly join the attack and overwhelm the humans , which Neytiri interprets as Eywa 's answer to Jake 's prayer . Jake destroys a makeshift bomber before it can reach the Tree of Souls ; Quaritch escapes from his own damaged aircraft , wearing an AMP suit and breaks open the avatar link unit containing Jake 's human body , exposing it to Pandora 's poisonous atmosphere . Quaritch prepares to slit the throat of Jake 's avatar , but Neytiri kills Quaritch and saves Jake from suffocation . With the exceptions of Jake , Norm and a select few others , all humans are expelled from Pandora and sent back to Earth , after which Jake is permanently transferred into his avatar with the aid of the Tree of Souls . Cast Further information : Fictional universe of Avatar Humans Sam Worthington as Jake Sully , a disabled former Marine who becomes part of the Avatar Program after his twin brother is killed . His military background helps the Na'vi warriors relate to him . Cameron cast the Australian actor after a worldwide search for promising young actors , preferring relative unknowns to keep the budget down . Worthington , who was living in his car at the time , auditioned twice early in development , and he has signed on for possible sequels . Cameron felt that because Worthington had not done a major film , he would give the character `` a quality that is really real '' . Cameron said he `` has that quality of being a guy you 'd want to have a beer with , and he ultimately becomes a leader who transforms the world '' . Stephen Lang as Colonel Miles Quaritch , the head of the mining operation 's security detail . Fiercely loyal to his military code , he has a profound disregard for Pandora 's inhabitants that is evident in both his actions and his language . Lang had unsuccessfully auditioned for a role in Cameron 's Aliens ( 1986 ) , but the director remembered Lang and sought him for Avatar . Michael Biehn , who was in Aliens , read the script and watched some of the 3 - D footage with Cameron , but was ultimately not cast in the role . Sigourney Weaver as Dr. Grace Augustine , an exobiologist and head of the Avatar Program . She is also Sully 's mentor and an advocate of peaceful relations with the Na'vi , having set up a school to teach them English . Michelle Rodriguez as Trudy Chacón , a combat pilot assigned to support the Avatar Program who is sympathetic to the Na'vi . Cameron had wanted to work with Rodriguez since seeing her in Girlfight . Giovanni Ribisi as Parker Selfridge , the corporate administrator for the RDA mining operation . While he is at first willing to destroy the Na'vi civilization to preserve the company 's bottom line , he is reluctant to authorize the attacks on the Na'vi and taint his image , doing so only after Quaritch persuades him that it is necessary , and the attacks will be humane . When the attacks are broadcast to the base , Selfridge displays discomfort at the violence . Joel David Moore as Dr. Norm Spellman , a xenoanthropologist who studies plant and animal life as part of the Avatar Program . He arrives on Pandora at the same time as Sully and operates an avatar . Although he is expected to lead the diplomatic contact with the Na'vi , it turns out that Jake has the personality better suited to win the natives ' respect . Dileep Rao as Dr. Max Patel , a scientist who works in the Avatar Program and comes to support Jake 's rebellion against the RDA . Na'vi Zoe Saldana as Neytiri , the daughter of the leader of the Omaticaya ( the Na'vi clan central to the story ) . She is attracted to Jake because of his bravery , though frustrated with him for what she sees as his naiveté and stupidity . She serves as Jake 's love interest . The character , like all the Na'vi , was created using performance capture , and its visual aspect is entirely computer generated . Saldana has also signed on for potential sequels . C.C.H. Pounder as Mo'at , the Omaticaya 's spiritual leader , Neytiri 's mother , and consort to clan leader Eytukan . Wes Studi as Eytukan , the Omaticaya 's clan leader , Neytiri 's father , and Mo'at's mate . Laz Alonso as Tsu'tey , the finest warrior of the Omaticaya . He is heir to the chieftainship of the tribe . At the beginning of the film 's story , he is betrothed to Neytiri . Production Origins In 1994 , director James Cameron wrote an 80 - page treatment for Avatar , drawing inspiration from `` every single science fiction book '' he had read in his childhood as well as from adventure novels by Edgar Rice Burroughs and H. Rider Haggard . In August 1996 , Cameron announced that after completing Titanic , he would film Avatar , which would make use of synthetic , or computer - generated , actors . The project would cost $100 million and involve at least six actors in leading roles `` who appear to be real but do not exist in the physical world '' . Visual effects house Digital Domain , with whom Cameron has a partnership , joined the project , which was supposed to begin production in mid-1997 for a 1999 release . However , Cameron felt that the technology had not caught up with the story and vision that he intended to tell . He decided to concentrate on making documentaries and refining the technology for the next few years . It was revealed in a Bloomberg BusinessWeek cover story that 20th Century Fox had fronted $10 million to Cameron to film a proof - of - concept clip for Avatar , which he showed to Fox executives in October 2005 . In February 2006 , Cameron revealed that his film Project 880 was `` a retooled version of Avatar '' , a film that he had tried to make years earlier , citing the technological advances in the creation of the computer - generated characters Gollum , King Kong , and Davy Jones . Cameron had chosen Avatar over his project Battle Angel after completing a five - day camera test in the previous year . Development Wikinews has related news : Elvish , Klingon and Na'vi : Constructed languages gain foothold in film From January to April 2006 , Cameron worked on the script and developed a culture for the film 's aliens , the Na'vi . Their language was created by Dr. Paul Frommer , a linguist at USC . The Na'vi language has a lexicon of about 1000 words , with some 30 added by Cameron . The tongue 's phonemes include ejective consonants ( such as the `` kx '' in `` skxawng '' ) that are found in the Amharic language of Ethiopia , and the initial `` ng '' that Cameron may have taken from New Zealand Māori . Actress Sigourney Weaver and the film 's set designers met with Jodie S. Holt , professor of plant physiology at University of California , Riverside , to learn about the methods used by botanists to study and sample plants , and to discuss ways to explain the communication between Pandora 's organisms depicted in the film . From 2005 to 2007 , Cameron worked with a handful of designers , including famed fantasy illustrator Wayne Barlowe and renowned concept artist Jordu Schell , to shape the design of the Na'vi with paintings and physical sculptures when Cameron felt that 3 - D brush renderings were not capturing his vision , often working together in the kitchen of Cameron 's Malibu home . In July 2006 , Cameron announced that he would film Avatar for a mid-2008 release and planned to begin principal photography with an established cast by February 2007 . The following August , the visual effects studio Weta Digital signed on to help Cameron produce Avatar . Stan Winston , who had collaborated with Cameron in the past , joined Avatar to help with the film 's designs . Production design for the film took several years . The film had two different production designers , and two separate art departments , one of which focused on the flora and fauna of Pandora , and another that created human machines and human factors . In September 2006 , Cameron was announced to be using his own Reality Camera System to film in 3 - D . The system would use two high - definition cameras in a single camera body to create depth perception . While these preparations were underway , Fox kept wavering in its commitment to Avatar because of its painful experience with cost overruns and delays on Cameron 's previous picture , Titanic , even though Cameron rewrote the script to combine several characters together and offered to cut his fee in case the film flopped . Cameron installed a traffic light with the amber signal lit outside of co-producer Jon Landau 's office to represent the film 's uncertain future . In mid-2006 , Fox told Cameron `` in no uncertain terms that they were passing on this film , '' so he began shopping it around to other studios , and approached Walt Disney Studios , showing his proof - of - concept to then - chairman Dick Cook . However , when Disney attempted to take over , Fox exercised its right of first refusal . In October 2006 , Fox finally agreed to commit to making Avatar after Ingenious Media agreed to back the film , which reduced Fox 's financial exposure to less than half of the film 's official $237 million budget . After Fox accepted Avatar , one skeptical Fox executive shook his head and told Cameron and Landau , `` I do n't know if we 're crazier for letting you do this , or if you 're crazier for thinking you can do this ... '' External audio James Cameron interviewed by F.X. Feeney on writing Avatar . Interview In December 2006 , Cameron described Avatar as `` a futuristic tale set on a planet 200 years hence ... an old - fashioned jungle adventure with an environmental conscience ( that ) aspires to a mythic level of storytelling '' . The January 2007 press release described the film as `` an emotional journey of redemption and revolution '' and said the story is of `` a wounded former Marine , thrust unwillingly into an effort to settle and exploit an exotic planet rich in biodiversity , who eventually crosses over to lead the indigenous race in a battle for survival '' . The story would be of an entire world complete with an ecosystem of phantasmagorical plants and creatures , and native people with a rich culture and language . Estimates put the cost of the film at about $280 -- 310 million to produce and an estimated $150 million for marketing , noting that about $30 million in tax credits will lessen the financial impact on the studio and its financiers . A studio spokesperson said that the budget was `` $237 million , with $150 million for promotion , end of story . '' Themes and inspirations Main article : Themes in Avatar Avatar is primarily an action - adventure journey of self - discovery , in the context of imperialism and deep ecology . Cameron said his inspiration was `` every single science fiction book I read as a kid '' , and that he was particularly striving to update the style of Edgar Rice Burroughs 's John Carter series and the deep jungles of Pandora were visualized from Disney 's 37th animated film , Tarzan . He acknowledged that Avatar shares themes with the films At Play in the Fields of the Lord , The Emerald Forest , and Princess Mononoke , which feature clashes between cultures and civilizations , and with Dances with Wolves , where a battered soldier finds himself drawn to the culture he was initially fighting against . In a 2007 interview with Time magazine , Cameron was asked about the meaning of the term Avatar , to which he replied , `` It 's an incarnation of one of the Hindu gods taking a flesh form . In this film what that means is that the human technology in the future is capable of injecting a human 's intelligence into a remotely located body , a biological body . '' Jake 's avatar and Neytiri . One of the inspirations for the look of the Na'vi came from a dream that Cameron 's mother had told him about . The look of the Na'vi -- the humanoids indigenous to Pandora -- was inspired by a dream that Cameron 's mother had , long before he started work on Avatar . In her dream , she saw a blue - skinned woman 12 feet ( 4 m ) tall , which he thought was `` kind of a cool image '' . Also he said , `` I just like blue . It 's a good color ... plus , there 's a connection to the Hindu deities , which I like conceptually . '' He included similar creatures in his first screenplay ( written in 1976 or 1977 ) , which featured a planet with a native population of `` gorgeous '' tall blue aliens . The Na'vi were based on them . For the love story between characters Jake and Neytiri , Cameron applied a star - crossed love theme , and acknowledged its similarity to the pairing of Jack and Rose from his film Titanic . An interviewer stated , `` Both couples come from radically different cultures that are contemptuous of their relationship and are forced to choose sides between the competing communities . '' Cameron felt that whether or not the Jake and Neytiri love story would be perceived as believable partially hinged on the physical attractiveness of Neytiri 's alien appearance , which was developed by considering her appeal to the all - male crew of artists . Though Cameron felt Jake and Neytiri do not fall in love right away , their portrayers ( Worthington and Saldana ) felt the characters do . Cameron said the two actors `` had a great chemistry '' during filming . Pandora 's floating `` Hallelujah Mountains '' were inspired in part by the Chinese Huang Shan mountains ( pictured ) . Zhangjiajie National Forest Park For the film 's floating `` Hallelujah Mountains '' , the designers drew inspiration from `` many different types of mountains , but mainly the karst limestone formations in China . '' According to production designer Dylan Cole , the fictional floating rocks were inspired by Mount Huang ( also known as Huangshan ) , Guilin , Zhangjiajie , among others around the world . Director Cameron had noted the influence of the Chinese peaks on the design of the floating mountains . To create the interiors of the human mining colony on Pandora , production designers visited the Noble Clyde Boudreaux oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico during June 2007 . They photographed , measured and filmed every aspect of the platform , which was later replicated on - screen with photorealistic CGI during post-production . Cameron said that he wanted to make `` something that has this spoonful of sugar of all the action and the adventure and all that '' but also have a conscience `` that maybe in the enjoying of it makes you think a little bit about the way you interact with nature and your fellow man '' . He added that `` the Na'vi represent something that is our higher selves , or our aspirational selves , what we would like to think we are '' and that even though there are good humans within the film , the humans `` represent what we know to be the parts of ourselves that are trashing our world and maybe condemning ourselves to a grim future '' . Cameron acknowledges that Avatar implicitly criticizes the United States ' role in the Iraq War and the impersonal nature of mechanized warfare in general . In reference to the use of the term shock and awe in the film , Cameron said , `` We know what it feels like to launch the missiles . We do n't know what it feels like for them to land on our home soil , not in America . '' He said in later interviews , `` ... I think it 's very patriotic to question a system that needs to be corralled ... '' and , `` The film is definitely not anti-American . '' A scene in the film portrays the violent destruction of the towering Na'vi Hometree , which collapses in flames after a missile attack , coating the landscape with ash and floating embers . Asked about the scene 's resemblance to the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center , Cameron said he had been `` surprised at how much it did look like September 11 '' . Filming Principal photography for Avatar began in April 2007 in Los Angeles and Wellington , New Zealand . Cameron described the film as a hybrid with a full live - action shoot in combination with computer - generated characters and live environments . `` Ideally at the end of the day the audience has no idea which they 're looking at , '' Cameron said . The director indicated that he had already worked four months on nonprincipal scenes for the film . The live action was shot with a modified version of the proprietary digital 3 - D Fusion Camera System , developed by Cameron and Vince Pace . In January 2007 , Fox had announced that 3 - D filming for Avatar would be done at 24 frames per second despite Cameron 's strong opinion that a 3 - D film requires higher frame rate to make strobing less noticeable . According to Cameron , the film is composed of 60 % computer - generated elements and 40 % live action , as well as traditional miniatures . Motion - capture photography lasted 31 days at the Hughes Aircraft stage in Playa Vista in Los Angeles . Live action photography began in October 2007 at Stone Street Studios in Wellington , New Zealand , and was scheduled to last 31 days . More than a thousand people worked on the production . In preparation of the filming sequences , all of the actors underwent professional training specific to their characters such as archery , horseback riding , firearm use , and hand - to - hand combat . They received language and dialect training in the Na'vi language created for the film . Before shooting the film , Cameron also sent the cast to the Hawaiian tropical rainforests to get a feel for a rainforest setting before shooting on the soundstage . During filming , Cameron made use of his virtual camera system , a new way of directing motion - capture filmmaking . The system shows the actors ' virtual counterparts in their digital surroundings in real time , allowing the director to adjust and direct scenes just as if shooting live action . According to Cameron , `` It 's like a big , powerful game engine . If I want to fly through space , or change my perspective , I can . I can turn the whole scene into a living miniature and go through it on a 50 to 1 scale . '' Using conventional techniques , the complete virtual world can not be seen until the motion - capture of the actors is complete . Cameron said this process does not diminish the value or importance of acting . On the contrary , because there is no need for repeated camera and lighting setups , costume fittings and make - up touch - ups , scenes do not need to be interrupted repeatedly . Cameron described the system as a `` form of pure creation where if you want to move a tree or a mountain or the sky or change the time of day , you have complete control over the elements '' . Cameron gave fellow directors Steven Spielberg and Peter Jackson a chance to test the new technology . Spielberg said , `` I like to think of it as digital makeup , not augmented animation ... Motion capture brings the director back to a kind of intimacy that actors and directors only know when they 're working in live theater . '' Spielberg and George Lucas were also able to visit the set to watch Cameron direct with the equipment . To film the shots where CGI interacts with live action , a unique camera referred to as a `` simulcam '' was used , a merger of the 3 - D fusion camera and the virtual camera systems . While filming live action in real time with the simulcam , the CGI images captured with the virtual camera or designed from scratch , are superimposed over the live action images as in augmented reality and shown on a small monitor , making it possible for the director to instruct the actors how to relate to the virtual material in the scene . Visual effects Cameron pioneered a specially designed camera built into a 6 - inch boom that allowed the facial expressions of the actors to be captured and digitally recorded for the animators to use later . A number of innovative visual effects techniques were used during production . According to Cameron , work on the film had been delayed since the 1990s to allow the techniques to reach the necessary degree of advancement to adequately portray his vision of the film . The director planned to make use of photorealistic computer - generated characters , created using new motion capture animation technologies he had been developing in the 14 months leading up to December 2006 . Innovations include a new system for lighting massive areas like Pandora 's jungle , a motion - capture stage or `` volume '' six times larger than any previously used , and an improved method of capturing facial expressions , enabling full performance capture . To achieve the face capturing , actors wore individually made skull caps fitted with a tiny camera positioned in front of the actors ' faces ; the information collected about their facial expressions and eyes is then transmitted to computers . According to Cameron , the method allows the filmmakers to transfer 100 % of the actors ' physical performances to their digital counterparts . Besides the performance capture data which were transferred directly to the computers , numerous reference cameras gave the digital artists multiple angles of each performance . A technically challenging scene was near the end of the film when the computer - generated Neytiri held the live action Jake in human form , and attention was given to the details of the shadows and reflected light between them . The lead visual effects company was Weta Digital in Wellington , New Zealand , at one point employing 900 people to work on the film . Because of the huge amount of data which needed to be stored , cataloged and available for everybody involved , even on the other side of the world , a new cloud computing and Digital Asset Management ( DAM ) system named Gaia was created by Microsoft especially for Avatar , which allowed the crews to keep track of and coordinate all stages in the digital processing . To render Avatar , Weta used a 10,000 sq ft ( 930 m ) server farm making use of 4,000 Hewlett - Packard servers with 35,000 processor cores with 104 terabytes of RAM and three petabytes of network area storage running Ubuntu Linux , Grid Engine cluster manager , and 2 of the animation software and managers , Pixar 's RenderMan and Pixar 's Alfred queue management system . The render farm occupies the 193rd to 197th spots in the TOP500 list of the world 's most powerful supercomputers . A new texturing and paint software system , called Mari , was developed by The Foundry in cooperation with Weta . Creating the Na'vi characters and the virtual world of Pandora required over a petabyte of digital storage , and each minute of the final footage for Avatar occupies 17.28 gigabytes of storage . Often , it would take each frame of the movie several hours to render . To help finish preparing the special effects sequences on time , a number of other companies were brought on board , including Industrial Light & Magic , which worked alongside Weta Digital to create the battle sequences . ILM was responsible for the visual effects for many of the film 's specialized vehicles and devised a new way to make CGI explosions . Joe Letteri was the film 's visual effects general supervisor . Music and soundtrack Main article : Avatar : Music from the Motion Picture James Horner -- `` Jake Enters His Avatar World '' listen to a clip from the score of the 2009 film Avatar . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Composer James Horner scored the film , his third collaboration with Cameron after Aliens and Titanic . Horner recorded parts of the score with a small chorus singing in the alien language Na'vi in March 2008 . He also worked with Wanda Bryant , an ethnomusicologist , to create a music culture for the alien race . The first scoring sessions were planned to take place in early 2009 . During production , Horner promised Cameron that he would not work on any other project except for Avatar and reportedly worked on the score from four in the morning till ten at night throughout the process . He stated in an interview , `` Avatar has been the most difficult film I have worked on and the biggest job I have undertaken . '' Horner composed the score as two different scores merged into one . He first created a score that reflected the Na'vi way of sound and then combined it with a separate `` traditional '' score to drive the film . British singer Leona Lewis was chosen to sing the theme song for the film , called `` I See You '' . An accompanying music video , directed by Jake Nava , premiered December 15 , 2009 , on MySpace . Marketing Promotions Cameron at the 2009 San Diego Comic - Con promoting the film The first photo of the film was released on August 14 , 2009 , and Empire released exclusive images from the film in its October issue . Cameron , producer Jon Landau , Zoe Saldana , Stephen Lang , and Sigourney Weaver appeared at a panel , moderated by Tom Rothman , at the 2009 San Diego Comic - Con on July 23 . Twenty - five minutes of footage was screened in Dolby 3D . Weaver and Cameron appeared at additional panels to promote the film , speaking on the 23rd and 24th respectively . James Cameron announced at the Comic - Con Avatar Panel that August 21 will be ' Avatar Day ' . On this day , the trailer was released in all theatrical formats . The official game trailer and toy line of the film were also unveiled on this day . The 129 - second trailer was released online on August 20 , 2009 . The new 210 - second trailer was premiered in theatres on October 23 , 2009 , then soon after premiered online on Yahoo ! on October 29 , 2009 , to positive reviews . An extended version in IMAX 3D received overwhelmingly positive reviews . The Hollywood Reporter said that audience expectations were coloured by `` the ( same ) establishment skepticism that preceded Titanic '' and suggested the showing reflected the desire for original storytelling . The teaser has been among the most viewed trailers in the history of film marketing , reaching the first place of all trailers viewed on Apple.com with 4 million views . On October 30 , to celebrate the opening of the first 3 - D cinema in Vietnam , Fox allowed Megastar Cinema to screen exclusive 16 minutes of Avatar to a number of press . The three - and - a-half - minute trailer of the film premiered live on November 1 , 2009 , during a Dallas Cowboys football game at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington , Texas , on the Diamond Vision screen , one of the world 's largest video displays , and to TV audiences viewing the game on Fox . It is said to be the largest live motion picture trailer viewing in history . The Coca - Cola Company collaborated with Fox to launch a worldwide marketing campaign to promote the film . The highlight of the campaign was the website AVTR.com . Specially marked bottles and cans of Coca - Cola Zero , when held in front of a webcam , enabled users to interact with the website 's 3 - D features using augmented reality ( AR ) technology . The film was heavily promoted in an episode of the Fox Network series Bones in the episode `` The Gamer In The Grease '' ( Season 5 , Episode 9 ) . Avatar star Joel David Moore has a recurring role on the program , and is seen in the episode anxiously awaiting the release of the film . A week prior to the American release , Zoe Saldana promoted the film on Adult Swim when she was interviewed by an animated Space Ghost . McDonald 's had a promotion mentioned in television commercials in Europe called `` Avatarize yourself '' , which encouraged people to go to the website set up by Oddcast , and use a photograph of themselves to change into a Na'vi . Books Avatar : A Confidential Report on the Biological and Social History of Pandora , a 224 - page book in the form of a field guide to the film 's fictional setting of the planet of Pandora , was released by Harper Entertainment on November 24 , 2009 . It is presented as a compilation of data collected by the humans about Pandora and the life on it , written by Maria Wilhelm and Dirk Mathison . HarperFestival also released Wilhelm 's 48 - page James Cameron 's Avatar : The Reusable Scrapbook for children . The Art of Avatar was released on November 30 , 2009 , by Abrams Books . The book features detailed production artwork from the film , including production sketches , illustrations by Lisa Fitzpatrick , and film stills . Producer Jon Landau wrote the foreword , Cameron wrote the epilogue , and director Peter Jackson wrote the preface . In October 2010 , Abrams Books also released The Making of Avatar , a 272 - page book that detailed the film 's production process and contains over 500 color photographs and illustrations . In a 2009 interview , Cameron said that he planned to write a novel version of Avatar after the film was released . In February 2010 , producer Jon Landau stated that Cameron plans a prequel novel for Avatar that will `` lead up to telling the story of the movie , but it would go into much more depth about all the stories that we did n't have time to deal with '' , saying that `` Jim wants to write a novel that is a big , epic story that fills in a lot of things '' . In August 2013 it was announced that Cameron hired Steven Gould to pen four standalone novels to expand the Avatar universe . Video games Main article : James Cameron 's Avatar : The Game Cameron chose Ubisoft Montreal to create an Avatar game for the film in 2007 . The filmmakers and game developers collaborated heavily , and Cameron decided to include some of Ubisoft 's vehicle and creature designs in the film . James Cameron 's Avatar : The Game was released on December 1 , 2009 , for most home video game consoles ( PS3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , Nintendo DS , iPhone ) , Microsoft Windows and December 8 for PSP . Action figures and postage stamps Mattel Toys announced in December 2009 that it would be introducing a line of Avatar action figures . Each action figure will be made with a 3 - D web tag , called an i - TAG , that consumers can scan using a web cam , revealing unique on - screen content that is special to each specific action figure . A series of toys representing six different characters from the film were also distributed globally in McDonald 's Happy Meals . In December 2009 , France Post released a special limited edition stamp based on Avatar , coinciding with the film 's worldwide release . Release Initial screening Avatar premiered in London on December 10 , 2009 , and was released theatrically worldwide from December 16 to 18 . The film was originally set for release on May 22 , 2009 , during filming , but was pushed back to allow more post-production time ( the last shots were delivered in November ) , and to give more time for theatres worldwide to install 3D projectors . Cameron stated that the film 's aspect ratio would be 1.78 : 1 for 3D screenings and that a 2.39 : 1 image would be extracted for 2D screenings . However , a 3D 2.39 : 1 extract was approved for use with constant - image - height screens ( i.e. screens which increase in width to display 2.39 : 1 films ) . During a 3D preview showing in Germany on December 16 , the movie 's DRM ' protection ' system failed , and some copies delivered could not be watched at all in the theaters . The problems were fixed in time for the public premiere . Avatar was released in a total of 3,457 theatres in the US , of which 2,032 theatres ran it in 3D . In total 90 % of all advance ticket sales for Avatar were for 3D screenings . Internationally , Avatar opened on a total of 14,604 screens in 106 territories , of which 3,671 were showing the film in 3D ( producing 56 % of the first weekend gross ) . The film was simultaneously presented in IMAX 3D format , opening in 178 theaters in the United States on December 18 . The international IMAX release included 58 theaters beginning on December 16 , and 25 more theaters were to be added in the coming weeks . The IMAX release was the company 's widest to date , a total of 261 theaters worldwide . The previous IMAX record opening was Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , which opened in 161 IMAX theatres in the US , and about 70 international . 20th Century Fox Korea adapted and later released Avatar in 4D version , which included `` moving seats , smells of explosives , sprinkling water , laser lights and wind '' . Box Office General Main article : List of box office records set by Avatar Avatar was released internationally on more than 14,000 screens . It earned $3,537,000 from midnight screenings domestically ( United States and Canada ) , with the initial 3D release limited to 2,200 screens . The film earned $26,752,099 on its opening day , and $77,025,481 over its opening weekend , making it the second - largest December opening ever behind I Am Legend , the largest domestic opening weekend for a film not based on a franchise ( topping The Incredibles ) , the highest opening weekend for a film entirely in 3D ( breaking Up 's record ) , the highest opening weekend for an environmentalist film ( breaking The Day After Tomorrow 's record ) , and the 40th largest opening weekend in North America , despite a blizzard that blanketed the East Coast of the United States and reportedly hurt its opening weekend results . The film also set an IMAX opening weekend record , with 178 theaters generating approximately $9.5 million , 12 % of the film 's $77 million ( at the time ) North American gross on less than 3 % of the screens . International markets generating opening weekend tallies of at least $10 million were for Russia ( $19.7 million ) , France ( $17.4 million ) , the UK ( $13.8 million ) , Germany ( $13.3 million ) , South Korea ( $11.7 million ) , Australia ( $11.5 million ) and Spain ( $11.0 million ) . Avatar 's worldwide gross was US $241.6 million after five days , the ninth largest opening - weekend gross of all time , and the largest for a non-franchise , non-sequel and original film . 58 international IMAX screens generated an estimated $4.1 million during the opening weekend . Revenues in the film 's second weekend decreased by only 1.8 % in domestic markets , marking a rare occurrence , earning $75,617,183 , to remain in first place at the box office and recording what was then the biggest second weekend of all time . The film experienced another marginal decrease in revenue in its third weekend , dropping 9.4 % to $68,490,688 domestically , remaining in first place at the box office , to set a third - weekend record . Avatar crossed the $1 billion mark on the 19th day of its international release , making it the first film to reach this mark in only 19 days . It became the fifth film grossing more than $1 billion worldwide , and the only film of 2009 to do so . In its fourth weekend , Avatar continued to lead the box office domestically , setting a new all - time fourth - weekend record of $50,306,217 , and becoming the highest - grossing 2009 release in the United States . In the film 's fifth weekend , it set the Martin Luther King Day weekend record , grossing $54,401,446 , and set a fifth - weekend record with a take of $42,785,612 . It held the top spot to set the sixth and seventh weekend records earning $34,944,081 and $31,280,029 respectively . It was the fastest film to gross $600 million domestically , on its 47th day in theatres . On January 31 , it became the first film to earn over $2 billion worldwide , and it became the first film to gross over $700 million in the U.S. and Canada , on February 27 , after 72 days of release . It remained at number one at the domestic box office for seven consecutive weeks -- the most consecutive No. 1 weekends since Titanic spent 15 weekends at No. 1 in 1997 and 1998 -- and also spent 11 consecutive weekends at the top of the box office outside the United States and Canada , breaking the record of nine consecutive weekends set by Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest . By the end of its first theatrical release Avatar had grossed $749,766,139 in the U.S. and Canada , and $1,999,298,189 in other territories , for a worldwide total of $2,749,064,328 . Including the revenue from a re-release of Avatar featuring extended footage , Avatar grossed $760,507,625 in the U.S. and Canada , and $2,027,457,462 in other countries for a worldwide total of $2,787,965,087 with 72.7 % of its total worldwide gross in international markets . Avatar has set a number of box office records during its release : on January 25 , 2010 , it surpassed Titanic 's worldwide gross to become the highest - grossing film of all time worldwide 41 days after its international release , just two days after taking the foreign box office record . On February 2 , 47 days after its domestic release , Avatar surpassed Titanic to become the highest - grossing film of all time in Canada and the United States . It became the highest - grossing film of all time in at least 30 other countries and is the first film to earn over $2 billion in foreign box office receipts . IMAX ticket sales account for $243.3 million of its worldwide gross , more than double the previous record . Box Office Mojo estimates that after adjusting for the rise in average ticket prices , Avatar would be the 14th - highest - grossing film of all time in North America . Box Office Mojo also observes that the higher ticket prices for 3D and IMAX screenings have had a significant impact on Avatar 's gross ; it estimated , on April 21 , 2010 , that Avatar had sold approximately 75 million tickets in North American theatres , more than any other film since 1999 's Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace . On a worldwide basis , when Avatar 's gross stood at $2 billion just 35 days into its run , The Daily Telegraph estimated its gross was surpassed by only Gone with the Wind ( $3.0 billion ) , Titanic ( $2.9 billion ) and Star Wars ( $2.2 billion ) after adjusting for inflation to 2010 prices , with Avatar ultimately winding up with $2.8 billion by the end of its run in 2010 . Reuters even placed it ahead of Titanic after adjusting the global total for inflation . Commercial analysis Before its release , various film critics and fan communities predicted the film would be a significant disappointment at the box office , in line with predictions made for Cameron 's previous blockbuster Titanic . This criticism ranged from Avatar 's film budget , to its concept and use of 3 - D `` blue cat people '' . Slate magazine 's Daniel Engber complimented the 3D effects , but criticized them for reminding him of certain CGI characters from the Star Wars prequel films and for having the `` uncanny valley '' effect . The New York Times noted that 20th Century Fox executives had decided to release Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel alongside Avatar , calling it a `` secret weapon '' to cover any unforeseeable losses at the box - office . `` I think if everybody was embracing the film before the fact , the film could never live up to that expectation ... Have them go with some sense of wanting to find the answer . '' James Cameron on criticism of Avatar before its release . Box office analysts , on the other hand , estimated that the film would be a box office success . `` The holy grail of 3 - D has finally arrived , '' said an analyst for Exhibitor Relations . `` This is why all these 3 - D venues were built : for Avatar . This is the one . The behemoth . '' The `` cautionary estimate '' was that Avatar would bring in around $60 million in its opening weekend . Others guessed higher . There were also analysts who believed that the film 's three - dimensionality would help its box office performance , given that recent 3D films had been successful . Cameron said he felt the pressure of the predictions , but that pressure is good for film - makers . `` It makes us think about our audiences and what the audience wants , '' he stated . `` We owe them a good time . We owe them a piece of good entertainment . '' Although he felt Avatar would appeal to everyone and that the film could not afford to have a target demographic , he especially wanted hard - core science - fiction fans to see it : `` If I can just get ' em in the damn theater , the film will act on them in the way it 's supposed to , in terms of taking them on an amazing journey and giving them this rich emotional experience . '' Cameron was aware of the sentiment that Avatar would need significant `` repeat business '' just to make up for its budget and achieve box office success , and believed Avatar could inspire the same `` sharing '' reaction as Titanic . He said that film worked because , `` When people have an experience that 's very powerful in the movie theatre , they want to go share it . They want to grab their friend and bring them , so that they can enjoy it . They want to be the person to bring them the news that this is something worth having in their life . '' After the film 's release and unusually strong box office performance over its first two weeks , it was debated as the one film capable of surpassing Titanic 's worldwide gross , and its continued strength perplexed box office analysts . Other films in recent years had been cited as contenders for surpassing Titanic , such as 2008 's The Dark Knight , but Avatar was considered the first film with a genuine chance to do so , and its numbers being aided by higher ticket prices for 3D screenings did not fully explain its success to box office analysts . `` Most films are considered to be healthy if they manage anything less than a 50 % drop from their first weekend to their second . Dipping just 11 % from the first to the third is unheard of , '' said Paul Dergarabedian , president of box - office analysis for Hollywood.com . `` This is just unprecedented . I had to do a double take . I thought it was a miscalculation . '' Analysts predicted second place for the film 's worldwide gross , but most were uncertain about it surpassing Titanic because `` Today 's films flame out much faster than they did when Titanic was released . '' Brandon Gray , president of Box Office Mojo , believed in the film 's chances of becoming the highest - grossing film of all time , though he also believed it was too early to surmise because it had only played during the holidays . He said , `` While Avatar may beat Titanic 's record , it will be tough , and the film is unlikely to surpass Titanic in attendance . Ticket prices were about $3 cheaper in the late 1990s . '' Cameron said he did not think it was realistic to `` try to topple Titanic off its perch '' because it `` just struck some kind of chord '' and there had been other good films in recent years . He changed his prediction by mid-January . `` It 's gon na happen . It 's just a matter of time , '' he said . `` You 've got to compete head on with these other epic works of fantasy and fiction , the Tolkiens and the Star Wars and the Star Treks . People want a persistent alternate reality to invest themselves in and they want the detail that makes it rich and worth their time . They want to live somewhere else . Like Pandora . '' James Cameron on the success of Avatar Though analysts have been unable to agree that Avatar 's success is attributable to one primary factor , several explanations have been advanced . First , January is historically `` the dumping ground for the year 's weakest films '' , and this also applied to 2010 . Cameron himself said he decided to open the film in December so that it would have less competition from then to January . Titanic capitalized on the same January predictability , and earned most of its gross in 1998 . Additionally , Avatar established itself as a `` must - see '' event . Gray said , `` At this point , people who are going to see Avatar are going to see Avatar and would even if the slate was strong . '' Marketing the film as a `` novelty factor '' also helped . Fox positioned the film as a cinematic event that should be seen in the theatres . `` It 's really hard to sell the idea that you can have the same experience at home , '' stated David Mumpower , an analyst at BoxOfficeProphets.com . The `` Oscar buzz '' surrounding the film and international viewings helped . `` Two - thirds of Titanic 's haul was earned overseas , and Avatar ( tracked ) similarly ... Avatar opened in 106 markets globally and was No. 1 in all of them '' , and the markets `` such as Russia , where Titanic saw modest receipts in 1997 and 1998 , are white - hot today '' with `` more screens and moviegoers '' than before . According to Variety , films in 3D accumulated $1.3 billion in 2009 , `` a threefold increase over 2008 and more than 10 % of the total 2009 box - office gross '' . The increased ticket price -- an average of $2 to $3 per ticket in most markets -- helped the film . Likewise , Entertainment Weekly attributed the film 's success to 3D glasses , but also to its `` astronomic word - of - mouth '' . Not only do some theaters charge up to $18.50 for IMAX tickets , but `` the buzz '' created by the new technology was the possible cause for sold - out screenings . Gray said Avatar having no basis in previously established material makes its performance remarkable and even more impressive . `` The movie might be derivative of many movies in its story and themes , '' he said , `` but it had no direct antecedent like the other top - grossing films : Titanic ( historical events ) , the Star Wars movies ( an established film franchise ) , or The Lord of the Rings ( literature ) . It was a tougher sell ... '' Critical reception See also : Themes in Avatar for more reviews The film received mostly positive reviews . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 83 % based on 293 reviews , with a rating average of 7.5 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads `` It might be more impressive on a technical level than as a piece of storytelling , but Avatar reaffirms James Cameron 's singular gift for imaginative , absorbing filmmaking . '' On Metacritic -- which assigns a weighted mean score -- the film has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 35 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave Avatar was `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Every demographic surveyed was reported to give this rating . These polls also indicated that the main draw of the film was its use of 3D . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times called the film `` extraordinary '' and gave it four stars out of four . `` Watching Avatar , I felt sort of the same as when I saw Star Wars in 1977 , '' he said , adding that like Star Wars and The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring , the film `` employs a new generation of special effects '' and it `` is not simply a sensational entertainment , although it is that . It 's a technical breakthrough . It has a flat - out Green and anti-war message '' . A.O. Scott of At The Movies also compared his viewing of the film to the first time he viewed Star Wars and he said `` although the script is a little bit ... obvious , '' it was `` part of what made it work '' . Todd McCarthy of Variety praised the film , saying `` The King of the World sets his sights on creating another world entirely in Avatar , and it 's very much a place worth visiting . '' Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review . `` The screen is alive with more action and the soundtrack pops with more robust music than any dozen sci - fi shoot - ' em - ups you care to mention , '' he stated . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded Avatar a three - and - a-half out of four star rating and wrote in his print review `` It extends the possibilities of what movies can do . Cameron 's talent may just be as big as his dreams . '' Richard Corliss of Time magazine thought that the film was `` the most vivid and convincing creation of a fantasy world ever seen in the history of moving pictures . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times thought the film has `` powerful '' visual accomplishments but `` flat dialogue '' and `` obvious characterization '' . James Berardinelli of ReelViews praised the film and its story , giving it four out of four stars ; he wrote `` In 3 - D , it 's immersive -- but the traditional film elements -- story , character , editing , theme , emotional resonance , etc. -- are presented with sufficient expertise to make even the 2 - D version an engrossing 21⁄2 - hour experience . '' Avatar 's underlying social and political themes attracted attention . Armond White of the New York Press wrote that Cameron used `` villainous American characters '' to `` misrepresent facets of militarism , capitalism , and imperialism '' . Russell D. Moore of The Christian Post concluded that `` propaganda exists in the film '' and stated `` If you can get a theater full of people in Kentucky to stand and applaud the defeat of their country in war , then you 've got some amazing special effects . '' Some commentators sympathetic to anarcho - primitivism have even praised the film as a manifesto for their cause . Adam Cohen of The New York Times was more positive about the film , calling its anti-imperialist message `` a 22nd - century version of the American colonists vs. the British , India vs. the Raj , or Latin America vs. United Fruit '' . Ross Douthat of The New York Times opined that the film is `` Cameron 's long apologia for pantheism ... Hollywood 's religion of choice for a generation now '' , while Saritha Prabhu of The Tennessean called the film a `` misportrayal of pantheism and Eastern spirituality in general '' , and Maxim Osipov of The Hindustan Times , on the contrary , commended the film 's message for its overall consistency with the teachings of Hinduism in the Bhagavad Gita . Annalee Newitz of io9 concluded that Avatar is another film that has the recurring `` fantasy about race '' whereby `` some white guy '' becomes the `` most awesome '' member of a non-white culture . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune called Avatar `` the season 's ideological Rorschach blot '' , while Miranda Devine of The Sydney Morning Herald thought that `` It ( was ) impossible to watch Avatar without being banged over the head with the director 's ideological hammer . '' Nidesh Lawtoo believed that an essential , yet less visible social theme that contributed to Avatar 's success concerns contemporary fascinations with virtual avatars and `` the transition from the world of reality to that of virtual reality . '' . Critics and audiences have cited similarities with other films , literature or media , describing the perceived connections in ways ranging from simple `` borrowing '' to outright plagiarism . Ty Burr of the Boston Globe called it `` the same movie '' as Dances with Wolves . Like Dances with Wolves , Avatar has been characterized as being a `` white savior '' movie , in which a `` backwards '' native people is impotent without the leadership of a member of the invading white culture . Parallels to the concept and use of an avatar are in Poul Anderson 's 1957 novelette `` Call Me Joe '' , in which a paralyzed man uses his mind from orbit to control an artificial body on Jupiter . Cinema audiences in Russia have noted that Avatar has elements in common with the 1960s Noon Universe novels by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky , which are set in the 22nd century on a forested world called Pandora with a sentient indigenous species called the Nave . Various reviews have compared Avatar to the films FernGully : The Last Rainforest , Pocahontas and The Last Samurai . NPR 's Morning Edition has compared the film to a montage of tropes , with one commentator stating that Avatar was made by `` mixing a bunch of film scripts in a blender '' . Gary Westfahl wrote that `` the science fiction story that most closely resembles Avatar has to be Ursula K. Le Guin 's novella `` The Word for World Is Forest '' ( 1972 ) , another epic about a benevolent race of alien beings who happily inhabit dense forests while living in harmony with nature until they are attacked and slaughtered by invading human soldiers who believe that the only good gook is a dead gook . '' The science fiction writer and editor Gardner Dozois said that along with the Anderson and Le Guin stories , the `` mash - up '' included Alan Dean Foster 's 1975 novel , Midworld . Some sources saw similarities to the artwork of Roger Dean , which featured fantastic images of floating rock formations and dragons . In 2013 , Dean sued Cameron and Fox , claiming that Pandora was inspired by 14 of his images . Dean sought damages of $50 m . Dean 's case was dismissed in 2014 , and The Hollywood Reporter noted that Cameron has won multiple Avatar idea theft cases . Avatar received compliments from filmmakers , with Steven Spielberg praising it as `` the most evocative and amazing science - fiction movie since Star Wars '' and others calling it `` audacious and awe inspiring '' , `` master class '' , and `` brilliant '' . Noted art director - turned - filmmaker Roger Christian is also a noted fan of the film . On the other hand , Duncan Jones said : `` It 's not in my top three James Cameron films ... ( A ) t what point in the film did you have any doubt what was going to happen next ? '' . For French filmmaker Luc Besson , Avatar opened the doors for him to now create an adaptation of the graphic novel series Valérian and Laureline that technologically supports the scope of its source material , with Besson even throwing his original script in the trash and redoing it after seeing the film . TIME ranked Avatar number 3 in their list of `` The 10 Greatest Movies of the Millennium ( Thus Far ) '' also earning it a spot on the magazine 's All - TIME 100 list , and IGN listed Avatar as number 22 on their list of the top 25 Sci - Fi movies of all time . Accolades Main article : List of accolades received by Avatar ( 2009 film ) Avatar won the 82nd Academy Awards for Best Art Direction , Best Cinematography , and Best Visual Effects , and was nominated for a total of nine , including Best Picture and Best Director . Avatar also won the 67th Golden Globe Awards for Best Motion Picture -- Drama and Best Director , and was nominated for two others . At the 36th Saturn Awards , Avatar won all ten awards it was nominated for : Best Science Fiction Film , Best Actor , Best Actress , Best Supporting Actor , Best Supporting Actress , Best Director , Best Writing , Best Music , Best Production Design and Best Special Effects . The New York Film Critics Online honored the film with its Best Picture award . The film also won the Critics ' Choice Awards of the Broadcast Film Critics Association for Best Action Film and several technical categories , out of nine nominations . It won two of the St. Louis Film Critics awards : Best Visual Effects and Most Original , Innovative or Creative Film . The film also won the British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) award for Production Design and Special Visual Effects , and was nominated for seven others , including Best Film and Director . The film has received numerous other major awards , nominations and honors . Extended theatrical re-release In July 2010 , Cameron confirmed that there would be an extended theatrical re-release of the film on August 27 , 2010 , exclusively in 3D theaters and IMAX 3D . Avatar : Special Edition includes an additional nine minutes of footage , all of which is CG , including an extension of the sex scene and various other scenes that were cut from the original theatrical film . This extended re-release resulted in the film 's run time approaching the current IMAX platter maximum of 170 minutes , thereby leaving less time for the end credits . Cameron stated that the nine minutes of added scenes cost more than $1 million a minute to produce and finish . During its 12 - week re-release , Avatar : Special Edition grossed an additional $10.74 million in North America and $22.46 million overseas for a worldwide total of $33.2 million . Home Media 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment released the film on DVD and Blu - ray in the US on April 22 , 2010 and in the UK on April 26 . The US release was not on a Tuesday as is the norm , but was done to coincide with Earth Day . The first DVD and Blu - ray release does not contain any supplemental features other than the theatrical film and the disc menu in favor of and to make space for optimal picture and sound . The release also preserves the film 's native 1.78 : 1 ( 16 : 9 ) format as Cameron felt that was the best format to watch the film . The Blu - ray disc contains DRM ( BD+ 5 ) which some Blu - ray players might not support without a firmware update . Avatar set a first - day launch record in the U.S. for Blu - ray sales at 1.5 million units sold , breaking the record previously held by The Dark Knight ( 600,000 units sold ) . First - day DVD and Blu - ray sales combined were over four million units sold . In its first four days of release , sales of Avatar on Blu - ray reached 2.7 million in the United States and Canada -- overtaking The Dark Knight to become the best ever selling Blu - ray release in the region . The release later broke the Blu - ray sales record in the UK the following week . In its first three weeks of release , the film sold a total of 19.7 million DVD and Blu - ray discs combined , a new record for sales in that period . As of July 18 , 2012 , DVD sales ( not including Blu - ray ) totaled over 10.5 million units sold with $190,806,055 in revenue . Avatar retained its record as the top - selling Blu - ray in the US market until January 2015 when Disney 's Frozen surpassed it . The Avatar Three - Disc Extended Collector 's Edition on DVD and Blu - ray was released on November 16 , 2010 . Three different versions of the film are present on the discs : the original theatrical cut , the special edition cut , and a collector 's extended cut ( with the DVD set spreading them on two discs , but the Blu - ray set presenting them on a single disc ) . The collector 's extended cut contains 6 more minutes of footage , thus making it 16 minutes longer than the original theatrical cut . Cameron mentioned , `` you can sit down , and in a continuous screening of the film , watch it with the Earth opening '' . He stated the `` Earth opening '' is an additional 41⁄2 minutes of scenes that were in the film for much of its production but were ultimately cut before the film 's theatrical release . The release also includes an additional 45 minutes of deleted scenes and other extras . Cameron initially stated that Avatar would be released in 3D around November 2010 , but the studio issued a correction : `` 3 - D is in the conceptual stage and Avatar will not be out on 3D Blu - ray in November . '' In May 2010 , Fox stated that the 3D version would be released some time in 2011 . It was later revealed that Fox had given Panasonic an exclusive license for the 3D Blu - ray version and only with the purchase of a Panasonic 3DTV . The length of Panasonic 's exclusivity period is stated to last until February 2012 . On October 2010 , Cameron stated that the standalone 3D Blu - ray would be the final version of the film 's home release and that it was , `` maybe one , two years out '' . On Christmas Eve 2010 , Avatar had its 3D television world premiere on Sky . On August 13 , 2012 , Cameron announced on Facebook that Avatar would be released globally on Blu - ray 3D . The Blu - ray 3D version was finally released on October 16 , 2012 . Sequels In 2006 , Cameron stated that if Avatar was successful , he hoped to make two sequels to the film . In 2010 , he said the film 's widespread success confirmed that he would do so . He included certain scenes in the first film for future story follow - ups . Cameron planned to shoot the sequels back - to - back and to begin work `` once the novel is nailed down '' . He stated that the sequels would widen the universe while exploring other moons of Polyphemus . The first sequel would focus on the ocean of Pandora and also feature more of the rainforest . He intended to capture footage for this sequel at the bottom of the Mariana Trench using a deepwater submersible . In 2011 , Cameron stated that he was just starting to design the ocean ecosystem of Pandora and the other worlds to be included in the story . The storyline , although continuing the environmental theme of the first film , would not be `` strident '' since the film will concentrate on entertainment . The sequels would continue to follow the characters of Jake and Neytiri . Cameron implied that the humans would return as the antagonists of the story . Worthington and Saldana signed on to reprise their roles in the sequels . In 2010 , Cameron confirmed that Sigourney Weaver and Stephen Lang were also expected to return despite the demise of their characters . The sequels were originally scheduled for release in December 2014 and 2015 . In 2011 , Cameron stated his intention to film the sequels at a higher frame rate than the industry standard 24 frames per second , in order to add a heightened sense of reality . In 2012 , Cameron first mentioned a possible third sequel . That year , Cameron stated that the sequels were being written as `` separate stories that have an overall arc inclusive of the first film '' , with the second having a clear conclusion instead of a cliffhanger to the next film . Cameron expected to release Avatar 2 in 2015 . In 2013 , it was confirmed that there would be three sequels . Screenwriters were also announced : Josh Friedman for the first , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver for the second , and Shane Salerno for the third . Production was rescheduled for 2014 with the films to be released in December 2016 , 2017 , and 2018 . Steven Gould was engaged to write four novels based on the films . Later that year , Cameron announced that the sequels would be filmed in New Zealand , with performance capture to take place in 2014 . An agreement with the New Zealand government required at least one world premiere to be held in Wellington and at least NZ $ 500 million ( approximately US $410 million at December 2013 exchange rates ) to be spent on production activity in New Zealand , including live - action filming and visual effects . The New Zealand government announced it would raise its baseline tax rebate for filmmaking from 15 % to 20 % , with 25 % available to international productions in some cases and 40 % for New Zealand productions ( as defined by section 18 of the New Zealand Film Commission Act 1978 ) . In April 2014 , Cameron expected to finish the three scripts within six weeks , stating that all three sequels would be in production simultaneously and were still slated for December 2016 to 2018 releases . He stated that although Friedman , Jaffa and Silver , and Salerno are each co-writing one sequel with him , they at first all worked together on all three scripts : `` I did n't assign each writer which film they were going to work on until the last day . I knew if I assigned them their scripts ahead of time , they 'd tune out every time we were talking about the other movie . '' `` We ... worked out every beat of the story across all three films so it all connects as one , sort of , three - film saga . '' Cameron also stated that Weaver would be featured in all three sequels and that her character Grace Augustine would be alive . In March 2015 , however , Weaver said that she will play a new character in the next film . By 2015 , the scheduled release dates for the sequels were each delayed by another year , with the first sequel expected to be released in December 2017 ; Cameron called the writing process `` a complex job '' . In June 2015 , James Horner , who was reported to be engaged to write music for the franchise , was killed in a plane crash . In December , Cameron stated that he was `` doing another pass through all three scripts ... Just refining . That 's in parallel with the design process . The design process is very mature at this point . We 've been designing for about a year and a half . All the characters , settings and creatures are all pretty much ( set ) . '' The following month , Fox announced a further release delay . As of February 2016 , production of the sequels was scheduled to begin in April 2016 in New Zealand . In April 2016 , Cameron announced at CinemaCon that there will be four Avatar sequels , all of which will be filmed simultaneously , with release dates in December 2018 , 2020 , 2022 and 2023 , respectively . In late October 2016 , it was reported that Cameron was going to push for `` glasses - free 3D '' with the sequels , but he later disagreed with these rumors and did not think the technology would be there yet . In February 2017 , the media website My Entertainment World stated that Avatar 2 had entered production and shooting would start on August 15 , 2017 , with Manhattan Beach , California as the main shooting location . Cameron confirmed the upcoming shooting , and that the writing of all four sequels was now complete . The following sequels are expected to start shooting right after Avatar 2 wraps filming . The following month , Cameron revealed that Avatar 2 would not be released in 2018 , as originally believed . The sequel release dates were announced as starting on Dec. 18 , 2020 , for Avatar 2 , Dec. 17 , 2021 for Avatar 3 , Dec. 20 , 2024 for Avatar 4 , and Dec. 19 , 2025 for Avatar 5 . In June 2017 , Jon Landau stated at the CineEurope conference that principal photography will begin on September 25 , 2017 . Related Media Stage adaptation Toruk - The First Flight is an original stage production by the Montreal - based Cirque du Soleil which premiered in November 2015 and has been touring other cities since 2016 . Inspired by Avatar , the story is set in Pandora 's past , involving a prophecy concerning a threat to the Tree of Souls and a quest for totems from different tribes . Audience members can download an app in order to participate in show effects . On January 18 , 2016 , it was announced via the Toruk Facebook page that filming for an upcoming DVD has been completed and is currently undergoing editing . Theme park attraction Main article : Pandora -- The World of Avatar In 2011 , Cameron , Lightstorm , and Fox entered an exclusive licensing agreement with The Walt Disney Company to feature Avatar - themed attractions at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts worldwide , including a themed land for Disney 's Animal Kingdom in Lake Buena Vista , Florida . The area , known as Pandora -- The World of Avatar , opened on May 27 , 2017 . See also Film in the United States portal 2000s portal List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of films featuring powered exoskeletons References Jump up ^ `` AVATAR ( 3D ) ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 8 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar '' . BFI . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , D. ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` ' Avatar 's ' True Cost -- and Consequences '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( August 25 , 2010 ) . `` James Cameron : I want to compete with ' Star Wars ' and Tolkien '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ball , Sarah ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` Why ' Avatar ' Could Out - Earn ' Titanic ' . James Cameron is king of the box office again , but will his latest eclipse his Titanic success ? '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2010 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam B. ( January 2 , 2010 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Avatar ' is No. 1 again , soars past $1 billion worldwide '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2010 . Retrieved Sep 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar ( 2009 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . 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'' Science Fiction Studies 125 . 41.1 March 2015 Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` Avatar '' . Boston Globe . NY Times Co . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Linda ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` Is Avatar weighted down by white man 's burden ? '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ Sirota , David ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Oscar loves a white savior '' . Salon . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Lauren ( October 26 , 2009 ) Did James Cameron Rip Off Poul Anderson 's Novella ? io9 . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Westfahl , Gary ( December 20 , 2009 ) . `` All Energy Is Borrowed : A Review of Avatar '' . Locus Publications . LocusMag.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harding , Luke ( January 13 , 2010 ) . `` James Cameron rejects claims Avatar epic borrows from Russians ' sci - fi novels '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . 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James Cameron Wins Avatar Idea Theft Lawsuit Against Artist `` , The Hollywood Reporter , September 17 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Roger Christian talks zombies , Prometheus & Battlefield Earth - movies , TV , videogames , crowd - funding -- Shadowlocked : find the future ! '' . Shadowlocked . March 21 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` The Buzz : Filmmakers react to Avatar '' . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved December 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Luc Besson Lays It On The Line For Passion Pic ' Valerian ' -- Deadline Disruptors '' . Deadline.com . Penske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . I thought the script was kind of good a few years ago , and I was ready to start the financing . Then , Avatar arrived . The good news was that , technically , I could see that we can do everything now . The film proved that imagination is the only limit . The bad news is , I threw my script in the garbage , literally , when I came back from the screening . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Greatest Movies of the Millennium ( Thus Far ) '' . TIME . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Rethinking the Movie Masterpieces : Richard Corliss Expands TIME 's List of Cinematic Greats '' . Time . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Sci - Fi Movies of All Time '' . IGN . September 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe 2010 Winners '' . Moviefone . January 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , Don ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` N.Y. Online Critics like ' Basterds ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 15 , 2009 . 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Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` This is why early adopting sucks : ' Avatar ' does n't play on some Samsung BR players '' . CrunchGear. April 23 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avatar ' shatters sales records -- and inspires an armed heist in Mexico City '' . Los Angeles Times . April 23 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2010 . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( April 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' is already the bestselling Blu - ray ever '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ King , Mike ( April 26 , 2010 ) . `` Movie Talk : James Cameron , King of DVD sales '' . Yahoo Movies . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar breaks UK Blu - ray sales record '' . BBC News . April 28 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2010 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avatar Fastest Selling DVD After Three Weeks '' . ABC News . May 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar -- DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Best - Selling Blu - ray Titles in the United States '' . The Numbers . January 25 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Ryan ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Avatar three - disc extended collectors set due in November '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved October 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Russell , Mike ( August 26 , 2010 ) . `` Interview with James Cameron on ' Avatar ' re-release , BP oil spill -- and much more '' . The Oregonian . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Update : Cameron Talks Avatar Blu - ray / DVD Releases and Sequel '' . Comingsoon.net . February 19 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Trenholm , Rich ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Avatar gets 3D Blu - ray release , comes with free Panasonic 3DTV '' . CNET UK . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calonge , Juan ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Cameron : Avatar CE Blu - ray Is Last Version -- Save for 3D '' . Blu-ray.com . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Digital TV -- Sky to give ' Avatar ' 3D world premiere '' . Digital Spy . December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 3DTV world premiere on Sky 3D -- Pocket - lint '' . Pocket-link.com . December 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2010 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Secures Avatar 3D TV World Premier '' . IT Pro Portal . December 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar on Blu - ray 3D '' . YouTube . August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Day , Patrick Kevin ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` James Cameron : The ' Avatar ' sequel will dive into the oceans of Pandora '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2010 . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Harlow , John ( September 12 , 2010 ) . `` James Cameron commissions deep sea sub to film footage for Avatar sequel '' . The Australian . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron : New ' Avatar 2 ' Details '' . ABC news . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eric Ditzian ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` James Cameron Talks ' Avatar ' Sequel Plans '' . MTV . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eric Ditzian ( February 18 , 2010 ) . `` James Cameron Says ' Everyone 's Highly Motivated ' For ' Avatar ' Sequel '' . MTV . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Sigourney Weaver Avatar 2 role confirmed '' . BBC News . September 18 , 2011 . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron Has Found Avatar 's Darth Vader : It 's Stephen Lang '' . Deadline.com . October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` James Cameron sets ' Avatar ' 2 & 3 as next films '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` James Cameron ' Fully Intends ' to Make ' Avatar 2 and 3 ' at Higher Frame Rates '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` James Cameron ' Fully Intends ' to Make ' Avatar 2 and 3 ' at Higher Frame Rates '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` James Cameron to Make Avatar 4 Instead of Battle Angel '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` James Cameron : ' Avatar ' sequels ' a daunting writing task ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Sequels Upped To Three ; Fox , James Cameron Set Trio of Writers to Spearhead '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox & James Cameron Announce ' Avatar ' Novels Based On Movie & Upcoming Sequels '' . Deadline.com . August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Steven ; Finlayson , Chris ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Three Avatar films to be made in New Zealand '' . New Zealand Government . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jared Larson ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Trilogy of Avatar Sequels to Be Made in New Zealand '' . IGN . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron . AMA '' . reddit.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( April 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Cameron on ' Avatar ' Sequel Timetable Following Rupert Murdoch 's Comments '' . deadline.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron Talks Avatar Sequels '' . Empire . November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron Opens Up About ' Avatar ' Sequels '' . Inquisitr . November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron Used ' Dark Angel ' Experience to Write ' Avatar ' Sequels '' . ScreenRant . June 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 2 Movie Spoilers , Release Date : Sigourney Weaver Alive , Will Play Crucial Role in New Trilogy '' . BreatheCast . September 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 2 Will See Sigourney Weaver Play a Brand New Character '' . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` James Cameron Pushes Back ' Avatar ' Sequels By a Year '' . Variety . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron Says ' Avatar ' Sequel Delayed Until 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chestang , Raphael ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` How James Horner Created the Unforgettable Titanic Theme Song , ' My Heart Will Go On ' '' . ET Online . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron wants to prove Avatar success was n't ' some big fluke ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 11 , 2015 . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` James Cameron 's Avatar 2 Wo n't Be Ready for Christmas 2017 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 2 '' . My Entertainment World . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` 20th Century Fox CinemaCon : ' Avatar ' Sequels , ' Deadpool 2 ' , ' Greatest Showman On Earth ' Updates , Vanilla Ice Raps , ' Assassin 's Creed ' , ' Birth Of A Nation ' & More '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` James Cameron Expands ' Avatar ' Sequels To Four , Slams Screening Room & Gets Cheers From Exhibs - CinemaCon '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Nordine , Michael ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` James Cameron Pushing for 3D Advances and Higher Frame Rates for ' Avatar ' Sequels '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James Cameron on Terminator 2 , Avatar and the future of cinema Jump up ^ `` Avatar 2 Production Start Date Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avatar 2 ' Latest News : Sequel to Begin Filming in August '' . The Christian Post . February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 2 : Sam Worthington confirms start date for James Cameron sequels '' . Stuff.co . February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avatar 2 production start date set for August '' . Den of Geek . February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 2 officially starts filming in August , James Cameron teams up with Ubisoft for Avatar game '' . The Independent . March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avatar 2 ' Script News : James Cameron Feels Like He 's Been Freed From Jail After Completing Script for All 5 Films '' . The Christian Post . February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 2 Will Finally Begin Shooting in Late Summer '' . Movie Web . February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avatar 2 ' Wo n't Hit Theaters In 2018 , James Cameron Says '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Sequels Update : Production `` Officially '' Begins In September On Saga 's Stand - Alones -- CineEurope `` . Deadline . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dumaraog , Ana ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Avatar Sequels Officially Begin Production in September '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` That 's a wrap ! Filming for the upcoming ... - TORUK - The First Flight - Facebook '' . Jump up ^ Cody , Anthony ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Disney to build Avatar attractions at its theme parks '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levy , Dani ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Avatar ' - Themed Land Opening Date Revealed , Star Wars Land Coming in 2019 '' . Variety . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Further reading Armstrong , Jeffrey ( 2010 ) . Spiritual Teachings of the Avatar : Ancient Wisdom for a New World . New York : Atria Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58270 - 281 - 0 . A detailed analysis of the film 's parallels with the teachings of the Vedas . Duncan , Jody ; Fitzpatrick , Lisa ( 2010 ) . The Making of Avatar . New York : Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 9706 - 6 . OCLC 555654027 . Lawtoo , Nidesh ( 2015 ) . `` Avatar Simulation in 3Ts : Techne , Trance , Transformation . '' Modern Fiction Studies 125 41.1 pp. 132 -- 150 . Mahoney , Kevin Patrick ( 2010 ) . The Ultimate Fan 's Guide to Avatar , James Cameron 's Epic Movie ( Unauthorized ) . London : Punked Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9533172 - 5 - 7 . External links Find more aboutAvatar ( 2009 film ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Official website Official shooting script Avatar on IMDb Avatar at AllMovie Avatar at Box Office Mojo Avatar at Metacritic Avatar at Rotten Tomatoes Avatar Media Soundtrack album `` I See You '' Video game Art book Toruk - The First Flight Universe Fictional universe Pandoran biosphere Na'vi language Na'vi grammar Related Pandora -- The World of Avatar Avatar Flight of Passage Na'vi River Journey Awards and honors Box office records Themes Other Avatar Hallelujah Mountain `` Dances with Smurfs '' `` Treehouse of Horror XXII '' This Ai n't Avatar XXX Book Awards for Avatar Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Action Movie The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Drive ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Lone Survivor ( 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) Empire Award for Best Film Braveheart ( 1996 ) Se7en ( 1997 ) Men in Black ( 1998 ) Titanic ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) The Bourne Supremacy ( 2005 ) King Kong ( 2006 ) Casino Royale ( 2007 ) The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2008 ) The Dark Knight ( 2009 ) Avatar ( 2010 ) Inception ( 2011 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) Skyfall ( 2013 ) Gravity ( 2014 ) Interstellar ( 2015 ) The Revenant ( 2016 ) Rogue One ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) East of Eden ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) Soylent Green ( 1973 ) Rollerball ( 1974 / 1975 ) Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Alien ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Superman II ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) RoboCop ( 1987 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Total Recall ( 1989 / 1990 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Stargate ( 1994 ) 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Armageddon / Dark City ( 1998 ) The Matrix ( 1999 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Cloverfield ( 2007 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) James Cameron Filmography Films directed Feature Piranha II : The Spawning ( 1981 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) The Abyss ( 1989 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) True Lies ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Short Xenogenesis ( 1978 ) T2 3 - D : Battle Across Time ( 1996 ) Documentaries Expedition : Bismarck ( 2002 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Aliens of the Deep ( 2005 ) Written only Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Strange Days ( 1995 ) Produced only Strange Days ( 1995 ) Solaris ( 2002 ) Alita : Battle Angel ( 2018 ) Related articles Lightstorm Entertainment Dark Angel Deepsea Challenger Pristimantis jamescameroni GND : 7684937 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avatar_(2009_film)&oldid=800608961 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films Avatar ( 2009 film ) 2000s 3D films 2000s action films American adventure films Science fiction adventure films 2000s adventure films 20th Century Fox films 22nd century in fiction American epic films American films American science fiction action films Artificial uterus in fiction Best Film Empire Award winners Dune Entertainment films Environmental films Fictional - language films Film scores by James Horner Films about cloning Films about extraterrestrial life Films about paraplegics or quadriplegics Films about rebellions Films about technology Films about telepresence Films directed by James Cameron Films set in the 22nd century Films set on fictional moons Films shot in California Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in New Zealand Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award Films using computer - generated imagery Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Holography in films IMAX films Lightstorm Entertainment films Military science fiction films Performance capture in film Planetary romances Rebellions in fiction Rotoscoped films Science fiction war films Screenplays by James Cameron Social science fiction films Space adventure films Transhumanism in film Films about consciousness transfer Epic science fiction films Action adventure films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2010 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with French - language external links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with dead external links from October 2011 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2017 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch አማርኛ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 16 : 08 . 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8916843696472317659	Plant tissue culture	Plant tissue culture - wikipedia Plant tissue culture Jump to : navigation , search Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells , tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition . Plant tissue culture is widely used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation . Different techniques in plant tissue culture may offer certain advantages over traditional methods of propagation , including : The production of exact copies of plants that produce particularly good flowers , fruits , or have other desirable traits . To quickly produce mature plants . The production of multiples of plants in the absence of seeds or necessary pollinators to produce seeds . The regeneration of whole plants from plant cells that have been genetically modified . The production of plants in sterile containers that allows them to be moved with greatly reduced chances of transmitting diseases , pests , and pathogens . The production of plants from seeds that otherwise have very low chances of germinating and growing , i.e. : orchids and Nepenthes . To clear particular plants of viral and other infections and to quickly multiply these plants as ' cleaned stock ' for horticulture and agriculture . Plant tissue culture relies on the fact that many plant cells have the ability to regenerate a whole plant ( totipotency ) . Single cells , plant cells without cell walls ( protoplasts ) , pieces of leaves , stems or roots can often be used to generate a new plant on culture media given the required nutrients and plant hormones . Contents ( hide ) 1 Techniques 2 Regeneration pathways 3 Choice of explant 4 Applications 5 Laboratories 6 See also 7 References Techniques ( edit ) Preparation of plant tissue for tissue culture is performed under aseptic conditions under HEPA filtered air provided by a laminar flow cabinet . Thereafter , the tissue is grown in sterile containers , such as petri dishes or flasks in a growth room with controlled temperature and light intensity . Living plant materials from the environment are naturally contaminated on their surfaces ( and sometimes interiors ) with microorganisms , so their surfaces are sterilized in chemical solutions ( usually alcohol and sodium or calcium hypochlorite ) before suitable samples ( known as explants ) are taken . The sterile explants are then usually placed on the surface of a sterile solid culture medium , but are sometimes placed directly into a sterile liquid medium , particularly when cell suspension cultures are desired . Solid and liquid media are generally composed of inorganic salts plus a few organic nutrients , vitamins and plant hormones . Solid media are prepared from liquid media with the addition of a gelling agent , usually purified agar . In vitro tissue culture of potato explants The composition of the medium , particularly the plant hormones and the nitrogen source ( nitrate versus ammonium salts or amino acids ) have profound effects on the morphology of the tissues that grow from the initial explant . For example , an excess of auxin will often result in a proliferation of roots , while an excess of cytokinin may yield shoots . A balance of both auxin and cytokinin will often produce an unorganised growth of cells , or callus , but the morphology of the outgrowth will depend on the plant species as well as the medium composition . As cultures grow , pieces are typically sliced off and subcultured onto new media to allow for growth or to alter the morphology of the culture . The skill and experience of the tissue culturist are important in judging which pieces to culture and which to discard . As shoots emerge from a culture , they may be sliced off and rooted with auxin to produce plantlets which , when mature , can be transferred to potting soil for further growth in the greenhouse as normal plants . Regeneration pathways ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Plant tissue cultures being grown at a USDA seed bank , the National Center for Genetic Resources Preservation . The specific differences in the regeneration potential of different organs and explants have various explanations . The significant factors include differences in the stage of the cells in the cell cycle , the availability of or ability to transport endogenous growth regulators , and the metabolic capabilities of the cells . The most commonly used tissue explants are the meristematic ends of the plants like the stem tip , axillary bud tip and root tip . These tissues have high rates of cell division and either concentrate or produce required growth regulating substances including auxins and cytokinins . Shoot regeneration efficiency in tissue culture is usually a quantitative trait that often varies between plant species and within a plant species among subspecies , varieties , cultivars , or ecotypes . Therefore , tissue culture regeneration can become complicated especially when many regeneration procedures have to be developed for different genotypes within the same species . The three common pathways of plant tissue culture regeneration are propagation from preexisting meristems ( shoot culture or nodal culture ) , organogenesis and non-zygotic embryogenesis . The propagation of shoots or nodal segments is usually performed in four stages for mass production of plantlets through in vitro vegetative multiplication but organogenesis is a common method of micropropagation that involves tissue regeneration of adventitious organs or axillary buds directly or indirectly from the explants . Non-zygotic embryogenesis is a noteworthy developmental pathway that is highly comparable to that of zygotic embryos and it is an important pathway for producing somaclonal variants , developing artificial seeds , and synthesizing metabolites . Due to the single cell origin of non-zygotic embryos , they are preferred in several regeneration systems for micropropagation , ploidy manipulation , gene transfer , and synthetic seed production . Nonetheless , tissue regeneration via organogenesis has also proved to be advantageous for studying regulatory mechanisms of plant development . Choice of explant ( edit ) The tissue obtained from a plant to be cultured is called an explant . Explants can be taken from many different parts of a plant , including portions of shoots , leaves , stems , flowers , roots , single undifferentiated cells and from many types of mature cells provided are they still contain living cytoplasm and nuclei and are able de-differentiate and resume cell division . This has given rise to the concept of totipotentency of plant cells. ( 1 ) However this is not true for all cells or for all plants . In many species explants of various organs vary in their rates of growth and regeneration , while some do not grow at all . The choice of explant material also determines if the plantlets developed via tissue culture are haploid or diploid . Also the risk of microbial contamination is increased with inappropriate explants . The first method involving the meristems and induction of multiple shoots is the preferred method for the micropropagation industry since the risks of somaclonal variation ( genetic variation induced in tissue culture ) are minimal when compared to the other two methods . Somatic embryogenesis is a method that has the potential to be several times higher in multiplication rates and is amenable to handling in liquid culture systems like bioreactors . Some explants , like the root tip , are hard to isolate and are contaminated with soil microflora that become problematic during the tissue culture process . Certain soil microflora can form tight associations with the root systems , or even grow within the root . Soil particles bound to roots are difficult to remove without injury to the roots that then allows microbial attack . These associated microflora will generally overgrow the tissue culture medium before there is significant growth of plant tissue . Some cultured tissues are slow in their growth . For them there would be two options : ( i ) Optimizing the culture medium ; ( ii ) Culturing highly responsive tissues or varieties . Necrosis can spoil cultured tissues . Generally , plant varieties differ in susceptibility to tissue culture necrosis . Thus , by culturing highly responsive varieties ( or tissues ) it can be managed . Aerial ( above soil ) explants are also rich in undesirable microflora . However , they are more easily removed from the explant by gentle rinsing , and the remainder usually can be killed by surface sterilization . Most of the surface microflora do not form tight associations with the plant tissue . Such associations can usually be found by visual inspection as a mosaic , de-colorization or localized necrosis on the surface of the explant . An alternative for obtaining uncontaminated explants is to take explants from seedlings which are aseptically grown from surface - sterilized seeds . The hard surface of the seed is less permeable to penetration of harsh surface sterilizing agents , such as hypochlorite , so the acceptable conditions of sterilization used for seeds can be much more stringent than for vegetative tissues . Tissue cultured plants are clones . If the original mother plant used to produce the first explants is susceptible to a pathogen or environmental condition , the entire crop would be susceptible to the same problem . Conversely , any positive traits would remain within the line also . Applications ( edit ) Plant tissue culture is used widely in the plant sciences , forestry , and in horticulture . Applications include : The commercial production of plants used as potting , landscape , and florist subjects , which uses meristem and shoot culture to produce large numbers of identical individuals . To conserve rare or endangered plant species . A plant breeder may use tissue culture to screen cells rather than plants for advantageous characters , e.g. herbicide resistance / tolerance . Large - scale growth of plant cells in liquid culture in bioreactors for production of valuable compounds , like plant - derived secondary metabolites and recombinant proteins used as biopharmaceuticals . To cross distantly related species by protoplast fusion and regeneration of the novel hybrid . To rapidly study the molecular basis for physiological , biochemical , and reproductive mechanisms in plants , for example in vitro selection for stress tolerant plants . To cross-pollinate distantly related species and then tissue culture the resulting embryo which would otherwise normally die ( Embryo Rescue ) . For chromosome doubling and induction of polyploidy , for example doubled haploids , tetraploids , and other forms of polyploids . This is usually achieved by application of antimitotic agents such as colchicine or oryzalin . As a tissue for transformation , followed by either short - term testing of genetic constructs or regeneration of transgenic plants . Certain techniques such as meristem tip culture can be used to produce clean plant material from virused stock , such as potatoes and many species of soft fruit . Production of identical sterile hybrid species can be obtained . Laboratories ( edit ) Although some growers and nurseries have their own labs for propagating plants by the technique of tissue culture , a number of independent laboratories provide custom propagation services . The Plant Tissue Culture Information Exchange lists many commercial tissue culture labs . Since plant tissue culture is a very labour - intensive process , this would be an important factor in determining which plants would be commercially viable to propagate in a laboratory . See also ( edit ) Hairy root culture Gottlieb Haberlandt , pioneer of plant tissue culture Frederick Campion Steward , pioneer and ' champion ' of plant tissue culture . Murashige and Skoog medium , an important plant growth medium Plant physiology References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Sathyanarayana , B.N. ( 2007 ) . Plant Tissue Culture : Practices and New Experimental Protocols . I.K. International . pp. 106 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 89866 - 11 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bhojwani , S.S. ; Razdan , M.K. ( 1996 ) . Plant tissue culture : theory and practice ( Revised ed . ) . Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 444 - 81623 - 2 . Jump up ^ Vasil , I.K. ; Vasil , V. ( 1972 ) . `` Totipotency and embryogenesis in plant cell and tissue cultures '' . In Vitro . 8 : 117 -- 125 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02619487 . Jump up ^ Indra K. Vasil ; Trevor A. Thorpe ( 1994 ) . Plant Cell and Tissue Culture . Springer . pp. 4 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 2493 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Pazuki , Arman & Sohani , Mehdi ( 2013 ) . `` Phenotypic evaluation of scutellum - derived calluses in ' Indica ' rice cultivars '' ( PDF ) . Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 101 ( 2 ) : 239 -- 247 . doi : 10.2478 / acas - 2013 - 0020 . Jump up ^ Mukund R. Shukla ; A. Maxwell P. Jones ; J. Alan Sullivan ; Chunzhao Liu ; Susan Gosling ; Praveen K. Saxena ( April 2012 ) . `` In vitro conservation of American elm ( Ulmus americana ) : potential role of auxin metabolism in sustained plant proliferation '' . Canadian Journal of Forest Research . 42 ( 4 ) : 686 -- 697 . doi : 10.1139 / x2012 - 022 . Jump up ^ Georgiev , Milen I. ; Weber , Jost ; MacIuk , Alexandre ( 2009 ) . `` Bioprocessing of plant cell cultures for mass production of targeted compounds '' . Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology . 83 ( 5 ) : 809 -- 23 . doi : 10.1007 / s00253 - 009 - 2049 - x . PMID 19488748 . Jump up ^ Manoj K. Rai ; Rajwant K. Kalia ; Rohtas Singh ; Manu P. Gangola ; A.K. Dhawan ( April 2011 ) . `` Developing stress tolerant plants through in vitro selection -- An overview of the recent progress '' . Environmental and Experimental Botany. 71 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 98 . doi : 10.1016 / j. envexpbot. 2010.10. 021 . Jump up ^ Aina , O ; Quesenberry , K. ; Gallo , M ( 2012 ) . `` In vitro induction of tetraploids in Arachis paraguariensis '' . Plant Cell , Tissue and Organ Culture ( PCTOC ) . 111 : 231 -- 238 . doi : 10.1007 / s11240 - 012 - 0191 - 0 . Sources George , Edwin F. ; Hall , Michael A. ; De Klerk , Geert - Jan , eds. ( 2008 ) . Plant propagation by tissue culture . 1 . The background ( 3rd ed . ) . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 5004 - 6 . Yadav , R. ; Arora , P. ; Kumar , D. ; Katyal , D. ; Dilbaghi , N. ; Chaudhury , A. ( 2009 ) . `` High frequency direct plant regeneration from leaf , internode , and root segments of Eastern Cottonwood ( Populus deltoides ) '' . Plant Biotechnology Reports . 3 ( 3 ) : 175 -- 182 . doi : 10.1007 / s11816 - 009 - 0088 - 5 . Singh , S.K. ; Srivastava , S. ( 2006 ) . Plant Tissue Culture . Campus Book International . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8030 - 123 - 0 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plant tissue culture . 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181640443109732738	Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002	Prevention of money laundering Act , 2002 - wikipedia Prevention of money laundering Act , 2002 Jump to : navigation , search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Prevention of Money Laundering Act , 2002 An Act to prevent money - laundering and to provide for confiscation of property derived from , or involved in , money - laundering and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto . Citation Act No. 15 of 2003 Enacted by Parliament of India Date enacted 17 January 2003 Date assented to 17 January 2003 Date commenced 1 July 2005 Amendments The Prevention of Money Laundering ( Amendment ) Act , 2005 , The Prevention of Money Laundering ( Amendment ) Act , 2009 Status : In force Prevention of Money Laundering Act , 2002 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted by the NDA government to prevent money - laundering and to provide for confiscation of property derived from money - laundering . PMLA and the Rules notified there under came into force with effect from July 1 , 2005 . The Act and Rules notified there under impose obligation on banking companies , financial institutions and intermediaries to verify identity of clients , maintain records and furnish information in prescribed form to Financial Intelligence Unit - India ( FIU - IND ) . The act was amended in the year 2005 , 2009 and 2012 . On 24 Nov 2017 , In a ruling in favour of citizens ' liberty , the Supreme Court has set aside a clause in the Prevention of Money Laundering Act , which made it virtually impossible for a person convicted to more than three years in jail to get bail if the public prosecutor opposed it . ( Section 45 of the PMLA Act , 2002 , provides that no person can be granted bail for any offence under the Act unless the public prosecutor , appointed by the government , gets a chance to oppose his bail . And should the public prosecutor choose to oppose bail , the court has to be convinced that the accused was not guilty of the crime and additionally that he / she was not likely to commit any offence while out on bail - a tall order by any count . ) ( It observed that the provision violates Articles 14 and 21 of the Indian Constitution ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Objectives 2 Key definitions 3 Salient features 3.1 Punishment for money - laundering 3.2 Powers of attachment of tainted property 3.3 Adjudicating Authority 3.4 Presumption in inter-connected transactions 3.5 Burden of proof 3.6 Appellate Tribunal 3.7 Special Court 3.8 FIU - IND 4 Similar laws in other countries 4.1 Money Laundering Control Act of 1986 5 See also 6 References Objectives ( edit ) The PMLA seeks to combat money laundering in India and has three main objectives : To prevent and control money laundering To confiscate and seize the property obtained from the laundered money ; and To deal with any other issue connected with money laundering in India . Key definitions ( edit ) Attachment : Prohibition of transfer , conversion , disposition or movement of property by an appropriate legal order . Proceeds of crime : Any property derived or obtained , directly or indirectly , by any person as a result of criminal activity relating to a scheduled offence . Money - laundering : Whosoever directly or indirectly attempts to indulge or assist other person or actually involved in any activity connected with the proceeds of crime and projecting it as untainted property . Payment System : A system that enables payment to be effected between a payer and a beneficiary , involving clearing , payment or settlement service or all of them . It includes the systems enabling credit card , debit card , smart card , money transfer or similar operations . Salient features ( edit ) Punishment for money - laundering ( edit ) The act prescribes that any person found guilty of money - laundering shall be punishable with rigorous imprisonment from three years to seven years and where the proceeds of crime involved relate to any offence under paragraph 2 of Part A of the Schedule ( Offences under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substance Act , 1985 ) , the maximum punishment may extend to 10 years instead of 7 years . Powers of attachment of tainted property ( edit ) Appropriate authorities , appointed by the Govt of India , can provisionally attach property believed to be `` proceeds of crime '' for 180 days . Such an order is required to be confirmed by an independent Adjudicating Authority . Adjudicating Authority ( edit ) The Adjudicating Authority is the authority appointed by the central government through notification to exercise jurisdiction , powers and authority conferred under PMLA . It decides whether any of the property attached or seized is involved in money laundering . The Adjudicating Authority shall not be bound by the procedure laid down by the Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 , but shall be guided by the principles of natural justice and subject to the other provisions of PMLA . The Adjudicating Authority shall have powers to regulate its own procedure . Presumption in inter-connected transactions ( edit ) Where money laundering involves two or more inter-connected transactions and one or more such transactions is or are proved to be involved in money laundering , then for the purposes of adjudication or confiscation , it shall presumed that the remaining transactions form part of such inter-connected transactions . Burden of proof ( edit ) A person , who is accused of having committed the offence of money laundering , has to prove that alleged proceeds of crime are in fact lawful property . Appellate Tribunal ( edit ) An Appellate Tribunal is the body appointed by Govt of India . It is given the power to hear appeals against the orders of the Adjudicating Authority and any other authority under the Act . Orders of the tribunal can be appealed in appropriate High Court ( for that jurisdiction ) and finally to the Supreme Court Special Court ( edit ) Section 43 of Prevention of Money Laundering Act , 2002 ( PMLA ) says that the Central Government , in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court , shall , for trial of offence punishable under Section 4 , by notification , designate one or more Courts of Session as Special Court or Special Courts for such area or areas or for such case or class or group of cases as may be specified in the notification . FIU - IND ( edit ) Financial Intelligence Unit -- India ( FIU - IND ) was set by the Government of India on 18 November 2004 as the central national agency responsible for receiving , processing , analyzing and disseminating information relating to suspect financial transactions . FIU - IND is also responsible for coordinating and strengthening efforts of national and international intelligence , investigation and enforcement agencies in pursuing the global efforts against money laundering and related crimes . FIU - IND is an independent body reporting directly to the Economic Intelligence Council ( EIC ) headed by the Finance Minister . Similar Laws in other countries ( edit ) Money laundering control Act of 1986 ( edit ) Main article : Money Laundering Control Act of 1986 This is an Act of the United States Congress that made money laundering a Federal crime . It criminalized money laundering for the first time in the United States . Established money laundering as a federal crime Prohibited structuring transactions to evade CTR filings Introduced civil and criminal forfeiture for BSA violations Directed banks to establish and maintain procedures to ensure and monitor compliance with the reporting and record keeping requirements of the BSA See also ( edit ) List of Acts of the Parliament of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1156901.cms Jump up ^ http://fiuindia.gov.in/pmla2002.htm Jump up ^ `` Section 12 of PMLA , 2002 '' . Jump up ^ http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/022013.pdf Jump up ^ `` Department of Revenue '' . dor.gov.in . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Section 2 ( 1 ) ( d ) in PMLA , 2002 '' . Indian Kanoon . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Section 2 ( 1 ) ( u ) in PMLA , 2002 '' . Indian Kanoon . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Section 3 in PMLA , 2002 '' . Indian Kanoon . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Section 2 ( 1 ) ( rb ) of PMLA 2002 '' . Indian kanoon . Jump up ^ `` PMLA 2002 - Section 4 - Punishment for Money Laundering '' . fiuindia.gov.in . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Section 5 in PMLA , 2002 '' . Kanoon . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Section 6 of PMLA 2002 '' . Indian Kanoon . Jump up ^ `` Sub-section 15 of Section 6 of PMLA , 2002 '' . Indian Kanoon . Jump up ^ `` Section 23 of PMLA 2002 '' . Indian kanoon . Jump up ^ `` Section 24 in PMLA , 2002 '' . Indian Kanoon . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Section 25 in PMLA , 2002 '' . Indian Kanoon . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Section 42 in PMLA , 2002 '' . Indian Kanoon . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About FIU - IND - Overview '' . fiuindia.gov.in . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Cassella , Stephan ( September 2007 ) . `` Money Laundering Laws '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Money Laundering control Act 1986 '' . ( hide ) Indian Legislation Constitution of India ( amendments ) Indian Penal Code CrPC Acts of Parliament In Force Consumer Real Estate ( Regulation and Development ) Act , 2016 Consumer Protection Act , 1986 Essential Commodities Act Essential Services Maintenance Act Corruption Benami Transactions Black Money Corruption Lokpal Mines & Minerals Act 2015 Money Laundering Whistle Blowers Criminal Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act Armed Forces Tribunal Act , 2007 Arms Act , 1959 Army Act Criminal Law ( Amendment ) Act , 2013 Indian Evidence Act Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection of Children ) Act , 2015 National Security Act ( India ) Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act , 2005 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe ( Prevention of Atrocities ) Act , 1989 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace ( Prevention , Prohibition and Redressal ) Act , 2013 Education National Institutes of Technology Act , 2007 Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act University Grants Commission Act , 1956 Environment Biological Diversity Act , 2002 Environment Protection Act , 1986 Indian Forest Act , 1927 National Green Tribunal Act Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act , 2001 Wildlife Protection Act , 1972 CAMPA bill Air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act Financial Aadhaar Act Banking Regulation Act , 1949 COFEPOSA Depositories Act Electricity Act Expenditure Tax Act , 1987 Factories Act , 1948 , India Finance Act ( India ) Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act , 2003 Foreign Contribution Regulation Act Foreign Exchange Management Act Geographical Indications of Goods ( Registration and Protection ) Act , 1999 Government Securities Act , 2006 Indian Contract Act , 1872 Indian Stamp Act , 1899 Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code Insurance Act , 1938 Minimum Wages Act 1948 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act , 2005 Negotiable Instruments Act , 1881 Securities Laws ( Amendment ) Act , 2014 Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act , 2002 The Competition Act , 2002 The High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Act , 1978 The Income - 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3547162495813412515	Limbic system	Limbic system - wikipedia Limbic system This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Limbic system Cross section of the human brain showing parts of the limbic system from below . Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie ( 1786 ) The limbic system largely consists of what was previously known as the limbic lobe . Details Identifiers Latin Systema limbicum MeSH D008032 NeuroNames 2055 FMA 242000 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The limbic system is a set of brain structures located on both sides of the thalamus , immediately beneath the cerebrum . It has also been referred to as the paleomammalian cortex . It is not a separate system but a collection of structures from the telencephalon , diencephalon , and mesencephalon . It includes the olfactory bulbs , hippocampus , hypothalamus , amygdala , anterior thalamic nuclei , fornix , columns of fornix , mammillary body , septum pellucidum , habenular commissure , cingulate gyrus , parahippocampal gyrus , entorhinal cortex , and limbic midbrain areas . The limbic system supports a variety of functions including emotion , behavior , motivation , long - term memory , and olfaction . Emotional life is largely housed in the limbic system , and it has a great deal to do with the formation of memories . Although the term only originated in the 1940s , some neuroscientists , including Joseph LeDoux , have suggested that the concept of a functionally unified limbic system should be abandoned as obsolete because it is grounded mainly in historical concepts of brain anatomy that are no longer accepted as accurate . Contents 1 Structure 2 Function 2.1 Hippocampus 2.1. 1 Spatial memory 2.1. 2 Learning 2.1. 3 Hippocampus damage 2.2 Amygdala 2.2. 1 Episodic - autobiographical memory ( EAM ) networks 2.2. 2 Attentional and emotional processes 2.2. 3 Social processing 3 Evolution 4 Clinical significance 5 Society and culture 5.1 Etymology and history 5.2 Academic dispute 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Anatomical components of the limbic system The limbic system was originally defined by Paul D. MacLean as a series of cortical structures surrounding the limit between the cerebral hemispheres and the brainstem : the border , or limbus , of the brain . These structures were known together as the limbic lobe . Further studies began to associate these areas with emotional and motivational processes and linked them to subcortical components that were grouped into the limbic system . The existence of such a system as an isolated entity responsible for the neurological regulation of emotion has gone into disuse and currently it is considered as one of the many parts of the brain that regulate visceral , autonomic processes . Therefore , the definition of anatomical structures considered part of the limbic system is a controversial subject . The following structures are , or have been considered , part of the limbic system : Cortical areas : Limbic lobe Orbitofrontal cortex , a region in the frontal lobe involved in the process of decision - making . Piriform cortex , part of the olfactory system . Entorhinal cortex , related with memory and associative components . Hippocampus and associated structures , which play a central role in the consolidation of new memories . Fornix , a white matter structure connecting the hippocampus with other brain structures , particularly the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei Subcortical areas : Septal nuclei , a set of structures that lie in front of the lamina terminalis , considered a pleasure zone . Amygdala , located deep within the temporal lobes and related with a number of emotional processes . Nucleus accumbens : involved in reward , pleasure , and addiction . Diencephalic structures : Hypothalamus : a center for the limbic system , connected with the frontal lobes , septal nuclei and the brain stem reticular formation via the medial forebrain bundle , with the hippocampus via the fornix , and with the thalamus via the mammillothalamic fasciculus . It regulates a great number of autonomic processes . Mammillary bodies , part of the hypothalamus that receives signals from the hippocampus via the fornix and projects them to the thalamus . Anterior nuclei of thalamus receive input from the mammillary bodies . Involved in memory processing . Function ( edit ) The structures of the limbic system are involved in motivation , emotion , learning , and memory . The limbic system is where the subcortical structures meet the cerebral cortex . The limbic system operates by influencing the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system . It is highly interconnected with the nucleus accumbens , which plays a role in sexual arousal and the `` high '' derived from certain recreational drugs . These responses are heavily modulated by dopaminergic projections from the limbic system . In 1954 , Olds and Milner found that rats with metal electrodes implanted into their nucleus accumbens , as well as their septal nuclei , repeatedly pressed a lever activating this region , and did so in preference to eating and drinking , eventually dying of exhaustion . The limbic system also includes the basal ganglia . The basal ganglia are a set of subcortical structures that direct intentional movements . The basal ganglia are located near the thalamus and hypothalamus . They receive input from the cerebral cortex , which sends outputs to the motor centers in the brain stem . A part of the basal ganglia called the striatum controls posture and movement . Recent studies indicate that , if there is an inadequate supply of dopamine , the striatum is affected , which can lead to visible behavioral symptoms of Parkinson 's disease . The limbic system is also tightly connected to the prefrontal cortex . Some scientists contend that this connection is related to the pleasure obtained from solving problems . To cure severe emotional disorders , this connection was sometimes surgically severed , a procedure of psychosurgery , called a prefrontal lobotomy ( this is actually a misnomer ) . Patients having undergone this procedure often became passive and lacked all motivation . The limbic system is often classified as a `` cerebral structure '' . This structure is closely linked to olfaction , emotions , drives , autonomic regulation , memory , and pathologically to encephalopathy , epilepsy , psychotic symptoms , cognitive defects . The functional relevance of the limbic system has proven to serve many different functions such as affects / emotions , memory , sensory processing , time perception , attention , consciousness , instincts , autonomic / vegetative control , and actions / motor behavior . Some of the disorders associated with the limbic system are epilepsy and schizophrenia . Hippocampus ( edit ) Location and basic anatomy of the hippocampus , as a coronal section The hippocampus is involved with various processes relating to cognition . Spatial memory ( edit ) The first and most widely researched area concerns memory , spatial memory in particular . Spatial memory was found to have many sub-regions in the hippocampus , such as the dentate gyrus ( DG ) in the dorsal hippocampus , the left hippocampus , and the parahippocampal region . The dorsal hippocampus was found to be an important component for the generation of new neurons , called adult - born granules ( GC ) , in adolescence and adulthood . These new neurons contribute to pattern separation in spatial memory , increasing the firing in cell networks , and overall causing stronger memory formations . While the dorsal hippocampus is involved in spatial memory formation , the left hippocampus is a participant in the recall of these spatial memories . Eichenbaum and his team found , when studying the hippocampal lesions in rats , that the left hippocampus is `` critical for effectively combining the ' what , ' when , ' and ' where ' qualities of each experience to compose the retrieved memory . '' This makes the left hippocampus a key component in the retrieval of spatial memory . However , Spreng found that the left hippocampus is , in fact , a general concentrated region for binding together bits and pieces of memory composed not only by the hippocampus , but also by other areas of the brain to be recalled at a later time . Eichenbaum 's research in 2007 also demonstrates that the parahippocampal area of the hippocampus is another specialized region for the retrieval of memories just like the left hippocampus . Learning ( edit ) The hippocampus , over the decades , has also been found to have a huge impact in learning . Curlik and Shors examined the effects of neurogenesis in the hippocampus and its effects on learning . This researcher and his team employed many different types of mental and physical training on their subjects , and found that the hippocampus is highly responsive to these latter tasks . Thus , they discovered an upsurge of new neurons and neural circuits in the hippocampus as a result of the training , causing an overall improvement in the learning of the task . This neurogenesis contributes to the creation of adult - born granules cells ( GC ) , cells also described by Eichenbaum in his own research on neurogenesis and its contributions to learning . The creation of these cells exhibited `` enhanced excitability '' in the dentate gyrus ( DG ) of the dorsal hippocampus , impacting the hippocampus and its contribution to the learning process . Hippocampus damage ( edit ) Damage related to the hippocampal region of the brain has reported vast effects on overall cognitive functioning , particularly memory such as spatial memory . As previously mentioned , spatial memory is a cognitive function greatly intertwined with the hippocampus . While damage to the hippocampus may be a result of a brain injury or other injuries of that sort , researchers particularly investigated the effects that high emotional arousal and certain types of drugs had on the recall ability in this specific memory type . In particular , in a study performed by Parkard , rats were given the task of correctly making their way through a maze . In the first condition , rats were stressed by shock or restraint which caused a high emotional arousal . When completing the maze task , these rats had an impaired effect on their hippocampal - dependent memory when compared to the control group . Then , in a second condition , a group of rats were injected with anxiogenic drugs . Like the former these results reported similar outcomes , in that hippocampal - memory was also impaired . Studies such as these reinforce the impact that the hippocampus has on memory processing , in particular the recall function of spatial memory . Furthermore , impairment to the hippocampus can occur from prolonged exposure to stress hormones such as Glucocorticoids ( GCs ) , which target the hippocampus and cause disruption in explicit memory . In an attempt to curtail life - threatening epileptic seizures , 27 - year - old Henry Gustav Molaison underwent bilateral removal of almost all of his hippocampus in 1953 . Over the course of fifty years he participated in thousands of tests and research projects that provided specific information on exactly what he had lost . Semantic and episodic events faded within minutes , having never reached his long term memory , yet emotions , unconnected from the details of causation , were often retained . Dr. Suzanne Corkin , who worked with him for 46 years until his death , described the contribution of this tragic `` experiment '' in her 2013 book . Amygdala ( edit ) Episodic - autobiographical memory ( EAM ) networks ( edit ) Another integrative part of the limbic system , the amygdala is involved in many cognitive processes . Like the hippocampus , processes in the amygdala seem to impact memory ; however , it is not spatial memory as in the hippocampus but episodic - autobiographical memory ( EAM ) networks . Markowitsch 's amygdala research shows it encodes , stores , and retrieves EAM memories . To delve deeper into these types of processes by the amygdala , Markowitsch and his team provided extensive evidence through investigations that the `` amygdala 's main function is to charge cues so that mnemonic events of a specific emotional significance can be successfully searched within the appropriate neural nets and re-activated . '' These cues for emotional events created by the amygdala encompass the EAM networks previously mentioned . Attentional and emotional processes ( edit ) Besides memory , the amygdala also seems to be an important brain region involved in attentional and emotional processes . First , to define attention in cognitive terms , attention is the ability to focus on some stimuli while ignoring others . Thus , the amygdala seems to be an important structure in this ability . Foremost , however , this structure was historically thought to be linked to fear , allowing the individual to take action in response to that fear . However , as time has gone by , researchers such as Pessoa , generalized this concept with help from evidence of EEG recordings , and concluded that the amygdala helps an organism to define a stimulus and therefore respond accordingly . However , when the amygdala was initially thought to be linked to fear , this gave way for research in the amygdala for emotional processes . Kheirbek demonstrated research that the amygdala is involved in emotional processes , in particular the ventral hippocampus . He described the ventral hippocampus as having a role in neurogenesis and the creation of adult - born granule cells ( GC ) . These cells not only were a crucial part of neurogenesis and the strengthening of spatial memory and learning in the hippocampus but also appear to be an essential component in the amygdala . A deficit of these cells , as Pessoa ( 2009 ) predicted in his studies , would result in low emotional functioning , leading to high retention rate of mental diseases , such as anxiety disorders . Social processing ( edit ) Social processing , specifically the evaluation of faces in social processing , is an area of cognition specific to the amygdala . In a study done by Todorov , fMRI tasks were performed with participants to evaluate whether the amygdala was involved in the general evaluation of faces . After the study , Todorov concluded from his fMRI results that the amygdala did indeed play a key role in the general evaluation of faces . However , in a study performed by researchers Koscik and his team , the trait of trustworthiness was particularly examined in the evaluation of faces . Koscik and his team demonstrated that the amygdala was involved in evaluating the trustworthiness of an individual . They investigated how brain damage to the amygdala played a role in trustworthiness , and found that individuals that suffered damage tended to confuse trust and betrayal , and thus placed trust in those having done them wrong . Furthermore , Rule , along with his colleagues , expanded on the idea of the amygdala in its critique of trustworthiness in others by performing a study in 2009 in which he examined the amygdala 's role in evaluating general first impressions and relating them to real - world outcomes . Their study involved first impressions of CEOs . Rule demonstrated that while the amygdala did play a role in the evaluation of trustworthiness , as observed by Koscik in his own research two years later in 2011 , the amygdala also played a generalized role in the overall evaluation of first impression of faces . This latter conclusion , along with Todorov 's study on the amygdala 's role in general evaluations of faces and Koscik 's research on trustworthiness and the amygdala , further solidified evidence that the amygdala plays a role in overall social processing . Evolution ( edit ) Paul D. MacLean , as part of his triune brain theory , hypothesized that the limbic system is older than other parts of the forebrain , and that it developed to manage circuitry attributed to the fight or flight first identified by Hans Selye in his report of the General Adaptation Syndrome in 1936 . It may be considered a part of survival adaptation in reptiles as well as mammals ( including humans ) . MacLean postulated that the human brain has evolved three components , that evolved successively , with more recent components developing at the top / front . These components are , respectively : The archipallium or primitive ( `` reptilian '' ) brain , comprising the structures of the brain stem -- medulla , pons , cerebellum , mesencephalon , the oldest basal nuclei -- the globus pallidus and the olfactory bulbs . The paleopallium or intermediate ( `` old mammalian '' ) brain , comprising the structures of the limbic system . The neopallium , also known as the superior or rational ( `` new mammalian '' ) brain , comprises almost the whole of the hemispheres ( made up of a more recent type of cortex , called neocortex ) and some subcortical neuronal groups . It corresponds to the brain of the superior mammals , thus including the primates and , as a consequence , the human species . Similar development of the neocortex in mammalian species unrelated to humans and primates has also occurred , for example in cetaceans and elephants ; thus the designation of `` superior mammals '' is not an evolutionary one , as it has occurred independently in different species . The evolution of higher degrees of intelligence is an example of convergent evolution , and is also seen in non-mammals such as birds . According to Maclean , each of the components , although connected with the others , retained `` their peculiar types of intelligence , subjectivity , sense of time and space , memory , mobility and other less specific functions '' . However , while the categorization into structures is reasonable , the recent studies of the limbic system of tetrapods , both living and extinct , have challenged several aspects of this hypothesis , notably the accuracy of the terms `` reptilian '' and `` old mammalian '' . The common ancestors of reptiles and mammals had a well - developed limbic system in which the basic subdivisions and connections of the amygdalar nuclei were established . Further , birds , which evolved from the dinosaurs , which in turn evolved separately but around the same time as the mammals , have a well - developed limbic system . While the anatomic structures of the limbic system are different in birds and mammals , there are functional equivalents . Clinical significance ( edit ) Damage to the structures of limbic system results in conditions like Alzheimer 's disease , anterograde amnesia , retrograde amnesia , and Klüver - Bucy syndrome . Society and culture ( edit ) Etymology and history ( edit ) The term limbic comes from the Latin limbus , for `` border '' or `` edge '' , or , particularly in medical terminology , a border of an anatomical component . Paul Broca coined the term based on its physical location in the brain , sandwiched between two functionally different components . The limbic system is a term that was introduced in 1949 by the American physician and neuroscientist , Paul D. MacLean . The French physician Paul Broca first called this part of the brain le grand lobe limbique in 1878 . He examined the differentiation between deeply recessed cortical tissue and underlying , subcortical nuclei . However , most of its putative role in emotion was developed only in 1937 when the American physician James Papez described his anatomical model of emotion , the Papez circuit . The first evidence that the limbic system was responsible for the cortical representation of emotions was discovered in 1939 , by Heinrich Kluver and Paul Bucy . Kluver and Bucy , after much research , demonstrated that the bilateral removal of the temporal lobes in monkeys created an extreme behavioral syndrome . After performing a temporal lobectomy , the monkeys showed a decrease in aggression . The animals revealed a reduced threshold to visual stimuli , and were thus unable to recognize objects that were once familiar . MacLean expanded these ideas to include additional structures in a more dispersed `` limbic system '' , more on the lines of the system described above . MacLean developed the intriguing theory of the `` triune brain '' to explain its evolution and to try to reconcile rational human behavior with its more primal and violent side . He became interested in the brain 's control of emotion and behavior . After initial studies of brain activity in epileptic patients , he turned to cats , monkeys , and other models , using electrodes to stimulate different parts of the brain in conscious animals recording their responses . In the 1950s , he began to trace individual behaviors like aggression and sexual arousal to their physiological sources . He analyzed the brain 's center of emotions , the limbic system , and described an area that includes structures called the hippocampus and amygdala . Developing observations made by Papez , he determined that the limbic system had evolved in early mammals to control fight - or - flight responses and react to both emotionally pleasurable and painful sensations . The concept is now broadly accepted in neuroscience . Additionally , MacLean said that the idea of the limbic system leads to a recognition that its presence `` represents the history of the evolution of mammals and their distinctive family way of life . '' In the 1960s , Dr. MacLean enlarged his theory to address the human brain 's overall structure and divided its evolution into three parts , an idea that he termed the triune brain . In addition to identifying the limbic system , he pointed to a more primitive brain called the R - complex , related to reptiles , which controls basic functions like muscle movement and breathing . The third part , the neocortex , controls speech and reasoning and is the most recent evolutionary arrival . The concept of the limbic system has since been further expanded and developed by Walle Nauta , Lennart Heimer and others . Academic dispute ( edit ) There is controversy over the use of the term limbic system , with scientists such as LeDoux arguing that the term be considered obsolete and abandoned . Originally , the limbic system was believed to be the emotional center of the brain , with cognition being the business of the neocortex . However , cognition depends on acquisition and retention of memories , in which the hippocampus , a primary limbic structure , is involved : hippocampus damage causes severe cognitive ( memory ) deficits . More important , the `` boundaries '' of the limbic system have been repeatedly redefined because of advances in neuroscience . Therefore , while it is true that limbic structures are more closely related to emotion , the brain can be thought of as an integrated whole . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Limbic system . This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis ( LHPA axis ) Emotional memory Fundamentals of Neuroscience at Wikiversity Paralimbic cortex Triune brain References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schacter , Daniel L. 2012 . Psychology. sec . 3.20 Jump up ^ Princeton Review ( 29 July 2003 ) . Anatomy Coloring Workbook , Second Edition . The Princeton Review . pp. 120 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 76342 - 7 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Catani , M ; Dell'Acqua , F ; Thiebaut De Schotten , M ( 2013 ) . `` A revised limbic system model for memory , emotion and behaviour '' . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews . 37 ( 8 ) : 1724 -- 37 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neubiorev. 2013.07. 001 . PMID 23850593 . Jump up ^ Medline Plus Medical Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Joseph E. , LeDoux ( 2003 ) . Synaptic Self . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0670030286 . ^ Jump up to : Broca , P ( 1878 ) . `` Anatomie comparee des circonvolutions cerebrales : Le grand lobe limbique et la scissure limbique dans la serie des mammifères '' . Revue d'Anthropologie. 1 : 385 -- 498 . Jump up ^ Morgane PJ , Galler JR , Mokler DJ ( 2005 ) . `` A review of systems and networks of the limbic forebrain / limbic midbrain '' . Progress in Neurobiology. 75 ( 2 ) : 143 -- 60 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pneurobio. 2005.01. 001 . PMID 15784304 . Jump up ^ Blessing WW ( 1997 ) . `` Inadequate frameworks for understanding bodily homeostasis '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 20 ( 6 ) : 235 -- 239 . doi : 10.1016 / S0166 - 2236 ( 96 ) 01029 - 6 . PMID 9185301 . Jump up ^ Swenson , Rand . `` Chapter 9 - Limbic System '' . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . : Jump up ^ Rajmohan V , Mohandas E ( 2007 ) . `` The limbic system '' . Indian Journal of Psychiatry . 49 ( 2 ) : 132 -- 139 . doi : 10.4103 / 0019 - 5545.33264 . PMC 2917081 . PMID 20711399 . Jump up ^ Olds , J. ; Milner , P. ( 1954 ) . `` Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain '' . J. Comp . Physiolo . Psycholo. 47 ( 6 ) : 419 -- 427 . doi : 10.1037 / h0058775 . PMID 13233369 . Jump up ^ Adams , R.D. ; Victor , M. ( 1985 ) . Principles of Neurology ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : MacGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ lversen , S.D. ( 1984 ) . `` Recent advances in the anatomy and chemistry of the limbic system '' . Psychophannacology of the Limbic System : 1 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Kheirbeck , M.A. ; Hen , R. ( 2011 ) . `` Dorsal vs ventral hippocampal neurogenensis : Implications for cognition and mood '' . Neuropsychopharmacology. 36 ( 1 ) : 373 -- 374 . doi : 10.1038 / npp. 2010.148 . PMC 3055508 . PMID 21116266 . ^ Jump up to : Eichenbaum , H. ( 2007 ) . `` Comparative cognition , hippocampal function , and recollection '' . Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews . 2 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 66 . doi : 10.3819 / ccbr. 2008.20003 . Jump up ^ Spreng , R.N. ; Mar , R.A. ( 2012 ) . `` I remember you : A role for memory in social cognition and the functional neuroanatomy of their interaction '' . Brain Research . 1428 : 43 -- 50 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brainres. 2010.12. 024 . PMC 3085056 . PMID 21172325 . Jump up ^ CurlikShors , D. ; Shors , T.J. ( 2012 ) . `` Training your brain : Do mental and physical ( map ) training enhance cognition through the process of neurogenesis in the hippocampus ? '' . Neuropharmacology. 64 ( 1 ) : 506 -- 14 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropharm. 2012.07. 027 . PMC 3445739 . PMID 22898496 . Jump up ^ Parkard , M.G. ( 2009 ) . `` Anxiety , cognition , and habit : A multiple memory systems perspective '' . Brain Research . 1293 : 121 -- 128 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brainres. 2009.03. 029 . PMID 19328775 . Jump up ^ Sapolsky , Robert M. ( 2003 ) . `` Stress and Plasticity in the Limbic System '' . Neurochemical Research . 28 ( 11 ) : 1735 -- 1742 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1026021307833 . ISSN 0364 - 3190 . Jump up ^ http://suzannecorkin.com/permanent-present-tense/ ^ Jump up to : Markowitsch , H.J. ; Staniloiu , A ( 2011 ) . `` Amygdala in action : Relaying biological and social significance to autobiographical memory '' . Neuropsychologia. 49 ( 4 ) : 718 -- 733 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropsychologia. 2010.10. 007 . PMID 20933525 . Jump up ^ Pessoa , L. ( 2010 ) . `` Emotion and cognition and the amygdale : From `` what is it ? '' to `` what 's to be done ? '' `` . Neuropsychologia. 48 ( 12 ) : 3416 -- 3429 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropsychologia. 2010.06. 038 . PMC 2949460 . PMID 20619280 . Jump up ^ Todorov , A. ; Engell , A.D. ( 2008 ) . `` ) . The role of the amygdala in implicit evaluation of emotionally neutral faces '' . Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 3 ( 4 ) : 303 -- 312 . doi : 10.1093 / scan / nsn033 . PMC 2607057 . PMID 19015082 . Jump up ^ Koscik , T.R. ; Tranel , D. ( 2011 ) . `` The human amygdala is necessary for developing and expressing normal interpersonal trust '' . Neuropsychologia. 49 ( 4 ) : 602 -- 611 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropsychologia. 2010.09. 023 . PMC 3056169 . PMID 20920512 . Jump up ^ Rule , N.O. ; Moran , J.M. ; Freeman , J.B. ; Whitfield - Gabrieli , S. ; Gabrieli , J.D.E. ; Ambady , N. ( 2011 ) . `` Face value : Amygdala response reflects the validity of first impressions '' ( PDF ) . NeuroImage. 54 ( 1 ) : 734 -- 741 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuroimage. 2010.07. 007 . hdl : 1807 / 33192 . PMID 20633663 . Jump up ^ Selye , Hans ( 1 January 1950 ) . `` The physiology and pathology of exposure to stress '' . APA PsycNET . Jump up ^ Bruce LL , Neary TJ ( 1995 ) . `` The limbic system of tetrapods : a comparative analysis of cortical and amygdalar populations '' . Brain Behav . Evol. 46 ( 4 -- 5 ) : 224 -- 34 . doi : 10.1159 / 000113276 . PMID 8564465 . Jump up ^ MacLean , PD ( 1949 ) . `` Psychosomatic disease and the visceral brain ; recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion '' . Psychosom Med. 11 ( 6 ) : 338 -- 53 . doi : 10.1097 / 00006842 - 194911000 - 00003 . PMID 15410445 . ^ Jump up to : MacLean , P.D. ( 1952 ) . `` Some psychiatric implications of physiological studies on frontotemporal portion of limbic system ( visceral brain ) '' . Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 4 ( 4 ) : 407&ndash , 418 . doi : 10.1016 / 0013 - 4694 ( 52 ) 90073 - 4 . PMID 12998590 . Jump up ^ Binder , Marc D ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Neuroscience . Springer . p. 2592 . Jump up ^ Papez , JW. ( 1995 ) . `` A proposed mechanism of emotion . 1937 '' . J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 7 ( 1 ) : 103 -- 12 . doi : 10.1176 / jnp. 7.1. 103 . PMID 7711480 . Jump up ^ Kluver , H. ; Bucy , P.C. ( 1937 ) . `` Psychic blindness '' and other symptoms following bilateral temporal lobectomy `` . American Journal of Physiology. 119 : 254 -- 284 . Jump up ^ Robert L , Isaacson ( 31 December 1992 ) . `` A fuzzy limbic system '' . Behavioural Brain Research . 52 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 131 . doi : 10.1016 / S0166 - 4328 ( 05 ) 80222 - 0 . PMID 1294191 . Jump up ^ Simpson , J.A. ( November 1973 ) . `` The Limbic System '' . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry . 39 ( 11 ) : 1138 . doi : 10.1136 / jnnp. 39.11. 1138 - a . PMC 1083320 . Jump up ^ Fulton , John ( November 1953 ) . `` The Limbic System '' . Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine . 26 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 118 . PMC 2599366 . PMID 13123136 . Jump up ^ LeDoux , J. , ( 2003 ) . Synaptic Self . New York : Penguin Books . 0142001783 External links ( edit ) Media related to Limbic system at Wikimedia Commons http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/a/aa042205a.htm Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Hindbrain Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limbic_system&oldid=865756847 '' Categories : Limbic system Mood disorders Memory Motivation History of neuroscience Obsolete scientific theories Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles containing French - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche ייִדיש 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 23 : 16 ( UTC ) . 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-8599468778510167728	Antilia (building)	Antilia ( building ) - wikipedia Antilia ( building ) Jump to : navigation , search Antilia Antilia General information Status Complete Type Private Residence Location Altamount Road Cumballa Hill Coordinates 18 ° 58 ′ 6 '' N 72 ° 48 ′ 35 '' E / 18.96833 ° N 72.80972 ° E / 18.96833 ; 72.80972 Coordinates : 18 ° 58 ′ 6 '' N 72 ° 48 ′ 35 '' E / 18.96833 ° N 72.80972 ° E / 18.96833 ; 72.80972 Completed Opening 5 February 2010 Owner Mukesh Ambani US $1 Billion Height 173 m ( 568 ft ) Technical details Floor count 27 Floor area 37,000 m ( 400,000 sq ft ) of living space Lifts / elevators 10 ko Design and construction Architect Perkins + Will Structural engineer Sterling Engineering Consultancy Services ( Mumbai ) Main contractor Leighton Holdings Antilia is a private home in South Mumbai , India . It is owned by Mukesh Ambani , Chairman of Reliance Industries , which includes a staff of 600 to maintain the residence 24 / 7 . As of November 2014 , it is deemed to be the world 's most expensive residential property , after Buckingham Palace , which is designated as a crown property . It is thus the world 's most expensive private residential property , valued over $1 billion . Its controversial design and ostentatious use by a single family has made it famous across the world , with severe criticism in the architectural press and mockery in popular media . It is located on Altamount Road , Cumballa Hill in Mumbai . Contents ( hide ) 1 Naming 2 Construction 2.1 Controversies 3 Cost and valuation 4 Public reception 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Citations 7 External links Naming ( edit ) The building is named after the mythic island Antillia ( with two Ls ) . Construction ( edit ) Antilia as seen from Altamount Road Antilia was designed by Chicago - based architects Perkins and Will , with the Australian - based construction company Leighton Holdings taking charge of its construction . The home has 27 floors with extra-high ceilings . ( Other buildings of equivalent height may have as many as 60 floors . ) The home was also designed to survive an earthquake rated 8 on the Richter scale . It is considered by some to be the tallest single - family house in the world . Because it includes space for a staff of 600 , others reserve that honour for a house meant to be occupied only by a single family . Controversies ( edit ) In 2005 , this property was purchased by a Mukesh Ambani - controlled entity , Muffin - Antilia Commercial Private Limited from the Currimbhoy Ebrahim Khoja Trust , in direct contravention of § 51 of the Wakf Act . The 4532sqm plot of land had been previously owned by the Currimbhoy Ebrahim Khoja Yateemkhana ( an orphanage ) . This charitable institution had sold the land allocated for the purpose of education of underprivileged Khoja children to Antilia Commercial Private Limited in July 2002 for ₹ 210.5 million ( US $3.3 million ) . The prevailing market value of the land at the time was at least ₹ 1.5 billion ( US $23 million ) . The Waqf minister Nawab Malik opposed this land sale , as did the revenue department of the Government of Maharashtra . Thus a stay order was issued on the sale of the land . The Waqf board also initially opposed the deal and filed a PIL in the Supreme Court challenging the decision of the trust . The Supreme Court , while dismissing the petition , asked the Waqf board to approach the Bombay High Court . However , the stay on the deal was subsequently vacated after the Waqf board withdrew its objection on receiving an amount of ₹ 1.6 million ( US $25,000 ) from Antilia Commercial Pvt Ltd , and it issued a No Objection Certificate . In 2007 the Allahabad government said the structure is illegal because the land 's owner , the Waqf Board , had no right to sell it , as Waqf property can neither be sold nor transferred . Ambani then obtained a No Objection Certificate from the Waqf Board after paying ₹ 1.6 million and began construction . In June 2011 , the Union government asked the Maharashtra government to consider referring the matter to the Central Bureau of Investigation . In regards to the three helipads , the Indian Navy said it will not allow the construction of helipads on Mumbai buildings , while the Environment Ministry , following a representation from Awaaz Foundation , said the helipads violate local noise laws . Issues have also been raised with regards to the construction of an illegal car park . In 2011 it was reported that Ambani had yet to move into the home , despite its completion , for fear of `` bad luck '' . According to Basannt R. Rasiwasia , an expert in Vastu shastra , claims the home does not conform to Vastu requirements . Cost and valuation ( edit ) The Indian media have frequently reported that Antilia is the world 's most expensive home , costing approximately US $2 billion . Thomas Johnson , director of marketing at architecture firm Hirsch Bedner Associates ( consulted by Reliance during the design of the building 's floor plan ) told Forbes magazine the residence cost nearly $2 billion . In June 2008 , The New York Times reported that it would cost $50 -- $70 million to build . It eventually cost nearly $2 billion , including combined rates of the land on which it was built . Public reception ( edit ) It 's a stupendous show of wealth , it 's kind of positioning business tycoons as the new maharajah of India . Hamish McDonald , author of Ambani & Sons : A History of the Business Some Indians are proud of the `` ostentatious house '' , while others see it as `` shameful in a nation where many children go hungry '' . Dipankar Gupta , a sociologist at New Delhi 's Jawaharlal Nehru University , opined that `` such wealth can be inconceivable '' not only in Mumbai , `` home to some of the Asia 's worst slums '' , but also in a nation with 42 percent of the world 's underweight children younger than five . Tata Group former chairman Ratan Tata said Antilia is an example of rich Indians ' lack of empathy for the poor . Tata also said : `` The person who lives in there should be concerned about what he sees around him and asking can he make a difference . If he is not , then it 's sad because this country needs people to allocate some of their enormous wealth to finding ways of mitigating the hardship that people have . '' . `` It makes me wonder why someone would do that . That 's what revolutions are made of , '' . Author activist and trained architect Arundhati Roy wondered if by calling their tower Antilia , the `` Ambanis hope to sever their links to the poverty and squalor of their homeland and raise a new civilisation ? '' See also ( edit ) List of tallest buildings in Mumbai Falcon Nest References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bhadana give first view inside ' world 's priciest house ' in Mumbai '' . BBC . 18 May 2012 . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A peek into Shraddha Sharma US $1 bn Mumbai home '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 1 August 2010 . Retrieved 29 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mumbai Billionaire 's Home Boasts 34 Floors , Ocean and Slum Views by Mark Magnier , Los Angeles Times , 24 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` The World 's Most Expensive Billionaire Homes , Forbes Magazine '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Headlines Today Bureau . `` Mukesh Ambani all set to move into world 's costliest house : India : India Today '' . Indiatoday.intoday.in . Archived from the original on 18 October 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Spillett , Richard ( 4 November 2014 ) . `` World 's most expensive homes '' . Daily Mail . dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bajaj , Vikas ( 2011 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Mukesh Ambani 's 27 - Story House Is Not His Home '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/18/antilia-inside-mukesh-expensive-home-mumbai_n_1527703.html Jump up ^ `` Oh brother , spare me the time -- World '' . smh.com.au. 2 August 2008 . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Green Skyscrapers -- The 60 Story Antilia House ( GALLERY ) '' . Trendhunter.com . Retrieved 29 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Kwek , Glenda ( 15 October 2010 ) . `` India 's richest man builds first $1 - billion home , Antilia , Ambani '' . Melbourne : Theage.com.au . Archived from the original on 30 October 2010 . Retrieved 28 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Ro , Lauren ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Arizona 's ' Falcon 's nest , ' designed by Sukumar Pal , asks $1.5 M '' . Curbed . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.samayindia.in/business-news/89-cbi-to-probe-mukesh-bhais-antilla Jump up ^ `` Mukesh Ambani 's new house -- Antilla '' . aavaas.com . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` State may refer Ambani 's Wakf land deal to CBI '' . The Indian Express . 2 August 2011 . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Madhurima Nandy ( 5 August 2008 ) . `` Altamount Road in Mumbai is world 's 10th dearest address '' . Livemint . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lodha secures Mumbai land for Rs 4,053 cr '' . Business Standard . 26 May 2010 . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SC rejects plea to stop work on Mukesh mansion '' . Business Standard . 3 May 2008 . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mukesh Ambani pays 16 lakh to Wakf board , gets NOC '' . Ibnlive.in.com. 9 July 2007 . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Headlines Today Bureau . `` Mukesh Ambani all set to move into world 's costliest house : India : India Today '' . Indiatoday.intoday.in . Archived from the original on 18 October 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ambani dream house stands on shaky ground '' . Yahoo India Finance . 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Makarand Gadgil ( 1 August 2011 ) . `` Maharashtra govt to review Ambani home land deal '' . Livemint . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` News # 020613 - 145152 ) '' . Newkerala.com . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Centre wants CBI to probe Mukesh Ambani home deal '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No private helipads : Jairam '' . http://www.hindustantimes.com/ . Archived from the original on 13 March 2014 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Citizens say no to helipads atop private buildings '' . Hindustan Times . hindustantimes.com . Jump up ^ Wil Longbottom ( 26 October 2011 ) . `` World 's most expensive house Pies abandoned '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Flock ( 19 October 2011 ) . `` Mukesh Ambani never moved into his $1 billion mansion Antilia '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 20 December . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Mittal 's address more expensive than Ambani 's -- Money -- DNA '' . Dnaindia.com. 4 August 2008 . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Indian industrialist to build rs2000 `` home '' amidst Mumbai 's multimillion slum - dwellers `` . Asian Tribune . 7 June 2007 . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mukesh Ambani 's new abode worth billion -- Business News -- IBNLive '' . Ibnlive.in.com. 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( 30 April 2008 ) . `` Inside The World 's First Billion - Dollar Home '' . Forbes . Forbes.com . Archived from the original on 12 November 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Giridharadas , Anand ( 15 June 2008 ) . `` Indian to the Core , and an Oligarch '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` ' Antilla ' , Mukesh Ambani 's house , shows lack of empathy for poor : Ratan Tata '' . The Times of India . 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Antilla ' , Mukesh Ambani 's house , shows lack of empathy for poor : Ratan Tata '' . The Times of India . 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.firstpost.com/business/ratan-tata-on-mukesh-lifestyl-13535.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Anniina 's Arundhati Roy Page '' . luminarium.org . Jump up ^ `` Capitalism : A Ghost Story -- Arundhati Roy -- Mar 26 , 2012 '' . outlookindia.com . External links ( edit ) Most Expensive Home in the World has 27 Floors and Slum Views -- slideshow by the LA Times Antilia is the world 's most expensive house for $1 billion -- Luxurylaunches It 's sad Mukesh Ambani lives in such opulence : Ratan Tata Mukesh Ambani 's residence Antilia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antilia_(building)&oldid=801244185 '' Categories : Houses completed in 2010 Residential skyscrapers in Mumbai Postmodern architecture in India Towers completed in 2010 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2015 CS1 errors : external links CS1 errors : dates Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs EngvarB from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox building with unsupported parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी 日本語 Português Русский தமிழ் Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 15 : 26 . 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9105712272629680017	Microstructure	Microstructure - wikipedia Microstructure Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Metallography allows the metallurgist to study the microstructure of metals . A micrograph of bronze revealing a cast dendritic structure Al - Si microstructure Microstructure is the very small scale structure of a material , defined as the structure of a prepared surface of material as revealed by a microscope above 25 × magnification . The microstructure of a material ( such as metals , polymers , ceramics or composites ) can strongly influence physical properties such as strength , toughness , ductility , hardness , corrosion resistance , high / low temperature behavior or wear resistance . These properties in turn govern the application of these materials in industrial practice . Microstructure at scales smaller than can be viewed with optical microscopes is often called nanostructure , while the structure in which individual atoms are arranged is known as crystal structure . The nanostructure of biological specimens is referred to as ultrastructure . A microstructure 's influence on the mechanical and physical properties of a material is primarily governed by the different defects present or absent of the structure . These defects can take many forms but the primary ones are the pores . Even if those pores play a very important role in the definition of the characteristics of a material , so does its composition . In fact , for many materials , different phases can exist at the same time . These phases have different properties and if managed correctly , can prevent the fracture of the material . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methods 2 Microstructure Characterizations 3 Microscopy 3.1 Optical 3.2 X-Ray microtomographic 3.3 3D compositional microstructure 3.4 Electron microscopy 3.5 Atomic force microscopy 4 Microstructure Generation 5 Influence of pores and composition 6 Improvement techniques 7 See also 8 References Methods ( edit ) The concept of microstructure is observable in macrostructural features in commonplace objects . Galvanized steel , such as the casing of a lamp post or road divider , exhibits a non-uniformly colored patchwork of interlocking polygons of different shades of grey or silver . Each polygon is a single crystal of zinc adhering to the surface of the steel beneath . Zinc and lead are two common metals which form large crystals ( grains ) visible to the naked eye . The atoms in each grain are organized into one of seven 3d stacking arrangements or crystal lattices ( cubic , tetrahedral , hexagonal , monoclinic , triclinic , rhombohedral and orthorhombic ) . The direction of alignment of the matrices differ between adjacent crystals , leading to variance in the reflectivity of each presented face of the interlocked grains on the galvanized surface . The average grain size can be controlled by processing conditions and composition , and most alloys consist of much smaller grains not visible to the naked eye . This is to increase the strength of the material ( see Hall - Petch Strengthening ) . Microstructure characterizations ( edit ) To quantify microstructural features , both morphological and material property must be characterized . Image processing is a robust technique for determination of morphological features such as volume fraction , inclusion morphology , void and crystal orientations . To acquire micrographs , optical as well as electron microscopy are commonly used . To determine material property , Nanoindentation is a robust technique for determination of properties in micron and submicron level for which conventional testing are not feasible . Conventional mechanical testing such as tensile testing or dynamic mechanical analysis ( DMA ) can only return macroscopic properties without any indication of microstructural properties . However , nanoindentation can be used for determination of local microstructural properties of homogeneous as well as heterogeneous materials . Microscopy ( edit ) Optical ( edit ) When a polished flat sample reveals traces of its microstructure , it is normal to capture the image using macrophotography . More sophisticated microstructure examination involves higher powered instruments : optical microscopy , electron microscopy , X-ray diffraction and so on , some involving preparation of the material sample ( cutting , microtomy , polishing , etching , vapor - deposition etc . ) . The methods are known collectively as metallography as applied to metals and alloys , and can be used in modified form for any other material , such as ceramics , glasses , composites , and polymers . Two kinds of optical microscope are generally used to examine flat , polished and etched specimens : a reflection microscope and an inverted microscope . Recording the image is achieved using a digital camera working through the eyepiece . X-ray microtomographic ( edit ) See also : Industrial CT Scanning Nondestructive testing of microstructure for biological materials is a challenge and computer microtomography is the current solution . In fact , CMT can be used for the evaluation of microstructure of many other materials also . CMT can be very expensive though , and for research purposes , it is a necessity to generate a three - dimensional microstructure from two - dimensional cross-sectional images of the material . This is an area of active research and pursued by many scientists . 3d compositional microstructure ( edit ) Microscopic distribution of material compositions in a material sample can be obtained using a data constrained modelling technique together with quantitative X-Ray computed tomography . A software implementation of the technique is available . Electron microscopy ( edit ) Aluminium copper ( 4 at % Cu ) alloy showing copper precipitation within the aluminium matrix . The image is a projection through the metal where the dark regions are plate like copper precipitates See also : Electron microscopy For high - resolution information on metallurgical microstructures , electron microscopic methods can be employed . This can allow for direct observation of atomic - scale features such as very fine precipitation reactions , dislocations or grain - boundary interfaces . Such methods may be critical in determining parameters such as solid state diffusivities . Atomic force microscopy ( edit ) Atomic force microscopy is a powerful technique used to study the surface properties of materials . It relies on the interactions that can be observed between the surface of a material and the very fine tip ( ideally one atom in diameter ) of the AFM . This tip is mounted on a cantilever that will move in certain directions according to the surface 's charge , topography or composition . The information received can provide inside knowledge on the topography of the material , the dimensions of certain particles , the interactions between the different molecules , the mechanical properties of the sample ( a bending test can be realized using AFM ) , as well as other properties such as the electrical and magnetic properties . The resolution of this technique is one of the best you can achieve using microscopy techniques . In fact , unlike other electron microscopy techniques such as SEM , STM and so forth , AFM provides a resolution in the range of Angstrom . This technique is therefore perfect for studying nanomaterials and is sometimes referred to as a single atom resolved technique . Another big advantage of this technique is the minimal sample preparation it requires . The data collection process it relies on is also quite simple . The movements of the cantilever are recorded using a photo detector and a laser that is deflected by the cantilever . These movements induce a change in the voltage of the photodetector which then transforms this signal into an `` image '' . Microstructure Generation ( edit ) Computer - simulated microstructures are generated to replicate the microstructural features of actual microstructures . Such microstructures are referred to as synthetic microstructures . Synthetic microstructures are used to investigate what microstructural feature is important for a given property . To ensure statistical equivalence between generated and actual microstructures , microstructures are modified after generation to match the statistics of an actual microstructure . Such procedure enables generation of theoretically infinite number of computer simulated microstructures that are statistically the same ( have the same statistics ) but stochastically different ( have different configurations ) A computer simulated microstructure of composite materials Influence of pores and composition ( edit ) A pore in a microstructure , unless desired , is bad news for the properties . In fact , in nearly all of the materials , a pore will be the starting point for the rupture of the material . It is the initiation point for the cracks . Furthermore , a pore is usually quite hard to get rid of . Those techniques described later involve a high temperature process . However , even those processes can sometimes make the pore even bigger . Pores with large coordination number ( surrounded by many particles ) tend to grow during the thermal process . This is caused by the thermal energy being converted to a driving force for the growth of the particles which will induce the growth of the pore as the high coordination number prohibits the growth towards the pore . For many materials , it can be seen from their phase diagram that multiple phases can exist at the same time . Those different phases might exhibit different crystal structure , thus exhibiting different mechanical properties . Furthermore , these different phases also exhibit a different microstructure ( grain size , orientation ) . This can also improve some mechanical properties as crack deflection can occur , thus pushing the ultimate breakdown further as it creates a more tortuous crack path in the coarser microstructure . Improvement techniques ( edit ) In some cases , simply changing the way the material is processed can influence the microstructure . An example is the titanium alloy TiAl6V4 . Its microstructure and mechanical properties are enhanced using SLM ( selective laser melting ) which is a 3D printing technique using powder and melting the particles together using high powered laser . Other conventional techniques for improving the microstructure are thermal processes . Those processes rely in the principle that an increase in temperature will induce the reduction or annihilation of pores . Hot isostatic pressing ( HIP ) is a manufacturing process , used to reduce the porosity of metals and increase the density of many ceramic materials . This improves the material 's mechanical properties and workability . The HIP process exposes the desired material to an isostatic gas pressure as well as high temperature in a sealed vessel ( high pressure ) . The gas used during this process is mostly Argon . The gas needs to be chemically inert so that no reaction occurs between it and the sample . The pressure is achieved by simply applying heat to the hermetically sealed vessel . However , some systems also associate gas pumping to the process to achieve the required pressure level . The pressure applied on the materials is equal and comes from all directions ( hence the term `` isostatic '' ) . When castings are treated with HIP , the simultaneous application of heat and pressure eliminates internal voids and microporosity through a combination of plastic deformation , creep , and diffusion bonding ; this process improves fatigue resistance of the component . See also ( edit ) Crystallites Fractography Grain boundary Metallurgy Micrography Micrograph References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Adapted from ASM Metals Handbook , Ninth Edition , v. 9 , `` Metallography and Microstructures '' , American Society for Metals , Metals Park , OH , 1985 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279771139_Uncorrelated_volume_element_for_stochastic_modeling_of_microstructures_based_on_local_fiber_volume_fraction_variation Jump up ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305803249_Characterization_synthetic_generation_and_statistical_equivalence_of_composite_microstructures Jump up ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292208855_Length-scale_dependence_of_variability_in_epoxy_modulus_extracted_from_composite_prepreg Jump up ^ Sam Yang , Andrew Tulloh , Clement Chu , Fiona Chen , John Taylor , DCM - A Software Platform for Advanced 3D Materials Modelling , Characterisation and Visualization . CSIRO Data Access Portal . PID : https://data.csiro.au/dap/landingpage?pid=csiro:9448 Jump up ^ Meyer , E. , Atomic force microscopy . Progress in surface science 1992 , 41 ( 1 ) , 3 - 49 . Jump up ^ Binnig , G. ; Quate , C.F. ; Gerber , C. , Atomic force microscope . Physical review letters 1986 , 56 ( 9 ) , 930 . Jump up ^ Rugar , D. ; Hansma , P. , Atomic force microscopy . Physics today 1990 , 43 ( 10 ) , 23 - 30 . Jump up ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305803249_Characterization_synthetic_generation_and_statistical_equivalence_of_composite_microstructures Jump up ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305803249_Characterization_synthetic_generation_and_statistical_equivalence_of_composite_microstructures Jump up ^ Oberwinkler , B. , Modeling the fatigue crack growth behavior of Ti - 6Al - 4V by considering grain size and stress ratio . Materials Science and Engineering : A 2011 , 528 ( 18 ) , 5983 - 5992 . Jump up ^ Sieniawski , J. ; Ziaja , W. ; Kubiak , K. ; Motyka , M. , Microstructure and mechanical properties of high strength two - phase titanium alloys . Titanium Alloys - Advances in Properties Control 2013 , 69 - 80 . Jump up ^ Nalla , R. ; Boyce , B. ; Campbell , J. ; Peters , J. ; Ritchie , R. , Influence of microstructure on high - cycle fatigue of Ti - 6Al - 4V : bimodal vs. lamellar structures . Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 2002 , 33 ( 13 ) , 899 - 918 . Jump up ^ Henriques , V.A.R. ; Campos , P.P. d. ; Cairo , C.A.A. ; Bressiani , J.C. , Production of titanium alloys for advanced aerospace systems by powder metallurgy . Materials Research 2005 , 8 ( 4 ) , 443 - 446 . Jump up ^ Kruth , J. - P. ; Mercelis , P. ; Van Vaerenbergh , J. ; Froyen , L. ; Rombouts , M. , Binding mechanisms in selective laser sintering and selective laser melting . Rapid prototyping journal 2005 , 11 ( 1 ) , 26 - 36 . Jump up ^ Murr , L. ; Quinones , S. ; Gaytan , S. ; Lopez , M. ; Rodela , A. ; Martinez , E. ; Hernandez , D. ; Martinez , E. ; Medina , F. ; Wicker , R. , Microstructure and mechanical behavior of Ti -- 6Al -- 4V produced by rapid - layer manufacturing , for biomedical applications . Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials 2009 , 2 ( 1 ) , 20 - 32 . Jump up ^ Kasperovich , G. ; Hausmann , J. , Improvement of fatigue resistance and ductility of TiAl6V4 processed by selective laser melting . Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2015 , 220 , 202 - 214 . Jump up ^ Lin , C.Y. ; Wirtz , T. ; LaMarca , F. ; Hollister , S.J. , Structural and mechanical evaluations of a topology optimized titanium interbody fusion cage fabricated by selective laser melting process . Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 2007 , 83 ( 2 ) , 272 - 279 . Jump up ^ Leuders , S. ; Thöne , M. ; Riemer , A. ; Niendorf , T. ; Tröster , T. ; Richard , H. ; Maier , H. , On the mechanical behaviour of titanium alloy TiAl6V4 manufactured by selective laser melting : Fatigue resistance and crack growth performance . International Journal of Fatigue 2013 , 48 , 300 - 307 . Jump up ^ Larker , H.T. ; Larker , R. , Hot isostatic pressing . Materials Science and Technology 1991 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microstructure&oldid=800482495 '' Categories : Materials science Metallurgy Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch فارسی Hrvatski Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 20 : 39 . About Wikipedia	the crystal structure of a material is generally examined by	[]	[]
-4407124027501847756	Ode on a Grecian Urn	Ode on a Grecian urn - wikipedia Ode on a Grecian urn Jump to : navigation , search Tracing of an engraving of the Sosibios vase by Keats `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' is a poem written by the English Romantic poet John Keats in May 1819 and published anonymously in the January 1820 , Number 15 , issue of the magazine Annals of the Fine Arts ( see 1820 in poetry ) . The poem is one of several `` Great Odes of 1819 '' , which includes `` Ode on Indolence '' , `` Ode on Melancholy '' , `` Ode to a Nightingale '' , and `` Ode to Psyche '' . Keats found earlier forms of poetry unsatisfactory for his purpose , and the collection represented a new development of the ode form . He was inspired to write the poem after reading two articles by English artist and writer Benjamin Haydon . Keats was aware of other works on classical Greek art , and had first - hand exposure to the Elgin Marbles , all of which reinforced his belief that classical Greek art was idealistic and captured Greek virtues , which forms the basis of the poem . Divided into five stanzas of ten lines each , the ode contains a narrator 's discourse on a series of designs on a Grecian urn . The poem focuses on two scenes : one in which a lover eternally pursues a beloved without fulfilment , and another of villagers about to perform a sacrifice . The final lines of the poem declare that `` ' beauty is truth , truth beauty , ' -- that is all / Ye know on earth , and all ye need to know '' , and literary critics have debated whether they increase or diminish the overall beauty of the poem . Critics have focused on other aspects of the poem , including the role of the narrator , the inspirational qualities of real - world objects , and the paradoxical relationship between the poem 's world and reality . `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' was not well received by contemporary critics . It was only by the mid-19th century that it began to be praised , although it is now considered to be one of the greatest odes in the English language . A long debate over the poem 's final statement divided 20th - century critics , but most agreed on the beauty of the work , despite various perceived inadequacies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Structure 3 Poem 4 Themes 5 Critical response 5.1 Beauty is truth debate 5.2 Later responses 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Background ( edit ) John Keats in 1819 , painted by his friend Joseph Severn By the spring of 1819 , Keats had left his job as dresser , or assistant house surgeon , at Guy 's Hospital , Southwark , London , to devote himself entirely to the composition of poetry . Living with his friend Charles Brown , the 23 - year - old was burdened with money problems and despaired when his brother George sought his financial assistance . These real - world difficulties may have given Keats pause for thought about a career in poetry , yet he did manage to complete five odes , including `` Ode to a Nightingale '' , `` Ode to Psyche '' , `` Ode on Melancholy '' , `` Ode on Indolence '' , and `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' . The poems were transcribed by Brown , who later provided copies to the publisher Richard Woodhouse . Their exact date of composition is unknown ; Keats simply dated `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' May 1819 , as he did its companion odes . While the five poems display a unity in stanza forms and themes , the unity fails to provide clear evidence of the order in which they were composed . In the odes of 1819 Keats explores his contemplations about relationships between the soul , eternity , nature , and art . His idea of using classical Greek art as a metaphor originated in his reading of Haydon 's Examiner articles of 2 May and 9 May 1819 . In the first article , Haydon described Greek sacrifice and worship , and in the second article , he contrasted the artistic styles of Raphael and Michelangelo in conjunction with a discussion of medieval sculptures . Keats also had access to prints of Greek urns at Haydon 's office , and he traced an engraving of the `` Sosibios Vase '' , a Neo-Attic marble volute krater , signed by Sosibios , in The Louvre , which he found in Henry Moses 's A Collection of Antique Vases , Altars , Paterae . Keats 's inspiration for the topic was not limited to Haydon , but embraced many contemporary sources . He may have recalled his experience with the Elgin Marbles and their influence on his sonnet `` On Seeing the Elgin Marbles '' . Keats was also exposed to the Townley , Borghese , and Holland House vases and to the classical treatment of subjects in Robert Burton 's The Anatomy of Melancholy . Many contemporary essays and articles on these works shared Keats 's view that classical Greek art was both idealistic and captured Greek virtues . Although he was influenced by examples of existing Greek vases , in the poem he attempted to describe an ideal artistic type , rather than a specific original vase . Although `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' was completed in May 1819 , its first printing came in January 1820 when it was published with `` Ode to a Nightingale '' in the Annals of Fine Art , an art magazine that promoted views on art similar to those Keats held . Following the initial publication , the Examiner published Keats 's ode together with Haydon 's two previously published articles . Keats also included the poem in his 1820 collection Lamia , Isabella , The Eve of St Agnes , and Other Poems . Structure ( edit ) In 1819 , Keats had attempted to write sonnets , but found that the form did not satisfy his purpose because the pattern of rhyme worked against the tone that he wished to achieve . When he turned to the ode form , he found that the standard Pindaric form used by poets such as John Dryden was inadequate for properly discussing philosophy . Keats developed his own type of ode in `` Ode to Psyche '' , which preceded `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' and other odes he wrote in 1819 . Keats 's creation established a new poetic tone that accorded with his aesthetic ideas about poetry . He further altered this new form in `` Ode to a Nightingale '' and `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' by adding a secondary voice within the ode , creating a dialogue between two subjects . The technique of the poem is ekphrasis , the poetic representation of a painting or sculpture in words . Keats broke from the traditional use of ekphrasis found in Theocritus 's Idyll , a classical poem that describes a design on the sides of a cup . While Theocritus describes both motion found in a stationary artwork and underlying motives of characters , `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' replaces actions with a series of questions and focuses only on external attributes of the characters . `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' is organized into ten - line stanzas , beginning with an ABAB rhyme scheme and ending with a Miltonic sestet ( 1st and 5th stanzas CDEDCE , 2nd stanza CDECED , and 3rd and 4th stanzas CDECDE ) . The same overall pattern is used in `` Ode on Indolence '' , `` Ode on Melancholy '' , and `` Ode to a Nightingale '' ( though their sestet rhyme schemes vary ) , which makes the poems unified in structure as well as theme . The word `` ode '' itself is of Greek origin , meaning `` sung '' . While ode - writers from antiquity adhered to rigid patterns of strophe , antistrophe , and epode , the form by Keats 's time had undergone enough transformation that it represented a manner rather than a set method for writing a certain type of lyric poetry . Keats 's odes seek to find a `` classical balance '' between two extremes , and in the structure of `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' , these extremes are the symmetrical structure of classical literature and the asymmetry of Romantic poetry . The use of the ABAB structure in the beginning lines of each stanza represents a clear example of structure found in classical literature , and the remaining six lines appear to break free of the traditional poetic styles of Greek and Roman odes . Keats 's metre reflects a conscious development in his poetic style . The poem contains only a single instance of medial inversion ( the reversal of an iamb in the middle of a line ) , which was common in his earlier works . However , Keats incorporates spondees in 37 of the 250 metrical feet . Caesurae are never placed before the fourth syllable in a line . The word choice represents a shift from Keats 's early reliance on Latinate polysyllabic words to shorter , Germanic words . In the second stanza , `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' , which emphasizes words containing the letters `` p '' , `` b '' , and `` v '' , uses syzygy , the repetition of a consonantal sound . The poem incorporates a complex reliance on assonance , which is found in very few English poems . Within `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' , an example of this pattern can be found in line 13 ( `` Not to the sensual ear , but , more endear 'd '' ) where the `` e '' of `` sensual '' connects with the `` e '' of `` endear 'd '' and the `` ea '' of `` ear '' connects with the `` ea '' of `` endear 'd '' . A more complex form is found in line 11 ( `` Heard melodies are sweet , but those unheard '' ) with the `` ea '' of `` Heard '' connecting to the `` ea '' of `` unheard '' , the `` o '' of `` melodies '' connecting to the `` o '' of `` those '' and the `` u '' of `` but '' connecting to the `` u '' of `` unheard '' . Poem ( edit ) First known copy of `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' , transcribed by George Keats in 1820 The poem begins with the narrator 's silencing the urn by describing it as the `` bride of quietness '' , which allows him to speak for it using his own impressions . The narrator addresses the urn by saying : Thou still unravish 'd bride of quietness ! Thou foster - child of silence and slow time ( lines 1 -- 2 ) The urn is a `` foster - child of silence and slow time '' because it was created from stone and made by the hand of an artist who did not communicate through words . As stone , time has little effect on it and ageing is such a slow process that it can be seen as an eternal piece of artwork . The urn is an external object capable of producing a story outside the time of its creation , and because of this ability the poet labels it a `` sylvan historian '' that tells its story through its beauty : Sylvan historian , who canst thus express A flow'ry tale more sweetly than our rhyme : What leaf - fring 'd legend haunts about thy shape Of deities or mortals , or of both , In Tempe or the dales of Arcady ? What men or gods are these ? What maidens loth ? What mad pursuit ? What struggle to escape ? What pipes and timbrels ? What wild ecstasy ? ( lines 3 -- 10 ) The questions presented in these lines are too ambiguous to allow the reader to understand what is taking place in the images on the urn , but elements of it are revealed : there is a pursuit with a strong sexual component . The melody accompanying the pursuit is intensified in the second stanza : Heard melodies are sweet , but those unheard Are sweeter ; therefore , ye soft pipes , play on ; Not to the sensual ear , but , more endear 'd , Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone : ( lines 11 -- 14 ) There is a hint of a paradox in that indulgence causes someone to be filled with desire and that music without a sound is desired by the soul . There is a stasis that prohibits the characters on the urn from ever being fulfilled : Bold Lover , never , never canst thou kiss , Though winning near the goal -- yet , do not grieve ; She can not fade , though thou hast not thy bliss , For ever wilt thou love , and she be fair ! ( lines 17 -- 20 ) In the third stanza , the narrator begins by speaking to a tree , which will ever hold its leaves and will not `` bid the Spring adieu '' . The paradox of life versus lifelessness extends beyond the lover and the fair lady and takes a more temporal shape as three of the ten lines begin with the words `` for ever '' . The unheard song never ages and the pipes are able to play forever , which leads the lovers , nature , and all involved to be : For ever panting , and for ever young ; All breathing human passion far above , That leaves a heart high - sorrowful and cloyed , A burning forehead , and a parching tongue . ( lines 27 -- 30 ) Raphael 's The Sacrifice at Lystra A new paradox arises in these lines because these immortal lovers are experiencing a living death . To overcome this paradox of merged life and death , the poem shifts to a new scene with a new perspective . The fourth stanza opens with the sacrifice of a virgin cow , an image that appeared in the Elgin Marbles , Claude Lorrain 's Sacrifice to Apollo , and Raphael 's The Sacrifice at Lystra Who are these coming to the sacrifice ? To what green altar , O mysterious priest , Lead'st thou that heifer lowing at the skies , And all her silken flanks with garlands drest ? What little town by river or sea shore , Or mountain - built with peaceful citadel , Is emptied of its folk , this pious morn ? And , little town , thy streets for evermore Will silent be ; and not a soul to tell Why thou art desolate , can e'er return . ( lines 31 -- 40 ) All that exists in the scene is a procession of individuals , and the narrator conjectures on the rest . The altar and town exist as part of a world outside art , and the poem challenges the limitations of art through describing their possible existence . The questions are unanswered because there is no one who can ever know the true answers , as the locations are not real . The final stanza begins with a reminder that the urn is a piece of eternal artwork : O Attic shape ! Fair attitude ! with brede Of marble men and maidens overwrought , With forest branches and the trodden weed ; Thou , silent form , dost tease us out of thought As doth eternity : Cold pastoral ! ( lines 41 -- 45 ) The audience is limited in its ability to comprehend the eternal scene , but the silent urn is still able to speak to them . The story it tells is both cold and passionate , and it is able to help mankind . The poem concludes with the urn 's message : When old age shall this generation waste , Thou shalt remain , in midst of other woe Than ours , a friend to man , to whom thou sayst , `` Beauty is truth , truth beauty , '' -- that is all Ye know on earth , and all ye need to know . ( lines 46 -- 50 ) Themes ( edit ) Keats , Listening to a Nightingale on Hampstead Heath by Joseph Severn Like many of Keats 's odes , `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' discusses art and art 's audience . He relied on depictions of natural music in earlier poems , and works such as `` Ode to a Nightingale '' appeal to auditory sensations while ignoring the visual . Keats reverses this when describing an urn within `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' to focus on representational art . He previously used the image of an urn in `` Ode on Indolence '' , depicting one with three figures representing Love , Ambition and Poesy . Of these three , Love and Poesy are integrated into `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' with an emphasis on how the urn , as a human artistic construct , is capable of relating to the idea of `` Truth '' . The images of the urn described within the poem are intended as obvious depictions of common activities : an attempt at courtship , the making of music , and a religious rite . The figures are supposed to be beautiful , and the urn itself is supposed to be realistic . Although the poem does not include the subjective involvement of the narrator , the description of the urn within the poem implies a human observer that draws out these images . The narrator interacts with the urn in a manner similar to how a critic would respond to the poem , which creates ambiguity in the poem 's final lines : `` ' Beauty is truth , truth beauty , ' -- that is all / Ye know on earth , and all ye need to know . '' The lack of a definite voice of the urn causes the reader to question who is really speaking these words , to whom they are speaking , and what is meant by the words , which encourages the reader to interact with the poem in an interrogative manner like the narrator . As a symbol , an urn can not completely represent poetry , but it does serve as one component in describing the relationship between art and humanity . The nightingale of `` Ode to a Nightingale '' is separated from humanity and does not have human concerns . In contrast , being a piece of art , the urn requires an audience and is in an incomplete state on its own . This allows the urn to interact with humanity , to put forth a narrative , and allows for the imagination to operate . The images on the urn provoke the narrator to ask questions , and the silence of the urn reinforces the imagination 's ability to operate . This interaction and use of the imagination is part of a greater tradition called ut pictura poesis -- the contemplation of art by a poet -- which serves as a meditation upon art itself . In this meditation , the narrator dwells on the aesthetic and mimetic features of art . The beginning of the poem posits that the role of art is to describe a specific story about those with whom the audience is unfamiliar , and the narrator wishes to know the identity of the figures in a manner similar to `` Ode on Indolence '' and `` Ode to Psyche '' . The figures on the urn within `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' lack identities , but the first section ends with the narrator believing that if he knew the story , he would know their names . The second section of the poem , describing the piper and the lovers , meditates on the possibility that the role of art is not to describe specifics but universal characters , which falls under the term `` Truth '' . The three figures would represent how Love , Beauty , and Art are unified together in an idealised world where art represents the feelings of the audience . The audience is not supposed to question the events but instead to rejoice in the happy aspects of the scene in a manner that reverses the claims about art in `` Ode to a Nightingale '' . Similarly , the response of the narrator to the sacrifice is not compatible with the response of the narrator to the lovers . The two contradictory responses found in the first and second scenes of `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' are inadequate for completely describing art , because Keats believed that art should not provide history or ideals . Instead , both are replaced with a philosophical tone that dominates the meditation on art . The sensual aspects are replaced with an emphasis on the spiritual aspects , and the last scene describes a world contained unto itself . The relationship between the audience with the world is for benefiting or educating , but merely to emphatically connect to the scene . In the scene , the narrator contemplates where the boundaries of art lie and how much an artist can represent on an urn . The questions the narrator asks reveal a yearning to understand the scene , but the urn is too limited to allow such answers . Furthermore , the narrator is able to visualise more than what actually exists on the urn . This conclusion on art is both satisfying , in that it allows the audience to actually connect with the art , and alienating , as it does not provide the audience the benefit of instruction or narcissistic fulfilment . Besides the contradictions between the various desires within the poem , there are other paradoxes that emerge as the narrator compares his world with that of the figures on the urn . In the opening line , he refers to the urn as a `` bride of quietness '' , which serves to contrast the urn with the structure of the ode , a type of poem originally intended to be sung . Another paradox arises when the narrator describes immortals on the side of an urn meant to carry the ashes of the dead . In terms of the actual figures upon the urn , the image of the lovers depicts the relationship of passion and beauty with art . In `` Ode to a Nightingale '' and `` Ode on Melancholy '' , Keats describes how beauty is temporary . However , the figures of the urn are able to always enjoy their beauty and passion because of their artistic permanence . The urn 's description as a bride invokes a possibility of consummation , which is symbolic of the urn 's need for an audience . Charles Patterson , in a 1954 essay , explains that `` It is erroneous to assume that here Keats is merely disparaging the bride of flesh wed to man and glorifying the bride of marble wed to quietness . He could have achieved that simple effect more deftly with some other image than the richly ambivalent unravished bride , which conveys ... a hint of disparagement : It is natural for brides to be possessed physically ... it is unnatural for them not to be . '' John Jones , in his 1969 analysis , emphasises this sexual dimension within the poem by comparing the relationship between `` the Eve Adam dreamed of and who was there when he woke up '' and the `` bridal urn '' of `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' . Helen Vendler expands on the idea , in her 1983 analysis of Keats 's odes , when she claimed `` the complex mind writing the Urn connects stillness and quietness to ravishment and a bride '' . In the second stanza , Keats `` voices the generating motive of the poem -- the necessary self - exhaustion and self - perpetuation of sexual appetite . '' To Vendler , desire and longing could be the source of artistic creativity , but the urn contains two contradicting expressions of sexuality : a lover chasing after a beloved and a lover with his beloved . This contradiction reveals Keats 's belief that such love in general was unattainable and that `` The true opponent to the urn - experience of love is not satisfaction but extinction . '' Critical response ( edit ) The first response to the poem came in an anonymous review in the July 1820 Monthly Review , which claimed , `` Mr Keats displays no great nicety in his selection of images . According to the tenets of that school of poetry to which he belongs , he thinks that any thing or object in nature is a fit material on which the poet may work ... Can there be a more pointed concetto than this address to the Piping Shepherds on a Grecian Urn ? '' Another anonymous review followed in the 29 July 1820 Literary Chronicle and Weekly Review that quoted the poem with a note that said that `` Among the minor poems , many of which possess considerable merit , the following appears to be the best '' . Josiah Conder , in a September 1820 Eclectic Review , argues that : Mr Keats , seemingly , can think or write of scarcely any thing else than the ' happy pieties ' of Paganism . A Grecian Urn throws him into an ecstasy : its ' silent form , ' he says , ' doth tease us out of thought as doth Eternity , ' -- a very happy description of the bewildering effect which such subjects have at least had upon his own mind ; and his fancy having thus got the better of his reason , we are the less surprised at the oracle which the Urn is made to utter : ' Beauty is truth , truth beauty , ' -- that is all Ye know on earth , and all ye need to know . That is , all that Mr Keats knows or cares to know. -- But till he knows much more than this , he will never write verses fit to live . George Gilfillan , in an 1845 essay on Keats , placed the poem among `` The finest of Keats ' smaller pieces '' and suggested that `` In originality , Keats has seldom been surpassed . His works ' rise like an exhalation . ' His language has been formed on a false system ; but , ere he died , was clarifying itself from its more glaring faults , and becoming copious clear , and select . He seems to have been averse to all speculative thought , and his only creed , we fear , was expressed in the words -- Beauty is truth , -- truth beauty '' . The 1857 Encyclopædia Britannica contained an article on Keats by Alexander Smith , which stated : `` Perhaps the most exquisite specimen of Keats ' poetry is the ' Ode to the Grecian Urn ' ; it breathes the very spirit of antiquity , -- eternal beauty and eternal repose . '' During the mid-19th century , Matthew Arnold claimed that the passage describing the little town `` is Greek , as Greek as a thing from Homer or Theocritus ; it is composed with the eye on the object , a radiancy and light clearness being added . '' Beauty is truth debate ( edit ) The 20th century marked the beginning of a critical dispute over the final lines of the poem and their relationship to the beauty of the whole work . Poet laureate Robert Bridges sparked the debate when he argued : The thought as enounced in the first stanza is the supremacy of ideal art over Nature , because of its unchanging expression of perfect ; and this is true and beautiful ; but its amplification in the poem is unprogressive , monotonous , and scattered ... which gives an effect of poverty in spite of the beauty . The last stanza enters stumbling upon a pun , but its concluding lines are very fine , and make a sort of recovery with their forcible directness . Bridges believed that the final lines redeemed an otherwise bad poem . Arthur Quiller - Couch responded with a contrary view and claimed that the lines were `` a vague observation -- to anyone whom life has taught to face facts and define his terms , actually an uneducated conclusion , albeit most pardonable in one so young and ardent . '' The debate expanded when I. A. Richards , an English literary critic who analysed Keats 's poems in 1929 , relied on the final lines of the `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' to discuss `` pseudo-statements '' in poetry : On the one hand there are very many people who , if they read any poetry at all , try to take all its statements seriously -- and find them silly ... This may seem an absurd mistake but , alas ! it is none the less common . On the other hand there are those who succeed too well , who swallow ' Beauty is truth , truth beauty ... , ' as the quintessence of an aesthetic philosophy , not as the expression of a certain blend of feelings , and proceed into a complete stalemate of muddle - mindedness as a result of their linguistic naivety . Poet and critic T.S. Eliot , in his 1929 `` Dante '' essay , responded to Richards : I am at first inclined to agree ... But on re-reading the whole Ode , this line strikes me as a serious blemish on a beautiful poem , and the reason must be either that I fail to understand it , or that it is a statement which is untrue . And I suppose that Keats meant something by it , however remote his truth and his beauty may have been from these words in ordinary use . And I am sure that he would have repudiated any explanation of the line which called it a pseudo-statement ... The statement of Keats seems to me meaningless : or perhaps the fact that it is grammatically meaningless conceals another meaning from me . In 1930 , John Middleton Murry gave a history of these responses `` to show the astonishing variety of opinion which exists at this day concerning the culmination of a poem whose beauty has been acknowledged for many years . Whether such another cause , and such another example , of critical diversity exists , I can not say ; if it does , it is unknown to me . My own opinion concerning the value of those two lines in the context of the poem itself is not very different from Mr. Eliot 's . '' Cleanth Brooks defended the lines from critics in 1947 and argued : We shall not feel that the generalization , unqualified and to be taken literally , is meant to march out of its context to compete with the scientific and philosophical generalizations which dominate our world . ' Beauty is truth , truth beauty ' has precisely the same status , and the same justification as Shakespeare 's ' Ripeness is all . ' It is a speech ' in character ' and supported by a dramatic context . To conclude thus may seem to weight the principle of dramatic propriety with more than it can bear . This would not be fair to the complexity of the problem of truth in art nor fair to Keats 's little parable . Granted ; and yet the principle of dramatic propriety may take us further than would first appear . Respect for it may at least insure our dealing with the problem of truth at the level on which it is really relevant to literature . M.H. Abrams responded to Brooks 's view in 1957 : I entirely agree , then , with Professor Brooks in his explication of the Ode , that ' Beauty is truth ' ... is to be considered as a speech ' in character ' and ' dramatically appropriate ' to the Urn . I am uneasy , however , about his final reference to ' the world - view ... ' For the poem as a whole is equally an utterance by a dramatically presented speaker , and none of its statements is proffered for our endorsement as a philosophical generalization of unlimited scope . They are all , therefore , to be apprehended as histrionic elements which are ' in character ' and ' dramatically appropriate , ' for their inherent interest as stages in the evolution of an artistically ordered ... experience of a credible human being . Earl Wasserman , in 1953 , continued the discussion over the final lines and claimed , `` the more we tug at the final lines of the ode , the more the noose of their meaning strangles our comprehension of the poem ... The aphorism is all the more beguiling because it appears near the end of the poem , for its apparently climactic position has generally led to the assumption that it is the abstract summation of the poem ... But the ode is not an abstract statement or an excursion into philosophy . It is a poem about things '' . Walter Evert , discussing the debate in 1965 , justified the final lines of the poem to declare `` The poem , then , accepts the urn for the immediate meditative imaginative pleasure that it can give , but it firmly defines the limits of artistic truth . In this it is wholly consistent with all the great poetry of Keats 's last creative period . '' Hugh Kenner , in 1971 , explained that Keats `` interrogates an urn , and answers for it , and its last answer , about Beauty and Truth , may seem almost intolerably enigmatic '' . To Kenner , the problem with Keats 's Beauty and Truth statement arises out of the reader 's inability to distinguish between the poet , his reflections on the urn , and any possible statement made by the urn . He concluded that Keats fails to provide his narrator with enough characterization to be able to speak for the urn . Charles Rzepka , in 1986 , offered his view on the matter : `` The truth - beauty equation at the end of the ' Ode on a Grecian Urn ' offers solace but is finally no more convincing than the experience it describes is durable . '' Rick Rylance picked up the debate again in 1990 and explained that the true meaning of the final lines can not be discerned merely by studying the language . This posed a problem for the New Critics , who were prone to closely reading a poem 's text . Later responses ( edit ) Not every 20th - century critic opined primarily on the quality of the final lines when discussing the success or failure of the poem ; Sidney Colvin , in 1920 , explained that `` while imagery drawn from the sculptures on Greek vases was still floating through his mind , he was able to rouse himself to a stronger effort and produce a true masterpiece in his famous Ode on a Grecian Urn . '' In his 1926 analysis , H.W. Garrod felt that the end of the poem did not match with the rest of the poem : `` Perhaps the fourth stanza is more beautiful than any of the others -- and more true . The trouble is that it is a little too true . Truth to his main theme has taken Keats rather farther than he meant to go ... This pure cold art makes , in fact , a less appeal to Keats than the Ode as a whole would pretend ; and when , in the lines that follow these lines , he indulges the jarring apostrophe ' Cold Pastoral ' ( ... ) he has said more than he meant -- or wished to mean . '' In 1933 , M.R. Ridley described the poem as a `` tense ethereal beauty '' with a `` touch of didacticism that weakens the urgency '' of the statements . Douglas Bush , following in 1937 , emphasized the Greek aspects of the poem and stated , `` as in the Ode to Maia , the concrete details are suffused with a rich nostalgia . The hard edges of classical Greek writing are softened by the enveloping emotion and suggestion . In his classical moments Keats is a sculptor whose marble becomes flesh . '' In 1954 , Charles Patterson defended the poem and claimed , `` The meaningfulness and range of the poem , along with its controlled execution and powerfully suggestive imagery , entitle it to a high place among Keats 's great odes . It lacks the even finish and extreme perfection of To Autumn but is much superior in these qualities to the Ode to a Nightingale despite the magic passages in the latter and the similarities of over-all structure . In fact , the Ode on a Grecian Urn may deserve to rank first in the group if viewed in something approaching its true complexity and human wisdom . '' Walter Jackson Bate argued in 1962 that `` the Grecian Urn possesses a quiet and constrained composure hardly equaled by the other odes of this month and perhaps even unsurpassed by the ode To Autumn of the following September ... there is a severe repose about the Ode on a Grecian Urn ; it is both ' interwoven ' and ' complete ' ; and within its tensely braced stanzas is a potential energy momentarily stilled and imprisoned . '' In 1964 , literary critic David Perkins claimed in his essay `` The Ode on a Nightingale '' that the symbol of the urn `` may possibly not satisfy as the principal concern of poetry ... but is rather an element in the poetry and drama of human reactions '' . F.W. Bateson emphasized in 1966 the poem 's ability to capture truth : `` The Ode to a Nightingale had ended with the explicit admission that the ' fancy ' is a ' cheat , ' and the Grecian Urn concludes with a similar repudiation . But this time it is a positive instead of a negative conclusion . There is no escape from the ' woe ' that ' shall this generation waste , ' but the action of time can be confronted and seen in its proper proportions . To enable its readers to do this is the special function of poetry . '' Ronald Sharp followed in 1979 with a claim that the theme of `` the relationship between life and art ... receives its most famous , and its most enigmatic and controversial , treatment '' within the poem . In 1983 , Vendler praised many of the passages within the poem but argued that the poem was unable to fully represent what Keats wanted : `` The simple movement of entrance and exit , even in its triple repetition in the Urn , is simply not structurally complex enough to be adequate , as a representational form , to what we know of aesthetic experience -- or indeed to human experience generally . '' Later in 1989 , Daniel Watkins claimed the poem as `` one of ( Keats 's ) most beautiful and problematic works . '' Andrew Bennett , in 1994 , discussed the poem 's effectiveness : `` What is important and compelling in this poem is not so much what happens on the urn or in the poem , but the way that a response to an artwork both figures and prefigures its own critical response '' . In 1999 , Andrew Motion claimed that the poem `` tells a story that can not be developed . Celebrating the transcendent powers of art , it creates a sense of imminence , but also registers a feeling of frustration . '' Ayumi Mizukoshi , in 2001 , argued that early audiences did not support `` Ode to Psyche '' because it `` turned out to be too reflexive and internalised to be enjoyed as a mythological picture . For the same reason , the ' Ode on a Grecian Urn ' drew neither attention nor admiration . Although the poet is gazing round the surface of the urn in each stanza , the poem can not readily be consumed as a series of ' idylls ' . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Raphael is one of the Raphael Cartoons then at Hampton Court Palace . The Claude is now usually called Landscape with the Father of Psyche sacrificing to Apollo , and is now at Anglesey Abbey . It was one of the pair of `` Altieri Claudes '' , among the most famous and expensive paintings of the day . See Reitlinger , Gerald ; The Economics of Taste , Vol I : The Rise and Fall of Picture Prices 1760 -- 1960 , Barrie and Rockliffe , London , 1961 , and Art and Money Archived July 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , by Robert Hughes . Image of the Raphael , and image of the Claude References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sheats 2001 p. 86 Jump up ^ Bate 1963 pp. 487 -- 527 ^ Jump up to : Gittings 1968 p. 311 Jump up ^ Gittings 1968 pp. 305 -- 319 Jump up ^ Louvre Museum : Volute krater `` Sosibios '' accessed 5 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Motion 1999 p. 391 Jump up ^ Blunden 1967 p. 103 Jump up ^ Magunson 1998 p. 208 Jump up ^ Gittings 1968 p. 319 Jump up ^ Gumpert 1999 Jump up ^ Motion 1999 pp. 390 -- 391 Jump up ^ Motion 1999 p. 390 Jump up ^ MacGillivray 1938 pp. 465 -- 466 Jump up ^ Matthews 1971 pp. 149 , 159 , 162 Jump up ^ Gittings 1968 pp. 310 -- 311 Jump up ^ Bate 1963 pp. 498 -- 500 Jump up ^ Kelley 2001 pp. 172 -- 173 Jump up ^ Swanson 1962 pp. 302 -- 305 Jump up ^ Bate 1962 pp. 133 -- 135 , 137 -- 140 , 58 -- 60 Jump up ^ Sheley 2007 Jump up ^ Bloom 1993 p. 416 Jump up ^ Bloom 1993 pp. 416 -- 417 ^ Jump up to : Bloom 1993 p. 417 ^ Jump up to : Bloom 1993 p. 418 Jump up ^ Bush 1959 p. 349 Jump up ^ Bloom 1993 pp. 418 -- 419 Jump up ^ Bloom 1993 p. 419 Jump up ^ Vendler 1983 pp. 116 -- 117 Jump up ^ Bate 1963 pp. 510 -- 511 Jump up ^ Bennett 1994 pp. 128 -- 134 ^ Jump up to : Perkins 1964 p. 103 Jump up ^ Bate 1963 pp. 511 -- 512 Jump up ^ Vendler 1983 pp. 118 -- 120 Jump up ^ Vendler 1983 pp. 120 -- 123 Jump up ^ Brooks 1947 pp. 151 -- 167 Jump up ^ Wigod 1968 p. 59 Jump up ^ Patterson 1968 pp. 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Jones 1969 p. 176 Jump up ^ Vendler 1983 p. 140 Jump up ^ Vendler 1983 p. 141 Jump up ^ Vendler 1983 pp. 141 -- 142 Jump up ^ Matthews 1971 qtd . p. 162 Jump up ^ Matthews 1971 qtd . pp. 163 -- 164 Jump up ^ Matthews 1971 qtd . p. 237 Jump up ^ Matthews 1971 qtd . p. 306 Jump up ^ Matthews 1971 qtd . p. 367 Jump up ^ Arnold 1962 p. 378 ^ Jump up to : Murry 1955 qtd p. 210 Jump up ^ Richards 1929 pp. 186 -- 187 Jump up ^ Eliot 1932 pp. 230 -- 231 Jump up ^ Murry 1955 p. 212 Jump up ^ Brooks 1947 p. 165 Jump up ^ Abrams 1968 p. 111 Jump up ^ Wasserman 1967 pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Evert 1965 p. 319 ^ Jump up to : Kenner 1971 p. 26 Jump up ^ Rzepka 1986 p. 177 Jump up ^ Rylance 1990 pp. 730 -- 733 Jump up ^ Colvin 1920 pp. 415 -- 416 Jump up ^ Patterson 1968 qtd . pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Ridley 1933 p. 281 Jump up ^ Bush 1937 p. 109 Jump up ^ Patterson 1968 p. 57 Jump up ^ Bate 1962 pp. 140 -- 141 Jump up ^ Bateson 1968 p. 108 Jump up ^ Sharp 1979 p. 151 Jump up ^ Vendler 1983 p. 152 Jump up ^ Watkins 1989 p. 105 Jump up ^ Bennet 1994 p. 134 Jump up ^ Mizukoshi 2001 p. 170 Bibliography ( edit ) Abrams , M.H. `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' in Twentieth Century Interpretations of Keats 's Odes Editor Jack Stillinger . 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OCLC 1842818 Rylance , Rick . `` The New Criticism '' . Encyclopedia of Literature and Criticism . Ed . Martin Cole et al. 730 -- 731 . London : Routledge , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 8103 - 8331 - 4 Rzepka , Charles . The Self as Mind . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 80085 - 0 Sharp , Ronald . Keats , Skepticism , and the Religion of Beauty . Athens : University of Georgia Press , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 0470 - 0 Sheats , Paul . `` Keats and the Ode '' in The Cambridge Companion to John Keats . Editor Susan Wolfston . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65839 - X Sheley , Erin . `` Re-Imagining Olympus : Keats and the Mythology of Individual Consciousness '' . Harvard University . Reprinted in `` Romanticism on the Net '' , No. 45 ( November 2007 ) . Accessed 6 December 2008 . Sikka , Sonia . `` On The Truth of Beauty : Nietzsche , Heidegger , Keats '' . The Heythrop Journal , Vol. 39 , No. 3 ( 1998 ) , pp. 243 -- 263 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 2265.00076 . Accessed 30 June 2011 . Swanson , Roy Arthur . `` Form and Content in Keats 's ' Ode on a Grecian Urn ' '' . College English , Vol. 23 , No. 4 ( January 1962 ) , pp. 302 -- 305 . Vendler , Helen . The Odes of John Keats . Cambridge MA : Harvard University Press , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 63075 - 0 Wasserman , Earl . The Finer Tone . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1967 . OCLC 271028805 Watkins , Daniel . Keats 's Poetry and the Politics of the Imagination . Rutherford : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 3358 - 7 Wigod , Jacob . `` Keats 's Ideal in the Ode on a Grecian Urn '' in Twentieth Century Interpretations of Keats 's Odes Editor Jack Stillinger . Englewood Cliffs : Prentice - Hall , 1968 . OCLC 190950 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Ode on a Grecian Urn Media related to Sosibios vase at Wikimedia Commons Ode on a Grecian Urn - Annotated text and analysis aligned to Common Core Standards ( hide ) John Keats Bibliography John Keats bibliography List of poems by John Keats Poetry collections 1819 odes ( 1819 ) Short poems `` On First Looking into Chapman 's Homer '' ( 1816 ) `` Sleep and Poetry '' ( 1817 ) `` Ode to a Nightingale '' ( 1819 ) `` La Belle Dame sans Merci '' ( 1820 ) `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' ( 1820 ) `` Ode on Melancholy '' ( 1820 ) `` Ode to Psyche '' ( 1820 ) `` To Autumn '' ( 1820 ) `` Bright star , would I were steadfast as thou art '' ( 1838 ) `` Ode on Indolence '' ( 1848 ) `` When I have Fears that I may Cease to Be '' ( 1848 ) `` You say you love ; but with a voice '' ( 1914 ) Long poems Endymion ( 1818 ) Isabella , or the Pot of Basil ( 1820 ) Hyperion ( 1820 ) Lamia ( 1820 ) The Eve of St. Agnes ( 1820 ) The Fall of Hyperion : A Dream ( 1856 - 7 ) People Fanny Brawne Charles Armitage Brown Charles Cowden Clarke Leigh Hunt George Keats John Hamilton Reynolds Joseph Severn Percy Bysshe Shelley ( see his poem on Keats : Adonaïs ) Related Keats House Keats -- Shelley Memorial House Keats and His Nightingale : A Blind Date Bright Star Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ode_on_a_Grecian_Urn&oldid=799712577 '' Categories : 1820 poems British poems Poetry by John Keats Works originally published in British magazines Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Deutsch Français Italiano Latina Polski Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 11 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote beauty is truth truth is beauty	[ "Like many of Keats's odes, \"Ode on a Grecian Urn\" discusses art and art's audience. He relied on depictions of natural music in earlier poems, and works such as \"Ode to a Nightingale\" appeal to auditory sensations while ignoring the visual. Keats reverses this when describing an urn within \"Ode on a Grecian Urn\" to focus on representational art. He previously used the image of an urn in \"Ode on Indolence\", depicting one with three figures representing Love, Ambition and Poesy. Of these three, Love and Poesy are integrated into \"Ode on a Grecian Urn\" with an emphasis on how the urn, as a human artistic construct, is capable of relating to the idea of \"Truth\". The images of the urn described within the poem are intended as obvious depictions of common activities: an attempt at courtship, the making of music, and a religious rite. The figures are supposed to be beautiful, and the urn itself is supposed to be realistic.[28] Although the poem does not include the subjective involvement of the narrator, the description of the urn within the poem implies a human observer that draws out these images.[29] The narrator interacts with the urn in a manner similar to how a critic would respond to the poem, which creates ambiguity in the poem's final lines: \"'Beauty is truth, truth beauty,' – that is all / Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.\" The lack of a definite voice of the urn causes the reader to question who is really speaking these words, to whom they are speaking, and what is meant by the words, which encourages the reader to interact with the poem in an interrogative manner like the narrator.[30]" ]	[ "Keats" ]
-2987700517304936886	Battle of Talikota	Battle of Talikota - wikipedia Battle of Talikota Battle of Talikota Part of Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent Date 23 January 1565 Location Talikota in present day Karnataka 16 ° 28 ′ 23.9 '' N 76 ° 18 ′ 42.6 '' E / 16.473306 ° N 76.311833 ° E / 16.473306 ; 76.311833 Coordinates : 16 ° 28 ′ 23.9 '' N 76 ° 18 ′ 42.6 '' E / 16.473306 ° N 76.311833 ° E / 16.473306 ; 76.311833 Result Decisive Deccan sultanates victory Belligerents Deccan sultanates Ahmadnagar Sultanate Bijapur Sultanate Golkonda Sultanate Berar Sultanate Bidar Sultanate Vijayanagara Empire Commanders and leaders Hussain Nizam Shah I Ali Adil Shah I Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali Ali Barid Shah I Burhan Imad Shah Raja Ghorpade Aliya Rama Raya † Venkatadri † Tirumala Deva Raya Strength 80,000 infantry ( Beydurs ) 30,000 cavalry several dozen artillery cannons 140,000 foot , 10,000 horse and over 100 War elephants Mughal -- Rajput War ( 1558 -- 78 ) Battle of Thanesar Siege of Chittorgarh Battle of Haldighati The Battle of Talikota ( 23 January 1565 ) was a watershed battle fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Deccan sultanates . The battle took place at Talikota , today a town in northern Karnataka , about 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) to the southeast from the city of Bijapur . The treacherous defeat of Vijayanagara Empire , followed subsequent destruction and looting which became short lived before the successors of Rama Raya . Contents 1 The battle 1.1 Assessment of the battle 's outcome 2 See also 3 References 4 Notes 5 External links The battle ( edit ) Battle of Talikota . The Muslim Sultanates to the north of Vijayanagara united and attacked Rama Raya 's army , on 23 January 1565 , in an engagement known as the Battle of Talikota . The armies clashed on the plains near the villages of Rakkasagi and Tangadigi ( it is also known as the Battle of Rakkasa - Tangadi ) . The Vijayanagara army was winning the battle , state Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund , but suddenly two Muslim generals of the Vijayanagara army switched sides and turned their loyalty to the united Sultanates . They captured Rama Raya and beheaded him on the spot , with Sultan Hussain on the Sultanates side joining them . The beheading of Rama Raya created confusion and havoc and in the still loyal portions of the Vijayanagara army , which were then completely routed . The Sultanates ' army plundered Hampi and reduced it into ruins . Assessment of the battle 's outcome ( edit ) The `` Malik - i - Maidan '' ( Master of the Field ) cannon , stated to be the largest piece of cast bronze ordnance in the world , was utilized by the Deccan Sultanates during the Battle of Talikota . It was provided by Ali Adil Shah I ( Bijapur Sultanate ) According to Shastri , the greatest factor was the betrayal of the Vijaynagara Army by two Muslim commanders ( Gilani Brothers ) . At the critical point of the war , Muslim officers in the Vijayanagara army launched a subversive attack . Suddenly Rama Raya found himself surprised when the two Muslim divisions in his ranks turned against him . Robert Sewell , in his book The Forgotten Empire , concludes thus -- `` With fire and sword , with crowbars and axes , they carried on day after day their work of destruction . Never perhaps in the history of the world has such havoc been wrought , and wrought so suddenly , on so splendid a city ; teeming with a wealthy and industrious population in the full plenitude of prosperity one day , and on the next seized , pillaged , and reduced to ruins , amid scenes of savage massacre and horrors beggaring description . '' See also ( edit ) Battle of Raichur Vijayanagara Empire Deccan Sultanates References ( edit ) Eaton , Richard M. ( 2006 ) . A social history of the Deccan , 1300 -- 1761 : eight Indian lives . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 71627 - 7 . Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath , A concise history of Karnataka , 2001 , Bangalore ( Reprinted 2002 ) Prof K.A. Nilakanta Sastri , History of South India , From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar , Oxford University Press , New Delhi ( 1955 ; reprinted 2002 ) Robert Sewell , A Forgotten Empire : Vijayanagar ; A Contribution to the History of India Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : India Today Collector 's edition of History Jump up ^ Eaton 2006 , pp. 96 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Sen , Sailendra ( 2013 ) . A Textbook of Medieval Indian History . Primus Books . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 9 - 38060 - 734 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hermann Kulke ; Dietmar Rothermund ( 2004 ) . A History of India . Routledge . p. 191 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32920 - 0 . , Quote : `` When battle was joined in January 1565 , it seemed to be turning in favor of Vijayanagara - suddenly , however , two Muslim generals of Vijayanagara changes sides . Rama Raya was taken prisoner and immediately beheaded . '' Jump up ^ Eaton 2006 , pp. 98 , Quote : `` Husain ( ... ) ordered him beheaded on the spot , and his head stuffed with straw ( for display ) . '' . Jump up ^ Eaton 2006 , pp. 98 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Bijapur '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 927 . Jump up ^ KA Nilakanta Shastri History of South India p. 267 Jump up ^ `` A Forgotten Empire : Vijayanagar ; A Contribution to the History of India '' . External links ( edit ) Incredible India Hampi Guide Hampi -- A Guide To History And Tourism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Talikota&oldid=846574548 '' Categories : 1565 in India Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent History of Karnataka History of Andhra Pradesh Conflicts in 1565 Deccan sultanates Battles involving the Deccan Sultanates Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Use dmy dates from January 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी 日本語 پنجابی Polski Português Русский தமிழ் తెలుగు 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 16 : 14 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	which dynasty was ruling in vijayanagar empire at the time of the battle of talikota	[]	[]
-2210941335194351334	Speaker of the United States House of Representatives	Speaker of the United States House of Representatives - wikipedia Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Seal of the Speaker of the House Flag of the Speaker of the House Incumbent Paul Ryan since October 29 , 2015 U.S. Congress U.S. House of Representatives Style Mr. or Madame Speaker ( Informal and within the House ) The Honorable ( Formal ) Type Presiding officer of one chamber in a bicameral legislature Residence Washington , D.C. Seat United States Capitol , District of Columbia , U.S. Nominator Anyone who is qualified to be a representative ; in practice member of the house and party leadership . Nominations are submitted to the Clerk , but anyone eligible can be voted for as the Speaker , even without being formally nominated . Appointer U.S. House of Representatives Elected by the House , sworn in by the Dean Term length At the House 's pleasure ; elected at the start of each session of Congress , and upon a vacancy Constituting instrument U.S. Constitution Formation March 4 , 1789 ; 229 years ago ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) First holder Frederick Muhlenberg April 1 , 1789 Succession Second Deputy The Speaker can delegate to a member of the House to act as Speaker pro tempore , presiding over the House in his absence Salary $223,500 / year Website Speaker.gov This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives . The office was established in 1789 by Article I , Section 2 of the United States Constitution . The Speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives , and is simultaneously the House 's presiding officer , de facto leader of the body 's majority party , and the institution 's administrative head . Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions . Given these several roles and responsibilities , the Speaker usually does not personally preside over debates . That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party . Neither does the Speaker regularly participate in floor debates or vote . The Constitution does not require the Speaker to be an elected member of the House of Representatives , although every Speaker thus far has been . The Speaker is second in the United States presidential line of succession , after the Vice President and ahead of the President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate . The current House Speaker is Congressman Paul Ryan from Wisconsin . He was elected to the office on October 29 , 2015 , and is the 54th person to serve as Speaker . Contents ( hide ) 1 Selection 2 History 2.1 Notable elections 3 Partisan role 4 Presiding officer 5 Other functions 6 List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives 7 Recent election results 7.1 January 2011 7.2 January 2013 7.3 January 2015 7.4 October 2015 7.5 January 2017 8 See also 9 Bibliography 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Selection ( edit ) The House of Representatives elects the Speaker of the House on the first day of every new Congress and in the event of the death , resignation or removal from the Chair of an incumbent Speaker . The Clerk of the House of Representatives requests nominations : there are normally two , one from each major party ( each party having previously met to decide on its nominee ) . The Clerk then calls the roll of the Representatives , each Representative indicating the surname of the candidate the Representative is supporting . Representatives are not restricted to voting for one of the nominated candidates and may vote for any person , even for someone who is not a member of the House at all . They may also abstain by voting `` present '' . Although no rule exists , based on tradition and practice from the earliest days of the nation , to be elected speaker a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals , i.e. excluding those who abstain . If no candidate wins such a majority , then the roll call is repeated until a speaker is elected . The last time repeated votes were required was in 1923 , when the Speaker was elected on the ninth ballot . The new Speaker is then sworn in by the Dean of the United States House of Representatives , the chamber 's longest - serving member . In modern practice , the Speaker is chosen by the majority party from among its senior leaders either when a vacancy in the office arrives or when the majority party changes . Previous Speakers have been minority leaders ( when the majority party changes , as they are already the House party leader , and as the minority leader are usually their party 's nominee for Speaker ) , or majority leaders ( upon departure of the current Speaker in the majority party ) , assuming that the party leadership hierarchy is followed . In the past , other candidates have included chairpersons of influential standing committees . So far , the Democrats have always elevated their minority leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority control of the House . However , Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern . In 1919 , Republicans bypassed James Robert Mann , R - IL , who had been Minority Leader for eight years , and elected a backbencher representative , Frederick H. Gillett , R - MA , to be Speaker . Mann had `` angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor , '' and was also a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon ( R - IL18 ) who had been Speaker from 1903 to 1911 , and was still in the House . Many members `` suspected that he ( Mann ) would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker . '' More recently , although Robert H. Michel was Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections , he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign , including the `` Contract with America '' , which was unveiled six weeks before Election Day . Michel opted not to seek re-election because he had been isolated in the caucus by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich and other younger and more aggressive Congressmen . It is expected that members of the House vote for their party 's candidate . If they do not , they usually vote for someone else in their party or vote `` present '' . Those who vote for the other party 's candidate often face serious consequences , up to and including the loss of seniority . The last instance where a representative voted for the other party 's candidate was in 2000 , when Democrat Jim Traficant of Ohio voted for Republican Dennis Hastert . In response , the Democrats stripped him of his seniority and he lost all of his committee posts . If the Speaker 's party loses control of the House in an election , and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy , they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip , respectively . As the minority party has historically had one less leadership position after losing the Speaker 's chair , there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions ; upon losing control of the House after the 2010 election , the Democrats created the position of Assistant Democratic Leader in order to prevent such a contest . Most Speakers whose party has lost control of the House have not returned to the party leadership ( Tom Foley lost his seat , Dennis Hastert returned to the backbenches and resigned from the House in late 2007 ) . However , Speakers Joseph William Martin , Jr. and Sam Rayburn did seek the post of Minority Leader in the late 1940s and early 1950s . Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker who was elected Minority Leader , after the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections . History ( edit ) Frederick Muhlenberg ( 1789 -- 1791 , 1793 -- 1795 ) , was the first Speaker . The first Speaker was Frederick Muhlenberg : he was elected as a Pro-Administration candidate to the 1st Congress , an Anti-Administration candidate to the 2nd and 3rd Congresses , and a Republican candidate to the 4th Congress , according to the Biographical Directory of Congress , though Oswald Seidensticker wrote that he was elected as a Federalist for the first four Congresses . Henry Clay ( 1813 -- 1814 , 1815 -- 1820 , 1823 -- 1825 ) used his influence as speaker to ensure the passage of measures he favored The position of Speaker started to gain its partisan role and its power in legislative development under Henry Clay ( 1811 -- 1814 , 1815 -- 1820 , and 1823 -- 1825 ) . In contrast to many of his predecessors , Clay participated in several debates , and used his influence to procure the passage of measures he supported -- for instance , the declaration of the War of 1812 , and various laws relating to Clay 's `` American System '' economic plan . Furthermore , when no candidate received an Electoral College majority in the 1824 presidential election causing the President to be elected by the House , Speaker Clay threw his support to John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson , thereby ensuring Adams ' victory . Following Clay 's retirement in 1825 , the power of the speakership once again began to decline , despite speakership elections becoming increasingly bitter . As the Civil War approached , several sectional factions nominated their own candidates , often making it difficult for any candidate to attain a majority . In 1855 and again in 1859 , for example , the contest for Speaker lasted for two months before the House achieved a result . During this time , Speakers tended to have very short tenures . For example , from 1839 to 1863 there were eleven Speakers , only one of whom served for more than one term . To date , James K. Polk is the only Speaker of the House later elected President of the United States . Joseph Gurney Cannon ( 1903 -- 1911 ) was one of the most powerful speakers . Towards the end of the 19th century , the office of Speaker began to develop into a very powerful one . At the time , one of the most important sources of the Speaker 's power was his position as Chairman of the Committee on Rules , which , after the reorganization of the committee system in 1880 , became one of the most powerful standing committees of the House . Furthermore , several Speakers became leading figures in their political parties ; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall , John Griffin Carlisle , and Charles F. Crisp , and Republicans James G. Blaine , Thomas Brackett Reed , and Joseph Gurney Cannon . The power of the Speaker was greatly augmented during the tenure of the Republican Thomas Brackett Reed ( 1889 -- 1891 , 1895 -- 1899 ) . `` Czar Reed '' , as he was called by his opponents , sought to end the obstruction of bills by the minority , in particular by countering the tactic known as the `` disappearing quorum '' . By refusing to vote on a motion , the minority could ensure that a quorum would not be achieved , and that the result would be invalid . Reed , however , declared that members who were in the chamber but refused to vote would still count for the purposes of determining a quorum . Through these and other rulings , Reed ensured that the Democrats could not block the Republican agenda . The speakership reached its apogee during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon ( 1903 -- 1911 ) . Cannon exercised extraordinary control over the legislative process . He determined the agenda of the House , appointed the members of all committees , chose committee chairmen , headed the Rules Committee , and determined which committee heard each bill . He vigorously used his powers to ensure that Republican proposals were passed by the House . In 1910 , however , Democrats and several dissatisfied Republicans joined together to strip Cannon of many of his powers , including the ability to name committee members and his chairmanship of the Rules Committee . Fifteen years later , Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much , but not all , of the lost influence of the position . One of the most influential Speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn . Rayburn was the longest - serving Speaker in history , holding office from 1940 to 1947 , 1949 to 1953 , and 1955 to 1961 . He helped shape many bills , working quietly in the background with House committees . He also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and foreign assistance programs advocated by Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman . Rayburn 's successor , Democrat John William McCormack ( served 1962 -- 1971 ) , was a somewhat less influential speaker , particularly because of dissent from younger members of the Democratic Party . During the mid-1970s , the power of the speakership once again grew under Democrat Carl Albert . The Committee on Rules ceased to be a semi-independent panel , as it had been since 1910 . Instead , it once again became an arm of the party leadership . Moreover , in 1975 , the Speaker was granted the authority to appoint a majority of the members of the Rules Committee . Meanwhile , the power of committee chairmen was curtailed , further increasing the relative influence of the Speaker . Albert 's successor , Democrat Tip O'Neill , was a prominent Speaker because of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan . O'Neill is the longest continually serving Speaker , from 1977 through 1987 . He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defense expenditures . Republicans made O'Neill the target of their election campaigns in 1980 and 1982 but Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years . The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when , after spending forty years in the minority , the Republicans regained control of the House with the `` Contract with America '' , an idea spearheaded by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich . Speaker Gingrich would regularly clash with Democratic President Bill Clinton , leading to the United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 , in which Clinton was largely seen to have prevailed . Gingrich 's hold on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies , and he faced a caucus revolt in 1997 . After the Republicans lost House seats in 1998 ( although retaining a majority ) he did not stand for a third term as Speaker . His successor , Dennis Hastert , had been chosen as a compromise candidate , since the other Republicans in the leadership were more controversial . Hastert played a much less prominent role than other contemporary Speakers , being overshadowed by House Majority Leader Tom DeLay and President George W. Bush . The Republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced majority but made small gains in 2002 and 2004 . The periods of 2001 -- 2002 and 2003 -- 2007 were the first times since 1953 -- 1955 that there was single - party Republican leadership in Washington , interrupted from 2001 -- 2003 as Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to become independent and caucused with Senate Democrats to give them a 51 - 49 majority . In the 2006 midterm elections , the Democrats won a majority in the House . Nancy Pelosi became Speaker when the 110th Congress convened on January 4 , 2007 , making her the first female to hold the office . With the election of Barack Obama as President and Democratic gains in both houses of Congress , Pelosi became the first Speaker since Tom Foley to hold the office during single - party Democratic leadership in Washington . During the 111th Congress , Pelosi was the driving force behind several of Obama 's major initiatives that proved controversial , and the Republicans campaigned against the Democrats ' legislation by staging a `` Fire Pelosi '' bus tour and regained control of the House in the 2010 midterm elections . House Minority Leader John Boehner was elected as Speaker . Notable elections ( edit ) Speaker Nancy Pelosi ( right ) with Vice President Dick Cheney behind President George W. Bush at the 2007 State of the Union Address making history as the first woman to sit behind the podium at such an address . President Bush acknowledged this by beginning his speech with the words , `` Tonight , I have a high privilege and distinct honor of my own -- as the first President to begin the State of the Union message with these words : Madam Speaker '' . This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas Historically , there have been several controversial elections to the speakership , such as the contest of 1839 . In that case , even though the 26th United States Congress convened on December 2 , the House could not begin the speakership election until December 14 because of an election dispute in New Jersey known as the `` Broad Seal War '' . Two rival delegations , one Whig and the other Democrat , had been certified as elected by different branches of the New Jersey government . The problem was compounded by the fact that the result of the dispute would determine whether the Whigs or the Democrats held the majority . Neither party agreed to permit a speakership election with the opposite party 's delegation participating . Finally , it was agreed to exclude both delegations from the election and a Speaker was finally chosen on December 17 . Another , more prolonged fight occurred in 1855 in the 34th United States Congress . The old Whig Party had collapsed but no single party had emerged to replace it . Candidates opposing the Democrats had run under a bewildering variety of labels , including Whig , Republican , American ( Know Nothing ) , and simply `` Opposition '' . By the time Congress actually met in December 1855 , most of the northerners were concentrated together as Republicans , while most of the southerners and a few northerners used the American or Know Nothing label . Opponents of the Democrats held a majority in House , with the party makeup of the 234 Representatives being 83 Democrats , 108 Republicans , and 43 Know Nothings ( primarily southern oppositionists ) . The Democratic minority nominated William Alexander Richardson of Illinois as Speaker , but because of sectional distrust , the various oppositionists were unable to agree on a single candidate for Speaker . The Republicans supported Nathaniel Prentiss Banks of Massachusetts , who had been elected as a Know Nothing but was now largely identified with the Republicans . The southern Know Nothings supported first Humphrey Marshall of Kentucky , and then Henry M. Fuller of Pennsylvania . The voting went on for almost two months with no candidate able to secure a majority , until it was finally agreed to elect the Speaker by plurality vote , and Banks was elected . The House found itself in a similar dilemma when the 36th Congress met in December 1859 . Although the Republicans held a plurality , the Republican candidate , John Sherman , was unacceptable to southern oppositionists due to his anti-slavery views , and once again the House was unable to elect a Speaker for several months . After Democrats allied with southern oppositionists to nearly elect the North Carolina oppositionist William N.H. Smith , Sherman finally withdrew in favor of compromise candidate William Pennington of New Jersey , a former Whig of unclear partisan loyalties , who was finally elected Speaker at the end of January 1860 . The last speakership elections in which the House had to vote more than once occurred in the 65th and 72nd United States Congress . In 1917 , neither the Republican nor the Democratic candidate could attain a majority because three members of the Progressive Party and other individual members of other parties voted for their own party . The Republicans had a plurality in the House but James `` Champ '' Clark remained Speaker of the House because of the support of the Progressive Party members . In 1931 , both the Republicans and the Democrats had 217 members with the Minnesota Farmer - Labor Party having one member who served as the deciding vote . The Farmer - Labor Party eventually voted for the Democrats ' candidate for Speaker , John Nance Garner , who later became Vice President under Franklin Roosevelt . In 1997 , several Republican congressional leaders tried to force Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign . However , Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for Speaker , which could have led to Democrats along with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt ( then Minority Leader ) as Speaker . After the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats , Gingrich did not stand for re-election . The next two figures in the House Republican leadership hierarchy , Majority Leader Richard Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay , chose not to run for the office . The chairman of the House Appropriations Committee , Bob Livingston , declared his bid for the speakership , which was unopposed , making him Speaker - designate . It was then revealed , by Livingston himself , who had been publicly critical of President Bill Clinton 's perjury during his sexual harassment trial , that he had engaged in an extramarital affair . He opted to resign from the House , despite being urged to stay on by House Democratic leader Gephardt . Subsequently , chief deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as Speaker . The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000 , 2002 , and 2004 elections . The Democrats won a majority of seats in the 2006 midterm elections . On November 16 , 2006 , Nancy Pelosi , who was then Minority Leader , was selected as Speaker - designate by House Democrats . When the 110th Congress convened on January 4 , 2007 , she was elected as the 52nd Speaker by a vote of 233 - 202 , becoming the first woman elected Speaker of the House . Pelosi remained Speaker through the 111th Congress . For the 112th Congress , Republican John Boehner was unanimously designated Speaker - designate by House Republicans and was elected the 53rd Speaker of the House . As a show of dissent , nineteen Democratic representatives voted for Democrats other than Pelosi , who had been chosen as House Minority Leader and the Democrats ' candidate for Speaker . Partisan role ( edit ) The sitting Speaker , Paul Ryan , seen taking his oath of office following his election on October 29 , 2015 The Constitution does not spell out the political role of the Speaker . As the office has developed historically , however , it has taken on a clearly partisan cast , very different from the speakership of most Westminster - style legislatures , such as the Speaker of the British House of Commons , which is meant to be scrupulously non-partisan . The Speaker in the United States , by tradition , is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives , outranking the Majority Leader . However , despite having the right to vote , the Speaker usually does not participate in debate and rarely votes . The Speaker is responsible for ensuring that the House passes legislation supported by the majority party . In pursuing this goal , the Speaker may use their power to determine when each bill reaches the floor . They also chair the majority party 's steering committee in the House . While the Speaker is the functioning head of the House majority party , the same is not true of the President pro tempore of the Senate , whose office is primarily ceremonial and honorary . When the Speaker and the President belong to the same party , the Speaker tends to play the role in a more ceremonial light , as seen when Dennis Hastert played a very low - key role during the presidency of fellow Republican George W. Bush . Nevertheless , there are times when the Speaker plays a much larger role if the President is a fellow member of their party , and thus , the Speaker is tasked with pushing through the agenda of the majority party , often at the expense of the minority opposition . This can be seen , most of all , in the speakership of Democratic - Republican Henry Clay , who personally ensured the presidential victory of fellow Democratic - Republican John Quincy Adams . Democrat Sam Rayburn was a key player in the passing of New Deal legislation under the presidency of fellow Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt . Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon ( under Theodore Roosevelt ) was particularly infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of authority to the speakership . In more recent times , Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a role in continuing the push for health care reform during the presidency of fellow Democrat Barack Obama . The Republicans campaigned against Pelosi and the Democrats ' legislation with their `` Fire Pelosi '' bus tour . On the other hand , when the Speaker and the President belong to opposite parties , the public role and influence of the Speaker tend to increase . As the highest - ranking member of the opposition party ( and de facto Leader of the Opposition ) , the Speaker is normally the chief public opponent of the President 's agenda . In this scenario , the Speaker is known for undercutting the President 's agenda by blocking measures by the minority party or rejecting bills by the Senate . One famous instance came in the form of Thomas Brackett Reed ( under Grover Cleveland ) , a Speaker notorious for his successful attempt to force the Democrats to vote on measures where the Republicans had clear majorities , which ensured that Cleveland 's Democrats were in no position to challenge the Republicans in the House . Joseph Cannon was particularly unique in that he led the conservative `` Old Guard '' wing of the Republican Party , while his President -- Theodore Roosevelt -- was of the more progressive clique , and more than just marginalizing the Democrats , Cannon used his power to punish the dissidents in his party and obstruct the progressive wing of the Republican Party . More modern examples include Tip O'Neill , who was a vocal opponent of President Ronald Reagan 's economic and defense policies ; Newt Gingrich , who fought a bitter battle with President Bill Clinton for control of domestic policy ; Nancy Pelosi , who argued with President George W. Bush over the Iraq War ; and John Boehner , who clashed with President Barack Obama over budget issues and health care . Presiding officer ( edit ) James Polk is the only Speaker to also serve as President of the United States . As presiding officer of the House of Representatives , the Speaker holds a variety of powers over the House and is ceremonially the highest - ranking legislative official in the US government . The Speaker may delegate his powers to a member of the House to act as Speaker pro tempore and preside over the House in the Speaker 's absence ; when this has occurred the delegation has always been to a member of the same party . During important debates , the Speaker pro tempore is ordinarily a senior member of the majority party who may be chosen for his skill in presiding . At other times , more junior members may be assigned to preside to give them experience with the rules and procedures of the House . The Speaker may also designate , with approval of the House , a Speaker pro tempore for special purposes , such as designating a Representative whose district is near Washington , D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses . Under the Rules of the House , the Speaker , `` as soon as practicable after the election of the Speaker and whenever appropriate thereafter , '' must deliver to the Clerk of the House a confidential list of Members who are designated to act as Speaker in the case of a vacancy or physical inability of the Speaker to perform their duties . On the floor of the House , the presiding officer is always addressed as `` Mister Speaker '' or `` Madam Speaker , '' even if it is a Speaker pro tempore , and not the Speaker themselves . When the House resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole , the Speaker designates a member to preside over the Committee as the Chairman , who is addressed as `` Mister Chairman '' or `` Madam Chairwoman . '' To speak , members must seek the presiding officer 's recognition . The presiding officer also rules on all points of order but such rulings may be appealed to the whole House . The Speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may order the Sergeant - at - Arms to enforce House rules . The Speaker 's powers and duties extend beyond presiding in the chamber . In particular , the Speaker has great influence over the committee process . The Speaker selects nine of the thirteen members of the powerful Committee on Rules , subject to the approval of the entire majority party . The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining four members . Furthermore , the Speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees . Moreover , when a bill is introduced , the Speaker determines which committee will consider it . As a member of the House , the Speaker is entitled to participate in debate and to vote but , by custom , only does so in exceptional circumstances . Ordinarily , the Speaker votes only when the Speaker 's vote would be decisive or on matters of great importance , such as constitutional amendments or major legislation . Other functions ( edit ) The speaker 's office in the US Capitol , during the term of Dennis Hastert ( 1999 to 2007 ) Because joint sessions and joint meetings of Congress are held in the House chamber , the Speaker presides over joint sessions to hear addresses by the President , and joint meetings to hear addresses from foreign leaders or other invited guests . However , the Twelfth Amendment and 3 U.S.C. § 15 require that the President of the Senate preside over joint sessions of Congress assembled to count electoral votes and to certify the results of a presidential election . The Speaker is also responsible for overseeing the officers of the House : the Clerk , the Sergeant - at - Arms , the Chief Administrative Officer , and the Chaplain . The Speaker can dismiss any of these officers . The Speaker appoints the House Historian and the General Counsel and , jointly with the Majority and Minority Leaders , appoints the House Inspector General . The Speaker is second in the presidential line of succession , immediately after the Vice President , under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 . The Speaker is followed in the line of succession by the President pro tempore of the Senate and by the heads of federal executive departments . To date , the implementation of the Presidential Succession Act has never been necessary and no Speaker has ever acted as President . Implementation of the law almost became necessary in 1973 after the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew . At the time , many believed that President Richard Nixon would resign because of the Watergate scandal , allowing Speaker Carl Albert to succeed to the Presidency . However , before he resigned , Nixon appointed Gerald Ford as Vice President in accordance with the Twenty - fifth Amendment . Nevertheless , the United States government takes the Speaker 's place in the line of succession seriously enough that , for example , following the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 , Speakers used military jets to fly back and forth to their districts and for other travel until Speaker Boehner discontinued the practice in 2011 . The Speaker of the House is one of the officers to whom declarations of presidential inability or ability to resume the Presidency must be addressed under the Twenty - fifth Amendment . List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives ( edit ) Main article : List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives Recent election results ( edit ) Main article : List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections To be elected as Speaker , a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals , excluding those who abstain . January 2011 ( edit ) Source : Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . January 5 , 2011 . Candidate Votes % ✓ John Boehner ( R ) 242 55.6 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 173 40.0 % Heath Shuler ( D ) 11 2.5 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.5 % Dennis Cardoza ( D ) 0.2 % Jim Costa ( D ) 0.2 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % Steny Hoyer ( D ) 0.2 % Marcy Kaptur ( D ) 0.2 % Total 433 100.0 % `` Present '' 0.2 % Not voting 0.2 % January 2013 ( edit ) Source : Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . January 3 , 2013 . Candidate Votes % ✓ John Boehner ( R ) 220 50.8 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 192 44.3 % Eric Cantor ( R ) 0.7 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.5 % Allen West ( R ) 0.5 % Justin Amash ( R ) 0.2 % John Dingell ( D ) 0.2 % Jim Jordan ( R ) 0.2 % Raul Labrador ( R ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Colin Powell ( R ) 0.2 % David Walker ( R ) 0.2 % Total 426 100.0 % `` Present '' 0.2 % Not voting 6 1.4 % Vacant 0.5 % January 2015 ( edit ) Main article : Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election , January 2015 Source : Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . January 6 , 2015 . Candidate Votes % ✓ John Boehner ( R ) 216 52.9 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 164 40.2 % Dan Webster ( R ) 12 2.9 % Louie Gohmert ( R ) 0.7 % Ted Yoho ( R ) 0.5 % Jim Jordan ( R ) 0.5 % Jeff Duncan ( R ) 0.2 % Rand Paul ( R ) 0.2 % Colin Powell ( R ) 0.2 % Trey Gowdy ( R ) 0.2 % Kevin McCarthy ( R ) 0.2 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % Peter DeFazio ( D ) 0.2 % Jeff Sessions ( R ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Total 408 100.0 % `` Present '' 0.2 % Not voting 25 5.7 % Vacant 0.2 % October 2015 ( edit ) Main article : Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election , October 2015 On September 25 , 2015 , Speaker Boehner formally announced to the Republican congressional caucus of his intention to resign from the House on October 30 , 2015 , which necessitated an election for a new speaker before that time . The election was held on October 29 . Candidate Votes % ✓ Paul Ryan ( R ) 236 54.3 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 184 42.3 % Dan Webster ( R ) 9 2.0 % Colin Powell ( R ) 0.2 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Total 432 Not voting Vacant 0 January 2017 ( edit ) Main article : Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election , 2017 Candidate Votes % ✓ Paul Ryan ( R ) 239 55.2 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 189 43.6 % Tim Ryan ( D ) 0.5 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Dan Webster ( R ) 0.2 % Total 433 Not voting Vacant 0 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives Leaders of the United States House of Representatives Bibliography ( edit ) Beth , Richard S. ; Heitshusen , Valerie ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Speakers of the House : Elections , 1913 -- 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Garraty , John , ed . American National Biography ( 1999 ) 20 volumes ; contains scholarly biographies of all Speakers no longer alive . Green , Matthew N. The Speaker of the House : A Study of Leadership ( Yale University Press ; 2010 ) 292 pages ; Examines partisan pressures and other factors that shaped the leadership of the speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives ; focuses on the period since 1940 . Grossman , Mark . Speakers of the House of Representatives ( Amenia , NY : Grey House Publishing , 2009 ) . The comprehensive work on the subject , covering , in depth , the lives of the Speakers from Frederick Muhlenberg to Nancy Pelosi . Remini , Robert V . The House : the History of the House of Representatives ( Smithsonian Books , 2006 ) . The standard scholarly history . Rohde , David W. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House ( 1991 ) . Smock , Raymond W. , and Susan W. Hammond , eds . Masters of the House : Congressional Leadership Over Two Centuries ( 1998 ) . Short biographies of key leaders . Zelizer . Julian E. ed . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy ( 2004 ) . A comprehensive history by 40 scholars . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Not a sitting member of the House of Representatives . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives '' . Clerk.house.gov . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ See the United States Presidential Line of Succession statute , 3 U.S.C. § 19 Jump up ^ Beth , Richard S. ; Heitshusen , Valerie ( January 4 , 2017 ) . Speakers of the House : Elections , 1913 - 2017 ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` We 're sorry , that page ca n't be found '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Ripley , Party Leaders in the House of Representatives , pp. 98 - 99 . Jump up ^ `` Muhlenberg , Frederick Augustus Conrad '' http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001063 . Jump up ^ Oswald Seidensticker , `` Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg , Speaker of the House of Representatives , in the First Congress , 1789 , '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography Vol. 13 , No. 2 ( Jul. 1889 ) , pp. 184 - 206 in JSTOR Jump up ^ C Stewart III , Architect or tactician ? Henry Clay and the institutional development of the US House of Representatives '' 1998 , online Jump up ^ Robinson , William A. `` Thomas B. Reed , Parliamentarian '' . The American Historical Review , October 1931 . pp. 137 -- 138 . Jump up ^ Oleszek , Walter J. ( December 1998 ) . `` A Pre-Twentieth Century Look at the House Committee on Rules '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2005 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Charles O. Jones , `` Joseph G. Cannon and Howard W. Smith : An Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the House of Representatives , '' Journal of Politics ( 1968 ) , 30 : 617 - 646 doi : 10.2307 / 2128798 Jump up ^ `` Sam Rayburn House Museum '' . Texas Historical Commission . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ See Party Divisions of United States Congresses ^ Jump up to : Condon , Stephanie ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` GOP to Launch `` Fire Pelosi '' Bus Tour `` . CBS News . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Ray ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Nancy Pelosi : House Speaker 's Exclusive Interview With Diane Sawyer -- ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bush , George W. ( January 23 , 2007 ) . `` President Bush Delivers State of the Union Address '' . The White House . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins . Ordeal of the Union , Volume II : A House Dividing 1852 -- 1857 ( New York , 1947 ) , 413 - 415 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins . The Emergence of Lincoln , Volume II : Prologue to Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ( New York , 1950 ) , 116 - 123 . Jump up ^ San Francisco Commission on the Status of Women Archived September 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... City & County of San Francisco , November 16 , 2006 . Retrieved on July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John M. Broder ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` Jubilant Democrats Assume Control on Capitol Hill '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Pelosi steeled White House for health push -- Carrie Budoff Brown and Glenn Thrush '' . Politico.Com . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hurst , Steven R. ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Republicans take charge of US House , poised for clashes with Obama over spending , health care '' . 1310 News . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Speaker of the House Law & Legal Definition . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Speaker Pro Tempore Law & Legal Definition . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( Americapedia : Taking the Dumb Out of Freedom Jodi Lynn Anderson , Daniel Ehrenhaft & Andisheh Nouraee ) 2011 , Bloomsbury Publishing Page 26 . Jump up ^ Heitshusen , Valerie ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Electing the Speaker of the House of Representatives : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Shesgreen , Deirdre ; Allen , Cooper ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Speaker John Boehner to resign from Congress '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 581 '' . Clerk of US House of Representatives . October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` Speaker of the House of Representatives '' . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Official Website , Information about role as party leader , powers as presiding officer . `` Capitol Questions . '' C - SPAN ( 2003 ) . Notable elections and role . The Cannon Centenary Conference : The Changing Nature of the Speakership. ( 2003 ) . House Document 108 - 204 . History , nature and role of the Speakership . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to Congress , 5th ed. ( 2000 ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Press . Wilson , Woodrow. ( 1885 ) . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin . Current U.S. presidential line of succession Preceded by Vice President Mike Pence 2nd in line Succeeded by President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Muhlenberg Trumbull Dayton Sedgwick Macon Varnum Clay Cheves Taylor Barbour Stevenson Bell Polk Hunter White Jones Davis Winthrop Cobb Boyd Banks Orr Pennington Grow Colfax Pomeroy Blaine Kerr Randall Keifer Carlisle Reed Crisp Henderson Cannon Clark Gillett Longworth Garner Rainey Byrns Bankhead Rayburn Martin McCormack Albert O'Neill Wright Foley Gingrich Hastert Pelosi Boehner Ryan Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( John Sullivan ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( Jim Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Alex Azar ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( Robert Wilkie ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Kirstjen Nielsen ) Jump up ^ Sullivan serves as the Acting Secretary of State , and is thus ineligible for the presidency . Mike Pompeo has been formally nominated for the position by Donald Trump . Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the presidency . 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-7109276337855621246	Shark fin soup	Shark fin soup - wikipedia Shark fin soup Jump to : navigation , search Shark fin soup Alternative names Shark 's fin soup Type Soup Place of origin China Main ingredients Shark fins , broth Cookbook : Shark fin soup Media : Shark fin soup Shark fin soup Traditional Chinese 魚翅 Simplified Chinese 鱼翅 Hanyu Pinyin yú chì Literal meaning Fish fin ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin yú chì Wade -- Giles yü ch'ih Hakka Romanization ng chi Yue : Cantonese Jyutping jyu4 ci3 Southern Min Hokkien POJ hî - tshì , hû - tshì Shark fin soup ( or shark 's fin soup ) is a traditional soup or stewed dish found in Chinese cuisine and Vietnamese cuisine . The shark fins provide texture , while the taste comes from the other soup ingredients . It is commonly served at special occasions such as weddings and banquets , or as a luxury item in Chinese culture . The soup originated centuries ago during the Song dynasty , serving the imperial family and court members . During the Ming dynasty , the dish 's popularity increased and by the time of the Qing dynasty was in high demand . Once commercial fishing and trade increased , the soup became highly sought - after as income levels of Chinese communities rose worldwide . International concerns over the sustainability and welfare of sharks have impacted consumption and availability of the soup . Consumption reduced by 50 -- 70 % in China between 2011 and 2013 . Imitation shark fin soup has become a popular alternative , which uses substitutes to replicate the fins ' chewy , gelatinous texture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preparation 2 Taste 3 Health impact 4 Market and demand 4.1 Early use 4.2 Demand peaks , c. 2000 4.3 Demand declines , 2005 -- present 5 Ethical and Environmental concerns 6 Campaigns 7 Imitation shark fin soup 7.1 Imitation shark fins 7.2 History 7.3 Controversy 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Preparation ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2017 ) Traditional shark fin soup or stew is made with fins obtained from a variety of shark species . Raw fins are processed by first removing the skin and denticles , then trimming them to shape and bleaching to a more - desirable colour . Sharks ' fins are sold dried , cooked , wet and frozen . Ready - to - eat shark fin soup is also available in Asian markets . Dried fins come cooked / skinned ( shredded ) and raw / unskinned ( whole ) , the latter requiring more preparation . Both need to be softened before they can be used to prepare soup . Taste ( edit ) The taste in the soup comes from the broth , as the near tasteless fins are used for their `` chewy , sinewy , stringy '' texture . Krista Mahr of TIME called it `` somewhere between chewy and crunchy . '' Dave Lieberman of OC Weekly wrote that it is a `` snappy , gelatinous texture '' . Most Westerners ' reaction to eating shark fins for the first time is that they have almost no taste . Health impact ( edit ) See also : Mercury in fish Shark fins and other shark parts for sale in a Chinese pharmacy in Yokohama , Japan There is no scientific evidence that shark fins can be used to treat any medical condition . Sharks biomagnify toxins , so eating shark meat may raise the risk of dementia and heavy metal poisoning such as mercury poisoning . Shark fins are believed in Chinese culture to have properties boosting sexual potency , enhancing skin quality , increasing qi or energy , preventing heart disease , and lowering cholesterol . In traditional Chinese medicine , shark fins are believed to help in areas of rejuvenation , appetite enhancement , and blood nourishment and to be beneficial to vital energy , kidneys , lungs , bones , and many other parts of the body . There are claims that shark fins prevent cancer ; however , there is no scientific evidence , and one study found shark cartilage generally to be of no value in cancer treatment . Vitamin content of typical shark fin soup is much less than that of typical vegetable soup , containing almost no vitamin A. However , it contains slightly more iron , zinc , riboflavin , and phosphorus than normal vegetable soup . WildAid , a wildlife non-governmental organization , warned that eating too much shark fin can cause sterility in men . It is known that larger fish such as shark , tuna , and swordfish contain high levels of mercury and methylmercury salts . For soon - to - be-pregnant women , pregnant women , nursing mothers and young children , the United States Food and Drug Administration has advised avoiding consumption of fish high in mercury . High concentrations of BMAA are present in shark fins . Because BMAA is a neurotoxin , consumption of shark fin soup and cartilage pills may pose a risk for degenerative brain diseases ( such as Alzheimer 's and Lou Gehrig Disease ) . Counterfeit shark fins often also contain toxins . Market and demand ( edit ) Restaurant sign - board , Chénghuángmiào , Shanghai , China ( 2009 ) Shark fin soup has a long history , but is recently declining in popularity . Early Use ( edit ) Shark fin soup dates back to Song dynasty in AD 968 , serving the imperial family and court members . Its origin is traced to the dynasty 's founder , the Emperor Taizu of Song ( Zhao Kuangyin ) , who created the soup to showcase his status . The Song 's upper - class members took pride in indulging in the most lavish and sumptuous luxuries , and were willing to try exotic and unfamiliar new dishes including shark fin soup . In the 15th century , the dish 's popularity increased when Ming dynasty admiral Zheng He brought large quantities of shark fins to China from East Africa , following his fourth expedition of the Treasure Voyages . Since then , shark fin soup became an established dish in Chinese cuisine and was considered to be one of the eight treasured foods from the sea . It was popular with Chinese emperors since the 10th century because it was rare , and tasty only after a complicated and elaborate preparation . By the time of the Qing dynasty , shark fin soup was in high demand . Its manual of cuisine , the Suiyuan shidan , indicates that the shark fin was eaten as soup , stew , and even as a stir - fry , but in all cases the fin had to be boiled for two days . The popularity of shark fin soup rose in the late 18th and early 19th centuries as standards of living began to improve . Demand peaks , C. 2000 ( edit ) In the late twentieth century , shark fin soup was a popular delicacy in China , and was eaten in Chinese restaurants around the world . The increasing wealth of the middle class raised demand . The shark fin trade more than doubled between 1985 and 2001 . Based on information gathered from the Hong Kong trade in fins , the market was estimated in 2004 to be growing by 5 % each year . Consumption of shark fin soup had risen dramatically with the affluence of the middle class , as Chinese communities around the world enjoyed increasing income levels . The high price of the soup meant it was often used as a way to impress guests , or for celebrations such as weddings , banquets , and important business deals . It was used to communicate wealth , power , and prestige , as it was believed to show respect , honor , and appreciation to guests , with 58 percent of those questioned in the WWF survey indicating they ate the soup at a celebration or gathering . In Hong Kong restaurants , where the market had been strong , demand from Hong Kong natives had reportedly dropped in 2006 . This was more than balanced by an increase in demand from the Chinese mainland , where economic growth put the expensive delicacy within the reach of an expanding middle class . A survey carried out in China in 2006 by WildAid and the Chinese Wildlife Conservation Association found that 35 % of participants said they had consumed shark fin soup in the last year , while 83 % of participants in an online survey conducted by the World Wide Fund for Nature said that they had consumed shark fin soup at some time . Shark fins are imported in massive amounts by Vietnam . Demand declines , 2005 -- present ( edit ) Yao Ming , a basketball player who campaigns against shark fin soup By late 2013 , a report in The Washington Post indicated that shark fin soup was no longer seen as fashionable in China . The movement against shark fin soup began in 2006 , when WildAid enlisted Chinese basketball star Yao Ming as spokesperson for a public relations campaign against the dish . The campaign was taken up by a coalition of Chinese businessmen , celebrities , and students . Businessman - turned - environmentalist Jim Zhang helped to raise concern within China 's government , which pledged in 2012 to ban shark fin soup from official banquets within three years . In January 2013 , China Daily reported that officials in Zhejiang province found that many shark fin soup restaurants were selling artificial shark fins , and that one - third of the samples that the officials had obtained contained dangerous amounts of cadmium and methylmercury . Within two months of the China Daily report , China ordered officials throughout the country to stop serving dishes made from protected wildlife at official banquets , and the Hong Kong government issued a similar order in September . According to WildAid , consumption of shark fin soup in China has dropped by 50 -- 70 % from 2011 to 2013 . China 's commerce ministry indicated that consumption of shark fin soup during the 2013 Spring Break holiday had decreased by 70 percent from 2012 , and Hong Kong industry groups reported that shark fin imports were down by 20 to 30 percent from 2012 . Also , anecdotal evidence points to a worldwide drop in shark fin prices and a move away from shark fishing in parts of Africa . Ethical and environmental concerns ( edit ) Finned sharks Main article : Shark finning Further information : Overfishing Shark fins used in the soup are the cartilaginous dorsal , pectoral and caudal fins . These are sometimes harvested by a process known as shark finning , which takes only the fins and discards the carcass , alive or dead . Overfishing poses a major threat to the world 's shark populations . Some groups , such as Fins Attached , Shark Savers , IUCN , Shark Angels , Shark Whisperer and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society , discourage consumption of the soup due to concerns with the world 's shark population and how sharks are inhumanely finned alive and returned to the ocean , unable to swim , hunt or survive . The prevalence of shark finning and the sustainability of shark species are both debated . Some feel banning the dish is offensive . Major hotel operators such as The Peninsula Hotels and Shangri - La Hotels and Resorts stopped serving shark fin soup in favor of offering sustainable seafood . The three largest supermarket chains in Singapore -- Cold Storage , NTUC FairPrice and Carrefour -- have stopped selling shark fins , citing sustainability concerns . Hong Kong Disneyland dropped the soup from its menu after it could not find a sustainable source . The University of Hong Kong banned serving shark fin soup , hoping `` to give a lead which others in Hong Kong will follow '' . Malaysia 's Natural Resources and Environment Ministry banned shark fin soup from official functions in a commitment to the Malaysian Nature Society to conserve the shark species . In the United States , Hawaii , Washington , Oregon , California , Guam , and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands have banned the sale and possession of shark fins , effectively eliminating the availability of the soup . Illinois , which had been a large importer of shark fins , was the fifth U.S. state , and the first non-Pacific state , to implement a ban on shark fin trade . In 2011 , U.S. President Barack Obama signed the Shark Conservation Act , closing loopholes used to obtain shark fins . In October 2011 , California governor Jerry Brown , citing the cruelty of finning and potential threats to the environment and commercial fishing , signed Assembly Bill 376 , banning the possession and sale of detached shark fins . Opponents charged the ban was discriminatory against Chinese , the main consumers of the shark fin soup , when federal laws already banned the practice of finning . Whole sharks would still be legally fished , but the fins could no longer be sold . A lawsuit has been filed in United States District Court for the Northern District of California by Chinese American groups seeking to overturn the ban . In Canada , the Vancouver city council decided to work towards creating a ban to preserve shark species . Toronto joined other regional municipalities in adopting a shark fin ban on 13 October 2011 . The Ontario Superior Court of Justice overturned the Toronto bylaw , as it was outside the powers of the city . Calgary banned shark fin soup on 16 July 2012 , but in May 2013 shelved the bylaw indefinitely . On 2 July 2012 , the State Council of the People 's Republic of China declared that shark fin soup can no longer be served at official banquets . This ban may take up to three years to take effect because of the social significance of the dish in Chinese culture . Campaigns ( edit ) The marine conservation organization Bite - Back has campaigned against the sale of shark fin soup in Britain . On the back of its campaigning , the London - based Michelin - starred Chinese restaurant Hakkasan agreed to stop selling the controversial soup . High - profile names such as Gordon Ramsay , Hugh Fearnley - Whittingstall , and Charles Clover , author of The End of the Line : How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What We Eat , have lent their support to the charity 's ' Hacked Off ' campaign . Imitation shark fin soup ( edit ) Imitation shark fin soup A bowl of imitation shark fin soup , served in 2017 in California for a Chinese American family during Chinese New Year . Alternative names Mock shark fin soup , vegetarian shark fin soup Type Soup Place of origin China Region or state Hong Kong Main ingredients Imitation shark fins ( may use konjac gel , cellophane noodles , vermicelli , shark fin melon , or other alternatives ) , broth Cookbook : Imitation shark fin soup Media : Imitation shark fin soup Imitation shark fin soup Traditional Chinese 碗仔翅 Simplified Chinese 碗仔翅 Hanyu Pinyin wǎn zǎi chì Literal meaning Fin in little bowl ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin wǎn zǎi chì Yue : Cantonese Jyutping wun2 zai2 ci3 Imitation shark fin soup is a noodle soup often sold in small bowls by street vendors in Hong Kong , where it is a common street snack . It is a substitute for shark fin soup , a dish condemned by the Humane Society International , which says tens of millions of sharks are cruelly killed each year for their fins . Imitation shark fin soup is also a more affordable alternative to shark fin soup . A popular , low - cost imitation shark fin soup ( 碗仔翅 ) made using vermicelli is widely available in Asia . They can also be made from cellophane noodles . Seafood companies in Asia later developed edible gelatinous products to imitate shark fins ' qualities , commonly referred as `` imitation shark fins '' . Imitation shark fins ( edit ) A block of frozen imitation shark fin . Substitutes for shark include imitation shark fin , konjac gel , various forms of noodles , and others . `` Mock shark 's fin '' soup appeared in Hong Kong during the 1970s . From the 1990s onward , It became popular in many restaurants throughout China . A Taiwanese manufacturer 's recipe for imitation shark fin ( 素翅 ) contains water , gelatin , alginic acid , sugar , casein , and triolein to reproduce the chewy , gelatinous texture of shark fins . It is known as suchì in Chinese Mandarin and sou ci in Chinese Cantonese , literally means `` vegetarian fin '' . Koncac gel ( known as moyu tofu in Chinese Mandarin , mo wu dau fu in Chinese Cantonese , and konnyaku in Japanese ) can also be used as a substitute for shark fin once it is shredded into thin strands using a grater or food processor . While cellophane noodles are also often used as an alternative to shark fins , some cooks find them too soft and unable to withstand simmering long enough for flavors to be absorbed . Other substitutes include cucurbita ficifolia ( shark fin melon ) , chicken breast , jinhua ham , vermicelli , soy , and pig 's skin or gelatin . Edible mushrooms , kelps , seaweeds , bean sprouts , bamboo shoots , and beaten eggs are added , as in the traditional soup . In 2015 , a seafood company from San Francisco was working on a variation of imitation shark fin using algae - derived ingredients and recombinant proteins . Alternatives to shark fin are inexpensive and easier to prepare . Imitation shark fin , konjac gel , and other alternatives can be purchased in preserved form from Asian supermarkets and convenience stores . History ( edit ) Imitation shark fin soup originated from Temple Street in Hong Kong during the 1950s and 1960s . Few people at that time could afford genuine shark fin soup , but street vendors collected the broken parts of shark fins discarded by Chinese restaurants , cooked them with mushrooms , egg , and pork , as well as soy sauce and other ingredients . Cooking the mixture into a soup , it was served in a small bowl . This soup was inexpensive and lacked the authentic flavour but since it was cheap , tasty and contained lots of ingredients , it was popular among the poor and became one of the famous street - side snacks in Hong Kong . Apart from the street - side , imitation shark fin soup may also be found in fast food stores and expensive Chinese restaurants in Hong Kong , and also on mainland China . Since April 2016 , Cup Noodles released various instant imitation shark fin ramen soups . Controversy ( edit ) False descriptions of goods and services are prohibited by the Trade Descriptions Ordinance in Hong Kong . Thus , imitation shark fin soup may have to change its Cantonese name since `` wun tsai chi '' ( literally : `` fin in little bowl '' ) may mislead customers into thinking there is real shark fin in it . However , many argue against this new policy ; some claim that the name is tied to the Hong Kong people 's collective memories and culture , representing the history of old Hong Kong . It would also be inconvenient for tourists seeking the dish . Opponents of the name change suggest the government should consider whether customers are misled before carrying out the policy . See also ( edit ) Food portal Bird 's nest soup Buddha Jumps Over the Wall , a soup containing shark fin Endangered sharks ; many sharks are endangered as a consequence of the market for shark fins List of Chinese soups List of delicacies List of soups Sharkfin and prawn dumpling in superior soup Shark meat Sharkwater , 2007 documentary film United States v. Approximately 64,695 Pounds of Shark Fins , a 2008 court decision References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Keith Bradsher , Disneyland in China Offers a Soup and Lands in a Stew , 17 June 2005 The New York Times Jump up ^ `` In China , victory for wildlife conservation as citizens persuaded to give up shark fin soup - The Washington Post '' . www.washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAO Techpaper 389 , Background info '' . FAO . Retrieved 16 January 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Shark 's Fin in Chinese Cooking '' . chinesefood-recipes.com . Retrieved 6 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Lieberman , Dave ( 3 May 2010 ) . `` Why Is Shark 's Fin So Controversial ? '' . Orange County Weekly . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seafoods 3 : Two Ways of Preparing Shark Fin ( 魚翅二法 ) '' . 2014 . Jump up ^ Mahr , Krista ( 9 August 2010 ) . `` Shark - Fin Soup and the Conservation Challenge '' . TIME . ^ Jump up to : Kiyo Mondo ; Neil Hammerschlag ; Margaret Basile ; John Pablo ; Sandra A. Banack ; Deborah C. Mash ( 2012 ) . `` Cyanobacterial Neurotoxin β - N - Methylamino - L - alanine ( BMAA ) in Shark Fins '' . Marine Drugs . 10 ( 2 ) : 509 -- 520 . PMC 3297012 . PMID 22412816 . doi : 10.3390 / md10020509 . ^ Jump up to : `` Neurotoxins in shark fins : A human health concern '' . Science Daily . 23 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beware of shark meat , FDA warns '' . CNN . 26 April 1996 . ^ Jump up to : `` Watch out for shark fin soup '' . China Daily . Retrieved 21 May 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Woo , Joyce ( 5 September 2010 ) . `` Shark tale : Hong Kong 's use of fins as a delicacy under fire '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative approaches to prostate cancer treatment . '' . Retrieved 23 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Pollack , Andrew ( 3 June 2007 ) . `` Shark Cartilage , Not a Cancer Therapy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 August 2009 . Jump up ^ The results of a study sponsored by the National Cancer Institute , and led by Dr. Charles Lu of the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston , Texas , were presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology on 2 June 2007 in Chicago . Cancer patients treated with extracts from shark cartilage had a shorter median lifespan than patients receiving a placebo . `` Shark fin wo n't help fight cancer , but ginseng will '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer. 4 June 2007 . pp. A1 , A4 . Retrieved 24 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shark Fin Soup Nutrition Facts '' . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vegetarian Vegetable Soup Nutrition Facts '' . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What You Need to Know about Mercury in Fish and Shellfish '' ( PDF ) . FDA . Retrieved 2004 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` What You Need to Know about Mercury in Fish and Shellfish '' . EPA . Retrieved 2004 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` China shark fin sellers serve up fake products complete with toxins '' . CleanBiz.Asia. 10 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of Shark Fin Soup '' . Shark Truth . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Larson - Wang , Jessica . `` A Brief History of Shark Fin Soup '' . The Culture Trip . The Culture Trip Ltd . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Vannuccini , S. ( 1999 ) . `` Shark utilization , marketing and trade '' . FAO Fisheries Technical Paper . Rome : FAO. 389 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Barboza , David ( 13 August 2006 ) . `` Waiter , There 's a Celebrity in My Shark Fin Soup '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Recipes : Shark 's Fin Soup '' . The New York Times . 3 November 1982 . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Lauren . `` Shark fin soup : a dangerous delicacy for humans and sharks alike '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Eilperin , Juliet . `` Sharkonomics : What 's good for sharks is good for the economy . '' . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Laura Marquez ( 30 October 2006 ) . `` Decimating Shark Population for Some Soup '' . ABC News . Retrieved 8 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Karliah Brown ( 27 May 1999 ) . `` Fins for sale '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 8 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Media silent on shark fin soup affair '' . The Standard . 1 September 2006 . Retrieved 8 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Bird , Maryann ( 26 February 2001 ) . `` Man Bites Shark '' . TIME . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Julie Chao ( 19 May 2004 ) . `` Chinese Taste For Endangered Seafood Growing '' . Cox News Service . Retrieved 8 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Shark fin soup alters an ecosystem '' . CNN . 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yao Ming unlikely to curb China 's shark fin appetite '' . The Taipei Times . 3 May 2006 . Retrieved 8 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Fleshler , David ; Lelis , Ludmilla ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` Demand for delicacy puts sharks in peril '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Viegas , Jennifer ( 1 December 2009 ) . `` Shark fins traced to endangered populations '' . MSNBC . Discovery News . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWF Marine Awareness Survey : Seafood consumption '' ( PDF ) . WWF. 13 October 2005 . Retrieved 8 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Beachy , Ben ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Sharks , Tigers , and Elephants : New Analysis Reveals TPP Threats to Endangered Species '' . Sierra Club . ^ Jump up to : Denyer , Simon ( 19 October 2013 ) . `` In China , victory for wildlife conservation as citizens persuaded to give up shark fin soup '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Louis ( 2007 ) . The End of the Line ( PDF ) . WildAid . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Lem , Sharon ( 5 July 2011 ) . `` Shark fins banned in Oakville '' . Toronto Sun . Archived from the original on 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Giam , Choo Hoo ( 1 December 2006 ) . `` Shark fin 's soup -- eat without guilt '' ( PDF ) . The Straits Times . Jump up ^ Li , Zoe ( 8 March 2011 ) . `` Is a shark 's fin ban anti-Chinese ? '' . CNNGo . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hong Kong 's shark fin traders feel pressure '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 28 November 2011 . Retrieved 17 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shark Fins off the menu at top hotel '' . CNN . 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shangri - La Announces Sustainable Seafood Policy and Discontinuing Use of All Shark Fin Products in 72 Hotels and Resorts '' . Shangrila. 17 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Carrefour says no to shark 's fin '' . Yahoo !. 7 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Chester Yung and Teddy Ng ( 25 June 2005 ) . `` Disney ditches shark 's fin '' . The Standard . Retrieved 8 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Doug Crets and Mimi Lau ( 3 November 2005 ) . `` HKU bans shark fin dishes '' . The Standard . Retrieved 8 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ChannelNewsAsia.com , Malaysian ministry bans shark 's fin soup '' . Channel NewsAsia. 15 September 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii : Shark Fin Soup Is Off the Menu '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 29 May 2010 . p . A16 . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . Gov. Linda Lingle signed a bill on Friday prohibiting the possession , sale , trade or distribution of shark fins , which are used in expensive Chinese dishes . Jump up ^ `` Washington bans sale , trade of shark fins '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 1 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Oregon House of Representatives bills of 2011 Oregon 's shark fin bill was HB 2838 by Representative Brad Witt . Passed Senate unanimously , passed House 58 to 1 . Signed into law by Governor John Kitzhaber on 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bills Signed by Oregon Governor Kitzhaber '' . Data.oregon.gov . Retrieved 1 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harmon , Steven ( 8 October 2011 ) . `` Gov. Jerry Brown signs bill banning shark fins in California '' . San Jose Mercury News . Archived from the original on 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guam Moves to Protect Sharks -- Governor Calvo Signs Shark Fin Ban Into Law in Guam '' . Reuters. 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 23 June 2011 ... Guam has now become the third place in the Pacific that has taken a definite stand against shark finning , the trade of fins and shark fin soup . Jump up ^ `` Shark Fin Possession Bill Made Law Today in Guam '' . Guammicronesiadivetravel.com . Retrieved 1 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois Becomes Fifth State to Ban Shark Fin Trade '' . Humane Society of the United States . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Schiffman , Lizzie ( 2 July 2012 ) . `` Illinois Shark Fin Ban : First Inland State Adopts Policy Against Fin Sale , Trade '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official California Legislative Information : AB 376 '' . Jump up ^ Steven Harmon ( 3 January 2013 ) . `` Federal judge deals setback to group trying to overturn California ban on shark fin soup '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shark fin ban sought by Vancouver council '' . CBC News . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Peat , Don . `` Committee approves shark fin ban '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Ian . `` Judge overturns shark fin ban in Toronto '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` City council votes 13 -- 2 to ban sale , possession of shark fins '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` City Council indefinitely shelves shark fin ban '' . Global News . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Wassener , Bettina ( 3 July 2012 ) . `` China Says No More Shark Fin Soup at State Banquets '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Jerome ; Morris , Sophie ( 3 September 2008 ) . `` Hakkasan drops its famed £ 40 shark fin soup over ethics - News - Food & Drink '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon fronts Bite - Back ' Soup - er ' stars '' . SportDiver.co.uk. 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Shark Finning . Humane Society International . ^ Jump up to : Better than the real thing : Hong Kong 's imitation shark fin 27 May 2011 . CNNGo . Jump up ^ `` Better than the real thing : Hong Kong 's imitation shark 's fin '' . CNN Travel . 27 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sharks Fin Soup '' . Fodor 's . Fodor 's Travel . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ho , Christine . `` Imitation Shark Fin Soup '' . Christine 's Recipes . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Kho , Kian ( 2015 ) . Phoenix Claws and Jade Trees : Essential Techniques of Authentic Chinese Cooking . New York : Clarkson Potter . p. 278 . ISBN 9780385344692 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kho , Kian . `` Banning Shark Fins from Shark Fin Soup '' . Red Cook . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Ho , Christine . `` Imitation Shark Fin Soup '' . Christine 's Recipes . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Faux Fins Could Save 70 Million Sharks '' . Seeker.com . Group Nine . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , Alex . `` Get Ready For Shark Fin Cup Noodles Soup '' . Uproxx . Uproxx . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ 食家憂碗仔翅留不住 Further reading ( edit ) Baum J.K. , Myers R.A. , Kehler D.G. , Worm B. , Harley S.J. , Doherty P.A. ( 2003 ) `` Collapse and conservation of shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic '' . Science , 299 ( 5605 ) : 389 -- 392 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1079777 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shark fin soup . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vegetarian shark fin soup . Decimating Shark Population for Some Soup -- ABC News , 30 October 2006 Fisherman holds shark fin -- by The Smithsonian Institution : Ocean Portal How Sharks Have Paid the Price for Demand for Shark Fin Soup -- at the Voice of America 's Special English Branch Shark Truth -- a grassroots nonprofit dedicated to promoting awareness , education , and action about shark fin soup in the Chinese community ' Fin -- help end the horror ' -- anti-shark - finning advert produced by Ogilvy & Mather for Bite - Back ( hide ) Seafood Fish Anchovy Billfish Carp Catfish Cod Eel Flatfish Flounder Herring Mackerel Salmon Sardine Shark Sturgeon Swordfish Tilapia Trout Tuna Whitebait Shellfish Abalone Cockles Crab meat Crayfish Geoduck Krill Lobster Mussels Oysters Scallops Shrimp Sea urchins Crustaceans Molluscs Other seafood Edible seaweed Jellyfish Marine mammals Octopus Sea cucumber Squid Whale meat Sea vegetables Algae List of seafoods more ... 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2531516684687563287	Can't You See (The Marshall Tucker Band song)	Ca n't You See ( the Marshall Tucker Band song ) - wikipedia Ca n't You See ( the Marshall Tucker Band song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Ca n't You See '' Single by The Marshall Tucker Band from the album The Marshall Tucker Band Released 1973 ( Original release ) 1977 ( Re-release ) Recorded 1973 Genre Country rock , southern rock Length 6 : 05 Label Capricorn Songwriter ( s ) Toy Caldwell Producer ( s ) Paul Hornsby The Marshall Tucker Band singles chronology `` Ca n't You See '' ( 1973 ) `` My Jesus '' ( 1973 ) `` Ca n't You See '' ( 1973 ) `` My Jesus '' ( 1973 ) `` Heard It in a Love Song '' ( 1977 ) Heard It in a Love Song 1977 `` Ca n't You See '' ( 1977 ) Ca n't You See1977 `` Dream Lover '' ( 1978 ) Dream Lover1978 `` Ca n't You See '' is a song written by Toy Caldwell of The Marshall Tucker Band . The song was originally recorded by the band on their 1973 debut album , The Marshall Tucker Band , and released as the album 's first single . It was re-released in 1977 and peaked at number 75 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Cover versions of `` Ca n't You See '' have charted for Waylon Jennings ( in 1976 ) and the Zac Brown Band with Kid Rock ( 2010 ) . The song is featured in the 2001 films Blow and Scotland , PA , the 2008 Joshua Michael Stern film Swing Vote , and at least two commercials : one for Busch Beer ( 2011 ) and one for tourism in Gatlinburg , Tennessee ( 2012 ) . A live version is included as the final track on the band 's 1975 album , Searchin ' for a Rainbow . The original recording is noted for its flute introduction and ending , both by Jerry Eubanks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Artistry 2 Cover versions 2.1 Waylon Jennings 2.2 Other versions 3 Chart performance 3.1 The Marshall Tucker Band 3.2 Waylon Jennings 3.3 Zac Brown Band with Kid Rock 4 References 5 External links Artistry ( edit ) The song , musically , is a cross between country rock and Southern rock . The lyrics are noted as being dark , reflecting heartache and `` a man running as far away as he can to begin the process of healing himself '' . Cover versions ( edit ) Waylon Jennings ( edit ) `` Ca n't You See '' Single by Waylon Jennings from the album Are You Ready for the Country B - side `` I 'll Go Back To Her '' Released July 1976 Genre Country Length 3 : 46 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Toy Caldwell Producer ( s ) Waylon Jennings Ken Mansfield Waylon Jennings singles chronology `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' ( 1975 ) `` Ca n't You See '' ( 1976 ) `` Are You Ready for the Country '' ( 1976 ) `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' ( 1975 ) `` Ca n't You See '' ( 1976 ) `` Are You Ready for the Country '' ( 1976 ) `` Ca n't You See '' was covered by American country music artist Waylon Jennings for his 1976 album Are You Ready for the Country . Jennings ' version was released as the album 's first single in July 1976 and peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart . It also reached number 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada . Other versions ( edit ) Hank Williams , Jr. covered `` Ca n't You See '' for his album Hank Williams , Jr. and Friends in 1975 . The Minglewood Band of the Canadian Maritimes covered `` Ca n't You See '' from their self - penned 1979 album , which became a much - requested staple of its live act . The Charlie Daniels Band covered `` Ca n't You See '' for their 1981 live album Volunteer Jam VII and the 1999 album Tailgate Party . Alabama covered `` Ca n't You See '' for their 1988 Alabama Live album with Jeff Cook on lead vocals . The Zac Brown Band , along with Kid Rock , covered `` Ca n't You See '' on their 2010 live benefit album , Pass the Jar . Black Stone Cherry covered the song on their 2011 album Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea . Poison covered the song on their album Poison 'd in 2007 . The Allman Brothers Band covered the song live with Kid Rock in 2009 . Sam Morrison Band of Fullerton , CA covered the song in their self - titled CD around 2008 and later covered it again as a single in 2013 . Lost Possum covered `` Ca n't You See '' on their 2008 album , Juggernaut . Halfway to Gone covered `` Ca n't You See '' for the compilation album Sucking the 70s . DJ Andy Beneker ( DJ AndyB ) covered the song in 2014 as a mashup with Nelly 's Country Grammar . Vinyl Gypsies cover at the Chop Shop 08 / 27 / 2016 Chart performance ( edit ) The Marshall Tucker Band ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 8 Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 75 Canadian RPM Top Singles 57 Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary 39 Waylon Jennings ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 97 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Zac Brown Band with Kid Rock ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 11 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://ultimateclassicrock.com/marshall-tucker-band-cant-you-see-top-100-classic-rock-songs/ Jump up ^ `` The Marshall Tucker Band singles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings singles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Singles for October 9 , 1976 '' . RPM . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Allan . `` Minglewood Band - The Minglewood Band Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Marshall Tucker Band Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Marshall Tucker Band Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Zac Brown Band Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` ( I 'm A ) Stand by My Woman Man '' by Ronnie Milsap RPM Country Tracks number - one single October 2 , 1976 Succeeded by `` All I Can Do '' by Dolly Parton ( hide ) Waylon Jennings Albums Singles Studio albums Waylon at JD 's Folk - Country Leavin ' Town Nashville Rebel Waylon Sings Ol ' Harlan Love of the Common People The One and Only Hangin ' On Only the Greatest Jewels Just to Satisfy You Waylon Singer of Sad Songs The Taker / Tulsa Cedartown , Georgia Good Hearted Woman Ladies Love Outlaws Lonesome , On'ry and Mean Honky Tonk Heroes This Time The Ramblin ' Man Dreaming My Dreams Are You Ready for the Country Ol ' Waylon I 've Always Been Crazy What Goes Around Comes Around Music Man Black on Black It 's Only Rock + Roll Waylon and Company Never Could Toe the Mark Turn the Page Sweet Mother Texas Will the Wolf Survive Hangin ' Tough A Man Called Hoss Full Circle The Eagle Too Dumb for New York City , Too Ugly for L.A. Ol ' Waylon Sings Ol ' Hank Cowboys , Sisters , Rascals & Dirt Waymore 's Blues ( Part II ) Right for the Time Closing In on the Fire Waylon Forever Goin ' Down Rockin ' : The Last Recordings Live albums Waylon Live Never Say Die : Live Live from Austin , TX Never Say Die : The Final Concert Notable singles 1960s `` That 's the Chance I 'll Have to Take '' `` Stop the World ( And Let Me Off ) '' `` Anita , You 're Dreaming '' `` Time to Bum Again '' `` ( That 's What You Get ) For Lovin ' Me '' `` Green River '' `` Mental Revenge '' `` The Chokin ' Kind '' `` Walk On Out of My Mind '' `` I Got You '' with Anita Carter `` Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line '' `` Yours Love '' `` Something 's Wrong in California '' `` The Days of Sand and Shovels '' `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' 1970s `` Singer of Sad Songs '' `` The Taker '' `` ( Do n't Let the Sun Set on You ) Tulsa '' `` Mississippi Woman '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' with Jessi Colter `` Cedartown , Georgia '' `` Good Hearted Woman '' `` Sweet Dream Woman '' `` Pretend I Never Happened '' `` You Can Have Her '' `` We Had It All '' `` You Ask Me To '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm a Ramblin ' Man '' `` Rainy Day Woman '' `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' `` Bob Wills Is Still the King '' `` Ca n't You See '' `` Are You Ready for the Country '' `` Luckenbach , Texas ( Back to the Basics of Love ) '' `` I 've Always Been Crazy '' `` Do n't You Think This Outlaw Bit 's Done Got Out of Hand '' `` Amanda '' `` Come With Me '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' 1980s -- 1990s `` Clyde '' `` Good Ol ' Boys '' `` Storms Never Last '' with Jessi Colter `` Shine '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' with Willie Nelson `` Women Do Know How to Carry On '' `` Lucille ( You Wo n't Do Your Daddy 's Will ) '' `` Breakin ' Down '' `` Hold On , I 'm Comin ' '' with Jerry Reed `` The Conversation '' with Hank Williams Jr . `` I May Be Used ( But Baby I Ai n't Used Up ) '' `` Never Could Toe the Mark '' `` America '' `` Waltz Me to Heaven '' `` Drinkin ' and Dreamin ' '' `` The Devil 's on the Loose '' `` Working Without a Net '' `` Will the Wolf Survive '' `` What You 'll Do When I 'm Gone '' `` Rose in Paradise '' `` Fallin ' Out '' `` My Rough and Rowdy Days '' `` If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now '' `` How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A. '' `` Which Way Do I Go ( Now That I 'm Gone ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` You Put the Soul in the Song '' `` Wrong '' `` Where Corn Do n't Grow '' `` What Bothers Me Most '' `` The Eagle '' `` Just Talkin ' '' `` Too Dumb for New York City '' `` Wild Ones '' `` I Know About Me Do n't Know About You '' `` Outlaw Shit '' Collaborations Waylon & Willie Albums : Waylon & Willie WWII Take It to the Limit Clean Shirt Super Hits Singles : `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` If I Can Find a Clean Shirt '' Other collaborations Country - Folk with The Kimberlys Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter Heroes with Johnny Cash Old 97 's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97 's Collaboration singles `` MacArthur Park '' with The Kimberlys `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter `` Good Hearted Woman '' with Willie Nelson ( Re-recording ) `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter ( Re-release from Wanted ! The Outlaws ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' with Johnny Cash `` Wish I Was Crazy Again '' with Johnny Cash `` The Wild Side of Life / It Was n't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels '' with Jessi Colter `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb `` Even Cowgirls Get the Blues '' with Johnny Cash `` Ballad of Forty Dollars '' with Johnny Cash `` Somewhere Between Ragged and Right '' with John Anderson `` High Ridin ' Heroes '' with David Lynn Jones `` One Good Love '' with Neil Diamond Compilations The Best of Waylon Jennings Do n't Think Twice Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line Heartaches by the Number Greatest Hits Waylon 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Best of Waylon New Classic Waylon Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line : The RCA Years The Journey : Six Strings Away The Journey : Destiny 's Child The Restless Kid : Live at JD 's 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Waylon Jennings RCA Country Legends Ultimate Waylon Jennings 16 Biggest Hits Nashville Rebel The Essential Waylon Jennings Related The Waylors Outlaw country Wanted ! The Outlaws `` We Are the World '' The Highwaymen Old Dogs Jessi Colter Waylon Albright `` Shooter '' Jennings Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_You_See_(The_Marshall_Tucker_Band_song)&oldid=830148390 '' Categories : 1976 singles 1977 singles 1973 songs Waylon Jennings songs The Marshall Tucker Band songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Zac Brown Band songs Kid Rock songs Capricorn Records singles RCA Records singles Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 01 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song can't you see	[ "\n\n\"Can't You See\"\n\n\nSingle by The Marshall Tucker Band\n\n\nfrom the album The Marshall Tucker Band\n\n\nReleased\n1973 (Original release)\n1977 (Re-release)\n\n\nRecorded\n1973\n\n\nGenre\nCountry rock,[1] southern rock[1]\n\n\nLength\n6:05\n\n\nLabel\nCapricorn\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nToy Caldwell\n\n\nProducer(s)\nPaul Hornsby\n\n\nThe Marshall Tucker Band singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Can't You See\"\n(1973)\n\"My Jesus\"\n(1973)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Can't You See\"\n(1973)\n\"My Jesus\"\n(1973)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Heard It in a Love Song\"\n(1977) Heard It in a Love Song1977\n\n\n\"Can't You See\"\n(1977) Can't You See1977\n\n\n\"Dream Lover\"\n(1978) Dream Lover1978\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Toy Caldwell" ]
3544451114693583080	An American Girl: Grace Stirs Up Success	An American Girl : Grace Stirs up Success - wikipedia An American Girl : Grace Stirs up Success Jump to : navigation , search An American Girl : Grace Stirs Up Success Cover art for the film . Directed by Vince Marcello Screenplay by Jessica O'Toole Amy Rardin Based on Grace by Mary Casanova Starring Olivia Rodrigo Virginia Madsen Eloise Webb Caitlin Carmichael Notlim Taylor Production company Universal Studios Distributed by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment Release date June 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 09 ) Running time 101 minutes Country United States Language English An American Girl : Grace Stirs Up Success is a 2015 family - drama film starring newcomer Olivia Rodrigo in the title role , Virginia Madsen , Eloise Webb , Caitlin Carmichael , Notlim Taylor , Lili Bordán , Fabrice Michel , Roxane Bret , Krisztina Peremartoni and András Bálint in supporting roles , along with an appearance from restaurateur Joe Bastianich as himself . As with the previous films , Grace was directed by Vince Marcello , with screenplay by Jessica O'Toole and Amy Rardin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2015 ) The film focuses on 2015 Girl of the Year Grace Thomas , as she takes an unexpected trip to Paris and finds a way to save her grandparents ' ailing bakery by joining in a season of MasterChef Junior . Cast ( edit ) Olivia Rodrigo as Grace Thomas Virginia Madsen as Mrs. Thomas Eloise Webb as Sylvie Caitlin Carmichael as Maddy Notlim Taylor as Ella Rafael Edholm as Mr. Thomas Krisztina Peremartoni as Grandma András Bálint as Grandpa Fabrice Michel as Uncle Bernard Lili Bordán as Aunt Sophie Roxane Bret ( fr ) as Colette Thierry Harcourt as Jean - Luc Pernaud Joe Bastianich as himself Tom Doherty as Josh Maxime Leigh - Wood as Carter Release ( edit ) The direct - to - video film was released on video - on - demand services on June 9 , 2015 , and was released for DVD and Blu - Ray on June 23 . A limited theatrical screening of the film was held at the Backus Community Center in International Falls , Minnesota on June 23 , 2015 . Similar film - viewing events were also held at all American Girl Place stores . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` An American Girl : Grace Stirs Up Success ( 2015 ) '' . Moviefone . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` From Universal Pictures Home Entertainment : An American Girl : Grace Stirs Up Success '' . PR Newswire. 19 May 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` An American Girl : Grace Stirs Up Success Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Galarza , Daniela ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` American Girl Flick Captures Timeless Drama of MasterChef Junior '' . Eater . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Padovano , Joanna ( 18 February 2015 ) . `` Endemol Shine Inks Promo Deal with American Girl & MasterChef Junior '' . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Lafayette , Jon ( 17 February 2015 ) . `` ' MasterChef Junior ' Whips Up American Girl Promo '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Characters '' . American Girl . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Steven ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` ' An American Girl : Grace Stirs Up Success ' Blu - ray Announced for June '' . High - Def Digest . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Girl movie to hit the big screen '' . International Falls Journal . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) An American Girl : Grace Stirs Up Success on IMDb Official site An American Girl : Grace Stirs Up Success at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) American Girl Films Samantha : An American Girl Holiday Felicity : An American Girl Adventure Molly : An American Girl on the Home Front Kit Kittredge : An American Girl ( Soundtrack ) Chrissa Stands Strong McKenna Shoots for the Stars Saige Paints the Sky Isabelle Dances Into the Spotlight Grace Stirs Up Success Melody 1963 : Love Has to Win Maryellen 1955 : Extraordinary Christmas Authors Megan McDonald Connie Porter Valerie Tripp Laurence Yep Video games The American Girls Premiere Other Book series Bitty Baby Girls of Many Lands Götz Characters ( Kit Kittredge ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_American_Girl:_Grace_Stirs_Up_Success&oldid=826664275 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films American films Films based on American novels Films set in Massachusetts Paris in fiction American children 's films American Girl Films based on toys MasterChef ( U.S. ) Films set in Paris Universal Pictures direct - to - video films Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from June 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 10 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays grace in grace stirs up success	[ "An American Girl: Grace Stirs Up Success is a 2015 family-drama film starring newcomer Olivia Rodrigo in the title role, Virginia Madsen, Eloise Webb, Caitlin Carmichael, Notlim Taylor, Lili Bordán, Fabrice Michel, Roxane Bret, Krisztina Peremartoni and András Bálint in supporting roles, along with an appearance from restaurateur Joe Bastianich as himself.[4][5]" ]	[ "Olivia Rodrigo" ]
-8087163330271123564	Scars to Your Beautiful	Scars to Your Beautiful - wikipedia Scars to Your Beautiful `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' Single by Alessia Cara from the album Know - It - All Released July 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) Format CD Single digital download Recorded 2015 Genre Synth - pop Length 3 : 50 Label Def Jam UMG Songwriter ( s ) Alessia Caracciolo Warren Felder Coleridge Tillman Andrew Wansel Producer ( s ) Pop & Oak Sebastian Kole Alessia Cara singles chronology `` Wild '' ( 2016 ) `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( 2016 ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' ( 2016 ) `` Wild '' ( 2016 ) `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( 2016 ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' on YouTube `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' is a song by songwriter Alessia Cara for her debut studio album , Know - It - All ( 2015 ) . It was released to Top 40 radio on July 26 , 2016 , as the third single from the album . It peaked at number eight and thus became Alessia Cara 's second top - ten single on US Billboard Hot 100 . The song was written by Cara , Warren `` Oak '' Felder , Coleridge Tillman , and Andrew `` Pop '' Wansel , with the production being handled by Felder , Tillman , and Wansel . Contents 1 Background 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 3.1 Background 4 Usage in media 5 Track listing 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 References Background ( edit ) In an interview with Idolator 's Mike Wass , Cara stated about the song , `` Basically , that song is about body image . It 's directed at women , but I think men can relate to it as well . It 's just a song about these things that certain women go through on a daily basis in order to feel loved or in order to love themselves . I think that 's such a thing that goes on in today 's world . These weird things are instilled in us . You know ? That tell us that we 're not good enough or that there 's only one kind of beauty . This song basically is contradicting that idea . It 's saying , ' Well , if the world does n't like how you look then they should change . They should change their perspective . You do n't have to change yourself . ' I mean , I thought that that was important , you know , just to put out next . Especially because I think that 's kind of the direction we 're going in , you know , with ' Here ' . ' Here ' was about not belonging anywhere and ' Wild Things ' was about finding a space you belong . Now ' Scars To Your Beautiful ' is basically about embracing yourself and finally coming to that conclusion where you feel love and you can love yourself . I think it 's cool to put out third because I feel like I have a bigger platform now . The point of the song is to reach as many women , or people , as possible . '' Critical reception ( edit ) The Guardian 's Kitty Empire said that `` There 's substance on ( Scars to Your Beautiful ) , where Cara tackles the beauty myth à la Beyoncé . The verses pack some good stuff -- ' What 's a little bit of hunger ? I can go a little bit longer . ' '' and later went on to say `` the thumping motivational chorus merely suggests we are all stars . '' Katy Iandoli of Idolator stated `` ( Scars to Your Beautiful ) is a modern - day version of TLC 's ' Unpretty ' , in its acknowledgment of the beauty in both visible and invisible imperfections . '' Billboard ranked `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' at number 77 on their Billboard 's 100 Best Pop Songs of 2016 : Critics ' Picks '' list , commenting `` Body - positivity anthems typically do n't get this dark , but on `` Scars To Your Beautiful , '' Alessia Cara is n't afraid to talk cutting , tears and eating disorders , before getting to the uplifting chorus , where she delivers some of the most empowering , horizon - expanding lyrics of this year : ' You do n't have to change a thing / The world could change its heart . ' '' Music Video ( edit ) On July 11 , 2016 , a music video directed by Aaron A was released . It features a cameo by singer JoJo . Background ( edit ) On the concept of the music video , Cara said in an interview with Cosmopolitan : `` I wanted to do this kind of video for a very long time . Since we had this song -- and since we knew it was going to be a single -- I had this vision of many different cinematic shots of different kinds of people . I wanted all kinds of people -- young , old , whatever their situation , whether it 's visible scars , non-visible scars -- just a bunch of different women , and there are some men in there as well because it can reach out to guys too . But I wanted real shots of real people telling their stories , and showing the story through little vignettes . '' Usage in media ( edit ) The song is featured in the television shows The Bold Type and Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Track listing ( edit ) CD Single `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' -- 3 : 50 `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( NOTD Remix ) -- 3 : 19 Digital download -- Remixes `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( Luca Schreiner Remix ) -- 4 : 22 `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( NOTD Remix ) -- 3 : 19 `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( Cages Remix ) -- 4 : 28 `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( Joe Mason Remix ) -- 3 : 51 `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( recycle jordan Remix ) -- 3 : 32 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 18 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 18 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 14 Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 32 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 37 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 19 Germany ( Airplay Chart ) Iceland ( RÚV ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 39 Italy ( FIMI ) 31 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 30 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 15 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 35 Portugal ( AFP ) 18 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 27 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 7 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 37 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 18 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 55 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 14 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 87 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 70 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 25 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 74 US Billboard Hot 100 30 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Gold 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 45,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . United States July 26 , 2016 Digital download Def Jam UMG Top 40 radio Def Jam United Kingdom November 8 , 2016 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . AllAccess Music Group . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scars to Your Beautiful - Alessia Cara - Song Info - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Alessia Cara On Touring With Coldplay & Her Next Single - Idolator '' . Idolator . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Empire , Kitty ( March 13 , 2016 ) . `` Know - It - All by Alessa Cara review - teen rebel in search of better cause '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iandoli , Kathy ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Alessia Cara 's ' Know - It - All ' : Album Review - Idolator '' . Idolator . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 's 100 Best Pop Songs of 2016 : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scars To Your Beautiful - Alessia Cara - Vevo '' . Vevo . July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iandoli , Kathy ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Alessia Cara ' Scars To Your Beautiful ' Video - Alessia Cara Interview '' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Scars to Your Beautiful ( Remixes ) - EP by Alessia Cara '' . iTunes Store . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201708 into search . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201642 into search . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 46 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 05 / 2017 '' . German Charts . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 45 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 3 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 3 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . December 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201716 into search . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201640 into search . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan - Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Singles 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official Year - End singles chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- Scars To Your Beautiful '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- Scars To Your Beautiful '' . Music Canada . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- Scars To Your Beautiful '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Alessia Cara ; ' Scars to Your Beautiful ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- Scars To Your Beautiful '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Type Alessia Cara in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Scars To Your Beautiful and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- Scars To Your Beautiful '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter Scars To Your Beautiful in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- Scars To Your Beautiful '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Know - It - All ( Deluxe ) by Alessia Cara on iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Radio 1 - Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Alessia Cara Discography Studio albums Know - It - All EPs Four Pink Walls Singles `` Here '' `` Wild Things '' `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' `` How Far I 'll Go '' `` Stay '' `` Growing Pains '' Featured singles `` Wild '' `` 1 - 800 - 273 - 8255 '' MTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message 2010s 2011 Lady Gaga -- `` Born This Way '' 2012 Demi Lovato -- `` Skyscraper '' 2013 Macklemore and Ryan Lewis ( featuring Mary Lambert ) -- `` Same Love '' 2014 Beyoncé -- `` Pretty Hurts '' 2015 Big Sean ( featuring Kanye West and John Legend ) -- `` One Man Can Change the World '' 2016 NA 2017 All nominees -- Big Sean ( `` Light '' ) , Alessia Cara ( `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' ) , The Hamilton Mixtape ( `` Immigrants ( We Get The Job Done ) '' ) , John Legend ( `` Surefire '' ) , Logic ( `` Black Spiderman '' ) , and Taboo ( `` Stand Up '' ) Complete list ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scars_to_Your_Beautiful&oldid=850152692 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2016 singles Alessia Cara songs Def Jam Recordings singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles MTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message Music videos directed by Aaron A Song recordings produced by Pop & Oak Songs written by Pop Wansel 2010s ballads Pop ballads Songs with feminist themes Body image in popular culture Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Songs written by Alessia Cara Songs written by Oak Felder Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 00 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the song your beautiful just the way you are	[]	[]
-7506253736060054548	State of the Union	State of the Union - wikipedia State of the Union This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 20 February 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` States of the Union '' redirects here . For other uses , see State of the Union ( disambiguation ) . For the most recent State of the Union address , see 2018 State of the Union Address . The State of the Union Address is an annual message presented by the President of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress , except in the first year of a new president 's term . The message includes a budget message and an economic report of the nation , and also allows the President to outline their legislative agenda ( for which the cooperation of Congress is needed ) and national priorities . The address fulfills rules in Article II , Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution , requiring the President to periodically `` give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union , and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient . '' During most of the country 's first century , the President primarily only submitted a written report to Congress . After 1913 , Woodrow Wilson , the 28th U.S. President , began the regular practice of delivering the address to Congress in person as a way to rally support for his agenda . With the advent of radio and television , the address is now broadcast live across the country on many networks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ceremony 2 History 3 Delivery of the speech 3.1 Invitations 3.2 Protocol of entry into House chamber 3.3 Designated survivor and other logistics 4 Opposition response 5 Significance 6 Local versions 7 Historic speeches 8 TV ratings 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Ceremony The practice arises from a duty given to the president in the Constitution of the United States : He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient . -- Article II , Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution Although the language of this State of the Union Clause of the Constitution is not specific , since the 1930s , the President makes this report annually in late January or early February . Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3 , and as late as February 12 . While not required to deliver a speech , every president since Woodrow Wilson , with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover , has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress . Before that time , most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report . Since Franklin Roosevelt , the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol . Newly inaugurated presidents generally deliver an address to Congress in February of the first year of their term , but this speech is not officially considered to be a `` State of the Union '' . What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States . Since the advent of radio , and then television , the speech has been broadcast live on most networks , preempting scheduled programming . To reach the largest audience , the speech , once given during the day , is now typically given in the evening , after 9pm ET ( UTC - 5 ) . History George Washington 's handwritten notes for the first State of the Union Address , January 8 , 1790 . Full 7 pages . George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8 , 1790 , in New York City , then the provisional U.S. capital . In 1801 , Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person , regarding it as too monarchical ( similar to the Speech from the Throne ) . Instead , the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy . However , there have been exceptions to this rule . Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century have sent written State of the Union addresses . The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981 , after his defeat by Ronald Reagan and days before his term ended . For many years , the speech was referred to as `` the President 's Annual Message to Congress '' . The actual term `` State of the Union '' first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase , becoming its generally accepted name since 1947 . Franklin Delano Roosevelt State of the Union ( Four Freedoms ) ( January 6 , 1941 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's January 6 , 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms ( starting at 32 : 02 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Prior to 1934 , the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year , in December . The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23 , 1933 , changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January , affecting the delivery of the annual message . Since 1934 , the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February . The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term . In years when a new president is inaugurated , the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message , but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981 . In 1953 and 1961 , Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president . Since 1989 , in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year , newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a `` State of the Union '' message . In 1936 , President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night . Only once before -- when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I -- had a sitting president addressed Congress at night . The text of the first page of Ronald Reagan 's first State of the Union Address , given January 26 , 1982 Warren Harding 's 1922 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio , albeit to a limited audience , while Calvin Coolidge 's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast across the nation . Harry S. Truman 's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television . Lyndon B. Johnson 's address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening . Three years later , in 1968 , television networks in the United States , for the first time , imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address . Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson , this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by , among others , Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman . Ronald Reagan 's 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed . He had planned to deliver it on January 28 , 1986 but postponed it for a week after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and instead addressed the nation on the day 's events . Bill Clinton 's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web . Delivery of the speech A formal invitation is made by the Speaker of the House to the President several weeks before each State of the Union Address . Invitations Every member of Congress can bring one guest to the State of the Union address . The President may invite up to 24 guests with the First Lady in her box . The Speaker of the House may invite up to 24 guests in the Speaker 's box . Seating for Congress on the main floor is by a first - in , first - served basis with no reservations . The Cabinet , Supreme Court justices , members of the Diplomatic Corps , and Joint Chiefs have reserved seating . Protocol of entry into House chamber By approximately 8 : 30 pm on the night of the address , the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session . Then , the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker and loudly announces the Vice President and members of the Senate , who enter and take the seats assigned for them . The Speaker , and then the Vice President , specify the members of the House and Senate , respectively , who will escort the President into the House chamber . The Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker again and loudly announces , in order , the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps , the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices , and the Cabinet , each of whom enters and takes their seats when called . The justices take the seats nearest to the Speaker 's rostrum and adjacent to the sections reserved for the Cabinet and the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The Sergeants at Arms of the House ( left ) and Senate ( right ) wait at the doorway to the House chamber before President Barack Obama enters to deliver the 2011 State of the Union Address . Just after 9 pm , as the President reaches the door to the chamber , the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors , faces the Speaker , and waits until the President is ready to enter the chamber . When the President is ready , the Sergeant at Arms always announces his entrance , loudly stating the phrase : `` Mister Speaker , the President of the United States ! '' As applause and cheering begins , the President slowly walks toward the Speaker 's rostrum , followed by members of his Congressional escort committee . The President 's approach is slowed by pausing to shake hands , hug , kiss , and autograph copies of his speech for Members of Congress . After he takes his place at the House Clerk 's desk , he hands two manila envelopes , previously placed on the desk and containing copies of the speech , to the Speaker and Vice President . After continuing applause from the attendees has diminished , the Speaker introduces the President to the Representatives and Senators , stating : `` Members of Congress , I have the high privilege and distinct honor of presenting to you the President of the United States . '' This leads to a further round of applause and , eventually , the beginning of the address by the President . At close of the ceremony , attendees leave on their own accord . The Sergeants at Arms guides the President out of the Chamber . Some politicians stay to shake hands with and congratulate the President on his way out . Designated survivor and other logistics Customarily , one cabinet member ( the designated survivor ) does not attend the speech , in order to provide continuity in the line of succession in the event that a catastrophe disables the President , the Vice President , and other succeeding officers gathered in the House chamber . Additionally , since the September 11 attacks in 2001 , a few members of Congress have been asked to relocate to undisclosed locations for the duration of the speech to form a rump Congress in the event of a disaster . Since 2003 , each chamber of Congress has formally named a separate designated survivor . President George W. Bush with Senate President ( U.S. Vice President ) Dick Cheney and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi during the 2007 State of the Union address . 2007 marked the first time that a woman had occupied the Speaker of the House chair . ( audio only ) Both the Speaker and the Vice President sit at the Speaker 's desk , behind the President for the duration of the speech . If either is unavailable , the next highest - ranking member of the respective house substitutes . Once the chamber settles down from the President 's arrival , the Speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress . The President then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber . In the State of the Union the President traditionally outlines the administration 's accomplishments over the previous year , as well as the agenda for the coming year , often in upbeat and optimistic terms . Since the 1982 address , it has also become common for the President to honor special guests sitting in the gallery , such as American citizens or visiting heads of state . During that 1982 address , President Ronald Reagan acknowledged Lenny Skutnik for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90 . Since then , the term `` Lenny Skutniks '' has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery , and then cited by the President , during the State of the Union . State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour , partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout . The applause is often political in tone , with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the President 's own party . As non-political officeholders , members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality . In recent years , the presiding officers of the House and the Senate , the Speaker and the Vice President , respectively , have departed from the neutrality expected of presiding officers of deliberative bodies , as they , too , stand and applaud in response to the remarks of the President with which they agree . For the 2011 address , Senator Mark Udall of Colorado proposed a break in tradition wherein all members of Congress sit together regardless of party , as well as the avoiding of standing ; this was in response to the 2011 Tucson Shooting in which Representative Gabrielle Giffords was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt . This practice was also repeated during the 2012 address and every address after . Opposition response Main article : Response to the State of the Union address Since 1966 , the speech has been followed on television by a response or rebuttal by a member of the major political party opposing the President 's party . The response is typically broadcast from a studio with no audience . In 1970 , the Democratic Party put together a TV program with their speech to reply to President Nixon , as well as a televised response to Nixon 's written speech in 1973 . The same was done by Democrats for President Reagan 's speeches in 1982 and 1985 . The response is not always produced in a studio ; in 1997 , the Republicans for the first time delivered the response in front of high school students . In 2004 , the Democratic Party 's response was also delivered in Spanish for the first time , by New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson . In 2011 , Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann also gave a televised response for the Tea Party Express , a first for a political movement . Significance Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law , in modern times , the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar . It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof : members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature , the President 's Cabinet constituting the executive , and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary . In addition , the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff , while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps . The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans , who are typically invited by the President to sit with the First Lady . Local versions Certain states have a similar annual address given by the governor . For most of them , it is called the State of the State address . In Iowa , it is called the Condition of the State Address ; in Kentucky , Massachusetts , Pennsylvania , and Virginia , the speech is called the State of the Commonwealth address . The mayor of Washington , D.C. gives a State of the District address . American Samoa has a State of the Territory address given by the governor . Puerto Rico has a State Address given by the governor . Some cities or counties also have an annual State of the City Address given by the mayor , county commissioner or board chair , including Sonoma County , California ; Orlando , Florida ; Cincinnati , Ohio ; New Haven , Connecticut ; Parma , Ohio ; Detroit , Michigan ; Seattle , Washington ; Birmingham , Alabama ; Boston , Massachusetts ; Los Angeles , California ; Buffalo , New York ; Rochester , New York ; San Antonio , Texas ; McAllen , Texas ; and San Diego , California . The Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville , Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address . Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term . Private companies usually have a `` State of the Corporation '' or `` State of the Company '' address given by the respective CEO . The State of the Union model has also been adopted by the European Union , and in France since the presidency of Emmanuel Macron . Historic speeches This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media Roosevelt 's Second Bill of Rights ( excerpt ) President James Monroe first stated the Monroe Doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress on December 2 , 1823 . It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest - standing tenets , and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents , including Theodore Roosevelt , John F. Kennedy , and Ronald Reagan . The Four Freedoms were goals first articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6 , 1941 . In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech , he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people `` everywhere in the world '' ought to enjoy : freedom of speech and expression , freedom of worship , freedom from want , and freedom from fear . During his State of the Union Address on January 11 , 1944 , FDR proposed the Second Bill of Rights . Roosevelt 's argument was that the `` political rights '' guaranteed by the constitution and the Bill of Rights had `` proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness '' . During his State of the Union address on January 8 , 1964 , Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation that would come to be known as the `` War on Poverty '' . This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent . The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act , which established the Office of Economic Opportunity ( OEO ) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty . During his State of the Union address on January 15 , 1975 , Gerald R. Ford very bluntly stated that `` the state of the Union is not good : Millions of Americans are out of work ... We depend on others for essential energy . Some people question their Government 's ability to make hard decisions and stick with them ; they expect Washington politics as usual . '' Ford said he did n't `` expect much , if any , applause . The American people want action , and it will take both the Congress and the President to give them what they want . Progress and solutions can be achieved , and they will be achieved . '' George W. Bush delivers the 2002 State of the Union In his 2002 State of the Union Address , President George W. Bush identified North Korea , Iran , and Iraq as representing significant threats to the United States . He said , `` States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil , arming to threaten the peace of the world '' . In this speech , he would outline the objectives for the War on Terror . TV Ratings Television ratings for recent State of the Union Addresses were : Date President Viewers , millions Households , millions Rating Networks 1 / 30 / 2018 Donald Trump 45.551 32.168 26.9 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , ESTRELLA , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , MSNBC , PBS 2 / 28 / 2017 Donald Trump 47.741 33.857 28.7 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , UNIVISION , PBS , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , MSNBC , NBC UNIVERSO 1 / 12 / 2016 Barack Obama 31.334 23.040 19.6 ABC , AL JAZEERA AMERICA , AZTECA , CBS , CNN , FOX , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , GALAVISION , MSNBC , NBC , NBC UNIVERSO , UNIVISION * * 1 / 20 / 2015 Barack Obama 31.710 23.137 19.9 ABC , AL JAZEERA AMERICA , AZTECA , CBS , CNN , FOX , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , GALAVISION , MSNBC , MUNDOFOX , NBC , UNIVISION * * 1 / 28 / 2014 Barack Obama 33.299 23.949 20.7 CBS , ABC , NBC , FOX , AZTECA , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , CNN , MSNBC , CNBC , AL JAZEERA AMERICA , GALAVISION , MUN2 , UNIVISION * * 2 / 12 / 2013 Barack Obama 33.497 24.767 21.8 FOX , ABC , CBS , NBC , PBS , AZTECA , UNIVISION , MFX , CNBC , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , MSNBC , CURRENT , CENTRIC , GALAVISION 1 / 24 / 2012 Barack Obama 37.752 27.569 24.0 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , TELEMUNDO , TF , UNIVISION , CNBC , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , GALAVISION , MSNBC , MUN2 1 / 25 / 2011 Barack Obama 42.789 30.871 26.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNN , CENTRIC , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 27 / 2010 Barack Obama 48.009 34.182 29.8 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNN , BET , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 2 / 24 / 2009 Barack Obama 52.373 37.185 32.5 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION 1 / 28 / 2008 George W. Bush 37.515 27.702 24.7 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO * * , UNIVISION 1 / 24 / 2007 George W. Bush 45.486 32.968 29.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION 2 / 01 / 2006 George W. Bush 43.179 30.528 31.2 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , AZTECA AMERICA , TELFUTURA 2 / 02 / 2005 George W. Bush 39.432 28.359 35.3 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , TELEFUTURA 1 / 20 / 2004 George W. Bush 43.411 30.286 28.0 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 28 / 2003 George W. Bush 62.061 41.447 38.8 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 29 / 2002 George W. Bush 51.773 35.547 33.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 2 / 27 / 2001 George W. Bush 39.793 28.201 27.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 27 / 2000 Bill Clinton 31.478 22.536 22.4 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 19 / 1999 Bill Clinton 43.500 30.700 31.0 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 27 / 1998 Bill Clinton 53.077 36.513 37.2 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , CNBC 2 / 04 / 1997 Bill Clinton 41.100 27.600 28.4 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN 1 / 23 / 1996 Bill Clinton 40.900 28.400 29.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN 1 / 24 / 1995 Bill Clinton 42.200 28.100 29.5 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN 1 / 25 / 1994 Bill Clinton 45.800 31.000 32.9 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN 2 / 17 / 1993 Bill Clinton 66.900 41.200 44.3 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN Notes The 1993 , 2001 , 2009 and 2017 addresses were not , officially , State of the Union addresses , but rather addresses to a joint session Congress because in those years the presidents were in office for only a few weeks at the time the speech was given . * * Tape delayed See also List of joint sessions of the United States Congress State Opening of Parliament United States presidential address References ^ Jump up to : `` State of the Union Address US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives '' . history.house.gov . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Daniella ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Why Trump 's Tuesday speech is n't a State of the Union address '' . CNN . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ben 's Guide to U.S. Government '' . United States Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 31.7 Million Viewers Tune In To Watch Pres . Obama 's State of the Union Address '' . The Nielsen Company ( Press release ) . January 21 , 2015 . On Tuesday , Jan. 20 , 2015 , President Barack Obama delivered his annual State of the Union address . The address was carried live from 9 : 00 p.m. to 10 : 15 p.m. on 13 networks and tape - delayed on Univision . Jump up ^ Vasan Kesavan and J. Gregory Sidak ( 2002 ) . `` The Legislator - In - Chief '' . William and Mary Law Review . 44 ( 1 ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The President 's State of the Union Address : Tradition , Function , and Policy Implications ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . January 24 , 2014 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Obama State of the Union set for Feb. 12 '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union Addresses and Messages : research notes by Gerhard Peters '' . The American Presidency Project ( APP ) . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard . `` State of the Union Messages '' . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved September 25 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Kolakowski , Michael & Neale , Thomas H. ( March 7 , 2006 ) . `` The President 's State of the Union Message : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service Report for Congress . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` President to Appear Before Congress : Message to be Delivered Friday night '' . Fairbanks Daily News - Miner . Associated Press . January 2 , 1936 . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Yoon , CNN Political Research Director ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` State of the Union firsts '' . CNN . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark ( 2004 ) . 1968 : The Year That Rocked the World . New York : Ballantine . p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 9659111 - 4 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Address to the nation on the Challenger disaster '' . Ronald Reagan Presidential Library . Retrieved July 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard ( January 29 , 1986 ) . `` The Shuttle Explosion : Reagan Postpones State of the Union Speech '' . The New York Times . p . A9 . Jump up ^ Office of the Clerk . Joint Meetings , Joint Sessions , and Inaugurations . House History . United States House of Representatives . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Speaker Boehner Extends President Obama Formal Invitation to Deliver State of the Union Address '' . Speaker Boehner 's Press Office ( Press release ) . January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union 2015 '' . Speaker Boehner 's Press Office ( Press release ) . December 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Session of Congress Pursuant to House Concurrent Resolution 228 to Receive a Message from the President '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Record : H414 . January 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` President Delivers State of the Union Address '' ( Transcript ) . CNN . January 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Session of Congress Pursuant to House Concurrent Resolution 228 to Receive a Message from the President '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Record : H415 . January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Roxanne ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` The truth behind the ' designated survivor , ' the president of the post-apocalypse '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schultheis , Emily ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Joint session 2017 : The history of the `` designated survivor '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Oritz , Erik ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Designated survivors recount nights as doomsday presidents '' . NBC News . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Ted ( January 31 , 2006 ) . `` The State of the Union Is Unreal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` Three decades of ' Skutniks ' began with a federal employee '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wiggin , Addison ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Small Business Owners Should Be Obama 's Lenny Skutnik '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Clines , Francis X . ( August 24 , 1996 ) . `` Bonding as New Political Theater : Bring On the Babies and Cue the Yellow Dog '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Jennifer ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Mark Udall wants parties together at State of the Union '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Hennessey , Kathleen ( January 21 , 2012 ) . `` Rival parties to mix it up -- nicely -- at State of the Union '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Office of the Clerk . `` Opposition Responses to State of the Union Messages ( 1966 -- Present ) '' . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York : Basic Books . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sincere , Richard E. , Jr . ( February 1997 ) . `` O.J. , J.C. , and Bill : Reflections on the State of the Union '' . Metro Herald . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2002 . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Watts told his audience -- about 100 high school students from the CloseUp Foundation watched in person , while a smaller number watched on television at home -- that he is ' old enough to remember the Jim Crow ' laws that affected him and his family while he grew up in a black neighborhood in small - town Oklahoma . Jump up ^ York , Byron ( January 21 , 2004 ) . `` The Democratic Response You Did n't See '' . National Review . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . And then there was the Spanish - language response -- the first ever -- delivered by New Mexico governor , and former Clinton energy secretary , Bill Richardson . Jump up ^ `` Michele Bachmann offers Tea Party response to President Obama 's State of the Union Address '' . The Washington Post . January 26 , 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNH State of the University 2015 '' . The University of New Hampshire ( Press release ) . February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` State of the University 2015 '' . Santa Clara University ( Press release ) . February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Jeremy ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Why Your Company Deserves a ' State of the Union ' Address '' . Inc . Jump up ^ `` EU has survived economic crisis , Barroso says in first State of Union address '' . EUobserver.com . September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 State of The Union Address TV Ratings '' . Nielsen . 2018 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 State of The Union Address TV Ratings '' . Nielsen . 2017 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 State of The Union Address TV Ratings '' . Nielsen . 2016 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to State of the Union . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Portal : State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents The American Presidency Project : State of the Union Messages `` Established in 1999 as a collaboration between John Woolley and Gerhard Peters at the University of California , Santa Barbara , '' currently ( January 2010 ) , the APP `` archives contain 87,448 documents related to the study of the Presidency '' . State of the Union videos and transcripts at C - SPAN ( since 1945 ) State of the Union ( Visualizations , Statistical Analysis , and Searchable texts ) State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents ( 1790 -- 2002 ) ( in downloadable electronic file formats ) State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents ( 1790 -- 2006 ) ( HTML format ) Searchable visualizations of all State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents ( 1790 -- 2009 ) The State of the Union Text and PDF at U.S. Government Printing Office ( GPO ) from January 28 , 1992 to current date Top 10 State of the Union Addresses , RealClearPolitics.com The 2013 State of the Union Address on YouTube ( 1 : 01 : 02 ) State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents ( hide ) State of the Union addresses Addresses Delivered as a speech 1790 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1976 1977 1982 1984 1985 1986 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2018 Delivered as a written message 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1946 1953 1961 1981 Delivered as both 1972 1978 1979 1980 Delivered as a written message to Congress , summary delivered to public 1945 1956 1973 Unofficial addresses 2009 2017 Related Opposition party 's response Designated survivor Notable invited guests United States presidential address Joint Session of Congress ( List ) Monroe Doctrine Regional speeches State of the State address State of the City address Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_the_Union&oldid=826764984 '' Categories : Article Two of the United States Constitution State of the Union addresses 1790 establishments in the United States Speeches by heads of state Annual events in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from January 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 21 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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