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Kasia Redisz is a Polish art historian, curator and museum director. She is the artistic director of KANAL - Centre Pompidou.
Early life and education
Redzisz received an MA in Art History at the University of Warsaw in 2007.
Career
From 2010 to 2015, Redisz worked as an assistant curator at the Tate Modern. In 2014, she became senior curator of Tate Liverpool. She was a curator at Warsaw’s Museum of Modern Art from 2005 to 2007, and the director of the Open Arts Project from 2008 to 2015. As an independent curator, she curated the inaugural exhibition Women Looking at Men Looking at Women of Muzeum Susch in 2019. With Mihnea Mircan, she is the co-curator of the 4th Art Encounters Biennial, Timisoara.In 2023, Redzisz was part of the jury that awarded the 2024 Preis der Nationalgalerie to Pan Daijing, Daniel Lie, Hanne Lippard and James Richards.
== References ==
|
employer
|
{
"answer_start": [
299
],
"text": [
"Tate Modern"
]
}
|
Kasia Redisz is a Polish art historian, curator and museum director. She is the artistic director of KANAL - Centre Pompidou.
Early life and education
Redzisz received an MA in Art History at the University of Warsaw in 2007.
Career
From 2010 to 2015, Redisz worked as an assistant curator at the Tate Modern. In 2014, she became senior curator of Tate Liverpool. She was a curator at Warsaw’s Museum of Modern Art from 2005 to 2007, and the director of the Open Arts Project from 2008 to 2015. As an independent curator, she curated the inaugural exhibition Women Looking at Men Looking at Women of Muzeum Susch in 2019. With Mihnea Mircan, she is the co-curator of the 4th Art Encounters Biennial, Timisoara.In 2023, Redzisz was part of the jury that awarded the 2024 Preis der Nationalgalerie to Pan Daijing, Daniel Lie, Hanne Lippard and James Richards.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
152
],
"text": [
"Redzisz"
]
}
|
Kasia Redisz is a Polish art historian, curator and museum director. She is the artistic director of KANAL - Centre Pompidou.
Early life and education
Redzisz received an MA in Art History at the University of Warsaw in 2007.
Career
From 2010 to 2015, Redisz worked as an assistant curator at the Tate Modern. In 2014, she became senior curator of Tate Liverpool. She was a curator at Warsaw’s Museum of Modern Art from 2005 to 2007, and the director of the Open Arts Project from 2008 to 2015. As an independent curator, she curated the inaugural exhibition Women Looking at Men Looking at Women of Muzeum Susch in 2019. With Mihnea Mircan, she is the co-curator of the 4th Art Encounters Biennial, Timisoara.In 2023, Redzisz was part of the jury that awarded the 2024 Preis der Nationalgalerie to Pan Daijing, Daniel Lie, Hanne Lippard and James Richards.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Kasia"
]
}
|
Kasia Redisz is a Polish art historian, curator and museum director. She is the artistic director of KANAL - Centre Pompidou.
Early life and education
Redzisz received an MA in Art History at the University of Warsaw in 2007.
Career
From 2010 to 2015, Redisz worked as an assistant curator at the Tate Modern. In 2014, she became senior curator of Tate Liverpool. She was a curator at Warsaw’s Museum of Modern Art from 2005 to 2007, and the director of the Open Arts Project from 2008 to 2015. As an independent curator, she curated the inaugural exhibition Women Looking at Men Looking at Women of Muzeum Susch in 2019. With Mihnea Mircan, she is the co-curator of the 4th Art Encounters Biennial, Timisoara.In 2023, Redzisz was part of the jury that awarded the 2024 Preis der Nationalgalerie to Pan Daijing, Daniel Lie, Hanne Lippard and James Richards.
== References ==
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
18
],
"text": [
"Polish"
]
}
|
Alnwickhill ( (listen) AN-ik-hill) is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is on the southern edge of the city, approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) from the city centre. It neighbours the areas of Liberton and Kaimes.
The area is now primarily residential, but was the site of Backside Lee Farm until the 1970s when the land was sold to Crudens for development.
Alnwickhill Reservoir and Waterworks
The waterworks, including a covered treated water reservoir and open settling ponds, were designed in 1875 by the civil engineer James Leslie. A second covered reservoir was added in 1888 giving a total capacity of 15 million gallons. Each covered reservoir had an outlet house built in Classic style. The builder was James Young and Son. Initially, the main water source was Gladhouse Reservoir in the Moorfoot Hills and the works supplied East Edinburgh, Leith and Portobello. In 1905 the supply was supplemented by the Talla Reservoir to cope with the growing population. It was created a listed building in 1996. The waterworks were closed in 2012 on completion of new waterworks at Glencorse Reservoir. The site has been restored and developed for housing. One of the covered reservoirs remains.
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"suburb"
]
}
|
Alnwickhill ( (listen) AN-ik-hill) is a suburb of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is on the southern edge of the city, approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) from the city centre. It neighbours the areas of Liberton and Kaimes.
The area is now primarily residential, but was the site of Backside Lee Farm until the 1970s when the land was sold to Crudens for development.
Alnwickhill Reservoir and Waterworks
The waterworks, including a covered treated water reservoir and open settling ponds, were designed in 1875 by the civil engineer James Leslie. A second covered reservoir was added in 1888 giving a total capacity of 15 million gallons. Each covered reservoir had an outlet house built in Classic style. The builder was James Young and Son. Initially, the main water source was Gladhouse Reservoir in the Moorfoot Hills and the works supplied East Edinburgh, Leith and Portobello. In 1905 the supply was supplemented by the Talla Reservoir to cope with the growing population. It was created a listed building in 1996. The waterworks were closed in 2012 on completion of new waterworks at Glencorse Reservoir. The site has been restored and developed for housing. One of the covered reservoirs remains.
== References ==
|
location
|
{
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"Edinburgh"
]
}
|
The Flat Hat is the official student newspaper at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. It prints Tuesdays during the College's academic year. It began printing twice-weekly in 2007; since its inception in 1911, The Flat Hat had printed weekly. It returned to weekly printing in 2015. In fall 2020, The Flat Hat began printing biweekly due to restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The Flat Hat staff operates out of its office in William and Mary's Sadler Center.The newspaper is printed as a broadsheet. During the early 1990s, The Flat Hat was printed with a colored front page and a separate colored variety section. Today, The Flat Hat's front page and back page are generally printed in color while the inside pages are printed in black and white.
The newspaper currently supports five sections: news, sports, opinions, variety and digital media. The news section covers local and national news, focusing on events at the College. The sports section covers all William and Mary varsity athletics and profiles teams and individual players. The opinions section publishes regular op-eds and staff editorials, and prints student letters to the editor. The variety section features regular columns, including "Behind Closed Doors" (the sex column) and "Confusion Corner" (an opinion column), "Penne For Your Thoughts" (a cooking column) and "Sharps and Flats" (a music review column) along with human interest stories. The digital media section produces multimedia content in the form of videos, podcasts, graphics and photos as well as maintains the newspaper's social media presence.
In October 2007, The Flat Hat won a Pacemaker award for excellence in the category of non-daily newspaper at a four-year university. The Pacemaker is an honor in collegiate journalism, and is awarded by the Associated Collegiate Press and the Newspaper Association of America Foundation.
In 2017, The Flat Hat was recognized with a "mark of excellence" award from the Society of Professional Journalists for in-depth reporting.
History
The Flat Hat derives its name from the public nickname of the F.H.C. Society, "the Flat Hat Club"; the Society was the first collegiate secret society in the territory of the present United States of America, founded at the College in 1750. The first issue of The Flat Hat was printed on October 3, 1911.
Origins of the name, "Flat Hat"
The name can be traced back to the F.H.C. Society, a secret fraternity established at the College on November 11, 1750, and nicknamed the Flat Hat Club, whose most notable members included St. George Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, and George Wythe. As a collegiate fraternity, the Flat Hat Club was a predecessor of Phi Beta Kappa, which was founded at the College in 1776 and today is regarded as the leading academic honor society for undergraduates in the arts and sciences. According to the issue of The Flat Hat for September 28, 1928, twentieth-century members of the Flat Hat Club were directly responsible for the creation of the newspaper.The badge of the F.H.C. was circular with a Rococo rendering of the coat of arms of the Society on the reverse and "FHC" in a large monogram on the obverse; beneath were a date and motto, Nov. XI. MDCCL Stabilitas et Fides. "The motto of the Flat Hat Club, Stabilitas et Fides, has always been the motto of The Flat Hat."
Website
The Flat Hat launched their website in the fall of 2006 and is hosted by WordPress. The website is updated daily with printed articles, online blogs, videos, podcasts, photojournalism stories, and the embedded pdf of its most recent Issuu. The site attracts 4,000 unique visitors weekly. About 300 of these viewers come from Facebook posts, 200 from the mobile app "News Break," and 160 from Twitter. The Flat Hat's Facebook page and Instagram each reach 1,500 unique users weekly. The website serves content securely through Secure Sockets Layer.
Flat Hat Magazine
In November 2019, the Flat Hat Magazine published its inaugural issue. The news magazine was created to promote long-form writing and creative design that is unrealistic for a weekly newspaper and publishes semesterly with the exception of Spring 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic sent students home in early March.
Censorship
In 1945, Marilyn Kaemmerle, then editor of The Flat Hat, wrote an editorial titled "Lincoln's Job Half-Done" to commemorate the birthday of Abraham Lincoln. She encouraged the racial integration of William & Mary, citing that "the Negroes should be recognized as equals in our minds and hearts." The William & Mary Board of Visitors, the group appointed by the Commonwealth of Virginia to run the College, instructed then-president of the College John Pomfret to expel Kaemmerle. Pomfret compromised by removing Kaemmerle from The Flat Hat and asking her to sign a statement saying that the compromise was in the best interest of all concerned. Since 1945, The Flat Hat has had relative editorial control and autonomy.
In 1962, the newspaper ran an editorial criticizing College President Davis Young Paschall's decision to ban a communist speaker from campus. Paschall responded by calling then editor H. Mason Sizemore and other staff members into the Blue Room of the Wren Building and attempt to browbeat them into apologizing for the editorial.The paper has no faculty adviser. The Flat Hat is a member of the College's Publications Council, a body made up of the editors of most publications on campus, as well as a member of the college administration. The Publications Council has direct financial control over the Flat Hat.
Staff
The exact number of staff who work on The Flat Hat varies each year but generally ranges between forty-five and fifty permanent staff members (students who are listed in the staff box of each issue of the newspaper). Students with or without experience in journalism are often encouraged to join. In 2010, the newspaper began an intern program focusing on providing journalistic experiences for underclassmen at William and Mary.
Like most other collegiate student newspapers, the staff includes not only reporters and columnists but an accounting department, a copyediting section, an Ombudsman and an executive and editorial staff.
In spring 2021, The Flat Hat published its first annual diversity report which aggregates information submitted by staff members in a voluntary form. This report includes information of staff demographic percentages including but not limited to racial background, gender identity and sexual orientation.
Major stories
The Flat Hat was the first news medium, student or professional, to break the news about the Wren Cross controversy, doing so in a news brief. After the decision received more journalistic attention, The Flat Hat continued to follow the controversy, including revocation of a twelve-million-dollar donation, placement of the cross in a display case, and, ultimately, Gene Nichol's resignation of the presidency of the College (which was impelled in part by the controversy surrounding the cross in the Wren chapel controversy).
In May, 2010, The Flat Hat was the first journalistic source in Williamsburg, professional or other, to announce the election of Scott Foster to the city council governing Williamsburg. Foster was the first William and Mary student ever to be elected to the council, and he had been endorsed by the editorial board of The Flat Hat.
In 2010, The Flat Hat was the first news source to report that ESPN continued to use a William and Mary athletic emblem that had been banned by the NCAA in 2006. ESPN ultimately discontinued the use of the emblem.
Special issues
The Fat Head
On April 1 of every year, in honor of April Fool's Day, the newspaper prints The Fat Head to accompany the usual semi-weekly issue. The Fat Head is a humor issue, usually with falsified articles and satirical commentary.
Best of the Burg
Every year around mid-December, The Flat Hat prints a special edition of the newspaper titled "Best of the Burg." The "Best of the Burg" issue outlines the staff's favorite picks for several restaurants in the Williamsburg area. In recent history, consistent winners have been The Cheese Shop, Aromas and The Trellis Restaurant all located in the Merchants Square area of Colonial Williamsburg.
Notable alumni
James Comey
Ben Domenech
Mike D'Orso
Jill Ellis
David Lasky
Patton Oswalt
Amanda Petrusich
See also
List of publications at The College of William & Mary
List of student newspapers in the United States of America
References
External links
The Flat Hat
The College of William and Mary's official website
The Flat Hat Digital Archive Contains almost every issue of The Flat Hat from 1911 until the present.
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
2242
],
"text": [
"United States of America"
]
}
|
The Flat Hat is the official student newspaper at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. It prints Tuesdays during the College's academic year. It began printing twice-weekly in 2007; since its inception in 1911, The Flat Hat had printed weekly. It returned to weekly printing in 2015. In fall 2020, The Flat Hat began printing biweekly due to restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The Flat Hat staff operates out of its office in William and Mary's Sadler Center.The newspaper is printed as a broadsheet. During the early 1990s, The Flat Hat was printed with a colored front page and a separate colored variety section. Today, The Flat Hat's front page and back page are generally printed in color while the inside pages are printed in black and white.
The newspaper currently supports five sections: news, sports, opinions, variety and digital media. The news section covers local and national news, focusing on events at the College. The sports section covers all William and Mary varsity athletics and profiles teams and individual players. The opinions section publishes regular op-eds and staff editorials, and prints student letters to the editor. The variety section features regular columns, including "Behind Closed Doors" (the sex column) and "Confusion Corner" (an opinion column), "Penne For Your Thoughts" (a cooking column) and "Sharps and Flats" (a music review column) along with human interest stories. The digital media section produces multimedia content in the form of videos, podcasts, graphics and photos as well as maintains the newspaper's social media presence.
In October 2007, The Flat Hat won a Pacemaker award for excellence in the category of non-daily newspaper at a four-year university. The Pacemaker is an honor in collegiate journalism, and is awarded by the Associated Collegiate Press and the Newspaper Association of America Foundation.
In 2017, The Flat Hat was recognized with a "mark of excellence" award from the Society of Professional Journalists for in-depth reporting.
History
The Flat Hat derives its name from the public nickname of the F.H.C. Society, "the Flat Hat Club"; the Society was the first collegiate secret society in the territory of the present United States of America, founded at the College in 1750. The first issue of The Flat Hat was printed on October 3, 1911.
Origins of the name, "Flat Hat"
The name can be traced back to the F.H.C. Society, a secret fraternity established at the College on November 11, 1750, and nicknamed the Flat Hat Club, whose most notable members included St. George Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, and George Wythe. As a collegiate fraternity, the Flat Hat Club was a predecessor of Phi Beta Kappa, which was founded at the College in 1776 and today is regarded as the leading academic honor society for undergraduates in the arts and sciences. According to the issue of The Flat Hat for September 28, 1928, twentieth-century members of the Flat Hat Club were directly responsible for the creation of the newspaper.The badge of the F.H.C. was circular with a Rococo rendering of the coat of arms of the Society on the reverse and "FHC" in a large monogram on the obverse; beneath were a date and motto, Nov. XI. MDCCL Stabilitas et Fides. "The motto of the Flat Hat Club, Stabilitas et Fides, has always been the motto of The Flat Hat."
Website
The Flat Hat launched their website in the fall of 2006 and is hosted by WordPress. The website is updated daily with printed articles, online blogs, videos, podcasts, photojournalism stories, and the embedded pdf of its most recent Issuu. The site attracts 4,000 unique visitors weekly. About 300 of these viewers come from Facebook posts, 200 from the mobile app "News Break," and 160 from Twitter. The Flat Hat's Facebook page and Instagram each reach 1,500 unique users weekly. The website serves content securely through Secure Sockets Layer.
Flat Hat Magazine
In November 2019, the Flat Hat Magazine published its inaugural issue. The news magazine was created to promote long-form writing and creative design that is unrealistic for a weekly newspaper and publishes semesterly with the exception of Spring 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic sent students home in early March.
Censorship
In 1945, Marilyn Kaemmerle, then editor of The Flat Hat, wrote an editorial titled "Lincoln's Job Half-Done" to commemorate the birthday of Abraham Lincoln. She encouraged the racial integration of William & Mary, citing that "the Negroes should be recognized as equals in our minds and hearts." The William & Mary Board of Visitors, the group appointed by the Commonwealth of Virginia to run the College, instructed then-president of the College John Pomfret to expel Kaemmerle. Pomfret compromised by removing Kaemmerle from The Flat Hat and asking her to sign a statement saying that the compromise was in the best interest of all concerned. Since 1945, The Flat Hat has had relative editorial control and autonomy.
In 1962, the newspaper ran an editorial criticizing College President Davis Young Paschall's decision to ban a communist speaker from campus. Paschall responded by calling then editor H. Mason Sizemore and other staff members into the Blue Room of the Wren Building and attempt to browbeat them into apologizing for the editorial.The paper has no faculty adviser. The Flat Hat is a member of the College's Publications Council, a body made up of the editors of most publications on campus, as well as a member of the college administration. The Publications Council has direct financial control over the Flat Hat.
Staff
The exact number of staff who work on The Flat Hat varies each year but generally ranges between forty-five and fifty permanent staff members (students who are listed in the staff box of each issue of the newspaper). Students with or without experience in journalism are often encouraged to join. In 2010, the newspaper began an intern program focusing on providing journalistic experiences for underclassmen at William and Mary.
Like most other collegiate student newspapers, the staff includes not only reporters and columnists but an accounting department, a copyediting section, an Ombudsman and an executive and editorial staff.
In spring 2021, The Flat Hat published its first annual diversity report which aggregates information submitted by staff members in a voluntary form. This report includes information of staff demographic percentages including but not limited to racial background, gender identity and sexual orientation.
Major stories
The Flat Hat was the first news medium, student or professional, to break the news about the Wren Cross controversy, doing so in a news brief. After the decision received more journalistic attention, The Flat Hat continued to follow the controversy, including revocation of a twelve-million-dollar donation, placement of the cross in a display case, and, ultimately, Gene Nichol's resignation of the presidency of the College (which was impelled in part by the controversy surrounding the cross in the Wren chapel controversy).
In May, 2010, The Flat Hat was the first journalistic source in Williamsburg, professional or other, to announce the election of Scott Foster to the city council governing Williamsburg. Foster was the first William and Mary student ever to be elected to the council, and he had been endorsed by the editorial board of The Flat Hat.
In 2010, The Flat Hat was the first news source to report that ESPN continued to use a William and Mary athletic emblem that had been banned by the NCAA in 2006. ESPN ultimately discontinued the use of the emblem.
Special issues
The Fat Head
On April 1 of every year, in honor of April Fool's Day, the newspaper prints The Fat Head to accompany the usual semi-weekly issue. The Fat Head is a humor issue, usually with falsified articles and satirical commentary.
Best of the Burg
Every year around mid-December, The Flat Hat prints a special edition of the newspaper titled "Best of the Burg." The "Best of the Burg" issue outlines the staff's favorite picks for several restaurants in the Williamsburg area. In recent history, consistent winners have been The Cheese Shop, Aromas and The Trellis Restaurant all located in the Merchants Square area of Colonial Williamsburg.
Notable alumni
James Comey
Ben Domenech
Mike D'Orso
Jill Ellis
David Lasky
Patton Oswalt
Amanda Petrusich
See also
List of publications at The College of William & Mary
List of student newspapers in the United States of America
References
External links
The Flat Hat
The College of William and Mary's official website
The Flat Hat Digital Archive Contains almost every issue of The Flat Hat from 1911 until the present.
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"newspaper"
]
}
|
The Flat Hat is the official student newspaper at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. It prints Tuesdays during the College's academic year. It began printing twice-weekly in 2007; since its inception in 1911, The Flat Hat had printed weekly. It returned to weekly printing in 2015. In fall 2020, The Flat Hat began printing biweekly due to restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The Flat Hat staff operates out of its office in William and Mary's Sadler Center.The newspaper is printed as a broadsheet. During the early 1990s, The Flat Hat was printed with a colored front page and a separate colored variety section. Today, The Flat Hat's front page and back page are generally printed in color while the inside pages are printed in black and white.
The newspaper currently supports five sections: news, sports, opinions, variety and digital media. The news section covers local and national news, focusing on events at the College. The sports section covers all William and Mary varsity athletics and profiles teams and individual players. The opinions section publishes regular op-eds and staff editorials, and prints student letters to the editor. The variety section features regular columns, including "Behind Closed Doors" (the sex column) and "Confusion Corner" (an opinion column), "Penne For Your Thoughts" (a cooking column) and "Sharps and Flats" (a music review column) along with human interest stories. The digital media section produces multimedia content in the form of videos, podcasts, graphics and photos as well as maintains the newspaper's social media presence.
In October 2007, The Flat Hat won a Pacemaker award for excellence in the category of non-daily newspaper at a four-year university. The Pacemaker is an honor in collegiate journalism, and is awarded by the Associated Collegiate Press and the Newspaper Association of America Foundation.
In 2017, The Flat Hat was recognized with a "mark of excellence" award from the Society of Professional Journalists for in-depth reporting.
History
The Flat Hat derives its name from the public nickname of the F.H.C. Society, "the Flat Hat Club"; the Society was the first collegiate secret society in the territory of the present United States of America, founded at the College in 1750. The first issue of The Flat Hat was printed on October 3, 1911.
Origins of the name, "Flat Hat"
The name can be traced back to the F.H.C. Society, a secret fraternity established at the College on November 11, 1750, and nicknamed the Flat Hat Club, whose most notable members included St. George Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, and George Wythe. As a collegiate fraternity, the Flat Hat Club was a predecessor of Phi Beta Kappa, which was founded at the College in 1776 and today is regarded as the leading academic honor society for undergraduates in the arts and sciences. According to the issue of The Flat Hat for September 28, 1928, twentieth-century members of the Flat Hat Club were directly responsible for the creation of the newspaper.The badge of the F.H.C. was circular with a Rococo rendering of the coat of arms of the Society on the reverse and "FHC" in a large monogram on the obverse; beneath were a date and motto, Nov. XI. MDCCL Stabilitas et Fides. "The motto of the Flat Hat Club, Stabilitas et Fides, has always been the motto of The Flat Hat."
Website
The Flat Hat launched their website in the fall of 2006 and is hosted by WordPress. The website is updated daily with printed articles, online blogs, videos, podcasts, photojournalism stories, and the embedded pdf of its most recent Issuu. The site attracts 4,000 unique visitors weekly. About 300 of these viewers come from Facebook posts, 200 from the mobile app "News Break," and 160 from Twitter. The Flat Hat's Facebook page and Instagram each reach 1,500 unique users weekly. The website serves content securely through Secure Sockets Layer.
Flat Hat Magazine
In November 2019, the Flat Hat Magazine published its inaugural issue. The news magazine was created to promote long-form writing and creative design that is unrealistic for a weekly newspaper and publishes semesterly with the exception of Spring 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic sent students home in early March.
Censorship
In 1945, Marilyn Kaemmerle, then editor of The Flat Hat, wrote an editorial titled "Lincoln's Job Half-Done" to commemorate the birthday of Abraham Lincoln. She encouraged the racial integration of William & Mary, citing that "the Negroes should be recognized as equals in our minds and hearts." The William & Mary Board of Visitors, the group appointed by the Commonwealth of Virginia to run the College, instructed then-president of the College John Pomfret to expel Kaemmerle. Pomfret compromised by removing Kaemmerle from The Flat Hat and asking her to sign a statement saying that the compromise was in the best interest of all concerned. Since 1945, The Flat Hat has had relative editorial control and autonomy.
In 1962, the newspaper ran an editorial criticizing College President Davis Young Paschall's decision to ban a communist speaker from campus. Paschall responded by calling then editor H. Mason Sizemore and other staff members into the Blue Room of the Wren Building and attempt to browbeat them into apologizing for the editorial.The paper has no faculty adviser. The Flat Hat is a member of the College's Publications Council, a body made up of the editors of most publications on campus, as well as a member of the college administration. The Publications Council has direct financial control over the Flat Hat.
Staff
The exact number of staff who work on The Flat Hat varies each year but generally ranges between forty-five and fifty permanent staff members (students who are listed in the staff box of each issue of the newspaper). Students with or without experience in journalism are often encouraged to join. In 2010, the newspaper began an intern program focusing on providing journalistic experiences for underclassmen at William and Mary.
Like most other collegiate student newspapers, the staff includes not only reporters and columnists but an accounting department, a copyediting section, an Ombudsman and an executive and editorial staff.
In spring 2021, The Flat Hat published its first annual diversity report which aggregates information submitted by staff members in a voluntary form. This report includes information of staff demographic percentages including but not limited to racial background, gender identity and sexual orientation.
Major stories
The Flat Hat was the first news medium, student or professional, to break the news about the Wren Cross controversy, doing so in a news brief. After the decision received more journalistic attention, The Flat Hat continued to follow the controversy, including revocation of a twelve-million-dollar donation, placement of the cross in a display case, and, ultimately, Gene Nichol's resignation of the presidency of the College (which was impelled in part by the controversy surrounding the cross in the Wren chapel controversy).
In May, 2010, The Flat Hat was the first journalistic source in Williamsburg, professional or other, to announce the election of Scott Foster to the city council governing Williamsburg. Foster was the first William and Mary student ever to be elected to the council, and he had been endorsed by the editorial board of The Flat Hat.
In 2010, The Flat Hat was the first news source to report that ESPN continued to use a William and Mary athletic emblem that had been banned by the NCAA in 2006. ESPN ultimately discontinued the use of the emblem.
Special issues
The Fat Head
On April 1 of every year, in honor of April Fool's Day, the newspaper prints The Fat Head to accompany the usual semi-weekly issue. The Fat Head is a humor issue, usually with falsified articles and satirical commentary.
Best of the Burg
Every year around mid-December, The Flat Hat prints a special edition of the newspaper titled "Best of the Burg." The "Best of the Burg" issue outlines the staff's favorite picks for several restaurants in the Williamsburg area. In recent history, consistent winners have been The Cheese Shop, Aromas and The Trellis Restaurant all located in the Merchants Square area of Colonial Williamsburg.
Notable alumni
James Comey
Ben Domenech
Mike D'Orso
Jill Ellis
David Lasky
Patton Oswalt
Amanda Petrusich
See also
List of publications at The College of William & Mary
List of student newspapers in the United States of America
References
External links
The Flat Hat
The College of William and Mary's official website
The Flat Hat Digital Archive Contains almost every issue of The Flat Hat from 1911 until the present.
|
headquarters location
|
{
"answer_start": [
85
],
"text": [
"Williamsburg"
]
}
|
The Flat Hat is the official student newspaper at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. It prints Tuesdays during the College's academic year. It began printing twice-weekly in 2007; since its inception in 1911, The Flat Hat had printed weekly. It returned to weekly printing in 2015. In fall 2020, The Flat Hat began printing biweekly due to restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The Flat Hat staff operates out of its office in William and Mary's Sadler Center.The newspaper is printed as a broadsheet. During the early 1990s, The Flat Hat was printed with a colored front page and a separate colored variety section. Today, The Flat Hat's front page and back page are generally printed in color while the inside pages are printed in black and white.
The newspaper currently supports five sections: news, sports, opinions, variety and digital media. The news section covers local and national news, focusing on events at the College. The sports section covers all William and Mary varsity athletics and profiles teams and individual players. The opinions section publishes regular op-eds and staff editorials, and prints student letters to the editor. The variety section features regular columns, including "Behind Closed Doors" (the sex column) and "Confusion Corner" (an opinion column), "Penne For Your Thoughts" (a cooking column) and "Sharps and Flats" (a music review column) along with human interest stories. The digital media section produces multimedia content in the form of videos, podcasts, graphics and photos as well as maintains the newspaper's social media presence.
In October 2007, The Flat Hat won a Pacemaker award for excellence in the category of non-daily newspaper at a four-year university. The Pacemaker is an honor in collegiate journalism, and is awarded by the Associated Collegiate Press and the Newspaper Association of America Foundation.
In 2017, The Flat Hat was recognized with a "mark of excellence" award from the Society of Professional Journalists for in-depth reporting.
History
The Flat Hat derives its name from the public nickname of the F.H.C. Society, "the Flat Hat Club"; the Society was the first collegiate secret society in the territory of the present United States of America, founded at the College in 1750. The first issue of The Flat Hat was printed on October 3, 1911.
Origins of the name, "Flat Hat"
The name can be traced back to the F.H.C. Society, a secret fraternity established at the College on November 11, 1750, and nicknamed the Flat Hat Club, whose most notable members included St. George Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, and George Wythe. As a collegiate fraternity, the Flat Hat Club was a predecessor of Phi Beta Kappa, which was founded at the College in 1776 and today is regarded as the leading academic honor society for undergraduates in the arts and sciences. According to the issue of The Flat Hat for September 28, 1928, twentieth-century members of the Flat Hat Club were directly responsible for the creation of the newspaper.The badge of the F.H.C. was circular with a Rococo rendering of the coat of arms of the Society on the reverse and "FHC" in a large monogram on the obverse; beneath were a date and motto, Nov. XI. MDCCL Stabilitas et Fides. "The motto of the Flat Hat Club, Stabilitas et Fides, has always been the motto of The Flat Hat."
Website
The Flat Hat launched their website in the fall of 2006 and is hosted by WordPress. The website is updated daily with printed articles, online blogs, videos, podcasts, photojournalism stories, and the embedded pdf of its most recent Issuu. The site attracts 4,000 unique visitors weekly. About 300 of these viewers come from Facebook posts, 200 from the mobile app "News Break," and 160 from Twitter. The Flat Hat's Facebook page and Instagram each reach 1,500 unique users weekly. The website serves content securely through Secure Sockets Layer.
Flat Hat Magazine
In November 2019, the Flat Hat Magazine published its inaugural issue. The news magazine was created to promote long-form writing and creative design that is unrealistic for a weekly newspaper and publishes semesterly with the exception of Spring 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic sent students home in early March.
Censorship
In 1945, Marilyn Kaemmerle, then editor of The Flat Hat, wrote an editorial titled "Lincoln's Job Half-Done" to commemorate the birthday of Abraham Lincoln. She encouraged the racial integration of William & Mary, citing that "the Negroes should be recognized as equals in our minds and hearts." The William & Mary Board of Visitors, the group appointed by the Commonwealth of Virginia to run the College, instructed then-president of the College John Pomfret to expel Kaemmerle. Pomfret compromised by removing Kaemmerle from The Flat Hat and asking her to sign a statement saying that the compromise was in the best interest of all concerned. Since 1945, The Flat Hat has had relative editorial control and autonomy.
In 1962, the newspaper ran an editorial criticizing College President Davis Young Paschall's decision to ban a communist speaker from campus. Paschall responded by calling then editor H. Mason Sizemore and other staff members into the Blue Room of the Wren Building and attempt to browbeat them into apologizing for the editorial.The paper has no faculty adviser. The Flat Hat is a member of the College's Publications Council, a body made up of the editors of most publications on campus, as well as a member of the college administration. The Publications Council has direct financial control over the Flat Hat.
Staff
The exact number of staff who work on The Flat Hat varies each year but generally ranges between forty-five and fifty permanent staff members (students who are listed in the staff box of each issue of the newspaper). Students with or without experience in journalism are often encouraged to join. In 2010, the newspaper began an intern program focusing on providing journalistic experiences for underclassmen at William and Mary.
Like most other collegiate student newspapers, the staff includes not only reporters and columnists but an accounting department, a copyediting section, an Ombudsman and an executive and editorial staff.
In spring 2021, The Flat Hat published its first annual diversity report which aggregates information submitted by staff members in a voluntary form. This report includes information of staff demographic percentages including but not limited to racial background, gender identity and sexual orientation.
Major stories
The Flat Hat was the first news medium, student or professional, to break the news about the Wren Cross controversy, doing so in a news brief. After the decision received more journalistic attention, The Flat Hat continued to follow the controversy, including revocation of a twelve-million-dollar donation, placement of the cross in a display case, and, ultimately, Gene Nichol's resignation of the presidency of the College (which was impelled in part by the controversy surrounding the cross in the Wren chapel controversy).
In May, 2010, The Flat Hat was the first journalistic source in Williamsburg, professional or other, to announce the election of Scott Foster to the city council governing Williamsburg. Foster was the first William and Mary student ever to be elected to the council, and he had been endorsed by the editorial board of The Flat Hat.
In 2010, The Flat Hat was the first news source to report that ESPN continued to use a William and Mary athletic emblem that had been banned by the NCAA in 2006. ESPN ultimately discontinued the use of the emblem.
Special issues
The Fat Head
On April 1 of every year, in honor of April Fool's Day, the newspaper prints The Fat Head to accompany the usual semi-weekly issue. The Fat Head is a humor issue, usually with falsified articles and satirical commentary.
Best of the Burg
Every year around mid-December, The Flat Hat prints a special edition of the newspaper titled "Best of the Burg." The "Best of the Burg" issue outlines the staff's favorite picks for several restaurants in the Williamsburg area. In recent history, consistent winners have been The Cheese Shop, Aromas and The Trellis Restaurant all located in the Merchants Square area of Colonial Williamsburg.
Notable alumni
James Comey
Ben Domenech
Mike D'Orso
Jill Ellis
David Lasky
Patton Oswalt
Amanda Petrusich
See also
List of publications at The College of William & Mary
List of student newspapers in the United States of America
References
External links
The Flat Hat
The College of William and Mary's official website
The Flat Hat Digital Archive Contains almost every issue of The Flat Hat from 1911 until the present.
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The Flat Hat is the official student newspaper at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. It prints Tuesdays during the College's academic year. It began printing twice-weekly in 2007; since its inception in 1911, The Flat Hat had printed weekly. It returned to weekly printing in 2015. In fall 2020, The Flat Hat began printing biweekly due to restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The Flat Hat staff operates out of its office in William and Mary's Sadler Center.The newspaper is printed as a broadsheet. During the early 1990s, The Flat Hat was printed with a colored front page and a separate colored variety section. Today, The Flat Hat's front page and back page are generally printed in color while the inside pages are printed in black and white.
The newspaper currently supports five sections: news, sports, opinions, variety and digital media. The news section covers local and national news, focusing on events at the College. The sports section covers all William and Mary varsity athletics and profiles teams and individual players. The opinions section publishes regular op-eds and staff editorials, and prints student letters to the editor. The variety section features regular columns, including "Behind Closed Doors" (the sex column) and "Confusion Corner" (an opinion column), "Penne For Your Thoughts" (a cooking column) and "Sharps and Flats" (a music review column) along with human interest stories. The digital media section produces multimedia content in the form of videos, podcasts, graphics and photos as well as maintains the newspaper's social media presence.
In October 2007, The Flat Hat won a Pacemaker award for excellence in the category of non-daily newspaper at a four-year university. The Pacemaker is an honor in collegiate journalism, and is awarded by the Associated Collegiate Press and the Newspaper Association of America Foundation.
In 2017, The Flat Hat was recognized with a "mark of excellence" award from the Society of Professional Journalists for in-depth reporting.
History
The Flat Hat derives its name from the public nickname of the F.H.C. Society, "the Flat Hat Club"; the Society was the first collegiate secret society in the territory of the present United States of America, founded at the College in 1750. The first issue of The Flat Hat was printed on October 3, 1911.
Origins of the name, "Flat Hat"
The name can be traced back to the F.H.C. Society, a secret fraternity established at the College on November 11, 1750, and nicknamed the Flat Hat Club, whose most notable members included St. George Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, and George Wythe. As a collegiate fraternity, the Flat Hat Club was a predecessor of Phi Beta Kappa, which was founded at the College in 1776 and today is regarded as the leading academic honor society for undergraduates in the arts and sciences. According to the issue of The Flat Hat for September 28, 1928, twentieth-century members of the Flat Hat Club were directly responsible for the creation of the newspaper.The badge of the F.H.C. was circular with a Rococo rendering of the coat of arms of the Society on the reverse and "FHC" in a large monogram on the obverse; beneath were a date and motto, Nov. XI. MDCCL Stabilitas et Fides. "The motto of the Flat Hat Club, Stabilitas et Fides, has always been the motto of The Flat Hat."
Website
The Flat Hat launched their website in the fall of 2006 and is hosted by WordPress. The website is updated daily with printed articles, online blogs, videos, podcasts, photojournalism stories, and the embedded pdf of its most recent Issuu. The site attracts 4,000 unique visitors weekly. About 300 of these viewers come from Facebook posts, 200 from the mobile app "News Break," and 160 from Twitter. The Flat Hat's Facebook page and Instagram each reach 1,500 unique users weekly. The website serves content securely through Secure Sockets Layer.
Flat Hat Magazine
In November 2019, the Flat Hat Magazine published its inaugural issue. The news magazine was created to promote long-form writing and creative design that is unrealistic for a weekly newspaper and publishes semesterly with the exception of Spring 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic sent students home in early March.
Censorship
In 1945, Marilyn Kaemmerle, then editor of The Flat Hat, wrote an editorial titled "Lincoln's Job Half-Done" to commemorate the birthday of Abraham Lincoln. She encouraged the racial integration of William & Mary, citing that "the Negroes should be recognized as equals in our minds and hearts." The William & Mary Board of Visitors, the group appointed by the Commonwealth of Virginia to run the College, instructed then-president of the College John Pomfret to expel Kaemmerle. Pomfret compromised by removing Kaemmerle from The Flat Hat and asking her to sign a statement saying that the compromise was in the best interest of all concerned. Since 1945, The Flat Hat has had relative editorial control and autonomy.
In 1962, the newspaper ran an editorial criticizing College President Davis Young Paschall's decision to ban a communist speaker from campus. Paschall responded by calling then editor H. Mason Sizemore and other staff members into the Blue Room of the Wren Building and attempt to browbeat them into apologizing for the editorial.The paper has no faculty adviser. The Flat Hat is a member of the College's Publications Council, a body made up of the editors of most publications on campus, as well as a member of the college administration. The Publications Council has direct financial control over the Flat Hat.
Staff
The exact number of staff who work on The Flat Hat varies each year but generally ranges between forty-five and fifty permanent staff members (students who are listed in the staff box of each issue of the newspaper). Students with or without experience in journalism are often encouraged to join. In 2010, the newspaper began an intern program focusing on providing journalistic experiences for underclassmen at William and Mary.
Like most other collegiate student newspapers, the staff includes not only reporters and columnists but an accounting department, a copyediting section, an Ombudsman and an executive and editorial staff.
In spring 2021, The Flat Hat published its first annual diversity report which aggregates information submitted by staff members in a voluntary form. This report includes information of staff demographic percentages including but not limited to racial background, gender identity and sexual orientation.
Major stories
The Flat Hat was the first news medium, student or professional, to break the news about the Wren Cross controversy, doing so in a news brief. After the decision received more journalistic attention, The Flat Hat continued to follow the controversy, including revocation of a twelve-million-dollar donation, placement of the cross in a display case, and, ultimately, Gene Nichol's resignation of the presidency of the College (which was impelled in part by the controversy surrounding the cross in the Wren chapel controversy).
In May, 2010, The Flat Hat was the first journalistic source in Williamsburg, professional or other, to announce the election of Scott Foster to the city council governing Williamsburg. Foster was the first William and Mary student ever to be elected to the council, and he had been endorsed by the editorial board of The Flat Hat.
In 2010, The Flat Hat was the first news source to report that ESPN continued to use a William and Mary athletic emblem that had been banned by the NCAA in 2006. ESPN ultimately discontinued the use of the emblem.
Special issues
The Fat Head
On April 1 of every year, in honor of April Fool's Day, the newspaper prints The Fat Head to accompany the usual semi-weekly issue. The Fat Head is a humor issue, usually with falsified articles and satirical commentary.
Best of the Burg
Every year around mid-December, The Flat Hat prints a special edition of the newspaper titled "Best of the Burg." The "Best of the Burg" issue outlines the staff's favorite picks for several restaurants in the Williamsburg area. In recent history, consistent winners have been The Cheese Shop, Aromas and The Trellis Restaurant all located in the Merchants Square area of Colonial Williamsburg.
Notable alumni
James Comey
Ben Domenech
Mike D'Orso
Jill Ellis
David Lasky
Patton Oswalt
Amanda Petrusich
See also
List of publications at The College of William & Mary
List of student newspapers in the United States of America
References
External links
The Flat Hat
The College of William and Mary's official website
The Flat Hat Digital Archive Contains almost every issue of The Flat Hat from 1911 until the present.
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country of origin
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The Flat Hat is the official student newspaper at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. It prints Tuesdays during the College's academic year. It began printing twice-weekly in 2007; since its inception in 1911, The Flat Hat had printed weekly. It returned to weekly printing in 2015. In fall 2020, The Flat Hat began printing biweekly due to restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The Flat Hat staff operates out of its office in William and Mary's Sadler Center.The newspaper is printed as a broadsheet. During the early 1990s, The Flat Hat was printed with a colored front page and a separate colored variety section. Today, The Flat Hat's front page and back page are generally printed in color while the inside pages are printed in black and white.
The newspaper currently supports five sections: news, sports, opinions, variety and digital media. The news section covers local and national news, focusing on events at the College. The sports section covers all William and Mary varsity athletics and profiles teams and individual players. The opinions section publishes regular op-eds and staff editorials, and prints student letters to the editor. The variety section features regular columns, including "Behind Closed Doors" (the sex column) and "Confusion Corner" (an opinion column), "Penne For Your Thoughts" (a cooking column) and "Sharps and Flats" (a music review column) along with human interest stories. The digital media section produces multimedia content in the form of videos, podcasts, graphics and photos as well as maintains the newspaper's social media presence.
In October 2007, The Flat Hat won a Pacemaker award for excellence in the category of non-daily newspaper at a four-year university. The Pacemaker is an honor in collegiate journalism, and is awarded by the Associated Collegiate Press and the Newspaper Association of America Foundation.
In 2017, The Flat Hat was recognized with a "mark of excellence" award from the Society of Professional Journalists for in-depth reporting.
History
The Flat Hat derives its name from the public nickname of the F.H.C. Society, "the Flat Hat Club"; the Society was the first collegiate secret society in the territory of the present United States of America, founded at the College in 1750. The first issue of The Flat Hat was printed on October 3, 1911.
Origins of the name, "Flat Hat"
The name can be traced back to the F.H.C. Society, a secret fraternity established at the College on November 11, 1750, and nicknamed the Flat Hat Club, whose most notable members included St. George Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, and George Wythe. As a collegiate fraternity, the Flat Hat Club was a predecessor of Phi Beta Kappa, which was founded at the College in 1776 and today is regarded as the leading academic honor society for undergraduates in the arts and sciences. According to the issue of The Flat Hat for September 28, 1928, twentieth-century members of the Flat Hat Club were directly responsible for the creation of the newspaper.The badge of the F.H.C. was circular with a Rococo rendering of the coat of arms of the Society on the reverse and "FHC" in a large monogram on the obverse; beneath were a date and motto, Nov. XI. MDCCL Stabilitas et Fides. "The motto of the Flat Hat Club, Stabilitas et Fides, has always been the motto of The Flat Hat."
Website
The Flat Hat launched their website in the fall of 2006 and is hosted by WordPress. The website is updated daily with printed articles, online blogs, videos, podcasts, photojournalism stories, and the embedded pdf of its most recent Issuu. The site attracts 4,000 unique visitors weekly. About 300 of these viewers come from Facebook posts, 200 from the mobile app "News Break," and 160 from Twitter. The Flat Hat's Facebook page and Instagram each reach 1,500 unique users weekly. The website serves content securely through Secure Sockets Layer.
Flat Hat Magazine
In November 2019, the Flat Hat Magazine published its inaugural issue. The news magazine was created to promote long-form writing and creative design that is unrealistic for a weekly newspaper and publishes semesterly with the exception of Spring 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic sent students home in early March.
Censorship
In 1945, Marilyn Kaemmerle, then editor of The Flat Hat, wrote an editorial titled "Lincoln's Job Half-Done" to commemorate the birthday of Abraham Lincoln. She encouraged the racial integration of William & Mary, citing that "the Negroes should be recognized as equals in our minds and hearts." The William & Mary Board of Visitors, the group appointed by the Commonwealth of Virginia to run the College, instructed then-president of the College John Pomfret to expel Kaemmerle. Pomfret compromised by removing Kaemmerle from The Flat Hat and asking her to sign a statement saying that the compromise was in the best interest of all concerned. Since 1945, The Flat Hat has had relative editorial control and autonomy.
In 1962, the newspaper ran an editorial criticizing College President Davis Young Paschall's decision to ban a communist speaker from campus. Paschall responded by calling then editor H. Mason Sizemore and other staff members into the Blue Room of the Wren Building and attempt to browbeat them into apologizing for the editorial.The paper has no faculty adviser. The Flat Hat is a member of the College's Publications Council, a body made up of the editors of most publications on campus, as well as a member of the college administration. The Publications Council has direct financial control over the Flat Hat.
Staff
The exact number of staff who work on The Flat Hat varies each year but generally ranges between forty-five and fifty permanent staff members (students who are listed in the staff box of each issue of the newspaper). Students with or without experience in journalism are often encouraged to join. In 2010, the newspaper began an intern program focusing on providing journalistic experiences for underclassmen at William and Mary.
Like most other collegiate student newspapers, the staff includes not only reporters and columnists but an accounting department, a copyediting section, an Ombudsman and an executive and editorial staff.
In spring 2021, The Flat Hat published its first annual diversity report which aggregates information submitted by staff members in a voluntary form. This report includes information of staff demographic percentages including but not limited to racial background, gender identity and sexual orientation.
Major stories
The Flat Hat was the first news medium, student or professional, to break the news about the Wren Cross controversy, doing so in a news brief. After the decision received more journalistic attention, The Flat Hat continued to follow the controversy, including revocation of a twelve-million-dollar donation, placement of the cross in a display case, and, ultimately, Gene Nichol's resignation of the presidency of the College (which was impelled in part by the controversy surrounding the cross in the Wren chapel controversy).
In May, 2010, The Flat Hat was the first journalistic source in Williamsburg, professional or other, to announce the election of Scott Foster to the city council governing Williamsburg. Foster was the first William and Mary student ever to be elected to the council, and he had been endorsed by the editorial board of The Flat Hat.
In 2010, The Flat Hat was the first news source to report that ESPN continued to use a William and Mary athletic emblem that had been banned by the NCAA in 2006. ESPN ultimately discontinued the use of the emblem.
Special issues
The Fat Head
On April 1 of every year, in honor of April Fool's Day, the newspaper prints The Fat Head to accompany the usual semi-weekly issue. The Fat Head is a humor issue, usually with falsified articles and satirical commentary.
Best of the Burg
Every year around mid-December, The Flat Hat prints a special edition of the newspaper titled "Best of the Burg." The "Best of the Burg" issue outlines the staff's favorite picks for several restaurants in the Williamsburg area. In recent history, consistent winners have been The Cheese Shop, Aromas and The Trellis Restaurant all located in the Merchants Square area of Colonial Williamsburg.
Notable alumni
James Comey
Ben Domenech
Mike D'Orso
Jill Ellis
David Lasky
Patton Oswalt
Amanda Petrusich
See also
List of publications at The College of William & Mary
List of student newspapers in the United States of America
References
External links
The Flat Hat
The College of William and Mary's official website
The Flat Hat Digital Archive Contains almost every issue of The Flat Hat from 1911 until the present.
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title
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The Flat Hat is the official student newspaper at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. It prints Tuesdays during the College's academic year. It began printing twice-weekly in 2007; since its inception in 1911, The Flat Hat had printed weekly. It returned to weekly printing in 2015. In fall 2020, The Flat Hat began printing biweekly due to restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The Flat Hat staff operates out of its office in William and Mary's Sadler Center.The newspaper is printed as a broadsheet. During the early 1990s, The Flat Hat was printed with a colored front page and a separate colored variety section. Today, The Flat Hat's front page and back page are generally printed in color while the inside pages are printed in black and white.
The newspaper currently supports five sections: news, sports, opinions, variety and digital media. The news section covers local and national news, focusing on events at the College. The sports section covers all William and Mary varsity athletics and profiles teams and individual players. The opinions section publishes regular op-eds and staff editorials, and prints student letters to the editor. The variety section features regular columns, including "Behind Closed Doors" (the sex column) and "Confusion Corner" (an opinion column), "Penne For Your Thoughts" (a cooking column) and "Sharps and Flats" (a music review column) along with human interest stories. The digital media section produces multimedia content in the form of videos, podcasts, graphics and photos as well as maintains the newspaper's social media presence.
In October 2007, The Flat Hat won a Pacemaker award for excellence in the category of non-daily newspaper at a four-year university. The Pacemaker is an honor in collegiate journalism, and is awarded by the Associated Collegiate Press and the Newspaper Association of America Foundation.
In 2017, The Flat Hat was recognized with a "mark of excellence" award from the Society of Professional Journalists for in-depth reporting.
History
The Flat Hat derives its name from the public nickname of the F.H.C. Society, "the Flat Hat Club"; the Society was the first collegiate secret society in the territory of the present United States of America, founded at the College in 1750. The first issue of The Flat Hat was printed on October 3, 1911.
Origins of the name, "Flat Hat"
The name can be traced back to the F.H.C. Society, a secret fraternity established at the College on November 11, 1750, and nicknamed the Flat Hat Club, whose most notable members included St. George Tucker, Thomas Jefferson, and George Wythe. As a collegiate fraternity, the Flat Hat Club was a predecessor of Phi Beta Kappa, which was founded at the College in 1776 and today is regarded as the leading academic honor society for undergraduates in the arts and sciences. According to the issue of The Flat Hat for September 28, 1928, twentieth-century members of the Flat Hat Club were directly responsible for the creation of the newspaper.The badge of the F.H.C. was circular with a Rococo rendering of the coat of arms of the Society on the reverse and "FHC" in a large monogram on the obverse; beneath were a date and motto, Nov. XI. MDCCL Stabilitas et Fides. "The motto of the Flat Hat Club, Stabilitas et Fides, has always been the motto of The Flat Hat."
Website
The Flat Hat launched their website in the fall of 2006 and is hosted by WordPress. The website is updated daily with printed articles, online blogs, videos, podcasts, photojournalism stories, and the embedded pdf of its most recent Issuu. The site attracts 4,000 unique visitors weekly. About 300 of these viewers come from Facebook posts, 200 from the mobile app "News Break," and 160 from Twitter. The Flat Hat's Facebook page and Instagram each reach 1,500 unique users weekly. The website serves content securely through Secure Sockets Layer.
Flat Hat Magazine
In November 2019, the Flat Hat Magazine published its inaugural issue. The news magazine was created to promote long-form writing and creative design that is unrealistic for a weekly newspaper and publishes semesterly with the exception of Spring 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic sent students home in early March.
Censorship
In 1945, Marilyn Kaemmerle, then editor of The Flat Hat, wrote an editorial titled "Lincoln's Job Half-Done" to commemorate the birthday of Abraham Lincoln. She encouraged the racial integration of William & Mary, citing that "the Negroes should be recognized as equals in our minds and hearts." The William & Mary Board of Visitors, the group appointed by the Commonwealth of Virginia to run the College, instructed then-president of the College John Pomfret to expel Kaemmerle. Pomfret compromised by removing Kaemmerle from The Flat Hat and asking her to sign a statement saying that the compromise was in the best interest of all concerned. Since 1945, The Flat Hat has had relative editorial control and autonomy.
In 1962, the newspaper ran an editorial criticizing College President Davis Young Paschall's decision to ban a communist speaker from campus. Paschall responded by calling then editor H. Mason Sizemore and other staff members into the Blue Room of the Wren Building and attempt to browbeat them into apologizing for the editorial.The paper has no faculty adviser. The Flat Hat is a member of the College's Publications Council, a body made up of the editors of most publications on campus, as well as a member of the college administration. The Publications Council has direct financial control over the Flat Hat.
Staff
The exact number of staff who work on The Flat Hat varies each year but generally ranges between forty-five and fifty permanent staff members (students who are listed in the staff box of each issue of the newspaper). Students with or without experience in journalism are often encouraged to join. In 2010, the newspaper began an intern program focusing on providing journalistic experiences for underclassmen at William and Mary.
Like most other collegiate student newspapers, the staff includes not only reporters and columnists but an accounting department, a copyediting section, an Ombudsman and an executive and editorial staff.
In spring 2021, The Flat Hat published its first annual diversity report which aggregates information submitted by staff members in a voluntary form. This report includes information of staff demographic percentages including but not limited to racial background, gender identity and sexual orientation.
Major stories
The Flat Hat was the first news medium, student or professional, to break the news about the Wren Cross controversy, doing so in a news brief. After the decision received more journalistic attention, The Flat Hat continued to follow the controversy, including revocation of a twelve-million-dollar donation, placement of the cross in a display case, and, ultimately, Gene Nichol's resignation of the presidency of the College (which was impelled in part by the controversy surrounding the cross in the Wren chapel controversy).
In May, 2010, The Flat Hat was the first journalistic source in Williamsburg, professional or other, to announce the election of Scott Foster to the city council governing Williamsburg. Foster was the first William and Mary student ever to be elected to the council, and he had been endorsed by the editorial board of The Flat Hat.
In 2010, The Flat Hat was the first news source to report that ESPN continued to use a William and Mary athletic emblem that had been banned by the NCAA in 2006. ESPN ultimately discontinued the use of the emblem.
Special issues
The Fat Head
On April 1 of every year, in honor of April Fool's Day, the newspaper prints The Fat Head to accompany the usual semi-weekly issue. The Fat Head is a humor issue, usually with falsified articles and satirical commentary.
Best of the Burg
Every year around mid-December, The Flat Hat prints a special edition of the newspaper titled "Best of the Burg." The "Best of the Burg" issue outlines the staff's favorite picks for several restaurants in the Williamsburg area. In recent history, consistent winners have been The Cheese Shop, Aromas and The Trellis Restaurant all located in the Merchants Square area of Colonial Williamsburg.
Notable alumni
James Comey
Ben Domenech
Mike D'Orso
Jill Ellis
David Lasky
Patton Oswalt
Amanda Petrusich
See also
List of publications at The College of William & Mary
List of student newspapers in the United States of America
References
External links
The Flat Hat
The College of William and Mary's official website
The Flat Hat Digital Archive Contains almost every issue of The Flat Hat from 1911 until the present.
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Empire Endurance was a 8,514 GRT steam cargo liner that was built in 1928 as Alster by Deschimag Werk Vulkan, Hamburg, Germany for the shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd. In the years leading up to the Second World War Alster carried cargo and passengers between Germany and Australia. After the outbreak of war she was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine for use as a supply ship.
Alster was captured off Norway on 10 April 1940 by the British destroyer HMS Icarus. Initially serving under the original name as a repair, supply and cargo ship in Norway, she was later passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) and renamed Empire Endurance. She served until 20 April 1941 when she was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine U-73 south-east of the islet of Rockall in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Description
The ship was a 8,514 GRT cargo liner. Deschimag Werk Vulkan built her in Hamburg as Alster, with yard number 211.Alster was 509.9 feet (155.42 m) long, with a beam of 63.6 feet (19.39 m). She had a depth of 30.9 feet (9.42 m). She was assessed at 8,514 GRT, 5,328 NRT, 12,000 DWT. She had four masts, a single funnel, a round stern and a slanted stem.
The ship had a single screw driven by both a triple-expansion steam engine and a steam turbine, both built by Deschimag, and coupled by Deschimag's patented Bauer-Wach system. The triple-expansion engine had cylinders of 31+1⁄4 inches (79 cm), 52+3⁄4 inches (134 cm) and 86+5⁄6 inches (221 cm) diameter by 57+1⁄16 inches (145 cm) stroke. Steam exhausted from its low-pressure cylinder passed through a diverter valve to a steam turbine. Via double-reduction gearing and a Föttinger fluid coupling the turbine drove the same shaft as the piston engine. Together the two engines developed a total of 6,500 indicated horsepower, which gave her a top speed of 14 knots (26 km/h).
History
Alster was launched on 5 January 1928, and completed on 25 February 1928. She was built for Norddeutscher Lloyd. She was given the code letters QMHG and registered in Bremen. She served on routes between Germany and Australia and East Asia. Lloyds Register entries show that she held a passenger certificate from 1934 to 1940. With the change in code letters in 1934, Alster was given the call sign DOEO. She had a crew of 69 and could initially take 14 passengers. In 1930 the passenger capacity was increased to 16.
Norwegian Campaign and capture
On 18 March 1940 the Kriegsmarine requisitioned Alster. She was used as a supply ship in Operation Weserübung – the German invasion of Norway, forming part of the invasion's Ausfuhr-Staffel, transporting heavy equipment. Alster departed Brunsbüttel at 02:00 on 3 April, destined for the North Norwegian port of Narvik. She was one of four supply ships sailing from the Schleswig-Holstein port in support of German forces landing at Narvik on 9 April, under cover of sailing to Murmansk in the Soviet Union. None of these ships made it to their destination. The lack of supplies and artillery would leave the German forces fighting at Narvik vulnerable. Upon reaching Norwegian waters, Alster and the tanker Kattegat, also bound for Narvik, were escorted by the Norwegian torpedo boat HNoMS Trygg as far as Kopervik, where they arrived on 5 April. At Kopervik the German plans suffered a delay because of a lack of pilots to guide the ships northwards, Alster continuing later that day, while Kattegat departed Kopervik only on 6 April. Many of the other supply ships sent out in advance of the invasion also suffered delays, putting the supply part of the invasion plans out of schedule. While at Kopervik, Alster and Kattegat were inspected by the torpedo boat HNoMS Stegg, the Norwegians finding nothing irregular. By 8 April, Alster had reached Vestfjorden, where she was hailed by the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Syrian, which warned her of the British naval minefield laid in the area earlier that day. Alster steamed to Bodø, to await developments. Two days later, on 10 April, following the outbreak of war between Norway and Germany the previous day, Syrian was despatched by Norwegian authorities to seize Alster off Bodø. When Syrian found Alster, the commander of the small Norwegian patrol boat chose not to board the German vessel as he suspected she was armed and possibly carrying troops. As Alster attempted to escape, Syrian sent out messages to the British warships in the area.On 10 April, Alster was captured by the British destroyer HMS Icarus in Vestfjorden, north of Bodø. When intercepted the German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling the vessel, setting off one explosive charge. The light cruiser HMS Penelope had also been sent after Alster, but had run aground near Bodø and suffered serious damage. With the British capture of Alster, no more German supply ships were heading for Narvik and the forces there, leaving General Eduard Dietl's troops with the supplies on board the tanker Jan Wellem and the large stockpiles of weapons, ammunition, uniforms and food captured at the Norwegian Army base Elvegårdsmoen. At the time of her capture, Alster was under the command of Kapitän Oskar Scharf, who had previously commanded the Blue Riband-holding ocean liner Europa.Initially Alster was brought to the improvised British naval base at Skjelfjord in Lofoten. On arrival at Skjelfjord on 11 April, a prize crew from Penelope took over responsibility for the ship. At Skjelfjord, the captured German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling Alster by opening the ship's sea valves. While at Skjelfjord Alster, being equipped with derricks, was used to help repair damaged Allied warships. One of the vessels on which emergency repairs were carried out from Alster, was the destroyer HMS Eskimo, which had lost her bow during the naval battles off Narvik. Alster was also used as an accommodation ship for the crews of the damaged vessels at Skjelfjord. On 24 April Alster departed Skjelfjord for the Northern Norwegian port of Tromsø, manned by a British prize crew. The eight German officers captured on Alster were transferred to the United Kingdom on the British destroyers HMS Cossack and HMS Punjabi. In all, 80 Germans were captured on board Alster, and all were eventually sent to the United Kingdom.Her cargo of 88 lorries, anti-aircraft guns, spare parts for aircraft, ammunition, communications equipment, coke and 400–500 tons of hay, was unloaded in Tromsø on 27 April, as part of the Allied support of the Norwegian forces fighting the German invasion of their country. The cargo was put to use in the supply and defence of the Tromsø area, except for the hay, which was quarantined by the Norwegian authorities at Ringvassøy for fear of foot-and-mouth disease. The coke on board Alster had been placed by the Germans in a 6 ft (1.83 m) layer covering the deck. The supplies on Alster were transferred to the Norwegians by the Allied naval commander Lord Cork after the Norwegian authorities had made repeated request for weapons and other war matériel, and was intended to be a first effort before the arrival of larger quantities of arms and ammunition promised to the Norwegians.The lorries and weapons from Alster were received, assessed and distributed by Norwegian military personnel under the command of Major Karl Arnulf, who had arrived in Tromsø on 7 May 1940, having made his way from German-occupied South Norway. The communications equipment included both a mobile radio transmitter, which was used as a spare for Tromsø radio broadcasting station, as well as large quantities of field telephone equipment which was sent to the units of the Norwegian 6th Division on the Narvik front. The field equipment from Alster replaced the old and worn field telephone systems in use up to that point. Training on the German equipment was provided by Swedish volunteers. In order to satisfy British naval regulations with regards to prize cargoes, the British consul in Tromsø observed the unloading of Alster, and wrote an affidavit listing what had been given to the Norwegians, which was sent to the Admiralty. While docked in Tromsø in May 1940, Alster had 70 captive Germans on board. At Tromsø, Alster was manned by Norwegian sailors, replacing the British prize crew.On 16 May a request was made to the Admiralty for a call sign for Alster, the ship departing Tromsø the next day for Kirkenes in Finnmark, escorted by the anti-submarine whaler HMS Ullswater. She was despatched to the northern port to retrieve a cargo of iron ore. Arriving on 19 May 1940, Alster loaded some 10,000 tons of iron ore over four days, sailing south to the port of Harstad on 22 May, still escorted by HMS Ullswater, as well as the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Nordhav II. On 23 May, the British submarine HMS Truant made an unsuccessful attack with two torpedoes on Alster off Havøya, despite efforts having been made to both keep the cargo ship away from the submarine's patrol area, and to warn Truant of the ship's identity. The torpedoes missed, exploding when they hit land. Alster and HMS Ullswater arrived at Harstad on 26 May, with the escort vessel sailing northwards to Hammerfest with mail and provisions for the heavy cruiser HMS Devonshire. While Alster was at Harstad shipping in the town's harbour was repeatedly subjected to attacks by Luftwaffe Heinkel He 111 bombers, the ships being defended by Gloster Gladiator fighters of the No. 263 Squadron RAF operating from Bardufoss Air Station and anti-aircraft artillery. During one of the attacks on 26 May the ship's Norwegian fireman was mortally wounded by bomb fragments, dying in Harstad Hospital later the same day.On 27 May Alster sailed for the United Kingdom in a five-ship convoy which included the crippled HMS Eskimo. In addition to her cargo of iron ore, the ship carried 209 British military personnel, 46 Norwegian military personnel and 72 German prisoners of war. She also transported the "B" gun turret from Eskimo, which had been removed from the destroyer during makeshift repairs. Alster arrived at Scapa Flow on 31 May, unloading her passengers there. Sailing on 3 June, in the company of the passenger steamer St. Magnus and escorted by the destroyers HMS Ashanti and HMS Bedouin, she arrived at Rosyth in Scotland on 4 June 1940.
As Empire Endurance
Alster was passed to the MoWT and renamed Empire Endurance. She was given the UK official number 164841 and call sign GMJJ. She was registered in Middlesbrough. She was placed under the management of Alfred Booth and Company. Empire Endurance sailed in Convoy FN 255, which left Southend, Essex on 17 August and arrived at Methil, Fife two days later. She then joined Convoy OA 202, which left on 21 August and dispersed at sea on 25 August. Her destination was Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where she arrived on 3 September. Empire Endurance sailed on 12 September for Sydney, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, arriving three days later. She then joined Convoy HX 74, which departed from Halifax, Nova Scotia on 17 September and arrived at Liverpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom on 2 October. She was carrying general cargo stated to be bound for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Northumberland. She left the convoy at the Clyde on 2 October.Empire Endurance departed on 25 October to join Convoy OB 234, which had departed from Liverpool the previous day and dispersed at sea on 30 October. Her destination was Montreal, where she arrived on 6 November. She departed on 18 November for the Clyde, arriving on 27 November. The ship was declared a prize of war on 10 December 1940, valued at £144,000. She departed on 5 January 1941 to join Convoy OB 270, which had departed from Liverpool that day and dispersed at sea on 8 January. She sailed to Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, arriving on 17 January. Empire Endurance sailed on 3 February for Halifax, arriving two days later and departing on 9 February for the Clyde, where she arrived on 21 February.Empire Endurance departed on 23 February for Swansea, Glamorgan, arriving on 1 March. She sailed on 9 March for Avonmouth, Somerset, arriving the next day. She departed on 29 March for Cardiff, Glamorgan, arriving the next day and sailing on 2 April for Newport, Monmouthshire, where she arrived later that day. She sailed on 13 April for Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, where she arrived on 15 April.On 19 April, Empire Endurance departed from Milford Haven, bound for Cape Town, South Africa and Alexandria, Egypt. She was manned by 90 crew and had five passengers on board. Amongst her cargo were the Fairmile B motor launches ML-1003 and ML-1037. At 03:32 (German time) on 20 April, Empire Endurance was hit amidships by a torpedo fired by U-73, under the command of Helmut Rosenbaum. At the time she was south west of Rockall at 53°05′N 23°14′W. A coup de grâce was fired at 03:57 which hit just under the bridge, breaking her in two. Empire Endurance sank with the loss of 65 crew and one passenger. Among the crew members lost was the captain, Fred J.S. Tucker of the Royal Naval Reserve. On 21 April, the Canadian Flower-class corvette HMCS Trillium picked up twenty crew and four passengers at 52°50′N 22°50′W. They were landed at Greenock, Renfrewshire on 25 May. On 9 May, five crew were rescued by the British cargo liner Highland Brigade. They were landed at Liverpool. Those lost on board Empire Endurance are commemorated on the Tower Hill Memorial, London.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
533
],
"text": [
"cargo ship"
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}
|
Empire Endurance was a 8,514 GRT steam cargo liner that was built in 1928 as Alster by Deschimag Werk Vulkan, Hamburg, Germany for the shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd. In the years leading up to the Second World War Alster carried cargo and passengers between Germany and Australia. After the outbreak of war she was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine for use as a supply ship.
Alster was captured off Norway on 10 April 1940 by the British destroyer HMS Icarus. Initially serving under the original name as a repair, supply and cargo ship in Norway, she was later passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) and renamed Empire Endurance. She served until 20 April 1941 when she was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine U-73 south-east of the islet of Rockall in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Description
The ship was a 8,514 GRT cargo liner. Deschimag Werk Vulkan built her in Hamburg as Alster, with yard number 211.Alster was 509.9 feet (155.42 m) long, with a beam of 63.6 feet (19.39 m). She had a depth of 30.9 feet (9.42 m). She was assessed at 8,514 GRT, 5,328 NRT, 12,000 DWT. She had four masts, a single funnel, a round stern and a slanted stem.
The ship had a single screw driven by both a triple-expansion steam engine and a steam turbine, both built by Deschimag, and coupled by Deschimag's patented Bauer-Wach system. The triple-expansion engine had cylinders of 31+1⁄4 inches (79 cm), 52+3⁄4 inches (134 cm) and 86+5⁄6 inches (221 cm) diameter by 57+1⁄16 inches (145 cm) stroke. Steam exhausted from its low-pressure cylinder passed through a diverter valve to a steam turbine. Via double-reduction gearing and a Föttinger fluid coupling the turbine drove the same shaft as the piston engine. Together the two engines developed a total of 6,500 indicated horsepower, which gave her a top speed of 14 knots (26 km/h).
History
Alster was launched on 5 January 1928, and completed on 25 February 1928. She was built for Norddeutscher Lloyd. She was given the code letters QMHG and registered in Bremen. She served on routes between Germany and Australia and East Asia. Lloyds Register entries show that she held a passenger certificate from 1934 to 1940. With the change in code letters in 1934, Alster was given the call sign DOEO. She had a crew of 69 and could initially take 14 passengers. In 1930 the passenger capacity was increased to 16.
Norwegian Campaign and capture
On 18 March 1940 the Kriegsmarine requisitioned Alster. She was used as a supply ship in Operation Weserübung – the German invasion of Norway, forming part of the invasion's Ausfuhr-Staffel, transporting heavy equipment. Alster departed Brunsbüttel at 02:00 on 3 April, destined for the North Norwegian port of Narvik. She was one of four supply ships sailing from the Schleswig-Holstein port in support of German forces landing at Narvik on 9 April, under cover of sailing to Murmansk in the Soviet Union. None of these ships made it to their destination. The lack of supplies and artillery would leave the German forces fighting at Narvik vulnerable. Upon reaching Norwegian waters, Alster and the tanker Kattegat, also bound for Narvik, were escorted by the Norwegian torpedo boat HNoMS Trygg as far as Kopervik, where they arrived on 5 April. At Kopervik the German plans suffered a delay because of a lack of pilots to guide the ships northwards, Alster continuing later that day, while Kattegat departed Kopervik only on 6 April. Many of the other supply ships sent out in advance of the invasion also suffered delays, putting the supply part of the invasion plans out of schedule. While at Kopervik, Alster and Kattegat were inspected by the torpedo boat HNoMS Stegg, the Norwegians finding nothing irregular. By 8 April, Alster had reached Vestfjorden, where she was hailed by the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Syrian, which warned her of the British naval minefield laid in the area earlier that day. Alster steamed to Bodø, to await developments. Two days later, on 10 April, following the outbreak of war between Norway and Germany the previous day, Syrian was despatched by Norwegian authorities to seize Alster off Bodø. When Syrian found Alster, the commander of the small Norwegian patrol boat chose not to board the German vessel as he suspected she was armed and possibly carrying troops. As Alster attempted to escape, Syrian sent out messages to the British warships in the area.On 10 April, Alster was captured by the British destroyer HMS Icarus in Vestfjorden, north of Bodø. When intercepted the German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling the vessel, setting off one explosive charge. The light cruiser HMS Penelope had also been sent after Alster, but had run aground near Bodø and suffered serious damage. With the British capture of Alster, no more German supply ships were heading for Narvik and the forces there, leaving General Eduard Dietl's troops with the supplies on board the tanker Jan Wellem and the large stockpiles of weapons, ammunition, uniforms and food captured at the Norwegian Army base Elvegårdsmoen. At the time of her capture, Alster was under the command of Kapitän Oskar Scharf, who had previously commanded the Blue Riband-holding ocean liner Europa.Initially Alster was brought to the improvised British naval base at Skjelfjord in Lofoten. On arrival at Skjelfjord on 11 April, a prize crew from Penelope took over responsibility for the ship. At Skjelfjord, the captured German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling Alster by opening the ship's sea valves. While at Skjelfjord Alster, being equipped with derricks, was used to help repair damaged Allied warships. One of the vessels on which emergency repairs were carried out from Alster, was the destroyer HMS Eskimo, which had lost her bow during the naval battles off Narvik. Alster was also used as an accommodation ship for the crews of the damaged vessels at Skjelfjord. On 24 April Alster departed Skjelfjord for the Northern Norwegian port of Tromsø, manned by a British prize crew. The eight German officers captured on Alster were transferred to the United Kingdom on the British destroyers HMS Cossack and HMS Punjabi. In all, 80 Germans were captured on board Alster, and all were eventually sent to the United Kingdom.Her cargo of 88 lorries, anti-aircraft guns, spare parts for aircraft, ammunition, communications equipment, coke and 400–500 tons of hay, was unloaded in Tromsø on 27 April, as part of the Allied support of the Norwegian forces fighting the German invasion of their country. The cargo was put to use in the supply and defence of the Tromsø area, except for the hay, which was quarantined by the Norwegian authorities at Ringvassøy for fear of foot-and-mouth disease. The coke on board Alster had been placed by the Germans in a 6 ft (1.83 m) layer covering the deck. The supplies on Alster were transferred to the Norwegians by the Allied naval commander Lord Cork after the Norwegian authorities had made repeated request for weapons and other war matériel, and was intended to be a first effort before the arrival of larger quantities of arms and ammunition promised to the Norwegians.The lorries and weapons from Alster were received, assessed and distributed by Norwegian military personnel under the command of Major Karl Arnulf, who had arrived in Tromsø on 7 May 1940, having made his way from German-occupied South Norway. The communications equipment included both a mobile radio transmitter, which was used as a spare for Tromsø radio broadcasting station, as well as large quantities of field telephone equipment which was sent to the units of the Norwegian 6th Division on the Narvik front. The field equipment from Alster replaced the old and worn field telephone systems in use up to that point. Training on the German equipment was provided by Swedish volunteers. In order to satisfy British naval regulations with regards to prize cargoes, the British consul in Tromsø observed the unloading of Alster, and wrote an affidavit listing what had been given to the Norwegians, which was sent to the Admiralty. While docked in Tromsø in May 1940, Alster had 70 captive Germans on board. At Tromsø, Alster was manned by Norwegian sailors, replacing the British prize crew.On 16 May a request was made to the Admiralty for a call sign for Alster, the ship departing Tromsø the next day for Kirkenes in Finnmark, escorted by the anti-submarine whaler HMS Ullswater. She was despatched to the northern port to retrieve a cargo of iron ore. Arriving on 19 May 1940, Alster loaded some 10,000 tons of iron ore over four days, sailing south to the port of Harstad on 22 May, still escorted by HMS Ullswater, as well as the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Nordhav II. On 23 May, the British submarine HMS Truant made an unsuccessful attack with two torpedoes on Alster off Havøya, despite efforts having been made to both keep the cargo ship away from the submarine's patrol area, and to warn Truant of the ship's identity. The torpedoes missed, exploding when they hit land. Alster and HMS Ullswater arrived at Harstad on 26 May, with the escort vessel sailing northwards to Hammerfest with mail and provisions for the heavy cruiser HMS Devonshire. While Alster was at Harstad shipping in the town's harbour was repeatedly subjected to attacks by Luftwaffe Heinkel He 111 bombers, the ships being defended by Gloster Gladiator fighters of the No. 263 Squadron RAF operating from Bardufoss Air Station and anti-aircraft artillery. During one of the attacks on 26 May the ship's Norwegian fireman was mortally wounded by bomb fragments, dying in Harstad Hospital later the same day.On 27 May Alster sailed for the United Kingdom in a five-ship convoy which included the crippled HMS Eskimo. In addition to her cargo of iron ore, the ship carried 209 British military personnel, 46 Norwegian military personnel and 72 German prisoners of war. She also transported the "B" gun turret from Eskimo, which had been removed from the destroyer during makeshift repairs. Alster arrived at Scapa Flow on 31 May, unloading her passengers there. Sailing on 3 June, in the company of the passenger steamer St. Magnus and escorted by the destroyers HMS Ashanti and HMS Bedouin, she arrived at Rosyth in Scotland on 4 June 1940.
As Empire Endurance
Alster was passed to the MoWT and renamed Empire Endurance. She was given the UK official number 164841 and call sign GMJJ. She was registered in Middlesbrough. She was placed under the management of Alfred Booth and Company. Empire Endurance sailed in Convoy FN 255, which left Southend, Essex on 17 August and arrived at Methil, Fife two days later. She then joined Convoy OA 202, which left on 21 August and dispersed at sea on 25 August. Her destination was Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where she arrived on 3 September. Empire Endurance sailed on 12 September for Sydney, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, arriving three days later. She then joined Convoy HX 74, which departed from Halifax, Nova Scotia on 17 September and arrived at Liverpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom on 2 October. She was carrying general cargo stated to be bound for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Northumberland. She left the convoy at the Clyde on 2 October.Empire Endurance departed on 25 October to join Convoy OB 234, which had departed from Liverpool the previous day and dispersed at sea on 30 October. Her destination was Montreal, where she arrived on 6 November. She departed on 18 November for the Clyde, arriving on 27 November. The ship was declared a prize of war on 10 December 1940, valued at £144,000. She departed on 5 January 1941 to join Convoy OB 270, which had departed from Liverpool that day and dispersed at sea on 8 January. She sailed to Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, arriving on 17 January. Empire Endurance sailed on 3 February for Halifax, arriving two days later and departing on 9 February for the Clyde, where she arrived on 21 February.Empire Endurance departed on 23 February for Swansea, Glamorgan, arriving on 1 March. She sailed on 9 March for Avonmouth, Somerset, arriving the next day. She departed on 29 March for Cardiff, Glamorgan, arriving the next day and sailing on 2 April for Newport, Monmouthshire, where she arrived later that day. She sailed on 13 April for Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, where she arrived on 15 April.On 19 April, Empire Endurance departed from Milford Haven, bound for Cape Town, South Africa and Alexandria, Egypt. She was manned by 90 crew and had five passengers on board. Amongst her cargo were the Fairmile B motor launches ML-1003 and ML-1037. At 03:32 (German time) on 20 April, Empire Endurance was hit amidships by a torpedo fired by U-73, under the command of Helmut Rosenbaum. At the time she was south west of Rockall at 53°05′N 23°14′W. A coup de grâce was fired at 03:57 which hit just under the bridge, breaking her in two. Empire Endurance sank with the loss of 65 crew and one passenger. Among the crew members lost was the captain, Fred J.S. Tucker of the Royal Naval Reserve. On 21 April, the Canadian Flower-class corvette HMCS Trillium picked up twenty crew and four passengers at 52°50′N 22°50′W. They were landed at Greenock, Renfrewshire on 25 May. On 9 May, five crew were rescued by the British cargo liner Highland Brigade. They were landed at Liverpool. Those lost on board Empire Endurance are commemorated on the Tower Hill Memorial, London.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
|
owned by
|
{
"answer_start": [
152
],
"text": [
"Norddeutscher Lloyd"
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Empire Endurance was a 8,514 GRT steam cargo liner that was built in 1928 as Alster by Deschimag Werk Vulkan, Hamburg, Germany for the shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd. In the years leading up to the Second World War Alster carried cargo and passengers between Germany and Australia. After the outbreak of war she was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine for use as a supply ship.
Alster was captured off Norway on 10 April 1940 by the British destroyer HMS Icarus. Initially serving under the original name as a repair, supply and cargo ship in Norway, she was later passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) and renamed Empire Endurance. She served until 20 April 1941 when she was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine U-73 south-east of the islet of Rockall in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Description
The ship was a 8,514 GRT cargo liner. Deschimag Werk Vulkan built her in Hamburg as Alster, with yard number 211.Alster was 509.9 feet (155.42 m) long, with a beam of 63.6 feet (19.39 m). She had a depth of 30.9 feet (9.42 m). She was assessed at 8,514 GRT, 5,328 NRT, 12,000 DWT. She had four masts, a single funnel, a round stern and a slanted stem.
The ship had a single screw driven by both a triple-expansion steam engine and a steam turbine, both built by Deschimag, and coupled by Deschimag's patented Bauer-Wach system. The triple-expansion engine had cylinders of 31+1⁄4 inches (79 cm), 52+3⁄4 inches (134 cm) and 86+5⁄6 inches (221 cm) diameter by 57+1⁄16 inches (145 cm) stroke. Steam exhausted from its low-pressure cylinder passed through a diverter valve to a steam turbine. Via double-reduction gearing and a Föttinger fluid coupling the turbine drove the same shaft as the piston engine. Together the two engines developed a total of 6,500 indicated horsepower, which gave her a top speed of 14 knots (26 km/h).
History
Alster was launched on 5 January 1928, and completed on 25 February 1928. She was built for Norddeutscher Lloyd. She was given the code letters QMHG and registered in Bremen. She served on routes between Germany and Australia and East Asia. Lloyds Register entries show that she held a passenger certificate from 1934 to 1940. With the change in code letters in 1934, Alster was given the call sign DOEO. She had a crew of 69 and could initially take 14 passengers. In 1930 the passenger capacity was increased to 16.
Norwegian Campaign and capture
On 18 March 1940 the Kriegsmarine requisitioned Alster. She was used as a supply ship in Operation Weserübung – the German invasion of Norway, forming part of the invasion's Ausfuhr-Staffel, transporting heavy equipment. Alster departed Brunsbüttel at 02:00 on 3 April, destined for the North Norwegian port of Narvik. She was one of four supply ships sailing from the Schleswig-Holstein port in support of German forces landing at Narvik on 9 April, under cover of sailing to Murmansk in the Soviet Union. None of these ships made it to their destination. The lack of supplies and artillery would leave the German forces fighting at Narvik vulnerable. Upon reaching Norwegian waters, Alster and the tanker Kattegat, also bound for Narvik, were escorted by the Norwegian torpedo boat HNoMS Trygg as far as Kopervik, where they arrived on 5 April. At Kopervik the German plans suffered a delay because of a lack of pilots to guide the ships northwards, Alster continuing later that day, while Kattegat departed Kopervik only on 6 April. Many of the other supply ships sent out in advance of the invasion also suffered delays, putting the supply part of the invasion plans out of schedule. While at Kopervik, Alster and Kattegat were inspected by the torpedo boat HNoMS Stegg, the Norwegians finding nothing irregular. By 8 April, Alster had reached Vestfjorden, where she was hailed by the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Syrian, which warned her of the British naval minefield laid in the area earlier that day. Alster steamed to Bodø, to await developments. Two days later, on 10 April, following the outbreak of war between Norway and Germany the previous day, Syrian was despatched by Norwegian authorities to seize Alster off Bodø. When Syrian found Alster, the commander of the small Norwegian patrol boat chose not to board the German vessel as he suspected she was armed and possibly carrying troops. As Alster attempted to escape, Syrian sent out messages to the British warships in the area.On 10 April, Alster was captured by the British destroyer HMS Icarus in Vestfjorden, north of Bodø. When intercepted the German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling the vessel, setting off one explosive charge. The light cruiser HMS Penelope had also been sent after Alster, but had run aground near Bodø and suffered serious damage. With the British capture of Alster, no more German supply ships were heading for Narvik and the forces there, leaving General Eduard Dietl's troops with the supplies on board the tanker Jan Wellem and the large stockpiles of weapons, ammunition, uniforms and food captured at the Norwegian Army base Elvegårdsmoen. At the time of her capture, Alster was under the command of Kapitän Oskar Scharf, who had previously commanded the Blue Riband-holding ocean liner Europa.Initially Alster was brought to the improvised British naval base at Skjelfjord in Lofoten. On arrival at Skjelfjord on 11 April, a prize crew from Penelope took over responsibility for the ship. At Skjelfjord, the captured German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling Alster by opening the ship's sea valves. While at Skjelfjord Alster, being equipped with derricks, was used to help repair damaged Allied warships. One of the vessels on which emergency repairs were carried out from Alster, was the destroyer HMS Eskimo, which had lost her bow during the naval battles off Narvik. Alster was also used as an accommodation ship for the crews of the damaged vessels at Skjelfjord. On 24 April Alster departed Skjelfjord for the Northern Norwegian port of Tromsø, manned by a British prize crew. The eight German officers captured on Alster were transferred to the United Kingdom on the British destroyers HMS Cossack and HMS Punjabi. In all, 80 Germans were captured on board Alster, and all were eventually sent to the United Kingdom.Her cargo of 88 lorries, anti-aircraft guns, spare parts for aircraft, ammunition, communications equipment, coke and 400–500 tons of hay, was unloaded in Tromsø on 27 April, as part of the Allied support of the Norwegian forces fighting the German invasion of their country. The cargo was put to use in the supply and defence of the Tromsø area, except for the hay, which was quarantined by the Norwegian authorities at Ringvassøy for fear of foot-and-mouth disease. The coke on board Alster had been placed by the Germans in a 6 ft (1.83 m) layer covering the deck. The supplies on Alster were transferred to the Norwegians by the Allied naval commander Lord Cork after the Norwegian authorities had made repeated request for weapons and other war matériel, and was intended to be a first effort before the arrival of larger quantities of arms and ammunition promised to the Norwegians.The lorries and weapons from Alster were received, assessed and distributed by Norwegian military personnel under the command of Major Karl Arnulf, who had arrived in Tromsø on 7 May 1940, having made his way from German-occupied South Norway. The communications equipment included both a mobile radio transmitter, which was used as a spare for Tromsø radio broadcasting station, as well as large quantities of field telephone equipment which was sent to the units of the Norwegian 6th Division on the Narvik front. The field equipment from Alster replaced the old and worn field telephone systems in use up to that point. Training on the German equipment was provided by Swedish volunteers. In order to satisfy British naval regulations with regards to prize cargoes, the British consul in Tromsø observed the unloading of Alster, and wrote an affidavit listing what had been given to the Norwegians, which was sent to the Admiralty. While docked in Tromsø in May 1940, Alster had 70 captive Germans on board. At Tromsø, Alster was manned by Norwegian sailors, replacing the British prize crew.On 16 May a request was made to the Admiralty for a call sign for Alster, the ship departing Tromsø the next day for Kirkenes in Finnmark, escorted by the anti-submarine whaler HMS Ullswater. She was despatched to the northern port to retrieve a cargo of iron ore. Arriving on 19 May 1940, Alster loaded some 10,000 tons of iron ore over four days, sailing south to the port of Harstad on 22 May, still escorted by HMS Ullswater, as well as the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Nordhav II. On 23 May, the British submarine HMS Truant made an unsuccessful attack with two torpedoes on Alster off Havøya, despite efforts having been made to both keep the cargo ship away from the submarine's patrol area, and to warn Truant of the ship's identity. The torpedoes missed, exploding when they hit land. Alster and HMS Ullswater arrived at Harstad on 26 May, with the escort vessel sailing northwards to Hammerfest with mail and provisions for the heavy cruiser HMS Devonshire. While Alster was at Harstad shipping in the town's harbour was repeatedly subjected to attacks by Luftwaffe Heinkel He 111 bombers, the ships being defended by Gloster Gladiator fighters of the No. 263 Squadron RAF operating from Bardufoss Air Station and anti-aircraft artillery. During one of the attacks on 26 May the ship's Norwegian fireman was mortally wounded by bomb fragments, dying in Harstad Hospital later the same day.On 27 May Alster sailed for the United Kingdom in a five-ship convoy which included the crippled HMS Eskimo. In addition to her cargo of iron ore, the ship carried 209 British military personnel, 46 Norwegian military personnel and 72 German prisoners of war. She also transported the "B" gun turret from Eskimo, which had been removed from the destroyer during makeshift repairs. Alster arrived at Scapa Flow on 31 May, unloading her passengers there. Sailing on 3 June, in the company of the passenger steamer St. Magnus and escorted by the destroyers HMS Ashanti and HMS Bedouin, she arrived at Rosyth in Scotland on 4 June 1940.
As Empire Endurance
Alster was passed to the MoWT and renamed Empire Endurance. She was given the UK official number 164841 and call sign GMJJ. She was registered in Middlesbrough. She was placed under the management of Alfred Booth and Company. Empire Endurance sailed in Convoy FN 255, which left Southend, Essex on 17 August and arrived at Methil, Fife two days later. She then joined Convoy OA 202, which left on 21 August and dispersed at sea on 25 August. Her destination was Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where she arrived on 3 September. Empire Endurance sailed on 12 September for Sydney, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, arriving three days later. She then joined Convoy HX 74, which departed from Halifax, Nova Scotia on 17 September and arrived at Liverpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom on 2 October. She was carrying general cargo stated to be bound for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Northumberland. She left the convoy at the Clyde on 2 October.Empire Endurance departed on 25 October to join Convoy OB 234, which had departed from Liverpool the previous day and dispersed at sea on 30 October. Her destination was Montreal, where she arrived on 6 November. She departed on 18 November for the Clyde, arriving on 27 November. The ship was declared a prize of war on 10 December 1940, valued at £144,000. She departed on 5 January 1941 to join Convoy OB 270, which had departed from Liverpool that day and dispersed at sea on 8 January. She sailed to Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, arriving on 17 January. Empire Endurance sailed on 3 February for Halifax, arriving two days later and departing on 9 February for the Clyde, where she arrived on 21 February.Empire Endurance departed on 23 February for Swansea, Glamorgan, arriving on 1 March. She sailed on 9 March for Avonmouth, Somerset, arriving the next day. She departed on 29 March for Cardiff, Glamorgan, arriving the next day and sailing on 2 April for Newport, Monmouthshire, where she arrived later that day. She sailed on 13 April for Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, where she arrived on 15 April.On 19 April, Empire Endurance departed from Milford Haven, bound for Cape Town, South Africa and Alexandria, Egypt. She was manned by 90 crew and had five passengers on board. Amongst her cargo were the Fairmile B motor launches ML-1003 and ML-1037. At 03:32 (German time) on 20 April, Empire Endurance was hit amidships by a torpedo fired by U-73, under the command of Helmut Rosenbaum. At the time she was south west of Rockall at 53°05′N 23°14′W. A coup de grâce was fired at 03:57 which hit just under the bridge, breaking her in two. Empire Endurance sank with the loss of 65 crew and one passenger. Among the crew members lost was the captain, Fred J.S. Tucker of the Royal Naval Reserve. On 21 April, the Canadian Flower-class corvette HMCS Trillium picked up twenty crew and four passengers at 52°50′N 22°50′W. They were landed at Greenock, Renfrewshire on 25 May. On 9 May, five crew were rescued by the British cargo liner Highland Brigade. They were landed at Liverpool. Those lost on board Empire Endurance are commemorated on the Tower Hill Memorial, London.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
|
named after
|
{
"answer_start": [
77
],
"text": [
"Alster"
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}
|
Empire Endurance was a 8,514 GRT steam cargo liner that was built in 1928 as Alster by Deschimag Werk Vulkan, Hamburg, Germany for the shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd. In the years leading up to the Second World War Alster carried cargo and passengers between Germany and Australia. After the outbreak of war she was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine for use as a supply ship.
Alster was captured off Norway on 10 April 1940 by the British destroyer HMS Icarus. Initially serving under the original name as a repair, supply and cargo ship in Norway, she was later passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) and renamed Empire Endurance. She served until 20 April 1941 when she was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine U-73 south-east of the islet of Rockall in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Description
The ship was a 8,514 GRT cargo liner. Deschimag Werk Vulkan built her in Hamburg as Alster, with yard number 211.Alster was 509.9 feet (155.42 m) long, with a beam of 63.6 feet (19.39 m). She had a depth of 30.9 feet (9.42 m). She was assessed at 8,514 GRT, 5,328 NRT, 12,000 DWT. She had four masts, a single funnel, a round stern and a slanted stem.
The ship had a single screw driven by both a triple-expansion steam engine and a steam turbine, both built by Deschimag, and coupled by Deschimag's patented Bauer-Wach system. The triple-expansion engine had cylinders of 31+1⁄4 inches (79 cm), 52+3⁄4 inches (134 cm) and 86+5⁄6 inches (221 cm) diameter by 57+1⁄16 inches (145 cm) stroke. Steam exhausted from its low-pressure cylinder passed through a diverter valve to a steam turbine. Via double-reduction gearing and a Föttinger fluid coupling the turbine drove the same shaft as the piston engine. Together the two engines developed a total of 6,500 indicated horsepower, which gave her a top speed of 14 knots (26 km/h).
History
Alster was launched on 5 January 1928, and completed on 25 February 1928. She was built for Norddeutscher Lloyd. She was given the code letters QMHG and registered in Bremen. She served on routes between Germany and Australia and East Asia. Lloyds Register entries show that she held a passenger certificate from 1934 to 1940. With the change in code letters in 1934, Alster was given the call sign DOEO. She had a crew of 69 and could initially take 14 passengers. In 1930 the passenger capacity was increased to 16.
Norwegian Campaign and capture
On 18 March 1940 the Kriegsmarine requisitioned Alster. She was used as a supply ship in Operation Weserübung – the German invasion of Norway, forming part of the invasion's Ausfuhr-Staffel, transporting heavy equipment. Alster departed Brunsbüttel at 02:00 on 3 April, destined for the North Norwegian port of Narvik. She was one of four supply ships sailing from the Schleswig-Holstein port in support of German forces landing at Narvik on 9 April, under cover of sailing to Murmansk in the Soviet Union. None of these ships made it to their destination. The lack of supplies and artillery would leave the German forces fighting at Narvik vulnerable. Upon reaching Norwegian waters, Alster and the tanker Kattegat, also bound for Narvik, were escorted by the Norwegian torpedo boat HNoMS Trygg as far as Kopervik, where they arrived on 5 April. At Kopervik the German plans suffered a delay because of a lack of pilots to guide the ships northwards, Alster continuing later that day, while Kattegat departed Kopervik only on 6 April. Many of the other supply ships sent out in advance of the invasion also suffered delays, putting the supply part of the invasion plans out of schedule. While at Kopervik, Alster and Kattegat were inspected by the torpedo boat HNoMS Stegg, the Norwegians finding nothing irregular. By 8 April, Alster had reached Vestfjorden, where she was hailed by the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Syrian, which warned her of the British naval minefield laid in the area earlier that day. Alster steamed to Bodø, to await developments. Two days later, on 10 April, following the outbreak of war between Norway and Germany the previous day, Syrian was despatched by Norwegian authorities to seize Alster off Bodø. When Syrian found Alster, the commander of the small Norwegian patrol boat chose not to board the German vessel as he suspected she was armed and possibly carrying troops. As Alster attempted to escape, Syrian sent out messages to the British warships in the area.On 10 April, Alster was captured by the British destroyer HMS Icarus in Vestfjorden, north of Bodø. When intercepted the German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling the vessel, setting off one explosive charge. The light cruiser HMS Penelope had also been sent after Alster, but had run aground near Bodø and suffered serious damage. With the British capture of Alster, no more German supply ships were heading for Narvik and the forces there, leaving General Eduard Dietl's troops with the supplies on board the tanker Jan Wellem and the large stockpiles of weapons, ammunition, uniforms and food captured at the Norwegian Army base Elvegårdsmoen. At the time of her capture, Alster was under the command of Kapitän Oskar Scharf, who had previously commanded the Blue Riband-holding ocean liner Europa.Initially Alster was brought to the improvised British naval base at Skjelfjord in Lofoten. On arrival at Skjelfjord on 11 April, a prize crew from Penelope took over responsibility for the ship. At Skjelfjord, the captured German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling Alster by opening the ship's sea valves. While at Skjelfjord Alster, being equipped with derricks, was used to help repair damaged Allied warships. One of the vessels on which emergency repairs were carried out from Alster, was the destroyer HMS Eskimo, which had lost her bow during the naval battles off Narvik. Alster was also used as an accommodation ship for the crews of the damaged vessels at Skjelfjord. On 24 April Alster departed Skjelfjord for the Northern Norwegian port of Tromsø, manned by a British prize crew. The eight German officers captured on Alster were transferred to the United Kingdom on the British destroyers HMS Cossack and HMS Punjabi. In all, 80 Germans were captured on board Alster, and all were eventually sent to the United Kingdom.Her cargo of 88 lorries, anti-aircraft guns, spare parts for aircraft, ammunition, communications equipment, coke and 400–500 tons of hay, was unloaded in Tromsø on 27 April, as part of the Allied support of the Norwegian forces fighting the German invasion of their country. The cargo was put to use in the supply and defence of the Tromsø area, except for the hay, which was quarantined by the Norwegian authorities at Ringvassøy for fear of foot-and-mouth disease. The coke on board Alster had been placed by the Germans in a 6 ft (1.83 m) layer covering the deck. The supplies on Alster were transferred to the Norwegians by the Allied naval commander Lord Cork after the Norwegian authorities had made repeated request for weapons and other war matériel, and was intended to be a first effort before the arrival of larger quantities of arms and ammunition promised to the Norwegians.The lorries and weapons from Alster were received, assessed and distributed by Norwegian military personnel under the command of Major Karl Arnulf, who had arrived in Tromsø on 7 May 1940, having made his way from German-occupied South Norway. The communications equipment included both a mobile radio transmitter, which was used as a spare for Tromsø radio broadcasting station, as well as large quantities of field telephone equipment which was sent to the units of the Norwegian 6th Division on the Narvik front. The field equipment from Alster replaced the old and worn field telephone systems in use up to that point. Training on the German equipment was provided by Swedish volunteers. In order to satisfy British naval regulations with regards to prize cargoes, the British consul in Tromsø observed the unloading of Alster, and wrote an affidavit listing what had been given to the Norwegians, which was sent to the Admiralty. While docked in Tromsø in May 1940, Alster had 70 captive Germans on board. At Tromsø, Alster was manned by Norwegian sailors, replacing the British prize crew.On 16 May a request was made to the Admiralty for a call sign for Alster, the ship departing Tromsø the next day for Kirkenes in Finnmark, escorted by the anti-submarine whaler HMS Ullswater. She was despatched to the northern port to retrieve a cargo of iron ore. Arriving on 19 May 1940, Alster loaded some 10,000 tons of iron ore over four days, sailing south to the port of Harstad on 22 May, still escorted by HMS Ullswater, as well as the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Nordhav II. On 23 May, the British submarine HMS Truant made an unsuccessful attack with two torpedoes on Alster off Havøya, despite efforts having been made to both keep the cargo ship away from the submarine's patrol area, and to warn Truant of the ship's identity. The torpedoes missed, exploding when they hit land. Alster and HMS Ullswater arrived at Harstad on 26 May, with the escort vessel sailing northwards to Hammerfest with mail and provisions for the heavy cruiser HMS Devonshire. While Alster was at Harstad shipping in the town's harbour was repeatedly subjected to attacks by Luftwaffe Heinkel He 111 bombers, the ships being defended by Gloster Gladiator fighters of the No. 263 Squadron RAF operating from Bardufoss Air Station and anti-aircraft artillery. During one of the attacks on 26 May the ship's Norwegian fireman was mortally wounded by bomb fragments, dying in Harstad Hospital later the same day.On 27 May Alster sailed for the United Kingdom in a five-ship convoy which included the crippled HMS Eskimo. In addition to her cargo of iron ore, the ship carried 209 British military personnel, 46 Norwegian military personnel and 72 German prisoners of war. She also transported the "B" gun turret from Eskimo, which had been removed from the destroyer during makeshift repairs. Alster arrived at Scapa Flow on 31 May, unloading her passengers there. Sailing on 3 June, in the company of the passenger steamer St. Magnus and escorted by the destroyers HMS Ashanti and HMS Bedouin, she arrived at Rosyth in Scotland on 4 June 1940.
As Empire Endurance
Alster was passed to the MoWT and renamed Empire Endurance. She was given the UK official number 164841 and call sign GMJJ. She was registered in Middlesbrough. She was placed under the management of Alfred Booth and Company. Empire Endurance sailed in Convoy FN 255, which left Southend, Essex on 17 August and arrived at Methil, Fife two days later. She then joined Convoy OA 202, which left on 21 August and dispersed at sea on 25 August. Her destination was Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where she arrived on 3 September. Empire Endurance sailed on 12 September for Sydney, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, arriving three days later. She then joined Convoy HX 74, which departed from Halifax, Nova Scotia on 17 September and arrived at Liverpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom on 2 October. She was carrying general cargo stated to be bound for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Northumberland. She left the convoy at the Clyde on 2 October.Empire Endurance departed on 25 October to join Convoy OB 234, which had departed from Liverpool the previous day and dispersed at sea on 30 October. Her destination was Montreal, where she arrived on 6 November. She departed on 18 November for the Clyde, arriving on 27 November. The ship was declared a prize of war on 10 December 1940, valued at £144,000. She departed on 5 January 1941 to join Convoy OB 270, which had departed from Liverpool that day and dispersed at sea on 8 January. She sailed to Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, arriving on 17 January. Empire Endurance sailed on 3 February for Halifax, arriving two days later and departing on 9 February for the Clyde, where she arrived on 21 February.Empire Endurance departed on 23 February for Swansea, Glamorgan, arriving on 1 March. She sailed on 9 March for Avonmouth, Somerset, arriving the next day. She departed on 29 March for Cardiff, Glamorgan, arriving the next day and sailing on 2 April for Newport, Monmouthshire, where she arrived later that day. She sailed on 13 April for Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, where she arrived on 15 April.On 19 April, Empire Endurance departed from Milford Haven, bound for Cape Town, South Africa and Alexandria, Egypt. She was manned by 90 crew and had five passengers on board. Amongst her cargo were the Fairmile B motor launches ML-1003 and ML-1037. At 03:32 (German time) on 20 April, Empire Endurance was hit amidships by a torpedo fired by U-73, under the command of Helmut Rosenbaum. At the time she was south west of Rockall at 53°05′N 23°14′W. A coup de grâce was fired at 03:57 which hit just under the bridge, breaking her in two. Empire Endurance sank with the loss of 65 crew and one passenger. Among the crew members lost was the captain, Fred J.S. Tucker of the Royal Naval Reserve. On 21 April, the Canadian Flower-class corvette HMCS Trillium picked up twenty crew and four passengers at 52°50′N 22°50′W. They were landed at Greenock, Renfrewshire on 25 May. On 9 May, five crew were rescued by the British cargo liner Highland Brigade. They were landed at Liverpool. Those lost on board Empire Endurance are commemorated on the Tower Hill Memorial, London.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
|
home port
|
{
"answer_start": [
2020
],
"text": [
"Bremen"
]
}
|
Empire Endurance was a 8,514 GRT steam cargo liner that was built in 1928 as Alster by Deschimag Werk Vulkan, Hamburg, Germany for the shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd. In the years leading up to the Second World War Alster carried cargo and passengers between Germany and Australia. After the outbreak of war she was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine for use as a supply ship.
Alster was captured off Norway on 10 April 1940 by the British destroyer HMS Icarus. Initially serving under the original name as a repair, supply and cargo ship in Norway, she was later passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) and renamed Empire Endurance. She served until 20 April 1941 when she was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine U-73 south-east of the islet of Rockall in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Description
The ship was a 8,514 GRT cargo liner. Deschimag Werk Vulkan built her in Hamburg as Alster, with yard number 211.Alster was 509.9 feet (155.42 m) long, with a beam of 63.6 feet (19.39 m). She had a depth of 30.9 feet (9.42 m). She was assessed at 8,514 GRT, 5,328 NRT, 12,000 DWT. She had four masts, a single funnel, a round stern and a slanted stem.
The ship had a single screw driven by both a triple-expansion steam engine and a steam turbine, both built by Deschimag, and coupled by Deschimag's patented Bauer-Wach system. The triple-expansion engine had cylinders of 31+1⁄4 inches (79 cm), 52+3⁄4 inches (134 cm) and 86+5⁄6 inches (221 cm) diameter by 57+1⁄16 inches (145 cm) stroke. Steam exhausted from its low-pressure cylinder passed through a diverter valve to a steam turbine. Via double-reduction gearing and a Föttinger fluid coupling the turbine drove the same shaft as the piston engine. Together the two engines developed a total of 6,500 indicated horsepower, which gave her a top speed of 14 knots (26 km/h).
History
Alster was launched on 5 January 1928, and completed on 25 February 1928. She was built for Norddeutscher Lloyd. She was given the code letters QMHG and registered in Bremen. She served on routes between Germany and Australia and East Asia. Lloyds Register entries show that she held a passenger certificate from 1934 to 1940. With the change in code letters in 1934, Alster was given the call sign DOEO. She had a crew of 69 and could initially take 14 passengers. In 1930 the passenger capacity was increased to 16.
Norwegian Campaign and capture
On 18 March 1940 the Kriegsmarine requisitioned Alster. She was used as a supply ship in Operation Weserübung – the German invasion of Norway, forming part of the invasion's Ausfuhr-Staffel, transporting heavy equipment. Alster departed Brunsbüttel at 02:00 on 3 April, destined for the North Norwegian port of Narvik. She was one of four supply ships sailing from the Schleswig-Holstein port in support of German forces landing at Narvik on 9 April, under cover of sailing to Murmansk in the Soviet Union. None of these ships made it to their destination. The lack of supplies and artillery would leave the German forces fighting at Narvik vulnerable. Upon reaching Norwegian waters, Alster and the tanker Kattegat, also bound for Narvik, were escorted by the Norwegian torpedo boat HNoMS Trygg as far as Kopervik, where they arrived on 5 April. At Kopervik the German plans suffered a delay because of a lack of pilots to guide the ships northwards, Alster continuing later that day, while Kattegat departed Kopervik only on 6 April. Many of the other supply ships sent out in advance of the invasion also suffered delays, putting the supply part of the invasion plans out of schedule. While at Kopervik, Alster and Kattegat were inspected by the torpedo boat HNoMS Stegg, the Norwegians finding nothing irregular. By 8 April, Alster had reached Vestfjorden, where she was hailed by the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Syrian, which warned her of the British naval minefield laid in the area earlier that day. Alster steamed to Bodø, to await developments. Two days later, on 10 April, following the outbreak of war between Norway and Germany the previous day, Syrian was despatched by Norwegian authorities to seize Alster off Bodø. When Syrian found Alster, the commander of the small Norwegian patrol boat chose not to board the German vessel as he suspected she was armed and possibly carrying troops. As Alster attempted to escape, Syrian sent out messages to the British warships in the area.On 10 April, Alster was captured by the British destroyer HMS Icarus in Vestfjorden, north of Bodø. When intercepted the German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling the vessel, setting off one explosive charge. The light cruiser HMS Penelope had also been sent after Alster, but had run aground near Bodø and suffered serious damage. With the British capture of Alster, no more German supply ships were heading for Narvik and the forces there, leaving General Eduard Dietl's troops with the supplies on board the tanker Jan Wellem and the large stockpiles of weapons, ammunition, uniforms and food captured at the Norwegian Army base Elvegårdsmoen. At the time of her capture, Alster was under the command of Kapitän Oskar Scharf, who had previously commanded the Blue Riband-holding ocean liner Europa.Initially Alster was brought to the improvised British naval base at Skjelfjord in Lofoten. On arrival at Skjelfjord on 11 April, a prize crew from Penelope took over responsibility for the ship. At Skjelfjord, the captured German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling Alster by opening the ship's sea valves. While at Skjelfjord Alster, being equipped with derricks, was used to help repair damaged Allied warships. One of the vessels on which emergency repairs were carried out from Alster, was the destroyer HMS Eskimo, which had lost her bow during the naval battles off Narvik. Alster was also used as an accommodation ship for the crews of the damaged vessels at Skjelfjord. On 24 April Alster departed Skjelfjord for the Northern Norwegian port of Tromsø, manned by a British prize crew. The eight German officers captured on Alster were transferred to the United Kingdom on the British destroyers HMS Cossack and HMS Punjabi. In all, 80 Germans were captured on board Alster, and all were eventually sent to the United Kingdom.Her cargo of 88 lorries, anti-aircraft guns, spare parts for aircraft, ammunition, communications equipment, coke and 400–500 tons of hay, was unloaded in Tromsø on 27 April, as part of the Allied support of the Norwegian forces fighting the German invasion of their country. The cargo was put to use in the supply and defence of the Tromsø area, except for the hay, which was quarantined by the Norwegian authorities at Ringvassøy for fear of foot-and-mouth disease. The coke on board Alster had been placed by the Germans in a 6 ft (1.83 m) layer covering the deck. The supplies on Alster were transferred to the Norwegians by the Allied naval commander Lord Cork after the Norwegian authorities had made repeated request for weapons and other war matériel, and was intended to be a first effort before the arrival of larger quantities of arms and ammunition promised to the Norwegians.The lorries and weapons from Alster were received, assessed and distributed by Norwegian military personnel under the command of Major Karl Arnulf, who had arrived in Tromsø on 7 May 1940, having made his way from German-occupied South Norway. The communications equipment included both a mobile radio transmitter, which was used as a spare for Tromsø radio broadcasting station, as well as large quantities of field telephone equipment which was sent to the units of the Norwegian 6th Division on the Narvik front. The field equipment from Alster replaced the old and worn field telephone systems in use up to that point. Training on the German equipment was provided by Swedish volunteers. In order to satisfy British naval regulations with regards to prize cargoes, the British consul in Tromsø observed the unloading of Alster, and wrote an affidavit listing what had been given to the Norwegians, which was sent to the Admiralty. While docked in Tromsø in May 1940, Alster had 70 captive Germans on board. At Tromsø, Alster was manned by Norwegian sailors, replacing the British prize crew.On 16 May a request was made to the Admiralty for a call sign for Alster, the ship departing Tromsø the next day for Kirkenes in Finnmark, escorted by the anti-submarine whaler HMS Ullswater. She was despatched to the northern port to retrieve a cargo of iron ore. Arriving on 19 May 1940, Alster loaded some 10,000 tons of iron ore over four days, sailing south to the port of Harstad on 22 May, still escorted by HMS Ullswater, as well as the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Nordhav II. On 23 May, the British submarine HMS Truant made an unsuccessful attack with two torpedoes on Alster off Havøya, despite efforts having been made to both keep the cargo ship away from the submarine's patrol area, and to warn Truant of the ship's identity. The torpedoes missed, exploding when they hit land. Alster and HMS Ullswater arrived at Harstad on 26 May, with the escort vessel sailing northwards to Hammerfest with mail and provisions for the heavy cruiser HMS Devonshire. While Alster was at Harstad shipping in the town's harbour was repeatedly subjected to attacks by Luftwaffe Heinkel He 111 bombers, the ships being defended by Gloster Gladiator fighters of the No. 263 Squadron RAF operating from Bardufoss Air Station and anti-aircraft artillery. During one of the attacks on 26 May the ship's Norwegian fireman was mortally wounded by bomb fragments, dying in Harstad Hospital later the same day.On 27 May Alster sailed for the United Kingdom in a five-ship convoy which included the crippled HMS Eskimo. In addition to her cargo of iron ore, the ship carried 209 British military personnel, 46 Norwegian military personnel and 72 German prisoners of war. She also transported the "B" gun turret from Eskimo, which had been removed from the destroyer during makeshift repairs. Alster arrived at Scapa Flow on 31 May, unloading her passengers there. Sailing on 3 June, in the company of the passenger steamer St. Magnus and escorted by the destroyers HMS Ashanti and HMS Bedouin, she arrived at Rosyth in Scotland on 4 June 1940.
As Empire Endurance
Alster was passed to the MoWT and renamed Empire Endurance. She was given the UK official number 164841 and call sign GMJJ. She was registered in Middlesbrough. She was placed under the management of Alfred Booth and Company. Empire Endurance sailed in Convoy FN 255, which left Southend, Essex on 17 August and arrived at Methil, Fife two days later. She then joined Convoy OA 202, which left on 21 August and dispersed at sea on 25 August. Her destination was Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where she arrived on 3 September. Empire Endurance sailed on 12 September for Sydney, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, arriving three days later. She then joined Convoy HX 74, which departed from Halifax, Nova Scotia on 17 September and arrived at Liverpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom on 2 October. She was carrying general cargo stated to be bound for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Northumberland. She left the convoy at the Clyde on 2 October.Empire Endurance departed on 25 October to join Convoy OB 234, which had departed from Liverpool the previous day and dispersed at sea on 30 October. Her destination was Montreal, where she arrived on 6 November. She departed on 18 November for the Clyde, arriving on 27 November. The ship was declared a prize of war on 10 December 1940, valued at £144,000. She departed on 5 January 1941 to join Convoy OB 270, which had departed from Liverpool that day and dispersed at sea on 8 January. She sailed to Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, arriving on 17 January. Empire Endurance sailed on 3 February for Halifax, arriving two days later and departing on 9 February for the Clyde, where she arrived on 21 February.Empire Endurance departed on 23 February for Swansea, Glamorgan, arriving on 1 March. She sailed on 9 March for Avonmouth, Somerset, arriving the next day. She departed on 29 March for Cardiff, Glamorgan, arriving the next day and sailing on 2 April for Newport, Monmouthshire, where she arrived later that day. She sailed on 13 April for Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, where she arrived on 15 April.On 19 April, Empire Endurance departed from Milford Haven, bound for Cape Town, South Africa and Alexandria, Egypt. She was manned by 90 crew and had five passengers on board. Amongst her cargo were the Fairmile B motor launches ML-1003 and ML-1037. At 03:32 (German time) on 20 April, Empire Endurance was hit amidships by a torpedo fired by U-73, under the command of Helmut Rosenbaum. At the time she was south west of Rockall at 53°05′N 23°14′W. A coup de grâce was fired at 03:57 which hit just under the bridge, breaking her in two. Empire Endurance sank with the loss of 65 crew and one passenger. Among the crew members lost was the captain, Fred J.S. Tucker of the Royal Naval Reserve. On 21 April, the Canadian Flower-class corvette HMCS Trillium picked up twenty crew and four passengers at 52°50′N 22°50′W. They were landed at Greenock, Renfrewshire on 25 May. On 9 May, five crew were rescued by the British cargo liner Highland Brigade. They were landed at Liverpool. Those lost on board Empire Endurance are commemorated on the Tower Hill Memorial, London.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
|
port of registry
|
{
"answer_start": [
2020
],
"text": [
"Bremen"
]
}
|
Empire Endurance was a 8,514 GRT steam cargo liner that was built in 1928 as Alster by Deschimag Werk Vulkan, Hamburg, Germany for the shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd. In the years leading up to the Second World War Alster carried cargo and passengers between Germany and Australia. After the outbreak of war she was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine for use as a supply ship.
Alster was captured off Norway on 10 April 1940 by the British destroyer HMS Icarus. Initially serving under the original name as a repair, supply and cargo ship in Norway, she was later passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) and renamed Empire Endurance. She served until 20 April 1941 when she was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine U-73 south-east of the islet of Rockall in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Description
The ship was a 8,514 GRT cargo liner. Deschimag Werk Vulkan built her in Hamburg as Alster, with yard number 211.Alster was 509.9 feet (155.42 m) long, with a beam of 63.6 feet (19.39 m). She had a depth of 30.9 feet (9.42 m). She was assessed at 8,514 GRT, 5,328 NRT, 12,000 DWT. She had four masts, a single funnel, a round stern and a slanted stem.
The ship had a single screw driven by both a triple-expansion steam engine and a steam turbine, both built by Deschimag, and coupled by Deschimag's patented Bauer-Wach system. The triple-expansion engine had cylinders of 31+1⁄4 inches (79 cm), 52+3⁄4 inches (134 cm) and 86+5⁄6 inches (221 cm) diameter by 57+1⁄16 inches (145 cm) stroke. Steam exhausted from its low-pressure cylinder passed through a diverter valve to a steam turbine. Via double-reduction gearing and a Föttinger fluid coupling the turbine drove the same shaft as the piston engine. Together the two engines developed a total of 6,500 indicated horsepower, which gave her a top speed of 14 knots (26 km/h).
History
Alster was launched on 5 January 1928, and completed on 25 February 1928. She was built for Norddeutscher Lloyd. She was given the code letters QMHG and registered in Bremen. She served on routes between Germany and Australia and East Asia. Lloyds Register entries show that she held a passenger certificate from 1934 to 1940. With the change in code letters in 1934, Alster was given the call sign DOEO. She had a crew of 69 and could initially take 14 passengers. In 1930 the passenger capacity was increased to 16.
Norwegian Campaign and capture
On 18 March 1940 the Kriegsmarine requisitioned Alster. She was used as a supply ship in Operation Weserübung – the German invasion of Norway, forming part of the invasion's Ausfuhr-Staffel, transporting heavy equipment. Alster departed Brunsbüttel at 02:00 on 3 April, destined for the North Norwegian port of Narvik. She was one of four supply ships sailing from the Schleswig-Holstein port in support of German forces landing at Narvik on 9 April, under cover of sailing to Murmansk in the Soviet Union. None of these ships made it to their destination. The lack of supplies and artillery would leave the German forces fighting at Narvik vulnerable. Upon reaching Norwegian waters, Alster and the tanker Kattegat, also bound for Narvik, were escorted by the Norwegian torpedo boat HNoMS Trygg as far as Kopervik, where they arrived on 5 April. At Kopervik the German plans suffered a delay because of a lack of pilots to guide the ships northwards, Alster continuing later that day, while Kattegat departed Kopervik only on 6 April. Many of the other supply ships sent out in advance of the invasion also suffered delays, putting the supply part of the invasion plans out of schedule. While at Kopervik, Alster and Kattegat were inspected by the torpedo boat HNoMS Stegg, the Norwegians finding nothing irregular. By 8 April, Alster had reached Vestfjorden, where she was hailed by the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Syrian, which warned her of the British naval minefield laid in the area earlier that day. Alster steamed to Bodø, to await developments. Two days later, on 10 April, following the outbreak of war between Norway and Germany the previous day, Syrian was despatched by Norwegian authorities to seize Alster off Bodø. When Syrian found Alster, the commander of the small Norwegian patrol boat chose not to board the German vessel as he suspected she was armed and possibly carrying troops. As Alster attempted to escape, Syrian sent out messages to the British warships in the area.On 10 April, Alster was captured by the British destroyer HMS Icarus in Vestfjorden, north of Bodø. When intercepted the German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling the vessel, setting off one explosive charge. The light cruiser HMS Penelope had also been sent after Alster, but had run aground near Bodø and suffered serious damage. With the British capture of Alster, no more German supply ships were heading for Narvik and the forces there, leaving General Eduard Dietl's troops with the supplies on board the tanker Jan Wellem and the large stockpiles of weapons, ammunition, uniforms and food captured at the Norwegian Army base Elvegårdsmoen. At the time of her capture, Alster was under the command of Kapitän Oskar Scharf, who had previously commanded the Blue Riband-holding ocean liner Europa.Initially Alster was brought to the improvised British naval base at Skjelfjord in Lofoten. On arrival at Skjelfjord on 11 April, a prize crew from Penelope took over responsibility for the ship. At Skjelfjord, the captured German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling Alster by opening the ship's sea valves. While at Skjelfjord Alster, being equipped with derricks, was used to help repair damaged Allied warships. One of the vessels on which emergency repairs were carried out from Alster, was the destroyer HMS Eskimo, which had lost her bow during the naval battles off Narvik. Alster was also used as an accommodation ship for the crews of the damaged vessels at Skjelfjord. On 24 April Alster departed Skjelfjord for the Northern Norwegian port of Tromsø, manned by a British prize crew. The eight German officers captured on Alster were transferred to the United Kingdom on the British destroyers HMS Cossack and HMS Punjabi. In all, 80 Germans were captured on board Alster, and all were eventually sent to the United Kingdom.Her cargo of 88 lorries, anti-aircraft guns, spare parts for aircraft, ammunition, communications equipment, coke and 400–500 tons of hay, was unloaded in Tromsø on 27 April, as part of the Allied support of the Norwegian forces fighting the German invasion of their country. The cargo was put to use in the supply and defence of the Tromsø area, except for the hay, which was quarantined by the Norwegian authorities at Ringvassøy for fear of foot-and-mouth disease. The coke on board Alster had been placed by the Germans in a 6 ft (1.83 m) layer covering the deck. The supplies on Alster were transferred to the Norwegians by the Allied naval commander Lord Cork after the Norwegian authorities had made repeated request for weapons and other war matériel, and was intended to be a first effort before the arrival of larger quantities of arms and ammunition promised to the Norwegians.The lorries and weapons from Alster were received, assessed and distributed by Norwegian military personnel under the command of Major Karl Arnulf, who had arrived in Tromsø on 7 May 1940, having made his way from German-occupied South Norway. The communications equipment included both a mobile radio transmitter, which was used as a spare for Tromsø radio broadcasting station, as well as large quantities of field telephone equipment which was sent to the units of the Norwegian 6th Division on the Narvik front. The field equipment from Alster replaced the old and worn field telephone systems in use up to that point. Training on the German equipment was provided by Swedish volunteers. In order to satisfy British naval regulations with regards to prize cargoes, the British consul in Tromsø observed the unloading of Alster, and wrote an affidavit listing what had been given to the Norwegians, which was sent to the Admiralty. While docked in Tromsø in May 1940, Alster had 70 captive Germans on board. At Tromsø, Alster was manned by Norwegian sailors, replacing the British prize crew.On 16 May a request was made to the Admiralty for a call sign for Alster, the ship departing Tromsø the next day for Kirkenes in Finnmark, escorted by the anti-submarine whaler HMS Ullswater. She was despatched to the northern port to retrieve a cargo of iron ore. Arriving on 19 May 1940, Alster loaded some 10,000 tons of iron ore over four days, sailing south to the port of Harstad on 22 May, still escorted by HMS Ullswater, as well as the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Nordhav II. On 23 May, the British submarine HMS Truant made an unsuccessful attack with two torpedoes on Alster off Havøya, despite efforts having been made to both keep the cargo ship away from the submarine's patrol area, and to warn Truant of the ship's identity. The torpedoes missed, exploding when they hit land. Alster and HMS Ullswater arrived at Harstad on 26 May, with the escort vessel sailing northwards to Hammerfest with mail and provisions for the heavy cruiser HMS Devonshire. While Alster was at Harstad shipping in the town's harbour was repeatedly subjected to attacks by Luftwaffe Heinkel He 111 bombers, the ships being defended by Gloster Gladiator fighters of the No. 263 Squadron RAF operating from Bardufoss Air Station and anti-aircraft artillery. During one of the attacks on 26 May the ship's Norwegian fireman was mortally wounded by bomb fragments, dying in Harstad Hospital later the same day.On 27 May Alster sailed for the United Kingdom in a five-ship convoy which included the crippled HMS Eskimo. In addition to her cargo of iron ore, the ship carried 209 British military personnel, 46 Norwegian military personnel and 72 German prisoners of war. She also transported the "B" gun turret from Eskimo, which had been removed from the destroyer during makeshift repairs. Alster arrived at Scapa Flow on 31 May, unloading her passengers there. Sailing on 3 June, in the company of the passenger steamer St. Magnus and escorted by the destroyers HMS Ashanti and HMS Bedouin, she arrived at Rosyth in Scotland on 4 June 1940.
As Empire Endurance
Alster was passed to the MoWT and renamed Empire Endurance. She was given the UK official number 164841 and call sign GMJJ. She was registered in Middlesbrough. She was placed under the management of Alfred Booth and Company. Empire Endurance sailed in Convoy FN 255, which left Southend, Essex on 17 August and arrived at Methil, Fife two days later. She then joined Convoy OA 202, which left on 21 August and dispersed at sea on 25 August. Her destination was Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where she arrived on 3 September. Empire Endurance sailed on 12 September for Sydney, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, arriving three days later. She then joined Convoy HX 74, which departed from Halifax, Nova Scotia on 17 September and arrived at Liverpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom on 2 October. She was carrying general cargo stated to be bound for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Northumberland. She left the convoy at the Clyde on 2 October.Empire Endurance departed on 25 October to join Convoy OB 234, which had departed from Liverpool the previous day and dispersed at sea on 30 October. Her destination was Montreal, where she arrived on 6 November. She departed on 18 November for the Clyde, arriving on 27 November. The ship was declared a prize of war on 10 December 1940, valued at £144,000. She departed on 5 January 1941 to join Convoy OB 270, which had departed from Liverpool that day and dispersed at sea on 8 January. She sailed to Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, arriving on 17 January. Empire Endurance sailed on 3 February for Halifax, arriving two days later and departing on 9 February for the Clyde, where she arrived on 21 February.Empire Endurance departed on 23 February for Swansea, Glamorgan, arriving on 1 March. She sailed on 9 March for Avonmouth, Somerset, arriving the next day. She departed on 29 March for Cardiff, Glamorgan, arriving the next day and sailing on 2 April for Newport, Monmouthshire, where she arrived later that day. She sailed on 13 April for Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, where she arrived on 15 April.On 19 April, Empire Endurance departed from Milford Haven, bound for Cape Town, South Africa and Alexandria, Egypt. She was manned by 90 crew and had five passengers on board. Amongst her cargo were the Fairmile B motor launches ML-1003 and ML-1037. At 03:32 (German time) on 20 April, Empire Endurance was hit amidships by a torpedo fired by U-73, under the command of Helmut Rosenbaum. At the time she was south west of Rockall at 53°05′N 23°14′W. A coup de grâce was fired at 03:57 which hit just under the bridge, breaking her in two. Empire Endurance sank with the loss of 65 crew and one passenger. Among the crew members lost was the captain, Fred J.S. Tucker of the Royal Naval Reserve. On 21 April, the Canadian Flower-class corvette HMCS Trillium picked up twenty crew and four passengers at 52°50′N 22°50′W. They were landed at Greenock, Renfrewshire on 25 May. On 9 May, five crew were rescued by the British cargo liner Highland Brigade. They were landed at Liverpool. Those lost on board Empire Endurance are commemorated on the Tower Hill Memorial, London.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
|
yard number
|
{
"answer_start": [
924
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"text": [
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Empire Endurance was a 8,514 GRT steam cargo liner that was built in 1928 as Alster by Deschimag Werk Vulkan, Hamburg, Germany for the shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd. In the years leading up to the Second World War Alster carried cargo and passengers between Germany and Australia. After the outbreak of war she was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine for use as a supply ship.
Alster was captured off Norway on 10 April 1940 by the British destroyer HMS Icarus. Initially serving under the original name as a repair, supply and cargo ship in Norway, she was later passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) and renamed Empire Endurance. She served until 20 April 1941 when she was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine U-73 south-east of the islet of Rockall in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Description
The ship was a 8,514 GRT cargo liner. Deschimag Werk Vulkan built her in Hamburg as Alster, with yard number 211.Alster was 509.9 feet (155.42 m) long, with a beam of 63.6 feet (19.39 m). She had a depth of 30.9 feet (9.42 m). She was assessed at 8,514 GRT, 5,328 NRT, 12,000 DWT. She had four masts, a single funnel, a round stern and a slanted stem.
The ship had a single screw driven by both a triple-expansion steam engine and a steam turbine, both built by Deschimag, and coupled by Deschimag's patented Bauer-Wach system. The triple-expansion engine had cylinders of 31+1⁄4 inches (79 cm), 52+3⁄4 inches (134 cm) and 86+5⁄6 inches (221 cm) diameter by 57+1⁄16 inches (145 cm) stroke. Steam exhausted from its low-pressure cylinder passed through a diverter valve to a steam turbine. Via double-reduction gearing and a Föttinger fluid coupling the turbine drove the same shaft as the piston engine. Together the two engines developed a total of 6,500 indicated horsepower, which gave her a top speed of 14 knots (26 km/h).
History
Alster was launched on 5 January 1928, and completed on 25 February 1928. She was built for Norddeutscher Lloyd. She was given the code letters QMHG and registered in Bremen. She served on routes between Germany and Australia and East Asia. Lloyds Register entries show that she held a passenger certificate from 1934 to 1940. With the change in code letters in 1934, Alster was given the call sign DOEO. She had a crew of 69 and could initially take 14 passengers. In 1930 the passenger capacity was increased to 16.
Norwegian Campaign and capture
On 18 March 1940 the Kriegsmarine requisitioned Alster. She was used as a supply ship in Operation Weserübung – the German invasion of Norway, forming part of the invasion's Ausfuhr-Staffel, transporting heavy equipment. Alster departed Brunsbüttel at 02:00 on 3 April, destined for the North Norwegian port of Narvik. She was one of four supply ships sailing from the Schleswig-Holstein port in support of German forces landing at Narvik on 9 April, under cover of sailing to Murmansk in the Soviet Union. None of these ships made it to their destination. The lack of supplies and artillery would leave the German forces fighting at Narvik vulnerable. Upon reaching Norwegian waters, Alster and the tanker Kattegat, also bound for Narvik, were escorted by the Norwegian torpedo boat HNoMS Trygg as far as Kopervik, where they arrived on 5 April. At Kopervik the German plans suffered a delay because of a lack of pilots to guide the ships northwards, Alster continuing later that day, while Kattegat departed Kopervik only on 6 April. Many of the other supply ships sent out in advance of the invasion also suffered delays, putting the supply part of the invasion plans out of schedule. While at Kopervik, Alster and Kattegat were inspected by the torpedo boat HNoMS Stegg, the Norwegians finding nothing irregular. By 8 April, Alster had reached Vestfjorden, where she was hailed by the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Syrian, which warned her of the British naval minefield laid in the area earlier that day. Alster steamed to Bodø, to await developments. Two days later, on 10 April, following the outbreak of war between Norway and Germany the previous day, Syrian was despatched by Norwegian authorities to seize Alster off Bodø. When Syrian found Alster, the commander of the small Norwegian patrol boat chose not to board the German vessel as he suspected she was armed and possibly carrying troops. As Alster attempted to escape, Syrian sent out messages to the British warships in the area.On 10 April, Alster was captured by the British destroyer HMS Icarus in Vestfjorden, north of Bodø. When intercepted the German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling the vessel, setting off one explosive charge. The light cruiser HMS Penelope had also been sent after Alster, but had run aground near Bodø and suffered serious damage. With the British capture of Alster, no more German supply ships were heading for Narvik and the forces there, leaving General Eduard Dietl's troops with the supplies on board the tanker Jan Wellem and the large stockpiles of weapons, ammunition, uniforms and food captured at the Norwegian Army base Elvegårdsmoen. At the time of her capture, Alster was under the command of Kapitän Oskar Scharf, who had previously commanded the Blue Riband-holding ocean liner Europa.Initially Alster was brought to the improvised British naval base at Skjelfjord in Lofoten. On arrival at Skjelfjord on 11 April, a prize crew from Penelope took over responsibility for the ship. At Skjelfjord, the captured German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling Alster by opening the ship's sea valves. While at Skjelfjord Alster, being equipped with derricks, was used to help repair damaged Allied warships. One of the vessels on which emergency repairs were carried out from Alster, was the destroyer HMS Eskimo, which had lost her bow during the naval battles off Narvik. Alster was also used as an accommodation ship for the crews of the damaged vessels at Skjelfjord. On 24 April Alster departed Skjelfjord for the Northern Norwegian port of Tromsø, manned by a British prize crew. The eight German officers captured on Alster were transferred to the United Kingdom on the British destroyers HMS Cossack and HMS Punjabi. In all, 80 Germans were captured on board Alster, and all were eventually sent to the United Kingdom.Her cargo of 88 lorries, anti-aircraft guns, spare parts for aircraft, ammunition, communications equipment, coke and 400–500 tons of hay, was unloaded in Tromsø on 27 April, as part of the Allied support of the Norwegian forces fighting the German invasion of their country. The cargo was put to use in the supply and defence of the Tromsø area, except for the hay, which was quarantined by the Norwegian authorities at Ringvassøy for fear of foot-and-mouth disease. The coke on board Alster had been placed by the Germans in a 6 ft (1.83 m) layer covering the deck. The supplies on Alster were transferred to the Norwegians by the Allied naval commander Lord Cork after the Norwegian authorities had made repeated request for weapons and other war matériel, and was intended to be a first effort before the arrival of larger quantities of arms and ammunition promised to the Norwegians.The lorries and weapons from Alster were received, assessed and distributed by Norwegian military personnel under the command of Major Karl Arnulf, who had arrived in Tromsø on 7 May 1940, having made his way from German-occupied South Norway. The communications equipment included both a mobile radio transmitter, which was used as a spare for Tromsø radio broadcasting station, as well as large quantities of field telephone equipment which was sent to the units of the Norwegian 6th Division on the Narvik front. The field equipment from Alster replaced the old and worn field telephone systems in use up to that point. Training on the German equipment was provided by Swedish volunteers. In order to satisfy British naval regulations with regards to prize cargoes, the British consul in Tromsø observed the unloading of Alster, and wrote an affidavit listing what had been given to the Norwegians, which was sent to the Admiralty. While docked in Tromsø in May 1940, Alster had 70 captive Germans on board. At Tromsø, Alster was manned by Norwegian sailors, replacing the British prize crew.On 16 May a request was made to the Admiralty for a call sign for Alster, the ship departing Tromsø the next day for Kirkenes in Finnmark, escorted by the anti-submarine whaler HMS Ullswater. She was despatched to the northern port to retrieve a cargo of iron ore. Arriving on 19 May 1940, Alster loaded some 10,000 tons of iron ore over four days, sailing south to the port of Harstad on 22 May, still escorted by HMS Ullswater, as well as the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Nordhav II. On 23 May, the British submarine HMS Truant made an unsuccessful attack with two torpedoes on Alster off Havøya, despite efforts having been made to both keep the cargo ship away from the submarine's patrol area, and to warn Truant of the ship's identity. The torpedoes missed, exploding when they hit land. Alster and HMS Ullswater arrived at Harstad on 26 May, with the escort vessel sailing northwards to Hammerfest with mail and provisions for the heavy cruiser HMS Devonshire. While Alster was at Harstad shipping in the town's harbour was repeatedly subjected to attacks by Luftwaffe Heinkel He 111 bombers, the ships being defended by Gloster Gladiator fighters of the No. 263 Squadron RAF operating from Bardufoss Air Station and anti-aircraft artillery. During one of the attacks on 26 May the ship's Norwegian fireman was mortally wounded by bomb fragments, dying in Harstad Hospital later the same day.On 27 May Alster sailed for the United Kingdom in a five-ship convoy which included the crippled HMS Eskimo. In addition to her cargo of iron ore, the ship carried 209 British military personnel, 46 Norwegian military personnel and 72 German prisoners of war. She also transported the "B" gun turret from Eskimo, which had been removed from the destroyer during makeshift repairs. Alster arrived at Scapa Flow on 31 May, unloading her passengers there. Sailing on 3 June, in the company of the passenger steamer St. Magnus and escorted by the destroyers HMS Ashanti and HMS Bedouin, she arrived at Rosyth in Scotland on 4 June 1940.
As Empire Endurance
Alster was passed to the MoWT and renamed Empire Endurance. She was given the UK official number 164841 and call sign GMJJ. She was registered in Middlesbrough. She was placed under the management of Alfred Booth and Company. Empire Endurance sailed in Convoy FN 255, which left Southend, Essex on 17 August and arrived at Methil, Fife two days later. She then joined Convoy OA 202, which left on 21 August and dispersed at sea on 25 August. Her destination was Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where she arrived on 3 September. Empire Endurance sailed on 12 September for Sydney, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, arriving three days later. She then joined Convoy HX 74, which departed from Halifax, Nova Scotia on 17 September and arrived at Liverpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom on 2 October. She was carrying general cargo stated to be bound for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Northumberland. She left the convoy at the Clyde on 2 October.Empire Endurance departed on 25 October to join Convoy OB 234, which had departed from Liverpool the previous day and dispersed at sea on 30 October. Her destination was Montreal, where she arrived on 6 November. She departed on 18 November for the Clyde, arriving on 27 November. The ship was declared a prize of war on 10 December 1940, valued at £144,000. She departed on 5 January 1941 to join Convoy OB 270, which had departed from Liverpool that day and dispersed at sea on 8 January. She sailed to Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, arriving on 17 January. Empire Endurance sailed on 3 February for Halifax, arriving two days later and departing on 9 February for the Clyde, where she arrived on 21 February.Empire Endurance departed on 23 February for Swansea, Glamorgan, arriving on 1 March. She sailed on 9 March for Avonmouth, Somerset, arriving the next day. She departed on 29 March for Cardiff, Glamorgan, arriving the next day and sailing on 2 April for Newport, Monmouthshire, where she arrived later that day. She sailed on 13 April for Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, where she arrived on 15 April.On 19 April, Empire Endurance departed from Milford Haven, bound for Cape Town, South Africa and Alexandria, Egypt. She was manned by 90 crew and had five passengers on board. Amongst her cargo were the Fairmile B motor launches ML-1003 and ML-1037. At 03:32 (German time) on 20 April, Empire Endurance was hit amidships by a torpedo fired by U-73, under the command of Helmut Rosenbaum. At the time she was south west of Rockall at 53°05′N 23°14′W. A coup de grâce was fired at 03:57 which hit just under the bridge, breaking her in two. Empire Endurance sank with the loss of 65 crew and one passenger. Among the crew members lost was the captain, Fred J.S. Tucker of the Royal Naval Reserve. On 21 April, the Canadian Flower-class corvette HMCS Trillium picked up twenty crew and four passengers at 52°50′N 22°50′W. They were landed at Greenock, Renfrewshire on 25 May. On 9 May, five crew were rescued by the British cargo liner Highland Brigade. They were landed at Liverpool. Those lost on board Empire Endurance are commemorated on the Tower Hill Memorial, London.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
|
location of creation
|
{
"answer_start": [
110
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"text": [
"Hamburg"
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Empire Endurance was a 8,514 GRT steam cargo liner that was built in 1928 as Alster by Deschimag Werk Vulkan, Hamburg, Germany for the shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd. In the years leading up to the Second World War Alster carried cargo and passengers between Germany and Australia. After the outbreak of war she was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine for use as a supply ship.
Alster was captured off Norway on 10 April 1940 by the British destroyer HMS Icarus. Initially serving under the original name as a repair, supply and cargo ship in Norway, she was later passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) and renamed Empire Endurance. She served until 20 April 1941 when she was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine U-73 south-east of the islet of Rockall in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Description
The ship was a 8,514 GRT cargo liner. Deschimag Werk Vulkan built her in Hamburg as Alster, with yard number 211.Alster was 509.9 feet (155.42 m) long, with a beam of 63.6 feet (19.39 m). She had a depth of 30.9 feet (9.42 m). She was assessed at 8,514 GRT, 5,328 NRT, 12,000 DWT. She had four masts, a single funnel, a round stern and a slanted stem.
The ship had a single screw driven by both a triple-expansion steam engine and a steam turbine, both built by Deschimag, and coupled by Deschimag's patented Bauer-Wach system. The triple-expansion engine had cylinders of 31+1⁄4 inches (79 cm), 52+3⁄4 inches (134 cm) and 86+5⁄6 inches (221 cm) diameter by 57+1⁄16 inches (145 cm) stroke. Steam exhausted from its low-pressure cylinder passed through a diverter valve to a steam turbine. Via double-reduction gearing and a Föttinger fluid coupling the turbine drove the same shaft as the piston engine. Together the two engines developed a total of 6,500 indicated horsepower, which gave her a top speed of 14 knots (26 km/h).
History
Alster was launched on 5 January 1928, and completed on 25 February 1928. She was built for Norddeutscher Lloyd. She was given the code letters QMHG and registered in Bremen. She served on routes between Germany and Australia and East Asia. Lloyds Register entries show that she held a passenger certificate from 1934 to 1940. With the change in code letters in 1934, Alster was given the call sign DOEO. She had a crew of 69 and could initially take 14 passengers. In 1930 the passenger capacity was increased to 16.
Norwegian Campaign and capture
On 18 March 1940 the Kriegsmarine requisitioned Alster. She was used as a supply ship in Operation Weserübung – the German invasion of Norway, forming part of the invasion's Ausfuhr-Staffel, transporting heavy equipment. Alster departed Brunsbüttel at 02:00 on 3 April, destined for the North Norwegian port of Narvik. She was one of four supply ships sailing from the Schleswig-Holstein port in support of German forces landing at Narvik on 9 April, under cover of sailing to Murmansk in the Soviet Union. None of these ships made it to their destination. The lack of supplies and artillery would leave the German forces fighting at Narvik vulnerable. Upon reaching Norwegian waters, Alster and the tanker Kattegat, also bound for Narvik, were escorted by the Norwegian torpedo boat HNoMS Trygg as far as Kopervik, where they arrived on 5 April. At Kopervik the German plans suffered a delay because of a lack of pilots to guide the ships northwards, Alster continuing later that day, while Kattegat departed Kopervik only on 6 April. Many of the other supply ships sent out in advance of the invasion also suffered delays, putting the supply part of the invasion plans out of schedule. While at Kopervik, Alster and Kattegat were inspected by the torpedo boat HNoMS Stegg, the Norwegians finding nothing irregular. By 8 April, Alster had reached Vestfjorden, where she was hailed by the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Syrian, which warned her of the British naval minefield laid in the area earlier that day. Alster steamed to Bodø, to await developments. Two days later, on 10 April, following the outbreak of war between Norway and Germany the previous day, Syrian was despatched by Norwegian authorities to seize Alster off Bodø. When Syrian found Alster, the commander of the small Norwegian patrol boat chose not to board the German vessel as he suspected she was armed and possibly carrying troops. As Alster attempted to escape, Syrian sent out messages to the British warships in the area.On 10 April, Alster was captured by the British destroyer HMS Icarus in Vestfjorden, north of Bodø. When intercepted the German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling the vessel, setting off one explosive charge. The light cruiser HMS Penelope had also been sent after Alster, but had run aground near Bodø and suffered serious damage. With the British capture of Alster, no more German supply ships were heading for Narvik and the forces there, leaving General Eduard Dietl's troops with the supplies on board the tanker Jan Wellem and the large stockpiles of weapons, ammunition, uniforms and food captured at the Norwegian Army base Elvegårdsmoen. At the time of her capture, Alster was under the command of Kapitän Oskar Scharf, who had previously commanded the Blue Riband-holding ocean liner Europa.Initially Alster was brought to the improvised British naval base at Skjelfjord in Lofoten. On arrival at Skjelfjord on 11 April, a prize crew from Penelope took over responsibility for the ship. At Skjelfjord, the captured German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling Alster by opening the ship's sea valves. While at Skjelfjord Alster, being equipped with derricks, was used to help repair damaged Allied warships. One of the vessels on which emergency repairs were carried out from Alster, was the destroyer HMS Eskimo, which had lost her bow during the naval battles off Narvik. Alster was also used as an accommodation ship for the crews of the damaged vessels at Skjelfjord. On 24 April Alster departed Skjelfjord for the Northern Norwegian port of Tromsø, manned by a British prize crew. The eight German officers captured on Alster were transferred to the United Kingdom on the British destroyers HMS Cossack and HMS Punjabi. In all, 80 Germans were captured on board Alster, and all were eventually sent to the United Kingdom.Her cargo of 88 lorries, anti-aircraft guns, spare parts for aircraft, ammunition, communications equipment, coke and 400–500 tons of hay, was unloaded in Tromsø on 27 April, as part of the Allied support of the Norwegian forces fighting the German invasion of their country. The cargo was put to use in the supply and defence of the Tromsø area, except for the hay, which was quarantined by the Norwegian authorities at Ringvassøy for fear of foot-and-mouth disease. The coke on board Alster had been placed by the Germans in a 6 ft (1.83 m) layer covering the deck. The supplies on Alster were transferred to the Norwegians by the Allied naval commander Lord Cork after the Norwegian authorities had made repeated request for weapons and other war matériel, and was intended to be a first effort before the arrival of larger quantities of arms and ammunition promised to the Norwegians.The lorries and weapons from Alster were received, assessed and distributed by Norwegian military personnel under the command of Major Karl Arnulf, who had arrived in Tromsø on 7 May 1940, having made his way from German-occupied South Norway. The communications equipment included both a mobile radio transmitter, which was used as a spare for Tromsø radio broadcasting station, as well as large quantities of field telephone equipment which was sent to the units of the Norwegian 6th Division on the Narvik front. The field equipment from Alster replaced the old and worn field telephone systems in use up to that point. Training on the German equipment was provided by Swedish volunteers. In order to satisfy British naval regulations with regards to prize cargoes, the British consul in Tromsø observed the unloading of Alster, and wrote an affidavit listing what had been given to the Norwegians, which was sent to the Admiralty. While docked in Tromsø in May 1940, Alster had 70 captive Germans on board. At Tromsø, Alster was manned by Norwegian sailors, replacing the British prize crew.On 16 May a request was made to the Admiralty for a call sign for Alster, the ship departing Tromsø the next day for Kirkenes in Finnmark, escorted by the anti-submarine whaler HMS Ullswater. She was despatched to the northern port to retrieve a cargo of iron ore. Arriving on 19 May 1940, Alster loaded some 10,000 tons of iron ore over four days, sailing south to the port of Harstad on 22 May, still escorted by HMS Ullswater, as well as the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Nordhav II. On 23 May, the British submarine HMS Truant made an unsuccessful attack with two torpedoes on Alster off Havøya, despite efforts having been made to both keep the cargo ship away from the submarine's patrol area, and to warn Truant of the ship's identity. The torpedoes missed, exploding when they hit land. Alster and HMS Ullswater arrived at Harstad on 26 May, with the escort vessel sailing northwards to Hammerfest with mail and provisions for the heavy cruiser HMS Devonshire. While Alster was at Harstad shipping in the town's harbour was repeatedly subjected to attacks by Luftwaffe Heinkel He 111 bombers, the ships being defended by Gloster Gladiator fighters of the No. 263 Squadron RAF operating from Bardufoss Air Station and anti-aircraft artillery. During one of the attacks on 26 May the ship's Norwegian fireman was mortally wounded by bomb fragments, dying in Harstad Hospital later the same day.On 27 May Alster sailed for the United Kingdom in a five-ship convoy which included the crippled HMS Eskimo. In addition to her cargo of iron ore, the ship carried 209 British military personnel, 46 Norwegian military personnel and 72 German prisoners of war. She also transported the "B" gun turret from Eskimo, which had been removed from the destroyer during makeshift repairs. Alster arrived at Scapa Flow on 31 May, unloading her passengers there. Sailing on 3 June, in the company of the passenger steamer St. Magnus and escorted by the destroyers HMS Ashanti and HMS Bedouin, she arrived at Rosyth in Scotland on 4 June 1940.
As Empire Endurance
Alster was passed to the MoWT and renamed Empire Endurance. She was given the UK official number 164841 and call sign GMJJ. She was registered in Middlesbrough. She was placed under the management of Alfred Booth and Company. Empire Endurance sailed in Convoy FN 255, which left Southend, Essex on 17 August and arrived at Methil, Fife two days later. She then joined Convoy OA 202, which left on 21 August and dispersed at sea on 25 August. Her destination was Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where she arrived on 3 September. Empire Endurance sailed on 12 September for Sydney, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, arriving three days later. She then joined Convoy HX 74, which departed from Halifax, Nova Scotia on 17 September and arrived at Liverpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom on 2 October. She was carrying general cargo stated to be bound for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Northumberland. She left the convoy at the Clyde on 2 October.Empire Endurance departed on 25 October to join Convoy OB 234, which had departed from Liverpool the previous day and dispersed at sea on 30 October. Her destination was Montreal, where she arrived on 6 November. She departed on 18 November for the Clyde, arriving on 27 November. The ship was declared a prize of war on 10 December 1940, valued at £144,000. She departed on 5 January 1941 to join Convoy OB 270, which had departed from Liverpool that day and dispersed at sea on 8 January. She sailed to Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, arriving on 17 January. Empire Endurance sailed on 3 February for Halifax, arriving two days later and departing on 9 February for the Clyde, where she arrived on 21 February.Empire Endurance departed on 23 February for Swansea, Glamorgan, arriving on 1 March. She sailed on 9 March for Avonmouth, Somerset, arriving the next day. She departed on 29 March for Cardiff, Glamorgan, arriving the next day and sailing on 2 April for Newport, Monmouthshire, where she arrived later that day. She sailed on 13 April for Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, where she arrived on 15 April.On 19 April, Empire Endurance departed from Milford Haven, bound for Cape Town, South Africa and Alexandria, Egypt. She was manned by 90 crew and had five passengers on board. Amongst her cargo were the Fairmile B motor launches ML-1003 and ML-1037. At 03:32 (German time) on 20 April, Empire Endurance was hit amidships by a torpedo fired by U-73, under the command of Helmut Rosenbaum. At the time she was south west of Rockall at 53°05′N 23°14′W. A coup de grâce was fired at 03:57 which hit just under the bridge, breaking her in two. Empire Endurance sank with the loss of 65 crew and one passenger. Among the crew members lost was the captain, Fred J.S. Tucker of the Royal Naval Reserve. On 21 April, the Canadian Flower-class corvette HMCS Trillium picked up twenty crew and four passengers at 52°50′N 22°50′W. They were landed at Greenock, Renfrewshire on 25 May. On 9 May, five crew were rescued by the British cargo liner Highland Brigade. They were landed at Liverpool. Those lost on board Empire Endurance are commemorated on the Tower Hill Memorial, London.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
|
beam
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Empire Endurance was a 8,514 GRT steam cargo liner that was built in 1928 as Alster by Deschimag Werk Vulkan, Hamburg, Germany for the shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd. In the years leading up to the Second World War Alster carried cargo and passengers between Germany and Australia. After the outbreak of war she was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine for use as a supply ship.
Alster was captured off Norway on 10 April 1940 by the British destroyer HMS Icarus. Initially serving under the original name as a repair, supply and cargo ship in Norway, she was later passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) and renamed Empire Endurance. She served until 20 April 1941 when she was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine U-73 south-east of the islet of Rockall in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Description
The ship was a 8,514 GRT cargo liner. Deschimag Werk Vulkan built her in Hamburg as Alster, with yard number 211.Alster was 509.9 feet (155.42 m) long, with a beam of 63.6 feet (19.39 m). She had a depth of 30.9 feet (9.42 m). She was assessed at 8,514 GRT, 5,328 NRT, 12,000 DWT. She had four masts, a single funnel, a round stern and a slanted stem.
The ship had a single screw driven by both a triple-expansion steam engine and a steam turbine, both built by Deschimag, and coupled by Deschimag's patented Bauer-Wach system. The triple-expansion engine had cylinders of 31+1⁄4 inches (79 cm), 52+3⁄4 inches (134 cm) and 86+5⁄6 inches (221 cm) diameter by 57+1⁄16 inches (145 cm) stroke. Steam exhausted from its low-pressure cylinder passed through a diverter valve to a steam turbine. Via double-reduction gearing and a Föttinger fluid coupling the turbine drove the same shaft as the piston engine. Together the two engines developed a total of 6,500 indicated horsepower, which gave her a top speed of 14 knots (26 km/h).
History
Alster was launched on 5 January 1928, and completed on 25 February 1928. She was built for Norddeutscher Lloyd. She was given the code letters QMHG and registered in Bremen. She served on routes between Germany and Australia and East Asia. Lloyds Register entries show that she held a passenger certificate from 1934 to 1940. With the change in code letters in 1934, Alster was given the call sign DOEO. She had a crew of 69 and could initially take 14 passengers. In 1930 the passenger capacity was increased to 16.
Norwegian Campaign and capture
On 18 March 1940 the Kriegsmarine requisitioned Alster. She was used as a supply ship in Operation Weserübung – the German invasion of Norway, forming part of the invasion's Ausfuhr-Staffel, transporting heavy equipment. Alster departed Brunsbüttel at 02:00 on 3 April, destined for the North Norwegian port of Narvik. She was one of four supply ships sailing from the Schleswig-Holstein port in support of German forces landing at Narvik on 9 April, under cover of sailing to Murmansk in the Soviet Union. None of these ships made it to their destination. The lack of supplies and artillery would leave the German forces fighting at Narvik vulnerable. Upon reaching Norwegian waters, Alster and the tanker Kattegat, also bound for Narvik, were escorted by the Norwegian torpedo boat HNoMS Trygg as far as Kopervik, where they arrived on 5 April. At Kopervik the German plans suffered a delay because of a lack of pilots to guide the ships northwards, Alster continuing later that day, while Kattegat departed Kopervik only on 6 April. Many of the other supply ships sent out in advance of the invasion also suffered delays, putting the supply part of the invasion plans out of schedule. While at Kopervik, Alster and Kattegat were inspected by the torpedo boat HNoMS Stegg, the Norwegians finding nothing irregular. By 8 April, Alster had reached Vestfjorden, where she was hailed by the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Syrian, which warned her of the British naval minefield laid in the area earlier that day. Alster steamed to Bodø, to await developments. Two days later, on 10 April, following the outbreak of war between Norway and Germany the previous day, Syrian was despatched by Norwegian authorities to seize Alster off Bodø. When Syrian found Alster, the commander of the small Norwegian patrol boat chose not to board the German vessel as he suspected she was armed and possibly carrying troops. As Alster attempted to escape, Syrian sent out messages to the British warships in the area.On 10 April, Alster was captured by the British destroyer HMS Icarus in Vestfjorden, north of Bodø. When intercepted the German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling the vessel, setting off one explosive charge. The light cruiser HMS Penelope had also been sent after Alster, but had run aground near Bodø and suffered serious damage. With the British capture of Alster, no more German supply ships were heading for Narvik and the forces there, leaving General Eduard Dietl's troops with the supplies on board the tanker Jan Wellem and the large stockpiles of weapons, ammunition, uniforms and food captured at the Norwegian Army base Elvegårdsmoen. At the time of her capture, Alster was under the command of Kapitän Oskar Scharf, who had previously commanded the Blue Riband-holding ocean liner Europa.Initially Alster was brought to the improvised British naval base at Skjelfjord in Lofoten. On arrival at Skjelfjord on 11 April, a prize crew from Penelope took over responsibility for the ship. At Skjelfjord, the captured German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling Alster by opening the ship's sea valves. While at Skjelfjord Alster, being equipped with derricks, was used to help repair damaged Allied warships. One of the vessels on which emergency repairs were carried out from Alster, was the destroyer HMS Eskimo, which had lost her bow during the naval battles off Narvik. Alster was also used as an accommodation ship for the crews of the damaged vessels at Skjelfjord. On 24 April Alster departed Skjelfjord for the Northern Norwegian port of Tromsø, manned by a British prize crew. The eight German officers captured on Alster were transferred to the United Kingdom on the British destroyers HMS Cossack and HMS Punjabi. In all, 80 Germans were captured on board Alster, and all were eventually sent to the United Kingdom.Her cargo of 88 lorries, anti-aircraft guns, spare parts for aircraft, ammunition, communications equipment, coke and 400–500 tons of hay, was unloaded in Tromsø on 27 April, as part of the Allied support of the Norwegian forces fighting the German invasion of their country. The cargo was put to use in the supply and defence of the Tromsø area, except for the hay, which was quarantined by the Norwegian authorities at Ringvassøy for fear of foot-and-mouth disease. The coke on board Alster had been placed by the Germans in a 6 ft (1.83 m) layer covering the deck. The supplies on Alster were transferred to the Norwegians by the Allied naval commander Lord Cork after the Norwegian authorities had made repeated request for weapons and other war matériel, and was intended to be a first effort before the arrival of larger quantities of arms and ammunition promised to the Norwegians.The lorries and weapons from Alster were received, assessed and distributed by Norwegian military personnel under the command of Major Karl Arnulf, who had arrived in Tromsø on 7 May 1940, having made his way from German-occupied South Norway. The communications equipment included both a mobile radio transmitter, which was used as a spare for Tromsø radio broadcasting station, as well as large quantities of field telephone equipment which was sent to the units of the Norwegian 6th Division on the Narvik front. The field equipment from Alster replaced the old and worn field telephone systems in use up to that point. Training on the German equipment was provided by Swedish volunteers. In order to satisfy British naval regulations with regards to prize cargoes, the British consul in Tromsø observed the unloading of Alster, and wrote an affidavit listing what had been given to the Norwegians, which was sent to the Admiralty. While docked in Tromsø in May 1940, Alster had 70 captive Germans on board. At Tromsø, Alster was manned by Norwegian sailors, replacing the British prize crew.On 16 May a request was made to the Admiralty for a call sign for Alster, the ship departing Tromsø the next day for Kirkenes in Finnmark, escorted by the anti-submarine whaler HMS Ullswater. She was despatched to the northern port to retrieve a cargo of iron ore. Arriving on 19 May 1940, Alster loaded some 10,000 tons of iron ore over four days, sailing south to the port of Harstad on 22 May, still escorted by HMS Ullswater, as well as the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Nordhav II. On 23 May, the British submarine HMS Truant made an unsuccessful attack with two torpedoes on Alster off Havøya, despite efforts having been made to both keep the cargo ship away from the submarine's patrol area, and to warn Truant of the ship's identity. The torpedoes missed, exploding when they hit land. Alster and HMS Ullswater arrived at Harstad on 26 May, with the escort vessel sailing northwards to Hammerfest with mail and provisions for the heavy cruiser HMS Devonshire. While Alster was at Harstad shipping in the town's harbour was repeatedly subjected to attacks by Luftwaffe Heinkel He 111 bombers, the ships being defended by Gloster Gladiator fighters of the No. 263 Squadron RAF operating from Bardufoss Air Station and anti-aircraft artillery. During one of the attacks on 26 May the ship's Norwegian fireman was mortally wounded by bomb fragments, dying in Harstad Hospital later the same day.On 27 May Alster sailed for the United Kingdom in a five-ship convoy which included the crippled HMS Eskimo. In addition to her cargo of iron ore, the ship carried 209 British military personnel, 46 Norwegian military personnel and 72 German prisoners of war. She also transported the "B" gun turret from Eskimo, which had been removed from the destroyer during makeshift repairs. Alster arrived at Scapa Flow on 31 May, unloading her passengers there. Sailing on 3 June, in the company of the passenger steamer St. Magnus and escorted by the destroyers HMS Ashanti and HMS Bedouin, she arrived at Rosyth in Scotland on 4 June 1940.
As Empire Endurance
Alster was passed to the MoWT and renamed Empire Endurance. She was given the UK official number 164841 and call sign GMJJ. She was registered in Middlesbrough. She was placed under the management of Alfred Booth and Company. Empire Endurance sailed in Convoy FN 255, which left Southend, Essex on 17 August and arrived at Methil, Fife two days later. She then joined Convoy OA 202, which left on 21 August and dispersed at sea on 25 August. Her destination was Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where she arrived on 3 September. Empire Endurance sailed on 12 September for Sydney, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, arriving three days later. She then joined Convoy HX 74, which departed from Halifax, Nova Scotia on 17 September and arrived at Liverpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom on 2 October. She was carrying general cargo stated to be bound for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Northumberland. She left the convoy at the Clyde on 2 October.Empire Endurance departed on 25 October to join Convoy OB 234, which had departed from Liverpool the previous day and dispersed at sea on 30 October. Her destination was Montreal, where she arrived on 6 November. She departed on 18 November for the Clyde, arriving on 27 November. The ship was declared a prize of war on 10 December 1940, valued at £144,000. She departed on 5 January 1941 to join Convoy OB 270, which had departed from Liverpool that day and dispersed at sea on 8 January. She sailed to Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, arriving on 17 January. Empire Endurance sailed on 3 February for Halifax, arriving two days later and departing on 9 February for the Clyde, where she arrived on 21 February.Empire Endurance departed on 23 February for Swansea, Glamorgan, arriving on 1 March. She sailed on 9 March for Avonmouth, Somerset, arriving the next day. She departed on 29 March for Cardiff, Glamorgan, arriving the next day and sailing on 2 April for Newport, Monmouthshire, where she arrived later that day. She sailed on 13 April for Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, where she arrived on 15 April.On 19 April, Empire Endurance departed from Milford Haven, bound for Cape Town, South Africa and Alexandria, Egypt. She was manned by 90 crew and had five passengers on board. Amongst her cargo were the Fairmile B motor launches ML-1003 and ML-1037. At 03:32 (German time) on 20 April, Empire Endurance was hit amidships by a torpedo fired by U-73, under the command of Helmut Rosenbaum. At the time she was south west of Rockall at 53°05′N 23°14′W. A coup de grâce was fired at 03:57 which hit just under the bridge, breaking her in two. Empire Endurance sank with the loss of 65 crew and one passenger. Among the crew members lost was the captain, Fred J.S. Tucker of the Royal Naval Reserve. On 21 April, the Canadian Flower-class corvette HMCS Trillium picked up twenty crew and four passengers at 52°50′N 22°50′W. They were landed at Greenock, Renfrewshire on 25 May. On 9 May, five crew were rescued by the British cargo liner Highland Brigade. They were landed at Liverpool. Those lost on board Empire Endurance are commemorated on the Tower Hill Memorial, London.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
|
call sign
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Empire Endurance was a 8,514 GRT steam cargo liner that was built in 1928 as Alster by Deschimag Werk Vulkan, Hamburg, Germany for the shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd. In the years leading up to the Second World War Alster carried cargo and passengers between Germany and Australia. After the outbreak of war she was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine for use as a supply ship.
Alster was captured off Norway on 10 April 1940 by the British destroyer HMS Icarus. Initially serving under the original name as a repair, supply and cargo ship in Norway, she was later passed to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) and renamed Empire Endurance. She served until 20 April 1941 when she was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine U-73 south-east of the islet of Rockall in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Description
The ship was a 8,514 GRT cargo liner. Deschimag Werk Vulkan built her in Hamburg as Alster, with yard number 211.Alster was 509.9 feet (155.42 m) long, with a beam of 63.6 feet (19.39 m). She had a depth of 30.9 feet (9.42 m). She was assessed at 8,514 GRT, 5,328 NRT, 12,000 DWT. She had four masts, a single funnel, a round stern and a slanted stem.
The ship had a single screw driven by both a triple-expansion steam engine and a steam turbine, both built by Deschimag, and coupled by Deschimag's patented Bauer-Wach system. The triple-expansion engine had cylinders of 31+1⁄4 inches (79 cm), 52+3⁄4 inches (134 cm) and 86+5⁄6 inches (221 cm) diameter by 57+1⁄16 inches (145 cm) stroke. Steam exhausted from its low-pressure cylinder passed through a diverter valve to a steam turbine. Via double-reduction gearing and a Föttinger fluid coupling the turbine drove the same shaft as the piston engine. Together the two engines developed a total of 6,500 indicated horsepower, which gave her a top speed of 14 knots (26 km/h).
History
Alster was launched on 5 January 1928, and completed on 25 February 1928. She was built for Norddeutscher Lloyd. She was given the code letters QMHG and registered in Bremen. She served on routes between Germany and Australia and East Asia. Lloyds Register entries show that she held a passenger certificate from 1934 to 1940. With the change in code letters in 1934, Alster was given the call sign DOEO. She had a crew of 69 and could initially take 14 passengers. In 1930 the passenger capacity was increased to 16.
Norwegian Campaign and capture
On 18 March 1940 the Kriegsmarine requisitioned Alster. She was used as a supply ship in Operation Weserübung – the German invasion of Norway, forming part of the invasion's Ausfuhr-Staffel, transporting heavy equipment. Alster departed Brunsbüttel at 02:00 on 3 April, destined for the North Norwegian port of Narvik. She was one of four supply ships sailing from the Schleswig-Holstein port in support of German forces landing at Narvik on 9 April, under cover of sailing to Murmansk in the Soviet Union. None of these ships made it to their destination. The lack of supplies and artillery would leave the German forces fighting at Narvik vulnerable. Upon reaching Norwegian waters, Alster and the tanker Kattegat, also bound for Narvik, were escorted by the Norwegian torpedo boat HNoMS Trygg as far as Kopervik, where they arrived on 5 April. At Kopervik the German plans suffered a delay because of a lack of pilots to guide the ships northwards, Alster continuing later that day, while Kattegat departed Kopervik only on 6 April. Many of the other supply ships sent out in advance of the invasion also suffered delays, putting the supply part of the invasion plans out of schedule. While at Kopervik, Alster and Kattegat were inspected by the torpedo boat HNoMS Stegg, the Norwegians finding nothing irregular. By 8 April, Alster had reached Vestfjorden, where she was hailed by the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Syrian, which warned her of the British naval minefield laid in the area earlier that day. Alster steamed to Bodø, to await developments. Two days later, on 10 April, following the outbreak of war between Norway and Germany the previous day, Syrian was despatched by Norwegian authorities to seize Alster off Bodø. When Syrian found Alster, the commander of the small Norwegian patrol boat chose not to board the German vessel as he suspected she was armed and possibly carrying troops. As Alster attempted to escape, Syrian sent out messages to the British warships in the area.On 10 April, Alster was captured by the British destroyer HMS Icarus in Vestfjorden, north of Bodø. When intercepted the German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling the vessel, setting off one explosive charge. The light cruiser HMS Penelope had also been sent after Alster, but had run aground near Bodø and suffered serious damage. With the British capture of Alster, no more German supply ships were heading for Narvik and the forces there, leaving General Eduard Dietl's troops with the supplies on board the tanker Jan Wellem and the large stockpiles of weapons, ammunition, uniforms and food captured at the Norwegian Army base Elvegårdsmoen. At the time of her capture, Alster was under the command of Kapitän Oskar Scharf, who had previously commanded the Blue Riband-holding ocean liner Europa.Initially Alster was brought to the improvised British naval base at Skjelfjord in Lofoten. On arrival at Skjelfjord on 11 April, a prize crew from Penelope took over responsibility for the ship. At Skjelfjord, the captured German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling Alster by opening the ship's sea valves. While at Skjelfjord Alster, being equipped with derricks, was used to help repair damaged Allied warships. One of the vessels on which emergency repairs were carried out from Alster, was the destroyer HMS Eskimo, which had lost her bow during the naval battles off Narvik. Alster was also used as an accommodation ship for the crews of the damaged vessels at Skjelfjord. On 24 April Alster departed Skjelfjord for the Northern Norwegian port of Tromsø, manned by a British prize crew. The eight German officers captured on Alster were transferred to the United Kingdom on the British destroyers HMS Cossack and HMS Punjabi. In all, 80 Germans were captured on board Alster, and all were eventually sent to the United Kingdom.Her cargo of 88 lorries, anti-aircraft guns, spare parts for aircraft, ammunition, communications equipment, coke and 400–500 tons of hay, was unloaded in Tromsø on 27 April, as part of the Allied support of the Norwegian forces fighting the German invasion of their country. The cargo was put to use in the supply and defence of the Tromsø area, except for the hay, which was quarantined by the Norwegian authorities at Ringvassøy for fear of foot-and-mouth disease. The coke on board Alster had been placed by the Germans in a 6 ft (1.83 m) layer covering the deck. The supplies on Alster were transferred to the Norwegians by the Allied naval commander Lord Cork after the Norwegian authorities had made repeated request for weapons and other war matériel, and was intended to be a first effort before the arrival of larger quantities of arms and ammunition promised to the Norwegians.The lorries and weapons from Alster were received, assessed and distributed by Norwegian military personnel under the command of Major Karl Arnulf, who had arrived in Tromsø on 7 May 1940, having made his way from German-occupied South Norway. The communications equipment included both a mobile radio transmitter, which was used as a spare for Tromsø radio broadcasting station, as well as large quantities of field telephone equipment which was sent to the units of the Norwegian 6th Division on the Narvik front. The field equipment from Alster replaced the old and worn field telephone systems in use up to that point. Training on the German equipment was provided by Swedish volunteers. In order to satisfy British naval regulations with regards to prize cargoes, the British consul in Tromsø observed the unloading of Alster, and wrote an affidavit listing what had been given to the Norwegians, which was sent to the Admiralty. While docked in Tromsø in May 1940, Alster had 70 captive Germans on board. At Tromsø, Alster was manned by Norwegian sailors, replacing the British prize crew.On 16 May a request was made to the Admiralty for a call sign for Alster, the ship departing Tromsø the next day for Kirkenes in Finnmark, escorted by the anti-submarine whaler HMS Ullswater. She was despatched to the northern port to retrieve a cargo of iron ore. Arriving on 19 May 1940, Alster loaded some 10,000 tons of iron ore over four days, sailing south to the port of Harstad on 22 May, still escorted by HMS Ullswater, as well as the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Nordhav II. On 23 May, the British submarine HMS Truant made an unsuccessful attack with two torpedoes on Alster off Havøya, despite efforts having been made to both keep the cargo ship away from the submarine's patrol area, and to warn Truant of the ship's identity. The torpedoes missed, exploding when they hit land. Alster and HMS Ullswater arrived at Harstad on 26 May, with the escort vessel sailing northwards to Hammerfest with mail and provisions for the heavy cruiser HMS Devonshire. While Alster was at Harstad shipping in the town's harbour was repeatedly subjected to attacks by Luftwaffe Heinkel He 111 bombers, the ships being defended by Gloster Gladiator fighters of the No. 263 Squadron RAF operating from Bardufoss Air Station and anti-aircraft artillery. During one of the attacks on 26 May the ship's Norwegian fireman was mortally wounded by bomb fragments, dying in Harstad Hospital later the same day.On 27 May Alster sailed for the United Kingdom in a five-ship convoy which included the crippled HMS Eskimo. In addition to her cargo of iron ore, the ship carried 209 British military personnel, 46 Norwegian military personnel and 72 German prisoners of war. She also transported the "B" gun turret from Eskimo, which had been removed from the destroyer during makeshift repairs. Alster arrived at Scapa Flow on 31 May, unloading her passengers there. Sailing on 3 June, in the company of the passenger steamer St. Magnus and escorted by the destroyers HMS Ashanti and HMS Bedouin, she arrived at Rosyth in Scotland on 4 June 1940.
As Empire Endurance
Alster was passed to the MoWT and renamed Empire Endurance. She was given the UK official number 164841 and call sign GMJJ. She was registered in Middlesbrough. She was placed under the management of Alfred Booth and Company. Empire Endurance sailed in Convoy FN 255, which left Southend, Essex on 17 August and arrived at Methil, Fife two days later. She then joined Convoy OA 202, which left on 21 August and dispersed at sea on 25 August. Her destination was Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where she arrived on 3 September. Empire Endurance sailed on 12 September for Sydney, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, arriving three days later. She then joined Convoy HX 74, which departed from Halifax, Nova Scotia on 17 September and arrived at Liverpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom on 2 October. She was carrying general cargo stated to be bound for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Northumberland. She left the convoy at the Clyde on 2 October.Empire Endurance departed on 25 October to join Convoy OB 234, which had departed from Liverpool the previous day and dispersed at sea on 30 October. Her destination was Montreal, where she arrived on 6 November. She departed on 18 November for the Clyde, arriving on 27 November. The ship was declared a prize of war on 10 December 1940, valued at £144,000. She departed on 5 January 1941 to join Convoy OB 270, which had departed from Liverpool that day and dispersed at sea on 8 January. She sailed to Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada, arriving on 17 January. Empire Endurance sailed on 3 February for Halifax, arriving two days later and departing on 9 February for the Clyde, where she arrived on 21 February.Empire Endurance departed on 23 February for Swansea, Glamorgan, arriving on 1 March. She sailed on 9 March for Avonmouth, Somerset, arriving the next day. She departed on 29 March for Cardiff, Glamorgan, arriving the next day and sailing on 2 April for Newport, Monmouthshire, where she arrived later that day. She sailed on 13 April for Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, where she arrived on 15 April.On 19 April, Empire Endurance departed from Milford Haven, bound for Cape Town, South Africa and Alexandria, Egypt. She was manned by 90 crew and had five passengers on board. Amongst her cargo were the Fairmile B motor launches ML-1003 and ML-1037. At 03:32 (German time) on 20 April, Empire Endurance was hit amidships by a torpedo fired by U-73, under the command of Helmut Rosenbaum. At the time she was south west of Rockall at 53°05′N 23°14′W. A coup de grâce was fired at 03:57 which hit just under the bridge, breaking her in two. Empire Endurance sank with the loss of 65 crew and one passenger. Among the crew members lost was the captain, Fred J.S. Tucker of the Royal Naval Reserve. On 21 April, the Canadian Flower-class corvette HMCS Trillium picked up twenty crew and four passengers at 52°50′N 22°50′W. They were landed at Greenock, Renfrewshire on 25 May. On 9 May, five crew were rescued by the British cargo liner Highland Brigade. They were landed at Liverpool. Those lost on board Empire Endurance are commemorated on the Tower Hill Memorial, London.
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
|
country of registry
|
{
"answer_start": [
6085
],
"text": [
"United Kingdom"
]
}
|
Thembisile "Thembi" Majola is the current Deputy Minister of Energy of South Africa in the cabinet of President Cyril Ramaphosa.
See also
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
Constitution of South Africa
History of the African National Congress
Politics in South Africa
Provincial governments of South Africa
References
External links
Thembi Majola at People's Assembly
|
member of political party
|
{
"answer_start": [
231
],
"text": [
"African National Congress"
]
}
|
The House by the Edge of the Lake (Italian: Sensitività) is a horror film directed by Enzo G. Castellari.
The film was re-edited several years after, with the title Kyra, La signora del lago (Kyra, the Lady of the Lake). The director Castellari defined that film as an "awful horror film with a very low cost budget".
Cast
Vincent Gardenia as Old painter
Leonora Fani as Lilian
Wolfango Soldati as Edoardo
Patricia Adriani as Lilith
Caterina Boratto as Kira
Massimo Vanni as Manuel
Production
Director Enzo G. Castellari explained that the film was developed between his friendship with an aspiring film maker named Jose Sanchez. Castellari met him through his doctor and started teaching him how to write a script and took him on as an assistant. Castellari stated that his script was being finished for a Spanish producer to be shot in Costa Brava which led to Castellari taking charge in directing the film. Castellari's recollections are at odds with the film's credits which credit the film to Jose Maria Nunes a writer and director who was active in the film business since the 1950s with Sanchez only being credited as an actor in a small role.Filming began in August 1978 in Costa Brava but halted shortly after as the money for the film ran out.
Castellari did not initially want his named attached to the film, but in order to gain more funds he obliged to having his name attached to the project.
Release
The House by the Edge of the Lake was released in Italy on 28 September 1979. It was released in Spain as Diabla on 11 July 1980. Distributor Rodolfo Putignani invested money his company Cinezeta created the Italian title for the film Sensivita, a word that does not exist in Italian. Castellari found that as soon as editing the film, problems with distribution began which led to further interruptions in filming. Castellari stated that "[Distributor Rodolfo]Putignani and his associate Curti finished it their own way. But my name as director stayed."The film was re-released in 1986 with additional scenes shot by Alfonso Brescia with editing credited to "Jeffrey Bogart". Castellari did not like the re-edit of the film, recalling he was invited to a horror convention where the film was screened and that "after six minutes I walked [out of] the theater, horrified."
References
Footnotes
Sources
External links
The House by the Edge of the Lake at IMDb
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"film"
]
}
|
The House by the Edge of the Lake (Italian: Sensitività) is a horror film directed by Enzo G. Castellari.
The film was re-edited several years after, with the title Kyra, La signora del lago (Kyra, the Lady of the Lake). The director Castellari defined that film as an "awful horror film with a very low cost budget".
Cast
Vincent Gardenia as Old painter
Leonora Fani as Lilian
Wolfango Soldati as Edoardo
Patricia Adriani as Lilith
Caterina Boratto as Kira
Massimo Vanni as Manuel
Production
Director Enzo G. Castellari explained that the film was developed between his friendship with an aspiring film maker named Jose Sanchez. Castellari met him through his doctor and started teaching him how to write a script and took him on as an assistant. Castellari stated that his script was being finished for a Spanish producer to be shot in Costa Brava which led to Castellari taking charge in directing the film. Castellari's recollections are at odds with the film's credits which credit the film to Jose Maria Nunes a writer and director who was active in the film business since the 1950s with Sanchez only being credited as an actor in a small role.Filming began in August 1978 in Costa Brava but halted shortly after as the money for the film ran out.
Castellari did not initially want his named attached to the film, but in order to gain more funds he obliged to having his name attached to the project.
Release
The House by the Edge of the Lake was released in Italy on 28 September 1979. It was released in Spain as Diabla on 11 July 1980. Distributor Rodolfo Putignani invested money his company Cinezeta created the Italian title for the film Sensivita, a word that does not exist in Italian. Castellari found that as soon as editing the film, problems with distribution began which led to further interruptions in filming. Castellari stated that "[Distributor Rodolfo]Putignani and his associate Curti finished it their own way. But my name as director stayed."The film was re-released in 1986 with additional scenes shot by Alfonso Brescia with editing credited to "Jeffrey Bogart". Castellari did not like the re-edit of the film, recalling he was invited to a horror convention where the film was screened and that "after six minutes I walked [out of] the theater, horrified."
References
Footnotes
Sources
External links
The House by the Edge of the Lake at IMDb
|
director
|
{
"answer_start": [
2040
],
"text": [
"Alfonso Brescia"
]
}
|
The House by the Edge of the Lake (Italian: Sensitività) is a horror film directed by Enzo G. Castellari.
The film was re-edited several years after, with the title Kyra, La signora del lago (Kyra, the Lady of the Lake). The director Castellari defined that film as an "awful horror film with a very low cost budget".
Cast
Vincent Gardenia as Old painter
Leonora Fani as Lilian
Wolfango Soldati as Edoardo
Patricia Adriani as Lilith
Caterina Boratto as Kira
Massimo Vanni as Manuel
Production
Director Enzo G. Castellari explained that the film was developed between his friendship with an aspiring film maker named Jose Sanchez. Castellari met him through his doctor and started teaching him how to write a script and took him on as an assistant. Castellari stated that his script was being finished for a Spanish producer to be shot in Costa Brava which led to Castellari taking charge in directing the film. Castellari's recollections are at odds with the film's credits which credit the film to Jose Maria Nunes a writer and director who was active in the film business since the 1950s with Sanchez only being credited as an actor in a small role.Filming began in August 1978 in Costa Brava but halted shortly after as the money for the film ran out.
Castellari did not initially want his named attached to the film, but in order to gain more funds he obliged to having his name attached to the project.
Release
The House by the Edge of the Lake was released in Italy on 28 September 1979. It was released in Spain as Diabla on 11 July 1980. Distributor Rodolfo Putignani invested money his company Cinezeta created the Italian title for the film Sensivita, a word that does not exist in Italian. Castellari found that as soon as editing the film, problems with distribution began which led to further interruptions in filming. Castellari stated that "[Distributor Rodolfo]Putignani and his associate Curti finished it their own way. But my name as director stayed."The film was re-released in 1986 with additional scenes shot by Alfonso Brescia with editing credited to "Jeffrey Bogart". Castellari did not like the re-edit of the film, recalling he was invited to a horror convention where the film was screened and that "after six minutes I walked [out of] the theater, horrified."
References
Footnotes
Sources
External links
The House by the Edge of the Lake at IMDb
|
cast member
|
{
"answer_start": [
435
],
"text": [
"Caterina Boratto"
]
}
|
The House by the Edge of the Lake (Italian: Sensitività) is a horror film directed by Enzo G. Castellari.
The film was re-edited several years after, with the title Kyra, La signora del lago (Kyra, the Lady of the Lake). The director Castellari defined that film as an "awful horror film with a very low cost budget".
Cast
Vincent Gardenia as Old painter
Leonora Fani as Lilian
Wolfango Soldati as Edoardo
Patricia Adriani as Lilith
Caterina Boratto as Kira
Massimo Vanni as Manuel
Production
Director Enzo G. Castellari explained that the film was developed between his friendship with an aspiring film maker named Jose Sanchez. Castellari met him through his doctor and started teaching him how to write a script and took him on as an assistant. Castellari stated that his script was being finished for a Spanish producer to be shot in Costa Brava which led to Castellari taking charge in directing the film. Castellari's recollections are at odds with the film's credits which credit the film to Jose Maria Nunes a writer and director who was active in the film business since the 1950s with Sanchez only being credited as an actor in a small role.Filming began in August 1978 in Costa Brava but halted shortly after as the money for the film ran out.
Castellari did not initially want his named attached to the film, but in order to gain more funds he obliged to having his name attached to the project.
Release
The House by the Edge of the Lake was released in Italy on 28 September 1979. It was released in Spain as Diabla on 11 July 1980. Distributor Rodolfo Putignani invested money his company Cinezeta created the Italian title for the film Sensivita, a word that does not exist in Italian. Castellari found that as soon as editing the film, problems with distribution began which led to further interruptions in filming. Castellari stated that "[Distributor Rodolfo]Putignani and his associate Curti finished it their own way. But my name as director stayed."The film was re-released in 1986 with additional scenes shot by Alfonso Brescia with editing credited to "Jeffrey Bogart". Castellari did not like the re-edit of the film, recalling he was invited to a horror convention where the film was screened and that "after six minutes I walked [out of] the theater, horrified."
References
Footnotes
Sources
External links
The House by the Edge of the Lake at IMDb
|
original language of film or TV show
|
{
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"Italian"
]
}
|
The House by the Edge of the Lake (Italian: Sensitività) is a horror film directed by Enzo G. Castellari.
The film was re-edited several years after, with the title Kyra, La signora del lago (Kyra, the Lady of the Lake). The director Castellari defined that film as an "awful horror film with a very low cost budget".
Cast
Vincent Gardenia as Old painter
Leonora Fani as Lilian
Wolfango Soldati as Edoardo
Patricia Adriani as Lilith
Caterina Boratto as Kira
Massimo Vanni as Manuel
Production
Director Enzo G. Castellari explained that the film was developed between his friendship with an aspiring film maker named Jose Sanchez. Castellari met him through his doctor and started teaching him how to write a script and took him on as an assistant. Castellari stated that his script was being finished for a Spanish producer to be shot in Costa Brava which led to Castellari taking charge in directing the film. Castellari's recollections are at odds with the film's credits which credit the film to Jose Maria Nunes a writer and director who was active in the film business since the 1950s with Sanchez only being credited as an actor in a small role.Filming began in August 1978 in Costa Brava but halted shortly after as the money for the film ran out.
Castellari did not initially want his named attached to the film, but in order to gain more funds he obliged to having his name attached to the project.
Release
The House by the Edge of the Lake was released in Italy on 28 September 1979. It was released in Spain as Diabla on 11 July 1980. Distributor Rodolfo Putignani invested money his company Cinezeta created the Italian title for the film Sensivita, a word that does not exist in Italian. Castellari found that as soon as editing the film, problems with distribution began which led to further interruptions in filming. Castellari stated that "[Distributor Rodolfo]Putignani and his associate Curti finished it their own way. But my name as director stayed."The film was re-released in 1986 with additional scenes shot by Alfonso Brescia with editing credited to "Jeffrey Bogart". Castellari did not like the re-edit of the film, recalling he was invited to a horror convention where the film was screened and that "after six minutes I walked [out of] the theater, horrified."
References
Footnotes
Sources
External links
The House by the Edge of the Lake at IMDb
|
country of origin
|
{
"answer_start": [
1519
],
"text": [
"Spain"
]
}
|
The House by the Edge of the Lake (Italian: Sensitività) is a horror film directed by Enzo G. Castellari.
The film was re-edited several years after, with the title Kyra, La signora del lago (Kyra, the Lady of the Lake). The director Castellari defined that film as an "awful horror film with a very low cost budget".
Cast
Vincent Gardenia as Old painter
Leonora Fani as Lilian
Wolfango Soldati as Edoardo
Patricia Adriani as Lilith
Caterina Boratto as Kira
Massimo Vanni as Manuel
Production
Director Enzo G. Castellari explained that the film was developed between his friendship with an aspiring film maker named Jose Sanchez. Castellari met him through his doctor and started teaching him how to write a script and took him on as an assistant. Castellari stated that his script was being finished for a Spanish producer to be shot in Costa Brava which led to Castellari taking charge in directing the film. Castellari's recollections are at odds with the film's credits which credit the film to Jose Maria Nunes a writer and director who was active in the film business since the 1950s with Sanchez only being credited as an actor in a small role.Filming began in August 1978 in Costa Brava but halted shortly after as the money for the film ran out.
Castellari did not initially want his named attached to the film, but in order to gain more funds he obliged to having his name attached to the project.
Release
The House by the Edge of the Lake was released in Italy on 28 September 1979. It was released in Spain as Diabla on 11 July 1980. Distributor Rodolfo Putignani invested money his company Cinezeta created the Italian title for the film Sensivita, a word that does not exist in Italian. Castellari found that as soon as editing the film, problems with distribution began which led to further interruptions in filming. Castellari stated that "[Distributor Rodolfo]Putignani and his associate Curti finished it their own way. But my name as director stayed."The film was re-released in 1986 with additional scenes shot by Alfonso Brescia with editing credited to "Jeffrey Bogart". Castellari did not like the re-edit of the film, recalling he was invited to a horror convention where the film was screened and that "after six minutes I walked [out of] the theater, horrified."
References
Footnotes
Sources
External links
The House by the Edge of the Lake at IMDb
|
duration
|
{
"answer_start": [
1547
],
"text": [
"98"
]
}
|
Lagruère is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
See also
Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"France"
]
}
|
Lagruère is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
See also
Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"Lot-et-Garonne"
]
}
|
Lagruère is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
See also
Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department
== References ==
|
located in or next to body of water
|
{
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"Garonne"
]
}
|
Lagruère is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
See also
Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Lagruère"
]
}
|
Lagruère is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
See also
Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department
== References ==
|
official name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Lagruère"
]
}
|
The North American Game Warden Museum is a museum in the International Peace Garden on the Canada–United States international border between the Canadian province of Manitoba and the U.S. state of North Dakota. The museum is located on the American side of the border. Initially founded on a temporary basis at the International Peace Garden in the 1990s, it became a permanent museum in 2005.
The museum is sponsored by the North American Wildlife Enforcement Officers Association and aims to raise the professional profile and celebrate the work of game wardens and conservation officers. This museum's states on its website that its purpose is to "honor these heroes and educate the public about their work and the natural resources they protect."
History
This museum has been located at the International Peace Garden since its inception. Founded on a temporary basis in the 1990s, the permanent museum opened in 2005 at the same location "for its natural beauty, central North American location and recognition as an international tourism destination."
Purpose
Its underlying purpose is to raise the professional profile and celebrate the work of game wardens and their colleagues, conservation officers. The name each group of professionals goes by depends on their governmental jurisdiction; for example, in Michigan the title "conservation officer" is used.
This museum's management has set forth a fourfold mission statement:
protecting "the wild" in an overcrowded, polluted and too-civilized planet, so that "natural gifts" are preserved for future generations through legal enforcement and public education;
recognizing the important and dangerous role of game wardens who often work alone in desolate and remote locations, facing armed foes;
honoring and memorializing fallen heroes and other officers, who work in a largely unsung role, thereby helping their morale, and
educating the public about the work and mission of conservation officers, thereby increasing support for their efforts.73 Game Wardens/Protectors/Conservation Officers are listed on The Officer Down Memorial Page.
Recognizing the wardens' roles
The museum emphasizes the multifaceted nature of the game warden's role.
Confronting armed poachers in rural and even remote locations can be lonely, dangerous and even fatal work for game wardens. Recognition of the ultimate sacrifice of these officers at this museum is considered to be important, concomitant to recognition at the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial.Officers are exposed to other risks beyond being killed by hunters, trappers and armed fishermen. Heart attacks, motor vehicle, boating, snowmobile and airplane accidents, animal attacks, drowning, hypothermia, etc. also take their toll while on duty.In North America game wardens are typically employees of state or provincial governments. 26 of the 50 U.S. states have government departments entitled Department of Natural Resources or a similar title. These departments typically patrol state or provincial parks and public lands and waterways dedicated to hunting and fishing, and also enforce state or provincial game and environmental laws on private property.
Game wardens/conservation officers are front and center in keeping out (or in check) invasive species.In an increasingly interconnected and globalized world, their concerns are much more comprehensive than local enforcement. They also enforce broader conservation laws, such as the Endangered Species Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and similar laws/treaties. or the Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act (in Canada) which implements the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES). As necessary, they will work in tandem with appropriate national or federal agencies, such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or Environment Canada.
See also
Department of Natural Resources (disambiguation)
Environment Canada
Environmental Protection Agency
National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial in Washington, D.C.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Notes
External links
North American Game Warden Museum
American Police Officer Hall of Fame and Memorial
Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies
Association of Midwest Fish and Game Law Enforcement Officers, North American Game Warden Museum.
Badge of Honor Memorial Foundation
North American Wildlife Enforcement Officers Association
Alberta Game Warden magazine
International Game Warden magazine
Ehlebracht, Mike, Wyoming Conservation Officer, Familiar Story by a Different Name: Pogue and Elms: A Tragic Loss, International Game Warden Magazine
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"museum"
]
}
|
The North American Game Warden Museum is a museum in the International Peace Garden on the Canada–United States international border between the Canadian province of Manitoba and the U.S. state of North Dakota. The museum is located on the American side of the border. Initially founded on a temporary basis at the International Peace Garden in the 1990s, it became a permanent museum in 2005.
The museum is sponsored by the North American Wildlife Enforcement Officers Association and aims to raise the professional profile and celebrate the work of game wardens and conservation officers. This museum's states on its website that its purpose is to "honor these heroes and educate the public about their work and the natural resources they protect."
History
This museum has been located at the International Peace Garden since its inception. Founded on a temporary basis in the 1990s, the permanent museum opened in 2005 at the same location "for its natural beauty, central North American location and recognition as an international tourism destination."
Purpose
Its underlying purpose is to raise the professional profile and celebrate the work of game wardens and their colleagues, conservation officers. The name each group of professionals goes by depends on their governmental jurisdiction; for example, in Michigan the title "conservation officer" is used.
This museum's management has set forth a fourfold mission statement:
protecting "the wild" in an overcrowded, polluted and too-civilized planet, so that "natural gifts" are preserved for future generations through legal enforcement and public education;
recognizing the important and dangerous role of game wardens who often work alone in desolate and remote locations, facing armed foes;
honoring and memorializing fallen heroes and other officers, who work in a largely unsung role, thereby helping their morale, and
educating the public about the work and mission of conservation officers, thereby increasing support for their efforts.73 Game Wardens/Protectors/Conservation Officers are listed on The Officer Down Memorial Page.
Recognizing the wardens' roles
The museum emphasizes the multifaceted nature of the game warden's role.
Confronting armed poachers in rural and even remote locations can be lonely, dangerous and even fatal work for game wardens. Recognition of the ultimate sacrifice of these officers at this museum is considered to be important, concomitant to recognition at the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial.Officers are exposed to other risks beyond being killed by hunters, trappers and armed fishermen. Heart attacks, motor vehicle, boating, snowmobile and airplane accidents, animal attacks, drowning, hypothermia, etc. also take their toll while on duty.In North America game wardens are typically employees of state or provincial governments. 26 of the 50 U.S. states have government departments entitled Department of Natural Resources or a similar title. These departments typically patrol state or provincial parks and public lands and waterways dedicated to hunting and fishing, and also enforce state or provincial game and environmental laws on private property.
Game wardens/conservation officers are front and center in keeping out (or in check) invasive species.In an increasingly interconnected and globalized world, their concerns are much more comprehensive than local enforcement. They also enforce broader conservation laws, such as the Endangered Species Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and similar laws/treaties. or the Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act (in Canada) which implements the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES). As necessary, they will work in tandem with appropriate national or federal agencies, such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or Environment Canada.
See also
Department of Natural Resources (disambiguation)
Environment Canada
Environmental Protection Agency
National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial in Washington, D.C.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Notes
External links
North American Game Warden Museum
American Police Officer Hall of Fame and Memorial
Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies
Association of Midwest Fish and Game Law Enforcement Officers, North American Game Warden Museum.
Badge of Honor Memorial Foundation
North American Wildlife Enforcement Officers Association
Alberta Game Warden magazine
International Game Warden magazine
Ehlebracht, Mike, Wyoming Conservation Officer, Familiar Story by a Different Name: Pogue and Elms: A Tragic Loss, International Game Warden Magazine
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"North Dakota"
]
}
|
The North American Game Warden Museum is a museum in the International Peace Garden on the Canada–United States international border between the Canadian province of Manitoba and the U.S. state of North Dakota. The museum is located on the American side of the border. Initially founded on a temporary basis at the International Peace Garden in the 1990s, it became a permanent museum in 2005.
The museum is sponsored by the North American Wildlife Enforcement Officers Association and aims to raise the professional profile and celebrate the work of game wardens and conservation officers. This museum's states on its website that its purpose is to "honor these heroes and educate the public about their work and the natural resources they protect."
History
This museum has been located at the International Peace Garden since its inception. Founded on a temporary basis in the 1990s, the permanent museum opened in 2005 at the same location "for its natural beauty, central North American location and recognition as an international tourism destination."
Purpose
Its underlying purpose is to raise the professional profile and celebrate the work of game wardens and their colleagues, conservation officers. The name each group of professionals goes by depends on their governmental jurisdiction; for example, in Michigan the title "conservation officer" is used.
This museum's management has set forth a fourfold mission statement:
protecting "the wild" in an overcrowded, polluted and too-civilized planet, so that "natural gifts" are preserved for future generations through legal enforcement and public education;
recognizing the important and dangerous role of game wardens who often work alone in desolate and remote locations, facing armed foes;
honoring and memorializing fallen heroes and other officers, who work in a largely unsung role, thereby helping their morale, and
educating the public about the work and mission of conservation officers, thereby increasing support for their efforts.73 Game Wardens/Protectors/Conservation Officers are listed on The Officer Down Memorial Page.
Recognizing the wardens' roles
The museum emphasizes the multifaceted nature of the game warden's role.
Confronting armed poachers in rural and even remote locations can be lonely, dangerous and even fatal work for game wardens. Recognition of the ultimate sacrifice of these officers at this museum is considered to be important, concomitant to recognition at the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial.Officers are exposed to other risks beyond being killed by hunters, trappers and armed fishermen. Heart attacks, motor vehicle, boating, snowmobile and airplane accidents, animal attacks, drowning, hypothermia, etc. also take their toll while on duty.In North America game wardens are typically employees of state or provincial governments. 26 of the 50 U.S. states have government departments entitled Department of Natural Resources or a similar title. These departments typically patrol state or provincial parks and public lands and waterways dedicated to hunting and fishing, and also enforce state or provincial game and environmental laws on private property.
Game wardens/conservation officers are front and center in keeping out (or in check) invasive species.In an increasingly interconnected and globalized world, their concerns are much more comprehensive than local enforcement. They also enforce broader conservation laws, such as the Endangered Species Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 and similar laws/treaties. or the Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Interprovincial Trade Act (in Canada) which implements the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES). As necessary, they will work in tandem with appropriate national or federal agencies, such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service or Environment Canada.
See also
Department of Natural Resources (disambiguation)
Environment Canada
Environmental Protection Agency
National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial in Washington, D.C.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Notes
External links
North American Game Warden Museum
American Police Officer Hall of Fame and Memorial
Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies
Association of Midwest Fish and Game Law Enforcement Officers, North American Game Warden Museum.
Badge of Honor Memorial Foundation
North American Wildlife Enforcement Officers Association
Alberta Game Warden magazine
International Game Warden magazine
Ehlebracht, Mike, Wyoming Conservation Officer, Familiar Story by a Different Name: Pogue and Elms: A Tragic Loss, International Game Warden Magazine
|
location
|
{
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"North Dakota"
]
}
|
Adam J. Bernard (born 18 November 1988) is a British actor and singer, known for his work on stage.
In 2016 he originated the role of Jimmy Early in the West End theatre production of Dreamgirls. In his review for The Daily Telegraph, critic Dominic Cavendish stated "No one seems to break into a sweat. Adam J Bernard – a Brit – as the disreputable womanising Jimmy Early, a pelvic-thrusting charmer in the James Brown mould, sends his legs into entertainingly electrified spasms and somehow manages to hold a note and attempt the splits at the same time". Lyndsey Winship of The Guardian states he has a "fantastic voice and comic chops".He won the 2017 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical for his performance in Dreamgirls.His debut in a feature film in a leading role was in Six Rounds, a film about the 2011 London Riots, which was released in April 2017.
His most recent feature film in a leading role is Landa Pictures Precognition which was an official selection at Sci Fi London Film Festival 2018 Sci-Fi-London and Other Worlds Austin 2018.
Precognition was released on Amazon Prime in February 2019. In March 2020, he appeared in an episode of the BBC soap opera Doctors as Adam Baxter.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
53
],
"text": [
"actor"
]
}
|
Adam J. Bernard (born 18 November 1988) is a British actor and singer, known for his work on stage.
In 2016 he originated the role of Jimmy Early in the West End theatre production of Dreamgirls. In his review for The Daily Telegraph, critic Dominic Cavendish stated "No one seems to break into a sweat. Adam J Bernard – a Brit – as the disreputable womanising Jimmy Early, a pelvic-thrusting charmer in the James Brown mould, sends his legs into entertainingly electrified spasms and somehow manages to hold a note and attempt the splits at the same time". Lyndsey Winship of The Guardian states he has a "fantastic voice and comic chops".He won the 2017 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical for his performance in Dreamgirls.His debut in a feature film in a leading role was in Six Rounds, a film about the 2011 London Riots, which was released in April 2017.
His most recent feature film in a leading role is Landa Pictures Precognition which was an official selection at Sci Fi London Film Festival 2018 Sci-Fi-London and Other Worlds Austin 2018.
Precognition was released on Amazon Prime in February 2019. In March 2020, he appeared in an episode of the BBC soap opera Doctors as Adam Baxter.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"Bernard"
]
}
|
Adam J. Bernard (born 18 November 1988) is a British actor and singer, known for his work on stage.
In 2016 he originated the role of Jimmy Early in the West End theatre production of Dreamgirls. In his review for The Daily Telegraph, critic Dominic Cavendish stated "No one seems to break into a sweat. Adam J Bernard – a Brit – as the disreputable womanising Jimmy Early, a pelvic-thrusting charmer in the James Brown mould, sends his legs into entertainingly electrified spasms and somehow manages to hold a note and attempt the splits at the same time". Lyndsey Winship of The Guardian states he has a "fantastic voice and comic chops".He won the 2017 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical for his performance in Dreamgirls.His debut in a feature film in a leading role was in Six Rounds, a film about the 2011 London Riots, which was released in April 2017.
His most recent feature film in a leading role is Landa Pictures Precognition which was an official selection at Sci Fi London Film Festival 2018 Sci-Fi-London and Other Worlds Austin 2018.
Precognition was released on Amazon Prime in February 2019. In March 2020, he appeared in an episode of the BBC soap opera Doctors as Adam Baxter.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Adam"
]
}
|
Arram is a small (population 200) farming village in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated approximately 3 miles (5 km) north of the market town of Beverley and 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of Leconfield.
It forms part of the civil parish of Leconfield.
The main features are a small railway station on the Yorkshire Coast Line, proximity to RAF Leconfield and a red phonebox.
The village has a fishing venue on the tidal River Hull.
The road from Leconfield is one continuous corner due to being moved in the 1970s to accommodate the lengthening of the runway for Vulcan Bombers.
The Beverley Minster Way Walk goes through Arram.
Image gallery
References
External links
Media related to Arram at Wikimedia Commons
Arram in the Domesday Book
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
42
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"text": [
"village"
]
}
|
Arram is a small (population 200) farming village in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated approximately 3 miles (5 km) north of the market town of Beverley and 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of Leconfield.
It forms part of the civil parish of Leconfield.
The main features are a small railway station on the Yorkshire Coast Line, proximity to RAF Leconfield and a red phonebox.
The village has a fishing venue on the tidal River Hull.
The road from Leconfield is one continuous corner due to being moved in the 1970s to accommodate the lengthening of the runway for Vulcan Bombers.
The Beverley Minster Way Walk goes through Arram.
Image gallery
References
External links
Media related to Arram at Wikimedia Commons
Arram in the Domesday Book
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
204
],
"text": [
"Leconfield"
]
}
|
Arram is a small (population 200) farming village in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated approximately 3 miles (5 km) north of the market town of Beverley and 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of Leconfield.
It forms part of the civil parish of Leconfield.
The main features are a small railway station on the Yorkshire Coast Line, proximity to RAF Leconfield and a red phonebox.
The village has a fishing venue on the tidal River Hull.
The road from Leconfield is one continuous corner due to being moved in the 1970s to accommodate the lengthening of the runway for Vulcan Bombers.
The Beverley Minster Way Walk goes through Arram.
Image gallery
References
External links
Media related to Arram at Wikimedia Commons
Arram in the Domesday Book
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Arram"
]
}
|
Arram is a small (population 200) farming village in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated approximately 3 miles (5 km) north of the market town of Beverley and 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of Leconfield.
It forms part of the civil parish of Leconfield.
The main features are a small railway station on the Yorkshire Coast Line, proximity to RAF Leconfield and a red phonebox.
The village has a fishing venue on the tidal River Hull.
The road from Leconfield is one continuous corner due to being moved in the 1970s to accommodate the lengthening of the runway for Vulcan Bombers.
The Beverley Minster Way Walk goes through Arram.
Image gallery
References
External links
Media related to Arram at Wikimedia Commons
Arram in the Domesday Book
|
historic county
|
{
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"Yorkshire"
]
}
|
The discography of Jim Jones, an American hip hop recording artist, consists of seven studio albums, three collaborative albums, two compilation albums, two extended plays (EPs), nineteen mixtapes and 45 singles (including 17 as a featured artist). Jones is perhaps best known for being a member of East Coast hip hop group The Diplomats (also known as Dipset), with whom he recorded several mixtapes with before releasing their debut album Diplomatic Immunity, in 2003. In August 2004, Jones released his solo debut album On My Way to Church, under Diplomat Records and E1 Music (formerly Koch Records). The album was preceded by the release of the singles "Certified Gangstas" and "Crunk Muzik", the latter of which features his Dipset-cohorts Juelz Santana and Cam'ron, and also supported the release of Dipset's second album Diplomatic Immunity 2 (2004).
In August 2005, Jones followed up with his second album Harlem: Diary of a Summer, which spawned the singles "Baby Girl" (featuring Max B), "Summer wit Miami" (featuring Trey Songz) and "What You Been Drankin On?" (featuring P. Diddy, Paul Wall and Jha Jha). In 2006, Jones released his most successful album to date, Hustler's P.O.M.E. (Product of My Environment). The album, which charted at number six on the US Billboard 200 chart, features his biggest hit single to date. The song, titled "We Fly High", reached number five on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In December 2006, Jones released a Christmas-themed compilation album titled A Dipset X-Mas. The album includes the popular remix to "We Fly High", which features verses from fellow American rappers T.I., Diddy, Juelz Santana, Birdman, Jermaine Dupri and Young Dro.
After releasing several mixtapes for free online, Jones chose to release his eighth mixtape, titled Harlem's American Gangster, for retail. The album was supported by the singles "Looking At the Game", featuring now-deceased rapper Stack Bundles and "Love Me No More". Jones later teamed up with his hip hop group ByrdGang, which he founded in 2006, to release their debut album M.O.B.: The Album, in July 2008. In November 2008, Jones released a second Christmas compilation, titled A Tribute to Bad Santa Starring Mike Epps, in collaboration with Juelz Santana's hip hop group Skull Gang.
In March 2009, Jones released his first major label album, Pray IV Reign, under Columbia Records. The album's lead single, titled "Pop Champagne", features vocals from Juelz Santana and the song's producer Ron Browz. "Pop Champagne" reached number 22 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and was certified gold by the RIAA. In October 2009, Jones collaborated with fellow New York City-based rapper DJ Webstar, to release an album titled The Rooftop, which includes the single "Dancin on Me". After releasing several mixtapes, Jones released his fifth album Capo in April 2011, which spawned the singles "Perfect Day" and "Everybody Jones". On October 31, 2011, Jones released a mixtape titled Vampire Life: We Own the Night. He went on to release two more installments of his Vampire Life series, before releasing an EP titled We Own the Night, in a reboot of the series. The EP was supported by the single "Nasty Girl", featuring Jeremih and DJ Spinking. On September 9, 2014, he released the EP We Own the Night Pt. 2: Memoirs of a Hustler.
Solo studio albums
Collaborative albums
Compilation albums
EPs
Mixtapes
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Guest appearances
See also
The Diplomats discography
ByrdGang discography
Singles
Notes
References
External links
Jim Jones at AllMusic
Jim Jones discography at Discogs
Jim Jones discography at MusicBrainz
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"discography"
]
}
|
The discography of Jim Jones, an American hip hop recording artist, consists of seven studio albums, three collaborative albums, two compilation albums, two extended plays (EPs), nineteen mixtapes and 45 singles (including 17 as a featured artist). Jones is perhaps best known for being a member of East Coast hip hop group The Diplomats (also known as Dipset), with whom he recorded several mixtapes with before releasing their debut album Diplomatic Immunity, in 2003. In August 2004, Jones released his solo debut album On My Way to Church, under Diplomat Records and E1 Music (formerly Koch Records). The album was preceded by the release of the singles "Certified Gangstas" and "Crunk Muzik", the latter of which features his Dipset-cohorts Juelz Santana and Cam'ron, and also supported the release of Dipset's second album Diplomatic Immunity 2 (2004).
In August 2005, Jones followed up with his second album Harlem: Diary of a Summer, which spawned the singles "Baby Girl" (featuring Max B), "Summer wit Miami" (featuring Trey Songz) and "What You Been Drankin On?" (featuring P. Diddy, Paul Wall and Jha Jha). In 2006, Jones released his most successful album to date, Hustler's P.O.M.E. (Product of My Environment). The album, which charted at number six on the US Billboard 200 chart, features his biggest hit single to date. The song, titled "We Fly High", reached number five on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In December 2006, Jones released a Christmas-themed compilation album titled A Dipset X-Mas. The album includes the popular remix to "We Fly High", which features verses from fellow American rappers T.I., Diddy, Juelz Santana, Birdman, Jermaine Dupri and Young Dro.
After releasing several mixtapes for free online, Jones chose to release his eighth mixtape, titled Harlem's American Gangster, for retail. The album was supported by the singles "Looking At the Game", featuring now-deceased rapper Stack Bundles and "Love Me No More". Jones later teamed up with his hip hop group ByrdGang, which he founded in 2006, to release their debut album M.O.B.: The Album, in July 2008. In November 2008, Jones released a second Christmas compilation, titled A Tribute to Bad Santa Starring Mike Epps, in collaboration with Juelz Santana's hip hop group Skull Gang.
In March 2009, Jones released his first major label album, Pray IV Reign, under Columbia Records. The album's lead single, titled "Pop Champagne", features vocals from Juelz Santana and the song's producer Ron Browz. "Pop Champagne" reached number 22 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and was certified gold by the RIAA. In October 2009, Jones collaborated with fellow New York City-based rapper DJ Webstar, to release an album titled The Rooftop, which includes the single "Dancin on Me". After releasing several mixtapes, Jones released his fifth album Capo in April 2011, which spawned the singles "Perfect Day" and "Everybody Jones". On October 31, 2011, Jones released a mixtape titled Vampire Life: We Own the Night. He went on to release two more installments of his Vampire Life series, before releasing an EP titled We Own the Night, in a reboot of the series. The EP was supported by the single "Nasty Girl", featuring Jeremih and DJ Spinking. On September 9, 2014, he released the EP We Own the Night Pt. 2: Memoirs of a Hustler.
Solo studio albums
Collaborative albums
Compilation albums
EPs
Mixtapes
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Guest appearances
See also
The Diplomats discography
ByrdGang discography
Singles
Notes
References
External links
Jim Jones at AllMusic
Jim Jones discography at Discogs
Jim Jones discography at MusicBrainz
|
performer
|
{
"answer_start": [
19
],
"text": [
"Jim Jones"
]
}
|
Viviana Ballabio (born 26 July 1967) is an Italian basketball player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
Viviana Ballabio at FIBA
Viviana Ballabio at Eurobasket.com
Viviana Ballabio at Proballers
Viviana Ballabio at Basketball-Reference.com
Viviana Ballabio at Olympedia
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"basketball player"
]
}
|
Viviana Ballabio (born 26 July 1967) is an Italian basketball player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
Viviana Ballabio at FIBA
Viviana Ballabio at Eurobasket.com
Viviana Ballabio at Proballers
Viviana Ballabio at Basketball-Reference.com
Viviana Ballabio at Olympedia
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"basketball"
]
}
|
Viviana Ballabio (born 26 July 1967) is an Italian basketball player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
Viviana Ballabio at FIBA
Viviana Ballabio at Eurobasket.com
Viviana Ballabio at Proballers
Viviana Ballabio at Basketball-Reference.com
Viviana Ballabio at Olympedia
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Viviana"
]
}
|
Viviana Ballabio (born 26 July 1967) is an Italian basketball player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
Viviana Ballabio at FIBA
Viviana Ballabio at Eurobasket.com
Viviana Ballabio at Proballers
Viviana Ballabio at Basketball-Reference.com
Viviana Ballabio at Olympedia
|
participant in
|
{
"answer_start": [
116
],
"text": [
"1996 Summer Olympics"
]
}
|
Viviana Ballabio (born 26 July 1967) is an Italian basketball player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
Viviana Ballabio at FIBA
Viviana Ballabio at Eurobasket.com
Viviana Ballabio at Proballers
Viviana Ballabio at Basketball-Reference.com
Viviana Ballabio at Olympedia
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"Italian"
]
}
|
Agyneta atra is a species of sheet weaver found in Venezuela. It was described by Millidge in 1991.
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
18
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Agyneta atra is a species of sheet weaver found in Venezuela. It was described by Millidge in 1991.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Agyneta"
]
}
|
Agyneta atra is a species of sheet weaver found in Venezuela. It was described by Millidge in 1991.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Agyneta atra"
]
}
|
Generation EFX is the fourth studio album by American hip hop duo Das EFX. It was released on March 24, 1998 via EastWest Records America. Production was handled by Agallah, Solid Scheme, Rashad Smith, Mike Lowe, Tony L, and PMD, who also served as executive producer. Unlike the first three Das EFX albums, it features a number of guest appearances from Redman, Agallah, EPMD, Miss Jones, M.O.P., Nocturnal and Teflon. The album debuted and peaked at number 48 on the Billboard 200, selling 22,000 copies in its first week. In its second week of release, the album dropped to number 89 on the Billboard 200, selling 14,000 copies bringing the two week total to 36,000 copies.
Track listing
Personnel
Charts
References
External links
Generation EFX at Discogs (list of releases)
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"album"
]
}
|
Generation EFX is the fourth studio album by American hip hop duo Das EFX. It was released on March 24, 1998 via EastWest Records America. Production was handled by Agallah, Solid Scheme, Rashad Smith, Mike Lowe, Tony L, and PMD, who also served as executive producer. Unlike the first three Das EFX albums, it features a number of guest appearances from Redman, Agallah, EPMD, Miss Jones, M.O.P., Nocturnal and Teflon. The album debuted and peaked at number 48 on the Billboard 200, selling 22,000 copies in its first week. In its second week of release, the album dropped to number 89 on the Billboard 200, selling 14,000 copies bringing the two week total to 36,000 copies.
Track listing
Personnel
Charts
References
External links
Generation EFX at Discogs (list of releases)
|
performer
|
{
"answer_start": [
66
],
"text": [
"Das EFX"
]
}
|
Neoplasta discreta is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae.
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Neoplasta discreta is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Neoplasta"
]
}
|
Neoplasta discreta is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Neoplasta discreta"
]
}
|
When Doctors Disagree is a 1919 comedy film directed by Victor Schertzinger, written by Anna F. Briand, photographed by Percy Hilburn, and starring Mabel Normand. The movie was released by the Goldwyn Pictures Corporation with a running time of 50 minutes. A print of the film survives in the Cinémathèque Royale film archive.
Plot
As described in a film magazine, Violet Henny (Ridgeway), the village miser's haughty daughter, as Queen of the May will not admit Millie Martin (Normand), the ragged daughter of old man David Martin, to her May Pole party, Millie breaks up the party. The next day she accompanies her father on the train to a nearby town to pay off the mortgage. While on the train she falls in love with chubby John Turner (Hiers), a young man who believes that he has committed a murder and is fleeing disguised as his uncle, who is a noted surgeon. Millie feigns a serious illness and the supposed doctor recommends an immediate operation, hoping to get the young woman off the train at the next town. He succeeds, but is also detrained to assist in the operation. After numerous remarkable incidents at the small town hospital, the couple are revealed as engaged.
Cast
Mabel Normand as Millie Martin
Walter Hiers as John Turner
George Nichols as David Martin
Fritzi Ridgeway as Violet Henny
Alec B. Francis as Dr. Harris, Sr.
William Buckley as Dr. Harris, Jr.
James Gordon
References
External links
When Doctors Disagree at IMDb
When Doctors Disagree at Turner Classic Movies
When Doctors Disagree at Looking-for-Mabel
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"film"
]
}
|
When Doctors Disagree is a 1919 comedy film directed by Victor Schertzinger, written by Anna F. Briand, photographed by Percy Hilburn, and starring Mabel Normand. The movie was released by the Goldwyn Pictures Corporation with a running time of 50 minutes. A print of the film survives in the Cinémathèque Royale film archive.
Plot
As described in a film magazine, Violet Henny (Ridgeway), the village miser's haughty daughter, as Queen of the May will not admit Millie Martin (Normand), the ragged daughter of old man David Martin, to her May Pole party, Millie breaks up the party. The next day she accompanies her father on the train to a nearby town to pay off the mortgage. While on the train she falls in love with chubby John Turner (Hiers), a young man who believes that he has committed a murder and is fleeing disguised as his uncle, who is a noted surgeon. Millie feigns a serious illness and the supposed doctor recommends an immediate operation, hoping to get the young woman off the train at the next town. He succeeds, but is also detrained to assist in the operation. After numerous remarkable incidents at the small town hospital, the couple are revealed as engaged.
Cast
Mabel Normand as Millie Martin
Walter Hiers as John Turner
George Nichols as David Martin
Fritzi Ridgeway as Violet Henny
Alec B. Francis as Dr. Harris, Sr.
William Buckley as Dr. Harris, Jr.
James Gordon
References
External links
When Doctors Disagree at IMDb
When Doctors Disagree at Turner Classic Movies
When Doctors Disagree at Looking-for-Mabel
|
director
|
{
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"Victor Schertzinger"
]
}
|
When Doctors Disagree is a 1919 comedy film directed by Victor Schertzinger, written by Anna F. Briand, photographed by Percy Hilburn, and starring Mabel Normand. The movie was released by the Goldwyn Pictures Corporation with a running time of 50 minutes. A print of the film survives in the Cinémathèque Royale film archive.
Plot
As described in a film magazine, Violet Henny (Ridgeway), the village miser's haughty daughter, as Queen of the May will not admit Millie Martin (Normand), the ragged daughter of old man David Martin, to her May Pole party, Millie breaks up the party. The next day she accompanies her father on the train to a nearby town to pay off the mortgage. While on the train she falls in love with chubby John Turner (Hiers), a young man who believes that he has committed a murder and is fleeing disguised as his uncle, who is a noted surgeon. Millie feigns a serious illness and the supposed doctor recommends an immediate operation, hoping to get the young woman off the train at the next town. He succeeds, but is also detrained to assist in the operation. After numerous remarkable incidents at the small town hospital, the couple are revealed as engaged.
Cast
Mabel Normand as Millie Martin
Walter Hiers as John Turner
George Nichols as David Martin
Fritzi Ridgeway as Violet Henny
Alec B. Francis as Dr. Harris, Sr.
William Buckley as Dr. Harris, Jr.
James Gordon
References
External links
When Doctors Disagree at IMDb
When Doctors Disagree at Turner Classic Movies
When Doctors Disagree at Looking-for-Mabel
|
cast member
|
{
"answer_start": [
148
],
"text": [
"Mabel Normand"
]
}
|
When Doctors Disagree is a 1919 comedy film directed by Victor Schertzinger, written by Anna F. Briand, photographed by Percy Hilburn, and starring Mabel Normand. The movie was released by the Goldwyn Pictures Corporation with a running time of 50 minutes. A print of the film survives in the Cinémathèque Royale film archive.
Plot
As described in a film magazine, Violet Henny (Ridgeway), the village miser's haughty daughter, as Queen of the May will not admit Millie Martin (Normand), the ragged daughter of old man David Martin, to her May Pole party, Millie breaks up the party. The next day she accompanies her father on the train to a nearby town to pay off the mortgage. While on the train she falls in love with chubby John Turner (Hiers), a young man who believes that he has committed a murder and is fleeing disguised as his uncle, who is a noted surgeon. Millie feigns a serious illness and the supposed doctor recommends an immediate operation, hoping to get the young woman off the train at the next town. He succeeds, but is also detrained to assist in the operation. After numerous remarkable incidents at the small town hospital, the couple are revealed as engaged.
Cast
Mabel Normand as Millie Martin
Walter Hiers as John Turner
George Nichols as David Martin
Fritzi Ridgeway as Violet Henny
Alec B. Francis as Dr. Harris, Sr.
William Buckley as Dr. Harris, Jr.
James Gordon
References
External links
When Doctors Disagree at IMDb
When Doctors Disagree at Turner Classic Movies
When Doctors Disagree at Looking-for-Mabel
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"When Doctors Disagree"
]
}
|
When Doctors Disagree is a 1919 comedy film directed by Victor Schertzinger, written by Anna F. Briand, photographed by Percy Hilburn, and starring Mabel Normand. The movie was released by the Goldwyn Pictures Corporation with a running time of 50 minutes. A print of the film survives in the Cinémathèque Royale film archive.
Plot
As described in a film magazine, Violet Henny (Ridgeway), the village miser's haughty daughter, as Queen of the May will not admit Millie Martin (Normand), the ragged daughter of old man David Martin, to her May Pole party, Millie breaks up the party. The next day she accompanies her father on the train to a nearby town to pay off the mortgage. While on the train she falls in love with chubby John Turner (Hiers), a young man who believes that he has committed a murder and is fleeing disguised as his uncle, who is a noted surgeon. Millie feigns a serious illness and the supposed doctor recommends an immediate operation, hoping to get the young woman off the train at the next town. He succeeds, but is also detrained to assist in the operation. After numerous remarkable incidents at the small town hospital, the couple are revealed as engaged.
Cast
Mabel Normand as Millie Martin
Walter Hiers as John Turner
George Nichols as David Martin
Fritzi Ridgeway as Violet Henny
Alec B. Francis as Dr. Harris, Sr.
William Buckley as Dr. Harris, Jr.
James Gordon
References
External links
When Doctors Disagree at IMDb
When Doctors Disagree at Turner Classic Movies
When Doctors Disagree at Looking-for-Mabel
|
distributed by
|
{
"answer_start": [
193
],
"text": [
"Goldwyn Pictures"
]
}
|
When Doctors Disagree is a 1919 comedy film directed by Victor Schertzinger, written by Anna F. Briand, photographed by Percy Hilburn, and starring Mabel Normand. The movie was released by the Goldwyn Pictures Corporation with a running time of 50 minutes. A print of the film survives in the Cinémathèque Royale film archive.
Plot
As described in a film magazine, Violet Henny (Ridgeway), the village miser's haughty daughter, as Queen of the May will not admit Millie Martin (Normand), the ragged daughter of old man David Martin, to her May Pole party, Millie breaks up the party. The next day she accompanies her father on the train to a nearby town to pay off the mortgage. While on the train she falls in love with chubby John Turner (Hiers), a young man who believes that he has committed a murder and is fleeing disguised as his uncle, who is a noted surgeon. Millie feigns a serious illness and the supposed doctor recommends an immediate operation, hoping to get the young woman off the train at the next town. He succeeds, but is also detrained to assist in the operation. After numerous remarkable incidents at the small town hospital, the couple are revealed as engaged.
Cast
Mabel Normand as Millie Martin
Walter Hiers as John Turner
George Nichols as David Martin
Fritzi Ridgeway as Violet Henny
Alec B. Francis as Dr. Harris, Sr.
William Buckley as Dr. Harris, Jr.
James Gordon
References
External links
When Doctors Disagree at IMDb
When Doctors Disagree at Turner Classic Movies
When Doctors Disagree at Looking-for-Mabel
|
title
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"When Doctors Disagree"
]
}
|
When Doctors Disagree is a 1919 comedy film directed by Victor Schertzinger, written by Anna F. Briand, photographed by Percy Hilburn, and starring Mabel Normand. The movie was released by the Goldwyn Pictures Corporation with a running time of 50 minutes. A print of the film survives in the Cinémathèque Royale film archive.
Plot
As described in a film magazine, Violet Henny (Ridgeway), the village miser's haughty daughter, as Queen of the May will not admit Millie Martin (Normand), the ragged daughter of old man David Martin, to her May Pole party, Millie breaks up the party. The next day she accompanies her father on the train to a nearby town to pay off the mortgage. While on the train she falls in love with chubby John Turner (Hiers), a young man who believes that he has committed a murder and is fleeing disguised as his uncle, who is a noted surgeon. Millie feigns a serious illness and the supposed doctor recommends an immediate operation, hoping to get the young woman off the train at the next town. He succeeds, but is also detrained to assist in the operation. After numerous remarkable incidents at the small town hospital, the couple are revealed as engaged.
Cast
Mabel Normand as Millie Martin
Walter Hiers as John Turner
George Nichols as David Martin
Fritzi Ridgeway as Violet Henny
Alec B. Francis as Dr. Harris, Sr.
William Buckley as Dr. Harris, Jr.
James Gordon
References
External links
When Doctors Disagree at IMDb
When Doctors Disagree at Turner Classic Movies
When Doctors Disagree at Looking-for-Mabel
|
issue
|
{
"answer_start": [
245
],
"text": [
"5"
]
}
|
Working with God is the 24th album by American rock band Melvins, released on February 26, 2021, through Ipecac Recordings.It was elected by Loudwire as the 32nd best rock/metal album of 2021.
Track listing
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"album"
]
}
|
Working with God is the 24th album by American rock band Melvins, released on February 26, 2021, through Ipecac Recordings.It was elected by Loudwire as the 32nd best rock/metal album of 2021.
Track listing
== References ==
|
performer
|
{
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"Melvins"
]
}
|
The South Korean standard language or Pyojuneo (Korean: 표준어; Hanja: 標準語) is the South Korean standard version of the Korean language. It is based on the Seoul dialect, although various words are borrowed from other regional dialects. It uses the Hangul alphabet, created in December 1443 CE by the Joseon-era king Sejong the Great. Unlike the North Korean standard language (Munhwaŏ), the South Korean standard language includes many loan-words from Chinese, as well as some from English and other European languages.
History
When Korea was under Japanese rule, the use of the Korean language was regulated by the Japanese government. To counter the influence of the Japanese authorities, the Korean Language Society (한글 학회) began collecting dialect data from all over Korea and later created their own standard version of Korean, Pyojuneo, with the release of their book Unification of Korean Spellings (한글 맞춤법 통일안) in 1933.
See also
North–South differences in the Korean language
Korean language
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"South Korea"
]
}
|
The South Korean standard language or Pyojuneo (Korean: 표준어; Hanja: 標準語) is the South Korean standard version of the Korean language. It is based on the Seoul dialect, although various words are borrowed from other regional dialects. It uses the Hangul alphabet, created in December 1443 CE by the Joseon-era king Sejong the Great. Unlike the North Korean standard language (Munhwaŏ), the South Korean standard language includes many loan-words from Chinese, as well as some from English and other European languages.
History
When Korea was under Japanese rule, the use of the Korean language was regulated by the Japanese government. To counter the influence of the Japanese authorities, the Korean Language Society (한글 학회) began collecting dialect data from all over Korea and later created their own standard version of Korean, Pyojuneo, with the release of their book Unification of Korean Spellings (한글 맞춤법 통일안) in 1933.
See also
North–South differences in the Korean language
Korean language
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"standard language"
]
}
|
The South Korean standard language or Pyojuneo (Korean: 표준어; Hanja: 標準語) is the South Korean standard version of the Korean language. It is based on the Seoul dialect, although various words are borrowed from other regional dialects. It uses the Hangul alphabet, created in December 1443 CE by the Joseon-era king Sejong the Great. Unlike the North Korean standard language (Munhwaŏ), the South Korean standard language includes many loan-words from Chinese, as well as some from English and other European languages.
History
When Korea was under Japanese rule, the use of the Korean language was regulated by the Japanese government. To counter the influence of the Japanese authorities, the Korean Language Society (한글 학회) began collecting dialect data from all over Korea and later created their own standard version of Korean, Pyojuneo, with the release of their book Unification of Korean Spellings (한글 맞춤법 통일안) in 1933.
See also
North–South differences in the Korean language
Korean language
== References ==
|
subclass of
|
{
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"Korean"
]
}
|
Dominic Barry (born 7 March 1994) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Melbourne Football Club and the Port Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Barry was initially a Greater Western Sydney recruit as part of their zone recruiting, however, he was on-traded to Melbourne, which saw Melbourne also land Jesse Hogan in exchange for picks 3 and 13 during the 2012 trade period.At the end of the 2013 season, Barry represented Australia in the 2013 International Rules Series against Ireland, despite having not played an AFL game.Barry made his AFL debut in round 15, 2014 against the Western Bulldogs. He played five games for 2014 before notifying Melbourne at the start of the pre-season that he had lost the desire to play AFL and would be returning to Central Australia to focus on his family and cultural identity.In 2016, Barry began playing with Glenelg in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). He had spent 2015 as a school bus driver and playing local football in Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara. After one season with Glenelg, Barry nominated for the 2017 AFL draft and was taken by Port Adelaide with selection number 61.
Statistics
Statistics are correct to the end of the 2014 season
References
External links
Dom Barry's playing statistics from AFL Tables
Dom Barry's profile from DemonWiki
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"Australia"
]
}
|
Dominic Barry (born 7 March 1994) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Melbourne Football Club and the Port Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Barry was initially a Greater Western Sydney recruit as part of their zone recruiting, however, he was on-traded to Melbourne, which saw Melbourne also land Jesse Hogan in exchange for picks 3 and 13 during the 2012 trade period.At the end of the 2013 season, Barry represented Australia in the 2013 International Rules Series against Ireland, despite having not played an AFL game.Barry made his AFL debut in round 15, 2014 against the Western Bulldogs. He played five games for 2014 before notifying Melbourne at the start of the pre-season that he had lost the desire to play AFL and would be returning to Central Australia to focus on his family and cultural identity.In 2016, Barry began playing with Glenelg in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). He had spent 2015 as a school bus driver and playing local football in Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara. After one season with Glenelg, Barry nominated for the 2017 AFL draft and was taken by Port Adelaide with selection number 61.
Statistics
Statistics are correct to the end of the 2014 season
References
External links
Dom Barry's playing statistics from AFL Tables
Dom Barry's profile from DemonWiki
|
member of sports team
|
{
"answer_start": [
106
],
"text": [
"Melbourne Football Club"
]
}
|
Dominic Barry (born 7 March 1994) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Melbourne Football Club and the Port Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Barry was initially a Greater Western Sydney recruit as part of their zone recruiting, however, he was on-traded to Melbourne, which saw Melbourne also land Jesse Hogan in exchange for picks 3 and 13 during the 2012 trade period.At the end of the 2013 season, Barry represented Australia in the 2013 International Rules Series against Ireland, despite having not played an AFL game.Barry made his AFL debut in round 15, 2014 against the Western Bulldogs. He played five games for 2014 before notifying Melbourne at the start of the pre-season that he had lost the desire to play AFL and would be returning to Central Australia to focus on his family and cultural identity.In 2016, Barry began playing with Glenelg in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). He had spent 2015 as a school bus driver and playing local football in Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara. After one season with Glenelg, Barry nominated for the 2017 AFL draft and was taken by Port Adelaide with selection number 61.
Statistics
Statistics are correct to the end of the 2014 season
References
External links
Dom Barry's playing statistics from AFL Tables
Dom Barry's profile from DemonWiki
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
1310
],
"text": [
"Dom Barry"
]
}
|
Dominic Barry (born 7 March 1994) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Melbourne Football Club and the Port Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Barry was initially a Greater Western Sydney recruit as part of their zone recruiting, however, he was on-traded to Melbourne, which saw Melbourne also land Jesse Hogan in exchange for picks 3 and 13 during the 2012 trade period.At the end of the 2013 season, Barry represented Australia in the 2013 International Rules Series against Ireland, despite having not played an AFL game.Barry made his AFL debut in round 15, 2014 against the Western Bulldogs. He played five games for 2014 before notifying Melbourne at the start of the pre-season that he had lost the desire to play AFL and would be returning to Central Australia to focus on his family and cultural identity.In 2016, Barry began playing with Glenelg in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). He had spent 2015 as a school bus driver and playing local football in Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara. After one season with Glenelg, Barry nominated for the 2017 AFL draft and was taken by Port Adelaide with selection number 61.
Statistics
Statistics are correct to the end of the 2014 season
References
External links
Dom Barry's playing statistics from AFL Tables
Dom Barry's profile from DemonWiki
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"Australian rules football"
]
}
|
Dominic Barry (born 7 March 1994) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Melbourne Football Club and the Port Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Barry was initially a Greater Western Sydney recruit as part of their zone recruiting, however, he was on-traded to Melbourne, which saw Melbourne also land Jesse Hogan in exchange for picks 3 and 13 during the 2012 trade period.At the end of the 2013 season, Barry represented Australia in the 2013 International Rules Series against Ireland, despite having not played an AFL game.Barry made his AFL debut in round 15, 2014 against the Western Bulldogs. He played five games for 2014 before notifying Melbourne at the start of the pre-season that he had lost the desire to play AFL and would be returning to Central Australia to focus on his family and cultural identity.In 2016, Barry began playing with Glenelg in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). He had spent 2015 as a school bus driver and playing local football in Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara. After one season with Glenelg, Barry nominated for the 2017 AFL draft and was taken by Port Adelaide with selection number 61.
Statistics
Statistics are correct to the end of the 2014 season
References
External links
Dom Barry's playing statistics from AFL Tables
Dom Barry's profile from DemonWiki
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"Barry"
]
}
|
Dominic Barry (born 7 March 1994) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Melbourne Football Club and the Port Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Barry was initially a Greater Western Sydney recruit as part of their zone recruiting, however, he was on-traded to Melbourne, which saw Melbourne also land Jesse Hogan in exchange for picks 3 and 13 during the 2012 trade period.At the end of the 2013 season, Barry represented Australia in the 2013 International Rules Series against Ireland, despite having not played an AFL game.Barry made his AFL debut in round 15, 2014 against the Western Bulldogs. He played five games for 2014 before notifying Melbourne at the start of the pre-season that he had lost the desire to play AFL and would be returning to Central Australia to focus on his family and cultural identity.In 2016, Barry began playing with Glenelg in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). He had spent 2015 as a school bus driver and playing local football in Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara. After one season with Glenelg, Barry nominated for the 2017 AFL draft and was taken by Port Adelaide with selection number 61.
Statistics
Statistics are correct to the end of the 2014 season
References
External links
Dom Barry's playing statistics from AFL Tables
Dom Barry's profile from DemonWiki
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Dominic"
]
}
|
Fyodor Fyodorovich Buchholz (Russian: Фёдор Фёдорович Бухгольц), born Teodor Buchholz (9 June 1857, Włocławek - 7 May 1942, Saint Petersburg) was a Polish-born Russian painter, graphic artist and art teacher of German ancestry. He specialized in genre and historical scenes. Some of his works became popular postcards.
Biography
Teodor Alexander Ferdinand Buchholz was born in Włocławek, to Eleonora née Fothke and Teodor Gustaw Buccholz, who owned a printing press. After graduating from the realschule in his hometown, he enrolled at the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg, where, between 1878 and 1886, he studied under the guidance of Pavel Chistyakov and Valery Jacobi. Later, for a long time, Teodor himself lectured at the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.
From 1880 to 1882, he was awarded three silver medals. In 1885, he was presented with a gold medal and the title of "Artist" for his rendering of Daedalus and Icarus. After 1888, he participated in the Academy's exhibitions as well as those of the "Society of Russian Watercolorists".
While he was still a student, he began working as a graphic artist: providing illustrations for Niva, Sevyer (North, a literary magazine) and Homeland (a scientific/historical journal). In 1891, he joined the "Association of Russian Illustrators". From 1893 to 1919, he was a teacher at the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts. In 1902, he won the competition to design the Saint Petersburg Bicentenary medal. He mainly created battle, landscape and generic paintings, in the Art Nouveau style. He put most of his paintings up for display in St. Petersburg, while also having a display at the Zachęta National Gallery of Art in Warsaw.After the Revolution, he was involved in the creation of agitprop and helped design the celebrations for revolutionary holidays. In 1918, he developed sketches for the anniversary celebrations in Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), which included a triumphal arch on Vasilyevsky Island. In 1924, he became a member of the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia and, from 1932, was with the Union of Russian Artists. Between 1919 and 1932, he taught at various secondary schools and Houses of Culture. His wife was Russia's first female sculptor, Maria Dillon. He died during the Siege of Leningrad and was buried at the Smolensky Lutheran Cemetery.
Selected works
References
External links
Media related to Fyodor Buchholz at Wikimedia Commons
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
101
],
"text": [
"Włocławek"
]
}
|
Fyodor Fyodorovich Buchholz (Russian: Фёдор Фёдорович Бухгольц), born Teodor Buchholz (9 June 1857, Włocławek - 7 May 1942, Saint Petersburg) was a Polish-born Russian painter, graphic artist and art teacher of German ancestry. He specialized in genre and historical scenes. Some of his works became popular postcards.
Biography
Teodor Alexander Ferdinand Buchholz was born in Włocławek, to Eleonora née Fothke and Teodor Gustaw Buccholz, who owned a printing press. After graduating from the realschule in his hometown, he enrolled at the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg, where, between 1878 and 1886, he studied under the guidance of Pavel Chistyakov and Valery Jacobi. Later, for a long time, Teodor himself lectured at the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.
From 1880 to 1882, he was awarded three silver medals. In 1885, he was presented with a gold medal and the title of "Artist" for his rendering of Daedalus and Icarus. After 1888, he participated in the Academy's exhibitions as well as those of the "Society of Russian Watercolorists".
While he was still a student, he began working as a graphic artist: providing illustrations for Niva, Sevyer (North, a literary magazine) and Homeland (a scientific/historical journal). In 1891, he joined the "Association of Russian Illustrators". From 1893 to 1919, he was a teacher at the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts. In 1902, he won the competition to design the Saint Petersburg Bicentenary medal. He mainly created battle, landscape and generic paintings, in the Art Nouveau style. He put most of his paintings up for display in St. Petersburg, while also having a display at the Zachęta National Gallery of Art in Warsaw.After the Revolution, he was involved in the creation of agitprop and helped design the celebrations for revolutionary holidays. In 1918, he developed sketches for the anniversary celebrations in Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), which included a triumphal arch on Vasilyevsky Island. In 1924, he became a member of the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia and, from 1932, was with the Union of Russian Artists. Between 1919 and 1932, he taught at various secondary schools and Houses of Culture. His wife was Russia's first female sculptor, Maria Dillon. He died during the Siege of Leningrad and was buried at the Smolensky Lutheran Cemetery.
Selected works
References
External links
Media related to Fyodor Buchholz at Wikimedia Commons
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
125
],
"text": [
"Saint Petersburg"
]
}
|
Fyodor Fyodorovich Buchholz (Russian: Фёдор Фёдорович Бухгольц), born Teodor Buchholz (9 June 1857, Włocławek - 7 May 1942, Saint Petersburg) was a Polish-born Russian painter, graphic artist and art teacher of German ancestry. He specialized in genre and historical scenes. Some of his works became popular postcards.
Biography
Teodor Alexander Ferdinand Buchholz was born in Włocławek, to Eleonora née Fothke and Teodor Gustaw Buccholz, who owned a printing press. After graduating from the realschule in his hometown, he enrolled at the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg, where, between 1878 and 1886, he studied under the guidance of Pavel Chistyakov and Valery Jacobi. Later, for a long time, Teodor himself lectured at the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.
From 1880 to 1882, he was awarded three silver medals. In 1885, he was presented with a gold medal and the title of "Artist" for his rendering of Daedalus and Icarus. After 1888, he participated in the Academy's exhibitions as well as those of the "Society of Russian Watercolorists".
While he was still a student, he began working as a graphic artist: providing illustrations for Niva, Sevyer (North, a literary magazine) and Homeland (a scientific/historical journal). In 1891, he joined the "Association of Russian Illustrators". From 1893 to 1919, he was a teacher at the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts. In 1902, he won the competition to design the Saint Petersburg Bicentenary medal. He mainly created battle, landscape and generic paintings, in the Art Nouveau style. He put most of his paintings up for display in St. Petersburg, while also having a display at the Zachęta National Gallery of Art in Warsaw.After the Revolution, he was involved in the creation of agitprop and helped design the celebrations for revolutionary holidays. In 1918, he developed sketches for the anniversary celebrations in Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), which included a triumphal arch on Vasilyevsky Island. In 1924, he became a member of the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia and, from 1932, was with the Union of Russian Artists. Between 1919 and 1932, he taught at various secondary schools and Houses of Culture. His wife was Russia's first female sculptor, Maria Dillon. He died during the Siege of Leningrad and was buried at the Smolensky Lutheran Cemetery.
Selected works
References
External links
Media related to Fyodor Buchholz at Wikimedia Commons
|
sex or gender
|
{
"answer_start": [
2258
],
"text": [
"male"
]
}
|
Fyodor Fyodorovich Buchholz (Russian: Фёдор Фёдорович Бухгольц), born Teodor Buchholz (9 June 1857, Włocławek - 7 May 1942, Saint Petersburg) was a Polish-born Russian painter, graphic artist and art teacher of German ancestry. He specialized in genre and historical scenes. Some of his works became popular postcards.
Biography
Teodor Alexander Ferdinand Buchholz was born in Włocławek, to Eleonora née Fothke and Teodor Gustaw Buccholz, who owned a printing press. After graduating from the realschule in his hometown, he enrolled at the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg, where, between 1878 and 1886, he studied under the guidance of Pavel Chistyakov and Valery Jacobi. Later, for a long time, Teodor himself lectured at the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.
From 1880 to 1882, he was awarded three silver medals. In 1885, he was presented with a gold medal and the title of "Artist" for his rendering of Daedalus and Icarus. After 1888, he participated in the Academy's exhibitions as well as those of the "Society of Russian Watercolorists".
While he was still a student, he began working as a graphic artist: providing illustrations for Niva, Sevyer (North, a literary magazine) and Homeland (a scientific/historical journal). In 1891, he joined the "Association of Russian Illustrators". From 1893 to 1919, he was a teacher at the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts. In 1902, he won the competition to design the Saint Petersburg Bicentenary medal. He mainly created battle, landscape and generic paintings, in the Art Nouveau style. He put most of his paintings up for display in St. Petersburg, while also having a display at the Zachęta National Gallery of Art in Warsaw.After the Revolution, he was involved in the creation of agitprop and helped design the celebrations for revolutionary holidays. In 1918, he developed sketches for the anniversary celebrations in Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), which included a triumphal arch on Vasilyevsky Island. In 1924, he became a member of the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia and, from 1932, was with the Union of Russian Artists. Between 1919 and 1932, he taught at various secondary schools and Houses of Culture. His wife was Russia's first female sculptor, Maria Dillon. He died during the Siege of Leningrad and was buried at the Smolensky Lutheran Cemetery.
Selected works
References
External links
Media related to Fyodor Buchholz at Wikimedia Commons
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
201
],
"text": [
"teacher"
]
}
|
Fyodor Fyodorovich Buchholz (Russian: Фёдор Фёдорович Бухгольц), born Teodor Buchholz (9 June 1857, Włocławek - 7 May 1942, Saint Petersburg) was a Polish-born Russian painter, graphic artist and art teacher of German ancestry. He specialized in genre and historical scenes. Some of his works became popular postcards.
Biography
Teodor Alexander Ferdinand Buchholz was born in Włocławek, to Eleonora née Fothke and Teodor Gustaw Buccholz, who owned a printing press. After graduating from the realschule in his hometown, he enrolled at the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg, where, between 1878 and 1886, he studied under the guidance of Pavel Chistyakov and Valery Jacobi. Later, for a long time, Teodor himself lectured at the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.
From 1880 to 1882, he was awarded three silver medals. In 1885, he was presented with a gold medal and the title of "Artist" for his rendering of Daedalus and Icarus. After 1888, he participated in the Academy's exhibitions as well as those of the "Society of Russian Watercolorists".
While he was still a student, he began working as a graphic artist: providing illustrations for Niva, Sevyer (North, a literary magazine) and Homeland (a scientific/historical journal). In 1891, he joined the "Association of Russian Illustrators". From 1893 to 1919, he was a teacher at the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts. In 1902, he won the competition to design the Saint Petersburg Bicentenary medal. He mainly created battle, landscape and generic paintings, in the Art Nouveau style. He put most of his paintings up for display in St. Petersburg, while also having a display at the Zachęta National Gallery of Art in Warsaw.After the Revolution, he was involved in the creation of agitprop and helped design the celebrations for revolutionary holidays. In 1918, he developed sketches for the anniversary celebrations in Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), which included a triumphal arch on Vasilyevsky Island. In 1924, he became a member of the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia and, from 1932, was with the Union of Russian Artists. Between 1919 and 1932, he taught at various secondary schools and Houses of Culture. His wife was Russia's first female sculptor, Maria Dillon. He died during the Siege of Leningrad and was buried at the Smolensky Lutheran Cemetery.
Selected works
References
External links
Media related to Fyodor Buchholz at Wikimedia Commons
|
place of burial
|
{
"answer_start": [
2347
],
"text": [
"Smolensky Lutheran Cemetery"
]
}
|
Fyodor Fyodorovich Buchholz (Russian: Фёдор Фёдорович Бухгольц), born Teodor Buchholz (9 June 1857, Włocławek - 7 May 1942, Saint Petersburg) was a Polish-born Russian painter, graphic artist and art teacher of German ancestry. He specialized in genre and historical scenes. Some of his works became popular postcards.
Biography
Teodor Alexander Ferdinand Buchholz was born in Włocławek, to Eleonora née Fothke and Teodor Gustaw Buccholz, who owned a printing press. After graduating from the realschule in his hometown, he enrolled at the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg, where, between 1878 and 1886, he studied under the guidance of Pavel Chistyakov and Valery Jacobi. Later, for a long time, Teodor himself lectured at the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.
From 1880 to 1882, he was awarded three silver medals. In 1885, he was presented with a gold medal and the title of "Artist" for his rendering of Daedalus and Icarus. After 1888, he participated in the Academy's exhibitions as well as those of the "Society of Russian Watercolorists".
While he was still a student, he began working as a graphic artist: providing illustrations for Niva, Sevyer (North, a literary magazine) and Homeland (a scientific/historical journal). In 1891, he joined the "Association of Russian Illustrators". From 1893 to 1919, he was a teacher at the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts. In 1902, he won the competition to design the Saint Petersburg Bicentenary medal. He mainly created battle, landscape and generic paintings, in the Art Nouveau style. He put most of his paintings up for display in St. Petersburg, while also having a display at the Zachęta National Gallery of Art in Warsaw.After the Revolution, he was involved in the creation of agitprop and helped design the celebrations for revolutionary holidays. In 1918, he developed sketches for the anniversary celebrations in Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), which included a triumphal arch on Vasilyevsky Island. In 1924, he became a member of the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia and, from 1932, was with the Union of Russian Artists. Between 1919 and 1932, he taught at various secondary schools and Houses of Culture. His wife was Russia's first female sculptor, Maria Dillon. He died during the Siege of Leningrad and was buried at the Smolensky Lutheran Cemetery.
Selected works
References
External links
Media related to Fyodor Buchholz at Wikimedia Commons
|
movement
|
{
"answer_start": [
1566
],
"text": [
"Art Nouveau"
]
}
|
Fyodor Fyodorovich Buchholz (Russian: Фёдор Фёдорович Бухгольц), born Teodor Buchholz (9 June 1857, Włocławek - 7 May 1942, Saint Petersburg) was a Polish-born Russian painter, graphic artist and art teacher of German ancestry. He specialized in genre and historical scenes. Some of his works became popular postcards.
Biography
Teodor Alexander Ferdinand Buchholz was born in Włocławek, to Eleonora née Fothke and Teodor Gustaw Buccholz, who owned a printing press. After graduating from the realschule in his hometown, he enrolled at the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg, where, between 1878 and 1886, he studied under the guidance of Pavel Chistyakov and Valery Jacobi. Later, for a long time, Teodor himself lectured at the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.
From 1880 to 1882, he was awarded three silver medals. In 1885, he was presented with a gold medal and the title of "Artist" for his rendering of Daedalus and Icarus. After 1888, he participated in the Academy's exhibitions as well as those of the "Society of Russian Watercolorists".
While he was still a student, he began working as a graphic artist: providing illustrations for Niva, Sevyer (North, a literary magazine) and Homeland (a scientific/historical journal). In 1891, he joined the "Association of Russian Illustrators". From 1893 to 1919, he was a teacher at the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts. In 1902, he won the competition to design the Saint Petersburg Bicentenary medal. He mainly created battle, landscape and generic paintings, in the Art Nouveau style. He put most of his paintings up for display in St. Petersburg, while also having a display at the Zachęta National Gallery of Art in Warsaw.After the Revolution, he was involved in the creation of agitprop and helped design the celebrations for revolutionary holidays. In 1918, he developed sketches for the anniversary celebrations in Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), which included a triumphal arch on Vasilyevsky Island. In 1924, he became a member of the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia and, from 1932, was with the Union of Russian Artists. Between 1919 and 1932, he taught at various secondary schools and Houses of Culture. His wife was Russia's first female sculptor, Maria Dillon. He died during the Siege of Leningrad and was buried at the Smolensky Lutheran Cemetery.
Selected works
References
External links
Media related to Fyodor Buchholz at Wikimedia Commons
|
Commons category
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Fyodor Fyodorovich Buchholz (Russian: Фёдор Фёдорович Бухгольц), born Teodor Buchholz (9 June 1857, Włocławek - 7 May 1942, Saint Petersburg) was a Polish-born Russian painter, graphic artist and art teacher of German ancestry. He specialized in genre and historical scenes. Some of his works became popular postcards.
Biography
Teodor Alexander Ferdinand Buchholz was born in Włocławek, to Eleonora née Fothke and Teodor Gustaw Buccholz, who owned a printing press. After graduating from the realschule in his hometown, he enrolled at the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg, where, between 1878 and 1886, he studied under the guidance of Pavel Chistyakov and Valery Jacobi. Later, for a long time, Teodor himself lectured at the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.
From 1880 to 1882, he was awarded three silver medals. In 1885, he was presented with a gold medal and the title of "Artist" for his rendering of Daedalus and Icarus. After 1888, he participated in the Academy's exhibitions as well as those of the "Society of Russian Watercolorists".
While he was still a student, he began working as a graphic artist: providing illustrations for Niva, Sevyer (North, a literary magazine) and Homeland (a scientific/historical journal). In 1891, he joined the "Association of Russian Illustrators". From 1893 to 1919, he was a teacher at the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts. In 1902, he won the competition to design the Saint Petersburg Bicentenary medal. He mainly created battle, landscape and generic paintings, in the Art Nouveau style. He put most of his paintings up for display in St. Petersburg, while also having a display at the Zachęta National Gallery of Art in Warsaw.After the Revolution, he was involved in the creation of agitprop and helped design the celebrations for revolutionary holidays. In 1918, he developed sketches for the anniversary celebrations in Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), which included a triumphal arch on Vasilyevsky Island. In 1924, he became a member of the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia and, from 1932, was with the Union of Russian Artists. Between 1919 and 1932, he taught at various secondary schools and Houses of Culture. His wife was Russia's first female sculptor, Maria Dillon. He died during the Siege of Leningrad and was buried at the Smolensky Lutheran Cemetery.
Selected works
References
External links
Media related to Fyodor Buchholz at Wikimedia Commons
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languages spoken, written or signed
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{
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Fyodor Fyodorovich Buchholz (Russian: Фёдор Фёдорович Бухгольц), born Teodor Buchholz (9 June 1857, Włocławek - 7 May 1942, Saint Petersburg) was a Polish-born Russian painter, graphic artist and art teacher of German ancestry. He specialized in genre and historical scenes. Some of his works became popular postcards.
Biography
Teodor Alexander Ferdinand Buchholz was born in Włocławek, to Eleonora née Fothke and Teodor Gustaw Buccholz, who owned a printing press. After graduating from the realschule in his hometown, he enrolled at the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg, where, between 1878 and 1886, he studied under the guidance of Pavel Chistyakov and Valery Jacobi. Later, for a long time, Teodor himself lectured at the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg.
From 1880 to 1882, he was awarded three silver medals. In 1885, he was presented with a gold medal and the title of "Artist" for his rendering of Daedalus and Icarus. After 1888, he participated in the Academy's exhibitions as well as those of the "Society of Russian Watercolorists".
While he was still a student, he began working as a graphic artist: providing illustrations for Niva, Sevyer (North, a literary magazine) and Homeland (a scientific/historical journal). In 1891, he joined the "Association of Russian Illustrators". From 1893 to 1919, he was a teacher at the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts. In 1902, he won the competition to design the Saint Petersburg Bicentenary medal. He mainly created battle, landscape and generic paintings, in the Art Nouveau style. He put most of his paintings up for display in St. Petersburg, while also having a display at the Zachęta National Gallery of Art in Warsaw.After the Revolution, he was involved in the creation of agitprop and helped design the celebrations for revolutionary holidays. In 1918, he developed sketches for the anniversary celebrations in Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), which included a triumphal arch on Vasilyevsky Island. In 1924, he became a member of the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia and, from 1932, was with the Union of Russian Artists. Between 1919 and 1932, he taught at various secondary schools and Houses of Culture. His wife was Russia's first female sculptor, Maria Dillon. He died during the Siege of Leningrad and was buried at the Smolensky Lutheran Cemetery.
Selected works
References
External links
Media related to Fyodor Buchholz at Wikimedia Commons
|
Commons Creator page
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{
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2436
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"Fyodor Buchholz"
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Heidenbach is a small river of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It flows into the Werre near Detmold.
See also
List of rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia
|
country
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55
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Heidenbach is a small river of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It flows into the Werre near Detmold.
See also
List of rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia
|
instance of
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{
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22
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Heidenbach is a small river of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It flows into the Werre near Detmold.
See also
List of rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia
|
mouth of the watercourse
|
{
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82
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Heidenbach is a small river of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It flows into the Werre near Detmold.
See also
List of rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
93
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"text": [
"Detmold"
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|
Heidenbach is a small river of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It flows into the Werre near Detmold.
See also
List of rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia
|
named after
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Heidenbach"
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|
Heidenbach is a small river of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It flows into the Werre near Detmold.
See also
List of rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia
|
located in or next to body of water
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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The red-hipped squirrel (Dremomys pyrrhomerus) is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is found in both China and Vietnam.
References
Thorington, R.W. Jr. and R.S. Hoffman. (2005). Family Sciuridae. pp. 754–818 In Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
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taxon rank
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{
"answer_start": [
52
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"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
The red-hipped squirrel (Dremomys pyrrhomerus) is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is found in both China and Vietnam.
References
Thorington, R.W. Jr. and R.S. Hoffman. (2005). Family Sciuridae. pp. 754–818 In Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"Dremomys pyrrhomerus"
]
}
|
The red-hipped squirrel (Dremomys pyrrhomerus) is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is found in both China and Vietnam.
References
Thorington, R.W. Jr. and R.S. Hoffman. (2005). Family Sciuridae. pp. 754–818 In Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
25
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"text": [
"Dremomys pyrrhomerus"
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|
Matilda Kinnon "Tillie"' Paul Tamaree (January 18, 1863 – August 20, 1952) was a Tlingit translator, civil rights advocate, educator, and Presbyterian church elder.
Early life and education
Matilda Kinnon was born in Victoria, British Columbia, the younger daughter of a Tlingit mother named Kut-Xoox, and a Scottish father named James Kinnon, who was employed by the Hudson's Bay Company. When her mother fell ill with tuberculosis, she arranged to bring Tillie and her sister north to be raised by Tlingit relatives. Aided by a member of her Tlingit clan, Kut-Xoox traveled by canoe with her two daughters along the Inside Passage, a journey of 600 miles. After her mother's death, young Tillie was raised by a maternal aunt, Xoon-sel-ut, and her uncle, Chief Snook of the Naanya.aayi, a clan of the Stikeen-quann, near Wrangell, Alaska. Her adoptive family gave her the name Katliyud, soon shortened to "Kah-tah-ah."Tillie lived in Wrangell until she was 12 years old, when she received a marriage proposal from a Christian Tsimishian chief, Abraham Lincoln. Her uncle consented to the marriage, but Tillie was ambivalent. They arranged that she would travel south to Lincoln's home in Prince Rupert, British Columbia with the understanding that no marriage would take place against her will. After her decision not to marry, when she was no longer under the care of the Tsimishian, she went to live with a Methodist minister and his wife, missionaries at Port Simpson, British Columbia. There, she relearned English and was schooled in Christian worship.Her family arranged for her return to Wrangell and she was admitted to Amanda McFarland's Presbyterian Home and School for Girls, where she started using the name "Tillie Kinnon."
Teaching and missionary work
While at the McFarland School, Tillie worked as an interpreter for clergyman S. Hall Young in and around Wrangell. She married Louis Francis Paul and in 1882 the two became the first Native couple to be commissioned by the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions to found a new missionary school. Located in Klukwan, Alaska, the school served 64 men and women; Tillie and her husband visited homes three times a week, sharing just twelve textbooks among their students. The couple opened a second school in the Tongass region of Alaska, where Paul's family lived. Paul died in 1886, presumably drowned while scouting for a new school location. However, a contemporary biographer of Tillie Paul's, Mary Lee Davis, suggests that his death was a suspicious one.Paul's death left Tillie with three young sons to care for on her own. She moved to Sitka, Alaska to work at Sitka Industrial Training School, invited by Sheldon Jackson, a missionary and the General Agent of Education for the Alaskan Territory. There, she performed a range of tasks, acting as an interpreter, supervising sewing classes, serving as a nurse in the boy's hospital ward, and eventually becoming matron of the girl's dormitory.During her years in Sitka, she worked with a fellow teacher, Fanny Willard, to create a writing system for Tlingit language and together they compiled a Tlingit dictionary. She published several articles about Tlingit culture in the Presbyterian newspaper, The North Star and lectured on Tlingit culture in Sitka as a member of the Society of Alaskan Natural History and Ethnology. Tillie also learned to play the organ, becoming proficient enough to accompany school and church events. Some of her translated hymns and prayers are still in use among Tlingit Christians today.Tillie traveled on behalf of the Presbyterian Church, attending its General Assembly in New York City at least twice. In 1902, she was invited to address the Assembly on the subject of women's role in the church.In 1931, Tillie Paul was the first woman ordained as an elder in the Alaska Northwest Synod of the Presbyterian Church, in the first year that Presbyterian women could be so ordained.
Civil rights advocacy
In 1905, Tillie founded the New Covenant Legion, a Christian temperance organization intended to reach Native communities considered especially at risk from alcohol abuse, with George Beck, a student at the Sitka school. The New Covenant Legion in turn became the Alaska Native Brotherhood (ANB) and Alaska Native Sisterhood, the first advocacy organizations for Alaska Native rights. Tillie's sons, William Paul and Louis Paul, were leaders in the ANB as were many of the students Tillie taught at the Sitka school. While her sons are generally given credit for transforming the ANB from a service organization to a political one, Tillie's influence in shaping these leaders was recognized by her contemporaries.In November 1922, Tillie assisted a Tlingit relative, Charlie Jones, to vote, after he was refused by election officials in Wrangell. Both were charged with felonies: Charlie Jones for "falsely swearing to be a citizen" and voting illegally and Tillie for aiding and abetting him. Her son William, by this time an attorney, defended them both at a trial that took place in Ketchikan, Alaska in 1923. The case hinged on the definition of Native citizenship, which, until 1915, had been determined by the Dawes Act of 1887. That act required Native people to sever tribal ties in order to be recognized as citizens. By 1915, the Alaska Territory had passed the Alaska Citizenship Act. It only recognized Native people as citizens under strict conditions, including the endorsement of at least five white citizens, certain testing requirements, as well as proof that they had "adopted the habits of civilization." William Paul argued that Jones fulfilled the requirements of citizenship under Dawes, insofar as he owned a house, paid taxes, made charitable contributions, and, generally "lived like a white person." Judge Thomas Reed ruled that Dawes preempted the 1915 Citizenship Act. Effectively, this meant that the territorial government could not add procedures such as endorsement by white citizens, testing, or obtaining a certificate of citizenship if the requirements for citizenship under Dawes were met. Tillie Paul Tamaree and Charlie Jones were acquitted.In his ruling, Judge Reed wrote that "if you find that the defendant Charley (sic) Jones was born within the limits of the United States, then you must conclude that the said Charley Jones was born under and within the terms of the 1st Section of the 14th Amendment." In 1924, the Indian Citizenship Act conferred citizenship on all Native Americans born within the United States and its territories, extending the franchise, but not completely eradicating further attempts to limit Native Americans' right to vote.
Personal life and legacy
In 1882, Tillie Kinnon married Louis Francis Paul, with whom she had three sons. In 1887, Tille was widowed. In 1905, Tillied married again to William Tamaree, with whom she had three daughters. In 1924, Tillie's son, William became the first Alaska Native elected to the territorial legislature. In 1952, Tillie Paul died at a hospital in Wrangell, age 90.
In 1979, an infirmary building on the campus of Sheldon Jackson College was named for Tillie Paul. In 1997, her daughter-in-law, Frances Lackey Paul, published a children's book, Kahtahah, based on her mother-in-law's early life. In 2001, the Sheldon Jackson School was designated a National Historic Landmark.In 2015, Tillie Paul's great-granddaughter, Debra O'Gara, was named Tribal Court Presiding Judge by the Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska.In 2020, Tillie's civil rights work and the charges brought against her in 1922 for “inducing an Indian not entitled to vote to vote at an election” were featured in the Alaska State Museum Exhibit, Alaska's Suffrage Stars.
== References ==
|
occupation
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{
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1753
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"missionary"
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|
Matilda Kinnon "Tillie"' Paul Tamaree (January 18, 1863 – August 20, 1952) was a Tlingit translator, civil rights advocate, educator, and Presbyterian church elder.
Early life and education
Matilda Kinnon was born in Victoria, British Columbia, the younger daughter of a Tlingit mother named Kut-Xoox, and a Scottish father named James Kinnon, who was employed by the Hudson's Bay Company. When her mother fell ill with tuberculosis, she arranged to bring Tillie and her sister north to be raised by Tlingit relatives. Aided by a member of her Tlingit clan, Kut-Xoox traveled by canoe with her two daughters along the Inside Passage, a journey of 600 miles. After her mother's death, young Tillie was raised by a maternal aunt, Xoon-sel-ut, and her uncle, Chief Snook of the Naanya.aayi, a clan of the Stikeen-quann, near Wrangell, Alaska. Her adoptive family gave her the name Katliyud, soon shortened to "Kah-tah-ah."Tillie lived in Wrangell until she was 12 years old, when she received a marriage proposal from a Christian Tsimishian chief, Abraham Lincoln. Her uncle consented to the marriage, but Tillie was ambivalent. They arranged that she would travel south to Lincoln's home in Prince Rupert, British Columbia with the understanding that no marriage would take place against her will. After her decision not to marry, when she was no longer under the care of the Tsimishian, she went to live with a Methodist minister and his wife, missionaries at Port Simpson, British Columbia. There, she relearned English and was schooled in Christian worship.Her family arranged for her return to Wrangell and she was admitted to Amanda McFarland's Presbyterian Home and School for Girls, where she started using the name "Tillie Kinnon."
Teaching and missionary work
While at the McFarland School, Tillie worked as an interpreter for clergyman S. Hall Young in and around Wrangell. She married Louis Francis Paul and in 1882 the two became the first Native couple to be commissioned by the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions to found a new missionary school. Located in Klukwan, Alaska, the school served 64 men and women; Tillie and her husband visited homes three times a week, sharing just twelve textbooks among their students. The couple opened a second school in the Tongass region of Alaska, where Paul's family lived. Paul died in 1886, presumably drowned while scouting for a new school location. However, a contemporary biographer of Tillie Paul's, Mary Lee Davis, suggests that his death was a suspicious one.Paul's death left Tillie with three young sons to care for on her own. She moved to Sitka, Alaska to work at Sitka Industrial Training School, invited by Sheldon Jackson, a missionary and the General Agent of Education for the Alaskan Territory. There, she performed a range of tasks, acting as an interpreter, supervising sewing classes, serving as a nurse in the boy's hospital ward, and eventually becoming matron of the girl's dormitory.During her years in Sitka, she worked with a fellow teacher, Fanny Willard, to create a writing system for Tlingit language and together they compiled a Tlingit dictionary. She published several articles about Tlingit culture in the Presbyterian newspaper, The North Star and lectured on Tlingit culture in Sitka as a member of the Society of Alaskan Natural History and Ethnology. Tillie also learned to play the organ, becoming proficient enough to accompany school and church events. Some of her translated hymns and prayers are still in use among Tlingit Christians today.Tillie traveled on behalf of the Presbyterian Church, attending its General Assembly in New York City at least twice. In 1902, she was invited to address the Assembly on the subject of women's role in the church.In 1931, Tillie Paul was the first woman ordained as an elder in the Alaska Northwest Synod of the Presbyterian Church, in the first year that Presbyterian women could be so ordained.
Civil rights advocacy
In 1905, Tillie founded the New Covenant Legion, a Christian temperance organization intended to reach Native communities considered especially at risk from alcohol abuse, with George Beck, a student at the Sitka school. The New Covenant Legion in turn became the Alaska Native Brotherhood (ANB) and Alaska Native Sisterhood, the first advocacy organizations for Alaska Native rights. Tillie's sons, William Paul and Louis Paul, were leaders in the ANB as were many of the students Tillie taught at the Sitka school. While her sons are generally given credit for transforming the ANB from a service organization to a political one, Tillie's influence in shaping these leaders was recognized by her contemporaries.In November 1922, Tillie assisted a Tlingit relative, Charlie Jones, to vote, after he was refused by election officials in Wrangell. Both were charged with felonies: Charlie Jones for "falsely swearing to be a citizen" and voting illegally and Tillie for aiding and abetting him. Her son William, by this time an attorney, defended them both at a trial that took place in Ketchikan, Alaska in 1923. The case hinged on the definition of Native citizenship, which, until 1915, had been determined by the Dawes Act of 1887. That act required Native people to sever tribal ties in order to be recognized as citizens. By 1915, the Alaska Territory had passed the Alaska Citizenship Act. It only recognized Native people as citizens under strict conditions, including the endorsement of at least five white citizens, certain testing requirements, as well as proof that they had "adopted the habits of civilization." William Paul argued that Jones fulfilled the requirements of citizenship under Dawes, insofar as he owned a house, paid taxes, made charitable contributions, and, generally "lived like a white person." Judge Thomas Reed ruled that Dawes preempted the 1915 Citizenship Act. Effectively, this meant that the territorial government could not add procedures such as endorsement by white citizens, testing, or obtaining a certificate of citizenship if the requirements for citizenship under Dawes were met. Tillie Paul Tamaree and Charlie Jones were acquitted.In his ruling, Judge Reed wrote that "if you find that the defendant Charley (sic) Jones was born within the limits of the United States, then you must conclude that the said Charley Jones was born under and within the terms of the 1st Section of the 14th Amendment." In 1924, the Indian Citizenship Act conferred citizenship on all Native Americans born within the United States and its territories, extending the franchise, but not completely eradicating further attempts to limit Native Americans' right to vote.
Personal life and legacy
In 1882, Tillie Kinnon married Louis Francis Paul, with whom she had three sons. In 1887, Tille was widowed. In 1905, Tillied married again to William Tamaree, with whom she had three daughters. In 1924, Tillie's son, William became the first Alaska Native elected to the territorial legislature. In 1952, Tillie Paul died at a hospital in Wrangell, age 90.
In 1979, an infirmary building on the campus of Sheldon Jackson College was named for Tillie Paul. In 1997, her daughter-in-law, Frances Lackey Paul, published a children's book, Kahtahah, based on her mother-in-law's early life. In 2001, the Sheldon Jackson School was designated a National Historic Landmark.In 2015, Tillie Paul's great-granddaughter, Debra O'Gara, was named Tribal Court Presiding Judge by the Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska.In 2020, Tillie's civil rights work and the charges brought against her in 1922 for “inducing an Indian not entitled to vote to vote at an election” were featured in the Alaska State Museum Exhibit, Alaska's Suffrage Stars.
== References ==
|
Commons category
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Matilda Kinnon "Tillie"' Paul Tamaree (January 18, 1863 – August 20, 1952) was a Tlingit translator, civil rights advocate, educator, and Presbyterian church elder.
Early life and education
Matilda Kinnon was born in Victoria, British Columbia, the younger daughter of a Tlingit mother named Kut-Xoox, and a Scottish father named James Kinnon, who was employed by the Hudson's Bay Company. When her mother fell ill with tuberculosis, she arranged to bring Tillie and her sister north to be raised by Tlingit relatives. Aided by a member of her Tlingit clan, Kut-Xoox traveled by canoe with her two daughters along the Inside Passage, a journey of 600 miles. After her mother's death, young Tillie was raised by a maternal aunt, Xoon-sel-ut, and her uncle, Chief Snook of the Naanya.aayi, a clan of the Stikeen-quann, near Wrangell, Alaska. Her adoptive family gave her the name Katliyud, soon shortened to "Kah-tah-ah."Tillie lived in Wrangell until she was 12 years old, when she received a marriage proposal from a Christian Tsimishian chief, Abraham Lincoln. Her uncle consented to the marriage, but Tillie was ambivalent. They arranged that she would travel south to Lincoln's home in Prince Rupert, British Columbia with the understanding that no marriage would take place against her will. After her decision not to marry, when she was no longer under the care of the Tsimishian, she went to live with a Methodist minister and his wife, missionaries at Port Simpson, British Columbia. There, she relearned English and was schooled in Christian worship.Her family arranged for her return to Wrangell and she was admitted to Amanda McFarland's Presbyterian Home and School for Girls, where she started using the name "Tillie Kinnon."
Teaching and missionary work
While at the McFarland School, Tillie worked as an interpreter for clergyman S. Hall Young in and around Wrangell. She married Louis Francis Paul and in 1882 the two became the first Native couple to be commissioned by the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions to found a new missionary school. Located in Klukwan, Alaska, the school served 64 men and women; Tillie and her husband visited homes three times a week, sharing just twelve textbooks among their students. The couple opened a second school in the Tongass region of Alaska, where Paul's family lived. Paul died in 1886, presumably drowned while scouting for a new school location. However, a contemporary biographer of Tillie Paul's, Mary Lee Davis, suggests that his death was a suspicious one.Paul's death left Tillie with three young sons to care for on her own. She moved to Sitka, Alaska to work at Sitka Industrial Training School, invited by Sheldon Jackson, a missionary and the General Agent of Education for the Alaskan Territory. There, she performed a range of tasks, acting as an interpreter, supervising sewing classes, serving as a nurse in the boy's hospital ward, and eventually becoming matron of the girl's dormitory.During her years in Sitka, she worked with a fellow teacher, Fanny Willard, to create a writing system for Tlingit language and together they compiled a Tlingit dictionary. She published several articles about Tlingit culture in the Presbyterian newspaper, The North Star and lectured on Tlingit culture in Sitka as a member of the Society of Alaskan Natural History and Ethnology. Tillie also learned to play the organ, becoming proficient enough to accompany school and church events. Some of her translated hymns and prayers are still in use among Tlingit Christians today.Tillie traveled on behalf of the Presbyterian Church, attending its General Assembly in New York City at least twice. In 1902, she was invited to address the Assembly on the subject of women's role in the church.In 1931, Tillie Paul was the first woman ordained as an elder in the Alaska Northwest Synod of the Presbyterian Church, in the first year that Presbyterian women could be so ordained.
Civil rights advocacy
In 1905, Tillie founded the New Covenant Legion, a Christian temperance organization intended to reach Native communities considered especially at risk from alcohol abuse, with George Beck, a student at the Sitka school. The New Covenant Legion in turn became the Alaska Native Brotherhood (ANB) and Alaska Native Sisterhood, the first advocacy organizations for Alaska Native rights. Tillie's sons, William Paul and Louis Paul, were leaders in the ANB as were many of the students Tillie taught at the Sitka school. While her sons are generally given credit for transforming the ANB from a service organization to a political one, Tillie's influence in shaping these leaders was recognized by her contemporaries.In November 1922, Tillie assisted a Tlingit relative, Charlie Jones, to vote, after he was refused by election officials in Wrangell. Both were charged with felonies: Charlie Jones for "falsely swearing to be a citizen" and voting illegally and Tillie for aiding and abetting him. Her son William, by this time an attorney, defended them both at a trial that took place in Ketchikan, Alaska in 1923. The case hinged on the definition of Native citizenship, which, until 1915, had been determined by the Dawes Act of 1887. That act required Native people to sever tribal ties in order to be recognized as citizens. By 1915, the Alaska Territory had passed the Alaska Citizenship Act. It only recognized Native people as citizens under strict conditions, including the endorsement of at least five white citizens, certain testing requirements, as well as proof that they had "adopted the habits of civilization." William Paul argued that Jones fulfilled the requirements of citizenship under Dawes, insofar as he owned a house, paid taxes, made charitable contributions, and, generally "lived like a white person." Judge Thomas Reed ruled that Dawes preempted the 1915 Citizenship Act. Effectively, this meant that the territorial government could not add procedures such as endorsement by white citizens, testing, or obtaining a certificate of citizenship if the requirements for citizenship under Dawes were met. Tillie Paul Tamaree and Charlie Jones were acquitted.In his ruling, Judge Reed wrote that "if you find that the defendant Charley (sic) Jones was born within the limits of the United States, then you must conclude that the said Charley Jones was born under and within the terms of the 1st Section of the 14th Amendment." In 1924, the Indian Citizenship Act conferred citizenship on all Native Americans born within the United States and its territories, extending the franchise, but not completely eradicating further attempts to limit Native Americans' right to vote.
Personal life and legacy
In 1882, Tillie Kinnon married Louis Francis Paul, with whom she had three sons. In 1887, Tille was widowed. In 1905, Tillied married again to William Tamaree, with whom she had three daughters. In 1924, Tillie's son, William became the first Alaska Native elected to the territorial legislature. In 1952, Tillie Paul died at a hospital in Wrangell, age 90.
In 1979, an infirmary building on the campus of Sheldon Jackson College was named for Tillie Paul. In 1997, her daughter-in-law, Frances Lackey Paul, published a children's book, Kahtahah, based on her mother-in-law's early life. In 2001, the Sheldon Jackson School was designated a National Historic Landmark.In 2015, Tillie Paul's great-granddaughter, Debra O'Gara, was named Tribal Court Presiding Judge by the Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska.In 2020, Tillie's civil rights work and the charges brought against her in 1922 for “inducing an Indian not entitled to vote to vote at an election” were featured in the Alaska State Museum Exhibit, Alaska's Suffrage Stars.
== References ==
|
family name
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{
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25
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Matilda Kinnon "Tillie"' Paul Tamaree (January 18, 1863 – August 20, 1952) was a Tlingit translator, civil rights advocate, educator, and Presbyterian church elder.
Early life and education
Matilda Kinnon was born in Victoria, British Columbia, the younger daughter of a Tlingit mother named Kut-Xoox, and a Scottish father named James Kinnon, who was employed by the Hudson's Bay Company. When her mother fell ill with tuberculosis, she arranged to bring Tillie and her sister north to be raised by Tlingit relatives. Aided by a member of her Tlingit clan, Kut-Xoox traveled by canoe with her two daughters along the Inside Passage, a journey of 600 miles. After her mother's death, young Tillie was raised by a maternal aunt, Xoon-sel-ut, and her uncle, Chief Snook of the Naanya.aayi, a clan of the Stikeen-quann, near Wrangell, Alaska. Her adoptive family gave her the name Katliyud, soon shortened to "Kah-tah-ah."Tillie lived in Wrangell until she was 12 years old, when she received a marriage proposal from a Christian Tsimishian chief, Abraham Lincoln. Her uncle consented to the marriage, but Tillie was ambivalent. They arranged that she would travel south to Lincoln's home in Prince Rupert, British Columbia with the understanding that no marriage would take place against her will. After her decision not to marry, when she was no longer under the care of the Tsimishian, she went to live with a Methodist minister and his wife, missionaries at Port Simpson, British Columbia. There, she relearned English and was schooled in Christian worship.Her family arranged for her return to Wrangell and she was admitted to Amanda McFarland's Presbyterian Home and School for Girls, where she started using the name "Tillie Kinnon."
Teaching and missionary work
While at the McFarland School, Tillie worked as an interpreter for clergyman S. Hall Young in and around Wrangell. She married Louis Francis Paul and in 1882 the two became the first Native couple to be commissioned by the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions to found a new missionary school. Located in Klukwan, Alaska, the school served 64 men and women; Tillie and her husband visited homes three times a week, sharing just twelve textbooks among their students. The couple opened a second school in the Tongass region of Alaska, where Paul's family lived. Paul died in 1886, presumably drowned while scouting for a new school location. However, a contemporary biographer of Tillie Paul's, Mary Lee Davis, suggests that his death was a suspicious one.Paul's death left Tillie with three young sons to care for on her own. She moved to Sitka, Alaska to work at Sitka Industrial Training School, invited by Sheldon Jackson, a missionary and the General Agent of Education for the Alaskan Territory. There, she performed a range of tasks, acting as an interpreter, supervising sewing classes, serving as a nurse in the boy's hospital ward, and eventually becoming matron of the girl's dormitory.During her years in Sitka, she worked with a fellow teacher, Fanny Willard, to create a writing system for Tlingit language and together they compiled a Tlingit dictionary. She published several articles about Tlingit culture in the Presbyterian newspaper, The North Star and lectured on Tlingit culture in Sitka as a member of the Society of Alaskan Natural History and Ethnology. Tillie also learned to play the organ, becoming proficient enough to accompany school and church events. Some of her translated hymns and prayers are still in use among Tlingit Christians today.Tillie traveled on behalf of the Presbyterian Church, attending its General Assembly in New York City at least twice. In 1902, she was invited to address the Assembly on the subject of women's role in the church.In 1931, Tillie Paul was the first woman ordained as an elder in the Alaska Northwest Synod of the Presbyterian Church, in the first year that Presbyterian women could be so ordained.
Civil rights advocacy
In 1905, Tillie founded the New Covenant Legion, a Christian temperance organization intended to reach Native communities considered especially at risk from alcohol abuse, with George Beck, a student at the Sitka school. The New Covenant Legion in turn became the Alaska Native Brotherhood (ANB) and Alaska Native Sisterhood, the first advocacy organizations for Alaska Native rights. Tillie's sons, William Paul and Louis Paul, were leaders in the ANB as were many of the students Tillie taught at the Sitka school. While her sons are generally given credit for transforming the ANB from a service organization to a political one, Tillie's influence in shaping these leaders was recognized by her contemporaries.In November 1922, Tillie assisted a Tlingit relative, Charlie Jones, to vote, after he was refused by election officials in Wrangell. Both were charged with felonies: Charlie Jones for "falsely swearing to be a citizen" and voting illegally and Tillie for aiding and abetting him. Her son William, by this time an attorney, defended them both at a trial that took place in Ketchikan, Alaska in 1923. The case hinged on the definition of Native citizenship, which, until 1915, had been determined by the Dawes Act of 1887. That act required Native people to sever tribal ties in order to be recognized as citizens. By 1915, the Alaska Territory had passed the Alaska Citizenship Act. It only recognized Native people as citizens under strict conditions, including the endorsement of at least five white citizens, certain testing requirements, as well as proof that they had "adopted the habits of civilization." William Paul argued that Jones fulfilled the requirements of citizenship under Dawes, insofar as he owned a house, paid taxes, made charitable contributions, and, generally "lived like a white person." Judge Thomas Reed ruled that Dawes preempted the 1915 Citizenship Act. Effectively, this meant that the territorial government could not add procedures such as endorsement by white citizens, testing, or obtaining a certificate of citizenship if the requirements for citizenship under Dawes were met. Tillie Paul Tamaree and Charlie Jones were acquitted.In his ruling, Judge Reed wrote that "if you find that the defendant Charley (sic) Jones was born within the limits of the United States, then you must conclude that the said Charley Jones was born under and within the terms of the 1st Section of the 14th Amendment." In 1924, the Indian Citizenship Act conferred citizenship on all Native Americans born within the United States and its territories, extending the franchise, but not completely eradicating further attempts to limit Native Americans' right to vote.
Personal life and legacy
In 1882, Tillie Kinnon married Louis Francis Paul, with whom she had three sons. In 1887, Tille was widowed. In 1905, Tillied married again to William Tamaree, with whom she had three daughters. In 1924, Tillie's son, William became the first Alaska Native elected to the territorial legislature. In 1952, Tillie Paul died at a hospital in Wrangell, age 90.
In 1979, an infirmary building on the campus of Sheldon Jackson College was named for Tillie Paul. In 1997, her daughter-in-law, Frances Lackey Paul, published a children's book, Kahtahah, based on her mother-in-law's early life. In 2001, the Sheldon Jackson School was designated a National Historic Landmark.In 2015, Tillie Paul's great-granddaughter, Debra O'Gara, was named Tribal Court Presiding Judge by the Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska.In 2020, Tillie's civil rights work and the charges brought against her in 1922 for “inducing an Indian not entitled to vote to vote at an election” were featured in the Alaska State Museum Exhibit, Alaska's Suffrage Stars.
== References ==
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