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Nikolaos Georgalis (Greek: Νικόλαος Γεωργαλής; born July 23, 1957), commonly known as either Nikos Galis (Greek: Νίκος Γκάλης), or Nick Galis, is a Greek former professional basketball player. Galis, who during his playing days was nicknamed, "Nick The Greek", "The Gangster", and "The Iron Man", is widely regarded as Europe's greatest scorer to ever play the game, and as one of the all-time greatest players in FIBA international basketball history. In 1991, Galis was named one of FIBA's 50 Greatest Players. In 2007, he became an inaugural member of the FIBA Hall of Fame. In 2008, he was chosen as one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors. In 2017, he was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.During his college basketball career at Seton Hall University, Galis played at the point guard position. However, his primary position during his pro career was shooting guard. He spent most of his club playing career with Aris Thessaloniki, before having a late career stint with Panathinaikos Athens. Among qualified players, he is the EuroLeague's all-time leader in points per game scoring average, when counting both the FIBA and EuroLeague Basketball eras (1958–present). He was also the league's top scorer of the season, numerous times. In Europe's premier basketball club competition, he reached the EuroLeague Final Four on four occasions, making it in three consecutive years with Aris (1988, 1989, 1990), and in another year with Panathinaikos (1994). Galis won eight Greek league championships, and he is also the Greek Championship's amateur era all-time leading scorer, in both career points scored and career scoring average, when counting all league formats prior to the league becoming fully professional, in the 1992–93 season.
Galis led the Greece men's national basketball team to the EuroBasket's gold medal in 1987, and he earned the tournament's MVP award in the process. Following his stunning success in winning the 1987 EuroBasket title, Galis won both the Mr. Europa and the Euroscar player of the year awards. He also led Greece to a silver medal at the 1989 EuroBasket, where he was also selected to the All-EuroBasket Team. Overall during his national team career, he was named to the All-EuroBasket Team four times (1983, 1987, 1989, 1991). Among his myriad of accomplishments, he holds the EuroBasket's record for the highest career scoring average (31.2 points per game), and he was also the leading scorer of four EuroBasket tournaments, in 1983, 1987, 1989, and 1991. Galis also owns two major records of the FIBA World Championship/Cup tournament. He holds the records for the highest career scoring average (33.5 points per game), and the most total points ever scored in a single tournament, which he set at the 1986 FIBA World Championship.
Galis, who was named the Greek Male Athlete of the Year three times (1986, 1987, 1989), is highly revered in Greece, where he is considered by many to be one of the greatest national athletes that the country has ever had. His years with Aris Thessaloniki and the Greece national team, lifted Greek basketball from a place of relative obscurity, to both European and global power status. Galis was the sports icon that eventually inspired thousands of Greeks to take up playing the game of basketball.
Early life and high school
Galis was born in Union City, New Jersey. The child of a poor immigrant family, from the Greek islands of Rhodes and Nisyros, Galis took up boxing in his early years, after his father, George Georgalis, who had also been a boxer in his youth. He was later persuaded to give up boxing by his mother, Stella Georgalis, who was terrified after each time that her son would return home from boxing training with a new facial injury. As a result, Galis started playing the sport of basketball instead of boxing. He attended Union Hill High School, in Union City, where he played high school basketball for legendary coach William J. McKeever , as well as American football.
College career
After high school, Galis enrolled at Seton Hall University, where he played college basketball as a member of the Seton Hall Pirates. In his senior 1978–79 season, Galis saw his scoring average reach 27.5 points per game, which was third in the nation, behind Idaho State's Lawrence Butler (30.1 points per game) and Indiana State's Larry Bird (28.6 points per game), including a 48-point outburst against the University of Santa Clara.Also in his senior year of college, Galis won the Haggerty Award (the New York City metro area's best player award), and the Eastern College Athletic Conference Player of the Year award. The same year, he also played in the Pizza Hut All-American game, alongside Bird and Vinnie Johnson. During his four-year college career, Galis played in a total of 107 games and scored 1,651 points, for a career scoring average of 15.4 points per game.Galis' head coach at Seton Hall, Bill Raftery, would later state that Galis was the best player that he ever coached. While at Seton Hall, Galis was a good friend and roommate of Italian-American professional basketball player Dan Callandrillo. Galis was later inducted into the Seton Hall Athletic Hall of Fame, in 1991.
College stats
Professional career
Boston Celtics
After finishing his collegiate career in 1979, Galis signed with agent Bill Manon, who also managed Diana Ross. Manon did not have Galis work out with any NBA team. Galis was eventually selected by the Boston Celtics in the 4th round of the 1979 NBA draft, 68th overall. Due to a severe ankle injury that Galis suffered during the Celtics preseason training camp of the 1979–80 season, the franchise was no longer interested in offering him a contract because Gerald Henderson had taken his place on the team, and his injury would keep him out for the foreseeable future.
Galis then decided to pursue a professional career in Greece's top-tier level Basket League. Later, while still playing in Greece, he would be offered NBA contracts by the Celtics and the New Jersey Nets. However, he turned the offers down, because at the time, and until 1989, FIBA did not have professional status, and consequently did not allow NBA players to compete at the national team level. Since playing with the Greek men's national basketball team meant so much to him, he stayed in Greece. Celtics then-president Red Auerbach later said that the single biggest mistake he ever made in his career was not keeping Galis.
Aris Thessaloniki
After suffering an ankle injury in the Boston Celtics 1979–80 preseason training camp, which prevented him from receiving a contract with the Celtics, Galis made the move across the Atlantic, and signed to play with Aris Thessaloniki of Greece, in 1979. The two major Greek clubs of Panathinaikos Athens and Olympiacos Piraeus, had also shown some interest in signing him, but it was Aris Thessaloniki's interest that was the most persuasive to Galis. His move to the country would eventually help Greek club basketball to reach a level of popularity that had never been previously imagined.
Galis was the indisputable leader of Aris Thessaloniki, as he averaged more than 30 points per game in nearly every season and competition that he played in with the team. With Aris Thessaloniki, he played alongside other great European players like Panagiotis Giannakis and Slobodan Subotić, who was known in Greece as Lefteris Soumpotits. With Aris Thessaloniki, Galis won eight Greek League championships, in the years 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, and 1991. He won seven out of his eight Greek League championships in consecutive years, with three of those championships being won in undefeated seasons. He also won six Greek Cup titles with Aris Thessaloniki, in the years 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, and 1992. Four of his six Greek Cup titles were won in consecutive years.
In the top-level European-wide club competition, the FIBA European Champions' Cup (EuroLeague), Galis led Aris Thessaloniki to three consecutive appearances at the competition's Final Four. Galis' team played at the 1988 Ghent Final Four, the 1989 Munich Final Four, and the 1990 Zaragoza Final Four. In the one major disappointment of an otherwise glittering club career with Aris Thessaloniki, all three of Galis' FIBA European Champions' Cup Final Four appearances ended in losses in the semifinals. Which thus deprived him of the opportunity to shine all the way onto Europe's biggest club stage, at the FIBA European Champions' Cup Finals (EuroLeague Finals). However, the team's performances and general standard of play, won over the hearts of most basketball fans in Greece. In fact, cinemas and theaters in Greece would often reduce their ticket admission prices on Thursday evenings, when Aris Thessaloniki was playing games, as large segments of the country settled down to watch them on television.
In June 1991, Galis was chosen as a member of The Balkans Selection All-Star Team that played against The European Selection All-Star Team at the 1991 FIBA Centennial Jubilee. The 1991 FIBA Jubilee event was held in order to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the creation of the sport of basketball in 1891, by the Canadian James Naismith. The FIBA Jubilee All-Star Game took place at the Peace and Friendship Stadium, in Piraeus, Athens, Greece, and it included numerous legends of European basketball. The Balkans' All-Star Selection won the game, by a score of 103–102. Galis was the game's top scorer, with 20 points.
On 19 December 1991, in one of his final FIBA EuroLeague games with Aris Thessaloniki, Galis rolled back the clock. At the age of 34, he scored 46 points, on 13/20 field goals overall, 8/14 2-point field goals, 5/6 3-point field goals, and 15/18 free throws, in a 111–108 loss against the Italian League club Olimpia Milano. However, Aris Thessaloniki's 1991–92 FIBA EuroLeague season was a disappointment, as the club finished group stage play with a record of 3–11.
Also in that same 1991–92 season, in a Greek League game against Panionios Athens, Galis scored 48 points, on 17/21 field goals overall, 15/18 2-point field goals, 2/3 3-point field goals, and 12/13 free throws. However, Aris Thessaloniki failed to make it to the 1992 Greek League's Finals. It was the first time that the team had not won the Greek League championship, since 1984.
Eventually, the 1991–92 season ended up being Galis' final campaign with Aris Thessaloniki. At that time, the team was under new management and was trying to bring down the club's debts. That combined with Galis' huge salary for that time, and the fact that the team was in a period of decline, were the main causes for his departure. Galis, who adored the city of Thessaloniki and Aris' fans, had originally insisted on remaining in the club and playing for the team, as he believed that he still had a lot to offer the club. Ultimately however, Galis was forced to leave the club. In his last game for the club, Galis scored 18 points (6/9, 6/9, 0/2) as Aris beat AEK 74–62 to win yet another Greek Cup title in 1992.
Panathinaikos Athens
Galis moved to Athens, in the summer of 1992, to play with Panathinaikos. He was the player who then led the "Greens" to a club rebirth, after it had suffered through a long drought period, during which the historical team had remained without winning any titles. The previous season (1991–92) had been particularly disappointing for the club, with the team finishing in eighth place in the Greek league. As the team's captain, Galis inspired the young players of Panathinaikos Athens, such as Fragiskos Alvertis and Nikos Oikonomou, and he gradually brought back hope to the team's fans. So much so, as to the point that the club's then home arena, Glyfada Indoor Hall, was always overcrowded. In that season (1992–93), Panathinaikos Athens finished in second place in the Greek league, and also won the Greek Cup title, which was the seventh Greek Cup title for Galis.
In the following 1993–94 season, Galis was the FIBA European League (EuroLeague)'s Top Scorer, with an average of 23.8 points per game, in 21 games played. He also led the league in assists, with an average of 4.7 assists per game. In Panathinaikos Athens' decisive Game 3 victory of the FIBA European League's quarterfinals, against the then reigning league champions, the French League club Limoges, Galis truly led Panathinaikos Athens into a new club era. Galis led Panathinaikos Athens' qualification to the 1994 Tel Aviv FIBA European League Final Four, by scoring 30 points in the deciding playoff game, on 12–16 (75%) field goal shooting in the game. The "Greens" eventually finished in third place in the FIBA European League that season, after they lost in the semifinals to their arch-rivals Olympiacos Piraeus, by a score of 77–72.
However, it was still the furthest that the club had reached in the competition since the 1971–72 season. Galis scored 30 points in Panathinaikos Athens' win in the Final Four's third place game against the Spanish League club FC Barcelona, as he led all scorers in the game, with 30 points. Galis was named to the All-Final Four Team.
In what proved to be one of his final games for Panathinaikos, during the 3rd/4th place playoff series against Panionios in May 1994, Galis went scoreless in a game for the first time in his professional career in Greece, ending game 2 (which Panathinaikos lost 93–71) with 0/4 two-point shots from 29 minutes' play. Galis rallied to score 18 and 22 points in games 3 and 4, both of which Panathinaikos won to seal 3rd spot and a place in the FIBA European League for the following season.
In his third season with Panthinaikos Athens (1994–95), Galis teamed up with Panagiotis Giannakis and Žarko Paspalj, to make a strong effort to win the championship of the FIBA European League. Galis was the player who led Panathinaikos Athens to the competition's Top 16 group stage, as he prevented their elimination from the competition against the Ukrainian Super League club Budivelnyk Kyiv, with a game-high of 23 points in the club's decisive second-leg game victory. Galis was also the leader of the team in their Greek Cup win against Olympiacos Piraeus, at the Sporting Sports Arena.
At the age of 37, Galis played in his last game in professional basketball, as a player of Panathinaikos Athens, on October 12, 1994. It was in a game against Dafni Athens, in Week 1 of the Greek League's 1994–95 season. In that game, Galis scored a total of 8 points (2/2, 3/3), in 35 minutes of playing time. Panathinaikos Athens won the game in a blowout, by a score of 82–60.
Galis' playing career then ended controversially, on October 18, 1994, before Panathinaikos Athens' Week 2 game of the Greek League's 1994–95 season. Kostas Politis, who was the head coach of Panathinaikos Athens at the time, decided not to include Galis in the team's starting line-up of that Greek League game versus Ampelokipoi Athens. In protest against the head coach's decision, Galis left the arena, and ultimately, he never returned to playing action again. His retirement was officially announced in the media, on September 29, 1995.
During his pro club basketball career, Galis scored a total of 12,864 points, in 384 Greek Basket League games played, for a career scoring average of 33.5 points per game. In the 55 career Greek Cup games in which he played, he scored a total of 1,935 points, for a career scoring average of 35.2 points per game. He also averaged 42.5 points per game, in the two Greek Super Cup games that he played in. He scored a total of 864 points, in 23 FIBA Korać Cup games, for a career scoring average of 37.6 points per game. In the FIBA EuroLeague, he scored a total of 4,047 points, in 125 games played, for a career scoring average of 32.4 points per game. Overall, in all of the pro club competitions that he played in, Galis scored a total of 19,795 points, in 589 games played, for a pro club career scoring average of 33.6 points per game.
Career pro club statistics
Greek League season by season scoring stats
(Regular season and postseason)
Season by season scoring stats in European-wide leagues
National team career
Galis first played with the Greece men's national basketball team at the 1980 FIBA European Olympic Qualifying Tournament. He averaged 20.5 points per game at the tournament. His tournament single-game scoring high was 30 points, which came in a game against Switzerland. However, Greece failed to qualify for the 1980 Moscow Summer Olympic Games. At the 1981 EuroBasket, Galis averaged 19.9 points per game. Greece finished the tournament in 9th place. At the 1983 EuroBasket, Galis averaged 33.6 points per game, and he was the tournament's leading scorer. Greece finished the tournament in 11th place.
On 20 November 1983, Galis played in a friendly game against the North Carolina Tar Heels, at The Demetria Tournament '83. The game took place at the Alexandreio Melathron arena. During that game, Galis, who was Greece's shooting guard, was guarded by North Carolina's shooting guard, Michael Jordan. Galis scored 24 points during the game.At the 1984 FIBA European Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Galis averaged 31.6 points per game, and he was the tournament's leading scorer. His tournament single-game scoring high was 45 points, which came in a game against Great Britain. However, Greece failed to qualify for the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Olympic Games.
With Greece, Galis won the bronze medal at the 1984 Balkan Championship. At the 1986 FIBA World Championship, Galis led the tournament in scoring, as he averaged 33.7 points per game. During the tournament, he had a 53-point outburst in a game against Panama. Greece finished the tournament in 10th place. With Greece, Galis won the gold medal at the 1986 Balkan Championship.
Galis next led the Greece national team to the 1987 EuroBasket gold medal. Galis led the tournament in scoring, as he averaged 37.0 points per game. He scored 40 points in the tournament's finals against the Soviet Union national team and its legendary player, Šarūnas Marčiulionis, as he led Greece to a 103–101 victory. He was named the MVP of the tournament.
At the 1988 FIBA European Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Galis averaged 28.4 points per game, and he was the tournament's leading scorer. His tournament single-game scoring high was 35 points, which came in a game against Germany. However, Greece failed to qualify for the 1988 Seoul Summer Olympic Games.
Galis also led Greece to the silver medal at the 1989 EuroBasket, which he led in scoring, with an average of 35.6 points per game. Galis is most remembered from that tournament, for a stunning effort against the Soviet team led by Marčiulionis, and its other star player, Arvydas Sabonis, in their semifinals game. Galis scored 45 out of his team's 81 total points, in a dramatic last-gasp 81–80 victory. The Greek team then settled for a second-place finish, after they lost against the dominant Yugoslav national team, in the tournament's finals.
Galis also represented Greece at the 1991 FIBA Centennial Jubilee, which commemorated the 100th anniversary of the creation of the sport of basketball, by the Canadian James Naismith. The Jubilee tournament took place at the Peace and Friendship Stadium, in Piraeus, Athens, Greece. In three games played during the tournament, Galis averaged 21.0 points per game.
At the 1991 EuroBasket, Galis averaged 32.4 points per game, and he also led the tournament in scoring. In total, Galis was the leading scorer of the EuroBasket four times. He was also a four-time All-EuroBasket Team member.
In total, Galis played in 168 FIBA-recognized games with the Greece national team, in which he scored a total of 5,129 points, for a career scoring average of 30.5 points per game. Galis is in the second place, on the list of the all-time career scoring leaders in the history of Greece's senior national team. Panagiotis Giannakis is in first place on the list.
Greek senior national team career statistics
Greece National Team scoring stats by tournament
Galis' top 10 scoring FIBA games
Highest scoring single games by competition
Player profile
Galis was not only a legendary scorer, he was also a great play maker and passer. The majority of his points scored came inside the paint area, due to his penetrating ability. Galis' mid-range jumper was one of his biggest offensive weapons, as he was able to consistently make it against defensive pressure. Galis' great strength and leaping ability allowed him to have an excellent post game against other guards, despite his short stature, as compared to most other players. Another enormous competitive advantage that Galis possessed was his incredible stamina, which was due to his exemplary physical conditioning. At the 1987 EuroBasket, after the first game of the competition, Galis was never substituted out of any of the tournament's remaining games. His stamina and conditioning led to him being given the nickname of "The Iron Man".
Post-playing career and personal life
Galis is married to Eleni Panagiotou, and he has one daughter, named Stella. Since his official retirement from playing professional club basketball on September 29, 1995, and up until early 2006, Galis was the owner of a summer basketball camp in Chalkidiki, Greece. The basketball camp was listed at the Athens Stock Exchange. As a token of appreciation for his contribution to Greek sport, Galis was chosen to be the first torch bearer, in the final round of the Olympic Flame, for the Athens 2004 Summer Olympics. Galis entered the stadium at the conclusion of the Opening Ceremony, and set off the procession of the flame to the altar.
In September 2007, Galis was inducted as a member of the first class of the FIBA Hall of Fame, which includes the best basketball players in the history of the game internationally. Galis was inducted as a player. Bill Russell, of the famous Boston Celtics dynasty, was another one of the 16 inaugural player inductees. Galis was also entered into the Eurobasket.com website's European Basketball Hall of Fame, inducted as a player.
In May 2013, his former club team Aris Thessaloniki, renamed the court of their home arena, the Alexandreio Melathron, to "Nick Galis Hall". The club also organized a celebration of Galis' life and career, and retired his number 6 Aris jersey. The event was attended by many of his former teammates and opponents, from the 1980s and 1990s. Some of the attendees included the majority of the Greece men's national basketball team's 1987 EuroBasket gold medal-winning team, as well as numerous other international basketball stars who played against Galis over the years, such as Dino Rađja, Jordi Villacampa, and Doron Jamchi, among others.
On April 1, 2017, it was announced that Galis would be inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, as part of the 2017 Hall of Fame class. Galis was later inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, on September 9, 2017. He became one of the very few men's basketball players from around the world, to be inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame, without having ever played in the NBA. On June 14, 2016, exactly 29 years after Greece's national team won the gold medal at the 1987 EuroBasket, the court of the biggest basketball arena in Greece, the OAKA Olympic Indoor Hall, was named the "Nikos Galis Olympic Indoor Hall", in his honour.
Quotes about Galis
"I never thought that there was such a good offensive player in Europe, and especially in Greece.", Michael Jordan
"I've seen Galis do things, that I've seen neither Lakers nor Celtics do.", Bob McAdoo
"I admire him. When he plays one on one, there's no way to stop him. I didn't think that there would ever be a player, who by himself, could cause nightmares and even beat the Soviet Union.", Sergei Belov
"If Galis wants to score, he will score no matter who's defending him.", Arvydas Sabonis
"If I'm The Son of the Devil, then Galis is The Devil himself.", Dražen Petrović
'"I’d like to be on the same team with him, so I could pass to him, and then watch him score a basket.”, Dražen Petrović
"Although Drazen (i.e. Petrović) is my brother, for the best athlete of 1987, I voted for Galis."', Aco Petrović
"Galis is a great player. He is one of the best European players. He was a really tough opponent, he floated in the air, he was one of the best.", Dino Radja
"Petrović and Galis were the most charismatic players I've ever known. "Galis is the only player who made me shudder.", Doron Jamchi
"Everyone who plays basketball, owes Galis money.", Fanis Christodoulou
"If we played together, we would have scored 300 points in every game!", Vassilis Goumas
"The man is a computer! If he had played with us in AEK in the '60s, we would have been undefeated.", Georgios Amerikanos
"A European and Greek basketball changed. It is my honor to play with him. He is the greatest of all time "., Sasha Volkov
"I've seen many players in my career, but what Galis does on the floor, only 2–3 in the world can do.", Audie Norris
"Who wouldn't want to play with Galis? I would definitely give the ball to Galis on the last play. Galis changed basketball in Greece and Europe.", Audie Norris
"Galis wasn't affected by anything. I count him among the five best players of Europe.", Georgios Sigalas
"In Greece, Galis is what Michael Jordan is in America.", Steve Giatzoglou
"Galis is the player of the 21st century.", Alexander Gomelsky, USSR head coach.
"I had nightmares of Galis all night.", Pierre Dao, Limoges head coach.
"I had given specific instructions on how to defend against the other 4 players. As for Nikos, we just had to sit down and pray!", Wojciech Krajewski, Lech Poznan head coach.
"There is only one way I can think of to stop Nikos from scoring. Lock him up in his hotel room, so that he can't come to the arena.", Ruud Harrewijn, Dutch national team head coach.
Awards and accomplishments
Galis won numerous titles and awards during his career and had many memorable single game performances. The following are some of them:
College
Haggerty Award (New York Metro Area Player of the Year): 1979
ECAC Player of the Year: 1979
Member of the Seton Hall Athletic Hall of Fame: 1991
Pro career
Titles:
8× Greek League Champion: 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
7× Greek Cup Winner: 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993
Greek Super Cup Winner: 1986(In total, he won 16 trophies in his pro club career as a player.)Personal awards and achievements:
11× Greek League Top Scorer: 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
Greek Super Cup Finals Top Scorer: 1986
3× Greek Male Athlete of the Year: 1986, 1987, 1989
5× Greek Cup Finals Top Scorer: 1987, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993
5× Greek League Finals MVP: 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
2× FIBA European Selection: 1987, 1991 I
Mediterranean Player of the Year: 1987
Euroscar European Player of the Year: 1987
Mr. Europa European Player of the Year: 1987
L'Équipe Champion of Champions' 10th Best Athlete in the World: 1987
5× FIBA EuroLeague Top Scorer: 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1994
5× Greek League MVP: 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992
4× Greek League Assist Leader: 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
2× Greek League All-Star (1991, 1994 I)
FIBA EuroLeague Assists Leader: 1994
FIBA EuroLeague All-Final Four Team: (1994)
EuroLeague Final Four all-time career scoring leader: 231 points (28.9 points per game).
Greek Championship (amateur era) all-time career scoring leader: 12,864 points (33.5 points per game) – Vassilis Spanoulis is the league's professional era all-time career scoring leader.
Greek Cup all-time career scoring leader: 1,935 points (35.2 points per game).
FIBA's 50 Greatest Players: 1991
Member of the FIBA Hall of Fame: 2007
50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors: 2008
No. 6 jersey retired by Aris: 2013
Member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame: 2017
101 Greats of European Basketball: 2018
HoopsHype's 75 Greatest International Players Ever: 2021
Greek Basket League Hall of Fame: 2022
Along with Panagiotis Giannakis, he led Aris Thessaloniki to an 80-game winning streak in the Greek League, in the 1980s.
His personal career single-game scoring high in a Greek League game was 62 points, which was achieved in a game on 24 January 1981, during the 1980–81 season (Aris Thessaloniki vs. Ionikos Nikaias). However, in the same game, Ionikos' superstar, Panagiotis Giannakis, who would later go on to become Galis' teammate on Aris, scored 73 points.
His personal career single-game scoring high in the Greek Cup tournament was 52 points against Panellinios Athens, in the 1987 Greek Cup Final (15 April 1987).
His personal career single-game scoring high in a European-wide continental club competition was 56 points against Vasas (5 November 1980), during the 1980–81 season of the FIBA Korać Cup.
His personal career single-game scoring high in the FIBA European Champions' Cup (now called the EuroLeague), was 52 points, which he achieved twice. He scored 52 points versus Oostende in 1986–87 (2 October 1986). He also scored 52 points versus Lech Poznań in 1989–90 (7 December 1989).
In 1993, while playing in the Greek League with Panathinaikos Athens, in a revenge game against his former team Aris Thessaloniki, he had a game for the ages. In the game, Galis made all 13 of his field goal attempts.
4,047 points scored in 125 FIBA EuroLeague games played (32.4 points per game), and 864 points scored in 23 FIBA Korać Cup games played (37.6 points per game).
Greece National Team
1983 EuroBasket: All-Tournament Team
1984 Balkan Championship: Bronze
1986 FIBA World Championship: Top Scorer (33.7 points per game)
1986 Balkan Championship: Gold
1987 EuroBasket: Gold
1989 EuroBasket: Silver
1987 EuroBasket: Most Valuable Player
4× FIBA EuroBasket All-Tournament Team: 1983, 1987, 1989, 1991
4× FIBA EuroBasket Top Scorer: 1983 (33.6 points per game), 1987 (37.0 points per game), 1989 (35.6 points per game), 1991 (32.4 points per game)
2× FIBA European Olympic Qualification Top Scorer: 1984 (31.6 points per game), 1988 (28.4 points per game)
At the 1986 FIBA World Championship, he scored 53 points in a game against Panama.
In the 1987 EuroBasket Finals, he scored 40 points against the Soviet Union.
In the 1989 EuroBasket Semifinals, he scored 45 points against the Soviet Union.
In 168 FIBA-recognized games played with the Greece men's national basketball team, he averaged 30.5 points per game.
Greece men's national basketball team's 2nd all-time career scoring leader (behind Panagiotis Giannakis): 5,167 total points scored, in 169 total games played (30.6 points per game). However, only 5,129 points in 168 games (30.5 points per game), is officially recognized.
Galis was the top scorer in every major European and world international competition that he participated in from 1983 onward: the 1983 EuroBasket, the 1984 FIBA European Olympic Qualification, the 1986 FIBA World Championship, the 1987 EuroBasket, the 1988 FIBA European Olympic Qualification, the 1989 EuroBasket, and the 1991 EuroBasket.
See also
Basketball in the United States
FIBA Europe
Sources
Nikos Galis FIBA Archive official website.
Nikos Galis FIBA Europe official website.
Arbel, Y. , "Iron Man Galis", November 08, 2006, FIBA Europe official website.
Nikos Galis Hellenic Basketball Federation official website (in Greek).
Eurobasket.com's HALL OF FAME.
Rabotas, G. (2003). Nikos Galis, A Legend like I have known him. Athens: Psychogios. ISBN 960-87979-0-5.
BASKET ARIS – Unofficial fan site dedicated to ARIS B.C.
Notes
References
External links
Twitter Account (in Greek)
NBA Draft Profile
Nikos Galis FIBA Hall of Fame Profile
Euroleague.net 50 Greatest Contributors
FIBA Profile
Galis FIBA Europe Profile
Hellenic Basketball Federation Profile (in Greek)
Interbasket.net Galis Profile
FIBAEurope.com Galis Story
Euroleague.net A scoring machine
101 Greats: Nikos Galis
Τα “κανόνια” του ελληνικού Πρωταθλήματος: Νίκος Γκάλης (in Greek)
Nick Galis Unofficial Website
GrHomeBoy.com Galis Inducted into FIBA Hall of Fame
Books.Google.com Seton Hall Pirates Nick Galis
SHUPPirates.com Seton Hall – Galis
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"1986 FIBA World Championship"
]
}
|
Nikolaos Georgalis (Greek: Νικόλαος Γεωργαλής; born July 23, 1957), commonly known as either Nikos Galis (Greek: Νίκος Γκάλης), or Nick Galis, is a Greek former professional basketball player. Galis, who during his playing days was nicknamed, "Nick The Greek", "The Gangster", and "The Iron Man", is widely regarded as Europe's greatest scorer to ever play the game, and as one of the all-time greatest players in FIBA international basketball history. In 1991, Galis was named one of FIBA's 50 Greatest Players. In 2007, he became an inaugural member of the FIBA Hall of Fame. In 2008, he was chosen as one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors. In 2017, he was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.During his college basketball career at Seton Hall University, Galis played at the point guard position. However, his primary position during his pro career was shooting guard. He spent most of his club playing career with Aris Thessaloniki, before having a late career stint with Panathinaikos Athens. Among qualified players, he is the EuroLeague's all-time leader in points per game scoring average, when counting both the FIBA and EuroLeague Basketball eras (1958–present). He was also the league's top scorer of the season, numerous times. In Europe's premier basketball club competition, he reached the EuroLeague Final Four on four occasions, making it in three consecutive years with Aris (1988, 1989, 1990), and in another year with Panathinaikos (1994). Galis won eight Greek league championships, and he is also the Greek Championship's amateur era all-time leading scorer, in both career points scored and career scoring average, when counting all league formats prior to the league becoming fully professional, in the 1992–93 season.
Galis led the Greece men's national basketball team to the EuroBasket's gold medal in 1987, and he earned the tournament's MVP award in the process. Following his stunning success in winning the 1987 EuroBasket title, Galis won both the Mr. Europa and the Euroscar player of the year awards. He also led Greece to a silver medal at the 1989 EuroBasket, where he was also selected to the All-EuroBasket Team. Overall during his national team career, he was named to the All-EuroBasket Team four times (1983, 1987, 1989, 1991). Among his myriad of accomplishments, he holds the EuroBasket's record for the highest career scoring average (31.2 points per game), and he was also the leading scorer of four EuroBasket tournaments, in 1983, 1987, 1989, and 1991. Galis also owns two major records of the FIBA World Championship/Cup tournament. He holds the records for the highest career scoring average (33.5 points per game), and the most total points ever scored in a single tournament, which he set at the 1986 FIBA World Championship.
Galis, who was named the Greek Male Athlete of the Year three times (1986, 1987, 1989), is highly revered in Greece, where he is considered by many to be one of the greatest national athletes that the country has ever had. His years with Aris Thessaloniki and the Greece national team, lifted Greek basketball from a place of relative obscurity, to both European and global power status. Galis was the sports icon that eventually inspired thousands of Greeks to take up playing the game of basketball.
Early life and high school
Galis was born in Union City, New Jersey. The child of a poor immigrant family, from the Greek islands of Rhodes and Nisyros, Galis took up boxing in his early years, after his father, George Georgalis, who had also been a boxer in his youth. He was later persuaded to give up boxing by his mother, Stella Georgalis, who was terrified after each time that her son would return home from boxing training with a new facial injury. As a result, Galis started playing the sport of basketball instead of boxing. He attended Union Hill High School, in Union City, where he played high school basketball for legendary coach William J. McKeever , as well as American football.
College career
After high school, Galis enrolled at Seton Hall University, where he played college basketball as a member of the Seton Hall Pirates. In his senior 1978–79 season, Galis saw his scoring average reach 27.5 points per game, which was third in the nation, behind Idaho State's Lawrence Butler (30.1 points per game) and Indiana State's Larry Bird (28.6 points per game), including a 48-point outburst against the University of Santa Clara.Also in his senior year of college, Galis won the Haggerty Award (the New York City metro area's best player award), and the Eastern College Athletic Conference Player of the Year award. The same year, he also played in the Pizza Hut All-American game, alongside Bird and Vinnie Johnson. During his four-year college career, Galis played in a total of 107 games and scored 1,651 points, for a career scoring average of 15.4 points per game.Galis' head coach at Seton Hall, Bill Raftery, would later state that Galis was the best player that he ever coached. While at Seton Hall, Galis was a good friend and roommate of Italian-American professional basketball player Dan Callandrillo. Galis was later inducted into the Seton Hall Athletic Hall of Fame, in 1991.
College stats
Professional career
Boston Celtics
After finishing his collegiate career in 1979, Galis signed with agent Bill Manon, who also managed Diana Ross. Manon did not have Galis work out with any NBA team. Galis was eventually selected by the Boston Celtics in the 4th round of the 1979 NBA draft, 68th overall. Due to a severe ankle injury that Galis suffered during the Celtics preseason training camp of the 1979–80 season, the franchise was no longer interested in offering him a contract because Gerald Henderson had taken his place on the team, and his injury would keep him out for the foreseeable future.
Galis then decided to pursue a professional career in Greece's top-tier level Basket League. Later, while still playing in Greece, he would be offered NBA contracts by the Celtics and the New Jersey Nets. However, he turned the offers down, because at the time, and until 1989, FIBA did not have professional status, and consequently did not allow NBA players to compete at the national team level. Since playing with the Greek men's national basketball team meant so much to him, he stayed in Greece. Celtics then-president Red Auerbach later said that the single biggest mistake he ever made in his career was not keeping Galis.
Aris Thessaloniki
After suffering an ankle injury in the Boston Celtics 1979–80 preseason training camp, which prevented him from receiving a contract with the Celtics, Galis made the move across the Atlantic, and signed to play with Aris Thessaloniki of Greece, in 1979. The two major Greek clubs of Panathinaikos Athens and Olympiacos Piraeus, had also shown some interest in signing him, but it was Aris Thessaloniki's interest that was the most persuasive to Galis. His move to the country would eventually help Greek club basketball to reach a level of popularity that had never been previously imagined.
Galis was the indisputable leader of Aris Thessaloniki, as he averaged more than 30 points per game in nearly every season and competition that he played in with the team. With Aris Thessaloniki, he played alongside other great European players like Panagiotis Giannakis and Slobodan Subotić, who was known in Greece as Lefteris Soumpotits. With Aris Thessaloniki, Galis won eight Greek League championships, in the years 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, and 1991. He won seven out of his eight Greek League championships in consecutive years, with three of those championships being won in undefeated seasons. He also won six Greek Cup titles with Aris Thessaloniki, in the years 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, and 1992. Four of his six Greek Cup titles were won in consecutive years.
In the top-level European-wide club competition, the FIBA European Champions' Cup (EuroLeague), Galis led Aris Thessaloniki to three consecutive appearances at the competition's Final Four. Galis' team played at the 1988 Ghent Final Four, the 1989 Munich Final Four, and the 1990 Zaragoza Final Four. In the one major disappointment of an otherwise glittering club career with Aris Thessaloniki, all three of Galis' FIBA European Champions' Cup Final Four appearances ended in losses in the semifinals. Which thus deprived him of the opportunity to shine all the way onto Europe's biggest club stage, at the FIBA European Champions' Cup Finals (EuroLeague Finals). However, the team's performances and general standard of play, won over the hearts of most basketball fans in Greece. In fact, cinemas and theaters in Greece would often reduce their ticket admission prices on Thursday evenings, when Aris Thessaloniki was playing games, as large segments of the country settled down to watch them on television.
In June 1991, Galis was chosen as a member of The Balkans Selection All-Star Team that played against The European Selection All-Star Team at the 1991 FIBA Centennial Jubilee. The 1991 FIBA Jubilee event was held in order to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the creation of the sport of basketball in 1891, by the Canadian James Naismith. The FIBA Jubilee All-Star Game took place at the Peace and Friendship Stadium, in Piraeus, Athens, Greece, and it included numerous legends of European basketball. The Balkans' All-Star Selection won the game, by a score of 103–102. Galis was the game's top scorer, with 20 points.
On 19 December 1991, in one of his final FIBA EuroLeague games with Aris Thessaloniki, Galis rolled back the clock. At the age of 34, he scored 46 points, on 13/20 field goals overall, 8/14 2-point field goals, 5/6 3-point field goals, and 15/18 free throws, in a 111–108 loss against the Italian League club Olimpia Milano. However, Aris Thessaloniki's 1991–92 FIBA EuroLeague season was a disappointment, as the club finished group stage play with a record of 3–11.
Also in that same 1991–92 season, in a Greek League game against Panionios Athens, Galis scored 48 points, on 17/21 field goals overall, 15/18 2-point field goals, 2/3 3-point field goals, and 12/13 free throws. However, Aris Thessaloniki failed to make it to the 1992 Greek League's Finals. It was the first time that the team had not won the Greek League championship, since 1984.
Eventually, the 1991–92 season ended up being Galis' final campaign with Aris Thessaloniki. At that time, the team was under new management and was trying to bring down the club's debts. That combined with Galis' huge salary for that time, and the fact that the team was in a period of decline, were the main causes for his departure. Galis, who adored the city of Thessaloniki and Aris' fans, had originally insisted on remaining in the club and playing for the team, as he believed that he still had a lot to offer the club. Ultimately however, Galis was forced to leave the club. In his last game for the club, Galis scored 18 points (6/9, 6/9, 0/2) as Aris beat AEK 74–62 to win yet another Greek Cup title in 1992.
Panathinaikos Athens
Galis moved to Athens, in the summer of 1992, to play with Panathinaikos. He was the player who then led the "Greens" to a club rebirth, after it had suffered through a long drought period, during which the historical team had remained without winning any titles. The previous season (1991–92) had been particularly disappointing for the club, with the team finishing in eighth place in the Greek league. As the team's captain, Galis inspired the young players of Panathinaikos Athens, such as Fragiskos Alvertis and Nikos Oikonomou, and he gradually brought back hope to the team's fans. So much so, as to the point that the club's then home arena, Glyfada Indoor Hall, was always overcrowded. In that season (1992–93), Panathinaikos Athens finished in second place in the Greek league, and also won the Greek Cup title, which was the seventh Greek Cup title for Galis.
In the following 1993–94 season, Galis was the FIBA European League (EuroLeague)'s Top Scorer, with an average of 23.8 points per game, in 21 games played. He also led the league in assists, with an average of 4.7 assists per game. In Panathinaikos Athens' decisive Game 3 victory of the FIBA European League's quarterfinals, against the then reigning league champions, the French League club Limoges, Galis truly led Panathinaikos Athens into a new club era. Galis led Panathinaikos Athens' qualification to the 1994 Tel Aviv FIBA European League Final Four, by scoring 30 points in the deciding playoff game, on 12–16 (75%) field goal shooting in the game. The "Greens" eventually finished in third place in the FIBA European League that season, after they lost in the semifinals to their arch-rivals Olympiacos Piraeus, by a score of 77–72.
However, it was still the furthest that the club had reached in the competition since the 1971–72 season. Galis scored 30 points in Panathinaikos Athens' win in the Final Four's third place game against the Spanish League club FC Barcelona, as he led all scorers in the game, with 30 points. Galis was named to the All-Final Four Team.
In what proved to be one of his final games for Panathinaikos, during the 3rd/4th place playoff series against Panionios in May 1994, Galis went scoreless in a game for the first time in his professional career in Greece, ending game 2 (which Panathinaikos lost 93–71) with 0/4 two-point shots from 29 minutes' play. Galis rallied to score 18 and 22 points in games 3 and 4, both of which Panathinaikos won to seal 3rd spot and a place in the FIBA European League for the following season.
In his third season with Panthinaikos Athens (1994–95), Galis teamed up with Panagiotis Giannakis and Žarko Paspalj, to make a strong effort to win the championship of the FIBA European League. Galis was the player who led Panathinaikos Athens to the competition's Top 16 group stage, as he prevented their elimination from the competition against the Ukrainian Super League club Budivelnyk Kyiv, with a game-high of 23 points in the club's decisive second-leg game victory. Galis was also the leader of the team in their Greek Cup win against Olympiacos Piraeus, at the Sporting Sports Arena.
At the age of 37, Galis played in his last game in professional basketball, as a player of Panathinaikos Athens, on October 12, 1994. It was in a game against Dafni Athens, in Week 1 of the Greek League's 1994–95 season. In that game, Galis scored a total of 8 points (2/2, 3/3), in 35 minutes of playing time. Panathinaikos Athens won the game in a blowout, by a score of 82–60.
Galis' playing career then ended controversially, on October 18, 1994, before Panathinaikos Athens' Week 2 game of the Greek League's 1994–95 season. Kostas Politis, who was the head coach of Panathinaikos Athens at the time, decided not to include Galis in the team's starting line-up of that Greek League game versus Ampelokipoi Athens. In protest against the head coach's decision, Galis left the arena, and ultimately, he never returned to playing action again. His retirement was officially announced in the media, on September 29, 1995.
During his pro club basketball career, Galis scored a total of 12,864 points, in 384 Greek Basket League games played, for a career scoring average of 33.5 points per game. In the 55 career Greek Cup games in which he played, he scored a total of 1,935 points, for a career scoring average of 35.2 points per game. He also averaged 42.5 points per game, in the two Greek Super Cup games that he played in. He scored a total of 864 points, in 23 FIBA Korać Cup games, for a career scoring average of 37.6 points per game. In the FIBA EuroLeague, he scored a total of 4,047 points, in 125 games played, for a career scoring average of 32.4 points per game. Overall, in all of the pro club competitions that he played in, Galis scored a total of 19,795 points, in 589 games played, for a pro club career scoring average of 33.6 points per game.
Career pro club statistics
Greek League season by season scoring stats
(Regular season and postseason)
Season by season scoring stats in European-wide leagues
National team career
Galis first played with the Greece men's national basketball team at the 1980 FIBA European Olympic Qualifying Tournament. He averaged 20.5 points per game at the tournament. His tournament single-game scoring high was 30 points, which came in a game against Switzerland. However, Greece failed to qualify for the 1980 Moscow Summer Olympic Games. At the 1981 EuroBasket, Galis averaged 19.9 points per game. Greece finished the tournament in 9th place. At the 1983 EuroBasket, Galis averaged 33.6 points per game, and he was the tournament's leading scorer. Greece finished the tournament in 11th place.
On 20 November 1983, Galis played in a friendly game against the North Carolina Tar Heels, at The Demetria Tournament '83. The game took place at the Alexandreio Melathron arena. During that game, Galis, who was Greece's shooting guard, was guarded by North Carolina's shooting guard, Michael Jordan. Galis scored 24 points during the game.At the 1984 FIBA European Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Galis averaged 31.6 points per game, and he was the tournament's leading scorer. His tournament single-game scoring high was 45 points, which came in a game against Great Britain. However, Greece failed to qualify for the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Olympic Games.
With Greece, Galis won the bronze medal at the 1984 Balkan Championship. At the 1986 FIBA World Championship, Galis led the tournament in scoring, as he averaged 33.7 points per game. During the tournament, he had a 53-point outburst in a game against Panama. Greece finished the tournament in 10th place. With Greece, Galis won the gold medal at the 1986 Balkan Championship.
Galis next led the Greece national team to the 1987 EuroBasket gold medal. Galis led the tournament in scoring, as he averaged 37.0 points per game. He scored 40 points in the tournament's finals against the Soviet Union national team and its legendary player, Šarūnas Marčiulionis, as he led Greece to a 103–101 victory. He was named the MVP of the tournament.
At the 1988 FIBA European Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Galis averaged 28.4 points per game, and he was the tournament's leading scorer. His tournament single-game scoring high was 35 points, which came in a game against Germany. However, Greece failed to qualify for the 1988 Seoul Summer Olympic Games.
Galis also led Greece to the silver medal at the 1989 EuroBasket, which he led in scoring, with an average of 35.6 points per game. Galis is most remembered from that tournament, for a stunning effort against the Soviet team led by Marčiulionis, and its other star player, Arvydas Sabonis, in their semifinals game. Galis scored 45 out of his team's 81 total points, in a dramatic last-gasp 81–80 victory. The Greek team then settled for a second-place finish, after they lost against the dominant Yugoslav national team, in the tournament's finals.
Galis also represented Greece at the 1991 FIBA Centennial Jubilee, which commemorated the 100th anniversary of the creation of the sport of basketball, by the Canadian James Naismith. The Jubilee tournament took place at the Peace and Friendship Stadium, in Piraeus, Athens, Greece. In three games played during the tournament, Galis averaged 21.0 points per game.
At the 1991 EuroBasket, Galis averaged 32.4 points per game, and he also led the tournament in scoring. In total, Galis was the leading scorer of the EuroBasket four times. He was also a four-time All-EuroBasket Team member.
In total, Galis played in 168 FIBA-recognized games with the Greece national team, in which he scored a total of 5,129 points, for a career scoring average of 30.5 points per game. Galis is in the second place, on the list of the all-time career scoring leaders in the history of Greece's senior national team. Panagiotis Giannakis is in first place on the list.
Greek senior national team career statistics
Greece National Team scoring stats by tournament
Galis' top 10 scoring FIBA games
Highest scoring single games by competition
Player profile
Galis was not only a legendary scorer, he was also a great play maker and passer. The majority of his points scored came inside the paint area, due to his penetrating ability. Galis' mid-range jumper was one of his biggest offensive weapons, as he was able to consistently make it against defensive pressure. Galis' great strength and leaping ability allowed him to have an excellent post game against other guards, despite his short stature, as compared to most other players. Another enormous competitive advantage that Galis possessed was his incredible stamina, which was due to his exemplary physical conditioning. At the 1987 EuroBasket, after the first game of the competition, Galis was never substituted out of any of the tournament's remaining games. His stamina and conditioning led to him being given the nickname of "The Iron Man".
Post-playing career and personal life
Galis is married to Eleni Panagiotou, and he has one daughter, named Stella. Since his official retirement from playing professional club basketball on September 29, 1995, and up until early 2006, Galis was the owner of a summer basketball camp in Chalkidiki, Greece. The basketball camp was listed at the Athens Stock Exchange. As a token of appreciation for his contribution to Greek sport, Galis was chosen to be the first torch bearer, in the final round of the Olympic Flame, for the Athens 2004 Summer Olympics. Galis entered the stadium at the conclusion of the Opening Ceremony, and set off the procession of the flame to the altar.
In September 2007, Galis was inducted as a member of the first class of the FIBA Hall of Fame, which includes the best basketball players in the history of the game internationally. Galis was inducted as a player. Bill Russell, of the famous Boston Celtics dynasty, was another one of the 16 inaugural player inductees. Galis was also entered into the Eurobasket.com website's European Basketball Hall of Fame, inducted as a player.
In May 2013, his former club team Aris Thessaloniki, renamed the court of their home arena, the Alexandreio Melathron, to "Nick Galis Hall". The club also organized a celebration of Galis' life and career, and retired his number 6 Aris jersey. The event was attended by many of his former teammates and opponents, from the 1980s and 1990s. Some of the attendees included the majority of the Greece men's national basketball team's 1987 EuroBasket gold medal-winning team, as well as numerous other international basketball stars who played against Galis over the years, such as Dino Rađja, Jordi Villacampa, and Doron Jamchi, among others.
On April 1, 2017, it was announced that Galis would be inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, as part of the 2017 Hall of Fame class. Galis was later inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, on September 9, 2017. He became one of the very few men's basketball players from around the world, to be inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame, without having ever played in the NBA. On June 14, 2016, exactly 29 years after Greece's national team won the gold medal at the 1987 EuroBasket, the court of the biggest basketball arena in Greece, the OAKA Olympic Indoor Hall, was named the "Nikos Galis Olympic Indoor Hall", in his honour.
Quotes about Galis
"I never thought that there was such a good offensive player in Europe, and especially in Greece.", Michael Jordan
"I've seen Galis do things, that I've seen neither Lakers nor Celtics do.", Bob McAdoo
"I admire him. When he plays one on one, there's no way to stop him. I didn't think that there would ever be a player, who by himself, could cause nightmares and even beat the Soviet Union.", Sergei Belov
"If Galis wants to score, he will score no matter who's defending him.", Arvydas Sabonis
"If I'm The Son of the Devil, then Galis is The Devil himself.", Dražen Petrović
'"I’d like to be on the same team with him, so I could pass to him, and then watch him score a basket.”, Dražen Petrović
"Although Drazen (i.e. Petrović) is my brother, for the best athlete of 1987, I voted for Galis."', Aco Petrović
"Galis is a great player. He is one of the best European players. He was a really tough opponent, he floated in the air, he was one of the best.", Dino Radja
"Petrović and Galis were the most charismatic players I've ever known. "Galis is the only player who made me shudder.", Doron Jamchi
"Everyone who plays basketball, owes Galis money.", Fanis Christodoulou
"If we played together, we would have scored 300 points in every game!", Vassilis Goumas
"The man is a computer! If he had played with us in AEK in the '60s, we would have been undefeated.", Georgios Amerikanos
"A European and Greek basketball changed. It is my honor to play with him. He is the greatest of all time "., Sasha Volkov
"I've seen many players in my career, but what Galis does on the floor, only 2–3 in the world can do.", Audie Norris
"Who wouldn't want to play with Galis? I would definitely give the ball to Galis on the last play. Galis changed basketball in Greece and Europe.", Audie Norris
"Galis wasn't affected by anything. I count him among the five best players of Europe.", Georgios Sigalas
"In Greece, Galis is what Michael Jordan is in America.", Steve Giatzoglou
"Galis is the player of the 21st century.", Alexander Gomelsky, USSR head coach.
"I had nightmares of Galis all night.", Pierre Dao, Limoges head coach.
"I had given specific instructions on how to defend against the other 4 players. As for Nikos, we just had to sit down and pray!", Wojciech Krajewski, Lech Poznan head coach.
"There is only one way I can think of to stop Nikos from scoring. Lock him up in his hotel room, so that he can't come to the arena.", Ruud Harrewijn, Dutch national team head coach.
Awards and accomplishments
Galis won numerous titles and awards during his career and had many memorable single game performances. The following are some of them:
College
Haggerty Award (New York Metro Area Player of the Year): 1979
ECAC Player of the Year: 1979
Member of the Seton Hall Athletic Hall of Fame: 1991
Pro career
Titles:
8× Greek League Champion: 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
7× Greek Cup Winner: 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993
Greek Super Cup Winner: 1986(In total, he won 16 trophies in his pro club career as a player.)Personal awards and achievements:
11× Greek League Top Scorer: 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
Greek Super Cup Finals Top Scorer: 1986
3× Greek Male Athlete of the Year: 1986, 1987, 1989
5× Greek Cup Finals Top Scorer: 1987, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993
5× Greek League Finals MVP: 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
2× FIBA European Selection: 1987, 1991 I
Mediterranean Player of the Year: 1987
Euroscar European Player of the Year: 1987
Mr. Europa European Player of the Year: 1987
L'Équipe Champion of Champions' 10th Best Athlete in the World: 1987
5× FIBA EuroLeague Top Scorer: 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1994
5× Greek League MVP: 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992
4× Greek League Assist Leader: 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
2× Greek League All-Star (1991, 1994 I)
FIBA EuroLeague Assists Leader: 1994
FIBA EuroLeague All-Final Four Team: (1994)
EuroLeague Final Four all-time career scoring leader: 231 points (28.9 points per game).
Greek Championship (amateur era) all-time career scoring leader: 12,864 points (33.5 points per game) – Vassilis Spanoulis is the league's professional era all-time career scoring leader.
Greek Cup all-time career scoring leader: 1,935 points (35.2 points per game).
FIBA's 50 Greatest Players: 1991
Member of the FIBA Hall of Fame: 2007
50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors: 2008
No. 6 jersey retired by Aris: 2013
Member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame: 2017
101 Greats of European Basketball: 2018
HoopsHype's 75 Greatest International Players Ever: 2021
Greek Basket League Hall of Fame: 2022
Along with Panagiotis Giannakis, he led Aris Thessaloniki to an 80-game winning streak in the Greek League, in the 1980s.
His personal career single-game scoring high in a Greek League game was 62 points, which was achieved in a game on 24 January 1981, during the 1980–81 season (Aris Thessaloniki vs. Ionikos Nikaias). However, in the same game, Ionikos' superstar, Panagiotis Giannakis, who would later go on to become Galis' teammate on Aris, scored 73 points.
His personal career single-game scoring high in the Greek Cup tournament was 52 points against Panellinios Athens, in the 1987 Greek Cup Final (15 April 1987).
His personal career single-game scoring high in a European-wide continental club competition was 56 points against Vasas (5 November 1980), during the 1980–81 season of the FIBA Korać Cup.
His personal career single-game scoring high in the FIBA European Champions' Cup (now called the EuroLeague), was 52 points, which he achieved twice. He scored 52 points versus Oostende in 1986–87 (2 October 1986). He also scored 52 points versus Lech Poznań in 1989–90 (7 December 1989).
In 1993, while playing in the Greek League with Panathinaikos Athens, in a revenge game against his former team Aris Thessaloniki, he had a game for the ages. In the game, Galis made all 13 of his field goal attempts.
4,047 points scored in 125 FIBA EuroLeague games played (32.4 points per game), and 864 points scored in 23 FIBA Korać Cup games played (37.6 points per game).
Greece National Team
1983 EuroBasket: All-Tournament Team
1984 Balkan Championship: Bronze
1986 FIBA World Championship: Top Scorer (33.7 points per game)
1986 Balkan Championship: Gold
1987 EuroBasket: Gold
1989 EuroBasket: Silver
1987 EuroBasket: Most Valuable Player
4× FIBA EuroBasket All-Tournament Team: 1983, 1987, 1989, 1991
4× FIBA EuroBasket Top Scorer: 1983 (33.6 points per game), 1987 (37.0 points per game), 1989 (35.6 points per game), 1991 (32.4 points per game)
2× FIBA European Olympic Qualification Top Scorer: 1984 (31.6 points per game), 1988 (28.4 points per game)
At the 1986 FIBA World Championship, he scored 53 points in a game against Panama.
In the 1987 EuroBasket Finals, he scored 40 points against the Soviet Union.
In the 1989 EuroBasket Semifinals, he scored 45 points against the Soviet Union.
In 168 FIBA-recognized games played with the Greece men's national basketball team, he averaged 30.5 points per game.
Greece men's national basketball team's 2nd all-time career scoring leader (behind Panagiotis Giannakis): 5,167 total points scored, in 169 total games played (30.6 points per game). However, only 5,129 points in 168 games (30.5 points per game), is officially recognized.
Galis was the top scorer in every major European and world international competition that he participated in from 1983 onward: the 1983 EuroBasket, the 1984 FIBA European Olympic Qualification, the 1986 FIBA World Championship, the 1987 EuroBasket, the 1988 FIBA European Olympic Qualification, the 1989 EuroBasket, and the 1991 EuroBasket.
See also
Basketball in the United States
FIBA Europe
Sources
Nikos Galis FIBA Archive official website.
Nikos Galis FIBA Europe official website.
Arbel, Y. , "Iron Man Galis", November 08, 2006, FIBA Europe official website.
Nikos Galis Hellenic Basketball Federation official website (in Greek).
Eurobasket.com's HALL OF FAME.
Rabotas, G. (2003). Nikos Galis, A Legend like I have known him. Athens: Psychogios. ISBN 960-87979-0-5.
BASKET ARIS – Unofficial fan site dedicated to ARIS B.C.
Notes
References
External links
Twitter Account (in Greek)
NBA Draft Profile
Nikos Galis FIBA Hall of Fame Profile
Euroleague.net 50 Greatest Contributors
FIBA Profile
Galis FIBA Europe Profile
Hellenic Basketball Federation Profile (in Greek)
Interbasket.net Galis Profile
FIBAEurope.com Galis Story
Euroleague.net A scoring machine
101 Greats: Nikos Galis
Τα “κανόνια” του ελληνικού Πρωταθλήματος: Νίκος Γκάλης (in Greek)
Nick Galis Unofficial Website
GrHomeBoy.com Galis Inducted into FIBA Hall of Fame
Books.Google.com Seton Hall Pirates Nick Galis
SHUPPirates.com Seton Hall – Galis
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Nikolaos Georgalis (Greek: Νικόλαος Γεωργαλής; born July 23, 1957), commonly known as either Nikos Galis (Greek: Νίκος Γκάλης), or Nick Galis, is a Greek former professional basketball player. Galis, who during his playing days was nicknamed, "Nick The Greek", "The Gangster", and "The Iron Man", is widely regarded as Europe's greatest scorer to ever play the game, and as one of the all-time greatest players in FIBA international basketball history. In 1991, Galis was named one of FIBA's 50 Greatest Players. In 2007, he became an inaugural member of the FIBA Hall of Fame. In 2008, he was chosen as one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors. In 2017, he was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.During his college basketball career at Seton Hall University, Galis played at the point guard position. However, his primary position during his pro career was shooting guard. He spent most of his club playing career with Aris Thessaloniki, before having a late career stint with Panathinaikos Athens. Among qualified players, he is the EuroLeague's all-time leader in points per game scoring average, when counting both the FIBA and EuroLeague Basketball eras (1958–present). He was also the league's top scorer of the season, numerous times. In Europe's premier basketball club competition, he reached the EuroLeague Final Four on four occasions, making it in three consecutive years with Aris (1988, 1989, 1990), and in another year with Panathinaikos (1994). Galis won eight Greek league championships, and he is also the Greek Championship's amateur era all-time leading scorer, in both career points scored and career scoring average, when counting all league formats prior to the league becoming fully professional, in the 1992–93 season.
Galis led the Greece men's national basketball team to the EuroBasket's gold medal in 1987, and he earned the tournament's MVP award in the process. Following his stunning success in winning the 1987 EuroBasket title, Galis won both the Mr. Europa and the Euroscar player of the year awards. He also led Greece to a silver medal at the 1989 EuroBasket, where he was also selected to the All-EuroBasket Team. Overall during his national team career, he was named to the All-EuroBasket Team four times (1983, 1987, 1989, 1991). Among his myriad of accomplishments, he holds the EuroBasket's record for the highest career scoring average (31.2 points per game), and he was also the leading scorer of four EuroBasket tournaments, in 1983, 1987, 1989, and 1991. Galis also owns two major records of the FIBA World Championship/Cup tournament. He holds the records for the highest career scoring average (33.5 points per game), and the most total points ever scored in a single tournament, which he set at the 1986 FIBA World Championship.
Galis, who was named the Greek Male Athlete of the Year three times (1986, 1987, 1989), is highly revered in Greece, where he is considered by many to be one of the greatest national athletes that the country has ever had. His years with Aris Thessaloniki and the Greece national team, lifted Greek basketball from a place of relative obscurity, to both European and global power status. Galis was the sports icon that eventually inspired thousands of Greeks to take up playing the game of basketball.
Early life and high school
Galis was born in Union City, New Jersey. The child of a poor immigrant family, from the Greek islands of Rhodes and Nisyros, Galis took up boxing in his early years, after his father, George Georgalis, who had also been a boxer in his youth. He was later persuaded to give up boxing by his mother, Stella Georgalis, who was terrified after each time that her son would return home from boxing training with a new facial injury. As a result, Galis started playing the sport of basketball instead of boxing. He attended Union Hill High School, in Union City, where he played high school basketball for legendary coach William J. McKeever , as well as American football.
College career
After high school, Galis enrolled at Seton Hall University, where he played college basketball as a member of the Seton Hall Pirates. In his senior 1978–79 season, Galis saw his scoring average reach 27.5 points per game, which was third in the nation, behind Idaho State's Lawrence Butler (30.1 points per game) and Indiana State's Larry Bird (28.6 points per game), including a 48-point outburst against the University of Santa Clara.Also in his senior year of college, Galis won the Haggerty Award (the New York City metro area's best player award), and the Eastern College Athletic Conference Player of the Year award. The same year, he also played in the Pizza Hut All-American game, alongside Bird and Vinnie Johnson. During his four-year college career, Galis played in a total of 107 games and scored 1,651 points, for a career scoring average of 15.4 points per game.Galis' head coach at Seton Hall, Bill Raftery, would later state that Galis was the best player that he ever coached. While at Seton Hall, Galis was a good friend and roommate of Italian-American professional basketball player Dan Callandrillo. Galis was later inducted into the Seton Hall Athletic Hall of Fame, in 1991.
College stats
Professional career
Boston Celtics
After finishing his collegiate career in 1979, Galis signed with agent Bill Manon, who also managed Diana Ross. Manon did not have Galis work out with any NBA team. Galis was eventually selected by the Boston Celtics in the 4th round of the 1979 NBA draft, 68th overall. Due to a severe ankle injury that Galis suffered during the Celtics preseason training camp of the 1979–80 season, the franchise was no longer interested in offering him a contract because Gerald Henderson had taken his place on the team, and his injury would keep him out for the foreseeable future.
Galis then decided to pursue a professional career in Greece's top-tier level Basket League. Later, while still playing in Greece, he would be offered NBA contracts by the Celtics and the New Jersey Nets. However, he turned the offers down, because at the time, and until 1989, FIBA did not have professional status, and consequently did not allow NBA players to compete at the national team level. Since playing with the Greek men's national basketball team meant so much to him, he stayed in Greece. Celtics then-president Red Auerbach later said that the single biggest mistake he ever made in his career was not keeping Galis.
Aris Thessaloniki
After suffering an ankle injury in the Boston Celtics 1979–80 preseason training camp, which prevented him from receiving a contract with the Celtics, Galis made the move across the Atlantic, and signed to play with Aris Thessaloniki of Greece, in 1979. The two major Greek clubs of Panathinaikos Athens and Olympiacos Piraeus, had also shown some interest in signing him, but it was Aris Thessaloniki's interest that was the most persuasive to Galis. His move to the country would eventually help Greek club basketball to reach a level of popularity that had never been previously imagined.
Galis was the indisputable leader of Aris Thessaloniki, as he averaged more than 30 points per game in nearly every season and competition that he played in with the team. With Aris Thessaloniki, he played alongside other great European players like Panagiotis Giannakis and Slobodan Subotić, who was known in Greece as Lefteris Soumpotits. With Aris Thessaloniki, Galis won eight Greek League championships, in the years 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, and 1991. He won seven out of his eight Greek League championships in consecutive years, with three of those championships being won in undefeated seasons. He also won six Greek Cup titles with Aris Thessaloniki, in the years 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, and 1992. Four of his six Greek Cup titles were won in consecutive years.
In the top-level European-wide club competition, the FIBA European Champions' Cup (EuroLeague), Galis led Aris Thessaloniki to three consecutive appearances at the competition's Final Four. Galis' team played at the 1988 Ghent Final Four, the 1989 Munich Final Four, and the 1990 Zaragoza Final Four. In the one major disappointment of an otherwise glittering club career with Aris Thessaloniki, all three of Galis' FIBA European Champions' Cup Final Four appearances ended in losses in the semifinals. Which thus deprived him of the opportunity to shine all the way onto Europe's biggest club stage, at the FIBA European Champions' Cup Finals (EuroLeague Finals). However, the team's performances and general standard of play, won over the hearts of most basketball fans in Greece. In fact, cinemas and theaters in Greece would often reduce their ticket admission prices on Thursday evenings, when Aris Thessaloniki was playing games, as large segments of the country settled down to watch them on television.
In June 1991, Galis was chosen as a member of The Balkans Selection All-Star Team that played against The European Selection All-Star Team at the 1991 FIBA Centennial Jubilee. The 1991 FIBA Jubilee event was held in order to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the creation of the sport of basketball in 1891, by the Canadian James Naismith. The FIBA Jubilee All-Star Game took place at the Peace and Friendship Stadium, in Piraeus, Athens, Greece, and it included numerous legends of European basketball. The Balkans' All-Star Selection won the game, by a score of 103–102. Galis was the game's top scorer, with 20 points.
On 19 December 1991, in one of his final FIBA EuroLeague games with Aris Thessaloniki, Galis rolled back the clock. At the age of 34, he scored 46 points, on 13/20 field goals overall, 8/14 2-point field goals, 5/6 3-point field goals, and 15/18 free throws, in a 111–108 loss against the Italian League club Olimpia Milano. However, Aris Thessaloniki's 1991–92 FIBA EuroLeague season was a disappointment, as the club finished group stage play with a record of 3–11.
Also in that same 1991–92 season, in a Greek League game against Panionios Athens, Galis scored 48 points, on 17/21 field goals overall, 15/18 2-point field goals, 2/3 3-point field goals, and 12/13 free throws. However, Aris Thessaloniki failed to make it to the 1992 Greek League's Finals. It was the first time that the team had not won the Greek League championship, since 1984.
Eventually, the 1991–92 season ended up being Galis' final campaign with Aris Thessaloniki. At that time, the team was under new management and was trying to bring down the club's debts. That combined with Galis' huge salary for that time, and the fact that the team was in a period of decline, were the main causes for his departure. Galis, who adored the city of Thessaloniki and Aris' fans, had originally insisted on remaining in the club and playing for the team, as he believed that he still had a lot to offer the club. Ultimately however, Galis was forced to leave the club. In his last game for the club, Galis scored 18 points (6/9, 6/9, 0/2) as Aris beat AEK 74–62 to win yet another Greek Cup title in 1992.
Panathinaikos Athens
Galis moved to Athens, in the summer of 1992, to play with Panathinaikos. He was the player who then led the "Greens" to a club rebirth, after it had suffered through a long drought period, during which the historical team had remained without winning any titles. The previous season (1991–92) had been particularly disappointing for the club, with the team finishing in eighth place in the Greek league. As the team's captain, Galis inspired the young players of Panathinaikos Athens, such as Fragiskos Alvertis and Nikos Oikonomou, and he gradually brought back hope to the team's fans. So much so, as to the point that the club's then home arena, Glyfada Indoor Hall, was always overcrowded. In that season (1992–93), Panathinaikos Athens finished in second place in the Greek league, and also won the Greek Cup title, which was the seventh Greek Cup title for Galis.
In the following 1993–94 season, Galis was the FIBA European League (EuroLeague)'s Top Scorer, with an average of 23.8 points per game, in 21 games played. He also led the league in assists, with an average of 4.7 assists per game. In Panathinaikos Athens' decisive Game 3 victory of the FIBA European League's quarterfinals, against the then reigning league champions, the French League club Limoges, Galis truly led Panathinaikos Athens into a new club era. Galis led Panathinaikos Athens' qualification to the 1994 Tel Aviv FIBA European League Final Four, by scoring 30 points in the deciding playoff game, on 12–16 (75%) field goal shooting in the game. The "Greens" eventually finished in third place in the FIBA European League that season, after they lost in the semifinals to their arch-rivals Olympiacos Piraeus, by a score of 77–72.
However, it was still the furthest that the club had reached in the competition since the 1971–72 season. Galis scored 30 points in Panathinaikos Athens' win in the Final Four's third place game against the Spanish League club FC Barcelona, as he led all scorers in the game, with 30 points. Galis was named to the All-Final Four Team.
In what proved to be one of his final games for Panathinaikos, during the 3rd/4th place playoff series against Panionios in May 1994, Galis went scoreless in a game for the first time in his professional career in Greece, ending game 2 (which Panathinaikos lost 93–71) with 0/4 two-point shots from 29 minutes' play. Galis rallied to score 18 and 22 points in games 3 and 4, both of which Panathinaikos won to seal 3rd spot and a place in the FIBA European League for the following season.
In his third season with Panthinaikos Athens (1994–95), Galis teamed up with Panagiotis Giannakis and Žarko Paspalj, to make a strong effort to win the championship of the FIBA European League. Galis was the player who led Panathinaikos Athens to the competition's Top 16 group stage, as he prevented their elimination from the competition against the Ukrainian Super League club Budivelnyk Kyiv, with a game-high of 23 points in the club's decisive second-leg game victory. Galis was also the leader of the team in their Greek Cup win against Olympiacos Piraeus, at the Sporting Sports Arena.
At the age of 37, Galis played in his last game in professional basketball, as a player of Panathinaikos Athens, on October 12, 1994. It was in a game against Dafni Athens, in Week 1 of the Greek League's 1994–95 season. In that game, Galis scored a total of 8 points (2/2, 3/3), in 35 minutes of playing time. Panathinaikos Athens won the game in a blowout, by a score of 82–60.
Galis' playing career then ended controversially, on October 18, 1994, before Panathinaikos Athens' Week 2 game of the Greek League's 1994–95 season. Kostas Politis, who was the head coach of Panathinaikos Athens at the time, decided not to include Galis in the team's starting line-up of that Greek League game versus Ampelokipoi Athens. In protest against the head coach's decision, Galis left the arena, and ultimately, he never returned to playing action again. His retirement was officially announced in the media, on September 29, 1995.
During his pro club basketball career, Galis scored a total of 12,864 points, in 384 Greek Basket League games played, for a career scoring average of 33.5 points per game. In the 55 career Greek Cup games in which he played, he scored a total of 1,935 points, for a career scoring average of 35.2 points per game. He also averaged 42.5 points per game, in the two Greek Super Cup games that he played in. He scored a total of 864 points, in 23 FIBA Korać Cup games, for a career scoring average of 37.6 points per game. In the FIBA EuroLeague, he scored a total of 4,047 points, in 125 games played, for a career scoring average of 32.4 points per game. Overall, in all of the pro club competitions that he played in, Galis scored a total of 19,795 points, in 589 games played, for a pro club career scoring average of 33.6 points per game.
Career pro club statistics
Greek League season by season scoring stats
(Regular season and postseason)
Season by season scoring stats in European-wide leagues
National team career
Galis first played with the Greece men's national basketball team at the 1980 FIBA European Olympic Qualifying Tournament. He averaged 20.5 points per game at the tournament. His tournament single-game scoring high was 30 points, which came in a game against Switzerland. However, Greece failed to qualify for the 1980 Moscow Summer Olympic Games. At the 1981 EuroBasket, Galis averaged 19.9 points per game. Greece finished the tournament in 9th place. At the 1983 EuroBasket, Galis averaged 33.6 points per game, and he was the tournament's leading scorer. Greece finished the tournament in 11th place.
On 20 November 1983, Galis played in a friendly game against the North Carolina Tar Heels, at The Demetria Tournament '83. The game took place at the Alexandreio Melathron arena. During that game, Galis, who was Greece's shooting guard, was guarded by North Carolina's shooting guard, Michael Jordan. Galis scored 24 points during the game.At the 1984 FIBA European Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Galis averaged 31.6 points per game, and he was the tournament's leading scorer. His tournament single-game scoring high was 45 points, which came in a game against Great Britain. However, Greece failed to qualify for the 1984 Los Angeles Summer Olympic Games.
With Greece, Galis won the bronze medal at the 1984 Balkan Championship. At the 1986 FIBA World Championship, Galis led the tournament in scoring, as he averaged 33.7 points per game. During the tournament, he had a 53-point outburst in a game against Panama. Greece finished the tournament in 10th place. With Greece, Galis won the gold medal at the 1986 Balkan Championship.
Galis next led the Greece national team to the 1987 EuroBasket gold medal. Galis led the tournament in scoring, as he averaged 37.0 points per game. He scored 40 points in the tournament's finals against the Soviet Union national team and its legendary player, Šarūnas Marčiulionis, as he led Greece to a 103–101 victory. He was named the MVP of the tournament.
At the 1988 FIBA European Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Galis averaged 28.4 points per game, and he was the tournament's leading scorer. His tournament single-game scoring high was 35 points, which came in a game against Germany. However, Greece failed to qualify for the 1988 Seoul Summer Olympic Games.
Galis also led Greece to the silver medal at the 1989 EuroBasket, which he led in scoring, with an average of 35.6 points per game. Galis is most remembered from that tournament, for a stunning effort against the Soviet team led by Marčiulionis, and its other star player, Arvydas Sabonis, in their semifinals game. Galis scored 45 out of his team's 81 total points, in a dramatic last-gasp 81–80 victory. The Greek team then settled for a second-place finish, after they lost against the dominant Yugoslav national team, in the tournament's finals.
Galis also represented Greece at the 1991 FIBA Centennial Jubilee, which commemorated the 100th anniversary of the creation of the sport of basketball, by the Canadian James Naismith. The Jubilee tournament took place at the Peace and Friendship Stadium, in Piraeus, Athens, Greece. In three games played during the tournament, Galis averaged 21.0 points per game.
At the 1991 EuroBasket, Galis averaged 32.4 points per game, and he also led the tournament in scoring. In total, Galis was the leading scorer of the EuroBasket four times. He was also a four-time All-EuroBasket Team member.
In total, Galis played in 168 FIBA-recognized games with the Greece national team, in which he scored a total of 5,129 points, for a career scoring average of 30.5 points per game. Galis is in the second place, on the list of the all-time career scoring leaders in the history of Greece's senior national team. Panagiotis Giannakis is in first place on the list.
Greek senior national team career statistics
Greece National Team scoring stats by tournament
Galis' top 10 scoring FIBA games
Highest scoring single games by competition
Player profile
Galis was not only a legendary scorer, he was also a great play maker and passer. The majority of his points scored came inside the paint area, due to his penetrating ability. Galis' mid-range jumper was one of his biggest offensive weapons, as he was able to consistently make it against defensive pressure. Galis' great strength and leaping ability allowed him to have an excellent post game against other guards, despite his short stature, as compared to most other players. Another enormous competitive advantage that Galis possessed was his incredible stamina, which was due to his exemplary physical conditioning. At the 1987 EuroBasket, after the first game of the competition, Galis was never substituted out of any of the tournament's remaining games. His stamina and conditioning led to him being given the nickname of "The Iron Man".
Post-playing career and personal life
Galis is married to Eleni Panagiotou, and he has one daughter, named Stella. Since his official retirement from playing professional club basketball on September 29, 1995, and up until early 2006, Galis was the owner of a summer basketball camp in Chalkidiki, Greece. The basketball camp was listed at the Athens Stock Exchange. As a token of appreciation for his contribution to Greek sport, Galis was chosen to be the first torch bearer, in the final round of the Olympic Flame, for the Athens 2004 Summer Olympics. Galis entered the stadium at the conclusion of the Opening Ceremony, and set off the procession of the flame to the altar.
In September 2007, Galis was inducted as a member of the first class of the FIBA Hall of Fame, which includes the best basketball players in the history of the game internationally. Galis was inducted as a player. Bill Russell, of the famous Boston Celtics dynasty, was another one of the 16 inaugural player inductees. Galis was also entered into the Eurobasket.com website's European Basketball Hall of Fame, inducted as a player.
In May 2013, his former club team Aris Thessaloniki, renamed the court of their home arena, the Alexandreio Melathron, to "Nick Galis Hall". The club also organized a celebration of Galis' life and career, and retired his number 6 Aris jersey. The event was attended by many of his former teammates and opponents, from the 1980s and 1990s. Some of the attendees included the majority of the Greece men's national basketball team's 1987 EuroBasket gold medal-winning team, as well as numerous other international basketball stars who played against Galis over the years, such as Dino Rađja, Jordi Villacampa, and Doron Jamchi, among others.
On April 1, 2017, it was announced that Galis would be inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, as part of the 2017 Hall of Fame class. Galis was later inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, on September 9, 2017. He became one of the very few men's basketball players from around the world, to be inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame, without having ever played in the NBA. On June 14, 2016, exactly 29 years after Greece's national team won the gold medal at the 1987 EuroBasket, the court of the biggest basketball arena in Greece, the OAKA Olympic Indoor Hall, was named the "Nikos Galis Olympic Indoor Hall", in his honour.
Quotes about Galis
"I never thought that there was such a good offensive player in Europe, and especially in Greece.", Michael Jordan
"I've seen Galis do things, that I've seen neither Lakers nor Celtics do.", Bob McAdoo
"I admire him. When he plays one on one, there's no way to stop him. I didn't think that there would ever be a player, who by himself, could cause nightmares and even beat the Soviet Union.", Sergei Belov
"If Galis wants to score, he will score no matter who's defending him.", Arvydas Sabonis
"If I'm The Son of the Devil, then Galis is The Devil himself.", Dražen Petrović
'"I’d like to be on the same team with him, so I could pass to him, and then watch him score a basket.”, Dražen Petrović
"Although Drazen (i.e. Petrović) is my brother, for the best athlete of 1987, I voted for Galis."', Aco Petrović
"Galis is a great player. He is one of the best European players. He was a really tough opponent, he floated in the air, he was one of the best.", Dino Radja
"Petrović and Galis were the most charismatic players I've ever known. "Galis is the only player who made me shudder.", Doron Jamchi
"Everyone who plays basketball, owes Galis money.", Fanis Christodoulou
"If we played together, we would have scored 300 points in every game!", Vassilis Goumas
"The man is a computer! If he had played with us in AEK in the '60s, we would have been undefeated.", Georgios Amerikanos
"A European and Greek basketball changed. It is my honor to play with him. He is the greatest of all time "., Sasha Volkov
"I've seen many players in my career, but what Galis does on the floor, only 2–3 in the world can do.", Audie Norris
"Who wouldn't want to play with Galis? I would definitely give the ball to Galis on the last play. Galis changed basketball in Greece and Europe.", Audie Norris
"Galis wasn't affected by anything. I count him among the five best players of Europe.", Georgios Sigalas
"In Greece, Galis is what Michael Jordan is in America.", Steve Giatzoglou
"Galis is the player of the 21st century.", Alexander Gomelsky, USSR head coach.
"I had nightmares of Galis all night.", Pierre Dao, Limoges head coach.
"I had given specific instructions on how to defend against the other 4 players. As for Nikos, we just had to sit down and pray!", Wojciech Krajewski, Lech Poznan head coach.
"There is only one way I can think of to stop Nikos from scoring. Lock him up in his hotel room, so that he can't come to the arena.", Ruud Harrewijn, Dutch national team head coach.
Awards and accomplishments
Galis won numerous titles and awards during his career and had many memorable single game performances. The following are some of them:
College
Haggerty Award (New York Metro Area Player of the Year): 1979
ECAC Player of the Year: 1979
Member of the Seton Hall Athletic Hall of Fame: 1991
Pro career
Titles:
8× Greek League Champion: 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
7× Greek Cup Winner: 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993
Greek Super Cup Winner: 1986(In total, he won 16 trophies in his pro club career as a player.)Personal awards and achievements:
11× Greek League Top Scorer: 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
Greek Super Cup Finals Top Scorer: 1986
3× Greek Male Athlete of the Year: 1986, 1987, 1989
5× Greek Cup Finals Top Scorer: 1987, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1993
5× Greek League Finals MVP: 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
2× FIBA European Selection: 1987, 1991 I
Mediterranean Player of the Year: 1987
Euroscar European Player of the Year: 1987
Mr. Europa European Player of the Year: 1987
L'Équipe Champion of Champions' 10th Best Athlete in the World: 1987
5× FIBA EuroLeague Top Scorer: 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1994
5× Greek League MVP: 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992
4× Greek League Assist Leader: 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
2× Greek League All-Star (1991, 1994 I)
FIBA EuroLeague Assists Leader: 1994
FIBA EuroLeague All-Final Four Team: (1994)
EuroLeague Final Four all-time career scoring leader: 231 points (28.9 points per game).
Greek Championship (amateur era) all-time career scoring leader: 12,864 points (33.5 points per game) – Vassilis Spanoulis is the league's professional era all-time career scoring leader.
Greek Cup all-time career scoring leader: 1,935 points (35.2 points per game).
FIBA's 50 Greatest Players: 1991
Member of the FIBA Hall of Fame: 2007
50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors: 2008
No. 6 jersey retired by Aris: 2013
Member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame: 2017
101 Greats of European Basketball: 2018
HoopsHype's 75 Greatest International Players Ever: 2021
Greek Basket League Hall of Fame: 2022
Along with Panagiotis Giannakis, he led Aris Thessaloniki to an 80-game winning streak in the Greek League, in the 1980s.
His personal career single-game scoring high in a Greek League game was 62 points, which was achieved in a game on 24 January 1981, during the 1980–81 season (Aris Thessaloniki vs. Ionikos Nikaias). However, in the same game, Ionikos' superstar, Panagiotis Giannakis, who would later go on to become Galis' teammate on Aris, scored 73 points.
His personal career single-game scoring high in the Greek Cup tournament was 52 points against Panellinios Athens, in the 1987 Greek Cup Final (15 April 1987).
His personal career single-game scoring high in a European-wide continental club competition was 56 points against Vasas (5 November 1980), during the 1980–81 season of the FIBA Korać Cup.
His personal career single-game scoring high in the FIBA European Champions' Cup (now called the EuroLeague), was 52 points, which he achieved twice. He scored 52 points versus Oostende in 1986–87 (2 October 1986). He also scored 52 points versus Lech Poznań in 1989–90 (7 December 1989).
In 1993, while playing in the Greek League with Panathinaikos Athens, in a revenge game against his former team Aris Thessaloniki, he had a game for the ages. In the game, Galis made all 13 of his field goal attempts.
4,047 points scored in 125 FIBA EuroLeague games played (32.4 points per game), and 864 points scored in 23 FIBA Korać Cup games played (37.6 points per game).
Greece National Team
1983 EuroBasket: All-Tournament Team
1984 Balkan Championship: Bronze
1986 FIBA World Championship: Top Scorer (33.7 points per game)
1986 Balkan Championship: Gold
1987 EuroBasket: Gold
1989 EuroBasket: Silver
1987 EuroBasket: Most Valuable Player
4× FIBA EuroBasket All-Tournament Team: 1983, 1987, 1989, 1991
4× FIBA EuroBasket Top Scorer: 1983 (33.6 points per game), 1987 (37.0 points per game), 1989 (35.6 points per game), 1991 (32.4 points per game)
2× FIBA European Olympic Qualification Top Scorer: 1984 (31.6 points per game), 1988 (28.4 points per game)
At the 1986 FIBA World Championship, he scored 53 points in a game against Panama.
In the 1987 EuroBasket Finals, he scored 40 points against the Soviet Union.
In the 1989 EuroBasket Semifinals, he scored 45 points against the Soviet Union.
In 168 FIBA-recognized games played with the Greece men's national basketball team, he averaged 30.5 points per game.
Greece men's national basketball team's 2nd all-time career scoring leader (behind Panagiotis Giannakis): 5,167 total points scored, in 169 total games played (30.6 points per game). However, only 5,129 points in 168 games (30.5 points per game), is officially recognized.
Galis was the top scorer in every major European and world international competition that he participated in from 1983 onward: the 1983 EuroBasket, the 1984 FIBA European Olympic Qualification, the 1986 FIBA World Championship, the 1987 EuroBasket, the 1988 FIBA European Olympic Qualification, the 1989 EuroBasket, and the 1991 EuroBasket.
See also
Basketball in the United States
FIBA Europe
Sources
Nikos Galis FIBA Archive official website.
Nikos Galis FIBA Europe official website.
Arbel, Y. , "Iron Man Galis", November 08, 2006, FIBA Europe official website.
Nikos Galis Hellenic Basketball Federation official website (in Greek).
Eurobasket.com's HALL OF FAME.
Rabotas, G. (2003). Nikos Galis, A Legend like I have known him. Athens: Psychogios. ISBN 960-87979-0-5.
BASKET ARIS – Unofficial fan site dedicated to ARIS B.C.
Notes
References
External links
Twitter Account (in Greek)
NBA Draft Profile
Nikos Galis FIBA Hall of Fame Profile
Euroleague.net 50 Greatest Contributors
FIBA Profile
Galis FIBA Europe Profile
Hellenic Basketball Federation Profile (in Greek)
Interbasket.net Galis Profile
FIBAEurope.com Galis Story
Euroleague.net A scoring machine
101 Greats: Nikos Galis
Τα “κανόνια” του ελληνικού Πρωταθλήματος: Νίκος Γκάλης (in Greek)
Nick Galis Unofficial Website
GrHomeBoy.com Galis Inducted into FIBA Hall of Fame
Books.Google.com Seton Hall Pirates Nick Galis
SHUPPirates.com Seton Hall – Galis
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The Mauritius national beach soccer team represents Mauritius in international beach soccer competitions and is controlled by the MFA, the governing body for football in Mauritius. The Mauritius national beach soccer team played their first game, a FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup qualifier, in July 2009, losing 0–13 to Nigeria. Their first win came in the 2009 Festisable du Tampon, which took place in Réunion, in which Mauritius won against the hosts 3–2.
Current squad
Correct as of 2011
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Coach: Eddy Rose
Current staff
Head of Delegation: Nanda Kistnen
Awards and competition records
Festisable du Tampon record
2009 — 2nd
2011 — 4th
CAF Beach Soccer Championship record
2006–2008 — Did not participate
2009 — 9th
2011 — Did not participate
FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup record
1995–2008 — Did not participate
2009 — Did not qualify
2011 — Did not participate
Schedule
Win
Tie
Loss
Recent results
References
External links
Team Profile
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Mauritius"
]
}
|
The Mauritius national beach soccer team represents Mauritius in international beach soccer competitions and is controlled by the MFA, the governing body for football in Mauritius. The Mauritius national beach soccer team played their first game, a FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup qualifier, in July 2009, losing 0–13 to Nigeria. Their first win came in the 2009 Festisable du Tampon, which took place in Réunion, in which Mauritius won against the hosts 3–2.
Current squad
Correct as of 2011
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Coach: Eddy Rose
Current staff
Head of Delegation: Nanda Kistnen
Awards and competition records
Festisable du Tampon record
2009 — 2nd
2011 — 4th
CAF Beach Soccer Championship record
2006–2008 — Did not participate
2009 — 9th
2011 — Did not participate
FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup record
1995–2008 — Did not participate
2009 — Did not qualify
2011 — Did not participate
Schedule
Win
Tie
Loss
Recent results
References
External links
Team Profile
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"national beach soccer team"
]
}
|
The Mauritius national beach soccer team represents Mauritius in international beach soccer competitions and is controlled by the MFA, the governing body for football in Mauritius. The Mauritius national beach soccer team played their first game, a FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup qualifier, in July 2009, losing 0–13 to Nigeria. Their first win came in the 2009 Festisable du Tampon, which took place in Réunion, in which Mauritius won against the hosts 3–2.
Current squad
Correct as of 2011
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Coach: Eddy Rose
Current staff
Head of Delegation: Nanda Kistnen
Awards and competition records
Festisable du Tampon record
2009 — 2nd
2011 — 4th
CAF Beach Soccer Championship record
2006–2008 — Did not participate
2009 — 9th
2011 — Did not participate
FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup record
1995–2008 — Did not participate
2009 — Did not qualify
2011 — Did not participate
Schedule
Win
Tie
Loss
Recent results
References
External links
Team Profile
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
23
],
"text": [
"beach soccer"
]
}
|
Michelle Key (born August 18, 1988) is an American racquetball player. Key represented the USA at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, where she was part of the silver medal winning Women's Team. Key was ranked 7th at the end of the 2014-15 Ladies Professional Racquetball Tour (LPRT) season.
Racquetball
Key is a right handed player.Competing at the 2006 International Racquetball World Junior Championships in Arizona, Key won her age group in the singles event. Key also participated in the 3 Wallball World Championships in Las Vegas, Nevada in 2014. Key was back to compete at the 2016 edition of the 3 Wallball World Championships, where she defeated Paola Longoria in the semi-finals.
International career
Key earned her first call up to the United States junior team in 2004, and was a member of the team for over three years.Key competed at the 2014 World Championships in the singles event, where she won a silver medal.Key has competed for the USA three times. She was on Team USA at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, where she played Women's Singles. Key lost two of her three matches in the group stage. Her sole win was against Canada's Jennifer Saunders. As a result, was seeded against her teammate Rhonda Rajsich in the Round of 16 in playoffs. Rajsich won that match 15-8, 15-7. However, in the Women's Team event Key helped the USA get the silver medal. Key's win over Canadian Jennifer Saunders, 15-2, 15-6, in the semi-finals, put the USA into the final. But in the first match of the final, Key lost to Samantha Salas, 15-3, 15-9, and Mexico's Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas who successfully defended their title and defeated the American pair.Key also represented the USA at the 2016 Pan American Championships in San Luis Potosí, where she partnered with Kelani Bailey in Women's Doubles. They reached the finals with a win over Veronica Sotomayor and Maria Paz Muñoz of Ecuador in the semi-finals, 11-15, 15-14, 11-5. In the final, Key and Bailey lost to the Mexican team of Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas, 15-5, 15-10. Key also played singles in San Luis Potosí, and lost in the quarterfinals to Gabriela Martinez of Guatemala, 15-7, 10-15, 11-7.Key played Women's Singles for the USA at the 2016 World Championships in Cali, Colombia, where she lost in the Round of 32 to Mariana Tobon of Venezuela, 4-15, 15-9, 11-4. She also lost to Bolivia's Adriana Riveros during the competition.
US Championships
Key played for the University of Arizona at Intercollegiates. Key was the 2011 USA Racquetball Intercollegiate Champion in Women's Singles, as she defeated Sharon Jackson in the final, 15-11, 15-14. That win avenged a loss to Jackson in the 2010 final. Key also played in the doubles tournament at the 2014 edition of the US Open with Lambert. The pair lost to eventual winners Paola Longoria and Verónica Sotomayor .Key was runner-up at the 2016 USA Racquetball National Singles Championships in Highlands Ranch, Colorado, where she lost to Rhonda Rajsich in the final, 15-7, 15-7. Key reached the final by defeating Janel Tisinger in the semi-finals, 15-4, 15-13.Key and her sister Danielle were runners up at the 2013 USA Racquetball National Doubles championship, losing the final to Aimee Ruiz and Janel Tisinger, 15-6, 15-8. They got to the final by upsetting that year's defending champions Rhonda Rajsich and Kim Russell-Waselenchuk, 9-15, 15-5, 11-8.
Professional career
Key was a top 10 player on Ladies Professional Racquetball Tour in 2014-15. In January 2016, she was ranked eighth in the world.Perhaps Key's best pro result is a semi-final finish at the 2016 Paola Longoria Experience tournament in San Luis Potosí. She got to the semis by defeating Susana Acosta, 11-5, 11-1, 11-6, in the Round of 16, and Rajsich in the quarterfinals, 11-2, 2-11, 6-11, 11-4, 11-9. In the semi-finals, Key lost to Frédérique Lambert, 11-3, 11-5, 11-3. She also participated in the 2014 edition of the Paola Longoria Experience in the women's double event with Canadian partner Frederique Lambert. The pair opened the tournament with a loss to Mexico's Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas despite winning the first set.In May 2015, she played doubles with Lambert at a tournament in Herndon, Virginia. The pair finished second after losing in the finals to Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas. Playing again with Lambert, the pair made the finals of the 2015 Battle of the Alamo tournament, finishing second after failing to appear for the final. In 2015, she reached the finals of the Open de Cali in Colombia while playing with Lambert, only to lose to Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas Solis in sets of 10-15, 15-10 and 11-5. In March 2016, she participated in the Zócalo Capitalino tournament. In September 2016, she participated in a tour event in Las Vegas.
Personal life
Key was born on August 18, 1988 in Phoenix, Arizona. While in high school, she played badminton, where she was one of the better players in her area. She attended Arizona State University, and was a freshman in 2006. As of 2016, she lives in Gilbert, Arizona. She is 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m).Key is married to Daniel De La Rosa, who is also a medal winning racquetball but for Mexico. Key's sister younger Danielle has also played elite racquetball.
See also
List of racquetball players
== References ==
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
4998
],
"text": [
"Arizona State University"
]
}
|
Michelle Key (born August 18, 1988) is an American racquetball player. Key represented the USA at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, where she was part of the silver medal winning Women's Team. Key was ranked 7th at the end of the 2014-15 Ladies Professional Racquetball Tour (LPRT) season.
Racquetball
Key is a right handed player.Competing at the 2006 International Racquetball World Junior Championships in Arizona, Key won her age group in the singles event. Key also participated in the 3 Wallball World Championships in Las Vegas, Nevada in 2014. Key was back to compete at the 2016 edition of the 3 Wallball World Championships, where she defeated Paola Longoria in the semi-finals.
International career
Key earned her first call up to the United States junior team in 2004, and was a member of the team for over three years.Key competed at the 2014 World Championships in the singles event, where she won a silver medal.Key has competed for the USA three times. She was on Team USA at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, where she played Women's Singles. Key lost two of her three matches in the group stage. Her sole win was against Canada's Jennifer Saunders. As a result, was seeded against her teammate Rhonda Rajsich in the Round of 16 in playoffs. Rajsich won that match 15-8, 15-7. However, in the Women's Team event Key helped the USA get the silver medal. Key's win over Canadian Jennifer Saunders, 15-2, 15-6, in the semi-finals, put the USA into the final. But in the first match of the final, Key lost to Samantha Salas, 15-3, 15-9, and Mexico's Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas who successfully defended their title and defeated the American pair.Key also represented the USA at the 2016 Pan American Championships in San Luis Potosí, where she partnered with Kelani Bailey in Women's Doubles. They reached the finals with a win over Veronica Sotomayor and Maria Paz Muñoz of Ecuador in the semi-finals, 11-15, 15-14, 11-5. In the final, Key and Bailey lost to the Mexican team of Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas, 15-5, 15-10. Key also played singles in San Luis Potosí, and lost in the quarterfinals to Gabriela Martinez of Guatemala, 15-7, 10-15, 11-7.Key played Women's Singles for the USA at the 2016 World Championships in Cali, Colombia, where she lost in the Round of 32 to Mariana Tobon of Venezuela, 4-15, 15-9, 11-4. She also lost to Bolivia's Adriana Riveros during the competition.
US Championships
Key played for the University of Arizona at Intercollegiates. Key was the 2011 USA Racquetball Intercollegiate Champion in Women's Singles, as she defeated Sharon Jackson in the final, 15-11, 15-14. That win avenged a loss to Jackson in the 2010 final. Key also played in the doubles tournament at the 2014 edition of the US Open with Lambert. The pair lost to eventual winners Paola Longoria and Verónica Sotomayor .Key was runner-up at the 2016 USA Racquetball National Singles Championships in Highlands Ranch, Colorado, where she lost to Rhonda Rajsich in the final, 15-7, 15-7. Key reached the final by defeating Janel Tisinger in the semi-finals, 15-4, 15-13.Key and her sister Danielle were runners up at the 2013 USA Racquetball National Doubles championship, losing the final to Aimee Ruiz and Janel Tisinger, 15-6, 15-8. They got to the final by upsetting that year's defending champions Rhonda Rajsich and Kim Russell-Waselenchuk, 9-15, 15-5, 11-8.
Professional career
Key was a top 10 player on Ladies Professional Racquetball Tour in 2014-15. In January 2016, she was ranked eighth in the world.Perhaps Key's best pro result is a semi-final finish at the 2016 Paola Longoria Experience tournament in San Luis Potosí. She got to the semis by defeating Susana Acosta, 11-5, 11-1, 11-6, in the Round of 16, and Rajsich in the quarterfinals, 11-2, 2-11, 6-11, 11-4, 11-9. In the semi-finals, Key lost to Frédérique Lambert, 11-3, 11-5, 11-3. She also participated in the 2014 edition of the Paola Longoria Experience in the women's double event with Canadian partner Frederique Lambert. The pair opened the tournament with a loss to Mexico's Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas despite winning the first set.In May 2015, she played doubles with Lambert at a tournament in Herndon, Virginia. The pair finished second after losing in the finals to Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas. Playing again with Lambert, the pair made the finals of the 2015 Battle of the Alamo tournament, finishing second after failing to appear for the final. In 2015, she reached the finals of the Open de Cali in Colombia while playing with Lambert, only to lose to Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas Solis in sets of 10-15, 15-10 and 11-5. In March 2016, she participated in the Zócalo Capitalino tournament. In September 2016, she participated in a tour event in Las Vegas.
Personal life
Key was born on August 18, 1988 in Phoenix, Arizona. While in high school, she played badminton, where she was one of the better players in her area. She attended Arizona State University, and was a freshman in 2006. As of 2016, she lives in Gilbert, Arizona. She is 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m).Key is married to Daniel De La Rosa, who is also a medal winning racquetball but for Mexico. Key's sister younger Danielle has also played elite racquetball.
See also
List of racquetball players
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"racquetball player"
]
}
|
Michelle Key (born August 18, 1988) is an American racquetball player. Key represented the USA at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, where she was part of the silver medal winning Women's Team. Key was ranked 7th at the end of the 2014-15 Ladies Professional Racquetball Tour (LPRT) season.
Racquetball
Key is a right handed player.Competing at the 2006 International Racquetball World Junior Championships in Arizona, Key won her age group in the singles event. Key also participated in the 3 Wallball World Championships in Las Vegas, Nevada in 2014. Key was back to compete at the 2016 edition of the 3 Wallball World Championships, where she defeated Paola Longoria in the semi-finals.
International career
Key earned her first call up to the United States junior team in 2004, and was a member of the team for over three years.Key competed at the 2014 World Championships in the singles event, where she won a silver medal.Key has competed for the USA three times. She was on Team USA at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, where she played Women's Singles. Key lost two of her three matches in the group stage. Her sole win was against Canada's Jennifer Saunders. As a result, was seeded against her teammate Rhonda Rajsich in the Round of 16 in playoffs. Rajsich won that match 15-8, 15-7. However, in the Women's Team event Key helped the USA get the silver medal. Key's win over Canadian Jennifer Saunders, 15-2, 15-6, in the semi-finals, put the USA into the final. But in the first match of the final, Key lost to Samantha Salas, 15-3, 15-9, and Mexico's Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas who successfully defended their title and defeated the American pair.Key also represented the USA at the 2016 Pan American Championships in San Luis Potosí, where she partnered with Kelani Bailey in Women's Doubles. They reached the finals with a win over Veronica Sotomayor and Maria Paz Muñoz of Ecuador in the semi-finals, 11-15, 15-14, 11-5. In the final, Key and Bailey lost to the Mexican team of Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas, 15-5, 15-10. Key also played singles in San Luis Potosí, and lost in the quarterfinals to Gabriela Martinez of Guatemala, 15-7, 10-15, 11-7.Key played Women's Singles for the USA at the 2016 World Championships in Cali, Colombia, where she lost in the Round of 32 to Mariana Tobon of Venezuela, 4-15, 15-9, 11-4. She also lost to Bolivia's Adriana Riveros during the competition.
US Championships
Key played for the University of Arizona at Intercollegiates. Key was the 2011 USA Racquetball Intercollegiate Champion in Women's Singles, as she defeated Sharon Jackson in the final, 15-11, 15-14. That win avenged a loss to Jackson in the 2010 final. Key also played in the doubles tournament at the 2014 edition of the US Open with Lambert. The pair lost to eventual winners Paola Longoria and Verónica Sotomayor .Key was runner-up at the 2016 USA Racquetball National Singles Championships in Highlands Ranch, Colorado, where she lost to Rhonda Rajsich in the final, 15-7, 15-7. Key reached the final by defeating Janel Tisinger in the semi-finals, 15-4, 15-13.Key and her sister Danielle were runners up at the 2013 USA Racquetball National Doubles championship, losing the final to Aimee Ruiz and Janel Tisinger, 15-6, 15-8. They got to the final by upsetting that year's defending champions Rhonda Rajsich and Kim Russell-Waselenchuk, 9-15, 15-5, 11-8.
Professional career
Key was a top 10 player on Ladies Professional Racquetball Tour in 2014-15. In January 2016, she was ranked eighth in the world.Perhaps Key's best pro result is a semi-final finish at the 2016 Paola Longoria Experience tournament in San Luis Potosí. She got to the semis by defeating Susana Acosta, 11-5, 11-1, 11-6, in the Round of 16, and Rajsich in the quarterfinals, 11-2, 2-11, 6-11, 11-4, 11-9. In the semi-finals, Key lost to Frédérique Lambert, 11-3, 11-5, 11-3. She also participated in the 2014 edition of the Paola Longoria Experience in the women's double event with Canadian partner Frederique Lambert. The pair opened the tournament with a loss to Mexico's Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas despite winning the first set.In May 2015, she played doubles with Lambert at a tournament in Herndon, Virginia. The pair finished second after losing in the finals to Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas. Playing again with Lambert, the pair made the finals of the 2015 Battle of the Alamo tournament, finishing second after failing to appear for the final. In 2015, she reached the finals of the Open de Cali in Colombia while playing with Lambert, only to lose to Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas Solis in sets of 10-15, 15-10 and 11-5. In March 2016, she participated in the Zócalo Capitalino tournament. In September 2016, she participated in a tour event in Las Vegas.
Personal life
Key was born on August 18, 1988 in Phoenix, Arizona. While in high school, she played badminton, where she was one of the better players in her area. She attended Arizona State University, and was a freshman in 2006. As of 2016, she lives in Gilbert, Arizona. She is 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m).Key is married to Daniel De La Rosa, who is also a medal winning racquetball but for Mexico. Key's sister younger Danielle has also played elite racquetball.
See also
List of racquetball players
== References ==
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"racquetball"
]
}
|
Michelle Key (born August 18, 1988) is an American racquetball player. Key represented the USA at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, where she was part of the silver medal winning Women's Team. Key was ranked 7th at the end of the 2014-15 Ladies Professional Racquetball Tour (LPRT) season.
Racquetball
Key is a right handed player.Competing at the 2006 International Racquetball World Junior Championships in Arizona, Key won her age group in the singles event. Key also participated in the 3 Wallball World Championships in Las Vegas, Nevada in 2014. Key was back to compete at the 2016 edition of the 3 Wallball World Championships, where she defeated Paola Longoria in the semi-finals.
International career
Key earned her first call up to the United States junior team in 2004, and was a member of the team for over three years.Key competed at the 2014 World Championships in the singles event, where she won a silver medal.Key has competed for the USA three times. She was on Team USA at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, where she played Women's Singles. Key lost two of her three matches in the group stage. Her sole win was against Canada's Jennifer Saunders. As a result, was seeded against her teammate Rhonda Rajsich in the Round of 16 in playoffs. Rajsich won that match 15-8, 15-7. However, in the Women's Team event Key helped the USA get the silver medal. Key's win over Canadian Jennifer Saunders, 15-2, 15-6, in the semi-finals, put the USA into the final. But in the first match of the final, Key lost to Samantha Salas, 15-3, 15-9, and Mexico's Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas who successfully defended their title and defeated the American pair.Key also represented the USA at the 2016 Pan American Championships in San Luis Potosí, where she partnered with Kelani Bailey in Women's Doubles. They reached the finals with a win over Veronica Sotomayor and Maria Paz Muñoz of Ecuador in the semi-finals, 11-15, 15-14, 11-5. In the final, Key and Bailey lost to the Mexican team of Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas, 15-5, 15-10. Key also played singles in San Luis Potosí, and lost in the quarterfinals to Gabriela Martinez of Guatemala, 15-7, 10-15, 11-7.Key played Women's Singles for the USA at the 2016 World Championships in Cali, Colombia, where she lost in the Round of 32 to Mariana Tobon of Venezuela, 4-15, 15-9, 11-4. She also lost to Bolivia's Adriana Riveros during the competition.
US Championships
Key played for the University of Arizona at Intercollegiates. Key was the 2011 USA Racquetball Intercollegiate Champion in Women's Singles, as she defeated Sharon Jackson in the final, 15-11, 15-14. That win avenged a loss to Jackson in the 2010 final. Key also played in the doubles tournament at the 2014 edition of the US Open with Lambert. The pair lost to eventual winners Paola Longoria and Verónica Sotomayor .Key was runner-up at the 2016 USA Racquetball National Singles Championships in Highlands Ranch, Colorado, where she lost to Rhonda Rajsich in the final, 15-7, 15-7. Key reached the final by defeating Janel Tisinger in the semi-finals, 15-4, 15-13.Key and her sister Danielle were runners up at the 2013 USA Racquetball National Doubles championship, losing the final to Aimee Ruiz and Janel Tisinger, 15-6, 15-8. They got to the final by upsetting that year's defending champions Rhonda Rajsich and Kim Russell-Waselenchuk, 9-15, 15-5, 11-8.
Professional career
Key was a top 10 player on Ladies Professional Racquetball Tour in 2014-15. In January 2016, she was ranked eighth in the world.Perhaps Key's best pro result is a semi-final finish at the 2016 Paola Longoria Experience tournament in San Luis Potosí. She got to the semis by defeating Susana Acosta, 11-5, 11-1, 11-6, in the Round of 16, and Rajsich in the quarterfinals, 11-2, 2-11, 6-11, 11-4, 11-9. In the semi-finals, Key lost to Frédérique Lambert, 11-3, 11-5, 11-3. She also participated in the 2014 edition of the Paola Longoria Experience in the women's double event with Canadian partner Frederique Lambert. The pair opened the tournament with a loss to Mexico's Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas despite winning the first set.In May 2015, she played doubles with Lambert at a tournament in Herndon, Virginia. The pair finished second after losing in the finals to Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas. Playing again with Lambert, the pair made the finals of the 2015 Battle of the Alamo tournament, finishing second after failing to appear for the final. In 2015, she reached the finals of the Open de Cali in Colombia while playing with Lambert, only to lose to Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas Solis in sets of 10-15, 15-10 and 11-5. In March 2016, she participated in the Zócalo Capitalino tournament. In September 2016, she participated in a tour event in Las Vegas.
Personal life
Key was born on August 18, 1988 in Phoenix, Arizona. While in high school, she played badminton, where she was one of the better players in her area. She attended Arizona State University, and was a freshman in 2006. As of 2016, she lives in Gilbert, Arizona. She is 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m).Key is married to Daniel De La Rosa, who is also a medal winning racquetball but for Mexico. Key's sister younger Danielle has also played elite racquetball.
See also
List of racquetball players
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"Key"
]
}
|
Michelle Key (born August 18, 1988) is an American racquetball player. Key represented the USA at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, where she was part of the silver medal winning Women's Team. Key was ranked 7th at the end of the 2014-15 Ladies Professional Racquetball Tour (LPRT) season.
Racquetball
Key is a right handed player.Competing at the 2006 International Racquetball World Junior Championships in Arizona, Key won her age group in the singles event. Key also participated in the 3 Wallball World Championships in Las Vegas, Nevada in 2014. Key was back to compete at the 2016 edition of the 3 Wallball World Championships, where she defeated Paola Longoria in the semi-finals.
International career
Key earned her first call up to the United States junior team in 2004, and was a member of the team for over three years.Key competed at the 2014 World Championships in the singles event, where she won a silver medal.Key has competed for the USA three times. She was on Team USA at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, where she played Women's Singles. Key lost two of her three matches in the group stage. Her sole win was against Canada's Jennifer Saunders. As a result, was seeded against her teammate Rhonda Rajsich in the Round of 16 in playoffs. Rajsich won that match 15-8, 15-7. However, in the Women's Team event Key helped the USA get the silver medal. Key's win over Canadian Jennifer Saunders, 15-2, 15-6, in the semi-finals, put the USA into the final. But in the first match of the final, Key lost to Samantha Salas, 15-3, 15-9, and Mexico's Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas who successfully defended their title and defeated the American pair.Key also represented the USA at the 2016 Pan American Championships in San Luis Potosí, where she partnered with Kelani Bailey in Women's Doubles. They reached the finals with a win over Veronica Sotomayor and Maria Paz Muñoz of Ecuador in the semi-finals, 11-15, 15-14, 11-5. In the final, Key and Bailey lost to the Mexican team of Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas, 15-5, 15-10. Key also played singles in San Luis Potosí, and lost in the quarterfinals to Gabriela Martinez of Guatemala, 15-7, 10-15, 11-7.Key played Women's Singles for the USA at the 2016 World Championships in Cali, Colombia, where she lost in the Round of 32 to Mariana Tobon of Venezuela, 4-15, 15-9, 11-4. She also lost to Bolivia's Adriana Riveros during the competition.
US Championships
Key played for the University of Arizona at Intercollegiates. Key was the 2011 USA Racquetball Intercollegiate Champion in Women's Singles, as she defeated Sharon Jackson in the final, 15-11, 15-14. That win avenged a loss to Jackson in the 2010 final. Key also played in the doubles tournament at the 2014 edition of the US Open with Lambert. The pair lost to eventual winners Paola Longoria and Verónica Sotomayor .Key was runner-up at the 2016 USA Racquetball National Singles Championships in Highlands Ranch, Colorado, where she lost to Rhonda Rajsich in the final, 15-7, 15-7. Key reached the final by defeating Janel Tisinger in the semi-finals, 15-4, 15-13.Key and her sister Danielle were runners up at the 2013 USA Racquetball National Doubles championship, losing the final to Aimee Ruiz and Janel Tisinger, 15-6, 15-8. They got to the final by upsetting that year's defending champions Rhonda Rajsich and Kim Russell-Waselenchuk, 9-15, 15-5, 11-8.
Professional career
Key was a top 10 player on Ladies Professional Racquetball Tour in 2014-15. In January 2016, she was ranked eighth in the world.Perhaps Key's best pro result is a semi-final finish at the 2016 Paola Longoria Experience tournament in San Luis Potosí. She got to the semis by defeating Susana Acosta, 11-5, 11-1, 11-6, in the Round of 16, and Rajsich in the quarterfinals, 11-2, 2-11, 6-11, 11-4, 11-9. In the semi-finals, Key lost to Frédérique Lambert, 11-3, 11-5, 11-3. She also participated in the 2014 edition of the Paola Longoria Experience in the women's double event with Canadian partner Frederique Lambert. The pair opened the tournament with a loss to Mexico's Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas despite winning the first set.In May 2015, she played doubles with Lambert at a tournament in Herndon, Virginia. The pair finished second after losing in the finals to Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas. Playing again with Lambert, the pair made the finals of the 2015 Battle of the Alamo tournament, finishing second after failing to appear for the final. In 2015, she reached the finals of the Open de Cali in Colombia while playing with Lambert, only to lose to Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas Solis in sets of 10-15, 15-10 and 11-5. In March 2016, she participated in the Zócalo Capitalino tournament. In September 2016, she participated in a tour event in Las Vegas.
Personal life
Key was born on August 18, 1988 in Phoenix, Arizona. While in high school, she played badminton, where she was one of the better players in her area. She attended Arizona State University, and was a freshman in 2006. As of 2016, she lives in Gilbert, Arizona. She is 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m).Key is married to Daniel De La Rosa, who is also a medal winning racquetball but for Mexico. Key's sister younger Danielle has also played elite racquetball.
See also
List of racquetball players
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Michelle"
]
}
|
Michelle Key (born August 18, 1988) is an American racquetball player. Key represented the USA at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, where she was part of the silver medal winning Women's Team. Key was ranked 7th at the end of the 2014-15 Ladies Professional Racquetball Tour (LPRT) season.
Racquetball
Key is a right handed player.Competing at the 2006 International Racquetball World Junior Championships in Arizona, Key won her age group in the singles event. Key also participated in the 3 Wallball World Championships in Las Vegas, Nevada in 2014. Key was back to compete at the 2016 edition of the 3 Wallball World Championships, where she defeated Paola Longoria in the semi-finals.
International career
Key earned her first call up to the United States junior team in 2004, and was a member of the team for over three years.Key competed at the 2014 World Championships in the singles event, where she won a silver medal.Key has competed for the USA three times. She was on Team USA at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, where she played Women's Singles. Key lost two of her three matches in the group stage. Her sole win was against Canada's Jennifer Saunders. As a result, was seeded against her teammate Rhonda Rajsich in the Round of 16 in playoffs. Rajsich won that match 15-8, 15-7. However, in the Women's Team event Key helped the USA get the silver medal. Key's win over Canadian Jennifer Saunders, 15-2, 15-6, in the semi-finals, put the USA into the final. But in the first match of the final, Key lost to Samantha Salas, 15-3, 15-9, and Mexico's Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas who successfully defended their title and defeated the American pair.Key also represented the USA at the 2016 Pan American Championships in San Luis Potosí, where she partnered with Kelani Bailey in Women's Doubles. They reached the finals with a win over Veronica Sotomayor and Maria Paz Muñoz of Ecuador in the semi-finals, 11-15, 15-14, 11-5. In the final, Key and Bailey lost to the Mexican team of Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas, 15-5, 15-10. Key also played singles in San Luis Potosí, and lost in the quarterfinals to Gabriela Martinez of Guatemala, 15-7, 10-15, 11-7.Key played Women's Singles for the USA at the 2016 World Championships in Cali, Colombia, where she lost in the Round of 32 to Mariana Tobon of Venezuela, 4-15, 15-9, 11-4. She also lost to Bolivia's Adriana Riveros during the competition.
US Championships
Key played for the University of Arizona at Intercollegiates. Key was the 2011 USA Racquetball Intercollegiate Champion in Women's Singles, as she defeated Sharon Jackson in the final, 15-11, 15-14. That win avenged a loss to Jackson in the 2010 final. Key also played in the doubles tournament at the 2014 edition of the US Open with Lambert. The pair lost to eventual winners Paola Longoria and Verónica Sotomayor .Key was runner-up at the 2016 USA Racquetball National Singles Championships in Highlands Ranch, Colorado, where she lost to Rhonda Rajsich in the final, 15-7, 15-7. Key reached the final by defeating Janel Tisinger in the semi-finals, 15-4, 15-13.Key and her sister Danielle were runners up at the 2013 USA Racquetball National Doubles championship, losing the final to Aimee Ruiz and Janel Tisinger, 15-6, 15-8. They got to the final by upsetting that year's defending champions Rhonda Rajsich and Kim Russell-Waselenchuk, 9-15, 15-5, 11-8.
Professional career
Key was a top 10 player on Ladies Professional Racquetball Tour in 2014-15. In January 2016, she was ranked eighth in the world.Perhaps Key's best pro result is a semi-final finish at the 2016 Paola Longoria Experience tournament in San Luis Potosí. She got to the semis by defeating Susana Acosta, 11-5, 11-1, 11-6, in the Round of 16, and Rajsich in the quarterfinals, 11-2, 2-11, 6-11, 11-4, 11-9. In the semi-finals, Key lost to Frédérique Lambert, 11-3, 11-5, 11-3. She also participated in the 2014 edition of the Paola Longoria Experience in the women's double event with Canadian partner Frederique Lambert. The pair opened the tournament with a loss to Mexico's Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas despite winning the first set.In May 2015, she played doubles with Lambert at a tournament in Herndon, Virginia. The pair finished second after losing in the finals to Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas. Playing again with Lambert, the pair made the finals of the 2015 Battle of the Alamo tournament, finishing second after failing to appear for the final. In 2015, she reached the finals of the Open de Cali in Colombia while playing with Lambert, only to lose to Paola Longoria and Samantha Salas Solis in sets of 10-15, 15-10 and 11-5. In March 2016, she participated in the Zócalo Capitalino tournament. In September 2016, she participated in a tour event in Las Vegas.
Personal life
Key was born on August 18, 1988 in Phoenix, Arizona. While in high school, she played badminton, where she was one of the better players in her area. She attended Arizona State University, and was a freshman in 2006. As of 2016, she lives in Gilbert, Arizona. She is 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m).Key is married to Daniel De La Rosa, who is also a medal winning racquetball but for Mexico. Key's sister younger Danielle has also played elite racquetball.
See also
List of racquetball players
== References ==
|
participant in
|
{
"answer_start": [
102
],
"text": [
"2015 Pan American Games"
]
}
|
Pleurotomella amphiblestrum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.
Description
The length of this shell attains 7.5 mm, its diameter 2.5 mm.
Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Gulf of Oman
References
External links
MELVILL, J. COSMO. "DESCRIPTIONS OF TWENTY-THREE SPECIES OF GASTROPODA FROM THE PERSIAN GULF, GULF OF OMAN, AND ARABIAN SEA, DREDGED BY MR. FW TOWNSEND, OF THE INDOEUROPEAN TELEGRAPH SERVICE, IN 1903." Journal of Molluscan Studies 6.1 (1904): 51-60
Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 682: 1–1295.
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Pleurotomella amphiblestrum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.
Description
The length of this shell attains 7.5 mm, its diameter 2.5 mm.
Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Gulf of Oman
References
External links
MELVILL, J. COSMO. "DESCRIPTIONS OF TWENTY-THREE SPECIES OF GASTROPODA FROM THE PERSIAN GULF, GULF OF OMAN, AND ARABIAN SEA, DREDGED BY MR. FW TOWNSEND, OF THE INDOEUROPEAN TELEGRAPH SERVICE, IN 1903." Journal of Molluscan Studies 6.1 (1904): 51-60
Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 682: 1–1295.
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Pleurotomella"
]
}
|
Pleurotomella amphiblestrum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.
Description
The length of this shell attains 7.5 mm, its diameter 2.5 mm.
Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Gulf of Oman
References
External links
MELVILL, J. COSMO. "DESCRIPTIONS OF TWENTY-THREE SPECIES OF GASTROPODA FROM THE PERSIAN GULF, GULF OF OMAN, AND ARABIAN SEA, DREDGED BY MR. FW TOWNSEND, OF THE INDOEUROPEAN TELEGRAPH SERVICE, IN 1903." Journal of Molluscan Studies 6.1 (1904): 51-60
Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 682: 1–1295.
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Pleurotomella amphiblestrum"
]
}
|
Pleurotomella amphiblestrum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.
Description
The length of this shell attains 7.5 mm, its diameter 2.5 mm.
Distribution
This marine species occurs in the Gulf of Oman
References
External links
MELVILL, J. COSMO. "DESCRIPTIONS OF TWENTY-THREE SPECIES OF GASTROPODA FROM THE PERSIAN GULF, GULF OF OMAN, AND ARABIAN SEA, DREDGED BY MR. FW TOWNSEND, OF THE INDOEUROPEAN TELEGRAPH SERVICE, IN 1903." Journal of Molluscan Studies 6.1 (1904): 51-60
Tucker, J.K. (2004). "Catalog of recent and fossil turrids (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 682: 1–1295.
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Pleurotomella amphiblestrum"
]
}
|
Sayed Mosaad (Arabic: سيد مسعد) (born on 8 April 1987) is an Egyptian footballer who last played for Al-Qanah, but was most famous for his spell at Zamalek in the Egyptian Premier League.His transfer to El Zamalek cost them €150,000.
He regularly represented the Egypt national under-20 football team.
== References ==
|
sex or gender
|
{
"answer_start": [
150
],
"text": [
"male"
]
}
|
Sayed Mosaad (Arabic: سيد مسعد) (born on 8 April 1987) is an Egyptian footballer who last played for Al-Qanah, but was most famous for his spell at Zamalek in the Egyptian Premier League.His transfer to El Zamalek cost them €150,000.
He regularly represented the Egypt national under-20 football team.
== References ==
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"Egypt"
]
}
|
Sayed Mosaad (Arabic: سيد مسعد) (born on 8 April 1987) is an Egyptian footballer who last played for Al-Qanah, but was most famous for his spell at Zamalek in the Egyptian Premier League.His transfer to El Zamalek cost them €150,000.
He regularly represented the Egypt national under-20 football team.
== References ==
|
member of sports team
|
{
"answer_start": [
263
],
"text": [
"Egypt national under-20 football team"
]
}
|
Sayed Mosaad (Arabic: سيد مسعد) (born on 8 April 1987) is an Egyptian footballer who last played for Al-Qanah, but was most famous for his spell at Zamalek in the Egyptian Premier League.His transfer to El Zamalek cost them €150,000.
He regularly represented the Egypt national under-20 football team.
== References ==
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"Arabic"
]
}
|
Sayed Mosaad (Arabic: سيد مسعد) (born on 8 April 1987) is an Egyptian footballer who last played for Al-Qanah, but was most famous for his spell at Zamalek in the Egyptian Premier League.His transfer to El Zamalek cost them €150,000.
He regularly represented the Egypt national under-20 football team.
== References ==
|
sport number
|
{
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"19"
]
}
|
Federica Del Buono (born 12 December 1994) is an Italian middle-distance runner who competes mainly in track events. She was the bronze medallist in the 1500 metres at the European Athletics Indoor Championships in 2015. She has a personal best of 4:05.32 minutes for the event. She won the 2014 Italian national title and represented Italy at the 2014 European Athletics Championships. She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in the 1500 m.Her parents Gianni Del Buono and Rossella Gramola were also two middle-distance runners.
Career
Born in Vicenza, Del Buono began training with her mother as coach and became a member of the Gruppo Sportivo Forestale sports club. Early in her life, she was more interested in dance, but began taking part in athletics in seriousness around 2011. She soon rose to prominence nationally and competed in the heats of the 1500 metres at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics. Del Buono also ran over 4 km at the 2012 European Cross Country Championships, finishing 40th overall.She won her first international medal at the inaugural 1500 m at the 2014 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships, beating Olympic medallist Gamze Bulut to the gold medal. A fourth place in senior competition followed at the 2014 European Team Championships Super League. She went on to be selected for the 1500 m at the 2014 European Athletics Championships, where she placed fifth in a personal best of 4:07.49 minutes. She won her first national title in the 1500 m at that year's Italian Athletics Championships.The twenty-year-old Del Buono won her first senior medal at the 2015 European Athletics Indoor Championships. Competing over her specialty 1500 m, she took a clear third place for the bronze medal with a run of 4:11.61 minutes.
Personal bests
Outdoor800 metres – 2:00.58 (2014)
1500 metres – 4:05.32 (2014)
3000 metres – 9:01.38 (2014)Indoor1500 metres – 4:08.87 (2015)
3000 metres – 9:01.19 (2015)
All information from IAAF.
Achievements
National titles
Italian Athletics Championships
1500 metres: 2014
See also
Italian all-time top lists - 800 m
Italian all-time top lists - 1500 m
References
External links
Federica Del Buono at World Athletics
Federica Del Buono at the Italian Athletics Federation (in Italian)
Federica Del Buono at Diamond League
Federica Del Buono at Olympedia
Federica Del Buono at the Italian National Olympic Committee (in Italian)
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
548
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"text": [
"Vicenza"
]
}
|
Federica Del Buono (born 12 December 1994) is an Italian middle-distance runner who competes mainly in track events. She was the bronze medallist in the 1500 metres at the European Athletics Indoor Championships in 2015. She has a personal best of 4:05.32 minutes for the event. She won the 2014 Italian national title and represented Italy at the 2014 European Athletics Championships. She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in the 1500 m.Her parents Gianni Del Buono and Rossella Gramola were also two middle-distance runners.
Career
Born in Vicenza, Del Buono began training with her mother as coach and became a member of the Gruppo Sportivo Forestale sports club. Early in her life, she was more interested in dance, but began taking part in athletics in seriousness around 2011. She soon rose to prominence nationally and competed in the heats of the 1500 metres at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics. Del Buono also ran over 4 km at the 2012 European Cross Country Championships, finishing 40th overall.She won her first international medal at the inaugural 1500 m at the 2014 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships, beating Olympic medallist Gamze Bulut to the gold medal. A fourth place in senior competition followed at the 2014 European Team Championships Super League. She went on to be selected for the 1500 m at the 2014 European Athletics Championships, where she placed fifth in a personal best of 4:07.49 minutes. She won her first national title in the 1500 m at that year's Italian Athletics Championships.The twenty-year-old Del Buono won her first senior medal at the 2015 European Athletics Indoor Championships. Competing over her specialty 1500 m, she took a clear third place for the bronze medal with a run of 4:11.61 minutes.
Personal bests
Outdoor800 metres – 2:00.58 (2014)
1500 metres – 4:05.32 (2014)
3000 metres – 9:01.38 (2014)Indoor1500 metres – 4:08.87 (2015)
3000 metres – 9:01.19 (2015)
All information from IAAF.
Achievements
National titles
Italian Athletics Championships
1500 metres: 2014
See also
Italian all-time top lists - 800 m
Italian all-time top lists - 1500 m
References
External links
Federica Del Buono at World Athletics
Federica Del Buono at the Italian Athletics Federation (in Italian)
Federica Del Buono at Diamond League
Federica Del Buono at Olympedia
Federica Del Buono at the Italian National Olympic Committee (in Italian)
|
father
|
{
"answer_start": [
455
],
"text": [
"Gianni Del Buono"
]
}
|
Federica Del Buono (born 12 December 1994) is an Italian middle-distance runner who competes mainly in track events. She was the bronze medallist in the 1500 metres at the European Athletics Indoor Championships in 2015. She has a personal best of 4:05.32 minutes for the event. She won the 2014 Italian national title and represented Italy at the 2014 European Athletics Championships. She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in the 1500 m.Her parents Gianni Del Buono and Rossella Gramola were also two middle-distance runners.
Career
Born in Vicenza, Del Buono began training with her mother as coach and became a member of the Gruppo Sportivo Forestale sports club. Early in her life, she was more interested in dance, but began taking part in athletics in seriousness around 2011. She soon rose to prominence nationally and competed in the heats of the 1500 metres at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics. Del Buono also ran over 4 km at the 2012 European Cross Country Championships, finishing 40th overall.She won her first international medal at the inaugural 1500 m at the 2014 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships, beating Olympic medallist Gamze Bulut to the gold medal. A fourth place in senior competition followed at the 2014 European Team Championships Super League. She went on to be selected for the 1500 m at the 2014 European Athletics Championships, where she placed fifth in a personal best of 4:07.49 minutes. She won her first national title in the 1500 m at that year's Italian Athletics Championships.The twenty-year-old Del Buono won her first senior medal at the 2015 European Athletics Indoor Championships. Competing over her specialty 1500 m, she took a clear third place for the bronze medal with a run of 4:11.61 minutes.
Personal bests
Outdoor800 metres – 2:00.58 (2014)
1500 metres – 4:05.32 (2014)
3000 metres – 9:01.38 (2014)Indoor1500 metres – 4:08.87 (2015)
3000 metres – 9:01.19 (2015)
All information from IAAF.
Achievements
National titles
Italian Athletics Championships
1500 metres: 2014
See also
Italian all-time top lists - 800 m
Italian all-time top lists - 1500 m
References
External links
Federica Del Buono at World Athletics
Federica Del Buono at the Italian Athletics Federation (in Italian)
Federica Del Buono at Diamond League
Federica Del Buono at Olympedia
Federica Del Buono at the Italian National Olympic Committee (in Italian)
|
mother
|
{
"answer_start": [
476
],
"text": [
"Rossella Gramola"
]
}
|
Federica Del Buono (born 12 December 1994) is an Italian middle-distance runner who competes mainly in track events. She was the bronze medallist in the 1500 metres at the European Athletics Indoor Championships in 2015. She has a personal best of 4:05.32 minutes for the event. She won the 2014 Italian national title and represented Italy at the 2014 European Athletics Championships. She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in the 1500 m.Her parents Gianni Del Buono and Rossella Gramola were also two middle-distance runners.
Career
Born in Vicenza, Del Buono began training with her mother as coach and became a member of the Gruppo Sportivo Forestale sports club. Early in her life, she was more interested in dance, but began taking part in athletics in seriousness around 2011. She soon rose to prominence nationally and competed in the heats of the 1500 metres at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics. Del Buono also ran over 4 km at the 2012 European Cross Country Championships, finishing 40th overall.She won her first international medal at the inaugural 1500 m at the 2014 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships, beating Olympic medallist Gamze Bulut to the gold medal. A fourth place in senior competition followed at the 2014 European Team Championships Super League. She went on to be selected for the 1500 m at the 2014 European Athletics Championships, where she placed fifth in a personal best of 4:07.49 minutes. She won her first national title in the 1500 m at that year's Italian Athletics Championships.The twenty-year-old Del Buono won her first senior medal at the 2015 European Athletics Indoor Championships. Competing over her specialty 1500 m, she took a clear third place for the bronze medal with a run of 4:11.61 minutes.
Personal bests
Outdoor800 metres – 2:00.58 (2014)
1500 metres – 4:05.32 (2014)
3000 metres – 9:01.38 (2014)Indoor1500 metres – 4:08.87 (2015)
3000 metres – 9:01.19 (2015)
All information from IAAF.
Achievements
National titles
Italian Athletics Championships
1500 metres: 2014
See also
Italian all-time top lists - 800 m
Italian all-time top lists - 1500 m
References
External links
Federica Del Buono at World Athletics
Federica Del Buono at the Italian Athletics Federation (in Italian)
Federica Del Buono at Diamond League
Federica Del Buono at Olympedia
Federica Del Buono at the Italian National Olympic Committee (in Italian)
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
335
],
"text": [
"Italy"
]
}
|
Federica Del Buono (born 12 December 1994) is an Italian middle-distance runner who competes mainly in track events. She was the bronze medallist in the 1500 metres at the European Athletics Indoor Championships in 2015. She has a personal best of 4:05.32 minutes for the event. She won the 2014 Italian national title and represented Italy at the 2014 European Athletics Championships. She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in the 1500 m.Her parents Gianni Del Buono and Rossella Gramola were also two middle-distance runners.
Career
Born in Vicenza, Del Buono began training with her mother as coach and became a member of the Gruppo Sportivo Forestale sports club. Early in her life, she was more interested in dance, but began taking part in athletics in seriousness around 2011. She soon rose to prominence nationally and competed in the heats of the 1500 metres at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics. Del Buono also ran over 4 km at the 2012 European Cross Country Championships, finishing 40th overall.She won her first international medal at the inaugural 1500 m at the 2014 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships, beating Olympic medallist Gamze Bulut to the gold medal. A fourth place in senior competition followed at the 2014 European Team Championships Super League. She went on to be selected for the 1500 m at the 2014 European Athletics Championships, where she placed fifth in a personal best of 4:07.49 minutes. She won her first national title in the 1500 m at that year's Italian Athletics Championships.The twenty-year-old Del Buono won her first senior medal at the 2015 European Athletics Indoor Championships. Competing over her specialty 1500 m, she took a clear third place for the bronze medal with a run of 4:11.61 minutes.
Personal bests
Outdoor800 metres – 2:00.58 (2014)
1500 metres – 4:05.32 (2014)
3000 metres – 9:01.38 (2014)Indoor1500 metres – 4:08.87 (2015)
3000 metres – 9:01.19 (2015)
All information from IAAF.
Achievements
National titles
Italian Athletics Championships
1500 metres: 2014
See also
Italian all-time top lists - 800 m
Italian all-time top lists - 1500 m
References
External links
Federica Del Buono at World Athletics
Federica Del Buono at the Italian Athletics Federation (in Italian)
Federica Del Buono at Diamond League
Federica Del Buono at Olympedia
Federica Del Buono at the Italian National Olympic Committee (in Italian)
|
member of sports team
|
{
"answer_start": [
634
],
"text": [
"Gruppo Sportivo Forestale"
]
}
|
Federica Del Buono (born 12 December 1994) is an Italian middle-distance runner who competes mainly in track events. She was the bronze medallist in the 1500 metres at the European Athletics Indoor Championships in 2015. She has a personal best of 4:05.32 minutes for the event. She won the 2014 Italian national title and represented Italy at the 2014 European Athletics Championships. She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in the 1500 m.Her parents Gianni Del Buono and Rossella Gramola were also two middle-distance runners.
Career
Born in Vicenza, Del Buono began training with her mother as coach and became a member of the Gruppo Sportivo Forestale sports club. Early in her life, she was more interested in dance, but began taking part in athletics in seriousness around 2011. She soon rose to prominence nationally and competed in the heats of the 1500 metres at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics. Del Buono also ran over 4 km at the 2012 European Cross Country Championships, finishing 40th overall.She won her first international medal at the inaugural 1500 m at the 2014 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships, beating Olympic medallist Gamze Bulut to the gold medal. A fourth place in senior competition followed at the 2014 European Team Championships Super League. She went on to be selected for the 1500 m at the 2014 European Athletics Championships, where she placed fifth in a personal best of 4:07.49 minutes. She won her first national title in the 1500 m at that year's Italian Athletics Championships.The twenty-year-old Del Buono won her first senior medal at the 2015 European Athletics Indoor Championships. Competing over her specialty 1500 m, she took a clear third place for the bronze medal with a run of 4:11.61 minutes.
Personal bests
Outdoor800 metres – 2:00.58 (2014)
1500 metres – 4:05.32 (2014)
3000 metres – 9:01.38 (2014)Indoor1500 metres – 4:08.87 (2015)
3000 metres – 9:01.19 (2015)
All information from IAAF.
Achievements
National titles
Italian Athletics Championships
1500 metres: 2014
See also
Italian all-time top lists - 800 m
Italian all-time top lists - 1500 m
References
External links
Federica Del Buono at World Athletics
Federica Del Buono at the Italian Athletics Federation (in Italian)
Federica Del Buono at Diamond League
Federica Del Buono at Olympedia
Federica Del Buono at the Italian National Olympic Committee (in Italian)
|
head coach
|
{
"answer_start": [
476
],
"text": [
"Rossella Gramola"
]
}
|
Federica Del Buono (born 12 December 1994) is an Italian middle-distance runner who competes mainly in track events. She was the bronze medallist in the 1500 metres at the European Athletics Indoor Championships in 2015. She has a personal best of 4:05.32 minutes for the event. She won the 2014 Italian national title and represented Italy at the 2014 European Athletics Championships. She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in the 1500 m.Her parents Gianni Del Buono and Rossella Gramola were also two middle-distance runners.
Career
Born in Vicenza, Del Buono began training with her mother as coach and became a member of the Gruppo Sportivo Forestale sports club. Early in her life, she was more interested in dance, but began taking part in athletics in seriousness around 2011. She soon rose to prominence nationally and competed in the heats of the 1500 metres at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics. Del Buono also ran over 4 km at the 2012 European Cross Country Championships, finishing 40th overall.She won her first international medal at the inaugural 1500 m at the 2014 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships, beating Olympic medallist Gamze Bulut to the gold medal. A fourth place in senior competition followed at the 2014 European Team Championships Super League. She went on to be selected for the 1500 m at the 2014 European Athletics Championships, where she placed fifth in a personal best of 4:07.49 minutes. She won her first national title in the 1500 m at that year's Italian Athletics Championships.The twenty-year-old Del Buono won her first senior medal at the 2015 European Athletics Indoor Championships. Competing over her specialty 1500 m, she took a clear third place for the bronze medal with a run of 4:11.61 minutes.
Personal bests
Outdoor800 metres – 2:00.58 (2014)
1500 metres – 4:05.32 (2014)
3000 metres – 9:01.38 (2014)Indoor1500 metres – 4:08.87 (2015)
3000 metres – 9:01.19 (2015)
All information from IAAF.
Achievements
National titles
Italian Athletics Championships
1500 metres: 2014
See also
Italian all-time top lists - 800 m
Italian all-time top lists - 1500 m
References
External links
Federica Del Buono at World Athletics
Federica Del Buono at the Italian Athletics Federation (in Italian)
Federica Del Buono at Diamond League
Federica Del Buono at Olympedia
Federica Del Buono at the Italian National Olympic Committee (in Italian)
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Federica Del Buono"
]
}
|
Federica Del Buono (born 12 December 1994) is an Italian middle-distance runner who competes mainly in track events. She was the bronze medallist in the 1500 metres at the European Athletics Indoor Championships in 2015. She has a personal best of 4:05.32 minutes for the event. She won the 2014 Italian national title and represented Italy at the 2014 European Athletics Championships. She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in the 1500 m.Her parents Gianni Del Buono and Rossella Gramola were also two middle-distance runners.
Career
Born in Vicenza, Del Buono began training with her mother as coach and became a member of the Gruppo Sportivo Forestale sports club. Early in her life, she was more interested in dance, but began taking part in athletics in seriousness around 2011. She soon rose to prominence nationally and competed in the heats of the 1500 metres at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics. Del Buono also ran over 4 km at the 2012 European Cross Country Championships, finishing 40th overall.She won her first international medal at the inaugural 1500 m at the 2014 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships, beating Olympic medallist Gamze Bulut to the gold medal. A fourth place in senior competition followed at the 2014 European Team Championships Super League. She went on to be selected for the 1500 m at the 2014 European Athletics Championships, where she placed fifth in a personal best of 4:07.49 minutes. She won her first national title in the 1500 m at that year's Italian Athletics Championships.The twenty-year-old Del Buono won her first senior medal at the 2015 European Athletics Indoor Championships. Competing over her specialty 1500 m, she took a clear third place for the bronze medal with a run of 4:11.61 minutes.
Personal bests
Outdoor800 metres – 2:00.58 (2014)
1500 metres – 4:05.32 (2014)
3000 metres – 9:01.38 (2014)Indoor1500 metres – 4:08.87 (2015)
3000 metres – 9:01.19 (2015)
All information from IAAF.
Achievements
National titles
Italian Athletics Championships
1500 metres: 2014
See also
Italian all-time top lists - 800 m
Italian all-time top lists - 1500 m
References
External links
Federica Del Buono at World Athletics
Federica Del Buono at the Italian Athletics Federation (in Italian)
Federica Del Buono at Diamond League
Federica Del Buono at Olympedia
Federica Del Buono at the Italian National Olympic Committee (in Italian)
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
751
],
"text": [
"athletics"
]
}
|
Federica Del Buono (born 12 December 1994) is an Italian middle-distance runner who competes mainly in track events. She was the bronze medallist in the 1500 metres at the European Athletics Indoor Championships in 2015. She has a personal best of 4:05.32 minutes for the event. She won the 2014 Italian national title and represented Italy at the 2014 European Athletics Championships. She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in the 1500 m.Her parents Gianni Del Buono and Rossella Gramola were also two middle-distance runners.
Career
Born in Vicenza, Del Buono began training with her mother as coach and became a member of the Gruppo Sportivo Forestale sports club. Early in her life, she was more interested in dance, but began taking part in athletics in seriousness around 2011. She soon rose to prominence nationally and competed in the heats of the 1500 metres at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics. Del Buono also ran over 4 km at the 2012 European Cross Country Championships, finishing 40th overall.She won her first international medal at the inaugural 1500 m at the 2014 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships, beating Olympic medallist Gamze Bulut to the gold medal. A fourth place in senior competition followed at the 2014 European Team Championships Super League. She went on to be selected for the 1500 m at the 2014 European Athletics Championships, where she placed fifth in a personal best of 4:07.49 minutes. She won her first national title in the 1500 m at that year's Italian Athletics Championships.The twenty-year-old Del Buono won her first senior medal at the 2015 European Athletics Indoor Championships. Competing over her specialty 1500 m, she took a clear third place for the bronze medal with a run of 4:11.61 minutes.
Personal bests
Outdoor800 metres – 2:00.58 (2014)
1500 metres – 4:05.32 (2014)
3000 metres – 9:01.38 (2014)Indoor1500 metres – 4:08.87 (2015)
3000 metres – 9:01.19 (2015)
All information from IAAF.
Achievements
National titles
Italian Athletics Championships
1500 metres: 2014
See also
Italian all-time top lists - 800 m
Italian all-time top lists - 1500 m
References
External links
Federica Del Buono at World Athletics
Federica Del Buono at the Italian Athletics Federation (in Italian)
Federica Del Buono at Diamond League
Federica Del Buono at Olympedia
Federica Del Buono at the Italian National Olympic Committee (in Italian)
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
9
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"text": [
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|
Federica Del Buono (born 12 December 1994) is an Italian middle-distance runner who competes mainly in track events. She was the bronze medallist in the 1500 metres at the European Athletics Indoor Championships in 2015. She has a personal best of 4:05.32 minutes for the event. She won the 2014 Italian national title and represented Italy at the 2014 European Athletics Championships. She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in the 1500 m.Her parents Gianni Del Buono and Rossella Gramola were also two middle-distance runners.
Career
Born in Vicenza, Del Buono began training with her mother as coach and became a member of the Gruppo Sportivo Forestale sports club. Early in her life, she was more interested in dance, but began taking part in athletics in seriousness around 2011. She soon rose to prominence nationally and competed in the heats of the 1500 metres at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics. Del Buono also ran over 4 km at the 2012 European Cross Country Championships, finishing 40th overall.She won her first international medal at the inaugural 1500 m at the 2014 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships, beating Olympic medallist Gamze Bulut to the gold medal. A fourth place in senior competition followed at the 2014 European Team Championships Super League. She went on to be selected for the 1500 m at the 2014 European Athletics Championships, where she placed fifth in a personal best of 4:07.49 minutes. She won her first national title in the 1500 m at that year's Italian Athletics Championships.The twenty-year-old Del Buono won her first senior medal at the 2015 European Athletics Indoor Championships. Competing over her specialty 1500 m, she took a clear third place for the bronze medal with a run of 4:11.61 minutes.
Personal bests
Outdoor800 metres – 2:00.58 (2014)
1500 metres – 4:05.32 (2014)
3000 metres – 9:01.38 (2014)Indoor1500 metres – 4:08.87 (2015)
3000 metres – 9:01.19 (2015)
All information from IAAF.
Achievements
National titles
Italian Athletics Championships
1500 metres: 2014
See also
Italian all-time top lists - 800 m
Italian all-time top lists - 1500 m
References
External links
Federica Del Buono at World Athletics
Federica Del Buono at the Italian Athletics Federation (in Italian)
Federica Del Buono at Diamond League
Federica Del Buono at Olympedia
Federica Del Buono at the Italian National Olympic Committee (in Italian)
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Federica"
]
}
|
Federica Del Buono (born 12 December 1994) is an Italian middle-distance runner who competes mainly in track events. She was the bronze medallist in the 1500 metres at the European Athletics Indoor Championships in 2015. She has a personal best of 4:05.32 minutes for the event. She won the 2014 Italian national title and represented Italy at the 2014 European Athletics Championships. She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in the 1500 m.Her parents Gianni Del Buono and Rossella Gramola were also two middle-distance runners.
Career
Born in Vicenza, Del Buono began training with her mother as coach and became a member of the Gruppo Sportivo Forestale sports club. Early in her life, she was more interested in dance, but began taking part in athletics in seriousness around 2011. She soon rose to prominence nationally and competed in the heats of the 1500 metres at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics. Del Buono also ran over 4 km at the 2012 European Cross Country Championships, finishing 40th overall.She won her first international medal at the inaugural 1500 m at the 2014 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships, beating Olympic medallist Gamze Bulut to the gold medal. A fourth place in senior competition followed at the 2014 European Team Championships Super League. She went on to be selected for the 1500 m at the 2014 European Athletics Championships, where she placed fifth in a personal best of 4:07.49 minutes. She won her first national title in the 1500 m at that year's Italian Athletics Championships.The twenty-year-old Del Buono won her first senior medal at the 2015 European Athletics Indoor Championships. Competing over her specialty 1500 m, she took a clear third place for the bronze medal with a run of 4:11.61 minutes.
Personal bests
Outdoor800 metres – 2:00.58 (2014)
1500 metres – 4:05.32 (2014)
3000 metres – 9:01.38 (2014)Indoor1500 metres – 4:08.87 (2015)
3000 metres – 9:01.19 (2015)
All information from IAAF.
Achievements
National titles
Italian Athletics Championships
1500 metres: 2014
See also
Italian all-time top lists - 800 m
Italian all-time top lists - 1500 m
References
External links
Federica Del Buono at World Athletics
Federica Del Buono at the Italian Athletics Federation (in Italian)
Federica Del Buono at Diamond League
Federica Del Buono at Olympedia
Federica Del Buono at the Italian National Olympic Committee (in Italian)
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"Italian"
]
}
|
Federica Del Buono (born 12 December 1994) is an Italian middle-distance runner who competes mainly in track events. She was the bronze medallist in the 1500 metres at the European Athletics Indoor Championships in 2015. She has a personal best of 4:05.32 minutes for the event. She won the 2014 Italian national title and represented Italy at the 2014 European Athletics Championships. She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in the 1500 m.Her parents Gianni Del Buono and Rossella Gramola were also two middle-distance runners.
Career
Born in Vicenza, Del Buono began training with her mother as coach and became a member of the Gruppo Sportivo Forestale sports club. Early in her life, she was more interested in dance, but began taking part in athletics in seriousness around 2011. She soon rose to prominence nationally and competed in the heats of the 1500 metres at the 2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics. Del Buono also ran over 4 km at the 2012 European Cross Country Championships, finishing 40th overall.She won her first international medal at the inaugural 1500 m at the 2014 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships, beating Olympic medallist Gamze Bulut to the gold medal. A fourth place in senior competition followed at the 2014 European Team Championships Super League. She went on to be selected for the 1500 m at the 2014 European Athletics Championships, where she placed fifth in a personal best of 4:07.49 minutes. She won her first national title in the 1500 m at that year's Italian Athletics Championships.The twenty-year-old Del Buono won her first senior medal at the 2015 European Athletics Indoor Championships. Competing over her specialty 1500 m, she took a clear third place for the bronze medal with a run of 4:11.61 minutes.
Personal bests
Outdoor800 metres – 2:00.58 (2014)
1500 metres – 4:05.32 (2014)
3000 metres – 9:01.38 (2014)Indoor1500 metres – 4:08.87 (2015)
3000 metres – 9:01.19 (2015)
All information from IAAF.
Achievements
National titles
Italian Athletics Championships
1500 metres: 2014
See also
Italian all-time top lists - 800 m
Italian all-time top lists - 1500 m
References
External links
Federica Del Buono at World Athletics
Federica Del Buono at the Italian Athletics Federation (in Italian)
Federica Del Buono at Diamond League
Federica Del Buono at Olympedia
Federica Del Buono at the Italian National Olympic Committee (in Italian)
|
sports discipline competed in
|
{
"answer_start": [
153
],
"text": [
"1500 metres"
]
}
|
Philip Philpott (5 September 1859 – 27 July 1934) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played in one first-class match for Canterbury in 1881/82.
See also
List of Canterbury representative cricketers
References
External links
Philip Philpott at ESPNcricinfo
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"New Zealand"
]
}
|
Philip Philpott (5 September 1859 – 27 July 1934) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played in one first-class match for Canterbury in 1881/82.
See also
List of Canterbury representative cricketers
References
External links
Philip Philpott at ESPNcricinfo
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"cricketer"
]
}
|
Philip Philpott (5 September 1859 – 27 July 1934) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played in one first-class match for Canterbury in 1881/82.
See also
List of Canterbury representative cricketers
References
External links
Philip Philpott at ESPNcricinfo
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"cricket"
]
}
|
Philip Philpott (5 September 1859 – 27 July 1934) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played in one first-class match for Canterbury in 1881/82.
See also
List of Canterbury representative cricketers
References
External links
Philip Philpott at ESPNcricinfo
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Philip"
]
}
|
Brachodes rhagensis is a moth of the family Brachodidae. It is found in Iran.
The wingspan is about 29 mm for males and 24 mm for females.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Brachodes"
]
}
|
Brachodes rhagensis is a moth of the family Brachodidae. It is found in Iran.
The wingspan is about 29 mm for males and 24 mm for females.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Brachodes rhagensis"
]
}
|
Matías "Dino" Armas Lago (born 20 November 1941) is a Uruguayan theater director and writer.
Biography
Matías Armas was born in the Montevidean neighborhood of Villa del Cerro, where he lived until he was 20 years old. His parents were Matías Armas, a port worker of socialist extraction, and Nicanda Lago Méndez, a housewife. He owes the pseudonym "Dino" to his father, who started calling him that after the first name of an Italian footballer.The neighborhood, the early years of his life, and his family have important presence in his written work. It was during his adolescence that he first approached a theater group that worked at the Rampla Juniors Fútbol Club in his neighborhood.He studied teaching and worked for 30 years as a teacher of primary education, until he retired with the position of school director.In 1965 his first work, En otro y último ardiente verano, won one of the first three prizes in a theater contest organized by the El Tinglado Theater.He is one of the most prolific Uruguayan playwrights, and his works have been staged in Latin America, the United States, and Europe. The 2009 film El novio de la muerta is based on two of his plays: Sus ojos se cerraron (1992) and Mujeres solas.Armas has produced and directed adaptations of texts by authors such as Prosper Mérimée, Saint-Exupéry, and Henry Miller. He is the author of more than 60 plays. In addition to directing them in person, they have also been directed by Elena Zuasti, Jaime Yavitz, Omar Varela, Carlos Aguilera, Gloria Levy, Lucila Irazábal, Lucía Sommer, Antoine Baldomir, Marcelino Duffau, and others.He has won numerous prizes, such as the 1993 Florencio Award for best national author text for Se ruega no enviar coronas, the 2006 Silver Morosoli Award for career achievement, first prize in the unpublished theater-drama category of the Ministry of Education and Culture's 2011 Annual Literature Prizes for Ave Mater, the 2015 Florencio for 50-year career and in the comedy category for Sus ojos se cerraron, and the 2015 Golden Candelabrum Award from the Uruguayan branch of B'nai B'rith. He has also received awards for plays for children.
Works
References
Further reading
Christian Toletti, Gabriela. Un acercamiento al teatro uruguayo. Migración y dictadura en la obra de Dino Armas.
External links
Interview with Dino Armas, El País, 11 June 2016
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"Uruguay"
]
}
|
Matías "Dino" Armas Lago (born 20 November 1941) is a Uruguayan theater director and writer.
Biography
Matías Armas was born in the Montevidean neighborhood of Villa del Cerro, where he lived until he was 20 years old. His parents were Matías Armas, a port worker of socialist extraction, and Nicanda Lago Méndez, a housewife. He owes the pseudonym "Dino" to his father, who started calling him that after the first name of an Italian footballer.The neighborhood, the early years of his life, and his family have important presence in his written work. It was during his adolescence that he first approached a theater group that worked at the Rampla Juniors Fútbol Club in his neighborhood.He studied teaching and worked for 30 years as a teacher of primary education, until he retired with the position of school director.In 1965 his first work, En otro y último ardiente verano, won one of the first three prizes in a theater contest organized by the El Tinglado Theater.He is one of the most prolific Uruguayan playwrights, and his works have been staged in Latin America, the United States, and Europe. The 2009 film El novio de la muerta is based on two of his plays: Sus ojos se cerraron (1992) and Mujeres solas.Armas has produced and directed adaptations of texts by authors such as Prosper Mérimée, Saint-Exupéry, and Henry Miller. He is the author of more than 60 plays. In addition to directing them in person, they have also been directed by Elena Zuasti, Jaime Yavitz, Omar Varela, Carlos Aguilera, Gloria Levy, Lucila Irazábal, Lucía Sommer, Antoine Baldomir, Marcelino Duffau, and others.He has won numerous prizes, such as the 1993 Florencio Award for best national author text for Se ruega no enviar coronas, the 2006 Silver Morosoli Award for career achievement, first prize in the unpublished theater-drama category of the Ministry of Education and Culture's 2011 Annual Literature Prizes for Ave Mater, the 2015 Florencio for 50-year career and in the comedy category for Sus ojos se cerraron, and the 2015 Golden Candelabrum Award from the Uruguayan branch of B'nai B'rith. He has also received awards for plays for children.
Works
References
Further reading
Christian Toletti, Gabriela. Un acercamiento al teatro uruguayo. Migración y dictadura en la obra de Dino Armas.
External links
Interview with Dino Armas, El País, 11 June 2016
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
1015
],
"text": [
"playwright"
]
}
|
Matías "Dino" Armas Lago (born 20 November 1941) is a Uruguayan theater director and writer.
Biography
Matías Armas was born in the Montevidean neighborhood of Villa del Cerro, where he lived until he was 20 years old. His parents were Matías Armas, a port worker of socialist extraction, and Nicanda Lago Méndez, a housewife. He owes the pseudonym "Dino" to his father, who started calling him that after the first name of an Italian footballer.The neighborhood, the early years of his life, and his family have important presence in his written work. It was during his adolescence that he first approached a theater group that worked at the Rampla Juniors Fútbol Club in his neighborhood.He studied teaching and worked for 30 years as a teacher of primary education, until he retired with the position of school director.In 1965 his first work, En otro y último ardiente verano, won one of the first three prizes in a theater contest organized by the El Tinglado Theater.He is one of the most prolific Uruguayan playwrights, and his works have been staged in Latin America, the United States, and Europe. The 2009 film El novio de la muerta is based on two of his plays: Sus ojos se cerraron (1992) and Mujeres solas.Armas has produced and directed adaptations of texts by authors such as Prosper Mérimée, Saint-Exupéry, and Henry Miller. He is the author of more than 60 plays. In addition to directing them in person, they have also been directed by Elena Zuasti, Jaime Yavitz, Omar Varela, Carlos Aguilera, Gloria Levy, Lucila Irazábal, Lucía Sommer, Antoine Baldomir, Marcelino Duffau, and others.He has won numerous prizes, such as the 1993 Florencio Award for best national author text for Se ruega no enviar coronas, the 2006 Silver Morosoli Award for career achievement, first prize in the unpublished theater-drama category of the Ministry of Education and Culture's 2011 Annual Literature Prizes for Ave Mater, the 2015 Florencio for 50-year career and in the comedy category for Sus ojos se cerraron, and the 2015 Golden Candelabrum Award from the Uruguayan branch of B'nai B'rith. He has also received awards for plays for children.
Works
References
Further reading
Christian Toletti, Gabriela. Un acercamiento al teatro uruguayo. Migración y dictadura en la obra de Dino Armas.
External links
Interview with Dino Armas, El País, 11 June 2016
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"Armas"
]
}
|
Matías "Dino" Armas Lago (born 20 November 1941) is a Uruguayan theater director and writer.
Biography
Matías Armas was born in the Montevidean neighborhood of Villa del Cerro, where he lived until he was 20 years old. His parents were Matías Armas, a port worker of socialist extraction, and Nicanda Lago Méndez, a housewife. He owes the pseudonym "Dino" to his father, who started calling him that after the first name of an Italian footballer.The neighborhood, the early years of his life, and his family have important presence in his written work. It was during his adolescence that he first approached a theater group that worked at the Rampla Juniors Fútbol Club in his neighborhood.He studied teaching and worked for 30 years as a teacher of primary education, until he retired with the position of school director.In 1965 his first work, En otro y último ardiente verano, won one of the first three prizes in a theater contest organized by the El Tinglado Theater.He is one of the most prolific Uruguayan playwrights, and his works have been staged in Latin America, the United States, and Europe. The 2009 film El novio de la muerta is based on two of his plays: Sus ojos se cerraron (1992) and Mujeres solas.Armas has produced and directed adaptations of texts by authors such as Prosper Mérimée, Saint-Exupéry, and Henry Miller. He is the author of more than 60 plays. In addition to directing them in person, they have also been directed by Elena Zuasti, Jaime Yavitz, Omar Varela, Carlos Aguilera, Gloria Levy, Lucila Irazábal, Lucía Sommer, Antoine Baldomir, Marcelino Duffau, and others.He has won numerous prizes, such as the 1993 Florencio Award for best national author text for Se ruega no enviar coronas, the 2006 Silver Morosoli Award for career achievement, first prize in the unpublished theater-drama category of the Ministry of Education and Culture's 2011 Annual Literature Prizes for Ave Mater, the 2015 Florencio for 50-year career and in the comedy category for Sus ojos se cerraron, and the 2015 Golden Candelabrum Award from the Uruguayan branch of B'nai B'rith. He has also received awards for plays for children.
Works
References
Further reading
Christian Toletti, Gabriela. Un acercamiento al teatro uruguayo. Migración y dictadura en la obra de Dino Armas.
External links
Interview with Dino Armas, El País, 11 June 2016
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"Dino"
]
}
|
Matías "Dino" Armas Lago (born 20 November 1941) is a Uruguayan theater director and writer.
Biography
Matías Armas was born in the Montevidean neighborhood of Villa del Cerro, where he lived until he was 20 years old. His parents were Matías Armas, a port worker of socialist extraction, and Nicanda Lago Méndez, a housewife. He owes the pseudonym "Dino" to his father, who started calling him that after the first name of an Italian footballer.The neighborhood, the early years of his life, and his family have important presence in his written work. It was during his adolescence that he first approached a theater group that worked at the Rampla Juniors Fútbol Club in his neighborhood.He studied teaching and worked for 30 years as a teacher of primary education, until he retired with the position of school director.In 1965 his first work, En otro y último ardiente verano, won one of the first three prizes in a theater contest organized by the El Tinglado Theater.He is one of the most prolific Uruguayan playwrights, and his works have been staged in Latin America, the United States, and Europe. The 2009 film El novio de la muerta is based on two of his plays: Sus ojos se cerraron (1992) and Mujeres solas.Armas has produced and directed adaptations of texts by authors such as Prosper Mérimée, Saint-Exupéry, and Henry Miller. He is the author of more than 60 plays. In addition to directing them in person, they have also been directed by Elena Zuasti, Jaime Yavitz, Omar Varela, Carlos Aguilera, Gloria Levy, Lucila Irazábal, Lucía Sommer, Antoine Baldomir, Marcelino Duffau, and others.He has won numerous prizes, such as the 1993 Florencio Award for best national author text for Se ruega no enviar coronas, the 2006 Silver Morosoli Award for career achievement, first prize in the unpublished theater-drama category of the Ministry of Education and Culture's 2011 Annual Literature Prizes for Ave Mater, the 2015 Florencio for 50-year career and in the comedy category for Sus ojos se cerraron, and the 2015 Golden Candelabrum Award from the Uruguayan branch of B'nai B'rith. He has also received awards for plays for children.
Works
References
Further reading
Christian Toletti, Gabriela. Un acercamiento al teatro uruguayo. Migración y dictadura en la obra de Dino Armas.
External links
Interview with Dino Armas, El País, 11 June 2016
|
pseudonym
|
{
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"Dino"
]
}
|
The Sisak killings refers to the illegal detainment, torture and murder of at least 24 Croatian Serb civilians from the city of Sisak by members of the Croatian Army and police from July 1991 to June 1992 during the Croatian War of Independence.
Background
In March 1991, Croatia began to descend into war. The Republic of Serb Krajina (RSK) declared its intention to secede from Croatia and join the Republic of Serbia while the Government of the Republic of Croatia declared it a rebellion. In June 1991 Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia. Tensions eventually broke out into full-scale war, which lasted until 1995.According to the 1991 Croatian census, the city of Sisak had a population of 84,348 of which 54,621 were Croats and 19,209 were Serbs. Serbs accounted for approximately 24% of the population. Sisak is situated in central Croatia, approximately 50 kilometres southeast of Zagreb.
Crimes and killings
Between 1991 and 1992, Croatian Serbs living in Sisak and surrounding areas were subjected to threats, abductions, killings and "disappearances". According to Amnesty International, as many as 21 Serb villagers were thought to have been killed on 22 August 1991 in several villages when "Croatian security forces undertook a house-to-house search
for Serbian paramilitaries who had fired mortars at the town of Sisak". Another 12 were reported to have been killed in March 1992 some of whom were workers at the city's oil refinery.
Trial
Vladimir Milanković, wartime deputy police commander of the Sisak area, and Drago Bosnjak, a former member of the Sisak special police unit "Wolves" went on trial in 2012 for war crimes. In 2013, Milanković was convicted of ordering illegal arrests and not punishing crimes against Serb civilians such as illegal detentions, threats, and mental and physical abuses which resulted in the deaths of 24 people between mid-July 1991 and mid-June 1992. Bosnjak was acquitted.In 2004, Amnesty International noted that "some of those who may have directly committed, ordered or tolerated [crimes in Sisak], or may have participated in their subsequent cover-up, remain in powerful positions at the local level of state institutions or in the police and are thus still in a position to undermine the investigation of these crimes."Croatian human rights activists claim that over one hundred Croatian Serb civilians were killed in Sisak during the war.
== References ==
|
location
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Sisak"
]
}
|
The Cannabis Act (also known as Bill C-45) is a law which legalized recreational cannabis use in Canada in combination with its companion legislation Bill C-46, An Act to Amend the Criminal Code. The law is a milestone in the legal history of cannabis in Canada, alongside the 1923 prohibition.
The bill was passed by the House of Commons in late November 2017, and in the Senate on June 7, 2018, and the House accepted some Senate amendments and sent the bill back to the Senate on June 18. The Senate then passed the final version of the bill on June 19, and it received Royal Assent on June 21. Canada is the second country in the world to legalize recreational cannabis nationwide after Uruguay.
History leading up to act
The Liberal Party proposed legalization in 2012, and it was a major campaign platform for Justin Trudeau who became Prime Minister in 2015. Shortly after election, the Task Force on Cannabis Legalization and Regulation was convened to study the issue. They released a report on December 13, 2016. On April 10, 2017, CBC News and sources in other countries reported that the Liberals intended to table legislation by April 13, in time for it to be considered prior to the 420 "holiday". A legalization date prior to July 1, 2018 was set to avoid Canada Day. Canadian policy makers considered regulations and laws around legalized cannabis in Colorado, Washington and Uruguay as a model.
Act and its provisions
On April 13, 2017, Bill C-45, with the short title Cannabis Act, was introduced to Parliament, sponsored by Jody Wilson-Raybould, Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada. It allowed for national use by individuals aged 18 and over, and possession of 30 grams. Provinces may further restrict possession, sale and use. Legal sales take place at retail outlets or through the mail. The provinces are responsible for setting up a system for retail sales. Mail delivery will be handled by the federal government. The bill was said on April 14, 2017 to have a solid majority of support from the governing Liberal Party and the opposition Conservative and New Democratic parties.Personal production: Individuals are permitted to grow up to four plants for their own use. While the sale of edibles (baked goods, drinks, etc.) will not be allowed initially, individuals can make edibles at home for their own use.Promotion and packaging: Companies are allowed to brand their products, but they must avoid anything that would appear to appeal directly to youth such as cartoon characters, animals, or celebrity endorsements. Event sponsorship is also not allowed. Companies can also use factual information on their packaging, such as THC levels, that would help consumers make a decision on what product to buy. Promotion is only allowed in places where youth cannot view it.
Revenue projections
Tax revenue to the national treasury was projected in 2017 to be upwards of $675 million a year.
Reactions
National legalization of cannabis north of the Canada–United States border is expected to create a competitive pressure for the United States to legalize at the federal level, lest consumers divert billions of dollars of revenue outside of the country.Many were disappointed that the legislation did not contain plans to expunge the criminal records of persons charged with simple possession. This means that anyone with a record for possessing under 30 grams will still need to petition a Record Suspension after a five-year waiting period. This led some activists to believe that the legalization is not "true legalization" and does not help people who come from disadvantaged backgrounds.A satirical reaction in The Beaverton, an online Canadian publication, said that legalization would make cannabis "shittier and harder to get" in a country where it is already plentiful. Canoe.com editorialized that the bill was rushed and failed to address concerns of the black market and did not set limits for legal impairment for motor vehicle operators.During the Lac St. Jean byelection, the debate over legalization was an issue. The Bloc Québécois candidate Marc Maltais expressed concerns over the bill's ability to respect provincial jurisdiction. The NDP candidate felt that the July 1 deadline was too fast for legalization to be implemented.A lawyer pointed out that the ticketing provision in the Act could likely "violate the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms."
Final implementation
After being passed by the House of Commons, the bill was sent to the Senate. On June 1, 2018, the Senate passed an amendment to C-45 outlawing cannabis "brand-stretching". The amendment, which passed 34–28, outlaws the sale and display of cannabis-related merchandise and makes it difficult to publicly promote cannabis once legalized. However, this amendment was rejected by the Liberal government when the bill was returned to the House of Commons and does not appear in the final version of C-45 that received Royal Assent.On June 19, 2018, the Senate passed the bill and the prime minister announced the effective legalization date as October 17, 2018. Canada is the second country (after Uruguay) to legalize the drug.As expected, the use of cannabis for recreational purposes became legal across the country on October 17, 2018, under the Cannabis Act. Persons aged 18 or older can possess up to 30 grams of dried or “equivalent non-dried form” in public. Adults are also allowed to make cannabis-infused food and drinks "as long as organic solvents are not used to create concentrated products." Each household is allowed to grow up to four cannabis plants from "licensed seed or seedlings". In response, the National Assembly of Quebec passed legislation that created a provincial monopoly on the sale of cannabis, as well as prohibiting the possession of cannabis plants and their cultivation for personal purposes in a dwelling‑house. The Legislative Assembly of Manitoba passed similar legislation. In April 2023, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in Murray‑Hall v Quebec (Attorney General) that such measures were a valid exercise of provincial jurisdiction.
Each province set its own procedures for retail sales, and these vary as to the ownership of retail stores (government or private enterprise) but all provinces decided to offer an option for online sales.Since cannabis is illegal in the U.S. per federal legislation, the government warned that "previous use of cannabis, or any substance prohibited by U.S. federal laws, could mean that you are denied entry to the U.S". Canadians travelling within the country (but not internationally) are allowed to carry up to 30 grams of cannabis. Driving under the influence of drugs remained illegal.
Effect
By 2022, the cannabis industry in Canada has contributed $43.5 billion to Canada's GDP, according to Deloitte Canada. It has also created 98,000 jobs and paid over $15 billion in taxes.
See also
By province or territory
Notes
References
External links
Text of bill
Bill C-45 information at Parliament of Canada
Fully legal Cannabis comes to Canada Q&A on YouTube (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, June 20, 2018)
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
97
],
"text": [
"Canada"
]
}
|
The Cannabis Act (also known as Bill C-45) is a law which legalized recreational cannabis use in Canada in combination with its companion legislation Bill C-46, An Act to Amend the Criminal Code. The law is a milestone in the legal history of cannabis in Canada, alongside the 1923 prohibition.
The bill was passed by the House of Commons in late November 2017, and in the Senate on June 7, 2018, and the House accepted some Senate amendments and sent the bill back to the Senate on June 18. The Senate then passed the final version of the bill on June 19, and it received Royal Assent on June 21. Canada is the second country in the world to legalize recreational cannabis nationwide after Uruguay.
History leading up to act
The Liberal Party proposed legalization in 2012, and it was a major campaign platform for Justin Trudeau who became Prime Minister in 2015. Shortly after election, the Task Force on Cannabis Legalization and Regulation was convened to study the issue. They released a report on December 13, 2016. On April 10, 2017, CBC News and sources in other countries reported that the Liberals intended to table legislation by April 13, in time for it to be considered prior to the 420 "holiday". A legalization date prior to July 1, 2018 was set to avoid Canada Day. Canadian policy makers considered regulations and laws around legalized cannabis in Colorado, Washington and Uruguay as a model.
Act and its provisions
On April 13, 2017, Bill C-45, with the short title Cannabis Act, was introduced to Parliament, sponsored by Jody Wilson-Raybould, Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada. It allowed for national use by individuals aged 18 and over, and possession of 30 grams. Provinces may further restrict possession, sale and use. Legal sales take place at retail outlets or through the mail. The provinces are responsible for setting up a system for retail sales. Mail delivery will be handled by the federal government. The bill was said on April 14, 2017 to have a solid majority of support from the governing Liberal Party and the opposition Conservative and New Democratic parties.Personal production: Individuals are permitted to grow up to four plants for their own use. While the sale of edibles (baked goods, drinks, etc.) will not be allowed initially, individuals can make edibles at home for their own use.Promotion and packaging: Companies are allowed to brand their products, but they must avoid anything that would appear to appeal directly to youth such as cartoon characters, animals, or celebrity endorsements. Event sponsorship is also not allowed. Companies can also use factual information on their packaging, such as THC levels, that would help consumers make a decision on what product to buy. Promotion is only allowed in places where youth cannot view it.
Revenue projections
Tax revenue to the national treasury was projected in 2017 to be upwards of $675 million a year.
Reactions
National legalization of cannabis north of the Canada–United States border is expected to create a competitive pressure for the United States to legalize at the federal level, lest consumers divert billions of dollars of revenue outside of the country.Many were disappointed that the legislation did not contain plans to expunge the criminal records of persons charged with simple possession. This means that anyone with a record for possessing under 30 grams will still need to petition a Record Suspension after a five-year waiting period. This led some activists to believe that the legalization is not "true legalization" and does not help people who come from disadvantaged backgrounds.A satirical reaction in The Beaverton, an online Canadian publication, said that legalization would make cannabis "shittier and harder to get" in a country where it is already plentiful. Canoe.com editorialized that the bill was rushed and failed to address concerns of the black market and did not set limits for legal impairment for motor vehicle operators.During the Lac St. Jean byelection, the debate over legalization was an issue. The Bloc Québécois candidate Marc Maltais expressed concerns over the bill's ability to respect provincial jurisdiction. The NDP candidate felt that the July 1 deadline was too fast for legalization to be implemented.A lawyer pointed out that the ticketing provision in the Act could likely "violate the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms."
Final implementation
After being passed by the House of Commons, the bill was sent to the Senate. On June 1, 2018, the Senate passed an amendment to C-45 outlawing cannabis "brand-stretching". The amendment, which passed 34–28, outlaws the sale and display of cannabis-related merchandise and makes it difficult to publicly promote cannabis once legalized. However, this amendment was rejected by the Liberal government when the bill was returned to the House of Commons and does not appear in the final version of C-45 that received Royal Assent.On June 19, 2018, the Senate passed the bill and the prime minister announced the effective legalization date as October 17, 2018. Canada is the second country (after Uruguay) to legalize the drug.As expected, the use of cannabis for recreational purposes became legal across the country on October 17, 2018, under the Cannabis Act. Persons aged 18 or older can possess up to 30 grams of dried or “equivalent non-dried form” in public. Adults are also allowed to make cannabis-infused food and drinks "as long as organic solvents are not used to create concentrated products." Each household is allowed to grow up to four cannabis plants from "licensed seed or seedlings". In response, the National Assembly of Quebec passed legislation that created a provincial monopoly on the sale of cannabis, as well as prohibiting the possession of cannabis plants and their cultivation for personal purposes in a dwelling‑house. The Legislative Assembly of Manitoba passed similar legislation. In April 2023, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in Murray‑Hall v Quebec (Attorney General) that such measures were a valid exercise of provincial jurisdiction.
Each province set its own procedures for retail sales, and these vary as to the ownership of retail stores (government or private enterprise) but all provinces decided to offer an option for online sales.Since cannabis is illegal in the U.S. per federal legislation, the government warned that "previous use of cannabis, or any substance prohibited by U.S. federal laws, could mean that you are denied entry to the U.S". Canadians travelling within the country (but not internationally) are allowed to carry up to 30 grams of cannabis. Driving under the influence of drugs remained illegal.
Effect
By 2022, the cannabis industry in Canada has contributed $43.5 billion to Canada's GDP, according to Deloitte Canada. It has also created 98,000 jobs and paid over $15 billion in taxes.
See also
By province or territory
Notes
References
External links
Text of bill
Bill C-45 information at Parliament of Canada
Fully legal Cannabis comes to Canada Q&A on YouTube (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, June 20, 2018)
|
applies to jurisdiction
|
{
"answer_start": [
97
],
"text": [
"Canada"
]
}
|
Bülent Keneş is a Turkish journalist, currently living in exile in Sweden and working with the Stockholm Center for Freedom. He previously served as editor-in-chief of Today's Zaman.
Biography
Keneş earned a bachelor's degree in international relations from Boğaziçi University and a PhD from Marmara University. From 2005 to 2006, he served as editor-in-chief of Bugün. In 2007, he joined Today's Zaman as the newly-founded English-language newspaper's first editor-in-chief.In July 2014, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan filed a legal complaint against Keneş with the Ankara Chief Public Prosecutor's Office, alleging that Keneş had targeted him with a smear campaign.On 9 October 2015, Keneş was arrested by Turkish police on charges of insulting Erdoğan, now President of Turkey, on Twitter. The Committee to Protect Journalists condemned the arrest as part of a "relentless crackdown on the press" in Turkey.Following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, a further arrest warrant was issued by Turkish authorities, targeting him and 46 other Zaman employees.Following Sweden's application for NATO membership in 2022, the Turkish government demanded the extradition of several dozen individuals living in Sweden, including Keneş. In December 2022, the Supreme Court of Sweden blocked the extradition of Keneş, ruling that several of the Turkish charges against him were not crimes under Swedish law and that there was "a risk of persecution based on this person’s political beliefs."
See also
Censorship in Turkey
Human rights in Turkey
== References ==
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
788
],
"text": [
"Turkey"
]
}
|
Bülent Keneş is a Turkish journalist, currently living in exile in Sweden and working with the Stockholm Center for Freedom. He previously served as editor-in-chief of Today's Zaman.
Biography
Keneş earned a bachelor's degree in international relations from Boğaziçi University and a PhD from Marmara University. From 2005 to 2006, he served as editor-in-chief of Bugün. In 2007, he joined Today's Zaman as the newly-founded English-language newspaper's first editor-in-chief.In July 2014, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan filed a legal complaint against Keneş with the Ankara Chief Public Prosecutor's Office, alleging that Keneş had targeted him with a smear campaign.On 9 October 2015, Keneş was arrested by Turkish police on charges of insulting Erdoğan, now President of Turkey, on Twitter. The Committee to Protect Journalists condemned the arrest as part of a "relentless crackdown on the press" in Turkey.Following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, a further arrest warrant was issued by Turkish authorities, targeting him and 46 other Zaman employees.Following Sweden's application for NATO membership in 2022, the Turkish government demanded the extradition of several dozen individuals living in Sweden, including Keneş. In December 2022, the Supreme Court of Sweden blocked the extradition of Keneş, ruling that several of the Turkish charges against him were not crimes under Swedish law and that there was "a risk of persecution based on this person’s political beliefs."
See also
Censorship in Turkey
Human rights in Turkey
== References ==
|
native language
|
{
"answer_start": [
18
],
"text": [
"Turkish"
]
}
|
Bülent Keneş is a Turkish journalist, currently living in exile in Sweden and working with the Stockholm Center for Freedom. He previously served as editor-in-chief of Today's Zaman.
Biography
Keneş earned a bachelor's degree in international relations from Boğaziçi University and a PhD from Marmara University. From 2005 to 2006, he served as editor-in-chief of Bugün. In 2007, he joined Today's Zaman as the newly-founded English-language newspaper's first editor-in-chief.In July 2014, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan filed a legal complaint against Keneş with the Ankara Chief Public Prosecutor's Office, alleging that Keneş had targeted him with a smear campaign.On 9 October 2015, Keneş was arrested by Turkish police on charges of insulting Erdoğan, now President of Turkey, on Twitter. The Committee to Protect Journalists condemned the arrest as part of a "relentless crackdown on the press" in Turkey.Following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, a further arrest warrant was issued by Turkish authorities, targeting him and 46 other Zaman employees.Following Sweden's application for NATO membership in 2022, the Turkish government demanded the extradition of several dozen individuals living in Sweden, including Keneş. In December 2022, the Supreme Court of Sweden blocked the extradition of Keneş, ruling that several of the Turkish charges against him were not crimes under Swedish law and that there was "a risk of persecution based on this person’s political beliefs."
See also
Censorship in Turkey
Human rights in Turkey
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
26
],
"text": [
"journalist"
]
}
|
Bülent Keneş is a Turkish journalist, currently living in exile in Sweden and working with the Stockholm Center for Freedom. He previously served as editor-in-chief of Today's Zaman.
Biography
Keneş earned a bachelor's degree in international relations from Boğaziçi University and a PhD from Marmara University. From 2005 to 2006, he served as editor-in-chief of Bugün. In 2007, he joined Today's Zaman as the newly-founded English-language newspaper's first editor-in-chief.In July 2014, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan filed a legal complaint against Keneş with the Ankara Chief Public Prosecutor's Office, alleging that Keneş had targeted him with a smear campaign.On 9 October 2015, Keneş was arrested by Turkish police on charges of insulting Erdoğan, now President of Turkey, on Twitter. The Committee to Protect Journalists condemned the arrest as part of a "relentless crackdown on the press" in Turkey.Following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, a further arrest warrant was issued by Turkish authorities, targeting him and 46 other Zaman employees.Following Sweden's application for NATO membership in 2022, the Turkish government demanded the extradition of several dozen individuals living in Sweden, including Keneş. In December 2022, the Supreme Court of Sweden blocked the extradition of Keneş, ruling that several of the Turkish charges against him were not crimes under Swedish law and that there was "a risk of persecution based on this person’s political beliefs."
See also
Censorship in Turkey
Human rights in Turkey
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Bülent"
]
}
|
Bülent Keneş is a Turkish journalist, currently living in exile in Sweden and working with the Stockholm Center for Freedom. He previously served as editor-in-chief of Today's Zaman.
Biography
Keneş earned a bachelor's degree in international relations from Boğaziçi University and a PhD from Marmara University. From 2005 to 2006, he served as editor-in-chief of Bugün. In 2007, he joined Today's Zaman as the newly-founded English-language newspaper's first editor-in-chief.In July 2014, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan filed a legal complaint against Keneş with the Ankara Chief Public Prosecutor's Office, alleging that Keneş had targeted him with a smear campaign.On 9 October 2015, Keneş was arrested by Turkish police on charges of insulting Erdoğan, now President of Turkey, on Twitter. The Committee to Protect Journalists condemned the arrest as part of a "relentless crackdown on the press" in Turkey.Following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt, a further arrest warrant was issued by Turkish authorities, targeting him and 46 other Zaman employees.Following Sweden's application for NATO membership in 2022, the Turkish government demanded the extradition of several dozen individuals living in Sweden, including Keneş. In December 2022, the Supreme Court of Sweden blocked the extradition of Keneş, ruling that several of the Turkish charges against him were not crimes under Swedish law and that there was "a risk of persecution based on this person’s political beliefs."
See also
Censorship in Turkey
Human rights in Turkey
== References ==
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
18
],
"text": [
"Turkish"
]
}
|
Anthony DiPaolo is an American businessman and the president and chief executive officer (CEO) of Work 'N Gear, a workwear and healthcare fashion retailer.
Career
Early career
DiPaolo's career began at Mitsubishi where he was a footwear sales representative responsible for $20 million in sales and product development. While at Mitsubishi, he traveled throughout Europe, the Far East and Eastern Bloc countries to broker trade agreements between Dow Chemical, the Government of Romania and the other Eastern Bloc countries. DiPaolo later joined Shoe Visions, a United States footwear brand sold in major American retailers such as JCPenney, G.R. Kinney Company and Thom McAn.
Herman Survivors
In 1990, DiPaolo acquired Herman Survivors from former owners, Stride Rite Corporation, and its sales later rose from $8 million to $50 million. In 2001, he sold Herman Survivors to the American public multinational corporation, Walmart.
Work 'N Gear
In 2002, DiPaolo purchased Work 'N Gear, which was in bankruptcy, and became the President and CEO where he raised $40 million in investments from venture capitalists. Since then, he formed a new management team and brand focused on the workwear marketplace.
Scrubology
In 2011, DiPoalo launched Scrubology—a new "store-within-a-store" concept that caters to healthcare consumers. In conjunction with Sears Holdings Corporation, Scrubology was launched in 39 Sears and Kmart locations across the United States.
Sears Holdings Corporation named Scrubology the 2012 "Partner in Transformation" and agreed to launch an additional 52 stores in major metropolitan locations within California, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Philadelphia and Washington, DC. Scrubology's flagship website was launched in June 2012 to expand the brand's reach beyond brick-and-mortar locations around the United States.
References
External links
Work 'N Gear's Website
South Shore Art Center's website
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"DiPaolo"
]
}
|
Anthony DiPaolo is an American businessman and the president and chief executive officer (CEO) of Work 'N Gear, a workwear and healthcare fashion retailer.
Career
Early career
DiPaolo's career began at Mitsubishi where he was a footwear sales representative responsible for $20 million in sales and product development. While at Mitsubishi, he traveled throughout Europe, the Far East and Eastern Bloc countries to broker trade agreements between Dow Chemical, the Government of Romania and the other Eastern Bloc countries. DiPaolo later joined Shoe Visions, a United States footwear brand sold in major American retailers such as JCPenney, G.R. Kinney Company and Thom McAn.
Herman Survivors
In 1990, DiPaolo acquired Herman Survivors from former owners, Stride Rite Corporation, and its sales later rose from $8 million to $50 million. In 2001, he sold Herman Survivors to the American public multinational corporation, Walmart.
Work 'N Gear
In 2002, DiPaolo purchased Work 'N Gear, which was in bankruptcy, and became the President and CEO where he raised $40 million in investments from venture capitalists. Since then, he formed a new management team and brand focused on the workwear marketplace.
Scrubology
In 2011, DiPoalo launched Scrubology—a new "store-within-a-store" concept that caters to healthcare consumers. In conjunction with Sears Holdings Corporation, Scrubology was launched in 39 Sears and Kmart locations across the United States.
Sears Holdings Corporation named Scrubology the 2012 "Partner in Transformation" and agreed to launch an additional 52 stores in major metropolitan locations within California, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Philadelphia and Washington, DC. Scrubology's flagship website was launched in June 2012 to expand the brand's reach beyond brick-and-mortar locations around the United States.
References
External links
Work 'N Gear's Website
South Shore Art Center's website
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Anthony"
]
}
|
The 2006–07 Memphis Tigers men's basketball team represented the University of Memphis in the 2006–07 college basketball season, the 86th season of Tiger basketball. The Tigers were coached by seventh-year head coach John Calipari, and they played their home games at the FedExForum in Memphis, Tennessee.
Recruiting
Roster
Schedule
== References ==
|
home venue
|
{
"answer_start": [
272
],
"text": [
"FedExForum"
]
}
|
The 2006–07 Memphis Tigers men's basketball team represented the University of Memphis in the 2006–07 college basketball season, the 86th season of Tiger basketball. The Tigers were coached by seventh-year head coach John Calipari, and they played their home games at the FedExForum in Memphis, Tennessee.
Recruiting
Roster
Schedule
== References ==
|
head coach
|
{
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"John Calipari"
]
}
|
The 2006–07 Memphis Tigers men's basketball team represented the University of Memphis in the 2006–07 college basketball season, the 86th season of Tiger basketball. The Tigers were coached by seventh-year head coach John Calipari, and they played their home games at the FedExForum in Memphis, Tennessee.
Recruiting
Roster
Schedule
== References ==
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"basketball"
]
}
|
The 2006–07 Memphis Tigers men's basketball team represented the University of Memphis in the 2006–07 college basketball season, the 86th season of Tiger basketball. The Tigers were coached by seventh-year head coach John Calipari, and they played their home games at the FedExForum in Memphis, Tennessee.
Recruiting
Roster
Schedule
== References ==
|
competition class
|
{
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"men's basketball"
]
}
|
The 2006–07 Memphis Tigers men's basketball team represented the University of Memphis in the 2006–07 college basketball season, the 86th season of Tiger basketball. The Tigers were coached by seventh-year head coach John Calipari, and they played their home games at the FedExForum in Memphis, Tennessee.
Recruiting
Roster
Schedule
== References ==
|
season of club or team
|
{
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"Memphis Tigers"
]
}
|
Anisaedus is a genus of palp-footed spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1893.
Species
As of June 2019 it contains six species, found in Africa, Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Ecuador:
Anisaedus aethiopicus Tullgren, 1910 – Tanzania
Anisaedus gaujoni Simon, 1893 (type) – Ecuador, Peru
Anisaedus levii Chickering, 1966 – Africa
Anisaedus pellucidas Platnick, 1975 – Chile
Anisaedus rufus (Tullgren, 1905) – Argentina
Anisaedus stridulans González, 1956 – Peru
See also
List of Palpimanidae species
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"genus"
]
}
|
Anisaedus is a genus of palp-footed spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1893.
Species
As of June 2019 it contains six species, found in Africa, Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Ecuador:
Anisaedus aethiopicus Tullgren, 1910 – Tanzania
Anisaedus gaujoni Simon, 1893 (type) – Ecuador, Peru
Anisaedus levii Chickering, 1966 – Africa
Anisaedus pellucidas Platnick, 1975 – Chile
Anisaedus rufus (Tullgren, 1905) – Argentina
Anisaedus stridulans González, 1956 – Peru
See also
List of Palpimanidae species
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
497
],
"text": [
"Palpimanidae"
]
}
|
Anisaedus is a genus of palp-footed spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1893.
Species
As of June 2019 it contains six species, found in Africa, Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Ecuador:
Anisaedus aethiopicus Tullgren, 1910 – Tanzania
Anisaedus gaujoni Simon, 1893 (type) – Ecuador, Peru
Anisaedus levii Chickering, 1966 – Africa
Anisaedus pellucidas Platnick, 1975 – Chile
Anisaedus rufus (Tullgren, 1905) – Argentina
Anisaedus stridulans González, 1956 – Peru
See also
List of Palpimanidae species
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Anisaedus"
]
}
|
Anisaedus is a genus of palp-footed spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1893.
Species
As of June 2019 it contains six species, found in Africa, Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Ecuador:
Anisaedus aethiopicus Tullgren, 1910 – Tanzania
Anisaedus gaujoni Simon, 1893 (type) – Ecuador, Peru
Anisaedus levii Chickering, 1966 – Africa
Anisaedus pellucidas Platnick, 1975 – Chile
Anisaedus rufus (Tullgren, 1905) – Argentina
Anisaedus stridulans González, 1956 – Peru
See also
List of Palpimanidae species
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Anisaedus"
]
}
|
Anisaedus is a genus of palp-footed spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1893.
Species
As of June 2019 it contains six species, found in Africa, Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Ecuador:
Anisaedus aethiopicus Tullgren, 1910 – Tanzania
Anisaedus gaujoni Simon, 1893 (type) – Ecuador, Peru
Anisaedus levii Chickering, 1966 – Africa
Anisaedus pellucidas Platnick, 1975 – Chile
Anisaedus rufus (Tullgren, 1905) – Argentina
Anisaedus stridulans González, 1956 – Peru
See also
List of Palpimanidae species
== References ==
|
ADW taxon ID
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Anisaedus"
]
}
|
Yeung Yiu-chung, BBS, JP (born 1951 in Hong Kong) is a Hong Kong pro-Beijing educator and politician. He is the President of the Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers and the Hong Kong Deputy to National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China. He is also the member of The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong. He now works as the Principal of Heung To School (Tin Shui Wai) in Tin Shui Wai, Yuen Long. He was a member of Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1998 to 2004.Yeung is a director of the Hong Kong Government funded National Education Services Centre, a private corporation promoting teaching materials on national culture to schools in Hong Kong which have attracted much criticism for their pro-Beijing bias.
Link
Official website of Yeung Yiu-chung
== References ==
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
233
],
"text": [
"People's Republic of China"
]
}
|
Yeung Yiu-chung, BBS, JP (born 1951 in Hong Kong) is a Hong Kong pro-Beijing educator and politician. He is the President of the Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers and the Hong Kong Deputy to National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China. He is also the member of The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong. He now works as the Principal of Heung To School (Tin Shui Wai) in Tin Shui Wai, Yuen Long. He was a member of Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1998 to 2004.Yeung is a director of the Hong Kong Government funded National Education Services Centre, a private corporation promoting teaching materials on national culture to schools in Hong Kong which have attracted much criticism for their pro-Beijing bias.
Link
Official website of Yeung Yiu-chung
== References ==
|
member of political party
|
{
"answer_start": [
290
],
"text": [
"Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong"
]
}
|
Yeung Yiu-chung, BBS, JP (born 1951 in Hong Kong) is a Hong Kong pro-Beijing educator and politician. He is the President of the Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers and the Hong Kong Deputy to National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China. He is also the member of The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong. He now works as the Principal of Heung To School (Tin Shui Wai) in Tin Shui Wai, Yuen Long. He was a member of Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1998 to 2004.Yeung is a director of the Hong Kong Government funded National Education Services Centre, a private corporation promoting teaching materials on national culture to schools in Hong Kong which have attracted much criticism for their pro-Beijing bias.
Link
Official website of Yeung Yiu-chung
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"politician"
]
}
|
Yeung Yiu-chung, BBS, JP (born 1951 in Hong Kong) is a Hong Kong pro-Beijing educator and politician. He is the President of the Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers and the Hong Kong Deputy to National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China. He is also the member of The Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong. He now works as the Principal of Heung To School (Tin Shui Wai) in Tin Shui Wai, Yuen Long. He was a member of Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1998 to 2004.Yeung is a director of the Hong Kong Government funded National Education Services Centre, a private corporation promoting teaching materials on national culture to schools in Hong Kong which have attracted much criticism for their pro-Beijing bias.
Link
Official website of Yeung Yiu-chung
== References ==
|
permanent resident of
|
{
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"Hong Kong"
]
}
|
Zrazim [ˈzraʑim] (German: Herrnkirch) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Janowiec Wielkopolski, within Żnin County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-east of Janowiec Wielkopolski, 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Żnin, and 49 km (30 mi) south-west of Bydgoszcz.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
184
],
"text": [
"Poland"
]
}
|
Zrazim [ˈzraʑim] (German: Herrnkirch) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Janowiec Wielkopolski, within Żnin County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-east of Janowiec Wielkopolski, 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Żnin, and 49 km (30 mi) south-west of Bydgoszcz.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
85
],
"text": [
"Gmina Janowiec Wielkopolski"
]
}
|
Zrazim [ˈzraʑim] (German: Herrnkirch) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Janowiec Wielkopolski, within Żnin County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) north-east of Janowiec Wielkopolski, 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Żnin, and 49 km (30 mi) south-west of Bydgoszcz.
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Zrazim"
]
}
|
Saint-Cyr-la-Roche (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ siʁ la ʁɔʃ]; Occitan: Sent Cir la Ròcha) is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Corrèze department
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
139
],
"text": [
"France"
]
}
|
Saint-Cyr-la-Roche (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ siʁ la ʁɔʃ]; Occitan: Sent Cir la Ròcha) is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Corrèze department
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
109
],
"text": [
"Corrèze"
]
}
|
Saint-Cyr-la-Roche (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ siʁ la ʁɔʃ]; Occitan: Sent Cir la Ròcha) is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Corrèze department
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Saint-Cyr-la-Roche"
]
}
|
Saint-Cyr-la-Roche (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ siʁ la ʁɔʃ]; Occitan: Sent Cir la Ròcha) is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Corrèze department
== References ==
|
official name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Saint-Cyr-la-Roche"
]
}
|
Saint-Cyr-la-Roche (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ siʁ la ʁɔʃ]; Occitan: Sent Cir la Ròcha) is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Corrèze department
== References ==
|
native label
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Saint-Cyr-la-Roche"
]
}
|
Mosman Council is a local government area on the Lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
The mayor of Mosman Council is Cr. Carolyn Corrigan, a representative of the Serving Mosman independent political group since 9 September 2017.
Suburbs and localities in the local government area
MosmanIn February 1997, the Government gazetted that they had assigned the suburb of Mosman as the only suburb in the Municipality of Mosman. However, Mosman Council decided that residents should continue to be allowed to use the traditional locality names if they wished.The municipality also includes, manages and maintains the following localities and locations:
Demographics
At the 2016 census, there were 28,475 people in the Mosman local government area, of these 46.3 per cent were male and 53.7 per cent were female. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 0.2 per cent of the population, significantly below the NSW and Australian averages of 2.9 and 2.8 per cent respectively. The median age of people in the Mosman Council area was 42 years, significantly above the national average of 38 years. Children aged 0 – 14 years made up 17.6 per cent of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 19.1 per cent of the population. Of people in the area aged 15 years and over, 51.8 per cent were married and 10.3 per cent were either divorced or separated.Population growth in the Mosman local government area between the 2001 census and the 2006 census was 2.99 per cent: in the subsequent five years to the 2011 census, population growth was 4.64 per cent. At the 2016 census, the population in the Mosman Council area increased by 3.72 per cent. This was lower than the national average rate of total population growth of Australia for the same period, which was 8.8 per cent. The median weekly income for residents within the Mosman Council area was nearly double the national average.
Slightly below 50 per cent of residents in the Mosman Council area nominated an affiliation with Christianity at the 2016 census, compared with the national average of 52.1 per cent. The proportion of residents with no religion was on par with the national average. Compared to the national average, at the 2016 census, households in the Mosman local government area had a low proportion (18.6 per cent) where two or more languages are spoken (national average was 22.2 per cent); and a high proportion (77.9 per cent) where English only was spoken at home (national average was 72.7 per cent).
Council
Composition and election methods
Current composition and election method
Mosman Council comprises seven councillors, including the mayor, for a fixed four-year term of office. The mayor has been directly elected since 2012 while the six other councillors are elected proportionally as one ward. The deputy mayor is elected annually by the councillors. From the 2008 elections to the 2012 elections, the area was divided into three wards (Mosman Bay, Middle Harbour, Balmoral), each electing three councillors and the mayor was elected by the councillors annually. The most recent election was held on 4 December 2021, and the makeup of the council, including the mayor, is as follows:
The current Council, elected in 2021, in order of election, is:
History
Mosman was first incorporated in 1867 as the "Mossmans Ward" of the Municipality of St Leonards, which lasted until 1890 when the boroughs of Victoria, St Leonards and East St Leonards merged to form the Borough of North Sydney, with the Mosman ward renamed as the "Mossman Ward". Following a petition submitted by residents in 1892, on 11 April 1893 the ward's separation as the Borough of Mosman was proclaimed by Lieutenant-Governor Sir Frederick Darley. The first nine-member council was elected on 9 June 1893, with the first mayor, Richard Hayes Harnett Jr., elected on the same day. From 28 December 1906, following the passing of the Local Government Act, 1906, the council was renamed as the "Municipality of Mosman". With the passing of the Local Government Act, 1993, the Municipality of Mosman was legally renamed as Mosman Council and aldermen were renamed councillors.
A 2015 review of local government boundaries by the NSW Government Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal recommended that the Municipality of Mosman merge with adjoining councils. The government considered two proposals. The first proposed a merger of Manly and Mosman Councils and parts of Warringah Council to form a new council with an area of 49 square kilometres (19 sq mi) and support a population of approximately 153,000. The alternative, proposed by Warringah Council on 23 February 2016, was for an amalgamation of the Pittwater, Manly and Warringah councils. As a consequence of Warringah's proposal, the New South Wales Minister for Local Government Paul Toole proposed that the North Sydney, Willoughby and Mosman Councils be merged. In July 2017, the Berejiklian government decided to abandon the forced merger of the North Sydney, Willoughby and Mosman local government areas, along with several other proposed forced mergers.
Heritage listings
Mosman Council has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
Balmoral, The Esplanade: Balmoral Bathers Pavilion
Georges Head, Chowder Bay Road: Georges Head Fortifications
Middle Head, Middle Head Road: Middle Head Fortifications
Mosman, Avenue Road: Mosman Bay Sewage Aqueduct
Mosman, 1 Avenue Road: Monterey
Mosman, 3a Avenue Road: The Barn, Scout Hall
Mosman, 114 Belmont Road: Alma House
Mosman, Bradleys Head Road (within Sydney Harbour NP): Bradleys Head Fortification Complex
Mosman, 34 Bullecourt Avenue: Woolley House
Mosman, 42 Cowles Road: 42 Cowles Road, Mosman
Mosman, 624-632 Military Road: Boronia House
Mosman, 28 Mistral Avenue: 28 Mistral Avenue, Mosman
Mosman, 65 Parriwi Road: Igloo House
Port Jackson, Bradleys Head: Bradleys Head Light
Sister city
Mosman has twin town status with Glen Innes.
See also
Local government areas of New South Wales
References
External links
Mosman Council website
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
95
],
"text": [
"Australia"
]
}
|
Mosman Council is a local government area on the Lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
The mayor of Mosman Council is Cr. Carolyn Corrigan, a representative of the Serving Mosman independent political group since 9 September 2017.
Suburbs and localities in the local government area
MosmanIn February 1997, the Government gazetted that they had assigned the suburb of Mosman as the only suburb in the Municipality of Mosman. However, Mosman Council decided that residents should continue to be allowed to use the traditional locality names if they wished.The municipality also includes, manages and maintains the following localities and locations:
Demographics
At the 2016 census, there were 28,475 people in the Mosman local government area, of these 46.3 per cent were male and 53.7 per cent were female. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 0.2 per cent of the population, significantly below the NSW and Australian averages of 2.9 and 2.8 per cent respectively. The median age of people in the Mosman Council area was 42 years, significantly above the national average of 38 years. Children aged 0 – 14 years made up 17.6 per cent of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 19.1 per cent of the population. Of people in the area aged 15 years and over, 51.8 per cent were married and 10.3 per cent were either divorced or separated.Population growth in the Mosman local government area between the 2001 census and the 2006 census was 2.99 per cent: in the subsequent five years to the 2011 census, population growth was 4.64 per cent. At the 2016 census, the population in the Mosman Council area increased by 3.72 per cent. This was lower than the national average rate of total population growth of Australia for the same period, which was 8.8 per cent. The median weekly income for residents within the Mosman Council area was nearly double the national average.
Slightly below 50 per cent of residents in the Mosman Council area nominated an affiliation with Christianity at the 2016 census, compared with the national average of 52.1 per cent. The proportion of residents with no religion was on par with the national average. Compared to the national average, at the 2016 census, households in the Mosman local government area had a low proportion (18.6 per cent) where two or more languages are spoken (national average was 22.2 per cent); and a high proportion (77.9 per cent) where English only was spoken at home (national average was 72.7 per cent).
Council
Composition and election methods
Current composition and election method
Mosman Council comprises seven councillors, including the mayor, for a fixed four-year term of office. The mayor has been directly elected since 2012 while the six other councillors are elected proportionally as one ward. The deputy mayor is elected annually by the councillors. From the 2008 elections to the 2012 elections, the area was divided into three wards (Mosman Bay, Middle Harbour, Balmoral), each electing three councillors and the mayor was elected by the councillors annually. The most recent election was held on 4 December 2021, and the makeup of the council, including the mayor, is as follows:
The current Council, elected in 2021, in order of election, is:
History
Mosman was first incorporated in 1867 as the "Mossmans Ward" of the Municipality of St Leonards, which lasted until 1890 when the boroughs of Victoria, St Leonards and East St Leonards merged to form the Borough of North Sydney, with the Mosman ward renamed as the "Mossman Ward". Following a petition submitted by residents in 1892, on 11 April 1893 the ward's separation as the Borough of Mosman was proclaimed by Lieutenant-Governor Sir Frederick Darley. The first nine-member council was elected on 9 June 1893, with the first mayor, Richard Hayes Harnett Jr., elected on the same day. From 28 December 1906, following the passing of the Local Government Act, 1906, the council was renamed as the "Municipality of Mosman". With the passing of the Local Government Act, 1993, the Municipality of Mosman was legally renamed as Mosman Council and aldermen were renamed councillors.
A 2015 review of local government boundaries by the NSW Government Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal recommended that the Municipality of Mosman merge with adjoining councils. The government considered two proposals. The first proposed a merger of Manly and Mosman Councils and parts of Warringah Council to form a new council with an area of 49 square kilometres (19 sq mi) and support a population of approximately 153,000. The alternative, proposed by Warringah Council on 23 February 2016, was for an amalgamation of the Pittwater, Manly and Warringah councils. As a consequence of Warringah's proposal, the New South Wales Minister for Local Government Paul Toole proposed that the North Sydney, Willoughby and Mosman Councils be merged. In July 2017, the Berejiklian government decided to abandon the forced merger of the North Sydney, Willoughby and Mosman local government areas, along with several other proposed forced mergers.
Heritage listings
Mosman Council has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
Balmoral, The Esplanade: Balmoral Bathers Pavilion
Georges Head, Chowder Bay Road: Georges Head Fortifications
Middle Head, Middle Head Road: Middle Head Fortifications
Mosman, Avenue Road: Mosman Bay Sewage Aqueduct
Mosman, 1 Avenue Road: Monterey
Mosman, 3a Avenue Road: The Barn, Scout Hall
Mosman, 114 Belmont Road: Alma House
Mosman, Bradleys Head Road (within Sydney Harbour NP): Bradleys Head Fortification Complex
Mosman, 34 Bullecourt Avenue: Woolley House
Mosman, 42 Cowles Road: 42 Cowles Road, Mosman
Mosman, 624-632 Military Road: Boronia House
Mosman, 28 Mistral Avenue: 28 Mistral Avenue, Mosman
Mosman, 65 Parriwi Road: Igloo House
Port Jackson, Bradleys Head: Bradleys Head Light
Sister city
Mosman has twin town status with Glen Innes.
See also
Local government areas of New South Wales
References
External links
Mosman Council website
|
applies to jurisdiction
|
{
"answer_start": [
421
],
"text": [
"Municipality of Mosman"
]
}
|
Mosman Council is a local government area on the Lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
The mayor of Mosman Council is Cr. Carolyn Corrigan, a representative of the Serving Mosman independent political group since 9 September 2017.
Suburbs and localities in the local government area
MosmanIn February 1997, the Government gazetted that they had assigned the suburb of Mosman as the only suburb in the Municipality of Mosman. However, Mosman Council decided that residents should continue to be allowed to use the traditional locality names if they wished.The municipality also includes, manages and maintains the following localities and locations:
Demographics
At the 2016 census, there were 28,475 people in the Mosman local government area, of these 46.3 per cent were male and 53.7 per cent were female. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 0.2 per cent of the population, significantly below the NSW and Australian averages of 2.9 and 2.8 per cent respectively. The median age of people in the Mosman Council area was 42 years, significantly above the national average of 38 years. Children aged 0 – 14 years made up 17.6 per cent of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 19.1 per cent of the population. Of people in the area aged 15 years and over, 51.8 per cent were married and 10.3 per cent were either divorced or separated.Population growth in the Mosman local government area between the 2001 census and the 2006 census was 2.99 per cent: in the subsequent five years to the 2011 census, population growth was 4.64 per cent. At the 2016 census, the population in the Mosman Council area increased by 3.72 per cent. This was lower than the national average rate of total population growth of Australia for the same period, which was 8.8 per cent. The median weekly income for residents within the Mosman Council area was nearly double the national average.
Slightly below 50 per cent of residents in the Mosman Council area nominated an affiliation with Christianity at the 2016 census, compared with the national average of 52.1 per cent. The proportion of residents with no religion was on par with the national average. Compared to the national average, at the 2016 census, households in the Mosman local government area had a low proportion (18.6 per cent) where two or more languages are spoken (national average was 22.2 per cent); and a high proportion (77.9 per cent) where English only was spoken at home (national average was 72.7 per cent).
Council
Composition and election methods
Current composition and election method
Mosman Council comprises seven councillors, including the mayor, for a fixed four-year term of office. The mayor has been directly elected since 2012 while the six other councillors are elected proportionally as one ward. The deputy mayor is elected annually by the councillors. From the 2008 elections to the 2012 elections, the area was divided into three wards (Mosman Bay, Middle Harbour, Balmoral), each electing three councillors and the mayor was elected by the councillors annually. The most recent election was held on 4 December 2021, and the makeup of the council, including the mayor, is as follows:
The current Council, elected in 2021, in order of election, is:
History
Mosman was first incorporated in 1867 as the "Mossmans Ward" of the Municipality of St Leonards, which lasted until 1890 when the boroughs of Victoria, St Leonards and East St Leonards merged to form the Borough of North Sydney, with the Mosman ward renamed as the "Mossman Ward". Following a petition submitted by residents in 1892, on 11 April 1893 the ward's separation as the Borough of Mosman was proclaimed by Lieutenant-Governor Sir Frederick Darley. The first nine-member council was elected on 9 June 1893, with the first mayor, Richard Hayes Harnett Jr., elected on the same day. From 28 December 1906, following the passing of the Local Government Act, 1906, the council was renamed as the "Municipality of Mosman". With the passing of the Local Government Act, 1993, the Municipality of Mosman was legally renamed as Mosman Council and aldermen were renamed councillors.
A 2015 review of local government boundaries by the NSW Government Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal recommended that the Municipality of Mosman merge with adjoining councils. The government considered two proposals. The first proposed a merger of Manly and Mosman Councils and parts of Warringah Council to form a new council with an area of 49 square kilometres (19 sq mi) and support a population of approximately 153,000. The alternative, proposed by Warringah Council on 23 February 2016, was for an amalgamation of the Pittwater, Manly and Warringah councils. As a consequence of Warringah's proposal, the New South Wales Minister for Local Government Paul Toole proposed that the North Sydney, Willoughby and Mosman Councils be merged. In July 2017, the Berejiklian government decided to abandon the forced merger of the North Sydney, Willoughby and Mosman local government areas, along with several other proposed forced mergers.
Heritage listings
Mosman Council has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
Balmoral, The Esplanade: Balmoral Bathers Pavilion
Georges Head, Chowder Bay Road: Georges Head Fortifications
Middle Head, Middle Head Road: Middle Head Fortifications
Mosman, Avenue Road: Mosman Bay Sewage Aqueduct
Mosman, 1 Avenue Road: Monterey
Mosman, 3a Avenue Road: The Barn, Scout Hall
Mosman, 114 Belmont Road: Alma House
Mosman, Bradleys Head Road (within Sydney Harbour NP): Bradleys Head Fortification Complex
Mosman, 34 Bullecourt Avenue: Woolley House
Mosman, 42 Cowles Road: 42 Cowles Road, Mosman
Mosman, 624-632 Military Road: Boronia House
Mosman, 28 Mistral Avenue: 28 Mistral Avenue, Mosman
Mosman, 65 Parriwi Road: Igloo House
Port Jackson, Bradleys Head: Bradleys Head Light
Sister city
Mosman has twin town status with Glen Innes.
See also
Local government areas of New South Wales
References
External links
Mosman Council website
|
number of seats
|
{
"answer_start": [
247
],
"text": [
"7"
]
}
|
Mosman Council is a local government area on the Lower North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
The mayor of Mosman Council is Cr. Carolyn Corrigan, a representative of the Serving Mosman independent political group since 9 September 2017.
Suburbs and localities in the local government area
MosmanIn February 1997, the Government gazetted that they had assigned the suburb of Mosman as the only suburb in the Municipality of Mosman. However, Mosman Council decided that residents should continue to be allowed to use the traditional locality names if they wished.The municipality also includes, manages and maintains the following localities and locations:
Demographics
At the 2016 census, there were 28,475 people in the Mosman local government area, of these 46.3 per cent were male and 53.7 per cent were female. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 0.2 per cent of the population, significantly below the NSW and Australian averages of 2.9 and 2.8 per cent respectively. The median age of people in the Mosman Council area was 42 years, significantly above the national average of 38 years. Children aged 0 – 14 years made up 17.6 per cent of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 19.1 per cent of the population. Of people in the area aged 15 years and over, 51.8 per cent were married and 10.3 per cent were either divorced or separated.Population growth in the Mosman local government area between the 2001 census and the 2006 census was 2.99 per cent: in the subsequent five years to the 2011 census, population growth was 4.64 per cent. At the 2016 census, the population in the Mosman Council area increased by 3.72 per cent. This was lower than the national average rate of total population growth of Australia for the same period, which was 8.8 per cent. The median weekly income for residents within the Mosman Council area was nearly double the national average.
Slightly below 50 per cent of residents in the Mosman Council area nominated an affiliation with Christianity at the 2016 census, compared with the national average of 52.1 per cent. The proportion of residents with no religion was on par with the national average. Compared to the national average, at the 2016 census, households in the Mosman local government area had a low proportion (18.6 per cent) where two or more languages are spoken (national average was 22.2 per cent); and a high proportion (77.9 per cent) where English only was spoken at home (national average was 72.7 per cent).
Council
Composition and election methods
Current composition and election method
Mosman Council comprises seven councillors, including the mayor, for a fixed four-year term of office. The mayor has been directly elected since 2012 while the six other councillors are elected proportionally as one ward. The deputy mayor is elected annually by the councillors. From the 2008 elections to the 2012 elections, the area was divided into three wards (Mosman Bay, Middle Harbour, Balmoral), each electing three councillors and the mayor was elected by the councillors annually. The most recent election was held on 4 December 2021, and the makeup of the council, including the mayor, is as follows:
The current Council, elected in 2021, in order of election, is:
History
Mosman was first incorporated in 1867 as the "Mossmans Ward" of the Municipality of St Leonards, which lasted until 1890 when the boroughs of Victoria, St Leonards and East St Leonards merged to form the Borough of North Sydney, with the Mosman ward renamed as the "Mossman Ward". Following a petition submitted by residents in 1892, on 11 April 1893 the ward's separation as the Borough of Mosman was proclaimed by Lieutenant-Governor Sir Frederick Darley. The first nine-member council was elected on 9 June 1893, with the first mayor, Richard Hayes Harnett Jr., elected on the same day. From 28 December 1906, following the passing of the Local Government Act, 1906, the council was renamed as the "Municipality of Mosman". With the passing of the Local Government Act, 1993, the Municipality of Mosman was legally renamed as Mosman Council and aldermen were renamed councillors.
A 2015 review of local government boundaries by the NSW Government Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal recommended that the Municipality of Mosman merge with adjoining councils. The government considered two proposals. The first proposed a merger of Manly and Mosman Councils and parts of Warringah Council to form a new council with an area of 49 square kilometres (19 sq mi) and support a population of approximately 153,000. The alternative, proposed by Warringah Council on 23 February 2016, was for an amalgamation of the Pittwater, Manly and Warringah councils. As a consequence of Warringah's proposal, the New South Wales Minister for Local Government Paul Toole proposed that the North Sydney, Willoughby and Mosman Councils be merged. In July 2017, the Berejiklian government decided to abandon the forced merger of the North Sydney, Willoughby and Mosman local government areas, along with several other proposed forced mergers.
Heritage listings
Mosman Council has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
Balmoral, The Esplanade: Balmoral Bathers Pavilion
Georges Head, Chowder Bay Road: Georges Head Fortifications
Middle Head, Middle Head Road: Middle Head Fortifications
Mosman, Avenue Road: Mosman Bay Sewage Aqueduct
Mosman, 1 Avenue Road: Monterey
Mosman, 3a Avenue Road: The Barn, Scout Hall
Mosman, 114 Belmont Road: Alma House
Mosman, Bradleys Head Road (within Sydney Harbour NP): Bradleys Head Fortification Complex
Mosman, 34 Bullecourt Avenue: Woolley House
Mosman, 42 Cowles Road: 42 Cowles Road, Mosman
Mosman, 624-632 Military Road: Boronia House
Mosman, 28 Mistral Avenue: 28 Mistral Avenue, Mosman
Mosman, 65 Parriwi Road: Igloo House
Port Jackson, Bradleys Head: Bradleys Head Light
Sister city
Mosman has twin town status with Glen Innes.
See also
Local government areas of New South Wales
References
External links
Mosman Council website
|
number of constituencies
|
{
"answer_start": [
246
],
"text": [
"1"
]
}
|
Rawlins may refer to:
People
Rawlins (surname)
Places
Rawlins, Wyoming
Rawlins County, Kansas
Rawlins Cross, St. John's
Rawlins Township, Jo Daviess County, Illinois
Schools
Rawlins Community College
Music
Rawlins Cross - Newfoundland Celtic Rock band
See also
Rawlings (disambiguation)
|
different from
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Rawlins"
]
}
|
Rawlins may refer to:
People
Rawlins (surname)
Places
Rawlins, Wyoming
Rawlins County, Kansas
Rawlins Cross, St. John's
Rawlins Township, Jo Daviess County, Illinois
Schools
Rawlins Community College
Music
Rawlins Cross - Newfoundland Celtic Rock band
See also
Rawlings (disambiguation)
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"Rawlins (surname)"
]
}
|
Rawlins may refer to:
People
Rawlins (surname)
Places
Rawlins, Wyoming
Rawlins County, Kansas
Rawlins Cross, St. John's
Rawlins Township, Jo Daviess County, Illinois
Schools
Rawlins Community College
Music
Rawlins Cross - Newfoundland Celtic Rock band
See also
Rawlings (disambiguation)
|
native label
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Rawlins"
]
}
|
Rawlins may refer to:
People
Rawlins (surname)
Places
Rawlins, Wyoming
Rawlins County, Kansas
Rawlins Cross, St. John's
Rawlins Township, Jo Daviess County, Illinois
Schools
Rawlins Community College
Music
Rawlins Cross - Newfoundland Celtic Rock band
See also
Rawlings (disambiguation)
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
89
],
"text": [
"Kansas"
]
}
|
Rawlins may refer to:
People
Rawlins (surname)
Places
Rawlins, Wyoming
Rawlins County, Kansas
Rawlins Cross, St. John's
Rawlins Township, Jo Daviess County, Illinois
Schools
Rawlins Community College
Music
Rawlins Cross - Newfoundland Celtic Rock band
See also
Rawlings (disambiguation)
|
family name identical to this given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Rawlins"
]
}
|
The 1972 British Columbia general election for the Canadian province of British Columbia was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. The election was called on July 24, 1972, and held on August 30, 1972. The new legislature met for the first time on October 17, 1972. David Barrett led the social democratic New Democratic Party to victory, winning a majority government.
The Social Credit Party, led by Premier W.A.C. Bennett, was defeated after governing British Columbia since the 1952 election. Social Credit's share of the popular vote fell by over 15 percentage points, and the party lost 28 of the seats it had won in the previous election.
The Liberal Party held onto its five seats, while the Progressive Conservative Party, under the leadership of Derrill Warren, returned to the legislature for the first time since the 1953 election by winning two seats.
In four ridings and part of a fifth, a referendum was held on the question of daylight saving time and which time zone to use concurrently with the election.
Social Credit ran a lackluster campaign beset by gaffes. A week before the general election, cabinet minister Phil Gaglardi remarked to a newspaper that Bennett would resign after the election, calling him "an old man who doesn't understand what is happening with the young people of this province". The remark proved damaging, bringing the issue of whether Bennett and his party were worn out after 20 years in office to the forefront of the campaign. A pre-campaign visit by Bennett and his cabinet to New Westminster turned violent after they were confronted by demonstrators, who injured eight ministers, a melee for which Bennett tried to blame Barrett. Shortly after the Social Credit campaign started, Bennett was tricked into shaking hands with current Progressive Conservative leader Derril Warren in front of a photographer from The Province. After the photograph, depicting a smiling Warren and scowling Bennett, was published on The Province's front page, Bennett spent the rest of the campaign antagonising the media, refusing to tell reporters where he was appearing.Barrett benefited from his youth, allowing the media to contrast him with the aged Bennett, and ran a campaign focused on "people issues" such as urban transit, public auto insurance, and increased royalties from the province's timber and minerals industries. Late in the campaign, Bennett declared at a Social Credit rally, "The socialist hordes are at the gates of British Columbia!"Although Bennett's campaign had been lacklustre, no commentators anticipated the party's loss. The resulting NDP majority came as a surprise. Historian David J. Mitchell wrote, "The surprise was not just [the Social Credit] defeat, but its magnitude." In his victory speech, Barrett told supporters that ten thousand people had worked for 40 years to get the NDP and its predecessor, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, elected into office, and vowed, "I will not let their hopes or aspirations down."
Results
See also
List of British Columbia political parties
Notes
== References ==
|
instance of
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9
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"text": [
"British Columbia general election"
]
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|
The 1972 British Columbia general election for the Canadian province of British Columbia was held to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. The election was called on July 24, 1972, and held on August 30, 1972. The new legislature met for the first time on October 17, 1972. David Barrett led the social democratic New Democratic Party to victory, winning a majority government.
The Social Credit Party, led by Premier W.A.C. Bennett, was defeated after governing British Columbia since the 1952 election. Social Credit's share of the popular vote fell by over 15 percentage points, and the party lost 28 of the seats it had won in the previous election.
The Liberal Party held onto its five seats, while the Progressive Conservative Party, under the leadership of Derrill Warren, returned to the legislature for the first time since the 1953 election by winning two seats.
In four ridings and part of a fifth, a referendum was held on the question of daylight saving time and which time zone to use concurrently with the election.
Social Credit ran a lackluster campaign beset by gaffes. A week before the general election, cabinet minister Phil Gaglardi remarked to a newspaper that Bennett would resign after the election, calling him "an old man who doesn't understand what is happening with the young people of this province". The remark proved damaging, bringing the issue of whether Bennett and his party were worn out after 20 years in office to the forefront of the campaign. A pre-campaign visit by Bennett and his cabinet to New Westminster turned violent after they were confronted by demonstrators, who injured eight ministers, a melee for which Bennett tried to blame Barrett. Shortly after the Social Credit campaign started, Bennett was tricked into shaking hands with current Progressive Conservative leader Derril Warren in front of a photographer from The Province. After the photograph, depicting a smiling Warren and scowling Bennett, was published on The Province's front page, Bennett spent the rest of the campaign antagonising the media, refusing to tell reporters where he was appearing.Barrett benefited from his youth, allowing the media to contrast him with the aged Bennett, and ran a campaign focused on "people issues" such as urban transit, public auto insurance, and increased royalties from the province's timber and minerals industries. Late in the campaign, Bennett declared at a Social Credit rally, "The socialist hordes are at the gates of British Columbia!"Although Bennett's campaign had been lacklustre, no commentators anticipated the party's loss. The resulting NDP majority came as a surprise. Historian David J. Mitchell wrote, "The surprise was not just [the Social Credit] defeat, but its magnitude." In his victory speech, Barrett told supporters that ten thousand people had worked for 40 years to get the NDP and its predecessor, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, elected into office, and vowed, "I will not let their hopes or aspirations down."
Results
See also
List of British Columbia political parties
Notes
== References ==
|
applies to jurisdiction
|
{
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"British Columbia"
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}
|
Reznick is a Jewish surname, a variant of Reznik. Notable people with the surname include:
Bruce Reznick (born 1953), American mathematician
A spelling variant for David Resnick (1924–2012), Brazilian-born Israeli architect and town planner
Howard Reznick, birth name of Hanon Reznikov (1950–2008), American actor and writer
Dr. Morgan Reznick, a character on The Good Doctor (TV series)
|
native label
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{
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"text": [
"Reznick"
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Pteris tremula, commonly known as Australian brake, tender brake, tender brakefern, shaking brake is a fern species of the family Pteridaceae native to sheltered areas and forests in eastern Australia and New Zealand. It has pale green, lacy fronds of up to 2 meters (6.6 feet) in length, with an erect, tufted rhizome that is covered with narrow brown scales. It is fast-growing and easy to grow in cultivation, but can become weedy.
Taxonomy
The botanist Robert Brown published this plant in the year 1810, in his Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae, and still bears its original name. The specific epithet tremula is the Latin "tremulous" or "shaking". It is a member of the large genus Pteris, containing around 300 species, 7 of which can be found in Australia. Tender brake is a common name for the fern. Species in Pteris are currently placed in subfamily Pteridoideae of family Pteridaceae/
Varieties
Pteris tremula var. caudata
Pteris tremula var. minor
Pteris tremula var. pectinata
Pteris tremula var. tremula
Description
Pteris tremula is a terrestrial fern, with its fronds arising from the ground up to 1.3 m (4.3 ft), rarely up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall. The stipe is brown. The light green lacy compound fronds may reach 2 m (6.6 ft) in length and are 3-pinnate or more. The brownish sori line the undersides of the frond margins. Unlike Pteris vittata and other Pteris species, it is not able to hyperaccumulate arsenic and is damaged by levels as low as 25 mg/kg in the soil. The plant contains two cytotoxic indanonic sesquiterpenes.
Distribution and habitat
The range within Australia is Central Australia (Northern Territory), eastern South Australia, Queensland, eastern New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. It is also found on Lord Howe and Norfolk Island, New Zealand, and the Kermadec Islands and Fiji. It is found in sheltered habitats in wet sclerophyll and rainforest. It has become naturalized in Argentina near the Río de la Plata.
Cultivation
Pteris tremula is a fairly easy plant to grow in the home garden, where it prefers a shady spot. It prefers fair drainage with some moisture retention in the soil and filtered morning light. It is nevertheless fast growing and has been known to naturalise. In the 1950s it was reported to be the most commonly cultivated Pteris species in the United States of America.
References
GBIF entry
"Pteris tremula". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
|
Flora of Australia ID (new)
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Pteris tremula"
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Pteris tremula, commonly known as Australian brake, tender brake, tender brakefern, shaking brake is a fern species of the family Pteridaceae native to sheltered areas and forests in eastern Australia and New Zealand. It has pale green, lacy fronds of up to 2 meters (6.6 feet) in length, with an erect, tufted rhizome that is covered with narrow brown scales. It is fast-growing and easy to grow in cultivation, but can become weedy.
Taxonomy
The botanist Robert Brown published this plant in the year 1810, in his Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae, and still bears its original name. The specific epithet tremula is the Latin "tremulous" or "shaking". It is a member of the large genus Pteris, containing around 300 species, 7 of which can be found in Australia. Tender brake is a common name for the fern. Species in Pteris are currently placed in subfamily Pteridoideae of family Pteridaceae/
Varieties
Pteris tremula var. caudata
Pteris tremula var. minor
Pteris tremula var. pectinata
Pteris tremula var. tremula
Description
Pteris tremula is a terrestrial fern, with its fronds arising from the ground up to 1.3 m (4.3 ft), rarely up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall. The stipe is brown. The light green lacy compound fronds may reach 2 m (6.6 ft) in length and are 3-pinnate or more. The brownish sori line the undersides of the frond margins. Unlike Pteris vittata and other Pteris species, it is not able to hyperaccumulate arsenic and is damaged by levels as low as 25 mg/kg in the soil. The plant contains two cytotoxic indanonic sesquiterpenes.
Distribution and habitat
The range within Australia is Central Australia (Northern Territory), eastern South Australia, Queensland, eastern New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. It is also found on Lord Howe and Norfolk Island, New Zealand, and the Kermadec Islands and Fiji. It is found in sheltered habitats in wet sclerophyll and rainforest. It has become naturalized in Argentina near the Río de la Plata.
Cultivation
Pteris tremula is a fairly easy plant to grow in the home garden, where it prefers a shady spot. It prefers fair drainage with some moisture retention in the soil and filtered morning light. It is nevertheless fast growing and has been known to naturalise. In the 1950s it was reported to be the most commonly cultivated Pteris species in the United States of America.
References
GBIF entry
"Pteris tremula". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
|
taxon rank
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{
"answer_start": [
108
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"text": [
"species"
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Pteris tremula, commonly known as Australian brake, tender brake, tender brakefern, shaking brake is a fern species of the family Pteridaceae native to sheltered areas and forests in eastern Australia and New Zealand. It has pale green, lacy fronds of up to 2 meters (6.6 feet) in length, with an erect, tufted rhizome that is covered with narrow brown scales. It is fast-growing and easy to grow in cultivation, but can become weedy.
Taxonomy
The botanist Robert Brown published this plant in the year 1810, in his Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae, and still bears its original name. The specific epithet tremula is the Latin "tremulous" or "shaking". It is a member of the large genus Pteris, containing around 300 species, 7 of which can be found in Australia. Tender brake is a common name for the fern. Species in Pteris are currently placed in subfamily Pteridoideae of family Pteridaceae/
Varieties
Pteris tremula var. caudata
Pteris tremula var. minor
Pteris tremula var. pectinata
Pteris tremula var. tremula
Description
Pteris tremula is a terrestrial fern, with its fronds arising from the ground up to 1.3 m (4.3 ft), rarely up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall. The stipe is brown. The light green lacy compound fronds may reach 2 m (6.6 ft) in length and are 3-pinnate or more. The brownish sori line the undersides of the frond margins. Unlike Pteris vittata and other Pteris species, it is not able to hyperaccumulate arsenic and is damaged by levels as low as 25 mg/kg in the soil. The plant contains two cytotoxic indanonic sesquiterpenes.
Distribution and habitat
The range within Australia is Central Australia (Northern Territory), eastern South Australia, Queensland, eastern New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. It is also found on Lord Howe and Norfolk Island, New Zealand, and the Kermadec Islands and Fiji. It is found in sheltered habitats in wet sclerophyll and rainforest. It has become naturalized in Argentina near the Río de la Plata.
Cultivation
Pteris tremula is a fairly easy plant to grow in the home garden, where it prefers a shady spot. It prefers fair drainage with some moisture retention in the soil and filtered morning light. It is nevertheless fast growing and has been known to naturalise. In the 1950s it was reported to be the most commonly cultivated Pteris species in the United States of America.
References
GBIF entry
"Pteris tremula". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Pteris"
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|
Pteris tremula, commonly known as Australian brake, tender brake, tender brakefern, shaking brake is a fern species of the family Pteridaceae native to sheltered areas and forests in eastern Australia and New Zealand. It has pale green, lacy fronds of up to 2 meters (6.6 feet) in length, with an erect, tufted rhizome that is covered with narrow brown scales. It is fast-growing and easy to grow in cultivation, but can become weedy.
Taxonomy
The botanist Robert Brown published this plant in the year 1810, in his Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae, and still bears its original name. The specific epithet tremula is the Latin "tremulous" or "shaking". It is a member of the large genus Pteris, containing around 300 species, 7 of which can be found in Australia. Tender brake is a common name for the fern. Species in Pteris are currently placed in subfamily Pteridoideae of family Pteridaceae/
Varieties
Pteris tremula var. caudata
Pteris tremula var. minor
Pteris tremula var. pectinata
Pteris tremula var. tremula
Description
Pteris tremula is a terrestrial fern, with its fronds arising from the ground up to 1.3 m (4.3 ft), rarely up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall. The stipe is brown. The light green lacy compound fronds may reach 2 m (6.6 ft) in length and are 3-pinnate or more. The brownish sori line the undersides of the frond margins. Unlike Pteris vittata and other Pteris species, it is not able to hyperaccumulate arsenic and is damaged by levels as low as 25 mg/kg in the soil. The plant contains two cytotoxic indanonic sesquiterpenes.
Distribution and habitat
The range within Australia is Central Australia (Northern Territory), eastern South Australia, Queensland, eastern New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. It is also found on Lord Howe and Norfolk Island, New Zealand, and the Kermadec Islands and Fiji. It is found in sheltered habitats in wet sclerophyll and rainforest. It has become naturalized in Argentina near the Río de la Plata.
Cultivation
Pteris tremula is a fairly easy plant to grow in the home garden, where it prefers a shady spot. It prefers fair drainage with some moisture retention in the soil and filtered morning light. It is nevertheless fast growing and has been known to naturalise. In the 1950s it was reported to be the most commonly cultivated Pteris species in the United States of America.
References
GBIF entry
"Pteris tremula". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Pteris tremula"
]
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|
Pteris tremula, commonly known as Australian brake, tender brake, tender brakefern, shaking brake is a fern species of the family Pteridaceae native to sheltered areas and forests in eastern Australia and New Zealand. It has pale green, lacy fronds of up to 2 meters (6.6 feet) in length, with an erect, tufted rhizome that is covered with narrow brown scales. It is fast-growing and easy to grow in cultivation, but can become weedy.
Taxonomy
The botanist Robert Brown published this plant in the year 1810, in his Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae, and still bears its original name. The specific epithet tremula is the Latin "tremulous" or "shaking". It is a member of the large genus Pteris, containing around 300 species, 7 of which can be found in Australia. Tender brake is a common name for the fern. Species in Pteris are currently placed in subfamily Pteridoideae of family Pteridaceae/
Varieties
Pteris tremula var. caudata
Pteris tremula var. minor
Pteris tremula var. pectinata
Pteris tremula var. tremula
Description
Pteris tremula is a terrestrial fern, with its fronds arising from the ground up to 1.3 m (4.3 ft), rarely up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall. The stipe is brown. The light green lacy compound fronds may reach 2 m (6.6 ft) in length and are 3-pinnate or more. The brownish sori line the undersides of the frond margins. Unlike Pteris vittata and other Pteris species, it is not able to hyperaccumulate arsenic and is damaged by levels as low as 25 mg/kg in the soil. The plant contains two cytotoxic indanonic sesquiterpenes.
Distribution and habitat
The range within Australia is Central Australia (Northern Territory), eastern South Australia, Queensland, eastern New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. It is also found on Lord Howe and Norfolk Island, New Zealand, and the Kermadec Islands and Fiji. It is found in sheltered habitats in wet sclerophyll and rainforest. It has become naturalized in Argentina near the Río de la Plata.
Cultivation
Pteris tremula is a fairly easy plant to grow in the home garden, where it prefers a shady spot. It prefers fair drainage with some moisture retention in the soil and filtered morning light. It is nevertheless fast growing and has been known to naturalise. In the 1950s it was reported to be the most commonly cultivated Pteris species in the United States of America.
References
GBIF entry
"Pteris tremula". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Pteris tremula"
]
}
|
Pteris tremula, commonly known as Australian brake, tender brake, tender brakefern, shaking brake is a fern species of the family Pteridaceae native to sheltered areas and forests in eastern Australia and New Zealand. It has pale green, lacy fronds of up to 2 meters (6.6 feet) in length, with an erect, tufted rhizome that is covered with narrow brown scales. It is fast-growing and easy to grow in cultivation, but can become weedy.
Taxonomy
The botanist Robert Brown published this plant in the year 1810, in his Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae, and still bears its original name. The specific epithet tremula is the Latin "tremulous" or "shaking". It is a member of the large genus Pteris, containing around 300 species, 7 of which can be found in Australia. Tender brake is a common name for the fern. Species in Pteris are currently placed in subfamily Pteridoideae of family Pteridaceae/
Varieties
Pteris tremula var. caudata
Pteris tremula var. minor
Pteris tremula var. pectinata
Pteris tremula var. tremula
Description
Pteris tremula is a terrestrial fern, with its fronds arising from the ground up to 1.3 m (4.3 ft), rarely up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall. The stipe is brown. The light green lacy compound fronds may reach 2 m (6.6 ft) in length and are 3-pinnate or more. The brownish sori line the undersides of the frond margins. Unlike Pteris vittata and other Pteris species, it is not able to hyperaccumulate arsenic and is damaged by levels as low as 25 mg/kg in the soil. The plant contains two cytotoxic indanonic sesquiterpenes.
Distribution and habitat
The range within Australia is Central Australia (Northern Territory), eastern South Australia, Queensland, eastern New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania. It is also found on Lord Howe and Norfolk Island, New Zealand, and the Kermadec Islands and Fiji. It is found in sheltered habitats in wet sclerophyll and rainforest. It has become naturalized in Argentina near the Río de la Plata.
Cultivation
Pteris tremula is a fairly easy plant to grow in the home garden, where it prefers a shady spot. It prefers fair drainage with some moisture retention in the soil and filtered morning light. It is nevertheless fast growing and has been known to naturalise. In the 1950s it was reported to be the most commonly cultivated Pteris species in the United States of America.
References
GBIF entry
"Pteris tremula". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
|
taxon common name
|
{
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34
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"Australian brake"
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Hillel (Hebrew: הִלֵּל Hīllēl; variously called Hillel the Elder, Hillel the Great, or Hillel the Babylonian; died c. 10 CE) was a Jewish religious leader, sage and scholar associated with the development of the Mishnah and the Talmud and the founder of the House of Hillel school of tannaim. He was active during the end of the first century BCE and the beginning of the first century CE.He is popularly known as the author of two sayings:
(1) "If I am not for myself, who will be for me? And being for myself, what am I? And if not now, when?";
(2) "That which is hateful to you, do not do unto your fellow. That is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn."
Biography
Hillel was born in Babylon. According to the Talmud, he descended from the Tribe of Benjamin on his father's side, and from the family of David on his mother's side.When Josephus speaks of Hillel's great-grandson, Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel I, as belonging to a very celebrated family, he probably refers to the glory the family owed to the activity of Hillel and Rabban Gamaliel Hazaken. Only Hillel's brother Shebna is mentioned; he was a merchant, whereas Hillel devoted himself to studying the Torah whilst also working as a woodcutter.Hillel lived in Jerusalem during the time of King Herod and the Roman emperor Augustus. In the Midrash compilation Sifre, the periods of Hillel's life are made parallel to those in the life of Moses. At the age of forty Hillel went to the Land of Israel; forty years he spent in study; and the last third of his life he was the spiritual head of the Jewish people. A biographical sketch can be constructed; that Hillel went to Jerusalem in the prime of his life and attained a great age. His 40 years of leadership likely covered the period of 30 BCE to 10 CE.
According to the Mishnah, Hillel went to Jerusalem with the intention of studying biblical exposition and tradition at the age of 40 in 70 BCE. The difficulties Hillel had to overcome to gain admittance to the school of Sh'maya and Abtalion, and the hardships he suffered while pursuing his aim, are told in the Talmud. Some time later, Hillel succeeded in settling a question concerning the sacrificial ritual in a manner that showed his superiority over the Bnei Bathyra, who were at that time the heads of the Sanhedrin. On that occasion, it is narrated, they voluntarily resigned their position as Nasi (President) in favor of Hillel. After their resignation, Hillel was recognized as the highest authority among the Pharisees (predecessors to Rabbinic Judaism). Hillel was the head of the great school, associated at first with Menahem the Essene (who might be the same Menahem the Essene as the one mentioned by Flavius Josephus in relation to King Herod), and later with Shammai (Hillel's peer in the teaching of Jewish Law).
According to the Jerusalem Talmud (Nedarim 5:6), Hillel the Elder had eighty pairs of disciples, the greatest of whom being Jonathan ben Uzziel, while the least of whom was Yohanan ben Zakkai.Whatever Hillel's position, his authority was sufficient to introduce those decrees handed down in his name. The most famous of his enactments was the Prozbul, an institution that, in spite of the law concerning cancellation of debts in the Sabbatical year ensured the repayment of loans. The motive for this institution was the "repair of the world", i.e., of the social order, because this legal innovation protected both the creditor against the loss of his property, and the needy against being refused the loan of money for fear of loss. A similar tendency is found in another of Hillel's institutions, having reference to the sale of houses. These two are the only institutions handed down in Hillel's name, although the words that introduce the prozbul show that there were others. Hillel's judicial activity may be inferred from the decision by which he confirmed the legitimacy of some Alexandrians whose origin was disputed, by interpreting the marriage document (ketubah) of their mother in her favor. No other official acts are mentioned in the sources.
According to the Midrash Hillel lived to be 120 years old, like Moses, Yohanan ben Zakkai, and Rabbi Akiva.
Notable sayings
Several of Hillel's teachings are explained by comparison to what his adversary Shammai taught on the same subject.
Some of Hillel the Elder's teachings remain commonly known. However, at least two other notable Hillels came after him, and some scholars have suggested that some sayings attributed to "Hillel" may have originated from them.The saying of Hillel that introduces the collection of his maxims in the Mishnaic treatise Pirkei Avot mentions Aaron HaKohen (the high priest) as the great model to be imitated in his love of peace, in his love for his fellow man, and in his leading mankind to a knowledge of the Law (Pirkei Avoth 1:12). In mentioning these characteristics, which the aggadah attributes to Moses' brother, Hillel stated his own prominent virtues. He considered "love of his fellow man" the kernel of Jewish teaching.
The Oral Law
A gentile came to Shammai and asked how many Torahs there were. Shammai answered "two": the written Torah and the Oral Torah. The gentile did not believe him and asked to be converted on condition he only had to learn the written Torah. Shammai sent him away. The gentile went to Hillel who converted him and then started teaching him the Torah(s). He started with teaching him the Hebrew alphabet: the first letter is "aleph", the next letter is "bet", etc. The next day, Hillel taught him: the first letter is "tav", the next letter is "shin", etc. (the alphabet backwards). The convert said that this was different to what he had been taught the previous day. Hillel replied that in the same way you need an oral teaching to learn the written alphabet, so you need an oral explanation to understand the written Torah
Similarities to the Golden Rule
The comparative response to the challenge of a prospective convert who asked that the Torah be explained to him while he stood on one foot, illustrates the character differences between Shammai and Hillel. Shammai dismissed the man. Hillel responded to the man: "What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow: this is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn." This rule is sometimes compared to the Christian Golden Rule, abeit in the negative.
Love of peace
The exhortation to love peace emanated from Hillel's most characteristic traits—from that proverbial meekness and mildness—as in the saying: "Let a man be always humble and patient like Hillel, and not passionate like Shammai". Hillel's gentleness and patience are illustrated in an anecdote that describes how two men made a bet on the question of whether Hillel could be made angry. Though they questioned him and made insulting allusions to his Babylonian origin, they were unsuccessful.
Obligations to self and others
From the doctrine of man's likeness to God, Hillel deduced man's duty to care for his own body. According to Midrash Leviticus rabbah he said "As in a theater and circus the statues of the king must be kept clean by him to whom they have been entrusted, so the bathing of the body is a duty of man, who was created in the image of the almighty King of the world." In this work, Hillel calls his soul a guest upon earth, toward which he must fulfill the duties of charity.
In Avot, Hillel stated "If I am not for myself, who is for me? And being for my own self, what am 'I'? And if not now, when?" The third part contains the admonition to postpone no duty, the same admonition he gave with reference to study: "Say not, 'When I have free time I shall study'; for you may perhaps never have any free time."The precept that one should not separate oneself from the community, Hillel paraphrases (referencing Ecclesiastes 3:4) in the following saying: "Appear neither naked nor clothed, neither sitting nor standing, neither laughing nor weeping." Man should not appear different from others in his outward deportment; he should always regard himself as a part of the whole, thereby showing that love of man Hillel taught. The feeling of love for one's neighbor shows itself also in his exhortation (Avot 2:4).
How far his love of man went may be seen from an example that shows that benevolence must be given with regard to the needs of the poor. Thus, Hillel provided a riding horse to a man of good family who became poor, in order that he not be deprived of his customary physical exercise; he also gave him a slave, that he might be served.
Other maxims
"Do not separate yourself from the community; do not believe in yourself until the day you die; do not judge your fellow until you have reached their place; do not say something inappropriate, for it will then be appropriated; and do not say, 'When I am free I will study,' for perhaps you will not become free."
"Whosoever destroys one soul, it is as though he had destroyed the entire world. And whosoever saves a life, it is as though he had saved the entire world."
"A name gained is a name lost."
"Where there are no men, strive to be a man!"
"My humiliation is my exaltation; my exaltation is my humiliation."
The study of Torah
The many anecdotes according to which Hillel made proselytes, correspond to the third part of his maxim: "Bring men to the Law." A later source (Avot of Rabbi Nathan) gives the following explanation of the teaching: Hillel stood in the gate of Jerusalem one day and saw the people on their way to work. "How much," he asked, "will you earn to-day?" One said: "A denarius"; the second: "Two denarii." "What will you do with the money?" he inquired. "We will provide for the necessities of life." Then said he to them: "Would you not rather come and make the Torah your possession, that you may possess both this and the future world?"
This narrative has the same points as the epigrammatic group of Hillel's sayings (Avot 2:7) commencing: "The more flesh, the more worms," and closing with the words: "Whoever has acquired the words of the Law has acquired the life of the world to come." In an Aramaic saying Hillel sounds a warning against neglect of study or its abuse for selfish purposes: "Whoever would make a name (i.e. glory) loses the name; he who increases not [his knowledge] decreases; whoever learns not [in Avot of Rabbi Nathan 12: "who does not serve the wise and learn"] is worthy of death; whoever exploits for his own use the crown (of Torah) perishes" (Avot 1:13).
Halachic teachings
Only a few halachic decisions have been handed down under Hillel's name; but there can be no doubt that much of the oldest anonymous traditional literature was due directly to him or to the teachings of his masters. The fixation of the hermeneutical norms for Midrash and halakhic scripture exposition was first made by Hillel, in the "seven rules of Hillel," which, as is told in one source, he applied on the day on which he overcame the Bnei Bathyra. On these seven rules rest the thirteen of R. Ishmael; they were epoch-making for the systematic development of the ancient Scripture exposition.
Hillel's influence: "House of Hillel" vs. "House of Shammai"
Hillel's disciples are generally called the "House of Hillel", in contrast to Shammai's disciples, the "House of Shammai". Their controversies concern all branches of the Jewish law.
Hillel's sandwich
During the Passover Seder (the annual commemoration of the Exodus from Egypt), one re-enacts ancient customs in the Haggadah. In the section of Korech, or 'sandwich', participants are instructed to place bitter herbs between two pieces of matzo and eat them after saying in Hebrew: This is a remembrance of Hillel in Temple times—This is what Hillel did when the Temple existed: He enwrapped the Paschal lamb, the matzo and the bitter herbs to eat them as one, in fulfillment of the verse, "with matzot and maror they shall eat it."(Numbers 9:11). This sandwich apparently refers to traditional soft matzot rather than modern crisp matzot, and so would have borne a striking resemblance to a modern shawarma.In modern times, when there is no paschal lamb, the Babylonian Talmud requires the practice of emulating Hillel's example by making a sandwich of matzo and maror (the "bitter herbs": either lettuce, endive, or horseradish). The maror, if lettuce or endive, is dipped in the meal's traditional charoset (a finely chopped sweet mixture of fruits and nuts; among Ashkenazi Jews it is typically made of apples, walnuts, red wine, cinnamon, and honey) just before the sandwich is made. In Ashkenazi families where grated horseradish is used for the maror instead of lettuce or endive, the maror cannot be dipped in the charoset, so it is the custom to spread the bottom piece of matzah with horseradish maror, cover it with a pile of charoset, and top it with another piece of matzah to make a hot-sweet sandwich.
In contemporary culture
Hillel's reputation is such that his influence extends beyond Judaism and has entered into popular culture.
Beginning in the late 1940s, soap-maker Emanuel Bronner (February 1, 1908 – March 7, 1997), a German-Jewish immigrant to the United States, featured the maxims of Hillel on millions of product labels. He referred to these as "Rabbi Hillel's Moral ABC." The label texts were later collected into a self-published book titled The Moral ABC I & II by Dr. Emmanuel Bronner. On page 23, Bronner wrote, "Rabbi Hillel taught Jesus to unite the whole human race in our Eternal Father's great, All-One-God-Faith." On page 39, he stated that "Small minds discuss people. Average minds discuss events. Great minds teach Rabbi Hillel's Moral ABC." These references to 'Rabbi' Hillel remain in print in the book and on the million more soap labels manufactured since Dr. Bronner's death.
In The Chosen Image: Television's Portrayal of Jewish Themes and Characters by Jonathan Pearl and Judith Pearl (MacFarland, 2005), the authors mention "episodes of [the 1960s series] 'Have Gun – Will Travel' [in which] Paladin, the program's erudite gunslinger [...] employs an adage from the sage Hillel"—and they continue by noting that "Rabbi Hillel's popularity as disseminator of wisdom extended to a 1973 episode of 'Medical Center,' where series star Dr. Gannon appears to be an admirer of him as well"
In a National Public Radio transcript of a broadcast called "Modern Lessons From Hillel," which originally aired on the news show All Things Considered with co-hosts Melissa Block and Robert Siegel on September 7, 2010, Siegel said: "Well, I mentioned something that a great Jewish sage, Rabbi Hillel, said not long before the time of Jesus. A man asked Rabbi Hillel to teach him the entire Torah, the five books of Moses, while standing on one foot. ..."
In The Jewish Story Finder: A Guide to 668 Tales Listing Subjects and Sources by Sharon Barcan Elswit (McFarland, 2012), the famous story of the man who stands on one foot is told, including this passage, "The man then goes to the great Rabbi Hillel. He tells Hillel that he does not have much time. ... Rabbi Hillel replies ..."
In "Do Justly, Love Mercy, and Walk Humbly with God," Dale Gunnar Renlund of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, spoke about Hillel the Elder to a worldwide audience in a live broadcast of General Conference in October 2020: "The importance of not mistreating others is highlighted in an anecdote about Hillel the Elder, a Jewish scholar who lived in the first century before Christ. One of Hillel's students was exasperated by the complexity of the Torah—the five books of Moses with their 613 commandments and associated rabbinic writings. The student challenged Hillel to explain the Torah using only the time that Hillel could stand on one foot. Hillel may not have had great balance but accepted the challenge. He quoted from Leviticus, saying, "Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself." Hillel then concluded: "That which is hateful unto you, do not do to your neighbor. This is the whole of the Torah; the rest is commentary. Go forth and study."
In Episode 5 of the Christian television drama The Chosen, Hillel's phrase "If not now, when?" is a key line exchanged between Jesus and Mary. In the second season, Pharisees Yanni and Shmuel discuss the politics of the Sanhedrin, which they see as dividable into two schools of thought: The School of Hillel and the School of Shammai.
Hillel's maxim "If not now, when?" features prominently in Robin Hood (2018 film). It is repeated several times throughout the film and appears on a title card afterwards (without citation).
See also
Pharisees
Prozbul
Simeon ben Hillel
Notes
References
Sources
Hertz, J. H. (1936). The Pentateuch and Haftoras. Deuteronomy. London: Oxford University Press.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Schechter, Solomon; Bacher, Wilhelm (1901–1906). "Hillel". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
External links
"Hillel: Foundations of Rabbinic Culture," Video Lecture by Dr. Henry Abramson
Jewish Encyclopedia: Hillel
Jewish Encyclopedia: Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai
Texts on Wikisource:
"Hillel". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Hillel". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Hillel". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
"Hillel". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
"Hillel the Elder". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
Mishnah
|
place of birth
|
{
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Hillel (Hebrew: הִלֵּל Hīllēl; variously called Hillel the Elder, Hillel the Great, or Hillel the Babylonian; died c. 10 CE) was a Jewish religious leader, sage and scholar associated with the development of the Mishnah and the Talmud and the founder of the House of Hillel school of tannaim. He was active during the end of the first century BCE and the beginning of the first century CE.He is popularly known as the author of two sayings:
(1) "If I am not for myself, who will be for me? And being for myself, what am I? And if not now, when?";
(2) "That which is hateful to you, do not do unto your fellow. That is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn."
Biography
Hillel was born in Babylon. According to the Talmud, he descended from the Tribe of Benjamin on his father's side, and from the family of David on his mother's side.When Josephus speaks of Hillel's great-grandson, Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel I, as belonging to a very celebrated family, he probably refers to the glory the family owed to the activity of Hillel and Rabban Gamaliel Hazaken. Only Hillel's brother Shebna is mentioned; he was a merchant, whereas Hillel devoted himself to studying the Torah whilst also working as a woodcutter.Hillel lived in Jerusalem during the time of King Herod and the Roman emperor Augustus. In the Midrash compilation Sifre, the periods of Hillel's life are made parallel to those in the life of Moses. At the age of forty Hillel went to the Land of Israel; forty years he spent in study; and the last third of his life he was the spiritual head of the Jewish people. A biographical sketch can be constructed; that Hillel went to Jerusalem in the prime of his life and attained a great age. His 40 years of leadership likely covered the period of 30 BCE to 10 CE.
According to the Mishnah, Hillel went to Jerusalem with the intention of studying biblical exposition and tradition at the age of 40 in 70 BCE. The difficulties Hillel had to overcome to gain admittance to the school of Sh'maya and Abtalion, and the hardships he suffered while pursuing his aim, are told in the Talmud. Some time later, Hillel succeeded in settling a question concerning the sacrificial ritual in a manner that showed his superiority over the Bnei Bathyra, who were at that time the heads of the Sanhedrin. On that occasion, it is narrated, they voluntarily resigned their position as Nasi (President) in favor of Hillel. After their resignation, Hillel was recognized as the highest authority among the Pharisees (predecessors to Rabbinic Judaism). Hillel was the head of the great school, associated at first with Menahem the Essene (who might be the same Menahem the Essene as the one mentioned by Flavius Josephus in relation to King Herod), and later with Shammai (Hillel's peer in the teaching of Jewish Law).
According to the Jerusalem Talmud (Nedarim 5:6), Hillel the Elder had eighty pairs of disciples, the greatest of whom being Jonathan ben Uzziel, while the least of whom was Yohanan ben Zakkai.Whatever Hillel's position, his authority was sufficient to introduce those decrees handed down in his name. The most famous of his enactments was the Prozbul, an institution that, in spite of the law concerning cancellation of debts in the Sabbatical year ensured the repayment of loans. The motive for this institution was the "repair of the world", i.e., of the social order, because this legal innovation protected both the creditor against the loss of his property, and the needy against being refused the loan of money for fear of loss. A similar tendency is found in another of Hillel's institutions, having reference to the sale of houses. These two are the only institutions handed down in Hillel's name, although the words that introduce the prozbul show that there were others. Hillel's judicial activity may be inferred from the decision by which he confirmed the legitimacy of some Alexandrians whose origin was disputed, by interpreting the marriage document (ketubah) of their mother in her favor. No other official acts are mentioned in the sources.
According to the Midrash Hillel lived to be 120 years old, like Moses, Yohanan ben Zakkai, and Rabbi Akiva.
Notable sayings
Several of Hillel's teachings are explained by comparison to what his adversary Shammai taught on the same subject.
Some of Hillel the Elder's teachings remain commonly known. However, at least two other notable Hillels came after him, and some scholars have suggested that some sayings attributed to "Hillel" may have originated from them.The saying of Hillel that introduces the collection of his maxims in the Mishnaic treatise Pirkei Avot mentions Aaron HaKohen (the high priest) as the great model to be imitated in his love of peace, in his love for his fellow man, and in his leading mankind to a knowledge of the Law (Pirkei Avoth 1:12). In mentioning these characteristics, which the aggadah attributes to Moses' brother, Hillel stated his own prominent virtues. He considered "love of his fellow man" the kernel of Jewish teaching.
The Oral Law
A gentile came to Shammai and asked how many Torahs there were. Shammai answered "two": the written Torah and the Oral Torah. The gentile did not believe him and asked to be converted on condition he only had to learn the written Torah. Shammai sent him away. The gentile went to Hillel who converted him and then started teaching him the Torah(s). He started with teaching him the Hebrew alphabet: the first letter is "aleph", the next letter is "bet", etc. The next day, Hillel taught him: the first letter is "tav", the next letter is "shin", etc. (the alphabet backwards). The convert said that this was different to what he had been taught the previous day. Hillel replied that in the same way you need an oral teaching to learn the written alphabet, so you need an oral explanation to understand the written Torah
Similarities to the Golden Rule
The comparative response to the challenge of a prospective convert who asked that the Torah be explained to him while he stood on one foot, illustrates the character differences between Shammai and Hillel. Shammai dismissed the man. Hillel responded to the man: "What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow: this is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn." This rule is sometimes compared to the Christian Golden Rule, abeit in the negative.
Love of peace
The exhortation to love peace emanated from Hillel's most characteristic traits—from that proverbial meekness and mildness—as in the saying: "Let a man be always humble and patient like Hillel, and not passionate like Shammai". Hillel's gentleness and patience are illustrated in an anecdote that describes how two men made a bet on the question of whether Hillel could be made angry. Though they questioned him and made insulting allusions to his Babylonian origin, they were unsuccessful.
Obligations to self and others
From the doctrine of man's likeness to God, Hillel deduced man's duty to care for his own body. According to Midrash Leviticus rabbah he said "As in a theater and circus the statues of the king must be kept clean by him to whom they have been entrusted, so the bathing of the body is a duty of man, who was created in the image of the almighty King of the world." In this work, Hillel calls his soul a guest upon earth, toward which he must fulfill the duties of charity.
In Avot, Hillel stated "If I am not for myself, who is for me? And being for my own self, what am 'I'? And if not now, when?" The third part contains the admonition to postpone no duty, the same admonition he gave with reference to study: "Say not, 'When I have free time I shall study'; for you may perhaps never have any free time."The precept that one should not separate oneself from the community, Hillel paraphrases (referencing Ecclesiastes 3:4) in the following saying: "Appear neither naked nor clothed, neither sitting nor standing, neither laughing nor weeping." Man should not appear different from others in his outward deportment; he should always regard himself as a part of the whole, thereby showing that love of man Hillel taught. The feeling of love for one's neighbor shows itself also in his exhortation (Avot 2:4).
How far his love of man went may be seen from an example that shows that benevolence must be given with regard to the needs of the poor. Thus, Hillel provided a riding horse to a man of good family who became poor, in order that he not be deprived of his customary physical exercise; he also gave him a slave, that he might be served.
Other maxims
"Do not separate yourself from the community; do not believe in yourself until the day you die; do not judge your fellow until you have reached their place; do not say something inappropriate, for it will then be appropriated; and do not say, 'When I am free I will study,' for perhaps you will not become free."
"Whosoever destroys one soul, it is as though he had destroyed the entire world. And whosoever saves a life, it is as though he had saved the entire world."
"A name gained is a name lost."
"Where there are no men, strive to be a man!"
"My humiliation is my exaltation; my exaltation is my humiliation."
The study of Torah
The many anecdotes according to which Hillel made proselytes, correspond to the third part of his maxim: "Bring men to the Law." A later source (Avot of Rabbi Nathan) gives the following explanation of the teaching: Hillel stood in the gate of Jerusalem one day and saw the people on their way to work. "How much," he asked, "will you earn to-day?" One said: "A denarius"; the second: "Two denarii." "What will you do with the money?" he inquired. "We will provide for the necessities of life." Then said he to them: "Would you not rather come and make the Torah your possession, that you may possess both this and the future world?"
This narrative has the same points as the epigrammatic group of Hillel's sayings (Avot 2:7) commencing: "The more flesh, the more worms," and closing with the words: "Whoever has acquired the words of the Law has acquired the life of the world to come." In an Aramaic saying Hillel sounds a warning against neglect of study or its abuse for selfish purposes: "Whoever would make a name (i.e. glory) loses the name; he who increases not [his knowledge] decreases; whoever learns not [in Avot of Rabbi Nathan 12: "who does not serve the wise and learn"] is worthy of death; whoever exploits for his own use the crown (of Torah) perishes" (Avot 1:13).
Halachic teachings
Only a few halachic decisions have been handed down under Hillel's name; but there can be no doubt that much of the oldest anonymous traditional literature was due directly to him or to the teachings of his masters. The fixation of the hermeneutical norms for Midrash and halakhic scripture exposition was first made by Hillel, in the "seven rules of Hillel," which, as is told in one source, he applied on the day on which he overcame the Bnei Bathyra. On these seven rules rest the thirteen of R. Ishmael; they were epoch-making for the systematic development of the ancient Scripture exposition.
Hillel's influence: "House of Hillel" vs. "House of Shammai"
Hillel's disciples are generally called the "House of Hillel", in contrast to Shammai's disciples, the "House of Shammai". Their controversies concern all branches of the Jewish law.
Hillel's sandwich
During the Passover Seder (the annual commemoration of the Exodus from Egypt), one re-enacts ancient customs in the Haggadah. In the section of Korech, or 'sandwich', participants are instructed to place bitter herbs between two pieces of matzo and eat them after saying in Hebrew: This is a remembrance of Hillel in Temple times—This is what Hillel did when the Temple existed: He enwrapped the Paschal lamb, the matzo and the bitter herbs to eat them as one, in fulfillment of the verse, "with matzot and maror they shall eat it."(Numbers 9:11). This sandwich apparently refers to traditional soft matzot rather than modern crisp matzot, and so would have borne a striking resemblance to a modern shawarma.In modern times, when there is no paschal lamb, the Babylonian Talmud requires the practice of emulating Hillel's example by making a sandwich of matzo and maror (the "bitter herbs": either lettuce, endive, or horseradish). The maror, if lettuce or endive, is dipped in the meal's traditional charoset (a finely chopped sweet mixture of fruits and nuts; among Ashkenazi Jews it is typically made of apples, walnuts, red wine, cinnamon, and honey) just before the sandwich is made. In Ashkenazi families where grated horseradish is used for the maror instead of lettuce or endive, the maror cannot be dipped in the charoset, so it is the custom to spread the bottom piece of matzah with horseradish maror, cover it with a pile of charoset, and top it with another piece of matzah to make a hot-sweet sandwich.
In contemporary culture
Hillel's reputation is such that his influence extends beyond Judaism and has entered into popular culture.
Beginning in the late 1940s, soap-maker Emanuel Bronner (February 1, 1908 – March 7, 1997), a German-Jewish immigrant to the United States, featured the maxims of Hillel on millions of product labels. He referred to these as "Rabbi Hillel's Moral ABC." The label texts were later collected into a self-published book titled The Moral ABC I & II by Dr. Emmanuel Bronner. On page 23, Bronner wrote, "Rabbi Hillel taught Jesus to unite the whole human race in our Eternal Father's great, All-One-God-Faith." On page 39, he stated that "Small minds discuss people. Average minds discuss events. Great minds teach Rabbi Hillel's Moral ABC." These references to 'Rabbi' Hillel remain in print in the book and on the million more soap labels manufactured since Dr. Bronner's death.
In The Chosen Image: Television's Portrayal of Jewish Themes and Characters by Jonathan Pearl and Judith Pearl (MacFarland, 2005), the authors mention "episodes of [the 1960s series] 'Have Gun – Will Travel' [in which] Paladin, the program's erudite gunslinger [...] employs an adage from the sage Hillel"—and they continue by noting that "Rabbi Hillel's popularity as disseminator of wisdom extended to a 1973 episode of 'Medical Center,' where series star Dr. Gannon appears to be an admirer of him as well"
In a National Public Radio transcript of a broadcast called "Modern Lessons From Hillel," which originally aired on the news show All Things Considered with co-hosts Melissa Block and Robert Siegel on September 7, 2010, Siegel said: "Well, I mentioned something that a great Jewish sage, Rabbi Hillel, said not long before the time of Jesus. A man asked Rabbi Hillel to teach him the entire Torah, the five books of Moses, while standing on one foot. ..."
In The Jewish Story Finder: A Guide to 668 Tales Listing Subjects and Sources by Sharon Barcan Elswit (McFarland, 2012), the famous story of the man who stands on one foot is told, including this passage, "The man then goes to the great Rabbi Hillel. He tells Hillel that he does not have much time. ... Rabbi Hillel replies ..."
In "Do Justly, Love Mercy, and Walk Humbly with God," Dale Gunnar Renlund of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, spoke about Hillel the Elder to a worldwide audience in a live broadcast of General Conference in October 2020: "The importance of not mistreating others is highlighted in an anecdote about Hillel the Elder, a Jewish scholar who lived in the first century before Christ. One of Hillel's students was exasperated by the complexity of the Torah—the five books of Moses with their 613 commandments and associated rabbinic writings. The student challenged Hillel to explain the Torah using only the time that Hillel could stand on one foot. Hillel may not have had great balance but accepted the challenge. He quoted from Leviticus, saying, "Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself." Hillel then concluded: "That which is hateful unto you, do not do to your neighbor. This is the whole of the Torah; the rest is commentary. Go forth and study."
In Episode 5 of the Christian television drama The Chosen, Hillel's phrase "If not now, when?" is a key line exchanged between Jesus and Mary. In the second season, Pharisees Yanni and Shmuel discuss the politics of the Sanhedrin, which they see as dividable into two schools of thought: The School of Hillel and the School of Shammai.
Hillel's maxim "If not now, when?" features prominently in Robin Hood (2018 film). It is repeated several times throughout the film and appears on a title card afterwards (without citation).
See also
Pharisees
Prozbul
Simeon ben Hillel
Notes
References
Sources
Hertz, J. H. (1936). The Pentateuch and Haftoras. Deuteronomy. London: Oxford University Press.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Schechter, Solomon; Bacher, Wilhelm (1901–1906). "Hillel". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
External links
"Hillel: Foundations of Rabbinic Culture," Video Lecture by Dr. Henry Abramson
Jewish Encyclopedia: Hillel
Jewish Encyclopedia: Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai
Texts on Wikisource:
"Hillel". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Hillel". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Hillel". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
"Hillel". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
"Hillel the Elder". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
Mishnah
|
place of death
|
{
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Hillel (Hebrew: הִלֵּל Hīllēl; variously called Hillel the Elder, Hillel the Great, or Hillel the Babylonian; died c. 10 CE) was a Jewish religious leader, sage and scholar associated with the development of the Mishnah and the Talmud and the founder of the House of Hillel school of tannaim. He was active during the end of the first century BCE and the beginning of the first century CE.He is popularly known as the author of two sayings:
(1) "If I am not for myself, who will be for me? And being for myself, what am I? And if not now, when?";
(2) "That which is hateful to you, do not do unto your fellow. That is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn."
Biography
Hillel was born in Babylon. According to the Talmud, he descended from the Tribe of Benjamin on his father's side, and from the family of David on his mother's side.When Josephus speaks of Hillel's great-grandson, Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel I, as belonging to a very celebrated family, he probably refers to the glory the family owed to the activity of Hillel and Rabban Gamaliel Hazaken. Only Hillel's brother Shebna is mentioned; he was a merchant, whereas Hillel devoted himself to studying the Torah whilst also working as a woodcutter.Hillel lived in Jerusalem during the time of King Herod and the Roman emperor Augustus. In the Midrash compilation Sifre, the periods of Hillel's life are made parallel to those in the life of Moses. At the age of forty Hillel went to the Land of Israel; forty years he spent in study; and the last third of his life he was the spiritual head of the Jewish people. A biographical sketch can be constructed; that Hillel went to Jerusalem in the prime of his life and attained a great age. His 40 years of leadership likely covered the period of 30 BCE to 10 CE.
According to the Mishnah, Hillel went to Jerusalem with the intention of studying biblical exposition and tradition at the age of 40 in 70 BCE. The difficulties Hillel had to overcome to gain admittance to the school of Sh'maya and Abtalion, and the hardships he suffered while pursuing his aim, are told in the Talmud. Some time later, Hillel succeeded in settling a question concerning the sacrificial ritual in a manner that showed his superiority over the Bnei Bathyra, who were at that time the heads of the Sanhedrin. On that occasion, it is narrated, they voluntarily resigned their position as Nasi (President) in favor of Hillel. After their resignation, Hillel was recognized as the highest authority among the Pharisees (predecessors to Rabbinic Judaism). Hillel was the head of the great school, associated at first with Menahem the Essene (who might be the same Menahem the Essene as the one mentioned by Flavius Josephus in relation to King Herod), and later with Shammai (Hillel's peer in the teaching of Jewish Law).
According to the Jerusalem Talmud (Nedarim 5:6), Hillel the Elder had eighty pairs of disciples, the greatest of whom being Jonathan ben Uzziel, while the least of whom was Yohanan ben Zakkai.Whatever Hillel's position, his authority was sufficient to introduce those decrees handed down in his name. The most famous of his enactments was the Prozbul, an institution that, in spite of the law concerning cancellation of debts in the Sabbatical year ensured the repayment of loans. The motive for this institution was the "repair of the world", i.e., of the social order, because this legal innovation protected both the creditor against the loss of his property, and the needy against being refused the loan of money for fear of loss. A similar tendency is found in another of Hillel's institutions, having reference to the sale of houses. These two are the only institutions handed down in Hillel's name, although the words that introduce the prozbul show that there were others. Hillel's judicial activity may be inferred from the decision by which he confirmed the legitimacy of some Alexandrians whose origin was disputed, by interpreting the marriage document (ketubah) of their mother in her favor. No other official acts are mentioned in the sources.
According to the Midrash Hillel lived to be 120 years old, like Moses, Yohanan ben Zakkai, and Rabbi Akiva.
Notable sayings
Several of Hillel's teachings are explained by comparison to what his adversary Shammai taught on the same subject.
Some of Hillel the Elder's teachings remain commonly known. However, at least two other notable Hillels came after him, and some scholars have suggested that some sayings attributed to "Hillel" may have originated from them.The saying of Hillel that introduces the collection of his maxims in the Mishnaic treatise Pirkei Avot mentions Aaron HaKohen (the high priest) as the great model to be imitated in his love of peace, in his love for his fellow man, and in his leading mankind to a knowledge of the Law (Pirkei Avoth 1:12). In mentioning these characteristics, which the aggadah attributes to Moses' brother, Hillel stated his own prominent virtues. He considered "love of his fellow man" the kernel of Jewish teaching.
The Oral Law
A gentile came to Shammai and asked how many Torahs there were. Shammai answered "two": the written Torah and the Oral Torah. The gentile did not believe him and asked to be converted on condition he only had to learn the written Torah. Shammai sent him away. The gentile went to Hillel who converted him and then started teaching him the Torah(s). He started with teaching him the Hebrew alphabet: the first letter is "aleph", the next letter is "bet", etc. The next day, Hillel taught him: the first letter is "tav", the next letter is "shin", etc. (the alphabet backwards). The convert said that this was different to what he had been taught the previous day. Hillel replied that in the same way you need an oral teaching to learn the written alphabet, so you need an oral explanation to understand the written Torah
Similarities to the Golden Rule
The comparative response to the challenge of a prospective convert who asked that the Torah be explained to him while he stood on one foot, illustrates the character differences between Shammai and Hillel. Shammai dismissed the man. Hillel responded to the man: "What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow: this is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn." This rule is sometimes compared to the Christian Golden Rule, abeit in the negative.
Love of peace
The exhortation to love peace emanated from Hillel's most characteristic traits—from that proverbial meekness and mildness—as in the saying: "Let a man be always humble and patient like Hillel, and not passionate like Shammai". Hillel's gentleness and patience are illustrated in an anecdote that describes how two men made a bet on the question of whether Hillel could be made angry. Though they questioned him and made insulting allusions to his Babylonian origin, they were unsuccessful.
Obligations to self and others
From the doctrine of man's likeness to God, Hillel deduced man's duty to care for his own body. According to Midrash Leviticus rabbah he said "As in a theater and circus the statues of the king must be kept clean by him to whom they have been entrusted, so the bathing of the body is a duty of man, who was created in the image of the almighty King of the world." In this work, Hillel calls his soul a guest upon earth, toward which he must fulfill the duties of charity.
In Avot, Hillel stated "If I am not for myself, who is for me? And being for my own self, what am 'I'? And if not now, when?" The third part contains the admonition to postpone no duty, the same admonition he gave with reference to study: "Say not, 'When I have free time I shall study'; for you may perhaps never have any free time."The precept that one should not separate oneself from the community, Hillel paraphrases (referencing Ecclesiastes 3:4) in the following saying: "Appear neither naked nor clothed, neither sitting nor standing, neither laughing nor weeping." Man should not appear different from others in his outward deportment; he should always regard himself as a part of the whole, thereby showing that love of man Hillel taught. The feeling of love for one's neighbor shows itself also in his exhortation (Avot 2:4).
How far his love of man went may be seen from an example that shows that benevolence must be given with regard to the needs of the poor. Thus, Hillel provided a riding horse to a man of good family who became poor, in order that he not be deprived of his customary physical exercise; he also gave him a slave, that he might be served.
Other maxims
"Do not separate yourself from the community; do not believe in yourself until the day you die; do not judge your fellow until you have reached their place; do not say something inappropriate, for it will then be appropriated; and do not say, 'When I am free I will study,' for perhaps you will not become free."
"Whosoever destroys one soul, it is as though he had destroyed the entire world. And whosoever saves a life, it is as though he had saved the entire world."
"A name gained is a name lost."
"Where there are no men, strive to be a man!"
"My humiliation is my exaltation; my exaltation is my humiliation."
The study of Torah
The many anecdotes according to which Hillel made proselytes, correspond to the third part of his maxim: "Bring men to the Law." A later source (Avot of Rabbi Nathan) gives the following explanation of the teaching: Hillel stood in the gate of Jerusalem one day and saw the people on their way to work. "How much," he asked, "will you earn to-day?" One said: "A denarius"; the second: "Two denarii." "What will you do with the money?" he inquired. "We will provide for the necessities of life." Then said he to them: "Would you not rather come and make the Torah your possession, that you may possess both this and the future world?"
This narrative has the same points as the epigrammatic group of Hillel's sayings (Avot 2:7) commencing: "The more flesh, the more worms," and closing with the words: "Whoever has acquired the words of the Law has acquired the life of the world to come." In an Aramaic saying Hillel sounds a warning against neglect of study or its abuse for selfish purposes: "Whoever would make a name (i.e. glory) loses the name; he who increases not [his knowledge] decreases; whoever learns not [in Avot of Rabbi Nathan 12: "who does not serve the wise and learn"] is worthy of death; whoever exploits for his own use the crown (of Torah) perishes" (Avot 1:13).
Halachic teachings
Only a few halachic decisions have been handed down under Hillel's name; but there can be no doubt that much of the oldest anonymous traditional literature was due directly to him or to the teachings of his masters. The fixation of the hermeneutical norms for Midrash and halakhic scripture exposition was first made by Hillel, in the "seven rules of Hillel," which, as is told in one source, he applied on the day on which he overcame the Bnei Bathyra. On these seven rules rest the thirteen of R. Ishmael; they were epoch-making for the systematic development of the ancient Scripture exposition.
Hillel's influence: "House of Hillel" vs. "House of Shammai"
Hillel's disciples are generally called the "House of Hillel", in contrast to Shammai's disciples, the "House of Shammai". Their controversies concern all branches of the Jewish law.
Hillel's sandwich
During the Passover Seder (the annual commemoration of the Exodus from Egypt), one re-enacts ancient customs in the Haggadah. In the section of Korech, or 'sandwich', participants are instructed to place bitter herbs between two pieces of matzo and eat them after saying in Hebrew: This is a remembrance of Hillel in Temple times—This is what Hillel did when the Temple existed: He enwrapped the Paschal lamb, the matzo and the bitter herbs to eat them as one, in fulfillment of the verse, "with matzot and maror they shall eat it."(Numbers 9:11). This sandwich apparently refers to traditional soft matzot rather than modern crisp matzot, and so would have borne a striking resemblance to a modern shawarma.In modern times, when there is no paschal lamb, the Babylonian Talmud requires the practice of emulating Hillel's example by making a sandwich of matzo and maror (the "bitter herbs": either lettuce, endive, or horseradish). The maror, if lettuce or endive, is dipped in the meal's traditional charoset (a finely chopped sweet mixture of fruits and nuts; among Ashkenazi Jews it is typically made of apples, walnuts, red wine, cinnamon, and honey) just before the sandwich is made. In Ashkenazi families where grated horseradish is used for the maror instead of lettuce or endive, the maror cannot be dipped in the charoset, so it is the custom to spread the bottom piece of matzah with horseradish maror, cover it with a pile of charoset, and top it with another piece of matzah to make a hot-sweet sandwich.
In contemporary culture
Hillel's reputation is such that his influence extends beyond Judaism and has entered into popular culture.
Beginning in the late 1940s, soap-maker Emanuel Bronner (February 1, 1908 – March 7, 1997), a German-Jewish immigrant to the United States, featured the maxims of Hillel on millions of product labels. He referred to these as "Rabbi Hillel's Moral ABC." The label texts were later collected into a self-published book titled The Moral ABC I & II by Dr. Emmanuel Bronner. On page 23, Bronner wrote, "Rabbi Hillel taught Jesus to unite the whole human race in our Eternal Father's great, All-One-God-Faith." On page 39, he stated that "Small minds discuss people. Average minds discuss events. Great minds teach Rabbi Hillel's Moral ABC." These references to 'Rabbi' Hillel remain in print in the book and on the million more soap labels manufactured since Dr. Bronner's death.
In The Chosen Image: Television's Portrayal of Jewish Themes and Characters by Jonathan Pearl and Judith Pearl (MacFarland, 2005), the authors mention "episodes of [the 1960s series] 'Have Gun – Will Travel' [in which] Paladin, the program's erudite gunslinger [...] employs an adage from the sage Hillel"—and they continue by noting that "Rabbi Hillel's popularity as disseminator of wisdom extended to a 1973 episode of 'Medical Center,' where series star Dr. Gannon appears to be an admirer of him as well"
In a National Public Radio transcript of a broadcast called "Modern Lessons From Hillel," which originally aired on the news show All Things Considered with co-hosts Melissa Block and Robert Siegel on September 7, 2010, Siegel said: "Well, I mentioned something that a great Jewish sage, Rabbi Hillel, said not long before the time of Jesus. A man asked Rabbi Hillel to teach him the entire Torah, the five books of Moses, while standing on one foot. ..."
In The Jewish Story Finder: A Guide to 668 Tales Listing Subjects and Sources by Sharon Barcan Elswit (McFarland, 2012), the famous story of the man who stands on one foot is told, including this passage, "The man then goes to the great Rabbi Hillel. He tells Hillel that he does not have much time. ... Rabbi Hillel replies ..."
In "Do Justly, Love Mercy, and Walk Humbly with God," Dale Gunnar Renlund of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, spoke about Hillel the Elder to a worldwide audience in a live broadcast of General Conference in October 2020: "The importance of not mistreating others is highlighted in an anecdote about Hillel the Elder, a Jewish scholar who lived in the first century before Christ. One of Hillel's students was exasperated by the complexity of the Torah—the five books of Moses with their 613 commandments and associated rabbinic writings. The student challenged Hillel to explain the Torah using only the time that Hillel could stand on one foot. Hillel may not have had great balance but accepted the challenge. He quoted from Leviticus, saying, "Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself." Hillel then concluded: "That which is hateful unto you, do not do to your neighbor. This is the whole of the Torah; the rest is commentary. Go forth and study."
In Episode 5 of the Christian television drama The Chosen, Hillel's phrase "If not now, when?" is a key line exchanged between Jesus and Mary. In the second season, Pharisees Yanni and Shmuel discuss the politics of the Sanhedrin, which they see as dividable into two schools of thought: The School of Hillel and the School of Shammai.
Hillel's maxim "If not now, when?" features prominently in Robin Hood (2018 film). It is repeated several times throughout the film and appears on a title card afterwards (without citation).
See also
Pharisees
Prozbul
Simeon ben Hillel
Notes
References
Sources
Hertz, J. H. (1936). The Pentateuch and Haftoras. Deuteronomy. London: Oxford University Press.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Schechter, Solomon; Bacher, Wilhelm (1901–1906). "Hillel". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
External links
"Hillel: Foundations of Rabbinic Culture," Video Lecture by Dr. Henry Abramson
Jewish Encyclopedia: Hillel
Jewish Encyclopedia: Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai
Texts on Wikisource:
"Hillel". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Hillel". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Hillel". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
"Hillel". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
"Hillel the Elder". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
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Hillel (Hebrew: הִלֵּל Hīllēl; variously called Hillel the Elder, Hillel the Great, or Hillel the Babylonian; died c. 10 CE) was a Jewish religious leader, sage and scholar associated with the development of the Mishnah and the Talmud and the founder of the House of Hillel school of tannaim. He was active during the end of the first century BCE and the beginning of the first century CE.He is popularly known as the author of two sayings:
(1) "If I am not for myself, who will be for me? And being for myself, what am I? And if not now, when?";
(2) "That which is hateful to you, do not do unto your fellow. That is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn."
Biography
Hillel was born in Babylon. According to the Talmud, he descended from the Tribe of Benjamin on his father's side, and from the family of David on his mother's side.When Josephus speaks of Hillel's great-grandson, Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel I, as belonging to a very celebrated family, he probably refers to the glory the family owed to the activity of Hillel and Rabban Gamaliel Hazaken. Only Hillel's brother Shebna is mentioned; he was a merchant, whereas Hillel devoted himself to studying the Torah whilst also working as a woodcutter.Hillel lived in Jerusalem during the time of King Herod and the Roman emperor Augustus. In the Midrash compilation Sifre, the periods of Hillel's life are made parallel to those in the life of Moses. At the age of forty Hillel went to the Land of Israel; forty years he spent in study; and the last third of his life he was the spiritual head of the Jewish people. A biographical sketch can be constructed; that Hillel went to Jerusalem in the prime of his life and attained a great age. His 40 years of leadership likely covered the period of 30 BCE to 10 CE.
According to the Mishnah, Hillel went to Jerusalem with the intention of studying biblical exposition and tradition at the age of 40 in 70 BCE. The difficulties Hillel had to overcome to gain admittance to the school of Sh'maya and Abtalion, and the hardships he suffered while pursuing his aim, are told in the Talmud. Some time later, Hillel succeeded in settling a question concerning the sacrificial ritual in a manner that showed his superiority over the Bnei Bathyra, who were at that time the heads of the Sanhedrin. On that occasion, it is narrated, they voluntarily resigned their position as Nasi (President) in favor of Hillel. After their resignation, Hillel was recognized as the highest authority among the Pharisees (predecessors to Rabbinic Judaism). Hillel was the head of the great school, associated at first with Menahem the Essene (who might be the same Menahem the Essene as the one mentioned by Flavius Josephus in relation to King Herod), and later with Shammai (Hillel's peer in the teaching of Jewish Law).
According to the Jerusalem Talmud (Nedarim 5:6), Hillel the Elder had eighty pairs of disciples, the greatest of whom being Jonathan ben Uzziel, while the least of whom was Yohanan ben Zakkai.Whatever Hillel's position, his authority was sufficient to introduce those decrees handed down in his name. The most famous of his enactments was the Prozbul, an institution that, in spite of the law concerning cancellation of debts in the Sabbatical year ensured the repayment of loans. The motive for this institution was the "repair of the world", i.e., of the social order, because this legal innovation protected both the creditor against the loss of his property, and the needy against being refused the loan of money for fear of loss. A similar tendency is found in another of Hillel's institutions, having reference to the sale of houses. These two are the only institutions handed down in Hillel's name, although the words that introduce the prozbul show that there were others. Hillel's judicial activity may be inferred from the decision by which he confirmed the legitimacy of some Alexandrians whose origin was disputed, by interpreting the marriage document (ketubah) of their mother in her favor. No other official acts are mentioned in the sources.
According to the Midrash Hillel lived to be 120 years old, like Moses, Yohanan ben Zakkai, and Rabbi Akiva.
Notable sayings
Several of Hillel's teachings are explained by comparison to what his adversary Shammai taught on the same subject.
Some of Hillel the Elder's teachings remain commonly known. However, at least two other notable Hillels came after him, and some scholars have suggested that some sayings attributed to "Hillel" may have originated from them.The saying of Hillel that introduces the collection of his maxims in the Mishnaic treatise Pirkei Avot mentions Aaron HaKohen (the high priest) as the great model to be imitated in his love of peace, in his love for his fellow man, and in his leading mankind to a knowledge of the Law (Pirkei Avoth 1:12). In mentioning these characteristics, which the aggadah attributes to Moses' brother, Hillel stated his own prominent virtues. He considered "love of his fellow man" the kernel of Jewish teaching.
The Oral Law
A gentile came to Shammai and asked how many Torahs there were. Shammai answered "two": the written Torah and the Oral Torah. The gentile did not believe him and asked to be converted on condition he only had to learn the written Torah. Shammai sent him away. The gentile went to Hillel who converted him and then started teaching him the Torah(s). He started with teaching him the Hebrew alphabet: the first letter is "aleph", the next letter is "bet", etc. The next day, Hillel taught him: the first letter is "tav", the next letter is "shin", etc. (the alphabet backwards). The convert said that this was different to what he had been taught the previous day. Hillel replied that in the same way you need an oral teaching to learn the written alphabet, so you need an oral explanation to understand the written Torah
Similarities to the Golden Rule
The comparative response to the challenge of a prospective convert who asked that the Torah be explained to him while he stood on one foot, illustrates the character differences between Shammai and Hillel. Shammai dismissed the man. Hillel responded to the man: "What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow: this is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn." This rule is sometimes compared to the Christian Golden Rule, abeit in the negative.
Love of peace
The exhortation to love peace emanated from Hillel's most characteristic traits—from that proverbial meekness and mildness—as in the saying: "Let a man be always humble and patient like Hillel, and not passionate like Shammai". Hillel's gentleness and patience are illustrated in an anecdote that describes how two men made a bet on the question of whether Hillel could be made angry. Though they questioned him and made insulting allusions to his Babylonian origin, they were unsuccessful.
Obligations to self and others
From the doctrine of man's likeness to God, Hillel deduced man's duty to care for his own body. According to Midrash Leviticus rabbah he said "As in a theater and circus the statues of the king must be kept clean by him to whom they have been entrusted, so the bathing of the body is a duty of man, who was created in the image of the almighty King of the world." In this work, Hillel calls his soul a guest upon earth, toward which he must fulfill the duties of charity.
In Avot, Hillel stated "If I am not for myself, who is for me? And being for my own self, what am 'I'? And if not now, when?" The third part contains the admonition to postpone no duty, the same admonition he gave with reference to study: "Say not, 'When I have free time I shall study'; for you may perhaps never have any free time."The precept that one should not separate oneself from the community, Hillel paraphrases (referencing Ecclesiastes 3:4) in the following saying: "Appear neither naked nor clothed, neither sitting nor standing, neither laughing nor weeping." Man should not appear different from others in his outward deportment; he should always regard himself as a part of the whole, thereby showing that love of man Hillel taught. The feeling of love for one's neighbor shows itself also in his exhortation (Avot 2:4).
How far his love of man went may be seen from an example that shows that benevolence must be given with regard to the needs of the poor. Thus, Hillel provided a riding horse to a man of good family who became poor, in order that he not be deprived of his customary physical exercise; he also gave him a slave, that he might be served.
Other maxims
"Do not separate yourself from the community; do not believe in yourself until the day you die; do not judge your fellow until you have reached their place; do not say something inappropriate, for it will then be appropriated; and do not say, 'When I am free I will study,' for perhaps you will not become free."
"Whosoever destroys one soul, it is as though he had destroyed the entire world. And whosoever saves a life, it is as though he had saved the entire world."
"A name gained is a name lost."
"Where there are no men, strive to be a man!"
"My humiliation is my exaltation; my exaltation is my humiliation."
The study of Torah
The many anecdotes according to which Hillel made proselytes, correspond to the third part of his maxim: "Bring men to the Law." A later source (Avot of Rabbi Nathan) gives the following explanation of the teaching: Hillel stood in the gate of Jerusalem one day and saw the people on their way to work. "How much," he asked, "will you earn to-day?" One said: "A denarius"; the second: "Two denarii." "What will you do with the money?" he inquired. "We will provide for the necessities of life." Then said he to them: "Would you not rather come and make the Torah your possession, that you may possess both this and the future world?"
This narrative has the same points as the epigrammatic group of Hillel's sayings (Avot 2:7) commencing: "The more flesh, the more worms," and closing with the words: "Whoever has acquired the words of the Law has acquired the life of the world to come." In an Aramaic saying Hillel sounds a warning against neglect of study or its abuse for selfish purposes: "Whoever would make a name (i.e. glory) loses the name; he who increases not [his knowledge] decreases; whoever learns not [in Avot of Rabbi Nathan 12: "who does not serve the wise and learn"] is worthy of death; whoever exploits for his own use the crown (of Torah) perishes" (Avot 1:13).
Halachic teachings
Only a few halachic decisions have been handed down under Hillel's name; but there can be no doubt that much of the oldest anonymous traditional literature was due directly to him or to the teachings of his masters. The fixation of the hermeneutical norms for Midrash and halakhic scripture exposition was first made by Hillel, in the "seven rules of Hillel," which, as is told in one source, he applied on the day on which he overcame the Bnei Bathyra. On these seven rules rest the thirteen of R. Ishmael; they were epoch-making for the systematic development of the ancient Scripture exposition.
Hillel's influence: "House of Hillel" vs. "House of Shammai"
Hillel's disciples are generally called the "House of Hillel", in contrast to Shammai's disciples, the "House of Shammai". Their controversies concern all branches of the Jewish law.
Hillel's sandwich
During the Passover Seder (the annual commemoration of the Exodus from Egypt), one re-enacts ancient customs in the Haggadah. In the section of Korech, or 'sandwich', participants are instructed to place bitter herbs between two pieces of matzo and eat them after saying in Hebrew: This is a remembrance of Hillel in Temple times—This is what Hillel did when the Temple existed: He enwrapped the Paschal lamb, the matzo and the bitter herbs to eat them as one, in fulfillment of the verse, "with matzot and maror they shall eat it."(Numbers 9:11). This sandwich apparently refers to traditional soft matzot rather than modern crisp matzot, and so would have borne a striking resemblance to a modern shawarma.In modern times, when there is no paschal lamb, the Babylonian Talmud requires the practice of emulating Hillel's example by making a sandwich of matzo and maror (the "bitter herbs": either lettuce, endive, or horseradish). The maror, if lettuce or endive, is dipped in the meal's traditional charoset (a finely chopped sweet mixture of fruits and nuts; among Ashkenazi Jews it is typically made of apples, walnuts, red wine, cinnamon, and honey) just before the sandwich is made. In Ashkenazi families where grated horseradish is used for the maror instead of lettuce or endive, the maror cannot be dipped in the charoset, so it is the custom to spread the bottom piece of matzah with horseradish maror, cover it with a pile of charoset, and top it with another piece of matzah to make a hot-sweet sandwich.
In contemporary culture
Hillel's reputation is such that his influence extends beyond Judaism and has entered into popular culture.
Beginning in the late 1940s, soap-maker Emanuel Bronner (February 1, 1908 – March 7, 1997), a German-Jewish immigrant to the United States, featured the maxims of Hillel on millions of product labels. He referred to these as "Rabbi Hillel's Moral ABC." The label texts were later collected into a self-published book titled The Moral ABC I & II by Dr. Emmanuel Bronner. On page 23, Bronner wrote, "Rabbi Hillel taught Jesus to unite the whole human race in our Eternal Father's great, All-One-God-Faith." On page 39, he stated that "Small minds discuss people. Average minds discuss events. Great minds teach Rabbi Hillel's Moral ABC." These references to 'Rabbi' Hillel remain in print in the book and on the million more soap labels manufactured since Dr. Bronner's death.
In The Chosen Image: Television's Portrayal of Jewish Themes and Characters by Jonathan Pearl and Judith Pearl (MacFarland, 2005), the authors mention "episodes of [the 1960s series] 'Have Gun – Will Travel' [in which] Paladin, the program's erudite gunslinger [...] employs an adage from the sage Hillel"—and they continue by noting that "Rabbi Hillel's popularity as disseminator of wisdom extended to a 1973 episode of 'Medical Center,' where series star Dr. Gannon appears to be an admirer of him as well"
In a National Public Radio transcript of a broadcast called "Modern Lessons From Hillel," which originally aired on the news show All Things Considered with co-hosts Melissa Block and Robert Siegel on September 7, 2010, Siegel said: "Well, I mentioned something that a great Jewish sage, Rabbi Hillel, said not long before the time of Jesus. A man asked Rabbi Hillel to teach him the entire Torah, the five books of Moses, while standing on one foot. ..."
In The Jewish Story Finder: A Guide to 668 Tales Listing Subjects and Sources by Sharon Barcan Elswit (McFarland, 2012), the famous story of the man who stands on one foot is told, including this passage, "The man then goes to the great Rabbi Hillel. He tells Hillel that he does not have much time. ... Rabbi Hillel replies ..."
In "Do Justly, Love Mercy, and Walk Humbly with God," Dale Gunnar Renlund of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, spoke about Hillel the Elder to a worldwide audience in a live broadcast of General Conference in October 2020: "The importance of not mistreating others is highlighted in an anecdote about Hillel the Elder, a Jewish scholar who lived in the first century before Christ. One of Hillel's students was exasperated by the complexity of the Torah—the five books of Moses with their 613 commandments and associated rabbinic writings. The student challenged Hillel to explain the Torah using only the time that Hillel could stand on one foot. Hillel may not have had great balance but accepted the challenge. He quoted from Leviticus, saying, "Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself." Hillel then concluded: "That which is hateful unto you, do not do to your neighbor. This is the whole of the Torah; the rest is commentary. Go forth and study."
In Episode 5 of the Christian television drama The Chosen, Hillel's phrase "If not now, when?" is a key line exchanged between Jesus and Mary. In the second season, Pharisees Yanni and Shmuel discuss the politics of the Sanhedrin, which they see as dividable into two schools of thought: The School of Hillel and the School of Shammai.
Hillel's maxim "If not now, when?" features prominently in Robin Hood (2018 film). It is repeated several times throughout the film and appears on a title card afterwards (without citation).
See also
Pharisees
Prozbul
Simeon ben Hillel
Notes
References
Sources
Hertz, J. H. (1936). The Pentateuch and Haftoras. Deuteronomy. London: Oxford University Press.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Schechter, Solomon; Bacher, Wilhelm (1901–1906). "Hillel". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
External links
"Hillel: Foundations of Rabbinic Culture," Video Lecture by Dr. Henry Abramson
Jewish Encyclopedia: Hillel
Jewish Encyclopedia: Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai
Texts on Wikisource:
"Hillel". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Hillel". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Hillel". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
"Hillel". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
"Hillel the Elder". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
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Hillel (Hebrew: הִלֵּל Hīllēl; variously called Hillel the Elder, Hillel the Great, or Hillel the Babylonian; died c. 10 CE) was a Jewish religious leader, sage and scholar associated with the development of the Mishnah and the Talmud and the founder of the House of Hillel school of tannaim. He was active during the end of the first century BCE and the beginning of the first century CE.He is popularly known as the author of two sayings:
(1) "If I am not for myself, who will be for me? And being for myself, what am I? And if not now, when?";
(2) "That which is hateful to you, do not do unto your fellow. That is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn."
Biography
Hillel was born in Babylon. According to the Talmud, he descended from the Tribe of Benjamin on his father's side, and from the family of David on his mother's side.When Josephus speaks of Hillel's great-grandson, Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel I, as belonging to a very celebrated family, he probably refers to the glory the family owed to the activity of Hillel and Rabban Gamaliel Hazaken. Only Hillel's brother Shebna is mentioned; he was a merchant, whereas Hillel devoted himself to studying the Torah whilst also working as a woodcutter.Hillel lived in Jerusalem during the time of King Herod and the Roman emperor Augustus. In the Midrash compilation Sifre, the periods of Hillel's life are made parallel to those in the life of Moses. At the age of forty Hillel went to the Land of Israel; forty years he spent in study; and the last third of his life he was the spiritual head of the Jewish people. A biographical sketch can be constructed; that Hillel went to Jerusalem in the prime of his life and attained a great age. His 40 years of leadership likely covered the period of 30 BCE to 10 CE.
According to the Mishnah, Hillel went to Jerusalem with the intention of studying biblical exposition and tradition at the age of 40 in 70 BCE. The difficulties Hillel had to overcome to gain admittance to the school of Sh'maya and Abtalion, and the hardships he suffered while pursuing his aim, are told in the Talmud. Some time later, Hillel succeeded in settling a question concerning the sacrificial ritual in a manner that showed his superiority over the Bnei Bathyra, who were at that time the heads of the Sanhedrin. On that occasion, it is narrated, they voluntarily resigned their position as Nasi (President) in favor of Hillel. After their resignation, Hillel was recognized as the highest authority among the Pharisees (predecessors to Rabbinic Judaism). Hillel was the head of the great school, associated at first with Menahem the Essene (who might be the same Menahem the Essene as the one mentioned by Flavius Josephus in relation to King Herod), and later with Shammai (Hillel's peer in the teaching of Jewish Law).
According to the Jerusalem Talmud (Nedarim 5:6), Hillel the Elder had eighty pairs of disciples, the greatest of whom being Jonathan ben Uzziel, while the least of whom was Yohanan ben Zakkai.Whatever Hillel's position, his authority was sufficient to introduce those decrees handed down in his name. The most famous of his enactments was the Prozbul, an institution that, in spite of the law concerning cancellation of debts in the Sabbatical year ensured the repayment of loans. The motive for this institution was the "repair of the world", i.e., of the social order, because this legal innovation protected both the creditor against the loss of his property, and the needy against being refused the loan of money for fear of loss. A similar tendency is found in another of Hillel's institutions, having reference to the sale of houses. These two are the only institutions handed down in Hillel's name, although the words that introduce the prozbul show that there were others. Hillel's judicial activity may be inferred from the decision by which he confirmed the legitimacy of some Alexandrians whose origin was disputed, by interpreting the marriage document (ketubah) of their mother in her favor. No other official acts are mentioned in the sources.
According to the Midrash Hillel lived to be 120 years old, like Moses, Yohanan ben Zakkai, and Rabbi Akiva.
Notable sayings
Several of Hillel's teachings are explained by comparison to what his adversary Shammai taught on the same subject.
Some of Hillel the Elder's teachings remain commonly known. However, at least two other notable Hillels came after him, and some scholars have suggested that some sayings attributed to "Hillel" may have originated from them.The saying of Hillel that introduces the collection of his maxims in the Mishnaic treatise Pirkei Avot mentions Aaron HaKohen (the high priest) as the great model to be imitated in his love of peace, in his love for his fellow man, and in his leading mankind to a knowledge of the Law (Pirkei Avoth 1:12). In mentioning these characteristics, which the aggadah attributes to Moses' brother, Hillel stated his own prominent virtues. He considered "love of his fellow man" the kernel of Jewish teaching.
The Oral Law
A gentile came to Shammai and asked how many Torahs there were. Shammai answered "two": the written Torah and the Oral Torah. The gentile did not believe him and asked to be converted on condition he only had to learn the written Torah. Shammai sent him away. The gentile went to Hillel who converted him and then started teaching him the Torah(s). He started with teaching him the Hebrew alphabet: the first letter is "aleph", the next letter is "bet", etc. The next day, Hillel taught him: the first letter is "tav", the next letter is "shin", etc. (the alphabet backwards). The convert said that this was different to what he had been taught the previous day. Hillel replied that in the same way you need an oral teaching to learn the written alphabet, so you need an oral explanation to understand the written Torah
Similarities to the Golden Rule
The comparative response to the challenge of a prospective convert who asked that the Torah be explained to him while he stood on one foot, illustrates the character differences between Shammai and Hillel. Shammai dismissed the man. Hillel responded to the man: "What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow: this is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn." This rule is sometimes compared to the Christian Golden Rule, abeit in the negative.
Love of peace
The exhortation to love peace emanated from Hillel's most characteristic traits—from that proverbial meekness and mildness—as in the saying: "Let a man be always humble and patient like Hillel, and not passionate like Shammai". Hillel's gentleness and patience are illustrated in an anecdote that describes how two men made a bet on the question of whether Hillel could be made angry. Though they questioned him and made insulting allusions to his Babylonian origin, they were unsuccessful.
Obligations to self and others
From the doctrine of man's likeness to God, Hillel deduced man's duty to care for his own body. According to Midrash Leviticus rabbah he said "As in a theater and circus the statues of the king must be kept clean by him to whom they have been entrusted, so the bathing of the body is a duty of man, who was created in the image of the almighty King of the world." In this work, Hillel calls his soul a guest upon earth, toward which he must fulfill the duties of charity.
In Avot, Hillel stated "If I am not for myself, who is for me? And being for my own self, what am 'I'? And if not now, when?" The third part contains the admonition to postpone no duty, the same admonition he gave with reference to study: "Say not, 'When I have free time I shall study'; for you may perhaps never have any free time."The precept that one should not separate oneself from the community, Hillel paraphrases (referencing Ecclesiastes 3:4) in the following saying: "Appear neither naked nor clothed, neither sitting nor standing, neither laughing nor weeping." Man should not appear different from others in his outward deportment; he should always regard himself as a part of the whole, thereby showing that love of man Hillel taught. The feeling of love for one's neighbor shows itself also in his exhortation (Avot 2:4).
How far his love of man went may be seen from an example that shows that benevolence must be given with regard to the needs of the poor. Thus, Hillel provided a riding horse to a man of good family who became poor, in order that he not be deprived of his customary physical exercise; he also gave him a slave, that he might be served.
Other maxims
"Do not separate yourself from the community; do not believe in yourself until the day you die; do not judge your fellow until you have reached their place; do not say something inappropriate, for it will then be appropriated; and do not say, 'When I am free I will study,' for perhaps you will not become free."
"Whosoever destroys one soul, it is as though he had destroyed the entire world. And whosoever saves a life, it is as though he had saved the entire world."
"A name gained is a name lost."
"Where there are no men, strive to be a man!"
"My humiliation is my exaltation; my exaltation is my humiliation."
The study of Torah
The many anecdotes according to which Hillel made proselytes, correspond to the third part of his maxim: "Bring men to the Law." A later source (Avot of Rabbi Nathan) gives the following explanation of the teaching: Hillel stood in the gate of Jerusalem one day and saw the people on their way to work. "How much," he asked, "will you earn to-day?" One said: "A denarius"; the second: "Two denarii." "What will you do with the money?" he inquired. "We will provide for the necessities of life." Then said he to them: "Would you not rather come and make the Torah your possession, that you may possess both this and the future world?"
This narrative has the same points as the epigrammatic group of Hillel's sayings (Avot 2:7) commencing: "The more flesh, the more worms," and closing with the words: "Whoever has acquired the words of the Law has acquired the life of the world to come." In an Aramaic saying Hillel sounds a warning against neglect of study or its abuse for selfish purposes: "Whoever would make a name (i.e. glory) loses the name; he who increases not [his knowledge] decreases; whoever learns not [in Avot of Rabbi Nathan 12: "who does not serve the wise and learn"] is worthy of death; whoever exploits for his own use the crown (of Torah) perishes" (Avot 1:13).
Halachic teachings
Only a few halachic decisions have been handed down under Hillel's name; but there can be no doubt that much of the oldest anonymous traditional literature was due directly to him or to the teachings of his masters. The fixation of the hermeneutical norms for Midrash and halakhic scripture exposition was first made by Hillel, in the "seven rules of Hillel," which, as is told in one source, he applied on the day on which he overcame the Bnei Bathyra. On these seven rules rest the thirteen of R. Ishmael; they were epoch-making for the systematic development of the ancient Scripture exposition.
Hillel's influence: "House of Hillel" vs. "House of Shammai"
Hillel's disciples are generally called the "House of Hillel", in contrast to Shammai's disciples, the "House of Shammai". Their controversies concern all branches of the Jewish law.
Hillel's sandwich
During the Passover Seder (the annual commemoration of the Exodus from Egypt), one re-enacts ancient customs in the Haggadah. In the section of Korech, or 'sandwich', participants are instructed to place bitter herbs between two pieces of matzo and eat them after saying in Hebrew: This is a remembrance of Hillel in Temple times—This is what Hillel did when the Temple existed: He enwrapped the Paschal lamb, the matzo and the bitter herbs to eat them as one, in fulfillment of the verse, "with matzot and maror they shall eat it."(Numbers 9:11). This sandwich apparently refers to traditional soft matzot rather than modern crisp matzot, and so would have borne a striking resemblance to a modern shawarma.In modern times, when there is no paschal lamb, the Babylonian Talmud requires the practice of emulating Hillel's example by making a sandwich of matzo and maror (the "bitter herbs": either lettuce, endive, or horseradish). The maror, if lettuce or endive, is dipped in the meal's traditional charoset (a finely chopped sweet mixture of fruits and nuts; among Ashkenazi Jews it is typically made of apples, walnuts, red wine, cinnamon, and honey) just before the sandwich is made. In Ashkenazi families where grated horseradish is used for the maror instead of lettuce or endive, the maror cannot be dipped in the charoset, so it is the custom to spread the bottom piece of matzah with horseradish maror, cover it with a pile of charoset, and top it with another piece of matzah to make a hot-sweet sandwich.
In contemporary culture
Hillel's reputation is such that his influence extends beyond Judaism and has entered into popular culture.
Beginning in the late 1940s, soap-maker Emanuel Bronner (February 1, 1908 – March 7, 1997), a German-Jewish immigrant to the United States, featured the maxims of Hillel on millions of product labels. He referred to these as "Rabbi Hillel's Moral ABC." The label texts were later collected into a self-published book titled The Moral ABC I & II by Dr. Emmanuel Bronner. On page 23, Bronner wrote, "Rabbi Hillel taught Jesus to unite the whole human race in our Eternal Father's great, All-One-God-Faith." On page 39, he stated that "Small minds discuss people. Average minds discuss events. Great minds teach Rabbi Hillel's Moral ABC." These references to 'Rabbi' Hillel remain in print in the book and on the million more soap labels manufactured since Dr. Bronner's death.
In The Chosen Image: Television's Portrayal of Jewish Themes and Characters by Jonathan Pearl and Judith Pearl (MacFarland, 2005), the authors mention "episodes of [the 1960s series] 'Have Gun – Will Travel' [in which] Paladin, the program's erudite gunslinger [...] employs an adage from the sage Hillel"—and they continue by noting that "Rabbi Hillel's popularity as disseminator of wisdom extended to a 1973 episode of 'Medical Center,' where series star Dr. Gannon appears to be an admirer of him as well"
In a National Public Radio transcript of a broadcast called "Modern Lessons From Hillel," which originally aired on the news show All Things Considered with co-hosts Melissa Block and Robert Siegel on September 7, 2010, Siegel said: "Well, I mentioned something that a great Jewish sage, Rabbi Hillel, said not long before the time of Jesus. A man asked Rabbi Hillel to teach him the entire Torah, the five books of Moses, while standing on one foot. ..."
In The Jewish Story Finder: A Guide to 668 Tales Listing Subjects and Sources by Sharon Barcan Elswit (McFarland, 2012), the famous story of the man who stands on one foot is told, including this passage, "The man then goes to the great Rabbi Hillel. He tells Hillel that he does not have much time. ... Rabbi Hillel replies ..."
In "Do Justly, Love Mercy, and Walk Humbly with God," Dale Gunnar Renlund of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, spoke about Hillel the Elder to a worldwide audience in a live broadcast of General Conference in October 2020: "The importance of not mistreating others is highlighted in an anecdote about Hillel the Elder, a Jewish scholar who lived in the first century before Christ. One of Hillel's students was exasperated by the complexity of the Torah—the five books of Moses with their 613 commandments and associated rabbinic writings. The student challenged Hillel to explain the Torah using only the time that Hillel could stand on one foot. Hillel may not have had great balance but accepted the challenge. He quoted from Leviticus, saying, "Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself." Hillel then concluded: "That which is hateful unto you, do not do to your neighbor. This is the whole of the Torah; the rest is commentary. Go forth and study."
In Episode 5 of the Christian television drama The Chosen, Hillel's phrase "If not now, when?" is a key line exchanged between Jesus and Mary. In the second season, Pharisees Yanni and Shmuel discuss the politics of the Sanhedrin, which they see as dividable into two schools of thought: The School of Hillel and the School of Shammai.
Hillel's maxim "If not now, when?" features prominently in Robin Hood (2018 film). It is repeated several times throughout the film and appears on a title card afterwards (without citation).
See also
Pharisees
Prozbul
Simeon ben Hillel
Notes
References
Sources
Hertz, J. H. (1936). The Pentateuch and Haftoras. Deuteronomy. London: Oxford University Press.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Schechter, Solomon; Bacher, Wilhelm (1901–1906). "Hillel". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
External links
"Hillel: Foundations of Rabbinic Culture," Video Lecture by Dr. Henry Abramson
Jewish Encyclopedia: Hillel
Jewish Encyclopedia: Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai
Texts on Wikisource:
"Hillel". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Hillel". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Hillel". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
"Hillel". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
"Hillel the Elder". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
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Hillel (Hebrew: הִלֵּל Hīllēl; variously called Hillel the Elder, Hillel the Great, or Hillel the Babylonian; died c. 10 CE) was a Jewish religious leader, sage and scholar associated with the development of the Mishnah and the Talmud and the founder of the House of Hillel school of tannaim. He was active during the end of the first century BCE and the beginning of the first century CE.He is popularly known as the author of two sayings:
(1) "If I am not for myself, who will be for me? And being for myself, what am I? And if not now, when?";
(2) "That which is hateful to you, do not do unto your fellow. That is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn."
Biography
Hillel was born in Babylon. According to the Talmud, he descended from the Tribe of Benjamin on his father's side, and from the family of David on his mother's side.When Josephus speaks of Hillel's great-grandson, Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel I, as belonging to a very celebrated family, he probably refers to the glory the family owed to the activity of Hillel and Rabban Gamaliel Hazaken. Only Hillel's brother Shebna is mentioned; he was a merchant, whereas Hillel devoted himself to studying the Torah whilst also working as a woodcutter.Hillel lived in Jerusalem during the time of King Herod and the Roman emperor Augustus. In the Midrash compilation Sifre, the periods of Hillel's life are made parallel to those in the life of Moses. At the age of forty Hillel went to the Land of Israel; forty years he spent in study; and the last third of his life he was the spiritual head of the Jewish people. A biographical sketch can be constructed; that Hillel went to Jerusalem in the prime of his life and attained a great age. His 40 years of leadership likely covered the period of 30 BCE to 10 CE.
According to the Mishnah, Hillel went to Jerusalem with the intention of studying biblical exposition and tradition at the age of 40 in 70 BCE. The difficulties Hillel had to overcome to gain admittance to the school of Sh'maya and Abtalion, and the hardships he suffered while pursuing his aim, are told in the Talmud. Some time later, Hillel succeeded in settling a question concerning the sacrificial ritual in a manner that showed his superiority over the Bnei Bathyra, who were at that time the heads of the Sanhedrin. On that occasion, it is narrated, they voluntarily resigned their position as Nasi (President) in favor of Hillel. After their resignation, Hillel was recognized as the highest authority among the Pharisees (predecessors to Rabbinic Judaism). Hillel was the head of the great school, associated at first with Menahem the Essene (who might be the same Menahem the Essene as the one mentioned by Flavius Josephus in relation to King Herod), and later with Shammai (Hillel's peer in the teaching of Jewish Law).
According to the Jerusalem Talmud (Nedarim 5:6), Hillel the Elder had eighty pairs of disciples, the greatest of whom being Jonathan ben Uzziel, while the least of whom was Yohanan ben Zakkai.Whatever Hillel's position, his authority was sufficient to introduce those decrees handed down in his name. The most famous of his enactments was the Prozbul, an institution that, in spite of the law concerning cancellation of debts in the Sabbatical year ensured the repayment of loans. The motive for this institution was the "repair of the world", i.e., of the social order, because this legal innovation protected both the creditor against the loss of his property, and the needy against being refused the loan of money for fear of loss. A similar tendency is found in another of Hillel's institutions, having reference to the sale of houses. These two are the only institutions handed down in Hillel's name, although the words that introduce the prozbul show that there were others. Hillel's judicial activity may be inferred from the decision by which he confirmed the legitimacy of some Alexandrians whose origin was disputed, by interpreting the marriage document (ketubah) of their mother in her favor. No other official acts are mentioned in the sources.
According to the Midrash Hillel lived to be 120 years old, like Moses, Yohanan ben Zakkai, and Rabbi Akiva.
Notable sayings
Several of Hillel's teachings are explained by comparison to what his adversary Shammai taught on the same subject.
Some of Hillel the Elder's teachings remain commonly known. However, at least two other notable Hillels came after him, and some scholars have suggested that some sayings attributed to "Hillel" may have originated from them.The saying of Hillel that introduces the collection of his maxims in the Mishnaic treatise Pirkei Avot mentions Aaron HaKohen (the high priest) as the great model to be imitated in his love of peace, in his love for his fellow man, and in his leading mankind to a knowledge of the Law (Pirkei Avoth 1:12). In mentioning these characteristics, which the aggadah attributes to Moses' brother, Hillel stated his own prominent virtues. He considered "love of his fellow man" the kernel of Jewish teaching.
The Oral Law
A gentile came to Shammai and asked how many Torahs there were. Shammai answered "two": the written Torah and the Oral Torah. The gentile did not believe him and asked to be converted on condition he only had to learn the written Torah. Shammai sent him away. The gentile went to Hillel who converted him and then started teaching him the Torah(s). He started with teaching him the Hebrew alphabet: the first letter is "aleph", the next letter is "bet", etc. The next day, Hillel taught him: the first letter is "tav", the next letter is "shin", etc. (the alphabet backwards). The convert said that this was different to what he had been taught the previous day. Hillel replied that in the same way you need an oral teaching to learn the written alphabet, so you need an oral explanation to understand the written Torah
Similarities to the Golden Rule
The comparative response to the challenge of a prospective convert who asked that the Torah be explained to him while he stood on one foot, illustrates the character differences between Shammai and Hillel. Shammai dismissed the man. Hillel responded to the man: "What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow: this is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn." This rule is sometimes compared to the Christian Golden Rule, abeit in the negative.
Love of peace
The exhortation to love peace emanated from Hillel's most characteristic traits—from that proverbial meekness and mildness—as in the saying: "Let a man be always humble and patient like Hillel, and not passionate like Shammai". Hillel's gentleness and patience are illustrated in an anecdote that describes how two men made a bet on the question of whether Hillel could be made angry. Though they questioned him and made insulting allusions to his Babylonian origin, they were unsuccessful.
Obligations to self and others
From the doctrine of man's likeness to God, Hillel deduced man's duty to care for his own body. According to Midrash Leviticus rabbah he said "As in a theater and circus the statues of the king must be kept clean by him to whom they have been entrusted, so the bathing of the body is a duty of man, who was created in the image of the almighty King of the world." In this work, Hillel calls his soul a guest upon earth, toward which he must fulfill the duties of charity.
In Avot, Hillel stated "If I am not for myself, who is for me? And being for my own self, what am 'I'? And if not now, when?" The third part contains the admonition to postpone no duty, the same admonition he gave with reference to study: "Say not, 'When I have free time I shall study'; for you may perhaps never have any free time."The precept that one should not separate oneself from the community, Hillel paraphrases (referencing Ecclesiastes 3:4) in the following saying: "Appear neither naked nor clothed, neither sitting nor standing, neither laughing nor weeping." Man should not appear different from others in his outward deportment; he should always regard himself as a part of the whole, thereby showing that love of man Hillel taught. The feeling of love for one's neighbor shows itself also in his exhortation (Avot 2:4).
How far his love of man went may be seen from an example that shows that benevolence must be given with regard to the needs of the poor. Thus, Hillel provided a riding horse to a man of good family who became poor, in order that he not be deprived of his customary physical exercise; he also gave him a slave, that he might be served.
Other maxims
"Do not separate yourself from the community; do not believe in yourself until the day you die; do not judge your fellow until you have reached their place; do not say something inappropriate, for it will then be appropriated; and do not say, 'When I am free I will study,' for perhaps you will not become free."
"Whosoever destroys one soul, it is as though he had destroyed the entire world. And whosoever saves a life, it is as though he had saved the entire world."
"A name gained is a name lost."
"Where there are no men, strive to be a man!"
"My humiliation is my exaltation; my exaltation is my humiliation."
The study of Torah
The many anecdotes according to which Hillel made proselytes, correspond to the third part of his maxim: "Bring men to the Law." A later source (Avot of Rabbi Nathan) gives the following explanation of the teaching: Hillel stood in the gate of Jerusalem one day and saw the people on their way to work. "How much," he asked, "will you earn to-day?" One said: "A denarius"; the second: "Two denarii." "What will you do with the money?" he inquired. "We will provide for the necessities of life." Then said he to them: "Would you not rather come and make the Torah your possession, that you may possess both this and the future world?"
This narrative has the same points as the epigrammatic group of Hillel's sayings (Avot 2:7) commencing: "The more flesh, the more worms," and closing with the words: "Whoever has acquired the words of the Law has acquired the life of the world to come." In an Aramaic saying Hillel sounds a warning against neglect of study or its abuse for selfish purposes: "Whoever would make a name (i.e. glory) loses the name; he who increases not [his knowledge] decreases; whoever learns not [in Avot of Rabbi Nathan 12: "who does not serve the wise and learn"] is worthy of death; whoever exploits for his own use the crown (of Torah) perishes" (Avot 1:13).
Halachic teachings
Only a few halachic decisions have been handed down under Hillel's name; but there can be no doubt that much of the oldest anonymous traditional literature was due directly to him or to the teachings of his masters. The fixation of the hermeneutical norms for Midrash and halakhic scripture exposition was first made by Hillel, in the "seven rules of Hillel," which, as is told in one source, he applied on the day on which he overcame the Bnei Bathyra. On these seven rules rest the thirteen of R. Ishmael; they were epoch-making for the systematic development of the ancient Scripture exposition.
Hillel's influence: "House of Hillel" vs. "House of Shammai"
Hillel's disciples are generally called the "House of Hillel", in contrast to Shammai's disciples, the "House of Shammai". Their controversies concern all branches of the Jewish law.
Hillel's sandwich
During the Passover Seder (the annual commemoration of the Exodus from Egypt), one re-enacts ancient customs in the Haggadah. In the section of Korech, or 'sandwich', participants are instructed to place bitter herbs between two pieces of matzo and eat them after saying in Hebrew: This is a remembrance of Hillel in Temple times—This is what Hillel did when the Temple existed: He enwrapped the Paschal lamb, the matzo and the bitter herbs to eat them as one, in fulfillment of the verse, "with matzot and maror they shall eat it."(Numbers 9:11). This sandwich apparently refers to traditional soft matzot rather than modern crisp matzot, and so would have borne a striking resemblance to a modern shawarma.In modern times, when there is no paschal lamb, the Babylonian Talmud requires the practice of emulating Hillel's example by making a sandwich of matzo and maror (the "bitter herbs": either lettuce, endive, or horseradish). The maror, if lettuce or endive, is dipped in the meal's traditional charoset (a finely chopped sweet mixture of fruits and nuts; among Ashkenazi Jews it is typically made of apples, walnuts, red wine, cinnamon, and honey) just before the sandwich is made. In Ashkenazi families where grated horseradish is used for the maror instead of lettuce or endive, the maror cannot be dipped in the charoset, so it is the custom to spread the bottom piece of matzah with horseradish maror, cover it with a pile of charoset, and top it with another piece of matzah to make a hot-sweet sandwich.
In contemporary culture
Hillel's reputation is such that his influence extends beyond Judaism and has entered into popular culture.
Beginning in the late 1940s, soap-maker Emanuel Bronner (February 1, 1908 – March 7, 1997), a German-Jewish immigrant to the United States, featured the maxims of Hillel on millions of product labels. He referred to these as "Rabbi Hillel's Moral ABC." The label texts were later collected into a self-published book titled The Moral ABC I & II by Dr. Emmanuel Bronner. On page 23, Bronner wrote, "Rabbi Hillel taught Jesus to unite the whole human race in our Eternal Father's great, All-One-God-Faith." On page 39, he stated that "Small minds discuss people. Average minds discuss events. Great minds teach Rabbi Hillel's Moral ABC." These references to 'Rabbi' Hillel remain in print in the book and on the million more soap labels manufactured since Dr. Bronner's death.
In The Chosen Image: Television's Portrayal of Jewish Themes and Characters by Jonathan Pearl and Judith Pearl (MacFarland, 2005), the authors mention "episodes of [the 1960s series] 'Have Gun – Will Travel' [in which] Paladin, the program's erudite gunslinger [...] employs an adage from the sage Hillel"—and they continue by noting that "Rabbi Hillel's popularity as disseminator of wisdom extended to a 1973 episode of 'Medical Center,' where series star Dr. Gannon appears to be an admirer of him as well"
In a National Public Radio transcript of a broadcast called "Modern Lessons From Hillel," which originally aired on the news show All Things Considered with co-hosts Melissa Block and Robert Siegel on September 7, 2010, Siegel said: "Well, I mentioned something that a great Jewish sage, Rabbi Hillel, said not long before the time of Jesus. A man asked Rabbi Hillel to teach him the entire Torah, the five books of Moses, while standing on one foot. ..."
In The Jewish Story Finder: A Guide to 668 Tales Listing Subjects and Sources by Sharon Barcan Elswit (McFarland, 2012), the famous story of the man who stands on one foot is told, including this passage, "The man then goes to the great Rabbi Hillel. He tells Hillel that he does not have much time. ... Rabbi Hillel replies ..."
In "Do Justly, Love Mercy, and Walk Humbly with God," Dale Gunnar Renlund of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, spoke about Hillel the Elder to a worldwide audience in a live broadcast of General Conference in October 2020: "The importance of not mistreating others is highlighted in an anecdote about Hillel the Elder, a Jewish scholar who lived in the first century before Christ. One of Hillel's students was exasperated by the complexity of the Torah—the five books of Moses with their 613 commandments and associated rabbinic writings. The student challenged Hillel to explain the Torah using only the time that Hillel could stand on one foot. Hillel may not have had great balance but accepted the challenge. He quoted from Leviticus, saying, "Thou shalt not avenge, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself." Hillel then concluded: "That which is hateful unto you, do not do to your neighbor. This is the whole of the Torah; the rest is commentary. Go forth and study."
In Episode 5 of the Christian television drama The Chosen, Hillel's phrase "If not now, when?" is a key line exchanged between Jesus and Mary. In the second season, Pharisees Yanni and Shmuel discuss the politics of the Sanhedrin, which they see as dividable into two schools of thought: The School of Hillel and the School of Shammai.
Hillel's maxim "If not now, when?" features prominently in Robin Hood (2018 film). It is repeated several times throughout the film and appears on a title card afterwards (without citation).
See also
Pharisees
Prozbul
Simeon ben Hillel
Notes
References
Sources
Hertz, J. H. (1936). The Pentateuch and Haftoras. Deuteronomy. London: Oxford University Press.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Schechter, Solomon; Bacher, Wilhelm (1901–1906). "Hillel". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
External links
"Hillel: Foundations of Rabbinic Culture," Video Lecture by Dr. Henry Abramson
Jewish Encyclopedia: Hillel
Jewish Encyclopedia: Bet Hillel and Bet Shammai
Texts on Wikisource:
"Hillel". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
"Hillel". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Hillel". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
"Hillel". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.
"Hillel the Elder". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
Mishnah
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