id
stringlengths 24
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| title
stringclasses 442
values | context
stringlengths 151
3.71k
| question
stringlengths 1
25.7k
| answers
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
57326ccc0fdd8d15006c6acb
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out."
|
Under what president did the Bay of Pigs Invasion take place?
|
{
"text": [
"John F. Kennedy"
],
"answer_start": [
626
]
}
|
57326d6ce99e3014001e67ac
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Over New York City in 1953, Eastern Airlines Flight 8610, a commercial flight, had a near miss with Air Force Flight 8610, a Lockheed C-121 Constellation known as Columbine II, while the latter was carrying President Eisenhower. This prompted the adoption of the unique call sign Air Force One, to be used whenever the president is on board any US Air Force aircraft. Columbine II is the only presidential aircraft to have ever been sold to the public and is the only remaining presidential aircraft left unrestored and not on public display.
|
What make and model aircraft was Air Force Flight 8610?
|
{
"text": [
"Lockheed C-121 Constellation"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
}
|
57326d6ce99e3014001e67ad
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Over New York City in 1953, Eastern Airlines Flight 8610, a commercial flight, had a near miss with Air Force Flight 8610, a Lockheed C-121 Constellation known as Columbine II, while the latter was carrying President Eisenhower. This prompted the adoption of the unique call sign Air Force One, to be used whenever the president is on board any US Air Force aircraft. Columbine II is the only presidential aircraft to have ever been sold to the public and is the only remaining presidential aircraft left unrestored and not on public display.
|
What aircraft had an incident with Air Force Flight 8610?
|
{
"text": [
"Eastern Airlines Flight 8610"
],
"answer_start": [
28
]
}
|
57326d6ce99e3014001e67ae
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Over New York City in 1953, Eastern Airlines Flight 8610, a commercial flight, had a near miss with Air Force Flight 8610, a Lockheed C-121 Constellation known as Columbine II, while the latter was carrying President Eisenhower. This prompted the adoption of the unique call sign Air Force One, to be used whenever the president is on board any US Air Force aircraft. Columbine II is the only presidential aircraft to have ever been sold to the public and is the only remaining presidential aircraft left unrestored and not on public display.
|
What call sign does an Air Force aircraft have when a president is traveling on it?
|
{
"text": [
"Air Force One"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
}
|
57326d6ce99e3014001e67af
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Over New York City in 1953, Eastern Airlines Flight 8610, a commercial flight, had a near miss with Air Force Flight 8610, a Lockheed C-121 Constellation known as Columbine II, while the latter was carrying President Eisenhower. This prompted the adoption of the unique call sign Air Force One, to be used whenever the president is on board any US Air Force aircraft. Columbine II is the only presidential aircraft to have ever been sold to the public and is the only remaining presidential aircraft left unrestored and not on public display.
|
What was the name of the Lockheed C-121 Constellation that carried Eisenhower?
|
{
"text": [
"Columbine II"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
}
|
57326d6ce99e3014001e67b0
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Over New York City in 1953, Eastern Airlines Flight 8610, a commercial flight, had a near miss with Air Force Flight 8610, a Lockheed C-121 Constellation known as Columbine II, while the latter was carrying President Eisenhower. This prompted the adoption of the unique call sign Air Force One, to be used whenever the president is on board any US Air Force aircraft. Columbine II is the only presidential aircraft to have ever been sold to the public and is the only remaining presidential aircraft left unrestored and not on public display.
|
In what year was Eisenhower involved in an incident while flying?
|
{
"text": [
"1953"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
}
|
57327187b9d445190005eb21
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
On the whole, Eisenhower's support of the nation's fledgling space program was officially modest until the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957, gaining the Cold War enemy enormous prestige around the world. He then launched a national campaign that funded not just space exploration but a major strengthening of science and higher education. His Open Skies Policy attempted to legitimize illegal Lockheed U-2 flyovers and Project Genetrix while paving the way for spy satellite technology to orbit over sovereign territory, created NASA as a civilian space agency, signed a landmark science education law, and fostered improved relations with American scientists.
|
What caused Eisenhower to kickstart the US space program?
|
{
"text": [
"Soviet launch of Sputnik"
],
"answer_start": [
107
]
}
|
57327187b9d445190005eb22
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
On the whole, Eisenhower's support of the nation's fledgling space program was officially modest until the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957, gaining the Cold War enemy enormous prestige around the world. He then launched a national campaign that funded not just space exploration but a major strengthening of science and higher education. His Open Skies Policy attempted to legitimize illegal Lockheed U-2 flyovers and Project Genetrix while paving the way for spy satellite technology to orbit over sovereign territory, created NASA as a civilian space agency, signed a landmark science education law, and fostered improved relations with American scientists.
|
Along with the U-2 flyovers, what did Eisenhower try to legitimize with the Open Skies Policy?
|
{
"text": [
"Project Genetrix"
],
"answer_start": [
419
]
}
|
57327187b9d445190005eb23
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
On the whole, Eisenhower's support of the nation's fledgling space program was officially modest until the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957, gaining the Cold War enemy enormous prestige around the world. He then launched a national campaign that funded not just space exploration but a major strengthening of science and higher education. His Open Skies Policy attempted to legitimize illegal Lockheed U-2 flyovers and Project Genetrix while paving the way for spy satellite technology to orbit over sovereign territory, created NASA as a civilian space agency, signed a landmark science education law, and fostered improved relations with American scientists.
|
What was the legal status of the U-2 flyovers?
|
{
"text": [
"illegal"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
}
|
57327187b9d445190005eb24
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
On the whole, Eisenhower's support of the nation's fledgling space program was officially modest until the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957, gaining the Cold War enemy enormous prestige around the world. He then launched a national campaign that funded not just space exploration but a major strengthening of science and higher education. His Open Skies Policy attempted to legitimize illegal Lockheed U-2 flyovers and Project Genetrix while paving the way for spy satellite technology to orbit over sovereign territory, created NASA as a civilian space agency, signed a landmark science education law, and fostered improved relations with American scientists.
|
What was the name of the civilian space agency created by Eisenhower?
|
{
"text": [
"NASA"
],
"answer_start": [
529
]
}
|
57327187b9d445190005eb25
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
On the whole, Eisenhower's support of the nation's fledgling space program was officially modest until the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957, gaining the Cold War enemy enormous prestige around the world. He then launched a national campaign that funded not just space exploration but a major strengthening of science and higher education. His Open Skies Policy attempted to legitimize illegal Lockheed U-2 flyovers and Project Genetrix while paving the way for spy satellite technology to orbit over sovereign territory, created NASA as a civilian space agency, signed a landmark science education law, and fostered improved relations with American scientists.
|
With whom did Eisenhower try to improve relations?
|
{
"text": [
"American scientists"
],
"answer_start": [
640
]
}
|
573271ece17f3d140042297f
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In late 1952 Eisenhower went to Korea and discovered a military and political stalemate. Once in office, when the Chinese began a buildup in the Kaesong sanctuary, he threatened to use nuclear force if an armistice was not concluded. His earlier military reputation in Europe was effective with the Chinese. The National Security Council, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Strategic Air Command (SAC) devised detailed plans for nuclear war against China. With the death of Stalin in early March 1953, Russian support for a Chinese hard-line weakened and China decided to compromise on the prisoner issue.
|
Where did the Chinese begin to increase forces after Eisenhower entered the White House?
|
{
"text": [
"Kaesong sanctuary"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
}
|
573271ece17f3d1400422980
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In late 1952 Eisenhower went to Korea and discovered a military and political stalemate. Once in office, when the Chinese began a buildup in the Kaesong sanctuary, he threatened to use nuclear force if an armistice was not concluded. His earlier military reputation in Europe was effective with the Chinese. The National Security Council, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Strategic Air Command (SAC) devised detailed plans for nuclear war against China. With the death of Stalin in early March 1953, Russian support for a Chinese hard-line weakened and China decided to compromise on the prisoner issue.
|
What did Eisenhower threaten to do if there was no armistice in Korea?
|
{
"text": [
"use nuclear force"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
}
|
573271ece17f3d1400422981
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In late 1952 Eisenhower went to Korea and discovered a military and political stalemate. Once in office, when the Chinese began a buildup in the Kaesong sanctuary, he threatened to use nuclear force if an armistice was not concluded. His earlier military reputation in Europe was effective with the Chinese. The National Security Council, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Strategic Air Command (SAC) devised detailed plans for nuclear war against China. With the death of Stalin in early March 1953, Russian support for a Chinese hard-line weakened and China decided to compromise on the prisoner issue.
|
Along with the Joint Chiefs and SAC, what body was involved with formulating plans for nuclear war with China?
|
{
"text": [
"National Security Council"
],
"answer_start": [
312
]
}
|
573271ece17f3d1400422982
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In late 1952 Eisenhower went to Korea and discovered a military and political stalemate. Once in office, when the Chinese began a buildup in the Kaesong sanctuary, he threatened to use nuclear force if an armistice was not concluded. His earlier military reputation in Europe was effective with the Chinese. The National Security Council, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Strategic Air Command (SAC) devised detailed plans for nuclear war against China. With the death of Stalin in early March 1953, Russian support for a Chinese hard-line weakened and China decided to compromise on the prisoner issue.
|
What event led to decreased Russian support for China?
|
{
"text": [
"death of Stalin"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
}
|
573271ece17f3d1400422983
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In late 1952 Eisenhower went to Korea and discovered a military and political stalemate. Once in office, when the Chinese began a buildup in the Kaesong sanctuary, he threatened to use nuclear force if an armistice was not concluded. His earlier military reputation in Europe was effective with the Chinese. The National Security Council, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Strategic Air Command (SAC) devised detailed plans for nuclear war against China. With the death of Stalin in early March 1953, Russian support for a Chinese hard-line weakened and China decided to compromise on the prisoner issue.
|
What was SAC an abbreviation of?
|
{
"text": [
"Strategic Air Command"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
}
|
57327238e99e3014001e67b6
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In July 1953, an armistice took effect with Korea divided along approximately the same boundary as in 1950. The armistice and boundary remain in effect today, with American soldiers stationed there to guarantee it. The armistice, concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles, South Korean President Syngman Rhee, and also within Eisenhower's party, has been described by biographer Ambrose as the greatest achievement of the administration. Eisenhower had the insight to realize that unlimited war in the nuclear age was unthinkable, and limited war unwinnable.
|
The boundary line of what year formed the 1953 armistice line?
|
{
"text": [
"1950"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
}
|
57327238e99e3014001e67b7
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In July 1953, an armistice took effect with Korea divided along approximately the same boundary as in 1950. The armistice and boundary remain in effect today, with American soldiers stationed there to guarantee it. The armistice, concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles, South Korean President Syngman Rhee, and also within Eisenhower's party, has been described by biographer Ambrose as the greatest achievement of the administration. Eisenhower had the insight to realize that unlimited war in the nuclear age was unthinkable, and limited war unwinnable.
|
In what month in 1953 did the armistice come into being?
|
{
"text": [
"July"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
}
|
57327238e99e3014001e67b8
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In July 1953, an armistice took effect with Korea divided along approximately the same boundary as in 1950. The armistice and boundary remain in effect today, with American soldiers stationed there to guarantee it. The armistice, concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles, South Korean President Syngman Rhee, and also within Eisenhower's party, has been described by biographer Ambrose as the greatest achievement of the administration. Eisenhower had the insight to realize that unlimited war in the nuclear age was unthinkable, and limited war unwinnable.
|
Who was the President of South Korea at the time of the armistice?
|
{
"text": [
"Syngman Rhee"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
}
|
57327238e99e3014001e67b9
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In July 1953, an armistice took effect with Korea divided along approximately the same boundary as in 1950. The armistice and boundary remain in effect today, with American soldiers stationed there to guarantee it. The armistice, concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles, South Korean President Syngman Rhee, and also within Eisenhower's party, has been described by biographer Ambrose as the greatest achievement of the administration. Eisenhower had the insight to realize that unlimited war in the nuclear age was unthinkable, and limited war unwinnable.
|
What American official notably opposed the armistice?
|
{
"text": [
"Secretary Dulles"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
}
|
57327238e99e3014001e67ba
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In July 1953, an armistice took effect with Korea divided along approximately the same boundary as in 1950. The armistice and boundary remain in effect today, with American soldiers stationed there to guarantee it. The armistice, concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles, South Korean President Syngman Rhee, and also within Eisenhower's party, has been described by biographer Ambrose as the greatest achievement of the administration. Eisenhower had the insight to realize that unlimited war in the nuclear age was unthinkable, and limited war unwinnable.
|
Who described the armistice as Eisenhower's greatest presidential accomplishment?
|
{
"text": [
"Ambrose"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
}
|
5732728be17f3d1400422989
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In November 1956, Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the Suez Crisis, receiving praise from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Simultaneously he condemned the brutal Soviet invasion of Hungary in response to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He publicly disavowed his allies at the United Nations, and used financial and diplomatic pressure to make them withdraw from Egypt. Eisenhower explicitly defended his strong position against Britain and France in his memoirs, which were published in 1965.
|
Along with the British and Israelis, what forces invaded Egypt in 1956?
|
{
"text": [
"French"
],
"answer_start": [
68
]
}
|
5732728be17f3d140042298a
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In November 1956, Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the Suez Crisis, receiving praise from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Simultaneously he condemned the brutal Soviet invasion of Hungary in response to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He publicly disavowed his allies at the United Nations, and used financial and diplomatic pressure to make them withdraw from Egypt. Eisenhower explicitly defended his strong position against Britain and France in his memoirs, which were published in 1965.
|
What was the combined Israeli-British-French invasion in response to?
|
{
"text": [
"Suez Crisis"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
}
|
5732728be17f3d140042298b
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In November 1956, Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the Suez Crisis, receiving praise from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Simultaneously he condemned the brutal Soviet invasion of Hungary in response to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He publicly disavowed his allies at the United Nations, and used financial and diplomatic pressure to make them withdraw from Egypt. Eisenhower explicitly defended his strong position against Britain and France in his memoirs, which were published in 1965.
|
Who was the leader of Egypt at the time of the Suez Crisis?
|
{
"text": [
"Gamal Abdel Nasser"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
}
|
5732728be17f3d140042298c
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In November 1956, Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the Suez Crisis, receiving praise from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Simultaneously he condemned the brutal Soviet invasion of Hungary in response to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He publicly disavowed his allies at the United Nations, and used financial and diplomatic pressure to make them withdraw from Egypt. Eisenhower explicitly defended his strong position against Britain and France in his memoirs, which were published in 1965.
|
Who invaded Hungary in 1956?
|
{
"text": [
"Soviet"
],
"answer_start": [
237
]
}
|
5732728be17f3d140042298d
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In November 1956, Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the Suez Crisis, receiving praise from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Simultaneously he condemned the brutal Soviet invasion of Hungary in response to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He publicly disavowed his allies at the United Nations, and used financial and diplomatic pressure to make them withdraw from Egypt. Eisenhower explicitly defended his strong position against Britain and France in his memoirs, which were published in 1965.
|
What year saw the publication of Eisenhower's memoirs?
|
{
"text": [
"1965"
],
"answer_start": [
564
]
}
|
573272fab9d445190005eb2b
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Early in 1953, the French asked Eisenhower for help in French Indochina against the Communists, supplied from China, who were fighting the First Indochina War. Eisenhower sent Lt. General John W. "Iron Mike" O'Daniel to Vietnam to study and assess the French forces there. Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary. Eisenhower stated prophetically that "this war would absorb our troops by divisions."
|
What war was being fought by France in 1953?
|
{
"text": [
"First Indochina War"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
}
|
573272fab9d445190005eb2c
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Early in 1953, the French asked Eisenhower for help in French Indochina against the Communists, supplied from China, who were fighting the First Indochina War. Eisenhower sent Lt. General John W. "Iron Mike" O'Daniel to Vietnam to study and assess the French forces there. Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary. Eisenhower stated prophetically that "this war would absorb our troops by divisions."
|
What was John W. O'Daniel's nickname?
|
{
"text": [
"Iron Mike"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
}
|
573272fab9d445190005eb2d
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Early in 1953, the French asked Eisenhower for help in French Indochina against the Communists, supplied from China, who were fighting the First Indochina War. Eisenhower sent Lt. General John W. "Iron Mike" O'Daniel to Vietnam to study and assess the French forces there. Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary. Eisenhower stated prophetically that "this war would absorb our troops by divisions."
|
Who convinced Eisenhower not to intervene in Vietnam?
|
{
"text": [
"Matthew Ridgway"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
}
|
573272fab9d445190005eb2e
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Early in 1953, the French asked Eisenhower for help in French Indochina against the Communists, supplied from China, who were fighting the First Indochina War. Eisenhower sent Lt. General John W. "Iron Mike" O'Daniel to Vietnam to study and assess the French forces there. Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary. Eisenhower stated prophetically that "this war would absorb our troops by divisions."
|
Who was providing supplies to the Vietnamese communists fighting against France?
|
{
"text": [
"China"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
}
|
573272fab9d445190005eb2f
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Early in 1953, the French asked Eisenhower for help in French Indochina against the Communists, supplied from China, who were fighting the First Indochina War. Eisenhower sent Lt. General John W. "Iron Mike" O'Daniel to Vietnam to study and assess the French forces there. Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary. Eisenhower stated prophetically that "this war would absorb our troops by divisions."
|
How large of a military deployment did Ridgway say would be necessary in Vietnam?
|
{
"text": [
"massive"
],
"answer_start": [
391
]
}
|
57327363b9d445190005eb35
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Eisenhower did provide France with bombers and non-combat personnel. After a few months with no success by the French, he added other aircraft to drop napalm for clearing purposes. Further requests for assistance from the French were agreed to but only on conditions Eisenhower knew were impossible to meet – allied participation and congressional approval. When the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu fell to the Vietnamese Communists in May 1954, Eisenhower refused to intervene despite urgings from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Vice President and the head of NCS.
|
Aside from bombers, what aid did Eisenhower provide to the French?
|
{
"text": [
"non-combat personnel"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
}
|
57327363b9d445190005eb36
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Eisenhower did provide France with bombers and non-combat personnel. After a few months with no success by the French, he added other aircraft to drop napalm for clearing purposes. Further requests for assistance from the French were agreed to but only on conditions Eisenhower knew were impossible to meet – allied participation and congressional approval. When the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu fell to the Vietnamese Communists in May 1954, Eisenhower refused to intervene despite urgings from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Vice President and the head of NCS.
|
What did American bombers drop on Vietnam?
|
{
"text": [
"napalm"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
}
|
57327363b9d445190005eb37
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Eisenhower did provide France with bombers and non-combat personnel. After a few months with no success by the French, he added other aircraft to drop napalm for clearing purposes. Further requests for assistance from the French were agreed to but only on conditions Eisenhower knew were impossible to meet – allied participation and congressional approval. When the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu fell to the Vietnamese Communists in May 1954, Eisenhower refused to intervene despite urgings from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Vice President and the head of NCS.
|
When did Dien Bien Phu fall to the communists?
|
{
"text": [
"May 1954"
],
"answer_start": [
437
]
}
|
57327363b9d445190005eb38
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Eisenhower did provide France with bombers and non-combat personnel. After a few months with no success by the French, he added other aircraft to drop napalm for clearing purposes. Further requests for assistance from the French were agreed to but only on conditions Eisenhower knew were impossible to meet – allied participation and congressional approval. When the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu fell to the Vietnamese Communists in May 1954, Eisenhower refused to intervene despite urgings from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Vice President and the head of NCS.
|
Along with the Vice President and NCS head, who urged Eisenhower to intervene after the fall of Dien Bien Phu?
|
{
"text": [
"Chairman of the Joint Chiefs"
],
"answer_start": [
504
]
}
|
57327363b9d445190005eb39
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Eisenhower did provide France with bombers and non-combat personnel. After a few months with no success by the French, he added other aircraft to drop napalm for clearing purposes. Further requests for assistance from the French were agreed to but only on conditions Eisenhower knew were impossible to meet – allied participation and congressional approval. When the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu fell to the Vietnamese Communists in May 1954, Eisenhower refused to intervene despite urgings from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Vice President and the head of NCS.
|
What arguably impossible conditions did Eisenhower set for further intervention on behalf of the French?
|
{
"text": [
"allied participation and congressional approval"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
}
|
573273bfe17f3d1400422993
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Eisenhower responded to the French defeat with the formation of the SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Alliance with the U.K., France, New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism. At that time the French and Chinese reconvened Geneva peace talks; Eisenhower agreed the U.S. would participate only as an observer. After France and the Communists agreed to a partition of Vietnam, Eisenhower rejected the agreement, offering military and economic aid to southern Vietnam. Ambrose argues that Eisenhower, by not participating in the Geneva agreement, had kept the U.S out of Vietnam; nevertheless, with the formation of SEATO, he had in the end put the U.S. back into the conflict.
|
What is SEATO?
|
{
"text": [
"Southeast Asia Treaty Organization"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
}
|
573273bfe17f3d1400422994
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Eisenhower responded to the French defeat with the formation of the SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Alliance with the U.K., France, New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism. At that time the French and Chinese reconvened Geneva peace talks; Eisenhower agreed the U.S. would participate only as an observer. After France and the Communists agreed to a partition of Vietnam, Eisenhower rejected the agreement, offering military and economic aid to southern Vietnam. Ambrose argues that Eisenhower, by not participating in the Geneva agreement, had kept the U.S out of Vietnam; nevertheless, with the formation of SEATO, he had in the end put the U.S. back into the conflict.
|
Along with the United States, the United Kingdom and France, who formed SEATO?
|
{
"text": [
"New Zealand and Australia"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
}
|
573273bfe17f3d1400422995
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Eisenhower responded to the French defeat with the formation of the SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Alliance with the U.K., France, New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism. At that time the French and Chinese reconvened Geneva peace talks; Eisenhower agreed the U.S. would participate only as an observer. After France and the Communists agreed to a partition of Vietnam, Eisenhower rejected the agreement, offering military and economic aid to southern Vietnam. Ambrose argues that Eisenhower, by not participating in the Geneva agreement, had kept the U.S out of Vietnam; nevertheless, with the formation of SEATO, he had in the end put the U.S. back into the conflict.
|
What was the purpose of SEATO?
|
{
"text": [
"defense of Vietnam against communism"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
}
|
573273bfe17f3d1400422996
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Eisenhower responded to the French defeat with the formation of the SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Alliance with the U.K., France, New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism. At that time the French and Chinese reconvened Geneva peace talks; Eisenhower agreed the U.S. would participate only as an observer. After France and the Communists agreed to a partition of Vietnam, Eisenhower rejected the agreement, offering military and economic aid to southern Vietnam. Ambrose argues that Eisenhower, by not participating in the Geneva agreement, had kept the U.S out of Vietnam; nevertheless, with the formation of SEATO, he had in the end put the U.S. back into the conflict.
|
What group did France split Vietnam with?
|
{
"text": [
"Communists"
],
"answer_start": [
364
]
}
|
573273bfe17f3d1400422997
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Eisenhower responded to the French defeat with the formation of the SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Alliance with the U.K., France, New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism. At that time the French and Chinese reconvened Geneva peace talks; Eisenhower agreed the U.S. would participate only as an observer. After France and the Communists agreed to a partition of Vietnam, Eisenhower rejected the agreement, offering military and economic aid to southern Vietnam. Ambrose argues that Eisenhower, by not participating in the Geneva agreement, had kept the U.S out of Vietnam; nevertheless, with the formation of SEATO, he had in the end put the U.S. back into the conflict.
|
Who met in peace talks with France at Geneva?
|
{
"text": [
"Chinese"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
}
|
573274070fdd8d15006c6ae5
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In late 1954, Gen. J. Lawton Collins was made ambassador to "Free Vietnam" (the term South Vietnam came into use in 1955), effectively elevating the country to sovereign status. Collins' instructions were to support the leader Ngo Dinh Diem in subverting communism, by helping him to build an army and wage a military campaign. In February 1955, Eisenhower dispatched the first American soldiers to Vietnam as military advisors to Diem's army. After Diem announced the formation of the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, commonly known as South Vietnam) in October, Eisenhower immediately recognized the new state and offered military, economic, and technical assistance.
|
What was South Vietnam called in 1955?
|
{
"text": [
"Free Vietnam"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
}
|
573274070fdd8d15006c6ae6
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In late 1954, Gen. J. Lawton Collins was made ambassador to "Free Vietnam" (the term South Vietnam came into use in 1955), effectively elevating the country to sovereign status. Collins' instructions were to support the leader Ngo Dinh Diem in subverting communism, by helping him to build an army and wage a military campaign. In February 1955, Eisenhower dispatched the first American soldiers to Vietnam as military advisors to Diem's army. After Diem announced the formation of the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, commonly known as South Vietnam) in October, Eisenhower immediately recognized the new state and offered military, economic, and technical assistance.
|
Who was the first ambassador to South Vietnam?
|
{
"text": [
"J. Lawton Collins"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
}
|
573274070fdd8d15006c6ae7
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In late 1954, Gen. J. Lawton Collins was made ambassador to "Free Vietnam" (the term South Vietnam came into use in 1955), effectively elevating the country to sovereign status. Collins' instructions were to support the leader Ngo Dinh Diem in subverting communism, by helping him to build an army and wage a military campaign. In February 1955, Eisenhower dispatched the first American soldiers to Vietnam as military advisors to Diem's army. After Diem announced the formation of the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, commonly known as South Vietnam) in October, Eisenhower immediately recognized the new state and offered military, economic, and technical assistance.
|
Who was the leader of South Vietnam in 1954?
|
{
"text": [
"Ngo Dinh Diem"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
}
|
573274070fdd8d15006c6ae8
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In late 1954, Gen. J. Lawton Collins was made ambassador to "Free Vietnam" (the term South Vietnam came into use in 1955), effectively elevating the country to sovereign status. Collins' instructions were to support the leader Ngo Dinh Diem in subverting communism, by helping him to build an army and wage a military campaign. In February 1955, Eisenhower dispatched the first American soldiers to Vietnam as military advisors to Diem's army. After Diem announced the formation of the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, commonly known as South Vietnam) in October, Eisenhower immediately recognized the new state and offered military, economic, and technical assistance.
|
When did Eisenhower first send military advisers to South Vietnam?
|
{
"text": [
"February 1955"
],
"answer_start": [
331
]
}
|
573274070fdd8d15006c6ae9
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In late 1954, Gen. J. Lawton Collins was made ambassador to "Free Vietnam" (the term South Vietnam came into use in 1955), effectively elevating the country to sovereign status. Collins' instructions were to support the leader Ngo Dinh Diem in subverting communism, by helping him to build an army and wage a military campaign. In February 1955, Eisenhower dispatched the first American soldiers to Vietnam as military advisors to Diem's army. After Diem announced the formation of the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, commonly known as South Vietnam) in October, Eisenhower immediately recognized the new state and offered military, economic, and technical assistance.
|
Along with Free Vietnam, what was another term for South Vietnam?
|
{
"text": [
"Republic of Vietnam"
],
"answer_start": [
486
]
}
|
573274500fdd8d15006c6aef
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In the years that followed, Eisenhower increased the number of U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam to 900 men. This was due to North Vietnam's support of "uprisings" in the south and concern the nation would fall. In May 1957 Diem, then President of South Vietnam, made a state visit to the United States for ten days. President Eisenhower pledged his continued support, and a parade was held in Diem's honor in New York City. Although Diem was publicly praised, in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diem had been selected because there were no better alternatives.
|
How many soldiers did Eisenhower ultimately send to Vietnam?
|
{
"text": [
"900"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
}
|
573274500fdd8d15006c6af0
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In the years that followed, Eisenhower increased the number of U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam to 900 men. This was due to North Vietnam's support of "uprisings" in the south and concern the nation would fall. In May 1957 Diem, then President of South Vietnam, made a state visit to the United States for ten days. President Eisenhower pledged his continued support, and a parade was held in Diem's honor in New York City. Although Diem was publicly praised, in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diem had been selected because there were no better alternatives.
|
How many days did the President of South Vietnam visit the US for in 1957?
|
{
"text": [
"ten"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
}
|
573274500fdd8d15006c6af1
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In the years that followed, Eisenhower increased the number of U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam to 900 men. This was due to North Vietnam's support of "uprisings" in the south and concern the nation would fall. In May 1957 Diem, then President of South Vietnam, made a state visit to the United States for ten days. President Eisenhower pledged his continued support, and a parade was held in Diem's honor in New York City. Although Diem was publicly praised, in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diem had been selected because there were no better alternatives.
|
Where was a parade held for the President of South Vietnam?
|
{
"text": [
"New York City"
],
"answer_start": [
416
]
}
|
573274500fdd8d15006c6af2
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In the years that followed, Eisenhower increased the number of U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam to 900 men. This was due to North Vietnam's support of "uprisings" in the south and concern the nation would fall. In May 1957 Diem, then President of South Vietnam, made a state visit to the United States for ten days. President Eisenhower pledged his continued support, and a parade was held in Diem's honor in New York City. Although Diem was publicly praised, in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diem had been selected because there were no better alternatives.
|
Who was Secretary of State in 1957?
|
{
"text": [
"John Foster Dulles"
],
"answer_start": [
497
]
}
|
573274500fdd8d15006c6af3
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In the years that followed, Eisenhower increased the number of U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam to 900 men. This was due to North Vietnam's support of "uprisings" in the south and concern the nation would fall. In May 1957 Diem, then President of South Vietnam, made a state visit to the United States for ten days. President Eisenhower pledged his continued support, and a parade was held in Diem's honor in New York City. Although Diem was publicly praised, in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diem had been selected because there were no better alternatives.
|
According to Dulles, why was Diem made president of Vietnam?
|
{
"text": [
"there were no better alternatives"
],
"answer_start": [
561
]
}
|
57327493e99e3014001e67c0
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
On May 1, 1960, a U.S. one-man U-2 spy plane was reportedly shot down at high altitude over Soviet Union airspace. The flight was made to gain photo intelligence before the scheduled opening of an East–West summit conference, which had been scheduled in Paris, 15 days later. Captain Francis Gary Powers had bailed out of his aircraft and was captured after parachuting down onto Russian soil. Four days after Powers disappeared, the Eisenhower Administration had NASA issue a very detailed press release noting that an aircraft had "gone missing" north of Turkey. It speculated that the pilot might have fallen unconscious while the autopilot was still engaged, and falsely claimed that "the pilot reported over the emergency frequency that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties."
|
When was a U-2 downed over the Soviet Union?
|
{
"text": [
"May 1, 1960"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
}
|
57327493e99e3014001e67c2
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
On May 1, 1960, a U.S. one-man U-2 spy plane was reportedly shot down at high altitude over Soviet Union airspace. The flight was made to gain photo intelligence before the scheduled opening of an East–West summit conference, which had been scheduled in Paris, 15 days later. Captain Francis Gary Powers had bailed out of his aircraft and was captured after parachuting down onto Russian soil. Four days after Powers disappeared, the Eisenhower Administration had NASA issue a very detailed press release noting that an aircraft had "gone missing" north of Turkey. It speculated that the pilot might have fallen unconscious while the autopilot was still engaged, and falsely claimed that "the pilot reported over the emergency frequency that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties."
|
What was the downed U-2 gathering intelligence in advance of?
|
{
"text": [
"East–West summit conference"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
}
|
57327493e99e3014001e67c3
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
On May 1, 1960, a U.S. one-man U-2 spy plane was reportedly shot down at high altitude over Soviet Union airspace. The flight was made to gain photo intelligence before the scheduled opening of an East–West summit conference, which had been scheduled in Paris, 15 days later. Captain Francis Gary Powers had bailed out of his aircraft and was captured after parachuting down onto Russian soil. Four days after Powers disappeared, the Eisenhower Administration had NASA issue a very detailed press release noting that an aircraft had "gone missing" north of Turkey. It speculated that the pilot might have fallen unconscious while the autopilot was still engaged, and falsely claimed that "the pilot reported over the emergency frequency that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties."
|
Where was the East-West summit to have taken place?
|
{
"text": [
"Paris"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
}
|
57327493e99e3014001e67c4
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
On May 1, 1960, a U.S. one-man U-2 spy plane was reportedly shot down at high altitude over Soviet Union airspace. The flight was made to gain photo intelligence before the scheduled opening of an East–West summit conference, which had been scheduled in Paris, 15 days later. Captain Francis Gary Powers had bailed out of his aircraft and was captured after parachuting down onto Russian soil. Four days after Powers disappeared, the Eisenhower Administration had NASA issue a very detailed press release noting that an aircraft had "gone missing" north of Turkey. It speculated that the pilot might have fallen unconscious while the autopilot was still engaged, and falsely claimed that "the pilot reported over the emergency frequency that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties."
|
What was the rank of the pilot of the downed U-2?
|
{
"text": [
"Captain"
],
"answer_start": [
276
]
}
|
57327cb4e99e3014001e67e4
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that a "spy-plane" had been shot down but intentionally made no reference to the pilot. As a result, the Eisenhower Administration, thinking the pilot had died in the crash, authorized the release of a cover story claiming that the plane was a "weather research aircraft" which had unintentionally strayed into Soviet airspace after the pilot had radioed "difficulties with his oxygen equipment" while flying over Turkey. The Soviets put Captain Powers on trial and displayed parts of the U-2, which had been recovered almost fully intact.
|
What did the Eisenhower administration refer to the downed U-2 as?
|
{
"text": [
"weather research aircraft"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
}
|
57327cb4e99e3014001e67e5
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that a "spy-plane" had been shot down but intentionally made no reference to the pilot. As a result, the Eisenhower Administration, thinking the pilot had died in the crash, authorized the release of a cover story claiming that the plane was a "weather research aircraft" which had unintentionally strayed into Soviet airspace after the pilot had radioed "difficulties with his oxygen equipment" while flying over Turkey. The Soviets put Captain Powers on trial and displayed parts of the U-2, which had been recovered almost fully intact.
|
Where did the Eisenhower administration say that the downed U-2 was intended to be flying?
|
{
"text": [
"Turkey"
],
"answer_start": [
457
]
}
|
57327cb4e99e3014001e67e6
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that a "spy-plane" had been shot down but intentionally made no reference to the pilot. As a result, the Eisenhower Administration, thinking the pilot had died in the crash, authorized the release of a cover story claiming that the plane was a "weather research aircraft" which had unintentionally strayed into Soviet airspace after the pilot had radioed "difficulties with his oxygen equipment" while flying over Turkey. The Soviets put Captain Powers on trial and displayed parts of the U-2, which had been recovered almost fully intact.
|
According to the cover story, what did the "weather research" pilot have trouble with?
|
{
"text": [
"oxygen equipment"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
}
|
57327cb4e99e3014001e67e7
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that a "spy-plane" had been shot down but intentionally made no reference to the pilot. As a result, the Eisenhower Administration, thinking the pilot had died in the crash, authorized the release of a cover story claiming that the plane was a "weather research aircraft" which had unintentionally strayed into Soviet airspace after the pilot had radioed "difficulties with his oxygen equipment" while flying over Turkey. The Soviets put Captain Powers on trial and displayed parts of the U-2, which had been recovered almost fully intact.
|
What happened to Powers in the Soviet Union?
|
{
"text": [
"trial"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
}
|
57327cb4e99e3014001e67e8
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that a "spy-plane" had been shot down but intentionally made no reference to the pilot. As a result, the Eisenhower Administration, thinking the pilot had died in the crash, authorized the release of a cover story claiming that the plane was a "weather research aircraft" which had unintentionally strayed into Soviet airspace after the pilot had radioed "difficulties with his oxygen equipment" while flying over Turkey. The Soviets put Captain Powers on trial and displayed parts of the U-2, which had been recovered almost fully intact.
|
What did Khrushchev refer to the U-2 as?
|
{
"text": [
"spy-plane"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
}
|
57327d1a0fdd8d15006c6b11
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
The 1960 Four Power Paris Summit between President Dwight Eisenhower, Nikita Khrushchev, Harold Macmillan and Charles de Gaulle collapsed because of the incident. Eisenhower refused to accede to Khrushchev's demands that he apologize. Therefore, Khrushchev would not take part in the summit. Up until this event, Eisenhower felt he had been making progress towards better relations with the Soviet Union. Nuclear arms reduction and Berlin were to have been discussed at the summit. Eisenhower stated it had all been ruined because of that "stupid U-2 business".
|
Along with Eisenhower, Macmillan and de Gaulle, what leader attended the Four Powers Paris Summit?
|
{
"text": [
"Nikita Khrushchev"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
}
|
57327d1a0fdd8d15006c6b12
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
The 1960 Four Power Paris Summit between President Dwight Eisenhower, Nikita Khrushchev, Harold Macmillan and Charles de Gaulle collapsed because of the incident. Eisenhower refused to accede to Khrushchev's demands that he apologize. Therefore, Khrushchev would not take part in the summit. Up until this event, Eisenhower felt he had been making progress towards better relations with the Soviet Union. Nuclear arms reduction and Berlin were to have been discussed at the summit. Eisenhower stated it had all been ruined because of that "stupid U-2 business".
|
What did Khrushchev demand that Eisenhower do?
|
{
"text": [
"apologize"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
}
|
57327d1a0fdd8d15006c6b13
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
The 1960 Four Power Paris Summit between President Dwight Eisenhower, Nikita Khrushchev, Harold Macmillan and Charles de Gaulle collapsed because of the incident. Eisenhower refused to accede to Khrushchev's demands that he apologize. Therefore, Khrushchev would not take part in the summit. Up until this event, Eisenhower felt he had been making progress towards better relations with the Soviet Union. Nuclear arms reduction and Berlin were to have been discussed at the summit. Eisenhower stated it had all been ruined because of that "stupid U-2 business".
|
Along with reducing nuclear weapons, what was to have been the topic of conversation at the Four Power Paris Summit?
|
{
"text": [
"Berlin"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
}
|
57327d1a0fdd8d15006c6b14
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
The 1960 Four Power Paris Summit between President Dwight Eisenhower, Nikita Khrushchev, Harold Macmillan and Charles de Gaulle collapsed because of the incident. Eisenhower refused to accede to Khrushchev's demands that he apologize. Therefore, Khrushchev would not take part in the summit. Up until this event, Eisenhower felt he had been making progress towards better relations with the Soviet Union. Nuclear arms reduction and Berlin were to have been discussed at the summit. Eisenhower stated it had all been ruined because of that "stupid U-2 business".
|
What did Eisenhower blame for ruining the summit?
|
{
"text": [
"stupid U-2 business"
],
"answer_start": [
540
]
}
|
57327d1a0fdd8d15006c6b15
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
The 1960 Four Power Paris Summit between President Dwight Eisenhower, Nikita Khrushchev, Harold Macmillan and Charles de Gaulle collapsed because of the incident. Eisenhower refused to accede to Khrushchev's demands that he apologize. Therefore, Khrushchev would not take part in the summit. Up until this event, Eisenhower felt he had been making progress towards better relations with the Soviet Union. Nuclear arms reduction and Berlin were to have been discussed at the summit. Eisenhower stated it had all been ruined because of that "stupid U-2 business".
|
In what year was the Four Power Paris Summit intended to take place?
|
{
"text": [
"1960"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
}
|
57327d740fdd8d15006c6b1b
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
While President Truman had begun the process of desegregating the Armed Forces in 1948, actual implementation had been slow. Eisenhower made clear his stance in his first State of the Union address in February 1953, saying "I propose to use whatever authority exists in the office of the President to end segregation in the District of Columbia, including the Federal Government, and any segregation in the Armed Forces". When he encountered opposition from the services, he used government control of military spending to force the change through, stating "Wherever Federal Funds are expended ..., I do not see how any American can justify ... a discrimination in the expenditure of those funds".
|
Which president initially began to desegregate the US military?
|
{
"text": [
"Truman"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
}
|
57327d740fdd8d15006c6b1c
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
While President Truman had begun the process of desegregating the Armed Forces in 1948, actual implementation had been slow. Eisenhower made clear his stance in his first State of the Union address in February 1953, saying "I propose to use whatever authority exists in the office of the President to end segregation in the District of Columbia, including the Federal Government, and any segregation in the Armed Forces". When he encountered opposition from the services, he used government control of military spending to force the change through, stating "Wherever Federal Funds are expended ..., I do not see how any American can justify ... a discrimination in the expenditure of those funds".
|
When did the desegregation of the United States Armed Forces begin?
|
{
"text": [
"1948"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
}
|
57327d740fdd8d15006c6b1d
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
While President Truman had begun the process of desegregating the Armed Forces in 1948, actual implementation had been slow. Eisenhower made clear his stance in his first State of the Union address in February 1953, saying "I propose to use whatever authority exists in the office of the President to end segregation in the District of Columbia, including the Federal Government, and any segregation in the Armed Forces". When he encountered opposition from the services, he used government control of military spending to force the change through, stating "Wherever Federal Funds are expended ..., I do not see how any American can justify ... a discrimination in the expenditure of those funds".
|
When did Eisenhower deliver his first State of the Union?
|
{
"text": [
"February 1953"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
}
|
57327d740fdd8d15006c6b1e
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
While President Truman had begun the process of desegregating the Armed Forces in 1948, actual implementation had been slow. Eisenhower made clear his stance in his first State of the Union address in February 1953, saying "I propose to use whatever authority exists in the office of the President to end segregation in the District of Columbia, including the Federal Government, and any segregation in the Armed Forces". When he encountered opposition from the services, he used government control of military spending to force the change through, stating "Wherever Federal Funds are expended ..., I do not see how any American can justify ... a discrimination in the expenditure of those funds".
|
What control did Eisenhower use to push through desegregation?
|
{
"text": [
"military spending"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
}
|
57327d740fdd8d15006c6b1f
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
While President Truman had begun the process of desegregating the Armed Forces in 1948, actual implementation had been slow. Eisenhower made clear his stance in his first State of the Union address in February 1953, saying "I propose to use whatever authority exists in the office of the President to end segregation in the District of Columbia, including the Federal Government, and any segregation in the Armed Forces". When he encountered opposition from the services, he used government control of military spending to force the change through, stating "Wherever Federal Funds are expended ..., I do not see how any American can justify ... a discrimination in the expenditure of those funds".
|
In what geographical area did Eisenhower promise to end desegregation in his State of the Union address?
|
{
"text": [
"District of Columbia"
],
"answer_start": [
324
]
}
|
57327dd5b3a91d1900202da9
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Eisenhower told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public school children. He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and of 1960 and signed those acts into law. The 1957 act for the first time established a permanent civil rights office inside the Justice Department and a Civil Rights Commission to hear testimony about abuses of voting rights. Although both acts were much weaker than subsequent civil rights legislation, they constituted the first significant civil rights acts since 1875.
|
Who did Eisenhower tell DC officials to integrate?
|
{
"text": [
"school children"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
}
|
57327dd5b3a91d1900202daa
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Eisenhower told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public school children. He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and of 1960 and signed those acts into law. The 1957 act for the first time established a permanent civil rights office inside the Justice Department and a Civil Rights Commission to hear testimony about abuses of voting rights. Although both acts were much weaker than subsequent civil rights legislation, they constituted the first significant civil rights acts since 1875.
|
What was the first civil rights act proposed to Congress by Eisenhower?
|
{
"text": [
"Civil Rights Act of 1957"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
}
|
57327dd5b3a91d1900202dab
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Eisenhower told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public school children. He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and of 1960 and signed those acts into law. The 1957 act for the first time established a permanent civil rights office inside the Justice Department and a Civil Rights Commission to hear testimony about abuses of voting rights. Although both acts were much weaker than subsequent civil rights legislation, they constituted the first significant civil rights acts since 1875.
|
In what year did Eisenhower propose his second civil rights act?
|
{
"text": [
"1960"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
}
|
57327dd5b3a91d1900202dac
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Eisenhower told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public school children. He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and of 1960 and signed those acts into law. The 1957 act for the first time established a permanent civil rights office inside the Justice Department and a Civil Rights Commission to hear testimony about abuses of voting rights. Although both acts were much weaker than subsequent civil rights legislation, they constituted the first significant civil rights acts since 1875.
|
What sort of commission did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 establish?
|
{
"text": [
"Civil Rights Commission"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
}
|
57327dd5b3a91d1900202dad
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Eisenhower told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public school children. He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and of 1960 and signed those acts into law. The 1957 act for the first time established a permanent civil rights office inside the Justice Department and a Civil Rights Commission to hear testimony about abuses of voting rights. Although both acts were much weaker than subsequent civil rights legislation, they constituted the first significant civil rights acts since 1875.
|
Under the Civil Rights Act of 1957, what federal department contained a civil rights office?
|
{
"text": [
"Justice"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
}
|
57327e2db3a91d1900202db3
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In 1957, the state of Arkansas refused to honor a federal court order to integrate their public school system stemming from the Brown decision. Eisenhower demanded that Arkansas governor Orval Faubus obey the court order. When Faubus balked, the president placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent in the 101st Airborne Division. They escorted and protected nine black students' entry to Little Rock Central High School, an all-white public school, for the first time since the Reconstruction Era. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote to Eisenhower to thank him for his actions, writing "The overwhelming majority of southerners, Negro and white, stand firmly behind your resolute action to restore law and order in Little Rock".
|
What state refused to integrate its schools in 1957?
|
{
"text": [
"Arkansas"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
}
|
57327e2db3a91d1900202db4
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In 1957, the state of Arkansas refused to honor a federal court order to integrate their public school system stemming from the Brown decision. Eisenhower demanded that Arkansas governor Orval Faubus obey the court order. When Faubus balked, the president placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent in the 101st Airborne Division. They escorted and protected nine black students' entry to Little Rock Central High School, an all-white public school, for the first time since the Reconstruction Era. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote to Eisenhower to thank him for his actions, writing "The overwhelming majority of southerners, Negro and white, stand firmly behind your resolute action to restore law and order in Little Rock".
|
What military unit was sent from outside of Arkansas to oversee desegregation?
|
{
"text": [
"101st Airborne Division"
],
"answer_start": [
329
]
}
|
57327e2db3a91d1900202db5
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In 1957, the state of Arkansas refused to honor a federal court order to integrate their public school system stemming from the Brown decision. Eisenhower demanded that Arkansas governor Orval Faubus obey the court order. When Faubus balked, the president placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent in the 101st Airborne Division. They escorted and protected nine black students' entry to Little Rock Central High School, an all-white public school, for the first time since the Reconstruction Era. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote to Eisenhower to thank him for his actions, writing "The overwhelming majority of southerners, Negro and white, stand firmly behind your resolute action to restore law and order in Little Rock".
|
What Arkansas militia unit did Eisenhower federalize in 1957?
|
{
"text": [
"Arkansas National Guard"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
}
|
57327e2db3a91d1900202db6
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In 1957, the state of Arkansas refused to honor a federal court order to integrate their public school system stemming from the Brown decision. Eisenhower demanded that Arkansas governor Orval Faubus obey the court order. When Faubus balked, the president placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent in the 101st Airborne Division. They escorted and protected nine black students' entry to Little Rock Central High School, an all-white public school, for the first time since the Reconstruction Era. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote to Eisenhower to thank him for his actions, writing "The overwhelming majority of southerners, Negro and white, stand firmly behind your resolute action to restore law and order in Little Rock".
|
Who was the governor of Arkansas in 1957?
|
{
"text": [
"Orval Faubus"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
}
|
57327e2db3a91d1900202db7
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In 1957, the state of Arkansas refused to honor a federal court order to integrate their public school system stemming from the Brown decision. Eisenhower demanded that Arkansas governor Orval Faubus obey the court order. When Faubus balked, the president placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent in the 101st Airborne Division. They escorted and protected nine black students' entry to Little Rock Central High School, an all-white public school, for the first time since the Reconstruction Era. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote to Eisenhower to thank him for his actions, writing "The overwhelming majority of southerners, Negro and white, stand firmly behind your resolute action to restore law and order in Little Rock".
|
How many black students were escorted by the 101st Airborne to Little Rock Central High School?
|
{
"text": [
"nine"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
}
|
57327e83b3a91d1900202dbd
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused.
|
In what year did Joseph McCarthy declare that the federal government was employing communists?
|
{
"text": [
"1953"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
}
|
57327e83b3a91d1900202dbe
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused.
|
What did Eisenhower do when he was encouraged to respond to McCarthy's accusations?
|
{
"text": [
"he refused"
],
"answer_start": [
659
]
}
|
57327e83b3a91d1900202dbf
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused.
|
Why did Eisenhower ignore McCarthy?
|
{
"text": [
"facilitate relations with Congress"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
}
|
57327ee0b3a91d1900202dc3
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Among Ike's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witch hunt for communists, which would interfere with, and perhaps delay, the AEC's important work on H-bombs. The administration had discovered through its own investigations that one of the leading scientists on the AEC, J. Robert Oppenheimer, had urged that the H-bomb work be delayed. Eisenhower removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance, though he knew this would create fertile ground for McCarthy.
|
What organization did Eisenhower want to keep from being one of McCarthy's targets?
|
{
"text": [
"Atomic Energy Commission"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
}
|
57327ee0b3a91d1900202dc4
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Among Ike's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witch hunt for communists, which would interfere with, and perhaps delay, the AEC's important work on H-bombs. The administration had discovered through its own investigations that one of the leading scientists on the AEC, J. Robert Oppenheimer, had urged that the H-bomb work be delayed. Eisenhower removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance, though he knew this would create fertile ground for McCarthy.
|
What was the AEC working on at this time?
|
{
"text": [
"H-bombs"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
}
|
57327ee0b3a91d1900202dc5
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Among Ike's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witch hunt for communists, which would interfere with, and perhaps delay, the AEC's important work on H-bombs. The administration had discovered through its own investigations that one of the leading scientists on the AEC, J. Robert Oppenheimer, had urged that the H-bomb work be delayed. Eisenhower removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance, though he knew this would create fertile ground for McCarthy.
|
What AEC scientists counseled delaying the development of the hydrogen bomb?
|
{
"text": [
"J. Robert Oppenheimer"
],
"answer_start": [
372
]
}
|
57327ee0b3a91d1900202dc6
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Among Ike's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witch hunt for communists, which would interfere with, and perhaps delay, the AEC's important work on H-bombs. The administration had discovered through its own investigations that one of the leading scientists on the AEC, J. Robert Oppenheimer, had urged that the H-bomb work be delayed. Eisenhower removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance, though he knew this would create fertile ground for McCarthy.
|
What did Eisenhower do to Oppenheimer after he said that the hydrogen bomb should be delayed?
|
{
"text": [
"removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
}
|
57327f4a06a3a419008aca93
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In May 1955, McCarthy threatened to issue subpoenas to White House personnel. Eisenhower was furious, and issued an order as follows: "It is essential to efficient and effective administration that employees of the Executive Branch be in a position to be completely candid in advising with each other on official matters ... it is not in the public interest that any of their conversations or communications, or any documents or reproductions, concerning such advice be disclosed." This was an unprecedented step by Eisenhower to protect communication beyond the confines of a cabinet meeting, and soon became a tradition known as executive privilege. Ike's denial of McCarthy's access to his staff reduced McCarthy's hearings to rants about trivial matters, and contributed to his ultimate downfall.
|
What did McCarthy threaten to do in May of 1955?
|
{
"text": [
"issue subpoenas to White House personnel"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
}
|
57327f4a06a3a419008aca94
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In May 1955, McCarthy threatened to issue subpoenas to White House personnel. Eisenhower was furious, and issued an order as follows: "It is essential to efficient and effective administration that employees of the Executive Branch be in a position to be completely candid in advising with each other on official matters ... it is not in the public interest that any of their conversations or communications, or any documents or reproductions, concerning such advice be disclosed." This was an unprecedented step by Eisenhower to protect communication beyond the confines of a cabinet meeting, and soon became a tradition known as executive privilege. Ike's denial of McCarthy's access to his staff reduced McCarthy's hearings to rants about trivial matters, and contributed to his ultimate downfall.
|
What tradition was fostered by Eisenhower's reaction to McCarthy's subpoena threats?
|
{
"text": [
"executive privilege"
],
"answer_start": [
631
]
}
|
57327f4a06a3a419008aca95
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
In May 1955, McCarthy threatened to issue subpoenas to White House personnel. Eisenhower was furious, and issued an order as follows: "It is essential to efficient and effective administration that employees of the Executive Branch be in a position to be completely candid in advising with each other on official matters ... it is not in the public interest that any of their conversations or communications, or any documents or reproductions, concerning such advice be disclosed." This was an unprecedented step by Eisenhower to protect communication beyond the confines of a cabinet meeting, and soon became a tradition known as executive privilege. Ike's denial of McCarthy's access to his staff reduced McCarthy's hearings to rants about trivial matters, and contributed to his ultimate downfall.
|
Eisenhower denied McCarthy access to the personnel of what branch of the federal government?
|
{
"text": [
"Executive"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
}
|
57327f92b3a91d1900202dcb
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
The Democrats gained a majority in both houses in the 1954 election. Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (later U.S. president) in the Senate and Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House, both from Texas. Joe Martin, the Republican Speaker from 1947 to 1949 and again from 1953 to 1955, wrote that Eisenhower "never surrounded himself with assistants who could solve political problems with professional skill. There were exceptions, Leonard W. Hall, for example, who as chairman of the Republican National Committee tried to open the administration's eyes to the political facts of life, with occasional success. However, these exceptions were not enough to right the balance."
|
Who won a Senate majority in 1954?
|
{
"text": [
"Democrats"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
}
|
57327f92b3a91d1900202dcc
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
The Democrats gained a majority in both houses in the 1954 election. Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (later U.S. president) in the Senate and Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House, both from Texas. Joe Martin, the Republican Speaker from 1947 to 1949 and again from 1953 to 1955, wrote that Eisenhower "never surrounded himself with assistants who could solve political problems with professional skill. There were exceptions, Leonard W. Hall, for example, who as chairman of the Republican National Committee tried to open the administration's eyes to the political facts of life, with occasional success. However, these exceptions were not enough to right the balance."
|
After the 1954 election, who was the Speaker of the House?
|
{
"text": [
"Sam Rayburn"
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
}
|
57327f92b3a91d1900202dcd
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
The Democrats gained a majority in both houses in the 1954 election. Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (later U.S. president) in the Senate and Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House, both from Texas. Joe Martin, the Republican Speaker from 1947 to 1949 and again from 1953 to 1955, wrote that Eisenhower "never surrounded himself with assistants who could solve political problems with professional skill. There were exceptions, Leonard W. Hall, for example, who as chairman of the Republican National Committee tried to open the administration's eyes to the political facts of life, with occasional success. However, these exceptions were not enough to right the balance."
|
Who was made Senate Majority Leader after the 1954 election?
|
{
"text": [
"Lyndon B. Johnson"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
}
|
57327f92b3a91d1900202dce
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
The Democrats gained a majority in both houses in the 1954 election. Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (later U.S. president) in the Senate and Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House, both from Texas. Joe Martin, the Republican Speaker from 1947 to 1949 and again from 1953 to 1955, wrote that Eisenhower "never surrounded himself with assistants who could solve political problems with professional skill. There were exceptions, Leonard W. Hall, for example, who as chairman of the Republican National Committee tried to open the administration's eyes to the political facts of life, with occasional success. However, these exceptions were not enough to right the balance."
|
What state were Johnson and Rayburn from?
|
{
"text": [
"Texas"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
}
|
57327f92b3a91d1900202dcf
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
The Democrats gained a majority in both houses in the 1954 election. Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (later U.S. president) in the Senate and Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House, both from Texas. Joe Martin, the Republican Speaker from 1947 to 1949 and again from 1953 to 1955, wrote that Eisenhower "never surrounded himself with assistants who could solve political problems with professional skill. There were exceptions, Leonard W. Hall, for example, who as chairman of the Republican National Committee tried to open the administration's eyes to the political facts of life, with occasional success. However, these exceptions were not enough to right the balance."
|
Who was Speaker of the House between 1953 and 1955?
|
{
"text": [
"Joe Martin"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
}
|
57328011b3a91d1900202dd5
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Speaker Martin concluded that Eisenhower worked too much through subordinates in dealing with Congress, with results, "often the reverse of what he has desired" because Members of Congress, "resent having some young fellow who was picked up by the White House without ever having been elected to office himself coming around and telling them 'The Chief wants this'. The administration never made use of many Republicans of consequence whose services in one form or another would have been available for the asking."
|
What did Martin think Eisenhower did too much of in his relations with Congress?
|
{
"text": [
"worked too much through subordinates"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
}
|
57328011b3a91d1900202dd6
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Speaker Martin concluded that Eisenhower worked too much through subordinates in dealing with Congress, with results, "often the reverse of what he has desired" because Members of Congress, "resent having some young fellow who was picked up by the White House without ever having been elected to office himself coming around and telling them 'The Chief wants this'. The administration never made use of many Republicans of consequence whose services in one form or another would have been available for the asking."
|
As a result of Eisenhower's actions toward Congress, what did Martin think Congress often gave him?
|
{
"text": [
"reverse of what he has desired"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
}
|
57328011b3a91d1900202dd7
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Speaker Martin concluded that Eisenhower worked too much through subordinates in dealing with Congress, with results, "often the reverse of what he has desired" because Members of Congress, "resent having some young fellow who was picked up by the White House without ever having been elected to office himself coming around and telling them 'The Chief wants this'. The administration never made use of many Republicans of consequence whose services in one form or another would have been available for the asking."
|
Who did Martin think Eisenhower should have made better use of?
|
{
"text": [
"Republicans of consequence"
],
"answer_start": [
408
]
}
|
5732806657eb1f1400fd2d40
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Whittaker was unsuited for the role and soon retired. Stewart and Harlan were conservative Republicans, while Brennan was a Democrat who became a leading voice for liberalism. In selecting a Chief Justice, Eisenhower looked for an experienced jurist who could appeal to liberals in the party as well as law-and-order conservatives, noting privately that Warren "represents the kind of political, economic, and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court ... He has a national name for integrity, uprightness, and courage that, again, I believe we need on the Court". In the next few years Warren led the Court in a series of liberal decisions that revolutionized the role of the Court.
|
What were Harlan and Stewart's party affiliations?
|
{
"text": [
"Republicans"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
}
|
5732806657eb1f1400fd2d41
|
Dwight_D._Eisenhower
|
Whittaker was unsuited for the role and soon retired. Stewart and Harlan were conservative Republicans, while Brennan was a Democrat who became a leading voice for liberalism. In selecting a Chief Justice, Eisenhower looked for an experienced jurist who could appeal to liberals in the party as well as law-and-order conservatives, noting privately that Warren "represents the kind of political, economic, and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court ... He has a national name for integrity, uprightness, and courage that, again, I believe we need on the Court". In the next few years Warren led the Court in a series of liberal decisions that revolutionized the role of the Court.
|
What party did Brennan belong to?
|
{
"text": [
"Democrat"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
}
|
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