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Sandra Mackey (née Sherman; September 13, 1937 – April 19, 2015) was an American writer on Middle Eastern culture and politics.
Early life and education
Mackey was born Sandra Sherman in Oklahoma City, the daughter of funeral directors Velt Sherman Verna Richie Sherman.Mackey first earned a bachelor's degree in history from the University of Central Oklahoma, followed by an M.A. in International Affairs from the University of Virginia.
Career
Mackey taught political science at Georgia State University. She served as a visiting scholar in the Woodrow Wilson Department of Government and Foreign Affairs at the University of Virginia. Her writings appeared in such periodicals as the Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Christian Science Monitor.In addition to appearing on NPR, Nightline, ABC News with Peter Jennings and the BBC, she served as a commentator on the first Gulf War for CNN. Her book Lebanon: Death of a Nation was named to The New York Times list of Notable Books of 1989.
Death
Mackey died on April 19, 2015, aged 77. She and her husband, Dan, had a son, Colin, who survives his mother.
Selected works
Books written by Sandra Mackey include:
The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom, W. W. Norton and Co., New York, 1987; ISBN 0-395-41165-3.
Updated edition issued in 2002; ISBN 0-393-32417-6 pbk
Lebanon: Death of a Nation, W.W. Norton and Co., New York, 1989; ISBN 0-393-32843-0.
Passion and Politics: The Turbulent World of the Arabs, Penguin Group, New York, 1992; ISBN 0-525-93499-5
The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation, Penguin Group, New York, 1996; ISBN 0-452-27563-6
The Reckoning: Iraq and the Legacy of Saddam Hussein, W. W. Norton, New York, 2003; ISBN 0-393-32428-1
Lebanon: a House Divided, W. W. Norton, New York, 2006; ISBN 0-393-32843-0
Mirror of the Arab World: Lebanon in Conflict, W. W. Norton, New York, 2008; ISBN 978-0-393-06218-2
See also
Iranian studies
References
External links
Appearances on C-SPAN
Lecture at University of California Santa Barbara (introduction), ihc.ucsb.edu; accessed April 21, 2015.
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
188
],
"text": [
"Oklahoma City"
]
}
|
Sandra Mackey (née Sherman; September 13, 1937 – April 19, 2015) was an American writer on Middle Eastern culture and politics.
Early life and education
Mackey was born Sandra Sherman in Oklahoma City, the daughter of funeral directors Velt Sherman Verna Richie Sherman.Mackey first earned a bachelor's degree in history from the University of Central Oklahoma, followed by an M.A. in International Affairs from the University of Virginia.
Career
Mackey taught political science at Georgia State University. She served as a visiting scholar in the Woodrow Wilson Department of Government and Foreign Affairs at the University of Virginia. Her writings appeared in such periodicals as the Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Christian Science Monitor.In addition to appearing on NPR, Nightline, ABC News with Peter Jennings and the BBC, she served as a commentator on the first Gulf War for CNN. Her book Lebanon: Death of a Nation was named to The New York Times list of Notable Books of 1989.
Death
Mackey died on April 19, 2015, aged 77. She and her husband, Dan, had a son, Colin, who survives his mother.
Selected works
Books written by Sandra Mackey include:
The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom, W. W. Norton and Co., New York, 1987; ISBN 0-395-41165-3.
Updated edition issued in 2002; ISBN 0-393-32417-6 pbk
Lebanon: Death of a Nation, W.W. Norton and Co., New York, 1989; ISBN 0-393-32843-0.
Passion and Politics: The Turbulent World of the Arabs, Penguin Group, New York, 1992; ISBN 0-525-93499-5
The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation, Penguin Group, New York, 1996; ISBN 0-452-27563-6
The Reckoning: Iraq and the Legacy of Saddam Hussein, W. W. Norton, New York, 2003; ISBN 0-393-32428-1
Lebanon: a House Divided, W. W. Norton, New York, 2006; ISBN 0-393-32843-0
Mirror of the Arab World: Lebanon in Conflict, W. W. Norton, New York, 2008; ISBN 978-0-393-06218-2
See also
Iranian studies
References
External links
Appearances on C-SPAN
Lecture at University of California Santa Barbara (introduction), ihc.ucsb.edu; accessed April 21, 2015.
|
educated at
|
{
"answer_start": [
417
],
"text": [
"University of Virginia"
]
}
|
Sandra Mackey (née Sherman; September 13, 1937 – April 19, 2015) was an American writer on Middle Eastern culture and politics.
Early life and education
Mackey was born Sandra Sherman in Oklahoma City, the daughter of funeral directors Velt Sherman Verna Richie Sherman.Mackey first earned a bachelor's degree in history from the University of Central Oklahoma, followed by an M.A. in International Affairs from the University of Virginia.
Career
Mackey taught political science at Georgia State University. She served as a visiting scholar in the Woodrow Wilson Department of Government and Foreign Affairs at the University of Virginia. Her writings appeared in such periodicals as the Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Christian Science Monitor.In addition to appearing on NPR, Nightline, ABC News with Peter Jennings and the BBC, she served as a commentator on the first Gulf War for CNN. Her book Lebanon: Death of a Nation was named to The New York Times list of Notable Books of 1989.
Death
Mackey died on April 19, 2015, aged 77. She and her husband, Dan, had a son, Colin, who survives his mother.
Selected works
Books written by Sandra Mackey include:
The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom, W. W. Norton and Co., New York, 1987; ISBN 0-395-41165-3.
Updated edition issued in 2002; ISBN 0-393-32417-6 pbk
Lebanon: Death of a Nation, W.W. Norton and Co., New York, 1989; ISBN 0-393-32843-0.
Passion and Politics: The Turbulent World of the Arabs, Penguin Group, New York, 1992; ISBN 0-525-93499-5
The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation, Penguin Group, New York, 1996; ISBN 0-452-27563-6
The Reckoning: Iraq and the Legacy of Saddam Hussein, W. W. Norton, New York, 2003; ISBN 0-393-32428-1
Lebanon: a House Divided, W. W. Norton, New York, 2006; ISBN 0-393-32843-0
Mirror of the Arab World: Lebanon in Conflict, W. W. Norton, New York, 2008; ISBN 978-0-393-06218-2
See also
Iranian studies
References
External links
Appearances on C-SPAN
Lecture at University of California Santa Barbara (introduction), ihc.ucsb.edu; accessed April 21, 2015.
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"writer"
]
}
|
Sandra Mackey (née Sherman; September 13, 1937 – April 19, 2015) was an American writer on Middle Eastern culture and politics.
Early life and education
Mackey was born Sandra Sherman in Oklahoma City, the daughter of funeral directors Velt Sherman Verna Richie Sherman.Mackey first earned a bachelor's degree in history from the University of Central Oklahoma, followed by an M.A. in International Affairs from the University of Virginia.
Career
Mackey taught political science at Georgia State University. She served as a visiting scholar in the Woodrow Wilson Department of Government and Foreign Affairs at the University of Virginia. Her writings appeared in such periodicals as the Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Christian Science Monitor.In addition to appearing on NPR, Nightline, ABC News with Peter Jennings and the BBC, she served as a commentator on the first Gulf War for CNN. Her book Lebanon: Death of a Nation was named to The New York Times list of Notable Books of 1989.
Death
Mackey died on April 19, 2015, aged 77. She and her husband, Dan, had a son, Colin, who survives his mother.
Selected works
Books written by Sandra Mackey include:
The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom, W. W. Norton and Co., New York, 1987; ISBN 0-395-41165-3.
Updated edition issued in 2002; ISBN 0-393-32417-6 pbk
Lebanon: Death of a Nation, W.W. Norton and Co., New York, 1989; ISBN 0-393-32843-0.
Passion and Politics: The Turbulent World of the Arabs, Penguin Group, New York, 1992; ISBN 0-525-93499-5
The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation, Penguin Group, New York, 1996; ISBN 0-452-27563-6
The Reckoning: Iraq and the Legacy of Saddam Hussein, W. W. Norton, New York, 2003; ISBN 0-393-32428-1
Lebanon: a House Divided, W. W. Norton, New York, 2006; ISBN 0-393-32843-0
Mirror of the Arab World: Lebanon in Conflict, W. W. Norton, New York, 2008; ISBN 978-0-393-06218-2
See also
Iranian studies
References
External links
Appearances on C-SPAN
Lecture at University of California Santa Barbara (introduction), ihc.ucsb.edu; accessed April 21, 2015.
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"Mackey"
]
}
|
Sandra Mackey (née Sherman; September 13, 1937 – April 19, 2015) was an American writer on Middle Eastern culture and politics.
Early life and education
Mackey was born Sandra Sherman in Oklahoma City, the daughter of funeral directors Velt Sherman Verna Richie Sherman.Mackey first earned a bachelor's degree in history from the University of Central Oklahoma, followed by an M.A. in International Affairs from the University of Virginia.
Career
Mackey taught political science at Georgia State University. She served as a visiting scholar in the Woodrow Wilson Department of Government and Foreign Affairs at the University of Virginia. Her writings appeared in such periodicals as the Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Christian Science Monitor.In addition to appearing on NPR, Nightline, ABC News with Peter Jennings and the BBC, she served as a commentator on the first Gulf War for CNN. Her book Lebanon: Death of a Nation was named to The New York Times list of Notable Books of 1989.
Death
Mackey died on April 19, 2015, aged 77. She and her husband, Dan, had a son, Colin, who survives his mother.
Selected works
Books written by Sandra Mackey include:
The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom, W. W. Norton and Co., New York, 1987; ISBN 0-395-41165-3.
Updated edition issued in 2002; ISBN 0-393-32417-6 pbk
Lebanon: Death of a Nation, W.W. Norton and Co., New York, 1989; ISBN 0-393-32843-0.
Passion and Politics: The Turbulent World of the Arabs, Penguin Group, New York, 1992; ISBN 0-525-93499-5
The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation, Penguin Group, New York, 1996; ISBN 0-452-27563-6
The Reckoning: Iraq and the Legacy of Saddam Hussein, W. W. Norton, New York, 2003; ISBN 0-393-32428-1
Lebanon: a House Divided, W. W. Norton, New York, 2006; ISBN 0-393-32843-0
Mirror of the Arab World: Lebanon in Conflict, W. W. Norton, New York, 2008; ISBN 978-0-393-06218-2
See also
Iranian studies
References
External links
Appearances on C-SPAN
Lecture at University of California Santa Barbara (introduction), ihc.ucsb.edu; accessed April 21, 2015.
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Sandra"
]
}
|
Hellenophilia is the idea that all western science began in Greek tradition. This is in length discussed by David Pingree in his address to colleagues. Hellenophilia is a way of thought that allows those who look into the history of science to be blinded to science that was born in other cultures. Pingree states, in explanation of the term that "a Hellenophile suffers from a form of madness that blinds him or her to historical truth" (Pingree, 1992, p. 554) He continues by explaining the main symptoms of Hellenophilia "the first of these is that the Greeks invented science; the second is that they discovered a way to truth, the scientific method, that we are now successfully following; the third is that the only real sciences are those that began in Greece; and the fourth (and last?) is that the true definition of science is just that which scientists happen to be doing now, following a method or methods adumbrated by the Greeks, but never fully understood or utilized by them" (Pingree, 1992, p. 555).
Although Hellenophilia relates directly to the history of science, it is important to look at it through aspects of history that lend to the habit, other than the symptoms listed by Pingree. One of these habits, as described by David C. Lindberg is looking at the history of science as starting with writing in fully syllabic systems. According to Lindberg the beginning of syllabic writing was around 1500 B.C., although fully alphabetic writing was apparent in Greece in 800 B.C. (Linberg, 2007, p. 10).
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
760
],
"text": [
"Greece"
]
}
|
Zájezd is a municipality and village in Kladno District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Bůhzdař is an administrative part of Zájezd.
Sights
Zájezd Zoo is located in Zájezd.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
94
],
"text": [
"Czech Republic"
]
}
|
Zájezd is a municipality and village in Kladno District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Bůhzdař is an administrative part of Zájezd.
Sights
Zájezd Zoo is located in Zájezd.
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"Kladno District"
]
}
|
Zájezd is a municipality and village in Kladno District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Bůhzdař is an administrative part of Zájezd.
Sights
Zájezd Zoo is located in Zájezd.
== References ==
|
contains the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
177
],
"text": [
"Bůhzdař"
]
}
|
Zájezd is a municipality and village in Kladno District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Bůhzdař is an administrative part of Zájezd.
Sights
Zájezd Zoo is located in Zájezd.
== References ==
|
historical region
|
{
"answer_start": [
71
],
"text": [
"Bohemia"
]
}
|
Zájezd is a municipality and village in Kladno District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Bůhzdař is an administrative part of Zájezd.
Sights
Zájezd Zoo is located in Zájezd.
== References ==
|
official name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Zájezd"
]
}
|
Mees Hendrikx (born 8 August 2000) is a Dutch cyclist, who currently rides for the IKO–Crelan team in cyclo-cross, and UCI Continental team Alpecin–Deceuninck Development Team for his road races.
Career
Hendrikx was a promising junior rider, winning the junior race at the Grand Prix Nommay, part of the 2017–18 UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup where he finished third in the overall classification with four podium finishes in 7 races. After a disappointing, injury-riddled winter season in 2018-2019 he couldn't find a team. As an independent rider, he achieved more success in the next cyclo-cross season, culminating in his selection for the Dutch team for the 2020 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships in Switzerland, where he won the bronze medal in the U23 category.In the 2021–2022 season, he won his first U23 World Cup race with the Cyklokros Tábor in the Czech Republic. He also won the overall U23 World Cup, having finished 3rd in the three other races. He finished 9th in the Duinencross Koksijde, an elite World Cup race, and was third in the Dutch cyclocross championships, and first of the U23 riders.
Major results
Cyclo-cross
References
External links
Mees Hendrikx at Cyclocross 24
Mees Hendrikx at UCI
Mees Hendrikx at Cycling Archives
Mees Hendrikx at ProCyclingStats
Mees Hendrikx at Cycling Quotient
|
member of sports team
|
{
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"Alpecin–Deceuninck"
]
}
|
Mees Hendrikx (born 8 August 2000) is a Dutch cyclist, who currently rides for the IKO–Crelan team in cyclo-cross, and UCI Continental team Alpecin–Deceuninck Development Team for his road races.
Career
Hendrikx was a promising junior rider, winning the junior race at the Grand Prix Nommay, part of the 2017–18 UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup where he finished third in the overall classification with four podium finishes in 7 races. After a disappointing, injury-riddled winter season in 2018-2019 he couldn't find a team. As an independent rider, he achieved more success in the next cyclo-cross season, culminating in his selection for the Dutch team for the 2020 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships in Switzerland, where he won the bronze medal in the U23 category.In the 2021–2022 season, he won his first U23 World Cup race with the Cyklokros Tábor in the Czech Republic. He also won the overall U23 World Cup, having finished 3rd in the three other races. He finished 9th in the Duinencross Koksijde, an elite World Cup race, and was third in the Dutch cyclocross championships, and first of the U23 riders.
Major results
Cyclo-cross
References
External links
Mees Hendrikx at Cyclocross 24
Mees Hendrikx at UCI
Mees Hendrikx at Cycling Archives
Mees Hendrikx at ProCyclingStats
Mees Hendrikx at Cycling Quotient
|
sport
|
{
"answer_start": [
102
],
"text": [
"cyclo-cross"
]
}
|
Mees Hendrikx (born 8 August 2000) is a Dutch cyclist, who currently rides for the IKO–Crelan team in cyclo-cross, and UCI Continental team Alpecin–Deceuninck Development Team for his road races.
Career
Hendrikx was a promising junior rider, winning the junior race at the Grand Prix Nommay, part of the 2017–18 UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup where he finished third in the overall classification with four podium finishes in 7 races. After a disappointing, injury-riddled winter season in 2018-2019 he couldn't find a team. As an independent rider, he achieved more success in the next cyclo-cross season, culminating in his selection for the Dutch team for the 2020 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships in Switzerland, where he won the bronze medal in the U23 category.In the 2021–2022 season, he won his first U23 World Cup race with the Cyklokros Tábor in the Czech Republic. He also won the overall U23 World Cup, having finished 3rd in the three other races. He finished 9th in the Duinencross Koksijde, an elite World Cup race, and was third in the Dutch cyclocross championships, and first of the U23 riders.
Major results
Cyclo-cross
References
External links
Mees Hendrikx at Cyclocross 24
Mees Hendrikx at UCI
Mees Hendrikx at Cycling Archives
Mees Hendrikx at ProCyclingStats
Mees Hendrikx at Cycling Quotient
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
5
],
"text": [
"Hendrikx"
]
}
|
Mees Hendrikx (born 8 August 2000) is a Dutch cyclist, who currently rides for the IKO–Crelan team in cyclo-cross, and UCI Continental team Alpecin–Deceuninck Development Team for his road races.
Career
Hendrikx was a promising junior rider, winning the junior race at the Grand Prix Nommay, part of the 2017–18 UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup where he finished third in the overall classification with four podium finishes in 7 races. After a disappointing, injury-riddled winter season in 2018-2019 he couldn't find a team. As an independent rider, he achieved more success in the next cyclo-cross season, culminating in his selection for the Dutch team for the 2020 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships in Switzerland, where he won the bronze medal in the U23 category.In the 2021–2022 season, he won his first U23 World Cup race with the Cyklokros Tábor in the Czech Republic. He also won the overall U23 World Cup, having finished 3rd in the three other races. He finished 9th in the Duinencross Koksijde, an elite World Cup race, and was third in the Dutch cyclocross championships, and first of the U23 riders.
Major results
Cyclo-cross
References
External links
Mees Hendrikx at Cyclocross 24
Mees Hendrikx at UCI
Mees Hendrikx at Cycling Archives
Mees Hendrikx at ProCyclingStats
Mees Hendrikx at Cycling Quotient
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Mees"
]
}
|
Mees Hendrikx (born 8 August 2000) is a Dutch cyclist, who currently rides for the IKO–Crelan team in cyclo-cross, and UCI Continental team Alpecin–Deceuninck Development Team for his road races.
Career
Hendrikx was a promising junior rider, winning the junior race at the Grand Prix Nommay, part of the 2017–18 UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup where he finished third in the overall classification with four podium finishes in 7 races. After a disappointing, injury-riddled winter season in 2018-2019 he couldn't find a team. As an independent rider, he achieved more success in the next cyclo-cross season, culminating in his selection for the Dutch team for the 2020 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships in Switzerland, where he won the bronze medal in the U23 category.In the 2021–2022 season, he won his first U23 World Cup race with the Cyklokros Tábor in the Czech Republic. He also won the overall U23 World Cup, having finished 3rd in the three other races. He finished 9th in the Duinencross Koksijde, an elite World Cup race, and was third in the Dutch cyclocross championships, and first of the U23 riders.
Major results
Cyclo-cross
References
External links
Mees Hendrikx at Cyclocross 24
Mees Hendrikx at UCI
Mees Hendrikx at Cycling Archives
Mees Hendrikx at ProCyclingStats
Mees Hendrikx at Cycling Quotient
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"Dutch"
]
}
|
Daniel Carlsson may refer to:
Daniel Carlsson (rally driver) (born 1976), Swedish rally car driver
Daniel Carlsson (swimmer) (born 1976), Swedish swimmer
See also
Daniel Carlson (born 1995), American football placekicker
Dan Carlson (born 1970), American baseball player
Daniel Karlsson (born 1981), Swedish musician with the stage name The Moniker
Daniel Carlson, namesake of the USS Carlson
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"rally driver"
]
}
|
Daniel Carlsson may refer to:
Daniel Carlsson (rally driver) (born 1976), Swedish rally car driver
Daniel Carlsson (swimmer) (born 1976), Swedish swimmer
See also
Daniel Carlson (born 1995), American football placekicker
Dan Carlson (born 1970), American baseball player
Daniel Karlsson (born 1981), Swedish musician with the stage name The Moniker
Daniel Carlson, namesake of the USS Carlson
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Daniel Carlsson"
]
}
|
Daniel Carlsson may refer to:
Daniel Carlsson (rally driver) (born 1976), Swedish rally car driver
Daniel Carlsson (swimmer) (born 1976), Swedish swimmer
See also
Daniel Carlson (born 1995), American football placekicker
Dan Carlson (born 1970), American baseball player
Daniel Karlsson (born 1981), Swedish musician with the stage name The Moniker
Daniel Carlson, namesake of the USS Carlson
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"Carlsson"
]
}
|
Daniel Carlsson may refer to:
Daniel Carlsson (rally driver) (born 1976), Swedish rally car driver
Daniel Carlsson (swimmer) (born 1976), Swedish swimmer
See also
Daniel Carlson (born 1995), American football placekicker
Dan Carlson (born 1970), American baseball player
Daniel Karlsson (born 1981), Swedish musician with the stage name The Moniker
Daniel Carlson, namesake of the USS Carlson
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Daniel"
]
}
|
Phineas Selig (1856–1941) was a New Zealand journalist, newspaper editor and manager, sports administrator. He was born in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia in 1856.
== References ==
|
country of citizenship
|
{
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"New Zealand"
]
}
|
Phineas Selig (1856–1941) was a New Zealand journalist, newspaper editor and manager, sports administrator. He was born in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia in 1856.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"journalist"
]
}
|
Phineas Selig (1856–1941) was a New Zealand journalist, newspaper editor and manager, sports administrator. He was born in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia in 1856.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Phineas"
]
}
|
Zayachye (Russian: Заячье) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Zayachenskoye Rural Settlement, Korochansky District, Belgorod Oblast, Russia. The population was 685 as of 2010. There are 14 streets.
Geography
Zayachye is located 19 km southwest of Korocha (the district's administrative centre) by road. Khryashchevoye is the nearest rural locality.
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"Russia"
]
}
|
Acarozumia matthewsi is a species of wasp in the family Vespidae. It was described by Borsato in 1994.
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
26
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Acarozumia matthewsi is a species of wasp in the family Vespidae. It was described by Borsato in 1994.
== References ==
|
parent taxon
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Acarozumia"
]
}
|
Acarozumia matthewsi is a species of wasp in the family Vespidae. It was described by Borsato in 1994.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Acarozumia matthewsi"
]
}
|
Zhou Dewei (周德威) (died January 28, 919), courtesy name Zhenyuan (鎮遠), nickname Yangwu (陽五), was a Chinese military general and politician of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Jin (predecessor state to Later Tang).
Service under Li Keyong
It is not known when Zhou Dewei was born, but it is known that he was from Mayi (馬邑, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi). He started his service in the late Tang Dynasty under Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) as a cavalry officer. He was said to be brave, intelligent, and capable in horsemanship and archery. As he grew up on the northern border, it was said that he gained the experience of watching the dust clouds created by cavalry and being able to judge the strength of the force that was proceeding. During the Qianning era (894-898) of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang, he became the commander of Tielin Base (鐵林軍). During Li Keyong's campaign against Wang Xingyu the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), Zhou had accomplishments and was made the deputy commander of Li Keyong's headquarter guard corps.Later in 898, when Li Keyong sent his adoptive nephew Li Sizhao and Zhou to try to recover three prefectures east of the Taihang Mountains that he had previously lost to his archenemy Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) (Xing (邢州, in modern Xingtai, Hebei), Ci (磁州, in modern Handan, Hebei), and Ming (洺州, also in modern Handan)). However, they were defeated by Zhu's general Ge Congzhou, who subsequently cut off their escape path back into the Taihang. It was due to the effort of Li Keyong's adoptive son Li Siyuan in fighting through Ge's blockade that the Hedong army was able to escape.In 899, Ge tried to attack Hedong's main territory, and his deputy Shi Shucong (氏叔琮) advanced to Yuci (榆次, in modern Jinzhong, Shanxi). Li Keyong sent Zhou to try to repel Shi. Shi's forward commander, one Chen Zhang (陳章), claimed that he could capture Zhou, but Zhou, in a one-to-one confrontation, hammered Chen off his horse and captured him. Subsequently, his soldiers defeated Shi's soldiers, and Shi fled. Following Shi's defeat, Ge also withdrew.In late 899, Zhu sent Ge to attack Liu Rengong the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), putting Liu's son Liu Shouwen the military governor of Yichang Circuit (義昌, headquartered in modern Cangzhou, Hebei) under siege at Yichang's capital Cang Prefecture (滄州). In spring 900, Li Keyong sent Zhou with a 5,000-men cavalry force, and then had Li Sizhao follow up with a 50,000-men force to attack Xing and Ming Prefectures to try to relieve the pressure on the Lius. Subsequently, though, Zhu recalled Ge, as Wang Rong the military governor of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) mediated the dispute, and Ge's army was also itself stalled by rainstorms. By that point, Li Sizhao had captured Ming Prefecture. Zhu sent Ge against Li Sizhao, and subsequently arrived himself with reinforcements. Li Sizhao withdrew, but suffered substantial losses.In spring 901, Xuanwu forces under Shi launched a major attack against Hedong, advancing all the way to Hedong's capital Taiyuan Municipality and put it under siege. The city almost fell, but eventually, with Xuanwu forces bogged down by rain and running out of food supplies, Zhu recalled Shi. As Shi was retreating, Zhou and Li Sizhao attacked him, inflicting losses. Later in the year, Li Keyong sent Li Sizhao and Zhou to capture Xi (隰州) and Ci (慈州, both in modern Linfen, Shanxi, not the same prefecture as the one east of the Taihang Mountains) Prefectures, which had become under Zhu's control when Zhu conquered Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi) earlier in 901.Later in 901, the powerful eunuchs at the Tang imperial court at Chang'an, believing that then-reigning Emperor Zhaozong of Tang and the chancellor Cui Yin were able to slaughter them, forcibly seized Emperor Zhaozong and took him to Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), then reigned by the eunuchs' ally Li Maozhen. Cui, who was allied with Zhu, summoned Zhu to attack Fengxiang. Li Maozhen wrote Li Keyong to request aid. Li Keyong sent Li Sizhao to attack Jin Prefecture (晉州, in modern Linfen), and Li Sizhao defeated Xuanwu forces at Jin Prefecture. Subsequent battles in spring 902 in which Li Sizhao and Zhou engaged Shi and Zhu's nephew Zhu Youning (朱友寧), however, could not produce conclusive Hedong victories, and Shi was eventually able to defeat Li Sizhao and Zhou at Pu County (蒲縣, in modern Linfen). They tried to withdraw, but the Xuanwu forces chased them. In the subsequent engagement, Li Keyong's son Li Tingluan (李廷鸞) was captured by Xuanwu forces, who then again advanced to Taiyuan and put it under siege. The situation became so dire that Li Keyong, under the advice of his adoptive son Li Cunxin, considered abandoning Taiyuan and fleeing to the north; only at the urging of his wife Lady Liu, as well as Li Sizhao, Li Siyuan, and Zhou, did Li Keyong resolve to defend the city. Li Sizhao and Li Siyuan again led nightly counterattacks against the sieging Xuanwu forces, and eventually, the Xuanwu forces withdrew. Even though Hedong forces were in fact then able to further recapture Ci, Xi, and Fen (汾州, in modern Linfen), it was said that Li Keyong did not dare to again engage Zhu for several years. (Li Maozhen was subsequently forced to sue for peace by surrendering the emperor to Zhu.)Later in 906, Zhu advanced north and again put Liu Shouwen under siege at Cang Prefecture. Liu Rengong sought aid from Li Keyong to try to save Liu Shouwen. Under Li Keyong's demand, Liu Rengong sent troops to join Hedong forces under Li Sizhao and Zhou in attacking Lu Prefecture (潞州, in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), to try to recapture Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered at Lu Prefecture). When the joint Hedong/Lulong forces reached Lu Prefecture, Ding Hui, the military governor commissioned by Zhu, who had been mourning Emperor Zhaozong of Tang (whom Zhu had assassinated in 905 and replaced with his son Emperor Ai), surrendered Lu to them.In 907, Zhu forced Emperor Ai to yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang with him as its Emperor Taizu. Li Keyong, along with Li Maozhen (whose territory became Qi), Yang Wo the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) (whose territory became Wu), and Wang Jian the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan) (whose territory became Former Shu), refused to recognize the Later Liang emperor, and thereafter was effectively the ruler of his own state of Jin (as he had been previously created the Prince of Jin by Emperor Zhaozong). Shortly thereafter, the Later Liang emperor sent the general Kang Huaizhen (康懷貞) to put Lu Prefecture under siege. After a conventional siege failed to capture the city after half a month, Kang built a centipede-like encampment around the city to try to starve it while also using it defensively against any Hedong relief troops. Li Keyong subsequently sent Zhou to command a relief army to try to lift the siege, but while both Li Sizhao and Zhou were able to disrupt the siege operations, Kang's encampment held, and Zhou was unable to lift the siege. By spring 908, with Li Keyong having fallen gravely ill, Zhou withdrew to Luanliu (亂柳, in modern Changzhi). Li Keyong entrusted his oldest biological son, Li Cunxu, whom he designated as his heir, to his brother Li Kening, the eunuch monitor of the army Zhang Chengye, the officers Li Cunzhang and Wu Gong (吳珙), and the secretary Lu Zhi (盧質). Before dying, he stated to Li Cunxu:
Sizhao is stuck in a precarious city, and he is in all kinds of danger. I regret not being able to see him again. After you bury me, you and Dewei need to immediately, with all your strength, try to save him.
Li Keyong, knowing that there was a rivalry between Li Sizhao and Zhou, also told Li Cunxu:
Jintong [(進通, Li Sizhao's original name)] is both faithful and filially pious, and I love him deeply. But the siege against him cannot be lifted. Is it that Dewei cannot forget their old grudges? Tell Dewei this for me: if the siege on Lu cannot be lifted, I would not be able to close my eyes even in death.
Li Keyong then died, and Li Cunxu succeeded him as the Prince of Jin.
Service under Li Cunxu
In Li Cunxu's initial campaigns
Li Cunxu himself had, immediately after becoming prince, had to deal with a conspiracy by Li Kening and an adoptive son of Li Keyong's, Li Cunhao (李存顥), to overthrow him, but after executing Li Kening and Li Cunhao and Zhou showed submission by returning to Taiyuan to mourn Li Keyong and pay homage to Li Cunxu, Li Cunxu prepared for a campaign to save Li Sizhao. He put Ding Hui in nominal command of the operation, while he himself, Zhou, and Li Siyuan led the main attacks against the Later Liang centipede encampment. They attacked it under the cover of fog, and the Later Liang forces collapsed and fled. When Zhou subsequently arrived at the city walls and announced that the siege had been lifted, Li Sizhao initially did not believe him, but when Li Cunxu subsequently arrived, wearing white armor (thus signifying that Li Keyong had died), Li Sizhao realized what had occurred and fell into deep mourning before opening the gates to let Li Cunxu enter. (Before the battle, Li Cunxu had told Zhou what Li Keyong had said before his death, and Zhou, in response, fought particularly fiercely during the battle. After the battle, he relayed what occurred to Li Sizhao, and the two reformed a friendship.) After the siege was lifted, Zhou put Later Liang's Ze Prefecture (澤州, in modern Jincheng, Shanxi) under siege, but could not quickly capture it against the defense put up by the Later Liang general Niu Cunjie (牛存節); when another Later Liang general, Liu Zhijun, arrived to aid Niu, Zhou lifted the siege and withdrew. For Zhou's contributions in saving Lu Prefecture, Li Cunxu made him the military governor of Zhenwu Circuit (振武, headquartered in modern Shuozhou).In fall 908, Li Sizhao and Zhou attacked Later Liang's Jin Prefecture and put it under siege. Later Liang's Emperor Taizu personally went to aid Jin Prefecture, and when Li Sizhao and Zhou heard that the Later Liang emperor would be soon arriving, they withdrew.In 909, after Liu Zhijun had surrendered to Qi, Li Maozhen planned to have Liu command an attack on Later Liang's Shuofang (朔方, headquartered in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia) and Dingnan (定難, headquartered in modern Yulin, Shaanxi) Circuits. He thus requested Li Cunxu to simultaneously attack Jin and Jiang (絳州, in modern Yuncheng) Prefectures. Li Cunxu prepared to attack those prefectures, and he sent Zhou to attack Jin Prefecture first. Zhou put Jin Prefecture under siege, but could not capture it quickly. When the Later Liang general Yang Shihou then arrived, he withdrew.In 910, in another coordinated attack between Qi and Jin, Li Maozhen personally went to attack Dingnan, then governed by Li Renfu, along with his vassals Li Jihui the military governor of Jingnan and Liu (whom he had commissioned the military governor of Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu), while Li Cunxu sent Zhou. The joint Qi and Jin forces put Dingnan's capital Xia Prefecture (夏州) under siege. When the Later Liang generals Li Yu (李遇) and Liu Wan (劉綰) subsequently arrived to aid Li Renfu, however, the Qi and Jin forces withdrew.In late 910, Later Liang's Emperor Taizu, believing that Wang Rong, who at that point was a Later Liang vassal carrying the title of Prince of Zhao, would turn against him eventually, decided to take Chengde (which he had renamed Wushun (武順)) by force. He sent his attendants Du Tingyin (杜廷隱) and Ding Yanhui (丁延徽) to Wushun's Shen (深州) and Ji (冀州, both in modern Hengshui, Hebei) Prefectures with troops, claiming to be helping Wushun defend against a possible attack by Liu Shouguang. Despite advice by his officer Shi Gongli (石公立) against doing so, Wang Rong received Du and Ding. However, once they settled into the cities, they slaughtered the remaining Wushun garrisons at the two prefectures and prepared for defense, waiting for the main Later Liang forces under the general Wang Jingren to arrive to try to conquer the rest of Wushun. Wang Rong ordered Shi to try to recapture the two prefectures, but Shi was unable to, so Wang sought emergency aid from both Li Cunxu and Liu Shouguang. Liu refused to act, but Li Cunxu immediately sent Zhou to reinforce the defenses of Wushun's Zhao Prefecture (趙州, in modern Shijiazuang) and then prepared to personally aid Wang Rong. Hearing of what Later Liang forces did to Wushun, Wang Chuzhi the military governor of nearby Yiwu Circuit (義武, headquartered in modern Baoding, Hebei) also turned against Later Liang. (Yiwu and Wushun thus became effectively independent states in alliance with Jin, and they, as Jin had been, returned to the use of the Tang era name of Tianyou; Wushun also changed its name back to Chengde.)Soon thereafter, the main Later Liang army under Wang Jingren arrived, and the allied Jin/Zhao/Yiwu forces prepared to engage them. However, Zhou, while dealing the forward Later Liang forces minor defeats, urged caution—pointing out that the area of engagement was not an open field and therefore the Jin cavalry advantage would turn into a disadvantage. Li Cunxu initially refused to listen, but Zhou persuaded Zhang Chengye to also urge against immediate engagement. Li Cunxu listened to Zhang and followed Zhou's advice. He thus withdrew to a more open area and did not engage Wang Jingren until spring 911, at Boxiang (柏鄉, in modern Xingtai). By that point, the Later Liang army was low on food supplies due to Zhou's raids against their food supply route, and after a full day of battle, they were worn out and eventually collapsed when Wang Jingren's immediate forces moved, causing the rest of the army to believe that he had fled. In the aftermaths, Du and Ding abandoned Shen and Ji, allowing Zhao to retake those prefectures. The Jin/Zhao combined army further attacked south, preparing to attack Later Liang's Tianxiong (i.e., Weibo) and Baoyi (保義, headquartered at Xing Prefecture) Circuits; during this advancement, Zhou attacked Bei (貝州, in modern Xingtai) and Chan (澶州, in modern Anyang, Henan), advancing as far as the Yellow River. When Liu Shouguang subsequently postured to get involved, however, Li Cunxu, fearing an attack by Liu from the back, withdrew the Jin army from the front and himself returned to Taiyuan, but left Zhou with 3,000 men to help defend Zhao Prefecture.
Destruction of Yan
In late 911, Liu Shouguang, who earlier had claimed the title of Emperor of Yan, attacked Yiwu. Wang Chuzhi sought aid from Li Cunxu, who sent Zhou to aid him. In spring 912, Zhou joined forces with Wang Rong's adoptive son Wang Deming and the Yiwu officer Cheng Yan (程巖) to start an attack on Yan. With Liu Rengong's son Liu Shouqi (劉守奇), who had fled to Hedong when Liu Shouguang overthrew Liu Rengong, in his army, Liu Zhiwen (劉知溫) the prefect of Zhuo Prefecture (涿州, in modern Baoding) quickly surrendered to Liu Shouqi. Zhou, however, was jealous that Liu Shouqi quickly won this victory and made false accusations to Li Cunxu against Liu Shouqi. Liu Shouqi, realizing this, fled to Later Liang. Meanwhile, Zhou quickly advanced to Yan's capital You Prefecture (幽州), but did not immediately put it under siege. Rather, he attacked Yan's other cities, capturing them one by one until You Prefecture was isolated. He also sought additional troops from Li Cunxu, stating his belief that his army was not large enough for a siege, so Li Cunxu sent his adoptive brothers Li Cunshen and Li Siyuan to aid Zhou. Soon thereafter, Zhou captured the Yan general Dan Tinggui (單廷珪) in a one-on-one combat, greatly cutting into the Yan morale.With his city-to-city campaign successful, by summer 912, Zhou was putting You Prefecture under siege. When Liu Shouguang sent a humbly-worded letter begging for peace, Zhou mocked him, stating:
The Emperor of the Great Yan has not yet offered sacrifices to heaven and earth. Why is he sounding like a woman? I received my orders to attack the guilty one. It is not my responsibility to talk about alliances and peace.
Zhou thus turned down Liu Shouguang's overture, but after Liu again begged, he relayed Liu's offer of peace to Li Cunxu. Meanwhile, Liu Shouqi and Yan Shihou entered Zhao territory to try to force Zhou to give up his campaign to save Zhao. Zhou sent Wang Deming back to Zhao to aid the Jin generals Li Cunshen and Shi Jiantang (史建瑭) in defending Zhao, but did not relent on his siege. When Li Cunxu subsequently sent Zhang Chengye to You Prefecture to discuss the status of the siege with Zhou, Liu Shouguang offered to surrender to Zhang, but Zhang refused, citing Liu Shouguang's past history of not following his own words. Zhou subsequently repelled a counterattack by Liu Shouguang.By winter 913, You Prefecture was in desperate straits. Liu Shouguang offered to surrender if Li Cunxu personally came to accept his surrender. Zhou thus relayed this offer to Li Cunxu. When Li Cunxu arrived and promised Liu Shouguang that his life would be spared if he did surrender, Liu Shouguang hesitated and did not do so. When Liu Shouguang's trusted officer Li Xiaoxi (李小喜) then surrendered and revealed to the Jin army the desperate situation the city was in, the Jin army launched its fiercest attack yet, and the city fell. Liu Shouguang fled, but soon was captured. Li Cunxu made Zhou the military governor of Lulong, and took Liu Shouguang and Liu Rengong as captives. (He executed them in 914.)
Governance of Lulong
While Zhou Dewei was a renowned general, governing Lulong posed a challenge that he had not faced before—dealing with the growing threat of the Khitan to the north. The Khitan tribes had been unified into a state under Yelü Abaoji, who claimed the title of emperor (as Emperor Taizu, of the state that would eventually be known as Liao Dynasty). It was said that during the rule of prior military governors of Lulong, they would put up strong defenses at Yu Pass, with the garrisons at and around the pass forming a self-sustaining unit with the local farmers and the local government. During fall and winter, the harvest would be gathered early so that nothing would remain on the field for the Khitan to use on their incursions. Therefore, the Khitan did not dare to venture deep into Lulong territory. However, after Zhou became military governor, he, overly confident of his own fighting abilities, neglected to maintain the defenses at Yu Pass. The Khitan were therefore able to slip past it and make the area between Ying (營州, in modern Chaoyang, Liaoning) and Ping (平州, in modern Qinhuangdao, Hebei) a grazing field, so the defense was lost. Further, Zhou was suspicious of the loyalty of the Lulong army, so he found excuses to execute many of its senior officers, causing the army morale to drop.Meanwhile, after Yan's destruction, Li Cunxu prepared to begin campaigns against Later Liang in earnest. In fall 914, he met with Zhou and Wang Rong at Zhao Prefecture, and subsequently advanced south to attack Xing Prefecture. Li Sizhao also arrived to join them with Zhaoyi troops. However, they withdrew after Yang Shihou arrived and the Jin officer Cao Jinjin (曹進金) defected to Later Liang.In 915, the Later Liang emperor Zhu Zhen (Emperor Taizu's son and successor), after the recent death of Yang (who was military governor of Tianxiong at that time), decided to reduce Tianxiong's strength, which had caused it to be a difficult-to-tame circuit in the past. He decided to divide Tianxiong into two circuits. The Tianxiong army, however, did not wish to be divided, and they mutinied, putting the Later Liang-commissioned military governor He Delun (賀德倫) under arrest and forcing him to write to Li Cunxu to submit to Jin. Li Cunxu subsequently arrived and accepted Tianxiong's submission. Zhu Zhen sent the general Liu Xun to try to recapture Tianxiong, but believing that, given the Jin strength was at Tianxiong at that time, Taiyuan could be captured, Liu Xun decided to put up a facade that he was going to engage Li Cunxu and instead headed directly for Taiyuan. When Zhou realized this, he chased after Liu Xun and, bypassing him, blocked his path to Taiyuan and trapping him in the Taihang Mountains briefly, although Liu was eventually able to fight past Zhou and escape, albeit with losses.In spring 917, Li Cunxu's younger brother Li Cunju (李存矩), who was then serving as the defender of Weisai Base (威塞軍) at Xin Prefecture (新洲, in modern Zhangjiakou, Hebei), was ordered by Li Cunxu to conscript troops and collect horses in order to send reinforcements for Li Cunxu's campaign efforts. Li Cunju's urgency in collecting soldiers and horses drew resentment and fear from the people, and as he subsequently advanced south to join Li Cunxu, the soldiers mutinied and killed him, supporting his deputy Lu Wenjin to return to Xin Prefecture, but the defending officer of Xin, Yang Quanzhang (楊全章) refused to receive him. He then attacked Wu Prefecture (武州, in modern Zhangjiakou), but was defeated by Li Sigong (李嗣肱). Zhou also sent forces to attack Lu, who then fled to Khitan.Energized by Lu's arrival, as Lu was able to serve as a guide for attacks on Jin territory, Khitan's Emperor Taizu decided to launch a major attack on Lulong. Later in the spring, the Khitan army, with Lu serving as its guide, attacked and quickly captured Xin Prefecture. When Li Cunxu ordered Zhou to counterattack with Lulong troops, joined by Zhao and Yiwu troops, they were defeated by Khitan troops, and Zhou was forced to flee back to You Prefecture. The Khitan forces subsequently put You Prefecture under siege, and Zhou requested emergency aid from Li Cunxu. Li Cunxu, who was then stalemated with Later Liang forces on the Yellow River, was fearful of diverting forces to save Zhou, but under the urging of Li Siyuan, Li Cunshen, and Yan Bao (閻寶), decided to do so. He ordered Li Siyuan and Yan to advance first toward You, and then sent Li Cunshen to reinforce them. Together, they defeated Khitan forces and lifted the siege on You. However, it was said that after this battle, You Prefecture became constantly under the threat of Khitan, which would send raiders to cut off food supply routes to You. Further, the Khitan emperor commissioned Lu as the military governor of his own Lulong Circuit (headquartered at Ping Prefecture), and Lu and his Han troops would serve as guides in every Khitan incursion into Jin territory. It was said that Lulong's prefectures became gravely stricken by the constant Khitan raids.
Death at Huliu Slope
In fall 918, Li Cunxu prepared for a major attack on Later Liang. He had Zhou (with Lulong troops), Li Cunshen (with Henghai (i.e., Yichang) troops), and Li Siyuan (with Anguo (i.e., Baoyi)) troops rendezvous at Tianxiong's capital Wei Prefecture (魏州) with him and the Hedong and Tianxiong troops directly under his command, as well as Yiwu troops that Wang Chuzhi sent and tribal troops from Xi, Khitan, Shiwei, and Tuyuhun tribes under him. When he heard that Zhu Zhen had recently executed the general Xie Yanzhang (謝彥章) under false accusations by another general, He Gui, he was glad and prepared to immediately attack Later Liang. Zhou pointed out that despite Xie's death, the Later Liang army remained strong and that an engagement should be well-thought out before engaged. Li Cunxu did not listen to him and initiated the campaign.The Jin troops and the Later Liang troops, commanded by He Gui, met at Huliu Slope (胡柳陂, in modern Heze, Shandong), not far from the Later Liang capital Daliang. Zhou pointed out that the Later Liang army outnumbered Jin troops and was highly motivated due t the closeness to their capital. He advocated similar tactics that resulted in the Boxiang victory—refusing to engage Later Liang troops quickly, using cavalry raiders to wear them out and cut off their food supplies, and then engage them once they were tired. Li Cunxu refused, believing that this was the time to finally destroy the main Later Liang army once and for all, and he took his own troops and proceeded without agreement from either Zhou or Li Cunshen. Zhou was forced to follow Li Cunxu, but commented to his son, "I will not have a good place to die." Subsequently, in the initial engagement, Jin forces prevailed over that of He's subordinate Wang Yanzhang, but as Wang Yanzhang was withdrawing toward the west, Jin's support troops, which was to the west as well, thought that Wang was winning the battle and heading toward them to attack them, panicked and fled, colliding with Li Cunxu's and Zhou's troops. Zhou died in the ensuing confusion, along with his son, as did Li Cunxu's secretary, Wang Jian (王緘) the deputy military governor of Tianxiong. Jin forces later counterattacked and fought the battle to a draw, with both armies said to have casualties of two thirds of their troops.Li Cunxu, regretting that his refusal to listen to Zhou had caused Zhou's death, mourned him bitterly. He made Zhou's son Zhou Guangfu (周光輔) the prefect of Lan Prefecture (嵐州, in modern Lüliang, Shanxi). After Li Cunxu later established Later Tang as its Emperor Zhuangzong, he gave Zhou posthumous honors. Later, after Li Siyuan succeeded as Emperor Mingzong, he had Zhou, as well as Li Sizhao and Li Cunshen, worshipped at Emperor Zhuangzong's temple. Later, after Emperor Mingzong's son-in-law Shi Jingtang established Later Jin as its Emperor Gaozu, he further posthumously created Zhou the Prince of Yan.
Notes and references
History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 56.
New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 25.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270.
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Zhou Dewei (周德威) (died January 28, 919), courtesy name Zhenyuan (鎮遠), nickname Yangwu (陽五), was a Chinese military general and politician of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Jin (predecessor state to Later Tang).
Service under Li Keyong
It is not known when Zhou Dewei was born, but it is known that he was from Mayi (馬邑, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi). He started his service in the late Tang Dynasty under Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) as a cavalry officer. He was said to be brave, intelligent, and capable in horsemanship and archery. As he grew up on the northern border, it was said that he gained the experience of watching the dust clouds created by cavalry and being able to judge the strength of the force that was proceeding. During the Qianning era (894-898) of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang, he became the commander of Tielin Base (鐵林軍). During Li Keyong's campaign against Wang Xingyu the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), Zhou had accomplishments and was made the deputy commander of Li Keyong's headquarter guard corps.Later in 898, when Li Keyong sent his adoptive nephew Li Sizhao and Zhou to try to recover three prefectures east of the Taihang Mountains that he had previously lost to his archenemy Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) (Xing (邢州, in modern Xingtai, Hebei), Ci (磁州, in modern Handan, Hebei), and Ming (洺州, also in modern Handan)). However, they were defeated by Zhu's general Ge Congzhou, who subsequently cut off their escape path back into the Taihang. It was due to the effort of Li Keyong's adoptive son Li Siyuan in fighting through Ge's blockade that the Hedong army was able to escape.In 899, Ge tried to attack Hedong's main territory, and his deputy Shi Shucong (氏叔琮) advanced to Yuci (榆次, in modern Jinzhong, Shanxi). Li Keyong sent Zhou to try to repel Shi. Shi's forward commander, one Chen Zhang (陳章), claimed that he could capture Zhou, but Zhou, in a one-to-one confrontation, hammered Chen off his horse and captured him. Subsequently, his soldiers defeated Shi's soldiers, and Shi fled. Following Shi's defeat, Ge also withdrew.In late 899, Zhu sent Ge to attack Liu Rengong the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), putting Liu's son Liu Shouwen the military governor of Yichang Circuit (義昌, headquartered in modern Cangzhou, Hebei) under siege at Yichang's capital Cang Prefecture (滄州). In spring 900, Li Keyong sent Zhou with a 5,000-men cavalry force, and then had Li Sizhao follow up with a 50,000-men force to attack Xing and Ming Prefectures to try to relieve the pressure on the Lius. Subsequently, though, Zhu recalled Ge, as Wang Rong the military governor of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) mediated the dispute, and Ge's army was also itself stalled by rainstorms. By that point, Li Sizhao had captured Ming Prefecture. Zhu sent Ge against Li Sizhao, and subsequently arrived himself with reinforcements. Li Sizhao withdrew, but suffered substantial losses.In spring 901, Xuanwu forces under Shi launched a major attack against Hedong, advancing all the way to Hedong's capital Taiyuan Municipality and put it under siege. The city almost fell, but eventually, with Xuanwu forces bogged down by rain and running out of food supplies, Zhu recalled Shi. As Shi was retreating, Zhou and Li Sizhao attacked him, inflicting losses. Later in the year, Li Keyong sent Li Sizhao and Zhou to capture Xi (隰州) and Ci (慈州, both in modern Linfen, Shanxi, not the same prefecture as the one east of the Taihang Mountains) Prefectures, which had become under Zhu's control when Zhu conquered Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi) earlier in 901.Later in 901, the powerful eunuchs at the Tang imperial court at Chang'an, believing that then-reigning Emperor Zhaozong of Tang and the chancellor Cui Yin were able to slaughter them, forcibly seized Emperor Zhaozong and took him to Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), then reigned by the eunuchs' ally Li Maozhen. Cui, who was allied with Zhu, summoned Zhu to attack Fengxiang. Li Maozhen wrote Li Keyong to request aid. Li Keyong sent Li Sizhao to attack Jin Prefecture (晉州, in modern Linfen), and Li Sizhao defeated Xuanwu forces at Jin Prefecture. Subsequent battles in spring 902 in which Li Sizhao and Zhou engaged Shi and Zhu's nephew Zhu Youning (朱友寧), however, could not produce conclusive Hedong victories, and Shi was eventually able to defeat Li Sizhao and Zhou at Pu County (蒲縣, in modern Linfen). They tried to withdraw, but the Xuanwu forces chased them. In the subsequent engagement, Li Keyong's son Li Tingluan (李廷鸞) was captured by Xuanwu forces, who then again advanced to Taiyuan and put it under siege. The situation became so dire that Li Keyong, under the advice of his adoptive son Li Cunxin, considered abandoning Taiyuan and fleeing to the north; only at the urging of his wife Lady Liu, as well as Li Sizhao, Li Siyuan, and Zhou, did Li Keyong resolve to defend the city. Li Sizhao and Li Siyuan again led nightly counterattacks against the sieging Xuanwu forces, and eventually, the Xuanwu forces withdrew. Even though Hedong forces were in fact then able to further recapture Ci, Xi, and Fen (汾州, in modern Linfen), it was said that Li Keyong did not dare to again engage Zhu for several years. (Li Maozhen was subsequently forced to sue for peace by surrendering the emperor to Zhu.)Later in 906, Zhu advanced north and again put Liu Shouwen under siege at Cang Prefecture. Liu Rengong sought aid from Li Keyong to try to save Liu Shouwen. Under Li Keyong's demand, Liu Rengong sent troops to join Hedong forces under Li Sizhao and Zhou in attacking Lu Prefecture (潞州, in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), to try to recapture Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered at Lu Prefecture). When the joint Hedong/Lulong forces reached Lu Prefecture, Ding Hui, the military governor commissioned by Zhu, who had been mourning Emperor Zhaozong of Tang (whom Zhu had assassinated in 905 and replaced with his son Emperor Ai), surrendered Lu to them.In 907, Zhu forced Emperor Ai to yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang with him as its Emperor Taizu. Li Keyong, along with Li Maozhen (whose territory became Qi), Yang Wo the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) (whose territory became Wu), and Wang Jian the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan) (whose territory became Former Shu), refused to recognize the Later Liang emperor, and thereafter was effectively the ruler of his own state of Jin (as he had been previously created the Prince of Jin by Emperor Zhaozong). Shortly thereafter, the Later Liang emperor sent the general Kang Huaizhen (康懷貞) to put Lu Prefecture under siege. After a conventional siege failed to capture the city after half a month, Kang built a centipede-like encampment around the city to try to starve it while also using it defensively against any Hedong relief troops. Li Keyong subsequently sent Zhou to command a relief army to try to lift the siege, but while both Li Sizhao and Zhou were able to disrupt the siege operations, Kang's encampment held, and Zhou was unable to lift the siege. By spring 908, with Li Keyong having fallen gravely ill, Zhou withdrew to Luanliu (亂柳, in modern Changzhi). Li Keyong entrusted his oldest biological son, Li Cunxu, whom he designated as his heir, to his brother Li Kening, the eunuch monitor of the army Zhang Chengye, the officers Li Cunzhang and Wu Gong (吳珙), and the secretary Lu Zhi (盧質). Before dying, he stated to Li Cunxu:
Sizhao is stuck in a precarious city, and he is in all kinds of danger. I regret not being able to see him again. After you bury me, you and Dewei need to immediately, with all your strength, try to save him.
Li Keyong, knowing that there was a rivalry between Li Sizhao and Zhou, also told Li Cunxu:
Jintong [(進通, Li Sizhao's original name)] is both faithful and filially pious, and I love him deeply. But the siege against him cannot be lifted. Is it that Dewei cannot forget their old grudges? Tell Dewei this for me: if the siege on Lu cannot be lifted, I would not be able to close my eyes even in death.
Li Keyong then died, and Li Cunxu succeeded him as the Prince of Jin.
Service under Li Cunxu
In Li Cunxu's initial campaigns
Li Cunxu himself had, immediately after becoming prince, had to deal with a conspiracy by Li Kening and an adoptive son of Li Keyong's, Li Cunhao (李存顥), to overthrow him, but after executing Li Kening and Li Cunhao and Zhou showed submission by returning to Taiyuan to mourn Li Keyong and pay homage to Li Cunxu, Li Cunxu prepared for a campaign to save Li Sizhao. He put Ding Hui in nominal command of the operation, while he himself, Zhou, and Li Siyuan led the main attacks against the Later Liang centipede encampment. They attacked it under the cover of fog, and the Later Liang forces collapsed and fled. When Zhou subsequently arrived at the city walls and announced that the siege had been lifted, Li Sizhao initially did not believe him, but when Li Cunxu subsequently arrived, wearing white armor (thus signifying that Li Keyong had died), Li Sizhao realized what had occurred and fell into deep mourning before opening the gates to let Li Cunxu enter. (Before the battle, Li Cunxu had told Zhou what Li Keyong had said before his death, and Zhou, in response, fought particularly fiercely during the battle. After the battle, he relayed what occurred to Li Sizhao, and the two reformed a friendship.) After the siege was lifted, Zhou put Later Liang's Ze Prefecture (澤州, in modern Jincheng, Shanxi) under siege, but could not quickly capture it against the defense put up by the Later Liang general Niu Cunjie (牛存節); when another Later Liang general, Liu Zhijun, arrived to aid Niu, Zhou lifted the siege and withdrew. For Zhou's contributions in saving Lu Prefecture, Li Cunxu made him the military governor of Zhenwu Circuit (振武, headquartered in modern Shuozhou).In fall 908, Li Sizhao and Zhou attacked Later Liang's Jin Prefecture and put it under siege. Later Liang's Emperor Taizu personally went to aid Jin Prefecture, and when Li Sizhao and Zhou heard that the Later Liang emperor would be soon arriving, they withdrew.In 909, after Liu Zhijun had surrendered to Qi, Li Maozhen planned to have Liu command an attack on Later Liang's Shuofang (朔方, headquartered in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia) and Dingnan (定難, headquartered in modern Yulin, Shaanxi) Circuits. He thus requested Li Cunxu to simultaneously attack Jin and Jiang (絳州, in modern Yuncheng) Prefectures. Li Cunxu prepared to attack those prefectures, and he sent Zhou to attack Jin Prefecture first. Zhou put Jin Prefecture under siege, but could not capture it quickly. When the Later Liang general Yang Shihou then arrived, he withdrew.In 910, in another coordinated attack between Qi and Jin, Li Maozhen personally went to attack Dingnan, then governed by Li Renfu, along with his vassals Li Jihui the military governor of Jingnan and Liu (whom he had commissioned the military governor of Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu), while Li Cunxu sent Zhou. The joint Qi and Jin forces put Dingnan's capital Xia Prefecture (夏州) under siege. When the Later Liang generals Li Yu (李遇) and Liu Wan (劉綰) subsequently arrived to aid Li Renfu, however, the Qi and Jin forces withdrew.In late 910, Later Liang's Emperor Taizu, believing that Wang Rong, who at that point was a Later Liang vassal carrying the title of Prince of Zhao, would turn against him eventually, decided to take Chengde (which he had renamed Wushun (武順)) by force. He sent his attendants Du Tingyin (杜廷隱) and Ding Yanhui (丁延徽) to Wushun's Shen (深州) and Ji (冀州, both in modern Hengshui, Hebei) Prefectures with troops, claiming to be helping Wushun defend against a possible attack by Liu Shouguang. Despite advice by his officer Shi Gongli (石公立) against doing so, Wang Rong received Du and Ding. However, once they settled into the cities, they slaughtered the remaining Wushun garrisons at the two prefectures and prepared for defense, waiting for the main Later Liang forces under the general Wang Jingren to arrive to try to conquer the rest of Wushun. Wang Rong ordered Shi to try to recapture the two prefectures, but Shi was unable to, so Wang sought emergency aid from both Li Cunxu and Liu Shouguang. Liu refused to act, but Li Cunxu immediately sent Zhou to reinforce the defenses of Wushun's Zhao Prefecture (趙州, in modern Shijiazuang) and then prepared to personally aid Wang Rong. Hearing of what Later Liang forces did to Wushun, Wang Chuzhi the military governor of nearby Yiwu Circuit (義武, headquartered in modern Baoding, Hebei) also turned against Later Liang. (Yiwu and Wushun thus became effectively independent states in alliance with Jin, and they, as Jin had been, returned to the use of the Tang era name of Tianyou; Wushun also changed its name back to Chengde.)Soon thereafter, the main Later Liang army under Wang Jingren arrived, and the allied Jin/Zhao/Yiwu forces prepared to engage them. However, Zhou, while dealing the forward Later Liang forces minor defeats, urged caution—pointing out that the area of engagement was not an open field and therefore the Jin cavalry advantage would turn into a disadvantage. Li Cunxu initially refused to listen, but Zhou persuaded Zhang Chengye to also urge against immediate engagement. Li Cunxu listened to Zhang and followed Zhou's advice. He thus withdrew to a more open area and did not engage Wang Jingren until spring 911, at Boxiang (柏鄉, in modern Xingtai). By that point, the Later Liang army was low on food supplies due to Zhou's raids against their food supply route, and after a full day of battle, they were worn out and eventually collapsed when Wang Jingren's immediate forces moved, causing the rest of the army to believe that he had fled. In the aftermaths, Du and Ding abandoned Shen and Ji, allowing Zhao to retake those prefectures. The Jin/Zhao combined army further attacked south, preparing to attack Later Liang's Tianxiong (i.e., Weibo) and Baoyi (保義, headquartered at Xing Prefecture) Circuits; during this advancement, Zhou attacked Bei (貝州, in modern Xingtai) and Chan (澶州, in modern Anyang, Henan), advancing as far as the Yellow River. When Liu Shouguang subsequently postured to get involved, however, Li Cunxu, fearing an attack by Liu from the back, withdrew the Jin army from the front and himself returned to Taiyuan, but left Zhou with 3,000 men to help defend Zhao Prefecture.
Destruction of Yan
In late 911, Liu Shouguang, who earlier had claimed the title of Emperor of Yan, attacked Yiwu. Wang Chuzhi sought aid from Li Cunxu, who sent Zhou to aid him. In spring 912, Zhou joined forces with Wang Rong's adoptive son Wang Deming and the Yiwu officer Cheng Yan (程巖) to start an attack on Yan. With Liu Rengong's son Liu Shouqi (劉守奇), who had fled to Hedong when Liu Shouguang overthrew Liu Rengong, in his army, Liu Zhiwen (劉知溫) the prefect of Zhuo Prefecture (涿州, in modern Baoding) quickly surrendered to Liu Shouqi. Zhou, however, was jealous that Liu Shouqi quickly won this victory and made false accusations to Li Cunxu against Liu Shouqi. Liu Shouqi, realizing this, fled to Later Liang. Meanwhile, Zhou quickly advanced to Yan's capital You Prefecture (幽州), but did not immediately put it under siege. Rather, he attacked Yan's other cities, capturing them one by one until You Prefecture was isolated. He also sought additional troops from Li Cunxu, stating his belief that his army was not large enough for a siege, so Li Cunxu sent his adoptive brothers Li Cunshen and Li Siyuan to aid Zhou. Soon thereafter, Zhou captured the Yan general Dan Tinggui (單廷珪) in a one-on-one combat, greatly cutting into the Yan morale.With his city-to-city campaign successful, by summer 912, Zhou was putting You Prefecture under siege. When Liu Shouguang sent a humbly-worded letter begging for peace, Zhou mocked him, stating:
The Emperor of the Great Yan has not yet offered sacrifices to heaven and earth. Why is he sounding like a woman? I received my orders to attack the guilty one. It is not my responsibility to talk about alliances and peace.
Zhou thus turned down Liu Shouguang's overture, but after Liu again begged, he relayed Liu's offer of peace to Li Cunxu. Meanwhile, Liu Shouqi and Yan Shihou entered Zhao territory to try to force Zhou to give up his campaign to save Zhao. Zhou sent Wang Deming back to Zhao to aid the Jin generals Li Cunshen and Shi Jiantang (史建瑭) in defending Zhao, but did not relent on his siege. When Li Cunxu subsequently sent Zhang Chengye to You Prefecture to discuss the status of the siege with Zhou, Liu Shouguang offered to surrender to Zhang, but Zhang refused, citing Liu Shouguang's past history of not following his own words. Zhou subsequently repelled a counterattack by Liu Shouguang.By winter 913, You Prefecture was in desperate straits. Liu Shouguang offered to surrender if Li Cunxu personally came to accept his surrender. Zhou thus relayed this offer to Li Cunxu. When Li Cunxu arrived and promised Liu Shouguang that his life would be spared if he did surrender, Liu Shouguang hesitated and did not do so. When Liu Shouguang's trusted officer Li Xiaoxi (李小喜) then surrendered and revealed to the Jin army the desperate situation the city was in, the Jin army launched its fiercest attack yet, and the city fell. Liu Shouguang fled, but soon was captured. Li Cunxu made Zhou the military governor of Lulong, and took Liu Shouguang and Liu Rengong as captives. (He executed them in 914.)
Governance of Lulong
While Zhou Dewei was a renowned general, governing Lulong posed a challenge that he had not faced before—dealing with the growing threat of the Khitan to the north. The Khitan tribes had been unified into a state under Yelü Abaoji, who claimed the title of emperor (as Emperor Taizu, of the state that would eventually be known as Liao Dynasty). It was said that during the rule of prior military governors of Lulong, they would put up strong defenses at Yu Pass, with the garrisons at and around the pass forming a self-sustaining unit with the local farmers and the local government. During fall and winter, the harvest would be gathered early so that nothing would remain on the field for the Khitan to use on their incursions. Therefore, the Khitan did not dare to venture deep into Lulong territory. However, after Zhou became military governor, he, overly confident of his own fighting abilities, neglected to maintain the defenses at Yu Pass. The Khitan were therefore able to slip past it and make the area between Ying (營州, in modern Chaoyang, Liaoning) and Ping (平州, in modern Qinhuangdao, Hebei) a grazing field, so the defense was lost. Further, Zhou was suspicious of the loyalty of the Lulong army, so he found excuses to execute many of its senior officers, causing the army morale to drop.Meanwhile, after Yan's destruction, Li Cunxu prepared to begin campaigns against Later Liang in earnest. In fall 914, he met with Zhou and Wang Rong at Zhao Prefecture, and subsequently advanced south to attack Xing Prefecture. Li Sizhao also arrived to join them with Zhaoyi troops. However, they withdrew after Yang Shihou arrived and the Jin officer Cao Jinjin (曹進金) defected to Later Liang.In 915, the Later Liang emperor Zhu Zhen (Emperor Taizu's son and successor), after the recent death of Yang (who was military governor of Tianxiong at that time), decided to reduce Tianxiong's strength, which had caused it to be a difficult-to-tame circuit in the past. He decided to divide Tianxiong into two circuits. The Tianxiong army, however, did not wish to be divided, and they mutinied, putting the Later Liang-commissioned military governor He Delun (賀德倫) under arrest and forcing him to write to Li Cunxu to submit to Jin. Li Cunxu subsequently arrived and accepted Tianxiong's submission. Zhu Zhen sent the general Liu Xun to try to recapture Tianxiong, but believing that, given the Jin strength was at Tianxiong at that time, Taiyuan could be captured, Liu Xun decided to put up a facade that he was going to engage Li Cunxu and instead headed directly for Taiyuan. When Zhou realized this, he chased after Liu Xun and, bypassing him, blocked his path to Taiyuan and trapping him in the Taihang Mountains briefly, although Liu was eventually able to fight past Zhou and escape, albeit with losses.In spring 917, Li Cunxu's younger brother Li Cunju (李存矩), who was then serving as the defender of Weisai Base (威塞軍) at Xin Prefecture (新洲, in modern Zhangjiakou, Hebei), was ordered by Li Cunxu to conscript troops and collect horses in order to send reinforcements for Li Cunxu's campaign efforts. Li Cunju's urgency in collecting soldiers and horses drew resentment and fear from the people, and as he subsequently advanced south to join Li Cunxu, the soldiers mutinied and killed him, supporting his deputy Lu Wenjin to return to Xin Prefecture, but the defending officer of Xin, Yang Quanzhang (楊全章) refused to receive him. He then attacked Wu Prefecture (武州, in modern Zhangjiakou), but was defeated by Li Sigong (李嗣肱). Zhou also sent forces to attack Lu, who then fled to Khitan.Energized by Lu's arrival, as Lu was able to serve as a guide for attacks on Jin territory, Khitan's Emperor Taizu decided to launch a major attack on Lulong. Later in the spring, the Khitan army, with Lu serving as its guide, attacked and quickly captured Xin Prefecture. When Li Cunxu ordered Zhou to counterattack with Lulong troops, joined by Zhao and Yiwu troops, they were defeated by Khitan troops, and Zhou was forced to flee back to You Prefecture. The Khitan forces subsequently put You Prefecture under siege, and Zhou requested emergency aid from Li Cunxu. Li Cunxu, who was then stalemated with Later Liang forces on the Yellow River, was fearful of diverting forces to save Zhou, but under the urging of Li Siyuan, Li Cunshen, and Yan Bao (閻寶), decided to do so. He ordered Li Siyuan and Yan to advance first toward You, and then sent Li Cunshen to reinforce them. Together, they defeated Khitan forces and lifted the siege on You. However, it was said that after this battle, You Prefecture became constantly under the threat of Khitan, which would send raiders to cut off food supply routes to You. Further, the Khitan emperor commissioned Lu as the military governor of his own Lulong Circuit (headquartered at Ping Prefecture), and Lu and his Han troops would serve as guides in every Khitan incursion into Jin territory. It was said that Lulong's prefectures became gravely stricken by the constant Khitan raids.
Death at Huliu Slope
In fall 918, Li Cunxu prepared for a major attack on Later Liang. He had Zhou (with Lulong troops), Li Cunshen (with Henghai (i.e., Yichang) troops), and Li Siyuan (with Anguo (i.e., Baoyi)) troops rendezvous at Tianxiong's capital Wei Prefecture (魏州) with him and the Hedong and Tianxiong troops directly under his command, as well as Yiwu troops that Wang Chuzhi sent and tribal troops from Xi, Khitan, Shiwei, and Tuyuhun tribes under him. When he heard that Zhu Zhen had recently executed the general Xie Yanzhang (謝彥章) under false accusations by another general, He Gui, he was glad and prepared to immediately attack Later Liang. Zhou pointed out that despite Xie's death, the Later Liang army remained strong and that an engagement should be well-thought out before engaged. Li Cunxu did not listen to him and initiated the campaign.The Jin troops and the Later Liang troops, commanded by He Gui, met at Huliu Slope (胡柳陂, in modern Heze, Shandong), not far from the Later Liang capital Daliang. Zhou pointed out that the Later Liang army outnumbered Jin troops and was highly motivated due t the closeness to their capital. He advocated similar tactics that resulted in the Boxiang victory—refusing to engage Later Liang troops quickly, using cavalry raiders to wear them out and cut off their food supplies, and then engage them once they were tired. Li Cunxu refused, believing that this was the time to finally destroy the main Later Liang army once and for all, and he took his own troops and proceeded without agreement from either Zhou or Li Cunshen. Zhou was forced to follow Li Cunxu, but commented to his son, "I will not have a good place to die." Subsequently, in the initial engagement, Jin forces prevailed over that of He's subordinate Wang Yanzhang, but as Wang Yanzhang was withdrawing toward the west, Jin's support troops, which was to the west as well, thought that Wang was winning the battle and heading toward them to attack them, panicked and fled, colliding with Li Cunxu's and Zhou's troops. Zhou died in the ensuing confusion, along with his son, as did Li Cunxu's secretary, Wang Jian (王緘) the deputy military governor of Tianxiong. Jin forces later counterattacked and fought the battle to a draw, with both armies said to have casualties of two thirds of their troops.Li Cunxu, regretting that his refusal to listen to Zhou had caused Zhou's death, mourned him bitterly. He made Zhou's son Zhou Guangfu (周光輔) the prefect of Lan Prefecture (嵐州, in modern Lüliang, Shanxi). After Li Cunxu later established Later Tang as its Emperor Zhuangzong, he gave Zhou posthumous honors. Later, after Li Siyuan succeeded as Emperor Mingzong, he had Zhou, as well as Li Sizhao and Li Cunshen, worshipped at Emperor Zhuangzong's temple. Later, after Emperor Mingzong's son-in-law Shi Jingtang established Later Jin as its Emperor Gaozu, he further posthumously created Zhou the Prince of Yan.
Notes and references
History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 56.
New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 25.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270.
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Commons category
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Zhou Dewei (周德威) (died January 28, 919), courtesy name Zhenyuan (鎮遠), nickname Yangwu (陽五), was a Chinese military general and politician of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Jin (predecessor state to Later Tang).
Service under Li Keyong
It is not known when Zhou Dewei was born, but it is known that he was from Mayi (馬邑, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi). He started his service in the late Tang Dynasty under Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) as a cavalry officer. He was said to be brave, intelligent, and capable in horsemanship and archery. As he grew up on the northern border, it was said that he gained the experience of watching the dust clouds created by cavalry and being able to judge the strength of the force that was proceeding. During the Qianning era (894-898) of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang, he became the commander of Tielin Base (鐵林軍). During Li Keyong's campaign against Wang Xingyu the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), Zhou had accomplishments and was made the deputy commander of Li Keyong's headquarter guard corps.Later in 898, when Li Keyong sent his adoptive nephew Li Sizhao and Zhou to try to recover three prefectures east of the Taihang Mountains that he had previously lost to his archenemy Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) (Xing (邢州, in modern Xingtai, Hebei), Ci (磁州, in modern Handan, Hebei), and Ming (洺州, also in modern Handan)). However, they were defeated by Zhu's general Ge Congzhou, who subsequently cut off their escape path back into the Taihang. It was due to the effort of Li Keyong's adoptive son Li Siyuan in fighting through Ge's blockade that the Hedong army was able to escape.In 899, Ge tried to attack Hedong's main territory, and his deputy Shi Shucong (氏叔琮) advanced to Yuci (榆次, in modern Jinzhong, Shanxi). Li Keyong sent Zhou to try to repel Shi. Shi's forward commander, one Chen Zhang (陳章), claimed that he could capture Zhou, but Zhou, in a one-to-one confrontation, hammered Chen off his horse and captured him. Subsequently, his soldiers defeated Shi's soldiers, and Shi fled. Following Shi's defeat, Ge also withdrew.In late 899, Zhu sent Ge to attack Liu Rengong the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), putting Liu's son Liu Shouwen the military governor of Yichang Circuit (義昌, headquartered in modern Cangzhou, Hebei) under siege at Yichang's capital Cang Prefecture (滄州). In spring 900, Li Keyong sent Zhou with a 5,000-men cavalry force, and then had Li Sizhao follow up with a 50,000-men force to attack Xing and Ming Prefectures to try to relieve the pressure on the Lius. Subsequently, though, Zhu recalled Ge, as Wang Rong the military governor of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) mediated the dispute, and Ge's army was also itself stalled by rainstorms. By that point, Li Sizhao had captured Ming Prefecture. Zhu sent Ge against Li Sizhao, and subsequently arrived himself with reinforcements. Li Sizhao withdrew, but suffered substantial losses.In spring 901, Xuanwu forces under Shi launched a major attack against Hedong, advancing all the way to Hedong's capital Taiyuan Municipality and put it under siege. The city almost fell, but eventually, with Xuanwu forces bogged down by rain and running out of food supplies, Zhu recalled Shi. As Shi was retreating, Zhou and Li Sizhao attacked him, inflicting losses. Later in the year, Li Keyong sent Li Sizhao and Zhou to capture Xi (隰州) and Ci (慈州, both in modern Linfen, Shanxi, not the same prefecture as the one east of the Taihang Mountains) Prefectures, which had become under Zhu's control when Zhu conquered Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi) earlier in 901.Later in 901, the powerful eunuchs at the Tang imperial court at Chang'an, believing that then-reigning Emperor Zhaozong of Tang and the chancellor Cui Yin were able to slaughter them, forcibly seized Emperor Zhaozong and took him to Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), then reigned by the eunuchs' ally Li Maozhen. Cui, who was allied with Zhu, summoned Zhu to attack Fengxiang. Li Maozhen wrote Li Keyong to request aid. Li Keyong sent Li Sizhao to attack Jin Prefecture (晉州, in modern Linfen), and Li Sizhao defeated Xuanwu forces at Jin Prefecture. Subsequent battles in spring 902 in which Li Sizhao and Zhou engaged Shi and Zhu's nephew Zhu Youning (朱友寧), however, could not produce conclusive Hedong victories, and Shi was eventually able to defeat Li Sizhao and Zhou at Pu County (蒲縣, in modern Linfen). They tried to withdraw, but the Xuanwu forces chased them. In the subsequent engagement, Li Keyong's son Li Tingluan (李廷鸞) was captured by Xuanwu forces, who then again advanced to Taiyuan and put it under siege. The situation became so dire that Li Keyong, under the advice of his adoptive son Li Cunxin, considered abandoning Taiyuan and fleeing to the north; only at the urging of his wife Lady Liu, as well as Li Sizhao, Li Siyuan, and Zhou, did Li Keyong resolve to defend the city. Li Sizhao and Li Siyuan again led nightly counterattacks against the sieging Xuanwu forces, and eventually, the Xuanwu forces withdrew. Even though Hedong forces were in fact then able to further recapture Ci, Xi, and Fen (汾州, in modern Linfen), it was said that Li Keyong did not dare to again engage Zhu for several years. (Li Maozhen was subsequently forced to sue for peace by surrendering the emperor to Zhu.)Later in 906, Zhu advanced north and again put Liu Shouwen under siege at Cang Prefecture. Liu Rengong sought aid from Li Keyong to try to save Liu Shouwen. Under Li Keyong's demand, Liu Rengong sent troops to join Hedong forces under Li Sizhao and Zhou in attacking Lu Prefecture (潞州, in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), to try to recapture Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered at Lu Prefecture). When the joint Hedong/Lulong forces reached Lu Prefecture, Ding Hui, the military governor commissioned by Zhu, who had been mourning Emperor Zhaozong of Tang (whom Zhu had assassinated in 905 and replaced with his son Emperor Ai), surrendered Lu to them.In 907, Zhu forced Emperor Ai to yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang with him as its Emperor Taizu. Li Keyong, along with Li Maozhen (whose territory became Qi), Yang Wo the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) (whose territory became Wu), and Wang Jian the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan) (whose territory became Former Shu), refused to recognize the Later Liang emperor, and thereafter was effectively the ruler of his own state of Jin (as he had been previously created the Prince of Jin by Emperor Zhaozong). Shortly thereafter, the Later Liang emperor sent the general Kang Huaizhen (康懷貞) to put Lu Prefecture under siege. After a conventional siege failed to capture the city after half a month, Kang built a centipede-like encampment around the city to try to starve it while also using it defensively against any Hedong relief troops. Li Keyong subsequently sent Zhou to command a relief army to try to lift the siege, but while both Li Sizhao and Zhou were able to disrupt the siege operations, Kang's encampment held, and Zhou was unable to lift the siege. By spring 908, with Li Keyong having fallen gravely ill, Zhou withdrew to Luanliu (亂柳, in modern Changzhi). Li Keyong entrusted his oldest biological son, Li Cunxu, whom he designated as his heir, to his brother Li Kening, the eunuch monitor of the army Zhang Chengye, the officers Li Cunzhang and Wu Gong (吳珙), and the secretary Lu Zhi (盧質). Before dying, he stated to Li Cunxu:
Sizhao is stuck in a precarious city, and he is in all kinds of danger. I regret not being able to see him again. After you bury me, you and Dewei need to immediately, with all your strength, try to save him.
Li Keyong, knowing that there was a rivalry between Li Sizhao and Zhou, also told Li Cunxu:
Jintong [(進通, Li Sizhao's original name)] is both faithful and filially pious, and I love him deeply. But the siege against him cannot be lifted. Is it that Dewei cannot forget their old grudges? Tell Dewei this for me: if the siege on Lu cannot be lifted, I would not be able to close my eyes even in death.
Li Keyong then died, and Li Cunxu succeeded him as the Prince of Jin.
Service under Li Cunxu
In Li Cunxu's initial campaigns
Li Cunxu himself had, immediately after becoming prince, had to deal with a conspiracy by Li Kening and an adoptive son of Li Keyong's, Li Cunhao (李存顥), to overthrow him, but after executing Li Kening and Li Cunhao and Zhou showed submission by returning to Taiyuan to mourn Li Keyong and pay homage to Li Cunxu, Li Cunxu prepared for a campaign to save Li Sizhao. He put Ding Hui in nominal command of the operation, while he himself, Zhou, and Li Siyuan led the main attacks against the Later Liang centipede encampment. They attacked it under the cover of fog, and the Later Liang forces collapsed and fled. When Zhou subsequently arrived at the city walls and announced that the siege had been lifted, Li Sizhao initially did not believe him, but when Li Cunxu subsequently arrived, wearing white armor (thus signifying that Li Keyong had died), Li Sizhao realized what had occurred and fell into deep mourning before opening the gates to let Li Cunxu enter. (Before the battle, Li Cunxu had told Zhou what Li Keyong had said before his death, and Zhou, in response, fought particularly fiercely during the battle. After the battle, he relayed what occurred to Li Sizhao, and the two reformed a friendship.) After the siege was lifted, Zhou put Later Liang's Ze Prefecture (澤州, in modern Jincheng, Shanxi) under siege, but could not quickly capture it against the defense put up by the Later Liang general Niu Cunjie (牛存節); when another Later Liang general, Liu Zhijun, arrived to aid Niu, Zhou lifted the siege and withdrew. For Zhou's contributions in saving Lu Prefecture, Li Cunxu made him the military governor of Zhenwu Circuit (振武, headquartered in modern Shuozhou).In fall 908, Li Sizhao and Zhou attacked Later Liang's Jin Prefecture and put it under siege. Later Liang's Emperor Taizu personally went to aid Jin Prefecture, and when Li Sizhao and Zhou heard that the Later Liang emperor would be soon arriving, they withdrew.In 909, after Liu Zhijun had surrendered to Qi, Li Maozhen planned to have Liu command an attack on Later Liang's Shuofang (朔方, headquartered in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia) and Dingnan (定難, headquartered in modern Yulin, Shaanxi) Circuits. He thus requested Li Cunxu to simultaneously attack Jin and Jiang (絳州, in modern Yuncheng) Prefectures. Li Cunxu prepared to attack those prefectures, and he sent Zhou to attack Jin Prefecture first. Zhou put Jin Prefecture under siege, but could not capture it quickly. When the Later Liang general Yang Shihou then arrived, he withdrew.In 910, in another coordinated attack between Qi and Jin, Li Maozhen personally went to attack Dingnan, then governed by Li Renfu, along with his vassals Li Jihui the military governor of Jingnan and Liu (whom he had commissioned the military governor of Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu), while Li Cunxu sent Zhou. The joint Qi and Jin forces put Dingnan's capital Xia Prefecture (夏州) under siege. When the Later Liang generals Li Yu (李遇) and Liu Wan (劉綰) subsequently arrived to aid Li Renfu, however, the Qi and Jin forces withdrew.In late 910, Later Liang's Emperor Taizu, believing that Wang Rong, who at that point was a Later Liang vassal carrying the title of Prince of Zhao, would turn against him eventually, decided to take Chengde (which he had renamed Wushun (武順)) by force. He sent his attendants Du Tingyin (杜廷隱) and Ding Yanhui (丁延徽) to Wushun's Shen (深州) and Ji (冀州, both in modern Hengshui, Hebei) Prefectures with troops, claiming to be helping Wushun defend against a possible attack by Liu Shouguang. Despite advice by his officer Shi Gongli (石公立) against doing so, Wang Rong received Du and Ding. However, once they settled into the cities, they slaughtered the remaining Wushun garrisons at the two prefectures and prepared for defense, waiting for the main Later Liang forces under the general Wang Jingren to arrive to try to conquer the rest of Wushun. Wang Rong ordered Shi to try to recapture the two prefectures, but Shi was unable to, so Wang sought emergency aid from both Li Cunxu and Liu Shouguang. Liu refused to act, but Li Cunxu immediately sent Zhou to reinforce the defenses of Wushun's Zhao Prefecture (趙州, in modern Shijiazuang) and then prepared to personally aid Wang Rong. Hearing of what Later Liang forces did to Wushun, Wang Chuzhi the military governor of nearby Yiwu Circuit (義武, headquartered in modern Baoding, Hebei) also turned against Later Liang. (Yiwu and Wushun thus became effectively independent states in alliance with Jin, and they, as Jin had been, returned to the use of the Tang era name of Tianyou; Wushun also changed its name back to Chengde.)Soon thereafter, the main Later Liang army under Wang Jingren arrived, and the allied Jin/Zhao/Yiwu forces prepared to engage them. However, Zhou, while dealing the forward Later Liang forces minor defeats, urged caution—pointing out that the area of engagement was not an open field and therefore the Jin cavalry advantage would turn into a disadvantage. Li Cunxu initially refused to listen, but Zhou persuaded Zhang Chengye to also urge against immediate engagement. Li Cunxu listened to Zhang and followed Zhou's advice. He thus withdrew to a more open area and did not engage Wang Jingren until spring 911, at Boxiang (柏鄉, in modern Xingtai). By that point, the Later Liang army was low on food supplies due to Zhou's raids against their food supply route, and after a full day of battle, they were worn out and eventually collapsed when Wang Jingren's immediate forces moved, causing the rest of the army to believe that he had fled. In the aftermaths, Du and Ding abandoned Shen and Ji, allowing Zhao to retake those prefectures. The Jin/Zhao combined army further attacked south, preparing to attack Later Liang's Tianxiong (i.e., Weibo) and Baoyi (保義, headquartered at Xing Prefecture) Circuits; during this advancement, Zhou attacked Bei (貝州, in modern Xingtai) and Chan (澶州, in modern Anyang, Henan), advancing as far as the Yellow River. When Liu Shouguang subsequently postured to get involved, however, Li Cunxu, fearing an attack by Liu from the back, withdrew the Jin army from the front and himself returned to Taiyuan, but left Zhou with 3,000 men to help defend Zhao Prefecture.
Destruction of Yan
In late 911, Liu Shouguang, who earlier had claimed the title of Emperor of Yan, attacked Yiwu. Wang Chuzhi sought aid from Li Cunxu, who sent Zhou to aid him. In spring 912, Zhou joined forces with Wang Rong's adoptive son Wang Deming and the Yiwu officer Cheng Yan (程巖) to start an attack on Yan. With Liu Rengong's son Liu Shouqi (劉守奇), who had fled to Hedong when Liu Shouguang overthrew Liu Rengong, in his army, Liu Zhiwen (劉知溫) the prefect of Zhuo Prefecture (涿州, in modern Baoding) quickly surrendered to Liu Shouqi. Zhou, however, was jealous that Liu Shouqi quickly won this victory and made false accusations to Li Cunxu against Liu Shouqi. Liu Shouqi, realizing this, fled to Later Liang. Meanwhile, Zhou quickly advanced to Yan's capital You Prefecture (幽州), but did not immediately put it under siege. Rather, he attacked Yan's other cities, capturing them one by one until You Prefecture was isolated. He also sought additional troops from Li Cunxu, stating his belief that his army was not large enough for a siege, so Li Cunxu sent his adoptive brothers Li Cunshen and Li Siyuan to aid Zhou. Soon thereafter, Zhou captured the Yan general Dan Tinggui (單廷珪) in a one-on-one combat, greatly cutting into the Yan morale.With his city-to-city campaign successful, by summer 912, Zhou was putting You Prefecture under siege. When Liu Shouguang sent a humbly-worded letter begging for peace, Zhou mocked him, stating:
The Emperor of the Great Yan has not yet offered sacrifices to heaven and earth. Why is he sounding like a woman? I received my orders to attack the guilty one. It is not my responsibility to talk about alliances and peace.
Zhou thus turned down Liu Shouguang's overture, but after Liu again begged, he relayed Liu's offer of peace to Li Cunxu. Meanwhile, Liu Shouqi and Yan Shihou entered Zhao territory to try to force Zhou to give up his campaign to save Zhao. Zhou sent Wang Deming back to Zhao to aid the Jin generals Li Cunshen and Shi Jiantang (史建瑭) in defending Zhao, but did not relent on his siege. When Li Cunxu subsequently sent Zhang Chengye to You Prefecture to discuss the status of the siege with Zhou, Liu Shouguang offered to surrender to Zhang, but Zhang refused, citing Liu Shouguang's past history of not following his own words. Zhou subsequently repelled a counterattack by Liu Shouguang.By winter 913, You Prefecture was in desperate straits. Liu Shouguang offered to surrender if Li Cunxu personally came to accept his surrender. Zhou thus relayed this offer to Li Cunxu. When Li Cunxu arrived and promised Liu Shouguang that his life would be spared if he did surrender, Liu Shouguang hesitated and did not do so. When Liu Shouguang's trusted officer Li Xiaoxi (李小喜) then surrendered and revealed to the Jin army the desperate situation the city was in, the Jin army launched its fiercest attack yet, and the city fell. Liu Shouguang fled, but soon was captured. Li Cunxu made Zhou the military governor of Lulong, and took Liu Shouguang and Liu Rengong as captives. (He executed them in 914.)
Governance of Lulong
While Zhou Dewei was a renowned general, governing Lulong posed a challenge that he had not faced before—dealing with the growing threat of the Khitan to the north. The Khitan tribes had been unified into a state under Yelü Abaoji, who claimed the title of emperor (as Emperor Taizu, of the state that would eventually be known as Liao Dynasty). It was said that during the rule of prior military governors of Lulong, they would put up strong defenses at Yu Pass, with the garrisons at and around the pass forming a self-sustaining unit with the local farmers and the local government. During fall and winter, the harvest would be gathered early so that nothing would remain on the field for the Khitan to use on their incursions. Therefore, the Khitan did not dare to venture deep into Lulong territory. However, after Zhou became military governor, he, overly confident of his own fighting abilities, neglected to maintain the defenses at Yu Pass. The Khitan were therefore able to slip past it and make the area between Ying (營州, in modern Chaoyang, Liaoning) and Ping (平州, in modern Qinhuangdao, Hebei) a grazing field, so the defense was lost. Further, Zhou was suspicious of the loyalty of the Lulong army, so he found excuses to execute many of its senior officers, causing the army morale to drop.Meanwhile, after Yan's destruction, Li Cunxu prepared to begin campaigns against Later Liang in earnest. In fall 914, he met with Zhou and Wang Rong at Zhao Prefecture, and subsequently advanced south to attack Xing Prefecture. Li Sizhao also arrived to join them with Zhaoyi troops. However, they withdrew after Yang Shihou arrived and the Jin officer Cao Jinjin (曹進金) defected to Later Liang.In 915, the Later Liang emperor Zhu Zhen (Emperor Taizu's son and successor), after the recent death of Yang (who was military governor of Tianxiong at that time), decided to reduce Tianxiong's strength, which had caused it to be a difficult-to-tame circuit in the past. He decided to divide Tianxiong into two circuits. The Tianxiong army, however, did not wish to be divided, and they mutinied, putting the Later Liang-commissioned military governor He Delun (賀德倫) under arrest and forcing him to write to Li Cunxu to submit to Jin. Li Cunxu subsequently arrived and accepted Tianxiong's submission. Zhu Zhen sent the general Liu Xun to try to recapture Tianxiong, but believing that, given the Jin strength was at Tianxiong at that time, Taiyuan could be captured, Liu Xun decided to put up a facade that he was going to engage Li Cunxu and instead headed directly for Taiyuan. When Zhou realized this, he chased after Liu Xun and, bypassing him, blocked his path to Taiyuan and trapping him in the Taihang Mountains briefly, although Liu was eventually able to fight past Zhou and escape, albeit with losses.In spring 917, Li Cunxu's younger brother Li Cunju (李存矩), who was then serving as the defender of Weisai Base (威塞軍) at Xin Prefecture (新洲, in modern Zhangjiakou, Hebei), was ordered by Li Cunxu to conscript troops and collect horses in order to send reinforcements for Li Cunxu's campaign efforts. Li Cunju's urgency in collecting soldiers and horses drew resentment and fear from the people, and as he subsequently advanced south to join Li Cunxu, the soldiers mutinied and killed him, supporting his deputy Lu Wenjin to return to Xin Prefecture, but the defending officer of Xin, Yang Quanzhang (楊全章) refused to receive him. He then attacked Wu Prefecture (武州, in modern Zhangjiakou), but was defeated by Li Sigong (李嗣肱). Zhou also sent forces to attack Lu, who then fled to Khitan.Energized by Lu's arrival, as Lu was able to serve as a guide for attacks on Jin territory, Khitan's Emperor Taizu decided to launch a major attack on Lulong. Later in the spring, the Khitan army, with Lu serving as its guide, attacked and quickly captured Xin Prefecture. When Li Cunxu ordered Zhou to counterattack with Lulong troops, joined by Zhao and Yiwu troops, they were defeated by Khitan troops, and Zhou was forced to flee back to You Prefecture. The Khitan forces subsequently put You Prefecture under siege, and Zhou requested emergency aid from Li Cunxu. Li Cunxu, who was then stalemated with Later Liang forces on the Yellow River, was fearful of diverting forces to save Zhou, but under the urging of Li Siyuan, Li Cunshen, and Yan Bao (閻寶), decided to do so. He ordered Li Siyuan and Yan to advance first toward You, and then sent Li Cunshen to reinforce them. Together, they defeated Khitan forces and lifted the siege on You. However, it was said that after this battle, You Prefecture became constantly under the threat of Khitan, which would send raiders to cut off food supply routes to You. Further, the Khitan emperor commissioned Lu as the military governor of his own Lulong Circuit (headquartered at Ping Prefecture), and Lu and his Han troops would serve as guides in every Khitan incursion into Jin territory. It was said that Lulong's prefectures became gravely stricken by the constant Khitan raids.
Death at Huliu Slope
In fall 918, Li Cunxu prepared for a major attack on Later Liang. He had Zhou (with Lulong troops), Li Cunshen (with Henghai (i.e., Yichang) troops), and Li Siyuan (with Anguo (i.e., Baoyi)) troops rendezvous at Tianxiong's capital Wei Prefecture (魏州) with him and the Hedong and Tianxiong troops directly under his command, as well as Yiwu troops that Wang Chuzhi sent and tribal troops from Xi, Khitan, Shiwei, and Tuyuhun tribes under him. When he heard that Zhu Zhen had recently executed the general Xie Yanzhang (謝彥章) under false accusations by another general, He Gui, he was glad and prepared to immediately attack Later Liang. Zhou pointed out that despite Xie's death, the Later Liang army remained strong and that an engagement should be well-thought out before engaged. Li Cunxu did not listen to him and initiated the campaign.The Jin troops and the Later Liang troops, commanded by He Gui, met at Huliu Slope (胡柳陂, in modern Heze, Shandong), not far from the Later Liang capital Daliang. Zhou pointed out that the Later Liang army outnumbered Jin troops and was highly motivated due t the closeness to their capital. He advocated similar tactics that resulted in the Boxiang victory—refusing to engage Later Liang troops quickly, using cavalry raiders to wear them out and cut off their food supplies, and then engage them once they were tired. Li Cunxu refused, believing that this was the time to finally destroy the main Later Liang army once and for all, and he took his own troops and proceeded without agreement from either Zhou or Li Cunshen. Zhou was forced to follow Li Cunxu, but commented to his son, "I will not have a good place to die." Subsequently, in the initial engagement, Jin forces prevailed over that of He's subordinate Wang Yanzhang, but as Wang Yanzhang was withdrawing toward the west, Jin's support troops, which was to the west as well, thought that Wang was winning the battle and heading toward them to attack them, panicked and fled, colliding with Li Cunxu's and Zhou's troops. Zhou died in the ensuing confusion, along with his son, as did Li Cunxu's secretary, Wang Jian (王緘) the deputy military governor of Tianxiong. Jin forces later counterattacked and fought the battle to a draw, with both armies said to have casualties of two thirds of their troops.Li Cunxu, regretting that his refusal to listen to Zhou had caused Zhou's death, mourned him bitterly. He made Zhou's son Zhou Guangfu (周光輔) the prefect of Lan Prefecture (嵐州, in modern Lüliang, Shanxi). After Li Cunxu later established Later Tang as its Emperor Zhuangzong, he gave Zhou posthumous honors. Later, after Li Siyuan succeeded as Emperor Mingzong, he had Zhou, as well as Li Sizhao and Li Cunshen, worshipped at Emperor Zhuangzong's temple. Later, after Emperor Mingzong's son-in-law Shi Jingtang established Later Jin as its Emperor Gaozu, he further posthumously created Zhou the Prince of Yan.
Notes and references
History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 56.
New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 25.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270.
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Zhou Dewei (周德威) (died January 28, 919), courtesy name Zhenyuan (鎮遠), nickname Yangwu (陽五), was a Chinese military general and politician of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Jin (predecessor state to Later Tang).
Service under Li Keyong
It is not known when Zhou Dewei was born, but it is known that he was from Mayi (馬邑, in modern Shuozhou, Shanxi). He started his service in the late Tang Dynasty under Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) as a cavalry officer. He was said to be brave, intelligent, and capable in horsemanship and archery. As he grew up on the northern border, it was said that he gained the experience of watching the dust clouds created by cavalry and being able to judge the strength of the force that was proceeding. During the Qianning era (894-898) of Emperor Zhaozong of Tang, he became the commander of Tielin Base (鐵林軍). During Li Keyong's campaign against Wang Xingyu the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), Zhou had accomplishments and was made the deputy commander of Li Keyong's headquarter guard corps.Later in 898, when Li Keyong sent his adoptive nephew Li Sizhao and Zhou to try to recover three prefectures east of the Taihang Mountains that he had previously lost to his archenemy Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) (Xing (邢州, in modern Xingtai, Hebei), Ci (磁州, in modern Handan, Hebei), and Ming (洺州, also in modern Handan)). However, they were defeated by Zhu's general Ge Congzhou, who subsequently cut off their escape path back into the Taihang. It was due to the effort of Li Keyong's adoptive son Li Siyuan in fighting through Ge's blockade that the Hedong army was able to escape.In 899, Ge tried to attack Hedong's main territory, and his deputy Shi Shucong (氏叔琮) advanced to Yuci (榆次, in modern Jinzhong, Shanxi). Li Keyong sent Zhou to try to repel Shi. Shi's forward commander, one Chen Zhang (陳章), claimed that he could capture Zhou, but Zhou, in a one-to-one confrontation, hammered Chen off his horse and captured him. Subsequently, his soldiers defeated Shi's soldiers, and Shi fled. Following Shi's defeat, Ge also withdrew.In late 899, Zhu sent Ge to attack Liu Rengong the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), putting Liu's son Liu Shouwen the military governor of Yichang Circuit (義昌, headquartered in modern Cangzhou, Hebei) under siege at Yichang's capital Cang Prefecture (滄州). In spring 900, Li Keyong sent Zhou with a 5,000-men cavalry force, and then had Li Sizhao follow up with a 50,000-men force to attack Xing and Ming Prefectures to try to relieve the pressure on the Lius. Subsequently, though, Zhu recalled Ge, as Wang Rong the military governor of Chengde Circuit (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) mediated the dispute, and Ge's army was also itself stalled by rainstorms. By that point, Li Sizhao had captured Ming Prefecture. Zhu sent Ge against Li Sizhao, and subsequently arrived himself with reinforcements. Li Sizhao withdrew, but suffered substantial losses.In spring 901, Xuanwu forces under Shi launched a major attack against Hedong, advancing all the way to Hedong's capital Taiyuan Municipality and put it under siege. The city almost fell, but eventually, with Xuanwu forces bogged down by rain and running out of food supplies, Zhu recalled Shi. As Shi was retreating, Zhou and Li Sizhao attacked him, inflicting losses. Later in the year, Li Keyong sent Li Sizhao and Zhou to capture Xi (隰州) and Ci (慈州, both in modern Linfen, Shanxi, not the same prefecture as the one east of the Taihang Mountains) Prefectures, which had become under Zhu's control when Zhu conquered Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi) earlier in 901.Later in 901, the powerful eunuchs at the Tang imperial court at Chang'an, believing that then-reigning Emperor Zhaozong of Tang and the chancellor Cui Yin were able to slaughter them, forcibly seized Emperor Zhaozong and took him to Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), then reigned by the eunuchs' ally Li Maozhen. Cui, who was allied with Zhu, summoned Zhu to attack Fengxiang. Li Maozhen wrote Li Keyong to request aid. Li Keyong sent Li Sizhao to attack Jin Prefecture (晉州, in modern Linfen), and Li Sizhao defeated Xuanwu forces at Jin Prefecture. Subsequent battles in spring 902 in which Li Sizhao and Zhou engaged Shi and Zhu's nephew Zhu Youning (朱友寧), however, could not produce conclusive Hedong victories, and Shi was eventually able to defeat Li Sizhao and Zhou at Pu County (蒲縣, in modern Linfen). They tried to withdraw, but the Xuanwu forces chased them. In the subsequent engagement, Li Keyong's son Li Tingluan (李廷鸞) was captured by Xuanwu forces, who then again advanced to Taiyuan and put it under siege. The situation became so dire that Li Keyong, under the advice of his adoptive son Li Cunxin, considered abandoning Taiyuan and fleeing to the north; only at the urging of his wife Lady Liu, as well as Li Sizhao, Li Siyuan, and Zhou, did Li Keyong resolve to defend the city. Li Sizhao and Li Siyuan again led nightly counterattacks against the sieging Xuanwu forces, and eventually, the Xuanwu forces withdrew. Even though Hedong forces were in fact then able to further recapture Ci, Xi, and Fen (汾州, in modern Linfen), it was said that Li Keyong did not dare to again engage Zhu for several years. (Li Maozhen was subsequently forced to sue for peace by surrendering the emperor to Zhu.)Later in 906, Zhu advanced north and again put Liu Shouwen under siege at Cang Prefecture. Liu Rengong sought aid from Li Keyong to try to save Liu Shouwen. Under Li Keyong's demand, Liu Rengong sent troops to join Hedong forces under Li Sizhao and Zhou in attacking Lu Prefecture (潞州, in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), to try to recapture Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered at Lu Prefecture). When the joint Hedong/Lulong forces reached Lu Prefecture, Ding Hui, the military governor commissioned by Zhu, who had been mourning Emperor Zhaozong of Tang (whom Zhu had assassinated in 905 and replaced with his son Emperor Ai), surrendered Lu to them.In 907, Zhu forced Emperor Ai to yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang with him as its Emperor Taizu. Li Keyong, along with Li Maozhen (whose territory became Qi), Yang Wo the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) (whose territory became Wu), and Wang Jian the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan) (whose territory became Former Shu), refused to recognize the Later Liang emperor, and thereafter was effectively the ruler of his own state of Jin (as he had been previously created the Prince of Jin by Emperor Zhaozong). Shortly thereafter, the Later Liang emperor sent the general Kang Huaizhen (康懷貞) to put Lu Prefecture under siege. After a conventional siege failed to capture the city after half a month, Kang built a centipede-like encampment around the city to try to starve it while also using it defensively against any Hedong relief troops. Li Keyong subsequently sent Zhou to command a relief army to try to lift the siege, but while both Li Sizhao and Zhou were able to disrupt the siege operations, Kang's encampment held, and Zhou was unable to lift the siege. By spring 908, with Li Keyong having fallen gravely ill, Zhou withdrew to Luanliu (亂柳, in modern Changzhi). Li Keyong entrusted his oldest biological son, Li Cunxu, whom he designated as his heir, to his brother Li Kening, the eunuch monitor of the army Zhang Chengye, the officers Li Cunzhang and Wu Gong (吳珙), and the secretary Lu Zhi (盧質). Before dying, he stated to Li Cunxu:
Sizhao is stuck in a precarious city, and he is in all kinds of danger. I regret not being able to see him again. After you bury me, you and Dewei need to immediately, with all your strength, try to save him.
Li Keyong, knowing that there was a rivalry between Li Sizhao and Zhou, also told Li Cunxu:
Jintong [(進通, Li Sizhao's original name)] is both faithful and filially pious, and I love him deeply. But the siege against him cannot be lifted. Is it that Dewei cannot forget their old grudges? Tell Dewei this for me: if the siege on Lu cannot be lifted, I would not be able to close my eyes even in death.
Li Keyong then died, and Li Cunxu succeeded him as the Prince of Jin.
Service under Li Cunxu
In Li Cunxu's initial campaigns
Li Cunxu himself had, immediately after becoming prince, had to deal with a conspiracy by Li Kening and an adoptive son of Li Keyong's, Li Cunhao (李存顥), to overthrow him, but after executing Li Kening and Li Cunhao and Zhou showed submission by returning to Taiyuan to mourn Li Keyong and pay homage to Li Cunxu, Li Cunxu prepared for a campaign to save Li Sizhao. He put Ding Hui in nominal command of the operation, while he himself, Zhou, and Li Siyuan led the main attacks against the Later Liang centipede encampment. They attacked it under the cover of fog, and the Later Liang forces collapsed and fled. When Zhou subsequently arrived at the city walls and announced that the siege had been lifted, Li Sizhao initially did not believe him, but when Li Cunxu subsequently arrived, wearing white armor (thus signifying that Li Keyong had died), Li Sizhao realized what had occurred and fell into deep mourning before opening the gates to let Li Cunxu enter. (Before the battle, Li Cunxu had told Zhou what Li Keyong had said before his death, and Zhou, in response, fought particularly fiercely during the battle. After the battle, he relayed what occurred to Li Sizhao, and the two reformed a friendship.) After the siege was lifted, Zhou put Later Liang's Ze Prefecture (澤州, in modern Jincheng, Shanxi) under siege, but could not quickly capture it against the defense put up by the Later Liang general Niu Cunjie (牛存節); when another Later Liang general, Liu Zhijun, arrived to aid Niu, Zhou lifted the siege and withdrew. For Zhou's contributions in saving Lu Prefecture, Li Cunxu made him the military governor of Zhenwu Circuit (振武, headquartered in modern Shuozhou).In fall 908, Li Sizhao and Zhou attacked Later Liang's Jin Prefecture and put it under siege. Later Liang's Emperor Taizu personally went to aid Jin Prefecture, and when Li Sizhao and Zhou heard that the Later Liang emperor would be soon arriving, they withdrew.In 909, after Liu Zhijun had surrendered to Qi, Li Maozhen planned to have Liu command an attack on Later Liang's Shuofang (朔方, headquartered in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia) and Dingnan (定難, headquartered in modern Yulin, Shaanxi) Circuits. He thus requested Li Cunxu to simultaneously attack Jin and Jiang (絳州, in modern Yuncheng) Prefectures. Li Cunxu prepared to attack those prefectures, and he sent Zhou to attack Jin Prefecture first. Zhou put Jin Prefecture under siege, but could not capture it quickly. When the Later Liang general Yang Shihou then arrived, he withdrew.In 910, in another coordinated attack between Qi and Jin, Li Maozhen personally went to attack Dingnan, then governed by Li Renfu, along with his vassals Li Jihui the military governor of Jingnan and Liu (whom he had commissioned the military governor of Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu), while Li Cunxu sent Zhou. The joint Qi and Jin forces put Dingnan's capital Xia Prefecture (夏州) under siege. When the Later Liang generals Li Yu (李遇) and Liu Wan (劉綰) subsequently arrived to aid Li Renfu, however, the Qi and Jin forces withdrew.In late 910, Later Liang's Emperor Taizu, believing that Wang Rong, who at that point was a Later Liang vassal carrying the title of Prince of Zhao, would turn against him eventually, decided to take Chengde (which he had renamed Wushun (武順)) by force. He sent his attendants Du Tingyin (杜廷隱) and Ding Yanhui (丁延徽) to Wushun's Shen (深州) and Ji (冀州, both in modern Hengshui, Hebei) Prefectures with troops, claiming to be helping Wushun defend against a possible attack by Liu Shouguang. Despite advice by his officer Shi Gongli (石公立) against doing so, Wang Rong received Du and Ding. However, once they settled into the cities, they slaughtered the remaining Wushun garrisons at the two prefectures and prepared for defense, waiting for the main Later Liang forces under the general Wang Jingren to arrive to try to conquer the rest of Wushun. Wang Rong ordered Shi to try to recapture the two prefectures, but Shi was unable to, so Wang sought emergency aid from both Li Cunxu and Liu Shouguang. Liu refused to act, but Li Cunxu immediately sent Zhou to reinforce the defenses of Wushun's Zhao Prefecture (趙州, in modern Shijiazuang) and then prepared to personally aid Wang Rong. Hearing of what Later Liang forces did to Wushun, Wang Chuzhi the military governor of nearby Yiwu Circuit (義武, headquartered in modern Baoding, Hebei) also turned against Later Liang. (Yiwu and Wushun thus became effectively independent states in alliance with Jin, and they, as Jin had been, returned to the use of the Tang era name of Tianyou; Wushun also changed its name back to Chengde.)Soon thereafter, the main Later Liang army under Wang Jingren arrived, and the allied Jin/Zhao/Yiwu forces prepared to engage them. However, Zhou, while dealing the forward Later Liang forces minor defeats, urged caution—pointing out that the area of engagement was not an open field and therefore the Jin cavalry advantage would turn into a disadvantage. Li Cunxu initially refused to listen, but Zhou persuaded Zhang Chengye to also urge against immediate engagement. Li Cunxu listened to Zhang and followed Zhou's advice. He thus withdrew to a more open area and did not engage Wang Jingren until spring 911, at Boxiang (柏鄉, in modern Xingtai). By that point, the Later Liang army was low on food supplies due to Zhou's raids against their food supply route, and after a full day of battle, they were worn out and eventually collapsed when Wang Jingren's immediate forces moved, causing the rest of the army to believe that he had fled. In the aftermaths, Du and Ding abandoned Shen and Ji, allowing Zhao to retake those prefectures. The Jin/Zhao combined army further attacked south, preparing to attack Later Liang's Tianxiong (i.e., Weibo) and Baoyi (保義, headquartered at Xing Prefecture) Circuits; during this advancement, Zhou attacked Bei (貝州, in modern Xingtai) and Chan (澶州, in modern Anyang, Henan), advancing as far as the Yellow River. When Liu Shouguang subsequently postured to get involved, however, Li Cunxu, fearing an attack by Liu from the back, withdrew the Jin army from the front and himself returned to Taiyuan, but left Zhou with 3,000 men to help defend Zhao Prefecture.
Destruction of Yan
In late 911, Liu Shouguang, who earlier had claimed the title of Emperor of Yan, attacked Yiwu. Wang Chuzhi sought aid from Li Cunxu, who sent Zhou to aid him. In spring 912, Zhou joined forces with Wang Rong's adoptive son Wang Deming and the Yiwu officer Cheng Yan (程巖) to start an attack on Yan. With Liu Rengong's son Liu Shouqi (劉守奇), who had fled to Hedong when Liu Shouguang overthrew Liu Rengong, in his army, Liu Zhiwen (劉知溫) the prefect of Zhuo Prefecture (涿州, in modern Baoding) quickly surrendered to Liu Shouqi. Zhou, however, was jealous that Liu Shouqi quickly won this victory and made false accusations to Li Cunxu against Liu Shouqi. Liu Shouqi, realizing this, fled to Later Liang. Meanwhile, Zhou quickly advanced to Yan's capital You Prefecture (幽州), but did not immediately put it under siege. Rather, he attacked Yan's other cities, capturing them one by one until You Prefecture was isolated. He also sought additional troops from Li Cunxu, stating his belief that his army was not large enough for a siege, so Li Cunxu sent his adoptive brothers Li Cunshen and Li Siyuan to aid Zhou. Soon thereafter, Zhou captured the Yan general Dan Tinggui (單廷珪) in a one-on-one combat, greatly cutting into the Yan morale.With his city-to-city campaign successful, by summer 912, Zhou was putting You Prefecture under siege. When Liu Shouguang sent a humbly-worded letter begging for peace, Zhou mocked him, stating:
The Emperor of the Great Yan has not yet offered sacrifices to heaven and earth. Why is he sounding like a woman? I received my orders to attack the guilty one. It is not my responsibility to talk about alliances and peace.
Zhou thus turned down Liu Shouguang's overture, but after Liu again begged, he relayed Liu's offer of peace to Li Cunxu. Meanwhile, Liu Shouqi and Yan Shihou entered Zhao territory to try to force Zhou to give up his campaign to save Zhao. Zhou sent Wang Deming back to Zhao to aid the Jin generals Li Cunshen and Shi Jiantang (史建瑭) in defending Zhao, but did not relent on his siege. When Li Cunxu subsequently sent Zhang Chengye to You Prefecture to discuss the status of the siege with Zhou, Liu Shouguang offered to surrender to Zhang, but Zhang refused, citing Liu Shouguang's past history of not following his own words. Zhou subsequently repelled a counterattack by Liu Shouguang.By winter 913, You Prefecture was in desperate straits. Liu Shouguang offered to surrender if Li Cunxu personally came to accept his surrender. Zhou thus relayed this offer to Li Cunxu. When Li Cunxu arrived and promised Liu Shouguang that his life would be spared if he did surrender, Liu Shouguang hesitated and did not do so. When Liu Shouguang's trusted officer Li Xiaoxi (李小喜) then surrendered and revealed to the Jin army the desperate situation the city was in, the Jin army launched its fiercest attack yet, and the city fell. Liu Shouguang fled, but soon was captured. Li Cunxu made Zhou the military governor of Lulong, and took Liu Shouguang and Liu Rengong as captives. (He executed them in 914.)
Governance of Lulong
While Zhou Dewei was a renowned general, governing Lulong posed a challenge that he had not faced before—dealing with the growing threat of the Khitan to the north. The Khitan tribes had been unified into a state under Yelü Abaoji, who claimed the title of emperor (as Emperor Taizu, of the state that would eventually be known as Liao Dynasty). It was said that during the rule of prior military governors of Lulong, they would put up strong defenses at Yu Pass, with the garrisons at and around the pass forming a self-sustaining unit with the local farmers and the local government. During fall and winter, the harvest would be gathered early so that nothing would remain on the field for the Khitan to use on their incursions. Therefore, the Khitan did not dare to venture deep into Lulong territory. However, after Zhou became military governor, he, overly confident of his own fighting abilities, neglected to maintain the defenses at Yu Pass. The Khitan were therefore able to slip past it and make the area between Ying (營州, in modern Chaoyang, Liaoning) and Ping (平州, in modern Qinhuangdao, Hebei) a grazing field, so the defense was lost. Further, Zhou was suspicious of the loyalty of the Lulong army, so he found excuses to execute many of its senior officers, causing the army morale to drop.Meanwhile, after Yan's destruction, Li Cunxu prepared to begin campaigns against Later Liang in earnest. In fall 914, he met with Zhou and Wang Rong at Zhao Prefecture, and subsequently advanced south to attack Xing Prefecture. Li Sizhao also arrived to join them with Zhaoyi troops. However, they withdrew after Yang Shihou arrived and the Jin officer Cao Jinjin (曹進金) defected to Later Liang.In 915, the Later Liang emperor Zhu Zhen (Emperor Taizu's son and successor), after the recent death of Yang (who was military governor of Tianxiong at that time), decided to reduce Tianxiong's strength, which had caused it to be a difficult-to-tame circuit in the past. He decided to divide Tianxiong into two circuits. The Tianxiong army, however, did not wish to be divided, and they mutinied, putting the Later Liang-commissioned military governor He Delun (賀德倫) under arrest and forcing him to write to Li Cunxu to submit to Jin. Li Cunxu subsequently arrived and accepted Tianxiong's submission. Zhu Zhen sent the general Liu Xun to try to recapture Tianxiong, but believing that, given the Jin strength was at Tianxiong at that time, Taiyuan could be captured, Liu Xun decided to put up a facade that he was going to engage Li Cunxu and instead headed directly for Taiyuan. When Zhou realized this, he chased after Liu Xun and, bypassing him, blocked his path to Taiyuan and trapping him in the Taihang Mountains briefly, although Liu was eventually able to fight past Zhou and escape, albeit with losses.In spring 917, Li Cunxu's younger brother Li Cunju (李存矩), who was then serving as the defender of Weisai Base (威塞軍) at Xin Prefecture (新洲, in modern Zhangjiakou, Hebei), was ordered by Li Cunxu to conscript troops and collect horses in order to send reinforcements for Li Cunxu's campaign efforts. Li Cunju's urgency in collecting soldiers and horses drew resentment and fear from the people, and as he subsequently advanced south to join Li Cunxu, the soldiers mutinied and killed him, supporting his deputy Lu Wenjin to return to Xin Prefecture, but the defending officer of Xin, Yang Quanzhang (楊全章) refused to receive him. He then attacked Wu Prefecture (武州, in modern Zhangjiakou), but was defeated by Li Sigong (李嗣肱). Zhou also sent forces to attack Lu, who then fled to Khitan.Energized by Lu's arrival, as Lu was able to serve as a guide for attacks on Jin territory, Khitan's Emperor Taizu decided to launch a major attack on Lulong. Later in the spring, the Khitan army, with Lu serving as its guide, attacked and quickly captured Xin Prefecture. When Li Cunxu ordered Zhou to counterattack with Lulong troops, joined by Zhao and Yiwu troops, they were defeated by Khitan troops, and Zhou was forced to flee back to You Prefecture. The Khitan forces subsequently put You Prefecture under siege, and Zhou requested emergency aid from Li Cunxu. Li Cunxu, who was then stalemated with Later Liang forces on the Yellow River, was fearful of diverting forces to save Zhou, but under the urging of Li Siyuan, Li Cunshen, and Yan Bao (閻寶), decided to do so. He ordered Li Siyuan and Yan to advance first toward You, and then sent Li Cunshen to reinforce them. Together, they defeated Khitan forces and lifted the siege on You. However, it was said that after this battle, You Prefecture became constantly under the threat of Khitan, which would send raiders to cut off food supply routes to You. Further, the Khitan emperor commissioned Lu as the military governor of his own Lulong Circuit (headquartered at Ping Prefecture), and Lu and his Han troops would serve as guides in every Khitan incursion into Jin territory. It was said that Lulong's prefectures became gravely stricken by the constant Khitan raids.
Death at Huliu Slope
In fall 918, Li Cunxu prepared for a major attack on Later Liang. He had Zhou (with Lulong troops), Li Cunshen (with Henghai (i.e., Yichang) troops), and Li Siyuan (with Anguo (i.e., Baoyi)) troops rendezvous at Tianxiong's capital Wei Prefecture (魏州) with him and the Hedong and Tianxiong troops directly under his command, as well as Yiwu troops that Wang Chuzhi sent and tribal troops from Xi, Khitan, Shiwei, and Tuyuhun tribes under him. When he heard that Zhu Zhen had recently executed the general Xie Yanzhang (謝彥章) under false accusations by another general, He Gui, he was glad and prepared to immediately attack Later Liang. Zhou pointed out that despite Xie's death, the Later Liang army remained strong and that an engagement should be well-thought out before engaged. Li Cunxu did not listen to him and initiated the campaign.The Jin troops and the Later Liang troops, commanded by He Gui, met at Huliu Slope (胡柳陂, in modern Heze, Shandong), not far from the Later Liang capital Daliang. Zhou pointed out that the Later Liang army outnumbered Jin troops and was highly motivated due t the closeness to their capital. He advocated similar tactics that resulted in the Boxiang victory—refusing to engage Later Liang troops quickly, using cavalry raiders to wear them out and cut off their food supplies, and then engage them once they were tired. Li Cunxu refused, believing that this was the time to finally destroy the main Later Liang army once and for all, and he took his own troops and proceeded without agreement from either Zhou or Li Cunshen. Zhou was forced to follow Li Cunxu, but commented to his son, "I will not have a good place to die." Subsequently, in the initial engagement, Jin forces prevailed over that of He's subordinate Wang Yanzhang, but as Wang Yanzhang was withdrawing toward the west, Jin's support troops, which was to the west as well, thought that Wang was winning the battle and heading toward them to attack them, panicked and fled, colliding with Li Cunxu's and Zhou's troops. Zhou died in the ensuing confusion, along with his son, as did Li Cunxu's secretary, Wang Jian (王緘) the deputy military governor of Tianxiong. Jin forces later counterattacked and fought the battle to a draw, with both armies said to have casualties of two thirds of their troops.Li Cunxu, regretting that his refusal to listen to Zhou had caused Zhou's death, mourned him bitterly. He made Zhou's son Zhou Guangfu (周光輔) the prefect of Lan Prefecture (嵐州, in modern Lüliang, Shanxi). After Li Cunxu later established Later Tang as its Emperor Zhuangzong, he gave Zhou posthumous honors. Later, after Li Siyuan succeeded as Emperor Mingzong, he had Zhou, as well as Li Sizhao and Li Cunshen, worshipped at Emperor Zhuangzong's temple. Later, after Emperor Mingzong's son-in-law Shi Jingtang established Later Jin as its Emperor Gaozu, he further posthumously created Zhou the Prince of Yan.
Notes and references
History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 56.
New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 25.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270.
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described by source
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Cornus mas, commonly known as cornel (also the Cornelian cherry, European cornel or Cornelian cherry dogwood), is a species of shrub or small tree in the dogwood family Cornaceae native to Western Europe, Southern Europe, and Southwestern Asia.
Description
It is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–12 m tall, with dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The leaves are opposite, 4–10 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin. The flowers are small (5–10 mm in diameter), with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of 10–25 together in the late winter (between February and March in the UK), well before the leaves appear. The fruit is an oblong red drupe 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter, containing a single seed.
Uses
Fruit
The fruits are red berries. When ripe on the plant, they bear a resemblance to coffee berries, and ripen in mid- to late summer. The fruit is edible and widely popular in Iran, where it is believed to have various medicinal properties and provide health benefits. It is also used in Eastern Europe, the UK, and British Columbia, Canada, but the unripe fruit is astringent. When ripe, the fruit is dark ruby red or a bright yellow. It has an acidic flavor which is best described as a mixture of cranberry and sour cherry. It is mainly used for making jam. It is widely used in Azerbaijan to make pickles, added to rice or make beverages. In Armenia, Cornus berries are used to make vodka.The fruit of Cornus mas (together with the fruit of C. officinalis) has a history of use in traditional Chinese medicine in which it is known as shānzhūyú, 山茱萸 and used to retain the jing.
Flowers
The species is also grown as an ornamental plant for its late winter yellow flowers, which open earlier than those of Forsythia. While Cornus mas flowers are not as large and vibrant as those of the Forsythia, the entire plant can be used for a similar effect in the landscape.
Wood
The wood of C. mas is extremely dense and, unlike the wood of most other woody plant species, sinks in water. This density makes it valuable for crafting into tool handles, parts for machines, etc.Cornus mas was used from the seventh century BCE onward by Greek craftsmen to construct spears, javelins and bows, the craftsmen considering it far superior to any other wood. The wood's association with weaponry was so well known that the Greek name for it was used as a synonym for "spear" in poetry during the fourth and third centuries BCE.In Italy, the mazzarella, uncino or bastone, the stick carried by the butteri or mounted herdsmen of the Maremma region, is traditionally made of cornel-wood, there called crognolo or grugnale, dialect forms of Italian: corniolo.
Leaves
The leaves (and fruit) are used in traditional medicine in Central and Southwest Asia.
Name
Cornus mas, "male" cornel, was named so to distinguish it from the true dogberry, the "female" cornel, Cornus sanguinea, and so it appears in John Gerard's Herbal:
This is Cornus mas Theophrasti, or Theophrastus his male Cornell tree; for he ſetteth downe two ſortes of Cornell trees, the male and the female: he maketh the wood of the male to bee ſound as in this Cornell tree; which we both for this cauſe and for others alſo, haue made to be the male; the female is that which is commonly called Virga ſanguinea, or Dogs berrie tree, and Cornus ſylveſtris, or the wild Cornell tree, of which alſo we will intreate of in the next chap. following.
Garden history
The shrub was not native to the British Isles. William Turner had only heard of the plant in 1548, but by 1551 he had heard of one at Hampton Court Palace. Gerard said it was to be found in the gardens "of such as love rare and dainty plants".The appreciation of the early acid-yellow flowers is largely a 20th-century development.
Cultivars
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):
’Aurea’ (yellow leaves and flowers, red fruit)
'Golden Glory' (profuse yellow flowers, shiny red berries)
’Variegata’ (variegated leaves, glossy red fruit)
References
External links
Media related to Cornus mas at Wikimedia Commons
"Cornus mas". Plants for a Future.
|
taxon common name
|
{
"answer_start": [
1640
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"茱萸"
]
}
|
Cornus mas, commonly known as cornel (also the Cornelian cherry, European cornel or Cornelian cherry dogwood), is a species of shrub or small tree in the dogwood family Cornaceae native to Western Europe, Southern Europe, and Southwestern Asia.
Description
It is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–12 m tall, with dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The leaves are opposite, 4–10 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin. The flowers are small (5–10 mm in diameter), with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of 10–25 together in the late winter (between February and March in the UK), well before the leaves appear. The fruit is an oblong red drupe 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter, containing a single seed.
Uses
Fruit
The fruits are red berries. When ripe on the plant, they bear a resemblance to coffee berries, and ripen in mid- to late summer. The fruit is edible and widely popular in Iran, where it is believed to have various medicinal properties and provide health benefits. It is also used in Eastern Europe, the UK, and British Columbia, Canada, but the unripe fruit is astringent. When ripe, the fruit is dark ruby red or a bright yellow. It has an acidic flavor which is best described as a mixture of cranberry and sour cherry. It is mainly used for making jam. It is widely used in Azerbaijan to make pickles, added to rice or make beverages. In Armenia, Cornus berries are used to make vodka.The fruit of Cornus mas (together with the fruit of C. officinalis) has a history of use in traditional Chinese medicine in which it is known as shānzhūyú, 山茱萸 and used to retain the jing.
Flowers
The species is also grown as an ornamental plant for its late winter yellow flowers, which open earlier than those of Forsythia. While Cornus mas flowers are not as large and vibrant as those of the Forsythia, the entire plant can be used for a similar effect in the landscape.
Wood
The wood of C. mas is extremely dense and, unlike the wood of most other woody plant species, sinks in water. This density makes it valuable for crafting into tool handles, parts for machines, etc.Cornus mas was used from the seventh century BCE onward by Greek craftsmen to construct spears, javelins and bows, the craftsmen considering it far superior to any other wood. The wood's association with weaponry was so well known that the Greek name for it was used as a synonym for "spear" in poetry during the fourth and third centuries BCE.In Italy, the mazzarella, uncino or bastone, the stick carried by the butteri or mounted herdsmen of the Maremma region, is traditionally made of cornel-wood, there called crognolo or grugnale, dialect forms of Italian: corniolo.
Leaves
The leaves (and fruit) are used in traditional medicine in Central and Southwest Asia.
Name
Cornus mas, "male" cornel, was named so to distinguish it from the true dogberry, the "female" cornel, Cornus sanguinea, and so it appears in John Gerard's Herbal:
This is Cornus mas Theophrasti, or Theophrastus his male Cornell tree; for he ſetteth downe two ſortes of Cornell trees, the male and the female: he maketh the wood of the male to bee ſound as in this Cornell tree; which we both for this cauſe and for others alſo, haue made to be the male; the female is that which is commonly called Virga ſanguinea, or Dogs berrie tree, and Cornus ſylveſtris, or the wild Cornell tree, of which alſo we will intreate of in the next chap. following.
Garden history
The shrub was not native to the British Isles. William Turner had only heard of the plant in 1548, but by 1551 he had heard of one at Hampton Court Palace. Gerard said it was to be found in the gardens "of such as love rare and dainty plants".The appreciation of the early acid-yellow flowers is largely a 20th-century development.
Cultivars
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):
’Aurea’ (yellow leaves and flowers, red fruit)
'Golden Glory' (profuse yellow flowers, shiny red berries)
’Variegata’ (variegated leaves, glossy red fruit)
References
External links
Media related to Cornus mas at Wikimedia Commons
"Cornus mas". Plants for a Future.
|
has fruit type
|
{
"answer_start": [
715
],
"text": [
"drupe"
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}
|
Cornus mas, commonly known as cornel (also the Cornelian cherry, European cornel or Cornelian cherry dogwood), is a species of shrub or small tree in the dogwood family Cornaceae native to Western Europe, Southern Europe, and Southwestern Asia.
Description
It is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–12 m tall, with dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The leaves are opposite, 4–10 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin. The flowers are small (5–10 mm in diameter), with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of 10–25 together in the late winter (between February and March in the UK), well before the leaves appear. The fruit is an oblong red drupe 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter, containing a single seed.
Uses
Fruit
The fruits are red berries. When ripe on the plant, they bear a resemblance to coffee berries, and ripen in mid- to late summer. The fruit is edible and widely popular in Iran, where it is believed to have various medicinal properties and provide health benefits. It is also used in Eastern Europe, the UK, and British Columbia, Canada, but the unripe fruit is astringent. When ripe, the fruit is dark ruby red or a bright yellow. It has an acidic flavor which is best described as a mixture of cranberry and sour cherry. It is mainly used for making jam. It is widely used in Azerbaijan to make pickles, added to rice or make beverages. In Armenia, Cornus berries are used to make vodka.The fruit of Cornus mas (together with the fruit of C. officinalis) has a history of use in traditional Chinese medicine in which it is known as shānzhūyú, 山茱萸 and used to retain the jing.
Flowers
The species is also grown as an ornamental plant for its late winter yellow flowers, which open earlier than those of Forsythia. While Cornus mas flowers are not as large and vibrant as those of the Forsythia, the entire plant can be used for a similar effect in the landscape.
Wood
The wood of C. mas is extremely dense and, unlike the wood of most other woody plant species, sinks in water. This density makes it valuable for crafting into tool handles, parts for machines, etc.Cornus mas was used from the seventh century BCE onward by Greek craftsmen to construct spears, javelins and bows, the craftsmen considering it far superior to any other wood. The wood's association with weaponry was so well known that the Greek name for it was used as a synonym for "spear" in poetry during the fourth and third centuries BCE.In Italy, the mazzarella, uncino or bastone, the stick carried by the butteri or mounted herdsmen of the Maremma region, is traditionally made of cornel-wood, there called crognolo or grugnale, dialect forms of Italian: corniolo.
Leaves
The leaves (and fruit) are used in traditional medicine in Central and Southwest Asia.
Name
Cornus mas, "male" cornel, was named so to distinguish it from the true dogberry, the "female" cornel, Cornus sanguinea, and so it appears in John Gerard's Herbal:
This is Cornus mas Theophrasti, or Theophrastus his male Cornell tree; for he ſetteth downe two ſortes of Cornell trees, the male and the female: he maketh the wood of the male to bee ſound as in this Cornell tree; which we both for this cauſe and for others alſo, haue made to be the male; the female is that which is commonly called Virga ſanguinea, or Dogs berrie tree, and Cornus ſylveſtris, or the wild Cornell tree, of which alſo we will intreate of in the next chap. following.
Garden history
The shrub was not native to the British Isles. William Turner had only heard of the plant in 1548, but by 1551 he had heard of one at Hampton Court Palace. Gerard said it was to be found in the gardens "of such as love rare and dainty plants".The appreciation of the early acid-yellow flowers is largely a 20th-century development.
Cultivars
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):
’Aurea’ (yellow leaves and flowers, red fruit)
'Golden Glory' (profuse yellow flowers, shiny red berries)
’Variegata’ (variegated leaves, glossy red fruit)
References
External links
Media related to Cornus mas at Wikimedia Commons
"Cornus mas". Plants for a Future.
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
116
],
"text": [
"species"
]
}
|
Cornus mas, commonly known as cornel (also the Cornelian cherry, European cornel or Cornelian cherry dogwood), is a species of shrub or small tree in the dogwood family Cornaceae native to Western Europe, Southern Europe, and Southwestern Asia.
Description
It is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–12 m tall, with dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The leaves are opposite, 4–10 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin. The flowers are small (5–10 mm in diameter), with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of 10–25 together in the late winter (between February and March in the UK), well before the leaves appear. The fruit is an oblong red drupe 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter, containing a single seed.
Uses
Fruit
The fruits are red berries. When ripe on the plant, they bear a resemblance to coffee berries, and ripen in mid- to late summer. The fruit is edible and widely popular in Iran, where it is believed to have various medicinal properties and provide health benefits. It is also used in Eastern Europe, the UK, and British Columbia, Canada, but the unripe fruit is astringent. When ripe, the fruit is dark ruby red or a bright yellow. It has an acidic flavor which is best described as a mixture of cranberry and sour cherry. It is mainly used for making jam. It is widely used in Azerbaijan to make pickles, added to rice or make beverages. In Armenia, Cornus berries are used to make vodka.The fruit of Cornus mas (together with the fruit of C. officinalis) has a history of use in traditional Chinese medicine in which it is known as shānzhūyú, 山茱萸 and used to retain the jing.
Flowers
The species is also grown as an ornamental plant for its late winter yellow flowers, which open earlier than those of Forsythia. While Cornus mas flowers are not as large and vibrant as those of the Forsythia, the entire plant can be used for a similar effect in the landscape.
Wood
The wood of C. mas is extremely dense and, unlike the wood of most other woody plant species, sinks in water. This density makes it valuable for crafting into tool handles, parts for machines, etc.Cornus mas was used from the seventh century BCE onward by Greek craftsmen to construct spears, javelins and bows, the craftsmen considering it far superior to any other wood. The wood's association with weaponry was so well known that the Greek name for it was used as a synonym for "spear" in poetry during the fourth and third centuries BCE.In Italy, the mazzarella, uncino or bastone, the stick carried by the butteri or mounted herdsmen of the Maremma region, is traditionally made of cornel-wood, there called crognolo or grugnale, dialect forms of Italian: corniolo.
Leaves
The leaves (and fruit) are used in traditional medicine in Central and Southwest Asia.
Name
Cornus mas, "male" cornel, was named so to distinguish it from the true dogberry, the "female" cornel, Cornus sanguinea, and so it appears in John Gerard's Herbal:
This is Cornus mas Theophrasti, or Theophrastus his male Cornell tree; for he ſetteth downe two ſortes of Cornell trees, the male and the female: he maketh the wood of the male to bee ſound as in this Cornell tree; which we both for this cauſe and for others alſo, haue made to be the male; the female is that which is commonly called Virga ſanguinea, or Dogs berrie tree, and Cornus ſylveſtris, or the wild Cornell tree, of which alſo we will intreate of in the next chap. following.
Garden history
The shrub was not native to the British Isles. William Turner had only heard of the plant in 1548, but by 1551 he had heard of one at Hampton Court Palace. Gerard said it was to be found in the gardens "of such as love rare and dainty plants".The appreciation of the early acid-yellow flowers is largely a 20th-century development.
Cultivars
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):
’Aurea’ (yellow leaves and flowers, red fruit)
'Golden Glory' (profuse yellow flowers, shiny red berries)
’Variegata’ (variegated leaves, glossy red fruit)
References
External links
Media related to Cornus mas at Wikimedia Commons
"Cornus mas". Plants for a Future.
|
parent taxon
|
{
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Cornus mas, commonly known as cornel (also the Cornelian cherry, European cornel or Cornelian cherry dogwood), is a species of shrub or small tree in the dogwood family Cornaceae native to Western Europe, Southern Europe, and Southwestern Asia.
Description
It is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–12 m tall, with dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The leaves are opposite, 4–10 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin. The flowers are small (5–10 mm in diameter), with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of 10–25 together in the late winter (between February and March in the UK), well before the leaves appear. The fruit is an oblong red drupe 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter, containing a single seed.
Uses
Fruit
The fruits are red berries. When ripe on the plant, they bear a resemblance to coffee berries, and ripen in mid- to late summer. The fruit is edible and widely popular in Iran, where it is believed to have various medicinal properties and provide health benefits. It is also used in Eastern Europe, the UK, and British Columbia, Canada, but the unripe fruit is astringent. When ripe, the fruit is dark ruby red or a bright yellow. It has an acidic flavor which is best described as a mixture of cranberry and sour cherry. It is mainly used for making jam. It is widely used in Azerbaijan to make pickles, added to rice or make beverages. In Armenia, Cornus berries are used to make vodka.The fruit of Cornus mas (together with the fruit of C. officinalis) has a history of use in traditional Chinese medicine in which it is known as shānzhūyú, 山茱萸 and used to retain the jing.
Flowers
The species is also grown as an ornamental plant for its late winter yellow flowers, which open earlier than those of Forsythia. While Cornus mas flowers are not as large and vibrant as those of the Forsythia, the entire plant can be used for a similar effect in the landscape.
Wood
The wood of C. mas is extremely dense and, unlike the wood of most other woody plant species, sinks in water. This density makes it valuable for crafting into tool handles, parts for machines, etc.Cornus mas was used from the seventh century BCE onward by Greek craftsmen to construct spears, javelins and bows, the craftsmen considering it far superior to any other wood. The wood's association with weaponry was so well known that the Greek name for it was used as a synonym for "spear" in poetry during the fourth and third centuries BCE.In Italy, the mazzarella, uncino or bastone, the stick carried by the butteri or mounted herdsmen of the Maremma region, is traditionally made of cornel-wood, there called crognolo or grugnale, dialect forms of Italian: corniolo.
Leaves
The leaves (and fruit) are used in traditional medicine in Central and Southwest Asia.
Name
Cornus mas, "male" cornel, was named so to distinguish it from the true dogberry, the "female" cornel, Cornus sanguinea, and so it appears in John Gerard's Herbal:
This is Cornus mas Theophrasti, or Theophrastus his male Cornell tree; for he ſetteth downe two ſortes of Cornell trees, the male and the female: he maketh the wood of the male to bee ſound as in this Cornell tree; which we both for this cauſe and for others alſo, haue made to be the male; the female is that which is commonly called Virga ſanguinea, or Dogs berrie tree, and Cornus ſylveſtris, or the wild Cornell tree, of which alſo we will intreate of in the next chap. following.
Garden history
The shrub was not native to the British Isles. William Turner had only heard of the plant in 1548, but by 1551 he had heard of one at Hampton Court Palace. Gerard said it was to be found in the gardens "of such as love rare and dainty plants".The appreciation of the early acid-yellow flowers is largely a 20th-century development.
Cultivars
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):
’Aurea’ (yellow leaves and flowers, red fruit)
'Golden Glory' (profuse yellow flowers, shiny red berries)
’Variegata’ (variegated leaves, glossy red fruit)
References
External links
Media related to Cornus mas at Wikimedia Commons
"Cornus mas". Plants for a Future.
|
country
|
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Cornus mas, commonly known as cornel (also the Cornelian cherry, European cornel or Cornelian cherry dogwood), is a species of shrub or small tree in the dogwood family Cornaceae native to Western Europe, Southern Europe, and Southwestern Asia.
Description
It is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–12 m tall, with dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The leaves are opposite, 4–10 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin. The flowers are small (5–10 mm in diameter), with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of 10–25 together in the late winter (between February and March in the UK), well before the leaves appear. The fruit is an oblong red drupe 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter, containing a single seed.
Uses
Fruit
The fruits are red berries. When ripe on the plant, they bear a resemblance to coffee berries, and ripen in mid- to late summer. The fruit is edible and widely popular in Iran, where it is believed to have various medicinal properties and provide health benefits. It is also used in Eastern Europe, the UK, and British Columbia, Canada, but the unripe fruit is astringent. When ripe, the fruit is dark ruby red or a bright yellow. It has an acidic flavor which is best described as a mixture of cranberry and sour cherry. It is mainly used for making jam. It is widely used in Azerbaijan to make pickles, added to rice or make beverages. In Armenia, Cornus berries are used to make vodka.The fruit of Cornus mas (together with the fruit of C. officinalis) has a history of use in traditional Chinese medicine in which it is known as shānzhūyú, 山茱萸 and used to retain the jing.
Flowers
The species is also grown as an ornamental plant for its late winter yellow flowers, which open earlier than those of Forsythia. While Cornus mas flowers are not as large and vibrant as those of the Forsythia, the entire plant can be used for a similar effect in the landscape.
Wood
The wood of C. mas is extremely dense and, unlike the wood of most other woody plant species, sinks in water. This density makes it valuable for crafting into tool handles, parts for machines, etc.Cornus mas was used from the seventh century BCE onward by Greek craftsmen to construct spears, javelins and bows, the craftsmen considering it far superior to any other wood. The wood's association with weaponry was so well known that the Greek name for it was used as a synonym for "spear" in poetry during the fourth and third centuries BCE.In Italy, the mazzarella, uncino or bastone, the stick carried by the butteri or mounted herdsmen of the Maremma region, is traditionally made of cornel-wood, there called crognolo or grugnale, dialect forms of Italian: corniolo.
Leaves
The leaves (and fruit) are used in traditional medicine in Central and Southwest Asia.
Name
Cornus mas, "male" cornel, was named so to distinguish it from the true dogberry, the "female" cornel, Cornus sanguinea, and so it appears in John Gerard's Herbal:
This is Cornus mas Theophrasti, or Theophrastus his male Cornell tree; for he ſetteth downe two ſortes of Cornell trees, the male and the female: he maketh the wood of the male to bee ſound as in this Cornell tree; which we both for this cauſe and for others alſo, haue made to be the male; the female is that which is commonly called Virga ſanguinea, or Dogs berrie tree, and Cornus ſylveſtris, or the wild Cornell tree, of which alſo we will intreate of in the next chap. following.
Garden history
The shrub was not native to the British Isles. William Turner had only heard of the plant in 1548, but by 1551 he had heard of one at Hampton Court Palace. Gerard said it was to be found in the gardens "of such as love rare and dainty plants".The appreciation of the early acid-yellow flowers is largely a 20th-century development.
Cultivars
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):
’Aurea’ (yellow leaves and flowers, red fruit)
'Golden Glory' (profuse yellow flowers, shiny red berries)
’Variegata’ (variegated leaves, glossy red fruit)
References
External links
Media related to Cornus mas at Wikimedia Commons
"Cornus mas". Plants for a Future.
|
Commons category
|
{
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Cornus mas, commonly known as cornel (also the Cornelian cherry, European cornel or Cornelian cherry dogwood), is a species of shrub or small tree in the dogwood family Cornaceae native to Western Europe, Southern Europe, and Southwestern Asia.
Description
It is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–12 m tall, with dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The leaves are opposite, 4–10 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin. The flowers are small (5–10 mm in diameter), with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of 10–25 together in the late winter (between February and March in the UK), well before the leaves appear. The fruit is an oblong red drupe 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter, containing a single seed.
Uses
Fruit
The fruits are red berries. When ripe on the plant, they bear a resemblance to coffee berries, and ripen in mid- to late summer. The fruit is edible and widely popular in Iran, where it is believed to have various medicinal properties and provide health benefits. It is also used in Eastern Europe, the UK, and British Columbia, Canada, but the unripe fruit is astringent. When ripe, the fruit is dark ruby red or a bright yellow. It has an acidic flavor which is best described as a mixture of cranberry and sour cherry. It is mainly used for making jam. It is widely used in Azerbaijan to make pickles, added to rice or make beverages. In Armenia, Cornus berries are used to make vodka.The fruit of Cornus mas (together with the fruit of C. officinalis) has a history of use in traditional Chinese medicine in which it is known as shānzhūyú, 山茱萸 and used to retain the jing.
Flowers
The species is also grown as an ornamental plant for its late winter yellow flowers, which open earlier than those of Forsythia. While Cornus mas flowers are not as large and vibrant as those of the Forsythia, the entire plant can be used for a similar effect in the landscape.
Wood
The wood of C. mas is extremely dense and, unlike the wood of most other woody plant species, sinks in water. This density makes it valuable for crafting into tool handles, parts for machines, etc.Cornus mas was used from the seventh century BCE onward by Greek craftsmen to construct spears, javelins and bows, the craftsmen considering it far superior to any other wood. The wood's association with weaponry was so well known that the Greek name for it was used as a synonym for "spear" in poetry during the fourth and third centuries BCE.In Italy, the mazzarella, uncino or bastone, the stick carried by the butteri or mounted herdsmen of the Maremma region, is traditionally made of cornel-wood, there called crognolo or grugnale, dialect forms of Italian: corniolo.
Leaves
The leaves (and fruit) are used in traditional medicine in Central and Southwest Asia.
Name
Cornus mas, "male" cornel, was named so to distinguish it from the true dogberry, the "female" cornel, Cornus sanguinea, and so it appears in John Gerard's Herbal:
This is Cornus mas Theophrasti, or Theophrastus his male Cornell tree; for he ſetteth downe two ſortes of Cornell trees, the male and the female: he maketh the wood of the male to bee ſound as in this Cornell tree; which we both for this cauſe and for others alſo, haue made to be the male; the female is that which is commonly called Virga ſanguinea, or Dogs berrie tree, and Cornus ſylveſtris, or the wild Cornell tree, of which alſo we will intreate of in the next chap. following.
Garden history
The shrub was not native to the British Isles. William Turner had only heard of the plant in 1548, but by 1551 he had heard of one at Hampton Court Palace. Gerard said it was to be found in the gardens "of such as love rare and dainty plants".The appreciation of the early acid-yellow flowers is largely a 20th-century development.
Cultivars
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):
’Aurea’ (yellow leaves and flowers, red fruit)
'Golden Glory' (profuse yellow flowers, shiny red berries)
’Variegata’ (variegated leaves, glossy red fruit)
References
External links
Media related to Cornus mas at Wikimedia Commons
"Cornus mas". Plants for a Future.
|
height
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Cornus mas, commonly known as cornel (also the Cornelian cherry, European cornel or Cornelian cherry dogwood), is a species of shrub or small tree in the dogwood family Cornaceae native to Western Europe, Southern Europe, and Southwestern Asia.
Description
It is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–12 m tall, with dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The leaves are opposite, 4–10 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin. The flowers are small (5–10 mm in diameter), with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of 10–25 together in the late winter (between February and March in the UK), well before the leaves appear. The fruit is an oblong red drupe 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter, containing a single seed.
Uses
Fruit
The fruits are red berries. When ripe on the plant, they bear a resemblance to coffee berries, and ripen in mid- to late summer. The fruit is edible and widely popular in Iran, where it is believed to have various medicinal properties and provide health benefits. It is also used in Eastern Europe, the UK, and British Columbia, Canada, but the unripe fruit is astringent. When ripe, the fruit is dark ruby red or a bright yellow. It has an acidic flavor which is best described as a mixture of cranberry and sour cherry. It is mainly used for making jam. It is widely used in Azerbaijan to make pickles, added to rice or make beverages. In Armenia, Cornus berries are used to make vodka.The fruit of Cornus mas (together with the fruit of C. officinalis) has a history of use in traditional Chinese medicine in which it is known as shānzhūyú, 山茱萸 and used to retain the jing.
Flowers
The species is also grown as an ornamental plant for its late winter yellow flowers, which open earlier than those of Forsythia. While Cornus mas flowers are not as large and vibrant as those of the Forsythia, the entire plant can be used for a similar effect in the landscape.
Wood
The wood of C. mas is extremely dense and, unlike the wood of most other woody plant species, sinks in water. This density makes it valuable for crafting into tool handles, parts for machines, etc.Cornus mas was used from the seventh century BCE onward by Greek craftsmen to construct spears, javelins and bows, the craftsmen considering it far superior to any other wood. The wood's association with weaponry was so well known that the Greek name for it was used as a synonym for "spear" in poetry during the fourth and third centuries BCE.In Italy, the mazzarella, uncino or bastone, the stick carried by the butteri or mounted herdsmen of the Maremma region, is traditionally made of cornel-wood, there called crognolo or grugnale, dialect forms of Italian: corniolo.
Leaves
The leaves (and fruit) are used in traditional medicine in Central and Southwest Asia.
Name
Cornus mas, "male" cornel, was named so to distinguish it from the true dogberry, the "female" cornel, Cornus sanguinea, and so it appears in John Gerard's Herbal:
This is Cornus mas Theophrasti, or Theophrastus his male Cornell tree; for he ſetteth downe two ſortes of Cornell trees, the male and the female: he maketh the wood of the male to bee ſound as in this Cornell tree; which we both for this cauſe and for others alſo, haue made to be the male; the female is that which is commonly called Virga ſanguinea, or Dogs berrie tree, and Cornus ſylveſtris, or the wild Cornell tree, of which alſo we will intreate of in the next chap. following.
Garden history
The shrub was not native to the British Isles. William Turner had only heard of the plant in 1548, but by 1551 he had heard of one at Hampton Court Palace. Gerard said it was to be found in the gardens "of such as love rare and dainty plants".The appreciation of the early acid-yellow flowers is largely a 20th-century development.
Cultivars
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):
’Aurea’ (yellow leaves and flowers, red fruit)
'Golden Glory' (profuse yellow flowers, shiny red berries)
’Variegata’ (variegated leaves, glossy red fruit)
References
External links
Media related to Cornus mas at Wikimedia Commons
"Cornus mas". Plants for a Future.
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Cornus mas"
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Cornus mas, commonly known as cornel (also the Cornelian cherry, European cornel or Cornelian cherry dogwood), is a species of shrub or small tree in the dogwood family Cornaceae native to Western Europe, Southern Europe, and Southwestern Asia.
Description
It is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–12 m tall, with dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The leaves are opposite, 4–10 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin. The flowers are small (5–10 mm in diameter), with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of 10–25 together in the late winter (between February and March in the UK), well before the leaves appear. The fruit is an oblong red drupe 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter, containing a single seed.
Uses
Fruit
The fruits are red berries. When ripe on the plant, they bear a resemblance to coffee berries, and ripen in mid- to late summer. The fruit is edible and widely popular in Iran, where it is believed to have various medicinal properties and provide health benefits. It is also used in Eastern Europe, the UK, and British Columbia, Canada, but the unripe fruit is astringent. When ripe, the fruit is dark ruby red or a bright yellow. It has an acidic flavor which is best described as a mixture of cranberry and sour cherry. It is mainly used for making jam. It is widely used in Azerbaijan to make pickles, added to rice or make beverages. In Armenia, Cornus berries are used to make vodka.The fruit of Cornus mas (together with the fruit of C. officinalis) has a history of use in traditional Chinese medicine in which it is known as shānzhūyú, 山茱萸 and used to retain the jing.
Flowers
The species is also grown as an ornamental plant for its late winter yellow flowers, which open earlier than those of Forsythia. While Cornus mas flowers are not as large and vibrant as those of the Forsythia, the entire plant can be used for a similar effect in the landscape.
Wood
The wood of C. mas is extremely dense and, unlike the wood of most other woody plant species, sinks in water. This density makes it valuable for crafting into tool handles, parts for machines, etc.Cornus mas was used from the seventh century BCE onward by Greek craftsmen to construct spears, javelins and bows, the craftsmen considering it far superior to any other wood. The wood's association with weaponry was so well known that the Greek name for it was used as a synonym for "spear" in poetry during the fourth and third centuries BCE.In Italy, the mazzarella, uncino or bastone, the stick carried by the butteri or mounted herdsmen of the Maremma region, is traditionally made of cornel-wood, there called crognolo or grugnale, dialect forms of Italian: corniolo.
Leaves
The leaves (and fruit) are used in traditional medicine in Central and Southwest Asia.
Name
Cornus mas, "male" cornel, was named so to distinguish it from the true dogberry, the "female" cornel, Cornus sanguinea, and so it appears in John Gerard's Herbal:
This is Cornus mas Theophrasti, or Theophrastus his male Cornell tree; for he ſetteth downe two ſortes of Cornell trees, the male and the female: he maketh the wood of the male to bee ſound as in this Cornell tree; which we both for this cauſe and for others alſo, haue made to be the male; the female is that which is commonly called Virga ſanguinea, or Dogs berrie tree, and Cornus ſylveſtris, or the wild Cornell tree, of which alſo we will intreate of in the next chap. following.
Garden history
The shrub was not native to the British Isles. William Turner had only heard of the plant in 1548, but by 1551 he had heard of one at Hampton Court Palace. Gerard said it was to be found in the gardens "of such as love rare and dainty plants".The appreciation of the early acid-yellow flowers is largely a 20th-century development.
Cultivars
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):
’Aurea’ (yellow leaves and flowers, red fruit)
'Golden Glory' (profuse yellow flowers, shiny red berries)
’Variegata’ (variegated leaves, glossy red fruit)
References
External links
Media related to Cornus mas at Wikimedia Commons
"Cornus mas". Plants for a Future.
|
Commons gallery
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Cornus mas"
]
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|
Cornus mas, commonly known as cornel (also the Cornelian cherry, European cornel or Cornelian cherry dogwood), is a species of shrub or small tree in the dogwood family Cornaceae native to Western Europe, Southern Europe, and Southwestern Asia.
Description
It is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5–12 m tall, with dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The leaves are opposite, 4–10 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin. The flowers are small (5–10 mm in diameter), with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of 10–25 together in the late winter (between February and March in the UK), well before the leaves appear. The fruit is an oblong red drupe 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter, containing a single seed.
Uses
Fruit
The fruits are red berries. When ripe on the plant, they bear a resemblance to coffee berries, and ripen in mid- to late summer. The fruit is edible and widely popular in Iran, where it is believed to have various medicinal properties and provide health benefits. It is also used in Eastern Europe, the UK, and British Columbia, Canada, but the unripe fruit is astringent. When ripe, the fruit is dark ruby red or a bright yellow. It has an acidic flavor which is best described as a mixture of cranberry and sour cherry. It is mainly used for making jam. It is widely used in Azerbaijan to make pickles, added to rice or make beverages. In Armenia, Cornus berries are used to make vodka.The fruit of Cornus mas (together with the fruit of C. officinalis) has a history of use in traditional Chinese medicine in which it is known as shānzhūyú, 山茱萸 and used to retain the jing.
Flowers
The species is also grown as an ornamental plant for its late winter yellow flowers, which open earlier than those of Forsythia. While Cornus mas flowers are not as large and vibrant as those of the Forsythia, the entire plant can be used for a similar effect in the landscape.
Wood
The wood of C. mas is extremely dense and, unlike the wood of most other woody plant species, sinks in water. This density makes it valuable for crafting into tool handles, parts for machines, etc.Cornus mas was used from the seventh century BCE onward by Greek craftsmen to construct spears, javelins and bows, the craftsmen considering it far superior to any other wood. The wood's association with weaponry was so well known that the Greek name for it was used as a synonym for "spear" in poetry during the fourth and third centuries BCE.In Italy, the mazzarella, uncino or bastone, the stick carried by the butteri or mounted herdsmen of the Maremma region, is traditionally made of cornel-wood, there called crognolo or grugnale, dialect forms of Italian: corniolo.
Leaves
The leaves (and fruit) are used in traditional medicine in Central and Southwest Asia.
Name
Cornus mas, "male" cornel, was named so to distinguish it from the true dogberry, the "female" cornel, Cornus sanguinea, and so it appears in John Gerard's Herbal:
This is Cornus mas Theophrasti, or Theophrastus his male Cornell tree; for he ſetteth downe two ſortes of Cornell trees, the male and the female: he maketh the wood of the male to bee ſound as in this Cornell tree; which we both for this cauſe and for others alſo, haue made to be the male; the female is that which is commonly called Virga ſanguinea, or Dogs berrie tree, and Cornus ſylveſtris, or the wild Cornell tree, of which alſo we will intreate of in the next chap. following.
Garden history
The shrub was not native to the British Isles. William Turner had only heard of the plant in 1548, but by 1551 he had heard of one at Hampton Court Palace. Gerard said it was to be found in the gardens "of such as love rare and dainty plants".The appreciation of the early acid-yellow flowers is largely a 20th-century development.
Cultivars
The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):
’Aurea’ (yellow leaves and flowers, red fruit)
'Golden Glory' (profuse yellow flowers, shiny red berries)
’Variegata’ (variegated leaves, glossy red fruit)
References
External links
Media related to Cornus mas at Wikimedia Commons
"Cornus mas". Plants for a Future.
|
short name
|
{
"answer_start": [
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"text": [
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}
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Kathrin Bertschy, (born 2 July 1979) is a Swiss economist and politician. Bertschy currently serves in the National Council as a member of the Green Liberal Party.
Early life
Prior to politics, Bertschy worked as an economist. She received her master's degree in economics in 2007 and a Certificate in Science journalism in 2015. Between 2003 and 2014 Bertschy worked on a variety of research and consulting projects, including looking at wage discrimination faced by women entering the professional workplace. The report was part of the larger PNR 60 "Equality between Men and Women" project. Since 2012, she has been the director of the consulting firm Bertschy & Stocker,.Bertschy lives in Bern with her family and a daughter.
Political career
Bertschy served on the city council of Bern from January 2009 to December 2011. One of the key issues she worked on in the city council was childcare vouchers.Today Bern gives vouchers to cover childcare costs for families. At the same time, Bertschy served several leadership roles within the Green Liberals. Bertschy served as leader of the party in the City of Bern from June 2008 to November 2009, a member of the administrative council for the party at the Canton Level since 2008 and as vice-president of the national party since 2016.Bertschy was elected a member of the National Council for the Canton of Bern in the 2011 Swiss federal election and was re-elected in the 2015 Swiss federal election. In the National Council, she has served as a member of the Economy and Royalties Committee since 2011, and since 2015 as a member of the Judiciary Committee and Social Security and Public Health Committees. Bertschy has focused on environmental reforms, agricultural subsidies as well as pushing for more transparency by elected officials.In December 2013, Bertschy proposed a bill that would amend the federal constitution called "Civil Marriage for All". In August 2019 she proposed another motion for fourteen weeks of parental leave for each parent in order to assure equality in professional life.In 2014 Bertschy was unanimously elected the co-president of the Alliance of Swiss Feminist Organizations (Alliance F), serving alongside National Councilor Maya Graf.In 2016 Bertschy was one of the founders of the Green Liberal-affiliated thinktank glp lab, where she serves as the chair.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"politician"
]
}
|
Kathrin Bertschy, (born 2 July 1979) is a Swiss economist and politician. Bertschy currently serves in the National Council as a member of the Green Liberal Party.
Early life
Prior to politics, Bertschy worked as an economist. She received her master's degree in economics in 2007 and a Certificate in Science journalism in 2015. Between 2003 and 2014 Bertschy worked on a variety of research and consulting projects, including looking at wage discrimination faced by women entering the professional workplace. The report was part of the larger PNR 60 "Equality between Men and Women" project. Since 2012, she has been the director of the consulting firm Bertschy & Stocker,.Bertschy lives in Bern with her family and a daughter.
Political career
Bertschy served on the city council of Bern from January 2009 to December 2011. One of the key issues she worked on in the city council was childcare vouchers.Today Bern gives vouchers to cover childcare costs for families. At the same time, Bertschy served several leadership roles within the Green Liberals. Bertschy served as leader of the party in the City of Bern from June 2008 to November 2009, a member of the administrative council for the party at the Canton Level since 2008 and as vice-president of the national party since 2016.Bertschy was elected a member of the National Council for the Canton of Bern in the 2011 Swiss federal election and was re-elected in the 2015 Swiss federal election. In the National Council, she has served as a member of the Economy and Royalties Committee since 2011, and since 2015 as a member of the Judiciary Committee and Social Security and Public Health Committees. Bertschy has focused on environmental reforms, agricultural subsidies as well as pushing for more transparency by elected officials.In December 2013, Bertschy proposed a bill that would amend the federal constitution called "Civil Marriage for All". In August 2019 she proposed another motion for fourteen weeks of parental leave for each parent in order to assure equality in professional life.In 2014 Bertschy was unanimously elected the co-president of the Alliance of Swiss Feminist Organizations (Alliance F), serving alongside National Councilor Maya Graf.In 2016 Bertschy was one of the founders of the Green Liberal-affiliated thinktank glp lab, where she serves as the chair.
== References ==
|
Commons category
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Kathrin Bertschy"
]
}
|
Kathrin Bertschy, (born 2 July 1979) is a Swiss economist and politician. Bertschy currently serves in the National Council as a member of the Green Liberal Party.
Early life
Prior to politics, Bertschy worked as an economist. She received her master's degree in economics in 2007 and a Certificate in Science journalism in 2015. Between 2003 and 2014 Bertschy worked on a variety of research and consulting projects, including looking at wage discrimination faced by women entering the professional workplace. The report was part of the larger PNR 60 "Equality between Men and Women" project. Since 2012, she has been the director of the consulting firm Bertschy & Stocker,.Bertschy lives in Bern with her family and a daughter.
Political career
Bertschy served on the city council of Bern from January 2009 to December 2011. One of the key issues she worked on in the city council was childcare vouchers.Today Bern gives vouchers to cover childcare costs for families. At the same time, Bertschy served several leadership roles within the Green Liberals. Bertschy served as leader of the party in the City of Bern from June 2008 to November 2009, a member of the administrative council for the party at the Canton Level since 2008 and as vice-president of the national party since 2016.Bertschy was elected a member of the National Council for the Canton of Bern in the 2011 Swiss federal election and was re-elected in the 2015 Swiss federal election. In the National Council, she has served as a member of the Economy and Royalties Committee since 2011, and since 2015 as a member of the Judiciary Committee and Social Security and Public Health Committees. Bertschy has focused on environmental reforms, agricultural subsidies as well as pushing for more transparency by elected officials.In December 2013, Bertschy proposed a bill that would amend the federal constitution called "Civil Marriage for All". In August 2019 she proposed another motion for fourteen weeks of parental leave for each parent in order to assure equality in professional life.In 2014 Bertschy was unanimously elected the co-president of the Alliance of Swiss Feminist Organizations (Alliance F), serving alongside National Councilor Maya Graf.In 2016 Bertschy was one of the founders of the Green Liberal-affiliated thinktank glp lab, where she serves as the chair.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"Bertschy"
]
}
|
Kathrin Bertschy, (born 2 July 1979) is a Swiss economist and politician. Bertschy currently serves in the National Council as a member of the Green Liberal Party.
Early life
Prior to politics, Bertschy worked as an economist. She received her master's degree in economics in 2007 and a Certificate in Science journalism in 2015. Between 2003 and 2014 Bertschy worked on a variety of research and consulting projects, including looking at wage discrimination faced by women entering the professional workplace. The report was part of the larger PNR 60 "Equality between Men and Women" project. Since 2012, she has been the director of the consulting firm Bertschy & Stocker,.Bertschy lives in Bern with her family and a daughter.
Political career
Bertschy served on the city council of Bern from January 2009 to December 2011. One of the key issues she worked on in the city council was childcare vouchers.Today Bern gives vouchers to cover childcare costs for families. At the same time, Bertschy served several leadership roles within the Green Liberals. Bertschy served as leader of the party in the City of Bern from June 2008 to November 2009, a member of the administrative council for the party at the Canton Level since 2008 and as vice-president of the national party since 2016.Bertschy was elected a member of the National Council for the Canton of Bern in the 2011 Swiss federal election and was re-elected in the 2015 Swiss federal election. In the National Council, she has served as a member of the Economy and Royalties Committee since 2011, and since 2015 as a member of the Judiciary Committee and Social Security and Public Health Committees. Bertschy has focused on environmental reforms, agricultural subsidies as well as pushing for more transparency by elected officials.In December 2013, Bertschy proposed a bill that would amend the federal constitution called "Civil Marriage for All". In August 2019 she proposed another motion for fourteen weeks of parental leave for each parent in order to assure equality in professional life.In 2014 Bertschy was unanimously elected the co-president of the Alliance of Swiss Feminist Organizations (Alliance F), serving alongside National Councilor Maya Graf.In 2016 Bertschy was one of the founders of the Green Liberal-affiliated thinktank glp lab, where she serves as the chair.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Kathrin"
]
}
|
Kathrin Bertschy, (born 2 July 1979) is a Swiss economist and politician. Bertschy currently serves in the National Council as a member of the Green Liberal Party.
Early life
Prior to politics, Bertschy worked as an economist. She received her master's degree in economics in 2007 and a Certificate in Science journalism in 2015. Between 2003 and 2014 Bertschy worked on a variety of research and consulting projects, including looking at wage discrimination faced by women entering the professional workplace. The report was part of the larger PNR 60 "Equality between Men and Women" project. Since 2012, she has been the director of the consulting firm Bertschy & Stocker,.Bertschy lives in Bern with her family and a daughter.
Political career
Bertschy served on the city council of Bern from January 2009 to December 2011. One of the key issues she worked on in the city council was childcare vouchers.Today Bern gives vouchers to cover childcare costs for families. At the same time, Bertschy served several leadership roles within the Green Liberals. Bertschy served as leader of the party in the City of Bern from June 2008 to November 2009, a member of the administrative council for the party at the Canton Level since 2008 and as vice-president of the national party since 2016.Bertschy was elected a member of the National Council for the Canton of Bern in the 2011 Swiss federal election and was re-elected in the 2015 Swiss federal election. In the National Council, she has served as a member of the Economy and Royalties Committee since 2011, and since 2015 as a member of the Judiciary Committee and Social Security and Public Health Committees. Bertschy has focused on environmental reforms, agricultural subsidies as well as pushing for more transparency by elected officials.In December 2013, Bertschy proposed a bill that would amend the federal constitution called "Civil Marriage for All". In August 2019 she proposed another motion for fourteen weeks of parental leave for each parent in order to assure equality in professional life.In 2014 Bertschy was unanimously elected the co-president of the Alliance of Swiss Feminist Organizations (Alliance F), serving alongside National Councilor Maya Graf.In 2016 Bertschy was one of the founders of the Green Liberal-affiliated thinktank glp lab, where she serves as the chair.
== References ==
|
work location
|
{
"answer_start": [
694
],
"text": [
"Bern"
]
}
|
Kathrin Bertschy, (born 2 July 1979) is a Swiss economist and politician. Bertschy currently serves in the National Council as a member of the Green Liberal Party.
Early life
Prior to politics, Bertschy worked as an economist. She received her master's degree in economics in 2007 and a Certificate in Science journalism in 2015. Between 2003 and 2014 Bertschy worked on a variety of research and consulting projects, including looking at wage discrimination faced by women entering the professional workplace. The report was part of the larger PNR 60 "Equality between Men and Women" project. Since 2012, she has been the director of the consulting firm Bertschy & Stocker,.Bertschy lives in Bern with her family and a daughter.
Political career
Bertschy served on the city council of Bern from January 2009 to December 2011. One of the key issues she worked on in the city council was childcare vouchers.Today Bern gives vouchers to cover childcare costs for families. At the same time, Bertschy served several leadership roles within the Green Liberals. Bertschy served as leader of the party in the City of Bern from June 2008 to November 2009, a member of the administrative council for the party at the Canton Level since 2008 and as vice-president of the national party since 2016.Bertschy was elected a member of the National Council for the Canton of Bern in the 2011 Swiss federal election and was re-elected in the 2015 Swiss federal election. In the National Council, she has served as a member of the Economy and Royalties Committee since 2011, and since 2015 as a member of the Judiciary Committee and Social Security and Public Health Committees. Bertschy has focused on environmental reforms, agricultural subsidies as well as pushing for more transparency by elected officials.In December 2013, Bertschy proposed a bill that would amend the federal constitution called "Civil Marriage for All". In August 2019 she proposed another motion for fourteen weeks of parental leave for each parent in order to assure equality in professional life.In 2014 Bertschy was unanimously elected the co-president of the Alliance of Swiss Feminist Organizations (Alliance F), serving alongside National Councilor Maya Graf.In 2016 Bertschy was one of the founders of the Green Liberal-affiliated thinktank glp lab, where she serves as the chair.
== References ==
|
place of origin (Switzerland)
|
{
"answer_start": [
694
],
"text": [
"Bern"
]
}
|
Kathrin Bertschy, (born 2 July 1979) is a Swiss economist and politician. Bertschy currently serves in the National Council as a member of the Green Liberal Party.
Early life
Prior to politics, Bertschy worked as an economist. She received her master's degree in economics in 2007 and a Certificate in Science journalism in 2015. Between 2003 and 2014 Bertschy worked on a variety of research and consulting projects, including looking at wage discrimination faced by women entering the professional workplace. The report was part of the larger PNR 60 "Equality between Men and Women" project. Since 2012, she has been the director of the consulting firm Bertschy & Stocker,.Bertschy lives in Bern with her family and a daughter.
Political career
Bertschy served on the city council of Bern from January 2009 to December 2011. One of the key issues she worked on in the city council was childcare vouchers.Today Bern gives vouchers to cover childcare costs for families. At the same time, Bertschy served several leadership roles within the Green Liberals. Bertschy served as leader of the party in the City of Bern from June 2008 to November 2009, a member of the administrative council for the party at the Canton Level since 2008 and as vice-president of the national party since 2016.Bertschy was elected a member of the National Council for the Canton of Bern in the 2011 Swiss federal election and was re-elected in the 2015 Swiss federal election. In the National Council, she has served as a member of the Economy and Royalties Committee since 2011, and since 2015 as a member of the Judiciary Committee and Social Security and Public Health Committees. Bertschy has focused on environmental reforms, agricultural subsidies as well as pushing for more transparency by elected officials.In December 2013, Bertschy proposed a bill that would amend the federal constitution called "Civil Marriage for All". In August 2019 she proposed another motion for fourteen weeks of parental leave for each parent in order to assure equality in professional life.In 2014 Bertschy was unanimously elected the co-president of the Alliance of Swiss Feminist Organizations (Alliance F), serving alongside National Councilor Maya Graf.In 2016 Bertschy was one of the founders of the Green Liberal-affiliated thinktank glp lab, where she serves as the chair.
== References ==
|
name in native language
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Kathrin Bertschy"
]
}
|
The Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications (Irish: An Roinn Comhshaoil, Aeráide agus Cumarsáide) is a department of the Government of Ireland that is responsible for the telecommunications and broadcasting sectors and regulates, protects and develops the natural resources of Ireland. The head of the department is the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications.
Departmental team
The official headquarters and ministerial offices of the department are at Adelaide Road, Dublin. The departmental team consists of the following:
Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications: Eamon Ryan, TDMinister of State at the Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications, with special responsibility for Postal Policy and Eircodes: Jack Chambers, TD
Minister of State at the Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications, with special responsibility for Communications and the Circular economy: Ossian Smyth, TD
Secretary General of the Department: Mark Griffin
Structure
The Department of Environment, Climate and Communications is subdivided into the following divisions:
Climate – The Department has three major aims regarding climate change: To develop a competitive energy supply industry, to ensure security and reliability of energy supply, and to develop energy conservation and end-use efficiency.
Communications – The core policy objective of the Communications Sector is to contribute to sustained macro-economic growth and competitiveness and ensure that the Republic of Ireland is best placed to avail of the emerging opportunities provided by the information and knowledge society, by promoting investment in state-of-the-art infrastructures, by providing a supportive legislative and regulatory environment and by developing a leading edge research and development reputation in the information, communications and digital technologies.
Natural Resources – This division is subdivided into three sectors: the Exploration and Mining Division, Petroleum Affairs Division, and the Geological Survey of Ireland.
Affiliated bodies
Among the State Agencies and other bodies affiliated to the Department in some way are:
Commission for Energy Regulation
Commission for Communications Regulation
National Cyber Security Centre
Digital Hub Development Agency
National Digital Research Centre
Geological Survey of Ireland
Mining Board
Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland
National Oil Reserves Agency
Central and Regional Fisheries Boards
Loughs Agency of the Foyle, Carlingford and Irish Lights Commission (North/South body)Among the state-sponsored bodies of the Republic of Ireland under the aegis of the Minister are:
Electricity Supply Board
Bord na Móna
EirGrid
An Post
Irish National Petroleum Corporation
History
The Department of Fisheries was created in 1921 during the Ministry of Dáil Éireann. It was given a statutory basis by the Ministers and Secretaries Act 1924, soon after the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922. This act provided it with:
the administration and business generally of public services in connection with fisheries, including deep-sea fisheries, tidal waters fisheries, coastal fisheries, inland waters fisheries, and industries connected with or auxiliary to the same, and all powers duties and functions connected with the same, and shall include in particular the business powers, duties and functions of the branches and officers of the public services specified in the Seventh Part of the Schedule to this Act, and of which Department the head shall be, and shall be styled, an t-Aire Iascaigh or (in English) the Minister for Fisheries.
The Schedule assigned it with the duties of the following bodies:
Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland—Fisheries Branch.
Congested Districts Board for Ireland—Fisheries Branch, and Rural Industries Branch.
The Conservators of Fisheries.
Alteration of name and transfer of functions
The name and functions of the department have changed several times by statutory instruments.
References
External links
Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
1532
],
"text": [
"Republic of Ireland"
]
}
|
The Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications (Irish: An Roinn Comhshaoil, Aeráide agus Cumarsáide) is a department of the Government of Ireland that is responsible for the telecommunications and broadcasting sectors and regulates, protects and develops the natural resources of Ireland. The head of the department is the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications.
Departmental team
The official headquarters and ministerial offices of the department are at Adelaide Road, Dublin. The departmental team consists of the following:
Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications: Eamon Ryan, TDMinister of State at the Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications, with special responsibility for Postal Policy and Eircodes: Jack Chambers, TD
Minister of State at the Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications, with special responsibility for Communications and the Circular economy: Ossian Smyth, TD
Secretary General of the Department: Mark Griffin
Structure
The Department of Environment, Climate and Communications is subdivided into the following divisions:
Climate – The Department has three major aims regarding climate change: To develop a competitive energy supply industry, to ensure security and reliability of energy supply, and to develop energy conservation and end-use efficiency.
Communications – The core policy objective of the Communications Sector is to contribute to sustained macro-economic growth and competitiveness and ensure that the Republic of Ireland is best placed to avail of the emerging opportunities provided by the information and knowledge society, by promoting investment in state-of-the-art infrastructures, by providing a supportive legislative and regulatory environment and by developing a leading edge research and development reputation in the information, communications and digital technologies.
Natural Resources – This division is subdivided into three sectors: the Exploration and Mining Division, Petroleum Affairs Division, and the Geological Survey of Ireland.
Affiliated bodies
Among the State Agencies and other bodies affiliated to the Department in some way are:
Commission for Energy Regulation
Commission for Communications Regulation
National Cyber Security Centre
Digital Hub Development Agency
National Digital Research Centre
Geological Survey of Ireland
Mining Board
Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland
National Oil Reserves Agency
Central and Regional Fisheries Boards
Loughs Agency of the Foyle, Carlingford and Irish Lights Commission (North/South body)Among the state-sponsored bodies of the Republic of Ireland under the aegis of the Minister are:
Electricity Supply Board
Bord na Móna
EirGrid
An Post
Irish National Petroleum Corporation
History
The Department of Fisheries was created in 1921 during the Ministry of Dáil Éireann. It was given a statutory basis by the Ministers and Secretaries Act 1924, soon after the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922. This act provided it with:
the administration and business generally of public services in connection with fisheries, including deep-sea fisheries, tidal waters fisheries, coastal fisheries, inland waters fisheries, and industries connected with or auxiliary to the same, and all powers duties and functions connected with the same, and shall include in particular the business powers, duties and functions of the branches and officers of the public services specified in the Seventh Part of the Schedule to this Act, and of which Department the head shall be, and shall be styled, an t-Aire Iascaigh or (in English) the Minister for Fisheries.
The Schedule assigned it with the duties of the following bodies:
Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland—Fisheries Branch.
Congested Districts Board for Ireland—Fisheries Branch, and Rural Industries Branch.
The Conservators of Fisheries.
Alteration of name and transfer of functions
The name and functions of the department have changed several times by statutory instruments.
References
External links
Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications
|
official language
|
{
"answer_start": [
3623
],
"text": [
"English"
]
}
|
The Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications (Irish: An Roinn Comhshaoil, Aeráide agus Cumarsáide) is a department of the Government of Ireland that is responsible for the telecommunications and broadcasting sectors and regulates, protects and develops the natural resources of Ireland. The head of the department is the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications.
Departmental team
The official headquarters and ministerial offices of the department are at Adelaide Road, Dublin. The departmental team consists of the following:
Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications: Eamon Ryan, TDMinister of State at the Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications, with special responsibility for Postal Policy and Eircodes: Jack Chambers, TD
Minister of State at the Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications, with special responsibility for Communications and the Circular economy: Ossian Smyth, TD
Secretary General of the Department: Mark Griffin
Structure
The Department of Environment, Climate and Communications is subdivided into the following divisions:
Climate – The Department has three major aims regarding climate change: To develop a competitive energy supply industry, to ensure security and reliability of energy supply, and to develop energy conservation and end-use efficiency.
Communications – The core policy objective of the Communications Sector is to contribute to sustained macro-economic growth and competitiveness and ensure that the Republic of Ireland is best placed to avail of the emerging opportunities provided by the information and knowledge society, by promoting investment in state-of-the-art infrastructures, by providing a supportive legislative and regulatory environment and by developing a leading edge research and development reputation in the information, communications and digital technologies.
Natural Resources – This division is subdivided into three sectors: the Exploration and Mining Division, Petroleum Affairs Division, and the Geological Survey of Ireland.
Affiliated bodies
Among the State Agencies and other bodies affiliated to the Department in some way are:
Commission for Energy Regulation
Commission for Communications Regulation
National Cyber Security Centre
Digital Hub Development Agency
National Digital Research Centre
Geological Survey of Ireland
Mining Board
Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland
National Oil Reserves Agency
Central and Regional Fisheries Boards
Loughs Agency of the Foyle, Carlingford and Irish Lights Commission (North/South body)Among the state-sponsored bodies of the Republic of Ireland under the aegis of the Minister are:
Electricity Supply Board
Bord na Móna
EirGrid
An Post
Irish National Petroleum Corporation
History
The Department of Fisheries was created in 1921 during the Ministry of Dáil Éireann. It was given a statutory basis by the Ministers and Secretaries Act 1924, soon after the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922. This act provided it with:
the administration and business generally of public services in connection with fisheries, including deep-sea fisheries, tidal waters fisheries, coastal fisheries, inland waters fisheries, and industries connected with or auxiliary to the same, and all powers duties and functions connected with the same, and shall include in particular the business powers, duties and functions of the branches and officers of the public services specified in the Seventh Part of the Schedule to this Act, and of which Department the head shall be, and shall be styled, an t-Aire Iascaigh or (in English) the Minister for Fisheries.
The Schedule assigned it with the duties of the following bodies:
Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland—Fisheries Branch.
Congested Districts Board for Ireland—Fisheries Branch, and Rural Industries Branch.
The Conservators of Fisheries.
Alteration of name and transfer of functions
The name and functions of the department have changed several times by statutory instruments.
References
External links
Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications
|
headquarters location
|
{
"answer_start": [
505
],
"text": [
"Dublin"
]
}
|
The Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications (Irish: An Roinn Comhshaoil, Aeráide agus Cumarsáide) is a department of the Government of Ireland that is responsible for the telecommunications and broadcasting sectors and regulates, protects and develops the natural resources of Ireland. The head of the department is the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications.
Departmental team
The official headquarters and ministerial offices of the department are at Adelaide Road, Dublin. The departmental team consists of the following:
Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications: Eamon Ryan, TDMinister of State at the Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications, with special responsibility for Postal Policy and Eircodes: Jack Chambers, TD
Minister of State at the Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications, with special responsibility for Communications and the Circular economy: Ossian Smyth, TD
Secretary General of the Department: Mark Griffin
Structure
The Department of Environment, Climate and Communications is subdivided into the following divisions:
Climate – The Department has three major aims regarding climate change: To develop a competitive energy supply industry, to ensure security and reliability of energy supply, and to develop energy conservation and end-use efficiency.
Communications – The core policy objective of the Communications Sector is to contribute to sustained macro-economic growth and competitiveness and ensure that the Republic of Ireland is best placed to avail of the emerging opportunities provided by the information and knowledge society, by promoting investment in state-of-the-art infrastructures, by providing a supportive legislative and regulatory environment and by developing a leading edge research and development reputation in the information, communications and digital technologies.
Natural Resources – This division is subdivided into three sectors: the Exploration and Mining Division, Petroleum Affairs Division, and the Geological Survey of Ireland.
Affiliated bodies
Among the State Agencies and other bodies affiliated to the Department in some way are:
Commission for Energy Regulation
Commission for Communications Regulation
National Cyber Security Centre
Digital Hub Development Agency
National Digital Research Centre
Geological Survey of Ireland
Mining Board
Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland
National Oil Reserves Agency
Central and Regional Fisheries Boards
Loughs Agency of the Foyle, Carlingford and Irish Lights Commission (North/South body)Among the state-sponsored bodies of the Republic of Ireland under the aegis of the Minister are:
Electricity Supply Board
Bord na Móna
EirGrid
An Post
Irish National Petroleum Corporation
History
The Department of Fisheries was created in 1921 during the Ministry of Dáil Éireann. It was given a statutory basis by the Ministers and Secretaries Act 1924, soon after the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922. This act provided it with:
the administration and business generally of public services in connection with fisheries, including deep-sea fisheries, tidal waters fisheries, coastal fisheries, inland waters fisheries, and industries connected with or auxiliary to the same, and all powers duties and functions connected with the same, and shall include in particular the business powers, duties and functions of the branches and officers of the public services specified in the Seventh Part of the Schedule to this Act, and of which Department the head shall be, and shall be styled, an t-Aire Iascaigh or (in English) the Minister for Fisheries.
The Schedule assigned it with the duties of the following bodies:
Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland—Fisheries Branch.
Congested Districts Board for Ireland—Fisheries Branch, and Rural Industries Branch.
The Conservators of Fisheries.
Alteration of name and transfer of functions
The name and functions of the department have changed several times by statutory instruments.
References
External links
Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications
|
applies to jurisdiction
|
{
"answer_start": [
1532
],
"text": [
"Republic of Ireland"
]
}
|
The Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications (Irish: An Roinn Comhshaoil, Aeráide agus Cumarsáide) is a department of the Government of Ireland that is responsible for the telecommunications and broadcasting sectors and regulates, protects and develops the natural resources of Ireland. The head of the department is the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications.
Departmental team
The official headquarters and ministerial offices of the department are at Adelaide Road, Dublin. The departmental team consists of the following:
Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications: Eamon Ryan, TDMinister of State at the Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications, with special responsibility for Postal Policy and Eircodes: Jack Chambers, TD
Minister of State at the Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications, with special responsibility for Communications and the Circular economy: Ossian Smyth, TD
Secretary General of the Department: Mark Griffin
Structure
The Department of Environment, Climate and Communications is subdivided into the following divisions:
Climate – The Department has three major aims regarding climate change: To develop a competitive energy supply industry, to ensure security and reliability of energy supply, and to develop energy conservation and end-use efficiency.
Communications – The core policy objective of the Communications Sector is to contribute to sustained macro-economic growth and competitiveness and ensure that the Republic of Ireland is best placed to avail of the emerging opportunities provided by the information and knowledge society, by promoting investment in state-of-the-art infrastructures, by providing a supportive legislative and regulatory environment and by developing a leading edge research and development reputation in the information, communications and digital technologies.
Natural Resources – This division is subdivided into three sectors: the Exploration and Mining Division, Petroleum Affairs Division, and the Geological Survey of Ireland.
Affiliated bodies
Among the State Agencies and other bodies affiliated to the Department in some way are:
Commission for Energy Regulation
Commission for Communications Regulation
National Cyber Security Centre
Digital Hub Development Agency
National Digital Research Centre
Geological Survey of Ireland
Mining Board
Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland
National Oil Reserves Agency
Central and Regional Fisheries Boards
Loughs Agency of the Foyle, Carlingford and Irish Lights Commission (North/South body)Among the state-sponsored bodies of the Republic of Ireland under the aegis of the Minister are:
Electricity Supply Board
Bord na Móna
EirGrid
An Post
Irish National Petroleum Corporation
History
The Department of Fisheries was created in 1921 during the Ministry of Dáil Éireann. It was given a statutory basis by the Ministers and Secretaries Act 1924, soon after the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922. This act provided it with:
the administration and business generally of public services in connection with fisheries, including deep-sea fisheries, tidal waters fisheries, coastal fisheries, inland waters fisheries, and industries connected with or auxiliary to the same, and all powers duties and functions connected with the same, and shall include in particular the business powers, duties and functions of the branches and officers of the public services specified in the Seventh Part of the Schedule to this Act, and of which Department the head shall be, and shall be styled, an t-Aire Iascaigh or (in English) the Minister for Fisheries.
The Schedule assigned it with the duties of the following bodies:
Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland—Fisheries Branch.
Congested Districts Board for Ireland—Fisheries Branch, and Rural Industries Branch.
The Conservators of Fisheries.
Alteration of name and transfer of functions
The name and functions of the department have changed several times by statutory instruments.
References
External links
Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications
|
director / manager
|
{
"answer_start": [
621
],
"text": [
"Eamon Ryan"
]
}
|
The Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications (Irish: An Roinn Comhshaoil, Aeráide agus Cumarsáide) is a department of the Government of Ireland that is responsible for the telecommunications and broadcasting sectors and regulates, protects and develops the natural resources of Ireland. The head of the department is the Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications.
Departmental team
The official headquarters and ministerial offices of the department are at Adelaide Road, Dublin. The departmental team consists of the following:
Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications: Eamon Ryan, TDMinister of State at the Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications, with special responsibility for Postal Policy and Eircodes: Jack Chambers, TD
Minister of State at the Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications, with special responsibility for Communications and the Circular economy: Ossian Smyth, TD
Secretary General of the Department: Mark Griffin
Structure
The Department of Environment, Climate and Communications is subdivided into the following divisions:
Climate – The Department has three major aims regarding climate change: To develop a competitive energy supply industry, to ensure security and reliability of energy supply, and to develop energy conservation and end-use efficiency.
Communications – The core policy objective of the Communications Sector is to contribute to sustained macro-economic growth and competitiveness and ensure that the Republic of Ireland is best placed to avail of the emerging opportunities provided by the information and knowledge society, by promoting investment in state-of-the-art infrastructures, by providing a supportive legislative and regulatory environment and by developing a leading edge research and development reputation in the information, communications and digital technologies.
Natural Resources – This division is subdivided into three sectors: the Exploration and Mining Division, Petroleum Affairs Division, and the Geological Survey of Ireland.
Affiliated bodies
Among the State Agencies and other bodies affiliated to the Department in some way are:
Commission for Energy Regulation
Commission for Communications Regulation
National Cyber Security Centre
Digital Hub Development Agency
National Digital Research Centre
Geological Survey of Ireland
Mining Board
Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland
National Oil Reserves Agency
Central and Regional Fisheries Boards
Loughs Agency of the Foyle, Carlingford and Irish Lights Commission (North/South body)Among the state-sponsored bodies of the Republic of Ireland under the aegis of the Minister are:
Electricity Supply Board
Bord na Móna
EirGrid
An Post
Irish National Petroleum Corporation
History
The Department of Fisheries was created in 1921 during the Ministry of Dáil Éireann. It was given a statutory basis by the Ministers and Secretaries Act 1924, soon after the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922. This act provided it with:
the administration and business generally of public services in connection with fisheries, including deep-sea fisheries, tidal waters fisheries, coastal fisheries, inland waters fisheries, and industries connected with or auxiliary to the same, and all powers duties and functions connected with the same, and shall include in particular the business powers, duties and functions of the branches and officers of the public services specified in the Seventh Part of the Schedule to this Act, and of which Department the head shall be, and shall be styled, an t-Aire Iascaigh or (in English) the Minister for Fisheries.
The Schedule assigned it with the duties of the following bodies:
Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland—Fisheries Branch.
Congested Districts Board for Ireland—Fisheries Branch, and Rural Industries Branch.
The Conservators of Fisheries.
Alteration of name and transfer of functions
The name and functions of the department have changed several times by statutory instruments.
References
External links
Department of the Environment, Climate and Communications
|
office held by head of the organization
|
{
"answer_start": [
338
],
"text": [
"Minister for the Environment, Climate and Communications"
]
}
|
Nazarshoh Dodkhudoev (1915–2000) was a Soviet Tajik politician. He was born in Rushan in the MBAV. He graduated from college in 1935, a year after he started his political career by joining the Komsomol. He edited the youth paper Pioneer Tajikistana in 1939–1940. He worked for the NKVD secret service throughout the 1940s, before he was appointed head of the provincial executive committee of Badakhshon veloyat. In 1950, he became chair of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Tajik SSR, and from 1956 to 1961, he was the head of the Tajik SSR government as well as its minister of foreign affairs.
He was the father of Larisa Dodkhudoeva and Lola Dodkhudoeva.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"politician"
]
}
|
Gualtiero De Angelis (November 22, 1899 – June 6, 1980) was an Italian actor and voice actor. He was best known for dubbing James Stewart in the Italian language releases of nearly all of his films.
Biography
Born in Rome, De Angelis began his career in 1936. During that time, he starred in over nine films and dubbed over the voices of many famous actors. He was the official Italian voice of James Stewart as well as Cary Grant, Dean Martin and Errol Flynn. He also dubbed over the voices of John Garfield, George Raft, Richard Conte, Kirk Douglas, Paul Henreid, Henry Fonda, Gary Merrill, John Wayne, Arthur Kennedy, William Holden and many more. He has also dubbed over Italian actors such as Vittorio Gassman, Luciano Tajoli and Pietro Germi.
De Angelis was considered to be among the most influential voice dubbers employed with the Cooperativa Doppiatori Cinematografici along with Emilio Cigoli, Lydia Simoneschi, Lauro Gazzolo, Carlo Romano, Giulio Panicali, Stefano Sibaldi, Bruno Persa and more.
Personal life
De Angelis was the patriarch of the historic De Angelis family which are well known for dubbing voices. He was the father of voice actor Manlio De Angelis (1935–2017), singer Enrico De Angelis (1920–2018) and Paola De Angelis. He also had three grandchildren: Vittorio De Angelis (1962–2015; via Manlio), Eleonora De Angelis (born 1967; via Manlio) and Massimiliano Virgilii (born 1967; via Paola) who are all voice actors.
Death
De Angelis died on June 6, 1980 in Rome at the age of 80. He was later laid to rest at the Cimitero Flaminio.
Filmography
Cinema
Arditi civili (1940)
Piccolo re (1940)
Vento di milioni (1940)
Big Shoes (1940)
Il segreto di Villa Paradiso (1940)
Beatrice Cenci (1941)
Love Story (1942)
Vortice (1953)
La grande avventura (1954)
Dubbing roles
Live action
References
External links
Gualtiero De Angelis at IMDb
Gualtiero De Angelis at Find a Grave
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
218
],
"text": [
"Rome"
]
}
|
Gualtiero De Angelis (November 22, 1899 – June 6, 1980) was an Italian actor and voice actor. He was best known for dubbing James Stewart in the Italian language releases of nearly all of his films.
Biography
Born in Rome, De Angelis began his career in 1936. During that time, he starred in over nine films and dubbed over the voices of many famous actors. He was the official Italian voice of James Stewart as well as Cary Grant, Dean Martin and Errol Flynn. He also dubbed over the voices of John Garfield, George Raft, Richard Conte, Kirk Douglas, Paul Henreid, Henry Fonda, Gary Merrill, John Wayne, Arthur Kennedy, William Holden and many more. He has also dubbed over Italian actors such as Vittorio Gassman, Luciano Tajoli and Pietro Germi.
De Angelis was considered to be among the most influential voice dubbers employed with the Cooperativa Doppiatori Cinematografici along with Emilio Cigoli, Lydia Simoneschi, Lauro Gazzolo, Carlo Romano, Giulio Panicali, Stefano Sibaldi, Bruno Persa and more.
Personal life
De Angelis was the patriarch of the historic De Angelis family which are well known for dubbing voices. He was the father of voice actor Manlio De Angelis (1935–2017), singer Enrico De Angelis (1920–2018) and Paola De Angelis. He also had three grandchildren: Vittorio De Angelis (1962–2015; via Manlio), Eleonora De Angelis (born 1967; via Manlio) and Massimiliano Virgilii (born 1967; via Paola) who are all voice actors.
Death
De Angelis died on June 6, 1980 in Rome at the age of 80. He was later laid to rest at the Cimitero Flaminio.
Filmography
Cinema
Arditi civili (1940)
Piccolo re (1940)
Vento di milioni (1940)
Big Shoes (1940)
Il segreto di Villa Paradiso (1940)
Beatrice Cenci (1941)
Love Story (1942)
Vortice (1953)
La grande avventura (1954)
Dubbing roles
Live action
References
External links
Gualtiero De Angelis at IMDb
Gualtiero De Angelis at Find a Grave
|
place of death
|
{
"answer_start": [
218
],
"text": [
"Rome"
]
}
|
Gualtiero De Angelis (November 22, 1899 – June 6, 1980) was an Italian actor and voice actor. He was best known for dubbing James Stewart in the Italian language releases of nearly all of his films.
Biography
Born in Rome, De Angelis began his career in 1936. During that time, he starred in over nine films and dubbed over the voices of many famous actors. He was the official Italian voice of James Stewart as well as Cary Grant, Dean Martin and Errol Flynn. He also dubbed over the voices of John Garfield, George Raft, Richard Conte, Kirk Douglas, Paul Henreid, Henry Fonda, Gary Merrill, John Wayne, Arthur Kennedy, William Holden and many more. He has also dubbed over Italian actors such as Vittorio Gassman, Luciano Tajoli and Pietro Germi.
De Angelis was considered to be among the most influential voice dubbers employed with the Cooperativa Doppiatori Cinematografici along with Emilio Cigoli, Lydia Simoneschi, Lauro Gazzolo, Carlo Romano, Giulio Panicali, Stefano Sibaldi, Bruno Persa and more.
Personal life
De Angelis was the patriarch of the historic De Angelis family which are well known for dubbing voices. He was the father of voice actor Manlio De Angelis (1935–2017), singer Enrico De Angelis (1920–2018) and Paola De Angelis. He also had three grandchildren: Vittorio De Angelis (1962–2015; via Manlio), Eleonora De Angelis (born 1967; via Manlio) and Massimiliano Virgilii (born 1967; via Paola) who are all voice actors.
Death
De Angelis died on June 6, 1980 in Rome at the age of 80. He was later laid to rest at the Cimitero Flaminio.
Filmography
Cinema
Arditi civili (1940)
Piccolo re (1940)
Vento di milioni (1940)
Big Shoes (1940)
Il segreto di Villa Paradiso (1940)
Beatrice Cenci (1941)
Love Story (1942)
Vortice (1953)
La grande avventura (1954)
Dubbing roles
Live action
References
External links
Gualtiero De Angelis at IMDb
Gualtiero De Angelis at Find a Grave
|
child
|
{
"answer_start": [
1199
],
"text": [
"Enrico De Angelis"
]
}
|
Gualtiero De Angelis (November 22, 1899 – June 6, 1980) was an Italian actor and voice actor. He was best known for dubbing James Stewart in the Italian language releases of nearly all of his films.
Biography
Born in Rome, De Angelis began his career in 1936. During that time, he starred in over nine films and dubbed over the voices of many famous actors. He was the official Italian voice of James Stewart as well as Cary Grant, Dean Martin and Errol Flynn. He also dubbed over the voices of John Garfield, George Raft, Richard Conte, Kirk Douglas, Paul Henreid, Henry Fonda, Gary Merrill, John Wayne, Arthur Kennedy, William Holden and many more. He has also dubbed over Italian actors such as Vittorio Gassman, Luciano Tajoli and Pietro Germi.
De Angelis was considered to be among the most influential voice dubbers employed with the Cooperativa Doppiatori Cinematografici along with Emilio Cigoli, Lydia Simoneschi, Lauro Gazzolo, Carlo Romano, Giulio Panicali, Stefano Sibaldi, Bruno Persa and more.
Personal life
De Angelis was the patriarch of the historic De Angelis family which are well known for dubbing voices. He was the father of voice actor Manlio De Angelis (1935–2017), singer Enrico De Angelis (1920–2018) and Paola De Angelis. He also had three grandchildren: Vittorio De Angelis (1962–2015; via Manlio), Eleonora De Angelis (born 1967; via Manlio) and Massimiliano Virgilii (born 1967; via Paola) who are all voice actors.
Death
De Angelis died on June 6, 1980 in Rome at the age of 80. He was later laid to rest at the Cimitero Flaminio.
Filmography
Cinema
Arditi civili (1940)
Piccolo re (1940)
Vento di milioni (1940)
Big Shoes (1940)
Il segreto di Villa Paradiso (1940)
Beatrice Cenci (1941)
Love Story (1942)
Vortice (1953)
La grande avventura (1954)
Dubbing roles
Live action
References
External links
Gualtiero De Angelis at IMDb
Gualtiero De Angelis at Find a Grave
|
place of burial
|
{
"answer_start": [
1546
],
"text": [
"Cimitero Flaminio"
]
}
|
Gualtiero De Angelis (November 22, 1899 – June 6, 1980) was an Italian actor and voice actor. He was best known for dubbing James Stewart in the Italian language releases of nearly all of his films.
Biography
Born in Rome, De Angelis began his career in 1936. During that time, he starred in over nine films and dubbed over the voices of many famous actors. He was the official Italian voice of James Stewart as well as Cary Grant, Dean Martin and Errol Flynn. He also dubbed over the voices of John Garfield, George Raft, Richard Conte, Kirk Douglas, Paul Henreid, Henry Fonda, Gary Merrill, John Wayne, Arthur Kennedy, William Holden and many more. He has also dubbed over Italian actors such as Vittorio Gassman, Luciano Tajoli and Pietro Germi.
De Angelis was considered to be among the most influential voice dubbers employed with the Cooperativa Doppiatori Cinematografici along with Emilio Cigoli, Lydia Simoneschi, Lauro Gazzolo, Carlo Romano, Giulio Panicali, Stefano Sibaldi, Bruno Persa and more.
Personal life
De Angelis was the patriarch of the historic De Angelis family which are well known for dubbing voices. He was the father of voice actor Manlio De Angelis (1935–2017), singer Enrico De Angelis (1920–2018) and Paola De Angelis. He also had three grandchildren: Vittorio De Angelis (1962–2015; via Manlio), Eleonora De Angelis (born 1967; via Manlio) and Massimiliano Virgilii (born 1967; via Paola) who are all voice actors.
Death
De Angelis died on June 6, 1980 in Rome at the age of 80. He was later laid to rest at the Cimitero Flaminio.
Filmography
Cinema
Arditi civili (1940)
Piccolo re (1940)
Vento di milioni (1940)
Big Shoes (1940)
Il segreto di Villa Paradiso (1940)
Beatrice Cenci (1941)
Love Story (1942)
Vortice (1953)
La grande avventura (1954)
Dubbing roles
Live action
References
External links
Gualtiero De Angelis at IMDb
Gualtiero De Angelis at Find a Grave
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"De Angelis"
]
}
|
Gualtiero De Angelis (November 22, 1899 – June 6, 1980) was an Italian actor and voice actor. He was best known for dubbing James Stewart in the Italian language releases of nearly all of his films.
Biography
Born in Rome, De Angelis began his career in 1936. During that time, he starred in over nine films and dubbed over the voices of many famous actors. He was the official Italian voice of James Stewart as well as Cary Grant, Dean Martin and Errol Flynn. He also dubbed over the voices of John Garfield, George Raft, Richard Conte, Kirk Douglas, Paul Henreid, Henry Fonda, Gary Merrill, John Wayne, Arthur Kennedy, William Holden and many more. He has also dubbed over Italian actors such as Vittorio Gassman, Luciano Tajoli and Pietro Germi.
De Angelis was considered to be among the most influential voice dubbers employed with the Cooperativa Doppiatori Cinematografici along with Emilio Cigoli, Lydia Simoneschi, Lauro Gazzolo, Carlo Romano, Giulio Panicali, Stefano Sibaldi, Bruno Persa and more.
Personal life
De Angelis was the patriarch of the historic De Angelis family which are well known for dubbing voices. He was the father of voice actor Manlio De Angelis (1935–2017), singer Enrico De Angelis (1920–2018) and Paola De Angelis. He also had three grandchildren: Vittorio De Angelis (1962–2015; via Manlio), Eleonora De Angelis (born 1967; via Manlio) and Massimiliano Virgilii (born 1967; via Paola) who are all voice actors.
Death
De Angelis died on June 6, 1980 in Rome at the age of 80. He was later laid to rest at the Cimitero Flaminio.
Filmography
Cinema
Arditi civili (1940)
Piccolo re (1940)
Vento di milioni (1940)
Big Shoes (1940)
Il segreto di Villa Paradiso (1940)
Beatrice Cenci (1941)
Love Story (1942)
Vortice (1953)
La grande avventura (1954)
Dubbing roles
Live action
References
External links
Gualtiero De Angelis at IMDb
Gualtiero De Angelis at Find a Grave
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Gualtiero"
]
}
|
Gualtiero De Angelis (November 22, 1899 – June 6, 1980) was an Italian actor and voice actor. He was best known for dubbing James Stewart in the Italian language releases of nearly all of his films.
Biography
Born in Rome, De Angelis began his career in 1936. During that time, he starred in over nine films and dubbed over the voices of many famous actors. He was the official Italian voice of James Stewart as well as Cary Grant, Dean Martin and Errol Flynn. He also dubbed over the voices of John Garfield, George Raft, Richard Conte, Kirk Douglas, Paul Henreid, Henry Fonda, Gary Merrill, John Wayne, Arthur Kennedy, William Holden and many more. He has also dubbed over Italian actors such as Vittorio Gassman, Luciano Tajoli and Pietro Germi.
De Angelis was considered to be among the most influential voice dubbers employed with the Cooperativa Doppiatori Cinematografici along with Emilio Cigoli, Lydia Simoneschi, Lauro Gazzolo, Carlo Romano, Giulio Panicali, Stefano Sibaldi, Bruno Persa and more.
Personal life
De Angelis was the patriarch of the historic De Angelis family which are well known for dubbing voices. He was the father of voice actor Manlio De Angelis (1935–2017), singer Enrico De Angelis (1920–2018) and Paola De Angelis. He also had three grandchildren: Vittorio De Angelis (1962–2015; via Manlio), Eleonora De Angelis (born 1967; via Manlio) and Massimiliano Virgilii (born 1967; via Paola) who are all voice actors.
Death
De Angelis died on June 6, 1980 in Rome at the age of 80. He was later laid to rest at the Cimitero Flaminio.
Filmography
Cinema
Arditi civili (1940)
Piccolo re (1940)
Vento di milioni (1940)
Big Shoes (1940)
Il segreto di Villa Paradiso (1940)
Beatrice Cenci (1941)
Love Story (1942)
Vortice (1953)
La grande avventura (1954)
Dubbing roles
Live action
References
External links
Gualtiero De Angelis at IMDb
Gualtiero De Angelis at Find a Grave
|
relative
|
{
"answer_start": [
1329
],
"text": [
"Eleonora De Angelis"
]
}
|
Gualtiero De Angelis (November 22, 1899 – June 6, 1980) was an Italian actor and voice actor. He was best known for dubbing James Stewart in the Italian language releases of nearly all of his films.
Biography
Born in Rome, De Angelis began his career in 1936. During that time, he starred in over nine films and dubbed over the voices of many famous actors. He was the official Italian voice of James Stewart as well as Cary Grant, Dean Martin and Errol Flynn. He also dubbed over the voices of John Garfield, George Raft, Richard Conte, Kirk Douglas, Paul Henreid, Henry Fonda, Gary Merrill, John Wayne, Arthur Kennedy, William Holden and many more. He has also dubbed over Italian actors such as Vittorio Gassman, Luciano Tajoli and Pietro Germi.
De Angelis was considered to be among the most influential voice dubbers employed with the Cooperativa Doppiatori Cinematografici along with Emilio Cigoli, Lydia Simoneschi, Lauro Gazzolo, Carlo Romano, Giulio Panicali, Stefano Sibaldi, Bruno Persa and more.
Personal life
De Angelis was the patriarch of the historic De Angelis family which are well known for dubbing voices. He was the father of voice actor Manlio De Angelis (1935–2017), singer Enrico De Angelis (1920–2018) and Paola De Angelis. He also had three grandchildren: Vittorio De Angelis (1962–2015; via Manlio), Eleonora De Angelis (born 1967; via Manlio) and Massimiliano Virgilii (born 1967; via Paola) who are all voice actors.
Death
De Angelis died on June 6, 1980 in Rome at the age of 80. He was later laid to rest at the Cimitero Flaminio.
Filmography
Cinema
Arditi civili (1940)
Piccolo re (1940)
Vento di milioni (1940)
Big Shoes (1940)
Il segreto di Villa Paradiso (1940)
Beatrice Cenci (1941)
Love Story (1942)
Vortice (1953)
La grande avventura (1954)
Dubbing roles
Live action
References
External links
Gualtiero De Angelis at IMDb
Gualtiero De Angelis at Find a Grave
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"Italian"
]
}
|
Gualtiero De Angelis (November 22, 1899 – June 6, 1980) was an Italian actor and voice actor. He was best known for dubbing James Stewart in the Italian language releases of nearly all of his films.
Biography
Born in Rome, De Angelis began his career in 1936. During that time, he starred in over nine films and dubbed over the voices of many famous actors. He was the official Italian voice of James Stewart as well as Cary Grant, Dean Martin and Errol Flynn. He also dubbed over the voices of John Garfield, George Raft, Richard Conte, Kirk Douglas, Paul Henreid, Henry Fonda, Gary Merrill, John Wayne, Arthur Kennedy, William Holden and many more. He has also dubbed over Italian actors such as Vittorio Gassman, Luciano Tajoli and Pietro Germi.
De Angelis was considered to be among the most influential voice dubbers employed with the Cooperativa Doppiatori Cinematografici along with Emilio Cigoli, Lydia Simoneschi, Lauro Gazzolo, Carlo Romano, Giulio Panicali, Stefano Sibaldi, Bruno Persa and more.
Personal life
De Angelis was the patriarch of the historic De Angelis family which are well known for dubbing voices. He was the father of voice actor Manlio De Angelis (1935–2017), singer Enrico De Angelis (1920–2018) and Paola De Angelis. He also had three grandchildren: Vittorio De Angelis (1962–2015; via Manlio), Eleonora De Angelis (born 1967; via Manlio) and Massimiliano Virgilii (born 1967; via Paola) who are all voice actors.
Death
De Angelis died on June 6, 1980 in Rome at the age of 80. He was later laid to rest at the Cimitero Flaminio.
Filmography
Cinema
Arditi civili (1940)
Piccolo re (1940)
Vento di milioni (1940)
Big Shoes (1940)
Il segreto di Villa Paradiso (1940)
Beatrice Cenci (1941)
Love Story (1942)
Vortice (1953)
La grande avventura (1954)
Dubbing roles
Live action
References
External links
Gualtiero De Angelis at IMDb
Gualtiero De Angelis at Find a Grave
|
number of children
|
{
"answer_start": [
257
],
"text": [
"3"
]
}
|
Cold Asylum is the twentieth book in the series of Deathlands. It was written by Laurence James under the house name James Axler.
Plot synopsis
Ryan Cawdor, his son Dean, Krysty Wroth, J.B. Dix, Dr. Theophilus Tanner, Mildred Wyeth, and Michael Brother begin a MAT-TRANS jump in a decaying redoubt, only for the jump to go awry part-way through. When they awake, they each find themselves alone in a distinctly separate redoubt, with the exception of Dean and Krysty who were in close contact when the jump occurred. Individually they explore the outer control rooms of their respective redoubts, only to all decide (for varying reasons) to jump again; all decide to jump within the 30 minute "return window", which under normal circumstances will return them to the last facility they jumped from. Instead, they are all sent to a different facility, presumably because their initial jump point has ceased to function.
Though the companions are all sent to the same facility, their arrival is staggered in 20 minute increments. Ryan arrives first and proceeds through the facility, followed (unknowingly) by J.B. who in turn is followed (also unknowingly) by Mildred. Ryan discovers the top floor of the redoubt houses a massive wartime mortuary which has recently been invaded by hostile "cannies". Though of little relative threat, Ryan is nonetheless forced to open fire on an attacking group of cannies. J.B. immediately recognizes the sound of Ryan's blaster and rushes to his aid, with Mildred meeting up with the two soon after the firefight concludes.
Meanwhile, Krysty and Dean have arrived at the redoubt and waited long enough to greet Michael as he jumps in. They proceed to the top floor and reunite with the rest of the group, unaware that Doc Tanner has arrived some time after them. Doc's mental stability has been temporarily impaired owing to the stress of his initial destination combined with back-to-back jumps, and in this state he mistakenly comes face-to-face with a large group of cannies. The ensuing battle draws his nearby friends to him, who help kill the remaining cannies and save Doc from certain death.
Reunited, the companions explore the redoubt, finding several warehouse-sized rooms filled with innumerable refrigerated corpses, slowly being raided and used for food by the cannies. Doc refuses to let the corpses be used for food, locates the environmental control room, and increases the ambient temperature as far as the system will allow. The long-frozen bodies quickly begin to rot, and Ryan and his friends leave the facility as fast as possible.
The area outside proves to be a hilly pine forest, which causes both Mildred and Doc to doubt J.B. when his sextant places them somewhere in Kansas; he asserts that he is correct. The argument is moot and the companions enjoy several hours of relative peace and favorable conditions. Sometime later, a horse-mounted hunting party is spotted in the distance, causing the companions to hide. Initially suspecting it to be a deer hunt, the companions soon learn it is a manhunt. The fleeing man is caught a short distance from Ryan and his friends, then brutally executed at the order of a beautiful, raven-haired woman. Before the hunters can leave Dean falls from his hiding place, forcing Ryan and his friends to reveal themselves. The woman is introduced as Mistress Marie Mandeville, the daughter of the local Baron; she orders Ryan and his friends to accompany her back to the ville. Along the way Doc nearly drowns while crossing a raging river and is rescued by Ryan, but loses his LeMat Revolver in the process.
Meanwhile, in the ville of Andromeda, somewhere near the Cific Ocean, Abe is continuing his search for Trader. While at a bar he is set upon by three men, scavengers who mistakenly believe he has a map to a cache of pre-dark technology, and intend to interrogate him for the information. Though outnumbered and caught unprepared, he is saved when the three men are shot dead. His savior is none other than the Trader. Reunited, the two begin to travel together, and eventually start offering payment for any traveler willing to carry a message for either J.B. or Ryan, should they come across either. The message simply states that Abe has found the Trader, and the two will be near Seattle for the next three months.
Back in Kansas, the Baron, Nathan Mandeville, greets the companions warmly and shows them great hospitality, offering them fine food and comfortable lodgings. Nonetheless there is a subtle undertone of something sinister in the Baron's attitude, further emphasized by veiled, ambiguous warnings from the ville's sec boss, Harry Guiteau, as well as the extreme security measures in place throughout the ville. The following day the companions are invited to participate in a series of public, competitive challenges, which they accept. The first challenge pits Michael against the ville's jailer, Jericho, in unarmed wrestling. Michael wins the first bout, only to be sucker-punched by Jericho as her readies for the next round. Angered, Michael crushes Jericho's larynx, then finishes him with a bone-breaking kick to the face. The death attracts the immediate attention of Mistress Marie, who appears to orgasm watching Michael kill the larger man. The remainder of the competition is spent with Michael seated by her side, the two touching intimately and at one point with Marie possibly giving Michael a handjob. At the end of the day's events Mistress Marie leaves for her quarters with Michael at her side.
While the other companions eat dinner and, later, return to their rooms, Michael and Marie spend time alone in her room. Both are drunk, and in this state Marie mentions that she will keep Michael "safe"; Michael briefly realizes this implies his friends will not be safe. The two then proceed to have sex for several hours, with Mistress Marie variously biting him, performing fellatio, engaging in vaginal intercourse, having Michael perform cunnilingus on her, and ordering him to kiss her boots and suck her boot heels in order to "show you'll do what I tell you." While this happens Marie plays a collection of custom vids, which start with relatively benign subjects such as bondage, group sex, and pegging, but move on to darker subjects such as bestiality, eventually culminating in a vid showing Mistress Marie disemboweling a pre-teen boy, to her both recorded and live sexual pleasure. Michael reacts by simultaneously punching Marie and vomiting in her face, and flees for his friends' rooms.
After Michael tells his friends what he witnessed, the group makes an attempt to leave the ville, only to be stopped by a large contingent of sec men led by Marie. The companions are disarmed and escorted back to their rooms. The following day Ryan concludes they are going to be hunted for sport, which Marie confirms. The companions are given only their bladed weapons and a 15 minute start. Rather than hopelessly trying to reach the redoubt, Ryan and his friends circle around and re-enter the ville from the back just as the hunting party, consisting of most of the ville's sec men, leave from the front. The companions disable the ville's hydroelectric generator, then make their way into the Baron's armory to recover their weapons. In the process Doc discovers and takes a replica LeMat, chambered for more common, modern ammo. With the sec men fast approaching J.B. rigs the armory with a timed explosive and the group flees downstairs; the ensuing explosion kills most of the sec men and starts a massive fire. Baron Nathan is killed by Doc, while Marie seeks cover and Guiteau takes Dean hostage, using him as a human shield. Mildred takes careful aim, shooting off Guiteau's trigger finger and then killing him with a shot between the eyes once Dean is clear. Michael declares he will deal with Marie himself, calmly approaches her while she tries (and fails) to shoot him, and after exchanging some brief, unheard words with the woman, he snaps her neck. The companions then leave for the redoubt.
The thawed bodies in the upper floors of the redoubt have rotted thoroughly, causing most of the cannies to die of starvation. After making their way through the near-unbearable stench the companions arrive at the MAT-TRANS chamber. Everyone links hands, lest they be sent to separate locations, and Ryan closes the door to start the jump.
Cultural references
Baron Mandeville's private art gallery features works from many famous artists. Named artists include Alan Burgess, Georgia O'Keeffe, Pablo Picasso, Andrew Wyeth, and Andy Warhol.
External links
JamesAxler.com
|
author
|
{
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"Laurence James"
]
}
|
Cold Asylum is the twentieth book in the series of Deathlands. It was written by Laurence James under the house name James Axler.
Plot synopsis
Ryan Cawdor, his son Dean, Krysty Wroth, J.B. Dix, Dr. Theophilus Tanner, Mildred Wyeth, and Michael Brother begin a MAT-TRANS jump in a decaying redoubt, only for the jump to go awry part-way through. When they awake, they each find themselves alone in a distinctly separate redoubt, with the exception of Dean and Krysty who were in close contact when the jump occurred. Individually they explore the outer control rooms of their respective redoubts, only to all decide (for varying reasons) to jump again; all decide to jump within the 30 minute "return window", which under normal circumstances will return them to the last facility they jumped from. Instead, they are all sent to a different facility, presumably because their initial jump point has ceased to function.
Though the companions are all sent to the same facility, their arrival is staggered in 20 minute increments. Ryan arrives first and proceeds through the facility, followed (unknowingly) by J.B. who in turn is followed (also unknowingly) by Mildred. Ryan discovers the top floor of the redoubt houses a massive wartime mortuary which has recently been invaded by hostile "cannies". Though of little relative threat, Ryan is nonetheless forced to open fire on an attacking group of cannies. J.B. immediately recognizes the sound of Ryan's blaster and rushes to his aid, with Mildred meeting up with the two soon after the firefight concludes.
Meanwhile, Krysty and Dean have arrived at the redoubt and waited long enough to greet Michael as he jumps in. They proceed to the top floor and reunite with the rest of the group, unaware that Doc Tanner has arrived some time after them. Doc's mental stability has been temporarily impaired owing to the stress of his initial destination combined with back-to-back jumps, and in this state he mistakenly comes face-to-face with a large group of cannies. The ensuing battle draws his nearby friends to him, who help kill the remaining cannies and save Doc from certain death.
Reunited, the companions explore the redoubt, finding several warehouse-sized rooms filled with innumerable refrigerated corpses, slowly being raided and used for food by the cannies. Doc refuses to let the corpses be used for food, locates the environmental control room, and increases the ambient temperature as far as the system will allow. The long-frozen bodies quickly begin to rot, and Ryan and his friends leave the facility as fast as possible.
The area outside proves to be a hilly pine forest, which causes both Mildred and Doc to doubt J.B. when his sextant places them somewhere in Kansas; he asserts that he is correct. The argument is moot and the companions enjoy several hours of relative peace and favorable conditions. Sometime later, a horse-mounted hunting party is spotted in the distance, causing the companions to hide. Initially suspecting it to be a deer hunt, the companions soon learn it is a manhunt. The fleeing man is caught a short distance from Ryan and his friends, then brutally executed at the order of a beautiful, raven-haired woman. Before the hunters can leave Dean falls from his hiding place, forcing Ryan and his friends to reveal themselves. The woman is introduced as Mistress Marie Mandeville, the daughter of the local Baron; she orders Ryan and his friends to accompany her back to the ville. Along the way Doc nearly drowns while crossing a raging river and is rescued by Ryan, but loses his LeMat Revolver in the process.
Meanwhile, in the ville of Andromeda, somewhere near the Cific Ocean, Abe is continuing his search for Trader. While at a bar he is set upon by three men, scavengers who mistakenly believe he has a map to a cache of pre-dark technology, and intend to interrogate him for the information. Though outnumbered and caught unprepared, he is saved when the three men are shot dead. His savior is none other than the Trader. Reunited, the two begin to travel together, and eventually start offering payment for any traveler willing to carry a message for either J.B. or Ryan, should they come across either. The message simply states that Abe has found the Trader, and the two will be near Seattle for the next three months.
Back in Kansas, the Baron, Nathan Mandeville, greets the companions warmly and shows them great hospitality, offering them fine food and comfortable lodgings. Nonetheless there is a subtle undertone of something sinister in the Baron's attitude, further emphasized by veiled, ambiguous warnings from the ville's sec boss, Harry Guiteau, as well as the extreme security measures in place throughout the ville. The following day the companions are invited to participate in a series of public, competitive challenges, which they accept. The first challenge pits Michael against the ville's jailer, Jericho, in unarmed wrestling. Michael wins the first bout, only to be sucker-punched by Jericho as her readies for the next round. Angered, Michael crushes Jericho's larynx, then finishes him with a bone-breaking kick to the face. The death attracts the immediate attention of Mistress Marie, who appears to orgasm watching Michael kill the larger man. The remainder of the competition is spent with Michael seated by her side, the two touching intimately and at one point with Marie possibly giving Michael a handjob. At the end of the day's events Mistress Marie leaves for her quarters with Michael at her side.
While the other companions eat dinner and, later, return to their rooms, Michael and Marie spend time alone in her room. Both are drunk, and in this state Marie mentions that she will keep Michael "safe"; Michael briefly realizes this implies his friends will not be safe. The two then proceed to have sex for several hours, with Mistress Marie variously biting him, performing fellatio, engaging in vaginal intercourse, having Michael perform cunnilingus on her, and ordering him to kiss her boots and suck her boot heels in order to "show you'll do what I tell you." While this happens Marie plays a collection of custom vids, which start with relatively benign subjects such as bondage, group sex, and pegging, but move on to darker subjects such as bestiality, eventually culminating in a vid showing Mistress Marie disemboweling a pre-teen boy, to her both recorded and live sexual pleasure. Michael reacts by simultaneously punching Marie and vomiting in her face, and flees for his friends' rooms.
After Michael tells his friends what he witnessed, the group makes an attempt to leave the ville, only to be stopped by a large contingent of sec men led by Marie. The companions are disarmed and escorted back to their rooms. The following day Ryan concludes they are going to be hunted for sport, which Marie confirms. The companions are given only their bladed weapons and a 15 minute start. Rather than hopelessly trying to reach the redoubt, Ryan and his friends circle around and re-enter the ville from the back just as the hunting party, consisting of most of the ville's sec men, leave from the front. The companions disable the ville's hydroelectric generator, then make their way into the Baron's armory to recover their weapons. In the process Doc discovers and takes a replica LeMat, chambered for more common, modern ammo. With the sec men fast approaching J.B. rigs the armory with a timed explosive and the group flees downstairs; the ensuing explosion kills most of the sec men and starts a massive fire. Baron Nathan is killed by Doc, while Marie seeks cover and Guiteau takes Dean hostage, using him as a human shield. Mildred takes careful aim, shooting off Guiteau's trigger finger and then killing him with a shot between the eyes once Dean is clear. Michael declares he will deal with Marie himself, calmly approaches her while she tries (and fails) to shoot him, and after exchanging some brief, unheard words with the woman, he snaps her neck. The companions then leave for the redoubt.
The thawed bodies in the upper floors of the redoubt have rotted thoroughly, causing most of the cannies to die of starvation. After making their way through the near-unbearable stench the companions arrive at the MAT-TRANS chamber. Everyone links hands, lest they be sent to separate locations, and Ryan closes the door to start the jump.
Cultural references
Baron Mandeville's private art gallery features works from many famous artists. Named artists include Alan Burgess, Georgia O'Keeffe, Pablo Picasso, Andrew Wyeth, and Andy Warhol.
External links
JamesAxler.com
|
part of the series
|
{
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"Deathlands"
]
}
|
Cold Asylum is the twentieth book in the series of Deathlands. It was written by Laurence James under the house name James Axler.
Plot synopsis
Ryan Cawdor, his son Dean, Krysty Wroth, J.B. Dix, Dr. Theophilus Tanner, Mildred Wyeth, and Michael Brother begin a MAT-TRANS jump in a decaying redoubt, only for the jump to go awry part-way through. When they awake, they each find themselves alone in a distinctly separate redoubt, with the exception of Dean and Krysty who were in close contact when the jump occurred. Individually they explore the outer control rooms of their respective redoubts, only to all decide (for varying reasons) to jump again; all decide to jump within the 30 minute "return window", which under normal circumstances will return them to the last facility they jumped from. Instead, they are all sent to a different facility, presumably because their initial jump point has ceased to function.
Though the companions are all sent to the same facility, their arrival is staggered in 20 minute increments. Ryan arrives first and proceeds through the facility, followed (unknowingly) by J.B. who in turn is followed (also unknowingly) by Mildred. Ryan discovers the top floor of the redoubt houses a massive wartime mortuary which has recently been invaded by hostile "cannies". Though of little relative threat, Ryan is nonetheless forced to open fire on an attacking group of cannies. J.B. immediately recognizes the sound of Ryan's blaster and rushes to his aid, with Mildred meeting up with the two soon after the firefight concludes.
Meanwhile, Krysty and Dean have arrived at the redoubt and waited long enough to greet Michael as he jumps in. They proceed to the top floor and reunite with the rest of the group, unaware that Doc Tanner has arrived some time after them. Doc's mental stability has been temporarily impaired owing to the stress of his initial destination combined with back-to-back jumps, and in this state he mistakenly comes face-to-face with a large group of cannies. The ensuing battle draws his nearby friends to him, who help kill the remaining cannies and save Doc from certain death.
Reunited, the companions explore the redoubt, finding several warehouse-sized rooms filled with innumerable refrigerated corpses, slowly being raided and used for food by the cannies. Doc refuses to let the corpses be used for food, locates the environmental control room, and increases the ambient temperature as far as the system will allow. The long-frozen bodies quickly begin to rot, and Ryan and his friends leave the facility as fast as possible.
The area outside proves to be a hilly pine forest, which causes both Mildred and Doc to doubt J.B. when his sextant places them somewhere in Kansas; he asserts that he is correct. The argument is moot and the companions enjoy several hours of relative peace and favorable conditions. Sometime later, a horse-mounted hunting party is spotted in the distance, causing the companions to hide. Initially suspecting it to be a deer hunt, the companions soon learn it is a manhunt. The fleeing man is caught a short distance from Ryan and his friends, then brutally executed at the order of a beautiful, raven-haired woman. Before the hunters can leave Dean falls from his hiding place, forcing Ryan and his friends to reveal themselves. The woman is introduced as Mistress Marie Mandeville, the daughter of the local Baron; she orders Ryan and his friends to accompany her back to the ville. Along the way Doc nearly drowns while crossing a raging river and is rescued by Ryan, but loses his LeMat Revolver in the process.
Meanwhile, in the ville of Andromeda, somewhere near the Cific Ocean, Abe is continuing his search for Trader. While at a bar he is set upon by three men, scavengers who mistakenly believe he has a map to a cache of pre-dark technology, and intend to interrogate him for the information. Though outnumbered and caught unprepared, he is saved when the three men are shot dead. His savior is none other than the Trader. Reunited, the two begin to travel together, and eventually start offering payment for any traveler willing to carry a message for either J.B. or Ryan, should they come across either. The message simply states that Abe has found the Trader, and the two will be near Seattle for the next three months.
Back in Kansas, the Baron, Nathan Mandeville, greets the companions warmly and shows them great hospitality, offering them fine food and comfortable lodgings. Nonetheless there is a subtle undertone of something sinister in the Baron's attitude, further emphasized by veiled, ambiguous warnings from the ville's sec boss, Harry Guiteau, as well as the extreme security measures in place throughout the ville. The following day the companions are invited to participate in a series of public, competitive challenges, which they accept. The first challenge pits Michael against the ville's jailer, Jericho, in unarmed wrestling. Michael wins the first bout, only to be sucker-punched by Jericho as her readies for the next round. Angered, Michael crushes Jericho's larynx, then finishes him with a bone-breaking kick to the face. The death attracts the immediate attention of Mistress Marie, who appears to orgasm watching Michael kill the larger man. The remainder of the competition is spent with Michael seated by her side, the two touching intimately and at one point with Marie possibly giving Michael a handjob. At the end of the day's events Mistress Marie leaves for her quarters with Michael at her side.
While the other companions eat dinner and, later, return to their rooms, Michael and Marie spend time alone in her room. Both are drunk, and in this state Marie mentions that she will keep Michael "safe"; Michael briefly realizes this implies his friends will not be safe. The two then proceed to have sex for several hours, with Mistress Marie variously biting him, performing fellatio, engaging in vaginal intercourse, having Michael perform cunnilingus on her, and ordering him to kiss her boots and suck her boot heels in order to "show you'll do what I tell you." While this happens Marie plays a collection of custom vids, which start with relatively benign subjects such as bondage, group sex, and pegging, but move on to darker subjects such as bestiality, eventually culminating in a vid showing Mistress Marie disemboweling a pre-teen boy, to her both recorded and live sexual pleasure. Michael reacts by simultaneously punching Marie and vomiting in her face, and flees for his friends' rooms.
After Michael tells his friends what he witnessed, the group makes an attempt to leave the ville, only to be stopped by a large contingent of sec men led by Marie. The companions are disarmed and escorted back to their rooms. The following day Ryan concludes they are going to be hunted for sport, which Marie confirms. The companions are given only their bladed weapons and a 15 minute start. Rather than hopelessly trying to reach the redoubt, Ryan and his friends circle around and re-enter the ville from the back just as the hunting party, consisting of most of the ville's sec men, leave from the front. The companions disable the ville's hydroelectric generator, then make their way into the Baron's armory to recover their weapons. In the process Doc discovers and takes a replica LeMat, chambered for more common, modern ammo. With the sec men fast approaching J.B. rigs the armory with a timed explosive and the group flees downstairs; the ensuing explosion kills most of the sec men and starts a massive fire. Baron Nathan is killed by Doc, while Marie seeks cover and Guiteau takes Dean hostage, using him as a human shield. Mildred takes careful aim, shooting off Guiteau's trigger finger and then killing him with a shot between the eyes once Dean is clear. Michael declares he will deal with Marie himself, calmly approaches her while she tries (and fails) to shoot him, and after exchanging some brief, unheard words with the woman, he snaps her neck. The companions then leave for the redoubt.
The thawed bodies in the upper floors of the redoubt have rotted thoroughly, causing most of the cannies to die of starvation. After making their way through the near-unbearable stench the companions arrive at the MAT-TRANS chamber. Everyone links hands, lest they be sent to separate locations, and Ryan closes the door to start the jump.
Cultural references
Baron Mandeville's private art gallery features works from many famous artists. Named artists include Alan Burgess, Georgia O'Keeffe, Pablo Picasso, Andrew Wyeth, and Andy Warhol.
External links
JamesAxler.com
|
title
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Cold Asylum"
]
}
|
Javier Camuñas Gallego (born 17 July 1980) is a Spanish retired professional footballer. A versatile midfielder (able to play as an attacking midfielder or in the wings), he could also appear as a second striker.
He amassed La Liga totals of 205 games and 24 goals over the course of eight seasons, representing in the competition Rayo Vallecano, Recreativo, Osasuna, Villarreal and Deportivo. He added 155 matches and 27 goals in the Segunda División, mainly with Xerez.
Club career
After starting out at modest and local club CA Pinto, Madrid-born Camuñas switched to neighbours Rayo Vallecano, first representing its reserves. He was then loaned to another team from the capital, Getafe CF (by that time in the Segunda División B).
Camuñas returned to Rayo in the 2002–03 season, making his La Liga debut on 1 September 2002 in a 2–2 home draw against Deportivo Alavés. Rayo finished the campaign last and he went on to have four steady years in the Segunda División, with Ciudad de Murcia and Xerez CD, totalling 18 league goals in his final two.
Having been acquired by top-flight Recreativo de Huelva for 2007–08, Camuñas was one of the Andalusians' most important players as they barely avoided relegation. He played all the matches save one – 28 of those complete – and netted on five occasions.In the following season, Camuñas scored even more (ten), but Recre finished last. In late August 2009, he signed a three-year contract with top tier club CA Osasuna. an everpresent figure in his first year, he netted his first goal on 24 January 2010, against former side Xerez (2–1 away victory).Camuñas was again first choice for Osasuna in 2010–11. On 30 January 2011 he scored the game's only goal in a home defeat of Real Madrid, which he had represented as a youth.On 19 July 2011, Camuñas signed with Villarreal CF for three years. He struggled to gain playing time in his first season, also suffering physical problems. On 5 February 2012 he scored his first official goal for the Yellow Submarine, the last in a 2–1 win at Sevilla FC for the team's first away of the campaign, which eventually ended in relegation after 12 years.Camuñas agreed to a one-year loan at Deportivo de La Coruña of the same league in August 2012. He met the same fate at the end of his only season, netting in the 2–1 away loss against Osasuna on 20 January 2013.
References
External links
Javier Camuñas at BDFutbol
Javier Camuñas at Soccerway
|
place of birth
|
{
"answer_start": [
539
],
"text": [
"Madrid"
]
}
|
Javier Camuñas Gallego (born 17 July 1980) is a Spanish retired professional footballer. A versatile midfielder (able to play as an attacking midfielder or in the wings), he could also appear as a second striker.
He amassed La Liga totals of 205 games and 24 goals over the course of eight seasons, representing in the competition Rayo Vallecano, Recreativo, Osasuna, Villarreal and Deportivo. He added 155 matches and 27 goals in the Segunda División, mainly with Xerez.
Club career
After starting out at modest and local club CA Pinto, Madrid-born Camuñas switched to neighbours Rayo Vallecano, first representing its reserves. He was then loaned to another team from the capital, Getafe CF (by that time in the Segunda División B).
Camuñas returned to Rayo in the 2002–03 season, making his La Liga debut on 1 September 2002 in a 2–2 home draw against Deportivo Alavés. Rayo finished the campaign last and he went on to have four steady years in the Segunda División, with Ciudad de Murcia and Xerez CD, totalling 18 league goals in his final two.
Having been acquired by top-flight Recreativo de Huelva for 2007–08, Camuñas was one of the Andalusians' most important players as they barely avoided relegation. He played all the matches save one – 28 of those complete – and netted on five occasions.In the following season, Camuñas scored even more (ten), but Recre finished last. In late August 2009, he signed a three-year contract with top tier club CA Osasuna. an everpresent figure in his first year, he netted his first goal on 24 January 2010, against former side Xerez (2–1 away victory).Camuñas was again first choice for Osasuna in 2010–11. On 30 January 2011 he scored the game's only goal in a home defeat of Real Madrid, which he had represented as a youth.On 19 July 2011, Camuñas signed with Villarreal CF for three years. He struggled to gain playing time in his first season, also suffering physical problems. On 5 February 2012 he scored his first official goal for the Yellow Submarine, the last in a 2–1 win at Sevilla FC for the team's first away of the campaign, which eventually ended in relegation after 12 years.Camuñas agreed to a one-year loan at Deportivo de La Coruña of the same league in August 2012. He met the same fate at the end of his only season, netting in the 2–1 away loss against Osasuna on 20 January 2013.
References
External links
Javier Camuñas at BDFutbol
Javier Camuñas at Soccerway
|
member of sports team
|
{
"answer_start": [
2180
],
"text": [
"Deportivo de La Coruña"
]
}
|
Javier Camuñas Gallego (born 17 July 1980) is a Spanish retired professional footballer. A versatile midfielder (able to play as an attacking midfielder or in the wings), he could also appear as a second striker.
He amassed La Liga totals of 205 games and 24 goals over the course of eight seasons, representing in the competition Rayo Vallecano, Recreativo, Osasuna, Villarreal and Deportivo. He added 155 matches and 27 goals in the Segunda División, mainly with Xerez.
Club career
After starting out at modest and local club CA Pinto, Madrid-born Camuñas switched to neighbours Rayo Vallecano, first representing its reserves. He was then loaned to another team from the capital, Getafe CF (by that time in the Segunda División B).
Camuñas returned to Rayo in the 2002–03 season, making his La Liga debut on 1 September 2002 in a 2–2 home draw against Deportivo Alavés. Rayo finished the campaign last and he went on to have four steady years in the Segunda División, with Ciudad de Murcia and Xerez CD, totalling 18 league goals in his final two.
Having been acquired by top-flight Recreativo de Huelva for 2007–08, Camuñas was one of the Andalusians' most important players as they barely avoided relegation. He played all the matches save one – 28 of those complete – and netted on five occasions.In the following season, Camuñas scored even more (ten), but Recre finished last. In late August 2009, he signed a three-year contract with top tier club CA Osasuna. an everpresent figure in his first year, he netted his first goal on 24 January 2010, against former side Xerez (2–1 away victory).Camuñas was again first choice for Osasuna in 2010–11. On 30 January 2011 he scored the game's only goal in a home defeat of Real Madrid, which he had represented as a youth.On 19 July 2011, Camuñas signed with Villarreal CF for three years. He struggled to gain playing time in his first season, also suffering physical problems. On 5 February 2012 he scored his first official goal for the Yellow Submarine, the last in a 2–1 win at Sevilla FC for the team's first away of the campaign, which eventually ended in relegation after 12 years.Camuñas agreed to a one-year loan at Deportivo de La Coruña of the same league in August 2012. He met the same fate at the end of his only season, netting in the 2–1 away loss against Osasuna on 20 January 2013.
References
External links
Javier Camuñas at BDFutbol
Javier Camuñas at Soccerway
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Javier"
]
}
|
Javier Camuñas Gallego (born 17 July 1980) is a Spanish retired professional footballer. A versatile midfielder (able to play as an attacking midfielder or in the wings), he could also appear as a second striker.
He amassed La Liga totals of 205 games and 24 goals over the course of eight seasons, representing in the competition Rayo Vallecano, Recreativo, Osasuna, Villarreal and Deportivo. He added 155 matches and 27 goals in the Segunda División, mainly with Xerez.
Club career
After starting out at modest and local club CA Pinto, Madrid-born Camuñas switched to neighbours Rayo Vallecano, first representing its reserves. He was then loaned to another team from the capital, Getafe CF (by that time in the Segunda División B).
Camuñas returned to Rayo in the 2002–03 season, making his La Liga debut on 1 September 2002 in a 2–2 home draw against Deportivo Alavés. Rayo finished the campaign last and he went on to have four steady years in the Segunda División, with Ciudad de Murcia and Xerez CD, totalling 18 league goals in his final two.
Having been acquired by top-flight Recreativo de Huelva for 2007–08, Camuñas was one of the Andalusians' most important players as they barely avoided relegation. He played all the matches save one – 28 of those complete – and netted on five occasions.In the following season, Camuñas scored even more (ten), but Recre finished last. In late August 2009, he signed a three-year contract with top tier club CA Osasuna. an everpresent figure in his first year, he netted his first goal on 24 January 2010, against former side Xerez (2–1 away victory).Camuñas was again first choice for Osasuna in 2010–11. On 30 January 2011 he scored the game's only goal in a home defeat of Real Madrid, which he had represented as a youth.On 19 July 2011, Camuñas signed with Villarreal CF for three years. He struggled to gain playing time in his first season, also suffering physical problems. On 5 February 2012 he scored his first official goal for the Yellow Submarine, the last in a 2–1 win at Sevilla FC for the team's first away of the campaign, which eventually ended in relegation after 12 years.Camuñas agreed to a one-year loan at Deportivo de La Coruña of the same league in August 2012. He met the same fate at the end of his only season, netting in the 2–1 away loss against Osasuna on 20 January 2013.
References
External links
Javier Camuñas at BDFutbol
Javier Camuñas at Soccerway
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"Spanish"
]
}
|
Melvin R. Novick (September 21, 1932 - May 20, 1986) was an American statistician. He was a professor of Statistics at the University of Iowa, and a consultant for the Educational Testing Service (ETS).
Books
Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. American Psychological Association (APA). 1985. ISBN 9780912704951.
== References ==
|
occupation
|
{
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"statistician"
]
}
|
Melvin R. Novick (September 21, 1932 - May 20, 1986) was an American statistician. He was a professor of Statistics at the University of Iowa, and a consultant for the Educational Testing Service (ETS).
Books
Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. American Psychological Association (APA). 1985. ISBN 9780912704951.
== References ==
|
employer
|
{
"answer_start": [
123
],
"text": [
"University of Iowa"
]
}
|
Melvin R. Novick (September 21, 1932 - May 20, 1986) was an American statistician. He was a professor of Statistics at the University of Iowa, and a consultant for the Educational Testing Service (ETS).
Books
Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. American Psychological Association (APA). 1985. ISBN 9780912704951.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"Novick"
]
}
|
Melvin R. Novick (September 21, 1932 - May 20, 1986) was an American statistician. He was a professor of Statistics at the University of Iowa, and a consultant for the Educational Testing Service (ETS).
Books
Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. American Psychological Association (APA). 1985. ISBN 9780912704951.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Melvin"
]
}
|
Anna Maria Dossena (1912–1990) was an Italian stage and film actress.
Selected filmography
Television (1931)
The Old Lady (1932)
Music in the Square (1936)
We Were Seven Sisters (1939)
We Were Seven Widows (1939)
Empty Eyes (1953)
Il bambino e il poliziotto (1989)
References
Bibliography
Waldman, Harry. Missing Reels: Lost Films of American and European Cinema. McFarland, 2000.
External links
Anna Maria Dossena at IMDb
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
11
],
"text": [
"Dossena"
]
}
|
Anna Maria Dossena (1912–1990) was an Italian stage and film actress.
Selected filmography
Television (1931)
The Old Lady (1932)
Music in the Square (1936)
We Were Seven Sisters (1939)
We Were Seven Widows (1939)
Empty Eyes (1953)
Il bambino e il poliziotto (1989)
References
Bibliography
Waldman, Harry. Missing Reels: Lost Films of American and European Cinema. McFarland, 2000.
External links
Anna Maria Dossena at IMDb
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Anna Maria"
]
}
|
Anna Maria Dossena (1912–1990) was an Italian stage and film actress.
Selected filmography
Television (1931)
The Old Lady (1932)
Music in the Square (1936)
We Were Seven Sisters (1939)
We Were Seven Widows (1939)
Empty Eyes (1953)
Il bambino e il poliziotto (1989)
References
Bibliography
Waldman, Harry. Missing Reels: Lost Films of American and European Cinema. McFarland, 2000.
External links
Anna Maria Dossena at IMDb
|
languages spoken, written or signed
|
{
"answer_start": [
38
],
"text": [
"Italian"
]
}
|
Anna Maria Dossena (1912–1990) was an Italian stage and film actress.
Selected filmography
Television (1931)
The Old Lady (1932)
Music in the Square (1936)
We Were Seven Sisters (1939)
We Were Seven Widows (1939)
Empty Eyes (1953)
Il bambino e il poliziotto (1989)
References
Bibliography
Waldman, Harry. Missing Reels: Lost Films of American and European Cinema. McFarland, 2000.
External links
Anna Maria Dossena at IMDb
|
name in native language
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Anna Maria Dossena"
]
}
|
Azimpur Mosque (Bengali: আজিমপুর মসজিদ) is located beside the Azimpur graveyard in Dhaka. A Persian inscription in the mosque indicates that the mosque was built in 1746 AD by one Fayzul Alam. The mosque was built during the reign of Mughal Nawab Alivardi Khan and is the last existing example of a mosque structure with a single dome and a flanking half-domed vault on both sides.
Architecture
Azimpur Mosque has the same architectural plan as the nearby Khan Muhammad Mridha Mosque.The mosque is single domes and a two-storied structure. Some experts say that the dome bears Ottoman Empire architecture.Five arched doorways are there and each of the doors has a half domed vault consisting of two arches over them. The mosque is unique in Bangladesh as it is the last structure to exist that has a single dome with half domed sides on the roof.
Renovation
In January 2017, the mosque has been partially demolished to make the structure modern and increase space for prayer. With the intervention of the Department of Archaeology of Bangladesh, the demolition was halted. But a significant portion of the historical mosque was damaged.
See also
List of mosques in Bangladesh
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
742
],
"text": [
"Bangladesh"
]
}
|
Azimpur Mosque (Bengali: আজিমপুর মসজিদ) is located beside the Azimpur graveyard in Dhaka. A Persian inscription in the mosque indicates that the mosque was built in 1746 AD by one Fayzul Alam. The mosque was built during the reign of Mughal Nawab Alivardi Khan and is the last existing example of a mosque structure with a single dome and a flanking half-domed vault on both sides.
Architecture
Azimpur Mosque has the same architectural plan as the nearby Khan Muhammad Mridha Mosque.The mosque is single domes and a two-storied structure. Some experts say that the dome bears Ottoman Empire architecture.Five arched doorways are there and each of the doors has a half domed vault consisting of two arches over them. The mosque is unique in Bangladesh as it is the last structure to exist that has a single dome with half domed sides on the roof.
Renovation
In January 2017, the mosque has been partially demolished to make the structure modern and increase space for prayer. With the intervention of the Department of Archaeology of Bangladesh, the demolition was halted. But a significant portion of the historical mosque was damaged.
See also
List of mosques in Bangladesh
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
119
],
"text": [
"mosque"
]
}
|
Azimpur Mosque (Bengali: আজিমপুর মসজিদ) is located beside the Azimpur graveyard in Dhaka. A Persian inscription in the mosque indicates that the mosque was built in 1746 AD by one Fayzul Alam. The mosque was built during the reign of Mughal Nawab Alivardi Khan and is the last existing example of a mosque structure with a single dome and a flanking half-domed vault on both sides.
Architecture
Azimpur Mosque has the same architectural plan as the nearby Khan Muhammad Mridha Mosque.The mosque is single domes and a two-storied structure. Some experts say that the dome bears Ottoman Empire architecture.Five arched doorways are there and each of the doors has a half domed vault consisting of two arches over them. The mosque is unique in Bangladesh as it is the last structure to exist that has a single dome with half domed sides on the roof.
Renovation
In January 2017, the mosque has been partially demolished to make the structure modern and increase space for prayer. With the intervention of the Department of Archaeology of Bangladesh, the demolition was halted. But a significant portion of the historical mosque was damaged.
See also
List of mosques in Bangladesh
== References ==
|
located in the administrative territorial entity
|
{
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"Dhaka"
]
}
|
Callophoca is an extinct genus of earless seals from the late Miocene to early Pliocene of Belgium and the US Eastern Seaboard.
The type and only species of Callophoca is C. obscura. Mesotaria ambigua, based on the lectotype humerus IRSNB 1156-M177, is a synonym. Although numerous non-humeral bones have been assigned to Callophoca, they are best considered Monachinae indet. pending further study because they have been found, isolated, leaving the M. ambigua lectotype, IRSNB 1116-M188, IRSNB VERT-17172-301b, and USNM 186944 the only unambiguous referred specimens of Callophoca.
== References ==
|
taxon rank
|
{
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"genus"
]
}
|
Callophoca is an extinct genus of earless seals from the late Miocene to early Pliocene of Belgium and the US Eastern Seaboard.
The type and only species of Callophoca is C. obscura. Mesotaria ambigua, based on the lectotype humerus IRSNB 1156-M177, is a synonym. Although numerous non-humeral bones have been assigned to Callophoca, they are best considered Monachinae indet. pending further study because they have been found, isolated, leaving the M. ambigua lectotype, IRSNB 1116-M188, IRSNB VERT-17172-301b, and USNM 186944 the only unambiguous referred specimens of Callophoca.
== References ==
|
taxon name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Callophoca"
]
}
|
James Bumgardner Murphy (4 August 1884 – 24 August 1950) was an American physiologist and anatomist who developed techniques for growing chicken and human tumour cells in fertilized chicken eggs which is used in cancer studies as well as for maintaining virus cultures. He also recognized the role of the immune system, particularly lymphocytes, in the rejection of tissue grafts.Murphy was born in Morgantown, North Carolina where his father psychiatrist Dr Patrick Livingston Murphy was director of the Western State Sanatorium. He grew up in Morgantown where he went to Horner School before graduating from the University of North Carolina. He then joined Johns Hopkins Medical School in 1905 where he excelled in anatomical dissection and illustration, which impressed Harvey Cushing. He then worked as an assistant to Adolph Meyer and later joined the Rockefeller Institute to work under Peyton Rous in 1911. He developed techniques for growing mammalian tumour cells in embryonated hen's eggs. During World War I, Murphy worked in Washington with Hans Zinsser to organize mobile hospitals and helped develop an Army Medical Laboratory Manual. An ulcer, and a surgery with complications led to several years of poor health and convalescence. He became a director of cancer research at the Rockefeller Institute, working there until his death.
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
149
],
"text": [
"human"
]
}
|
James Bumgardner Murphy (4 August 1884 – 24 August 1950) was an American physiologist and anatomist who developed techniques for growing chicken and human tumour cells in fertilized chicken eggs which is used in cancer studies as well as for maintaining virus cultures. He also recognized the role of the immune system, particularly lymphocytes, in the rejection of tissue grafts.Murphy was born in Morgantown, North Carolina where his father psychiatrist Dr Patrick Livingston Murphy was director of the Western State Sanatorium. He grew up in Morgantown where he went to Horner School before graduating from the University of North Carolina. He then joined Johns Hopkins Medical School in 1905 where he excelled in anatomical dissection and illustration, which impressed Harvey Cushing. He then worked as an assistant to Adolph Meyer and later joined the Rockefeller Institute to work under Peyton Rous in 1911. He developed techniques for growing mammalian tumour cells in embryonated hen's eggs. During World War I, Murphy worked in Washington with Hans Zinsser to organize mobile hospitals and helped develop an Army Medical Laboratory Manual. An ulcer, and a surgery with complications led to several years of poor health and convalescence. He became a director of cancer research at the Rockefeller Institute, working there until his death.
== References ==
|
family name
|
{
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"Murphy"
]
}
|
James Bumgardner Murphy (4 August 1884 – 24 August 1950) was an American physiologist and anatomist who developed techniques for growing chicken and human tumour cells in fertilized chicken eggs which is used in cancer studies as well as for maintaining virus cultures. He also recognized the role of the immune system, particularly lymphocytes, in the rejection of tissue grafts.Murphy was born in Morgantown, North Carolina where his father psychiatrist Dr Patrick Livingston Murphy was director of the Western State Sanatorium. He grew up in Morgantown where he went to Horner School before graduating from the University of North Carolina. He then joined Johns Hopkins Medical School in 1905 where he excelled in anatomical dissection and illustration, which impressed Harvey Cushing. He then worked as an assistant to Adolph Meyer and later joined the Rockefeller Institute to work under Peyton Rous in 1911. He developed techniques for growing mammalian tumour cells in embryonated hen's eggs. During World War I, Murphy worked in Washington with Hans Zinsser to organize mobile hospitals and helped develop an Army Medical Laboratory Manual. An ulcer, and a surgery with complications led to several years of poor health and convalescence. He became a director of cancer research at the Rockefeller Institute, working there until his death.
== References ==
|
given name
|
{
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"James"
]
}
|
The Ksani (Georgian: ქსანი, Ossetian: Чысандон, Ĉysandon) is a river in central Georgia, which rises on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range in South Ossetia and flows into the Kura (Mtkvari). It is 84 km (52 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 885 km2 (342 sq mi). Ksani (both the river and the name) is often associated with the Medieval Georgian Ksani fortress which lies near the confluence of the Ksani and the Mtkvari.
See also
Duchy of Ksani
== References ==
|
country
|
{
"answer_start": [
11
],
"text": [
"Georgia"
]
}
|
The Ksani (Georgian: ქსანი, Ossetian: Чысандон, Ĉysandon) is a river in central Georgia, which rises on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range in South Ossetia and flows into the Kura (Mtkvari). It is 84 km (52 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 885 km2 (342 sq mi). Ksani (both the river and the name) is often associated with the Medieval Georgian Ksani fortress which lies near the confluence of the Ksani and the Mtkvari.
See also
Duchy of Ksani
== References ==
|
instance of
|
{
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"river"
]
}
|
The Ksani (Georgian: ქსანი, Ossetian: Чысандон, Ĉysandon) is a river in central Georgia, which rises on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range in South Ossetia and flows into the Kura (Mtkvari). It is 84 km (52 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 885 km2 (342 sq mi). Ksani (both the river and the name) is often associated with the Medieval Georgian Ksani fortress which lies near the confluence of the Ksani and the Mtkvari.
See also
Duchy of Ksani
== References ==
|
basin country
|
{
"answer_start": [
11
],
"text": [
"Georgia"
]
}
|
The Ksani (Georgian: ქსანი, Ossetian: Чысандон, Ĉysandon) is a river in central Georgia, which rises on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range in South Ossetia and flows into the Kura (Mtkvari). It is 84 km (52 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 885 km2 (342 sq mi). Ksani (both the river and the name) is often associated with the Medieval Georgian Ksani fortress which lies near the confluence of the Ksani and the Mtkvari.
See also
Duchy of Ksani
== References ==
|
length
|
{
"answer_start": [
221
],
"text": [
"84"
]
}
|
The Ksani (Georgian: ქსანი, Ossetian: Чысандон, Ĉysandon) is a river in central Georgia, which rises on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range in South Ossetia and flows into the Kura (Mtkvari). It is 84 km (52 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 885 km2 (342 sq mi). Ksani (both the river and the name) is often associated with the Medieval Georgian Ksani fortress which lies near the confluence of the Ksani and the Mtkvari.
See also
Duchy of Ksani
== References ==
|
watershed area
|
{
"answer_start": [
269
],
"text": [
"885"
]
}
|
"Acafellas" is the third episode of the American television series Glee. The episode premiered on the Fox network on September 16, 2009. It was directed by John Scott and written by series creator Ryan Murphy. The episode sees glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) form an all-male a cappella group, the Acafellas, neglecting the club in favor of dedicating his time to the new endeavor. New Directions struggle with choreography, and resist attempts at sabotage by members of the cheer squad. Mercedes (Amber Riley) harbors romantic feelings for Kurt (Chris Colfer), who comes out as gay.
Singer Josh Groban guest stars as himself, John Lloyd Young appears as wood shop teacher Henri St. Pierre, and Victor Garber and Debra Monk play Will's parents. The episode features covers of seven songs, including the instrumental piece "La Camisa Negra" performed on guitar by Mark Salling. Studio recordings of two of the songs performed were released as singles, available for digital download, and two of the tracks also appear on the album Glee: The Music, Volume 1.
The episode was watched by 6.69 million US viewers and received mixed reviews from critics. Entertainment Weekly's Tim Stack and The New York Times's Mike Hale welcomed the return of Stephen Tobolowsky as Sandy Ryerson, while Ryan Brockington of the New York Post and Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal praised Riley's cover of Jazmine Sullivan's "Bust Your Windows". However, Rachel Ray, reviewing the episode for The Independent, deemed it "overhyped [...] uninspired, confusing and with a simple plot to boot."
Plot
When Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) questions director Will Schuester's choreography skills during a glee club rehearsal, he forms an all-male a cappella group, the Acafellas, to build his confidence. The group originally consists of Will, football coach Ken Tanaka (Patrick Gallagher), woodshop teacher Henri St. Pierre (John Lloyd Young) and Howard Bamboo (Kent Avenido), a co-worker of Will's wife Terri (Jessalyn Gilsig). After their first performance however, Henri and Howard drop out and Will replaces them with glee club member Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith), who was considering quitting glee club, and his fellow football player Puck (Mark Salling). Former glee club director Sandy Ryerson (Stephen Tobolowsky) also joins the group, having arranged for singer Josh Groban to be at their next performance. Although the star compliments their rendition of "I Wanna Sex You Up", he reveals that he only attended to make sure Sandy stopped stalking him.
In Will's absence, the glee club hires Dakota Stanley (Whit Hertford), the choreographer of a rival club, Vocal Adrenaline, to help coach them to a Nationals championship. Cheerleaders Quinn (Dianna Agron), Santana (Naya Rivera) and Brittany (Heather Morris) hope that the notoriously harsh Stanley will prompt some members of the club to quit, furthering their plan to sabotage the club. Although Stanley is heavily critical of most of the group, Rachel convinces the members that their differences give them a unique edge, and fires the choreographer. The cheerleaders also lead Mercedes Jones (Amber Riley) to believe that fellow club member Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) has feelings for her, despite Rachel and Tina Cohen-Chang’s efforts to inform Mercedes that Kurt is obviously gay. Mercedes is hurt when Kurt rejects her advances. He misleads her into believing he has feelings for Rachel, which angers Mercedes, and she breaks the windshield of his car and sings "Bust Your Windows". Kurt later confesses to her that he is gay—the first time he has said it to anyone—and the two make up.
Cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) is angry that the club is now stronger than ever, and punishes Quinn and Santana. Quinn retaliates by thanking Sue for helping her realize that believing in herself negates the need to bring other people down. Will realizes that his passion is teaching, not performing, and resolves to recommit to the glee club.
Production
Recurring cast members who appear in "Acafellas" are Stephen Tobolowsky as former glee club director Sandy Ryerson, Patrick Gallagher as football coach Ken Tanaka, Iqbal Theba as Principal Figgins, Kent Avenido as Sheets and Things employee Howard Bamboo, and Naya Rivera and Heather Morris as glee club members Santana Lopez and Brittany Pierce. Whit Hertford guest-starred as choreographer Dakota Stanley. Cheyenne Jackson was originally supposed to play Dakota Stanley, but when he arrived in California he learned that he had the flu. John Lloyd Young played Henri, "a retired wood shop teacher with an excellent singing voice", and Victor Garber and Debra Monk played Will's parents. Morrison was "thrilled" by Garber's casting, having been a longstanding fan of his. Josh Groban received special guest star billing, playing, in Colfer's words, "himself as this ignorant asshole". Morrison's rapping in the episode was an already acquired skill, with Gilsig commenting: "He can do it. It didn't look like a joke, it actually looked totally authentic, and he was fantastic. I think he has just an amazing musical range. People like that who have been singing their whole lives, they have such a command of that." Riley deemed Kurt's coming out in the episode "very emotional" and "one of [her] favorite scenes". Colfer described the scene as "very respectful and very touching ... very, very real and serious."
Music
The episode features cover versions of "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow", "This Is How We Do It" by Montell Jordan, "Poison" by Bell Biv DeVoe, "Mercy" by Duffy, "Bust Your Windows" by Jazmine Sullivan, "I Wanna Sex You Up" by Color Me Badd and an instrumental performance of "La Camisa Negra" by Juanes. Studio recordings of "Bust Your Windows" and "Mercy" were released as singles, available for digital download. "Bust Your Windows" is also featured on the soundtrack album Glee: The Music, Volume 1, with a studio recording of "I Wanna Sex You Up" included as a bonus track on discs purchased from Target.
Reception
Ratings
"Acafellas" was watched by 6.69 million US viewers and attained a 3.2/9 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic. It was the tenth most watched show in Canada for the week, with 1.44 million viewers. In the UK, the episode was shown straight after the pilot episode, and was watched by 1.68 million viewers (1.29 million on E4, and 398,000 on timeshift), becoming the most-watched show on cable for the week.
Critical reception
The episode received mixed reviews from critics. Tim Stack for Entertainment Weekly reviewed the episode positively, deeming it potentially even better than the season premiere. Stack wrote that the best aspect of the episode was the focus placed on previously more minor characters, such as Puck, Mercedes and Kurt. He praised Lynch as Sue and wrote, "Stephen Tobolowsky’s Sandy is also becoming one of the most reliable characters for great lines and laughs." He was disappointed that Garber did not sing in his role as Will's father, but hoped he would return for future episodes. Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal praised Riley's rendition of "Bust Your Windows" as "showstopping", Vocal Adrenaline's "Mercy" as "leg-splits-over-shoulders exciting", and deemed the Acafellas performance of "I Wanna Sex You Up" "corny" but noted: "this is about high school. Corny is de rigueur." Shawna Malcom for the Los Angeles Times wrote that although "Bust Your Windows" was "over the top [...] the emotion behind the whole thing felt appropriately real."Mike Hale of The New York Times was critical of the episode, discussing the show's "increasingly rapid march toward Hallmark country." He commented that while "Acafellas" did not match the standard of the pilot episode, it was funnier than "Showmance", and praised the return of Stephen Tobolowsky as Sandy Ryerson. Hale called Groban's cameo the "most fun of all" in the episode, but overall noted that: "The humor can’t make up for the lack of big production numbers [...] The problem for this show is always going to be how to fill the gaps between songs. A lot of the current plot lines, like Will and his wife's phantom baby, are already getting old, so it would behoove the producers to keep those gaps as short as possible." Rachel Ray, reviewing the episode for The Independent deemed Glee "overhyped [...] uninspired, confusing and with a simple plot to boot." Ray wrote, Glee's "upbeat message" was "overridden by the show's attempt to be darker than the run-of-the mill high school drama." As with Hale, Ray commented that: "Music should be the redeeming feature of Glee but it's not, because the viewer never gets a satisfying taste of the cast members' musical talents". Shawna Malcom criticized Terri and Will's characterization in the episode, deeming Terri "beyond annoying", but wrote: "I have confidence that creator Ryan Murphy will flesh out Jessalyn Gilsig’s character over time. Her seemingly sincere apology to Will for not being more supportive of his boy band was a nice first step." Of Will, Malcom posed the question: "didn’t it feel as though his commitment to the glee club melted away rather quickly? [...] How could he turn his back so easily?" More positively, Malcom called Kurt's coming out scene "lovely". She wrote that Groban's appearance was "laugh out loud" funny, while Stack commented: "It was a little random, but it's all worth it for the scene when Groban was hitting on Will's mom."
References
External links
"Acafellas" at Fox.com
"Acafellas" at IMDb
|
screenwriter
|
{
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"Ryan Murphy"
]
}
|
"Acafellas" is the third episode of the American television series Glee. The episode premiered on the Fox network on September 16, 2009. It was directed by John Scott and written by series creator Ryan Murphy. The episode sees glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) form an all-male a cappella group, the Acafellas, neglecting the club in favor of dedicating his time to the new endeavor. New Directions struggle with choreography, and resist attempts at sabotage by members of the cheer squad. Mercedes (Amber Riley) harbors romantic feelings for Kurt (Chris Colfer), who comes out as gay.
Singer Josh Groban guest stars as himself, John Lloyd Young appears as wood shop teacher Henri St. Pierre, and Victor Garber and Debra Monk play Will's parents. The episode features covers of seven songs, including the instrumental piece "La Camisa Negra" performed on guitar by Mark Salling. Studio recordings of two of the songs performed were released as singles, available for digital download, and two of the tracks also appear on the album Glee: The Music, Volume 1.
The episode was watched by 6.69 million US viewers and received mixed reviews from critics. Entertainment Weekly's Tim Stack and The New York Times's Mike Hale welcomed the return of Stephen Tobolowsky as Sandy Ryerson, while Ryan Brockington of the New York Post and Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal praised Riley's cover of Jazmine Sullivan's "Bust Your Windows". However, Rachel Ray, reviewing the episode for The Independent, deemed it "overhyped [...] uninspired, confusing and with a simple plot to boot."
Plot
When Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) questions director Will Schuester's choreography skills during a glee club rehearsal, he forms an all-male a cappella group, the Acafellas, to build his confidence. The group originally consists of Will, football coach Ken Tanaka (Patrick Gallagher), woodshop teacher Henri St. Pierre (John Lloyd Young) and Howard Bamboo (Kent Avenido), a co-worker of Will's wife Terri (Jessalyn Gilsig). After their first performance however, Henri and Howard drop out and Will replaces them with glee club member Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith), who was considering quitting glee club, and his fellow football player Puck (Mark Salling). Former glee club director Sandy Ryerson (Stephen Tobolowsky) also joins the group, having arranged for singer Josh Groban to be at their next performance. Although the star compliments their rendition of "I Wanna Sex You Up", he reveals that he only attended to make sure Sandy stopped stalking him.
In Will's absence, the glee club hires Dakota Stanley (Whit Hertford), the choreographer of a rival club, Vocal Adrenaline, to help coach them to a Nationals championship. Cheerleaders Quinn (Dianna Agron), Santana (Naya Rivera) and Brittany (Heather Morris) hope that the notoriously harsh Stanley will prompt some members of the club to quit, furthering their plan to sabotage the club. Although Stanley is heavily critical of most of the group, Rachel convinces the members that their differences give them a unique edge, and fires the choreographer. The cheerleaders also lead Mercedes Jones (Amber Riley) to believe that fellow club member Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) has feelings for her, despite Rachel and Tina Cohen-Chang’s efforts to inform Mercedes that Kurt is obviously gay. Mercedes is hurt when Kurt rejects her advances. He misleads her into believing he has feelings for Rachel, which angers Mercedes, and she breaks the windshield of his car and sings "Bust Your Windows". Kurt later confesses to her that he is gay—the first time he has said it to anyone—and the two make up.
Cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) is angry that the club is now stronger than ever, and punishes Quinn and Santana. Quinn retaliates by thanking Sue for helping her realize that believing in herself negates the need to bring other people down. Will realizes that his passion is teaching, not performing, and resolves to recommit to the glee club.
Production
Recurring cast members who appear in "Acafellas" are Stephen Tobolowsky as former glee club director Sandy Ryerson, Patrick Gallagher as football coach Ken Tanaka, Iqbal Theba as Principal Figgins, Kent Avenido as Sheets and Things employee Howard Bamboo, and Naya Rivera and Heather Morris as glee club members Santana Lopez and Brittany Pierce. Whit Hertford guest-starred as choreographer Dakota Stanley. Cheyenne Jackson was originally supposed to play Dakota Stanley, but when he arrived in California he learned that he had the flu. John Lloyd Young played Henri, "a retired wood shop teacher with an excellent singing voice", and Victor Garber and Debra Monk played Will's parents. Morrison was "thrilled" by Garber's casting, having been a longstanding fan of his. Josh Groban received special guest star billing, playing, in Colfer's words, "himself as this ignorant asshole". Morrison's rapping in the episode was an already acquired skill, with Gilsig commenting: "He can do it. It didn't look like a joke, it actually looked totally authentic, and he was fantastic. I think he has just an amazing musical range. People like that who have been singing their whole lives, they have such a command of that." Riley deemed Kurt's coming out in the episode "very emotional" and "one of [her] favorite scenes". Colfer described the scene as "very respectful and very touching ... very, very real and serious."
Music
The episode features cover versions of "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow", "This Is How We Do It" by Montell Jordan, "Poison" by Bell Biv DeVoe, "Mercy" by Duffy, "Bust Your Windows" by Jazmine Sullivan, "I Wanna Sex You Up" by Color Me Badd and an instrumental performance of "La Camisa Negra" by Juanes. Studio recordings of "Bust Your Windows" and "Mercy" were released as singles, available for digital download. "Bust Your Windows" is also featured on the soundtrack album Glee: The Music, Volume 1, with a studio recording of "I Wanna Sex You Up" included as a bonus track on discs purchased from Target.
Reception
Ratings
"Acafellas" was watched by 6.69 million US viewers and attained a 3.2/9 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic. It was the tenth most watched show in Canada for the week, with 1.44 million viewers. In the UK, the episode was shown straight after the pilot episode, and was watched by 1.68 million viewers (1.29 million on E4, and 398,000 on timeshift), becoming the most-watched show on cable for the week.
Critical reception
The episode received mixed reviews from critics. Tim Stack for Entertainment Weekly reviewed the episode positively, deeming it potentially even better than the season premiere. Stack wrote that the best aspect of the episode was the focus placed on previously more minor characters, such as Puck, Mercedes and Kurt. He praised Lynch as Sue and wrote, "Stephen Tobolowsky’s Sandy is also becoming one of the most reliable characters for great lines and laughs." He was disappointed that Garber did not sing in his role as Will's father, but hoped he would return for future episodes. Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal praised Riley's rendition of "Bust Your Windows" as "showstopping", Vocal Adrenaline's "Mercy" as "leg-splits-over-shoulders exciting", and deemed the Acafellas performance of "I Wanna Sex You Up" "corny" but noted: "this is about high school. Corny is de rigueur." Shawna Malcom for the Los Angeles Times wrote that although "Bust Your Windows" was "over the top [...] the emotion behind the whole thing felt appropriately real."Mike Hale of The New York Times was critical of the episode, discussing the show's "increasingly rapid march toward Hallmark country." He commented that while "Acafellas" did not match the standard of the pilot episode, it was funnier than "Showmance", and praised the return of Stephen Tobolowsky as Sandy Ryerson. Hale called Groban's cameo the "most fun of all" in the episode, but overall noted that: "The humor can’t make up for the lack of big production numbers [...] The problem for this show is always going to be how to fill the gaps between songs. A lot of the current plot lines, like Will and his wife's phantom baby, are already getting old, so it would behoove the producers to keep those gaps as short as possible." Rachel Ray, reviewing the episode for The Independent deemed Glee "overhyped [...] uninspired, confusing and with a simple plot to boot." Ray wrote, Glee's "upbeat message" was "overridden by the show's attempt to be darker than the run-of-the mill high school drama." As with Hale, Ray commented that: "Music should be the redeeming feature of Glee but it's not, because the viewer never gets a satisfying taste of the cast members' musical talents". Shawna Malcom criticized Terri and Will's characterization in the episode, deeming Terri "beyond annoying", but wrote: "I have confidence that creator Ryan Murphy will flesh out Jessalyn Gilsig’s character over time. Her seemingly sincere apology to Will for not being more supportive of his boy band was a nice first step." Of Will, Malcom posed the question: "didn’t it feel as though his commitment to the glee club melted away rather quickly? [...] How could he turn his back so easily?" More positively, Malcom called Kurt's coming out scene "lovely". She wrote that Groban's appearance was "laugh out loud" funny, while Stack commented: "It was a little random, but it's all worth it for the scene when Groban was hitting on Will's mom."
References
External links
"Acafellas" at Fox.com
"Acafellas" at IMDb
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follows
|
{
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7804
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"Acafellas" is the third episode of the American television series Glee. The episode premiered on the Fox network on September 16, 2009. It was directed by John Scott and written by series creator Ryan Murphy. The episode sees glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) form an all-male a cappella group, the Acafellas, neglecting the club in favor of dedicating his time to the new endeavor. New Directions struggle with choreography, and resist attempts at sabotage by members of the cheer squad. Mercedes (Amber Riley) harbors romantic feelings for Kurt (Chris Colfer), who comes out as gay.
Singer Josh Groban guest stars as himself, John Lloyd Young appears as wood shop teacher Henri St. Pierre, and Victor Garber and Debra Monk play Will's parents. The episode features covers of seven songs, including the instrumental piece "La Camisa Negra" performed on guitar by Mark Salling. Studio recordings of two of the songs performed were released as singles, available for digital download, and two of the tracks also appear on the album Glee: The Music, Volume 1.
The episode was watched by 6.69 million US viewers and received mixed reviews from critics. Entertainment Weekly's Tim Stack and The New York Times's Mike Hale welcomed the return of Stephen Tobolowsky as Sandy Ryerson, while Ryan Brockington of the New York Post and Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal praised Riley's cover of Jazmine Sullivan's "Bust Your Windows". However, Rachel Ray, reviewing the episode for The Independent, deemed it "overhyped [...] uninspired, confusing and with a simple plot to boot."
Plot
When Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) questions director Will Schuester's choreography skills during a glee club rehearsal, he forms an all-male a cappella group, the Acafellas, to build his confidence. The group originally consists of Will, football coach Ken Tanaka (Patrick Gallagher), woodshop teacher Henri St. Pierre (John Lloyd Young) and Howard Bamboo (Kent Avenido), a co-worker of Will's wife Terri (Jessalyn Gilsig). After their first performance however, Henri and Howard drop out and Will replaces them with glee club member Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith), who was considering quitting glee club, and his fellow football player Puck (Mark Salling). Former glee club director Sandy Ryerson (Stephen Tobolowsky) also joins the group, having arranged for singer Josh Groban to be at their next performance. Although the star compliments their rendition of "I Wanna Sex You Up", he reveals that he only attended to make sure Sandy stopped stalking him.
In Will's absence, the glee club hires Dakota Stanley (Whit Hertford), the choreographer of a rival club, Vocal Adrenaline, to help coach them to a Nationals championship. Cheerleaders Quinn (Dianna Agron), Santana (Naya Rivera) and Brittany (Heather Morris) hope that the notoriously harsh Stanley will prompt some members of the club to quit, furthering their plan to sabotage the club. Although Stanley is heavily critical of most of the group, Rachel convinces the members that their differences give them a unique edge, and fires the choreographer. The cheerleaders also lead Mercedes Jones (Amber Riley) to believe that fellow club member Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) has feelings for her, despite Rachel and Tina Cohen-Chang’s efforts to inform Mercedes that Kurt is obviously gay. Mercedes is hurt when Kurt rejects her advances. He misleads her into believing he has feelings for Rachel, which angers Mercedes, and she breaks the windshield of his car and sings "Bust Your Windows". Kurt later confesses to her that he is gay—the first time he has said it to anyone—and the two make up.
Cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) is angry that the club is now stronger than ever, and punishes Quinn and Santana. Quinn retaliates by thanking Sue for helping her realize that believing in herself negates the need to bring other people down. Will realizes that his passion is teaching, not performing, and resolves to recommit to the glee club.
Production
Recurring cast members who appear in "Acafellas" are Stephen Tobolowsky as former glee club director Sandy Ryerson, Patrick Gallagher as football coach Ken Tanaka, Iqbal Theba as Principal Figgins, Kent Avenido as Sheets and Things employee Howard Bamboo, and Naya Rivera and Heather Morris as glee club members Santana Lopez and Brittany Pierce. Whit Hertford guest-starred as choreographer Dakota Stanley. Cheyenne Jackson was originally supposed to play Dakota Stanley, but when he arrived in California he learned that he had the flu. John Lloyd Young played Henri, "a retired wood shop teacher with an excellent singing voice", and Victor Garber and Debra Monk played Will's parents. Morrison was "thrilled" by Garber's casting, having been a longstanding fan of his. Josh Groban received special guest star billing, playing, in Colfer's words, "himself as this ignorant asshole". Morrison's rapping in the episode was an already acquired skill, with Gilsig commenting: "He can do it. It didn't look like a joke, it actually looked totally authentic, and he was fantastic. I think he has just an amazing musical range. People like that who have been singing their whole lives, they have such a command of that." Riley deemed Kurt's coming out in the episode "very emotional" and "one of [her] favorite scenes". Colfer described the scene as "very respectful and very touching ... very, very real and serious."
Music
The episode features cover versions of "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow", "This Is How We Do It" by Montell Jordan, "Poison" by Bell Biv DeVoe, "Mercy" by Duffy, "Bust Your Windows" by Jazmine Sullivan, "I Wanna Sex You Up" by Color Me Badd and an instrumental performance of "La Camisa Negra" by Juanes. Studio recordings of "Bust Your Windows" and "Mercy" were released as singles, available for digital download. "Bust Your Windows" is also featured on the soundtrack album Glee: The Music, Volume 1, with a studio recording of "I Wanna Sex You Up" included as a bonus track on discs purchased from Target.
Reception
Ratings
"Acafellas" was watched by 6.69 million US viewers and attained a 3.2/9 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic. It was the tenth most watched show in Canada for the week, with 1.44 million viewers. In the UK, the episode was shown straight after the pilot episode, and was watched by 1.68 million viewers (1.29 million on E4, and 398,000 on timeshift), becoming the most-watched show on cable for the week.
Critical reception
The episode received mixed reviews from critics. Tim Stack for Entertainment Weekly reviewed the episode positively, deeming it potentially even better than the season premiere. Stack wrote that the best aspect of the episode was the focus placed on previously more minor characters, such as Puck, Mercedes and Kurt. He praised Lynch as Sue and wrote, "Stephen Tobolowsky’s Sandy is also becoming one of the most reliable characters for great lines and laughs." He was disappointed that Garber did not sing in his role as Will's father, but hoped he would return for future episodes. Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal praised Riley's rendition of "Bust Your Windows" as "showstopping", Vocal Adrenaline's "Mercy" as "leg-splits-over-shoulders exciting", and deemed the Acafellas performance of "I Wanna Sex You Up" "corny" but noted: "this is about high school. Corny is de rigueur." Shawna Malcom for the Los Angeles Times wrote that although "Bust Your Windows" was "over the top [...] the emotion behind the whole thing felt appropriately real."Mike Hale of The New York Times was critical of the episode, discussing the show's "increasingly rapid march toward Hallmark country." He commented that while "Acafellas" did not match the standard of the pilot episode, it was funnier than "Showmance", and praised the return of Stephen Tobolowsky as Sandy Ryerson. Hale called Groban's cameo the "most fun of all" in the episode, but overall noted that: "The humor can’t make up for the lack of big production numbers [...] The problem for this show is always going to be how to fill the gaps between songs. A lot of the current plot lines, like Will and his wife's phantom baby, are already getting old, so it would behoove the producers to keep those gaps as short as possible." Rachel Ray, reviewing the episode for The Independent deemed Glee "overhyped [...] uninspired, confusing and with a simple plot to boot." Ray wrote, Glee's "upbeat message" was "overridden by the show's attempt to be darker than the run-of-the mill high school drama." As with Hale, Ray commented that: "Music should be the redeeming feature of Glee but it's not, because the viewer never gets a satisfying taste of the cast members' musical talents". Shawna Malcom criticized Terri and Will's characterization in the episode, deeming Terri "beyond annoying", but wrote: "I have confidence that creator Ryan Murphy will flesh out Jessalyn Gilsig’s character over time. Her seemingly sincere apology to Will for not being more supportive of his boy band was a nice first step." Of Will, Malcom posed the question: "didn’t it feel as though his commitment to the glee club melted away rather quickly? [...] How could he turn his back so easily?" More positively, Malcom called Kurt's coming out scene "lovely". She wrote that Groban's appearance was "laugh out loud" funny, while Stack commented: "It was a little random, but it's all worth it for the scene when Groban was hitting on Will's mom."
References
External links
"Acafellas" at Fox.com
"Acafellas" at IMDb
|
cast member
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"Acafellas" is the third episode of the American television series Glee. The episode premiered on the Fox network on September 16, 2009. It was directed by John Scott and written by series creator Ryan Murphy. The episode sees glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) form an all-male a cappella group, the Acafellas, neglecting the club in favor of dedicating his time to the new endeavor. New Directions struggle with choreography, and resist attempts at sabotage by members of the cheer squad. Mercedes (Amber Riley) harbors romantic feelings for Kurt (Chris Colfer), who comes out as gay.
Singer Josh Groban guest stars as himself, John Lloyd Young appears as wood shop teacher Henri St. Pierre, and Victor Garber and Debra Monk play Will's parents. The episode features covers of seven songs, including the instrumental piece "La Camisa Negra" performed on guitar by Mark Salling. Studio recordings of two of the songs performed were released as singles, available for digital download, and two of the tracks also appear on the album Glee: The Music, Volume 1.
The episode was watched by 6.69 million US viewers and received mixed reviews from critics. Entertainment Weekly's Tim Stack and The New York Times's Mike Hale welcomed the return of Stephen Tobolowsky as Sandy Ryerson, while Ryan Brockington of the New York Post and Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal praised Riley's cover of Jazmine Sullivan's "Bust Your Windows". However, Rachel Ray, reviewing the episode for The Independent, deemed it "overhyped [...] uninspired, confusing and with a simple plot to boot."
Plot
When Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) questions director Will Schuester's choreography skills during a glee club rehearsal, he forms an all-male a cappella group, the Acafellas, to build his confidence. The group originally consists of Will, football coach Ken Tanaka (Patrick Gallagher), woodshop teacher Henri St. Pierre (John Lloyd Young) and Howard Bamboo (Kent Avenido), a co-worker of Will's wife Terri (Jessalyn Gilsig). After their first performance however, Henri and Howard drop out and Will replaces them with glee club member Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith), who was considering quitting glee club, and his fellow football player Puck (Mark Salling). Former glee club director Sandy Ryerson (Stephen Tobolowsky) also joins the group, having arranged for singer Josh Groban to be at their next performance. Although the star compliments their rendition of "I Wanna Sex You Up", he reveals that he only attended to make sure Sandy stopped stalking him.
In Will's absence, the glee club hires Dakota Stanley (Whit Hertford), the choreographer of a rival club, Vocal Adrenaline, to help coach them to a Nationals championship. Cheerleaders Quinn (Dianna Agron), Santana (Naya Rivera) and Brittany (Heather Morris) hope that the notoriously harsh Stanley will prompt some members of the club to quit, furthering their plan to sabotage the club. Although Stanley is heavily critical of most of the group, Rachel convinces the members that their differences give them a unique edge, and fires the choreographer. The cheerleaders also lead Mercedes Jones (Amber Riley) to believe that fellow club member Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) has feelings for her, despite Rachel and Tina Cohen-Chang’s efforts to inform Mercedes that Kurt is obviously gay. Mercedes is hurt when Kurt rejects her advances. He misleads her into believing he has feelings for Rachel, which angers Mercedes, and she breaks the windshield of his car and sings "Bust Your Windows". Kurt later confesses to her that he is gay—the first time he has said it to anyone—and the two make up.
Cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) is angry that the club is now stronger than ever, and punishes Quinn and Santana. Quinn retaliates by thanking Sue for helping her realize that believing in herself negates the need to bring other people down. Will realizes that his passion is teaching, not performing, and resolves to recommit to the glee club.
Production
Recurring cast members who appear in "Acafellas" are Stephen Tobolowsky as former glee club director Sandy Ryerson, Patrick Gallagher as football coach Ken Tanaka, Iqbal Theba as Principal Figgins, Kent Avenido as Sheets and Things employee Howard Bamboo, and Naya Rivera and Heather Morris as glee club members Santana Lopez and Brittany Pierce. Whit Hertford guest-starred as choreographer Dakota Stanley. Cheyenne Jackson was originally supposed to play Dakota Stanley, but when he arrived in California he learned that he had the flu. John Lloyd Young played Henri, "a retired wood shop teacher with an excellent singing voice", and Victor Garber and Debra Monk played Will's parents. Morrison was "thrilled" by Garber's casting, having been a longstanding fan of his. Josh Groban received special guest star billing, playing, in Colfer's words, "himself as this ignorant asshole". Morrison's rapping in the episode was an already acquired skill, with Gilsig commenting: "He can do it. It didn't look like a joke, it actually looked totally authentic, and he was fantastic. I think he has just an amazing musical range. People like that who have been singing their whole lives, they have such a command of that." Riley deemed Kurt's coming out in the episode "very emotional" and "one of [her] favorite scenes". Colfer described the scene as "very respectful and very touching ... very, very real and serious."
Music
The episode features cover versions of "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow", "This Is How We Do It" by Montell Jordan, "Poison" by Bell Biv DeVoe, "Mercy" by Duffy, "Bust Your Windows" by Jazmine Sullivan, "I Wanna Sex You Up" by Color Me Badd and an instrumental performance of "La Camisa Negra" by Juanes. Studio recordings of "Bust Your Windows" and "Mercy" were released as singles, available for digital download. "Bust Your Windows" is also featured on the soundtrack album Glee: The Music, Volume 1, with a studio recording of "I Wanna Sex You Up" included as a bonus track on discs purchased from Target.
Reception
Ratings
"Acafellas" was watched by 6.69 million US viewers and attained a 3.2/9 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic. It was the tenth most watched show in Canada for the week, with 1.44 million viewers. In the UK, the episode was shown straight after the pilot episode, and was watched by 1.68 million viewers (1.29 million on E4, and 398,000 on timeshift), becoming the most-watched show on cable for the week.
Critical reception
The episode received mixed reviews from critics. Tim Stack for Entertainment Weekly reviewed the episode positively, deeming it potentially even better than the season premiere. Stack wrote that the best aspect of the episode was the focus placed on previously more minor characters, such as Puck, Mercedes and Kurt. He praised Lynch as Sue and wrote, "Stephen Tobolowsky’s Sandy is also becoming one of the most reliable characters for great lines and laughs." He was disappointed that Garber did not sing in his role as Will's father, but hoped he would return for future episodes. Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal praised Riley's rendition of "Bust Your Windows" as "showstopping", Vocal Adrenaline's "Mercy" as "leg-splits-over-shoulders exciting", and deemed the Acafellas performance of "I Wanna Sex You Up" "corny" but noted: "this is about high school. Corny is de rigueur." Shawna Malcom for the Los Angeles Times wrote that although "Bust Your Windows" was "over the top [...] the emotion behind the whole thing felt appropriately real."Mike Hale of The New York Times was critical of the episode, discussing the show's "increasingly rapid march toward Hallmark country." He commented that while "Acafellas" did not match the standard of the pilot episode, it was funnier than "Showmance", and praised the return of Stephen Tobolowsky as Sandy Ryerson. Hale called Groban's cameo the "most fun of all" in the episode, but overall noted that: "The humor can’t make up for the lack of big production numbers [...] The problem for this show is always going to be how to fill the gaps between songs. A lot of the current plot lines, like Will and his wife's phantom baby, are already getting old, so it would behoove the producers to keep those gaps as short as possible." Rachel Ray, reviewing the episode for The Independent deemed Glee "overhyped [...] uninspired, confusing and with a simple plot to boot." Ray wrote, Glee's "upbeat message" was "overridden by the show's attempt to be darker than the run-of-the mill high school drama." As with Hale, Ray commented that: "Music should be the redeeming feature of Glee but it's not, because the viewer never gets a satisfying taste of the cast members' musical talents". Shawna Malcom criticized Terri and Will's characterization in the episode, deeming Terri "beyond annoying", but wrote: "I have confidence that creator Ryan Murphy will flesh out Jessalyn Gilsig’s character over time. Her seemingly sincere apology to Will for not being more supportive of his boy band was a nice first step." Of Will, Malcom posed the question: "didn’t it feel as though his commitment to the glee club melted away rather quickly? [...] How could he turn his back so easily?" More positively, Malcom called Kurt's coming out scene "lovely". She wrote that Groban's appearance was "laugh out loud" funny, while Stack commented: "It was a little random, but it's all worth it for the scene when Groban was hitting on Will's mom."
References
External links
"Acafellas" at Fox.com
"Acafellas" at IMDb
|
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"Acafellas" is the third episode of the American television series Glee. The episode premiered on the Fox network on September 16, 2009. It was directed by John Scott and written by series creator Ryan Murphy. The episode sees glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) form an all-male a cappella group, the Acafellas, neglecting the club in favor of dedicating his time to the new endeavor. New Directions struggle with choreography, and resist attempts at sabotage by members of the cheer squad. Mercedes (Amber Riley) harbors romantic feelings for Kurt (Chris Colfer), who comes out as gay.
Singer Josh Groban guest stars as himself, John Lloyd Young appears as wood shop teacher Henri St. Pierre, and Victor Garber and Debra Monk play Will's parents. The episode features covers of seven songs, including the instrumental piece "La Camisa Negra" performed on guitar by Mark Salling. Studio recordings of two of the songs performed were released as singles, available for digital download, and two of the tracks also appear on the album Glee: The Music, Volume 1.
The episode was watched by 6.69 million US viewers and received mixed reviews from critics. Entertainment Weekly's Tim Stack and The New York Times's Mike Hale welcomed the return of Stephen Tobolowsky as Sandy Ryerson, while Ryan Brockington of the New York Post and Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal praised Riley's cover of Jazmine Sullivan's "Bust Your Windows". However, Rachel Ray, reviewing the episode for The Independent, deemed it "overhyped [...] uninspired, confusing and with a simple plot to boot."
Plot
When Rachel Berry (Lea Michele) questions director Will Schuester's choreography skills during a glee club rehearsal, he forms an all-male a cappella group, the Acafellas, to build his confidence. The group originally consists of Will, football coach Ken Tanaka (Patrick Gallagher), woodshop teacher Henri St. Pierre (John Lloyd Young) and Howard Bamboo (Kent Avenido), a co-worker of Will's wife Terri (Jessalyn Gilsig). After their first performance however, Henri and Howard drop out and Will replaces them with glee club member Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith), who was considering quitting glee club, and his fellow football player Puck (Mark Salling). Former glee club director Sandy Ryerson (Stephen Tobolowsky) also joins the group, having arranged for singer Josh Groban to be at their next performance. Although the star compliments their rendition of "I Wanna Sex You Up", he reveals that he only attended to make sure Sandy stopped stalking him.
In Will's absence, the glee club hires Dakota Stanley (Whit Hertford), the choreographer of a rival club, Vocal Adrenaline, to help coach them to a Nationals championship. Cheerleaders Quinn (Dianna Agron), Santana (Naya Rivera) and Brittany (Heather Morris) hope that the notoriously harsh Stanley will prompt some members of the club to quit, furthering their plan to sabotage the club. Although Stanley is heavily critical of most of the group, Rachel convinces the members that their differences give them a unique edge, and fires the choreographer. The cheerleaders also lead Mercedes Jones (Amber Riley) to believe that fellow club member Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) has feelings for her, despite Rachel and Tina Cohen-Chang’s efforts to inform Mercedes that Kurt is obviously gay. Mercedes is hurt when Kurt rejects her advances. He misleads her into believing he has feelings for Rachel, which angers Mercedes, and she breaks the windshield of his car and sings "Bust Your Windows". Kurt later confesses to her that he is gay—the first time he has said it to anyone—and the two make up.
Cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) is angry that the club is now stronger than ever, and punishes Quinn and Santana. Quinn retaliates by thanking Sue for helping her realize that believing in herself negates the need to bring other people down. Will realizes that his passion is teaching, not performing, and resolves to recommit to the glee club.
Production
Recurring cast members who appear in "Acafellas" are Stephen Tobolowsky as former glee club director Sandy Ryerson, Patrick Gallagher as football coach Ken Tanaka, Iqbal Theba as Principal Figgins, Kent Avenido as Sheets and Things employee Howard Bamboo, and Naya Rivera and Heather Morris as glee club members Santana Lopez and Brittany Pierce. Whit Hertford guest-starred as choreographer Dakota Stanley. Cheyenne Jackson was originally supposed to play Dakota Stanley, but when he arrived in California he learned that he had the flu. John Lloyd Young played Henri, "a retired wood shop teacher with an excellent singing voice", and Victor Garber and Debra Monk played Will's parents. Morrison was "thrilled" by Garber's casting, having been a longstanding fan of his. Josh Groban received special guest star billing, playing, in Colfer's words, "himself as this ignorant asshole". Morrison's rapping in the episode was an already acquired skill, with Gilsig commenting: "He can do it. It didn't look like a joke, it actually looked totally authentic, and he was fantastic. I think he has just an amazing musical range. People like that who have been singing their whole lives, they have such a command of that." Riley deemed Kurt's coming out in the episode "very emotional" and "one of [her] favorite scenes". Colfer described the scene as "very respectful and very touching ... very, very real and serious."
Music
The episode features cover versions of "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow", "This Is How We Do It" by Montell Jordan, "Poison" by Bell Biv DeVoe, "Mercy" by Duffy, "Bust Your Windows" by Jazmine Sullivan, "I Wanna Sex You Up" by Color Me Badd and an instrumental performance of "La Camisa Negra" by Juanes. Studio recordings of "Bust Your Windows" and "Mercy" were released as singles, available for digital download. "Bust Your Windows" is also featured on the soundtrack album Glee: The Music, Volume 1, with a studio recording of "I Wanna Sex You Up" included as a bonus track on discs purchased from Target.
Reception
Ratings
"Acafellas" was watched by 6.69 million US viewers and attained a 3.2/9 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic. It was the tenth most watched show in Canada for the week, with 1.44 million viewers. In the UK, the episode was shown straight after the pilot episode, and was watched by 1.68 million viewers (1.29 million on E4, and 398,000 on timeshift), becoming the most-watched show on cable for the week.
Critical reception
The episode received mixed reviews from critics. Tim Stack for Entertainment Weekly reviewed the episode positively, deeming it potentially even better than the season premiere. Stack wrote that the best aspect of the episode was the focus placed on previously more minor characters, such as Puck, Mercedes and Kurt. He praised Lynch as Sue and wrote, "Stephen Tobolowsky’s Sandy is also becoming one of the most reliable characters for great lines and laughs." He was disappointed that Garber did not sing in his role as Will's father, but hoped he would return for future episodes. Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal praised Riley's rendition of "Bust Your Windows" as "showstopping", Vocal Adrenaline's "Mercy" as "leg-splits-over-shoulders exciting", and deemed the Acafellas performance of "I Wanna Sex You Up" "corny" but noted: "this is about high school. Corny is de rigueur." Shawna Malcom for the Los Angeles Times wrote that although "Bust Your Windows" was "over the top [...] the emotion behind the whole thing felt appropriately real."Mike Hale of The New York Times was critical of the episode, discussing the show's "increasingly rapid march toward Hallmark country." He commented that while "Acafellas" did not match the standard of the pilot episode, it was funnier than "Showmance", and praised the return of Stephen Tobolowsky as Sandy Ryerson. Hale called Groban's cameo the "most fun of all" in the episode, but overall noted that: "The humor can’t make up for the lack of big production numbers [...] The problem for this show is always going to be how to fill the gaps between songs. A lot of the current plot lines, like Will and his wife's phantom baby, are already getting old, so it would behoove the producers to keep those gaps as short as possible." Rachel Ray, reviewing the episode for The Independent deemed Glee "overhyped [...] uninspired, confusing and with a simple plot to boot." Ray wrote, Glee's "upbeat message" was "overridden by the show's attempt to be darker than the run-of-the mill high school drama." As with Hale, Ray commented that: "Music should be the redeeming feature of Glee but it's not, because the viewer never gets a satisfying taste of the cast members' musical talents". Shawna Malcom criticized Terri and Will's characterization in the episode, deeming Terri "beyond annoying", but wrote: "I have confidence that creator Ryan Murphy will flesh out Jessalyn Gilsig’s character over time. Her seemingly sincere apology to Will for not being more supportive of his boy band was a nice first step." Of Will, Malcom posed the question: "didn’t it feel as though his commitment to the glee club melted away rather quickly? [...] How could he turn his back so easily?" More positively, Malcom called Kurt's coming out scene "lovely". She wrote that Groban's appearance was "laugh out loud" funny, while Stack commented: "It was a little random, but it's all worth it for the scene when Groban was hitting on Will's mom."
References
External links
"Acafellas" at Fox.com
"Acafellas" at IMDb
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The AMC Cavalier was a compact concept presented by American Motors (AMC) in 1965, noted for symmetrical elements of its design and its interchangeable body parts.
Origin
The AMC Cavalier was one of four prototypes that hinted at AMC's future production vehicles. In 1966, the Cavalier became part of "Project IV" touring the auto show circuit. This group of four show cars included the Vixen (a 4-seat coupe with "flying buttress" rear roof pillars), the AMX prototype (a 2-seat coupe that evolved into the real production car), and the AMX II (a notchback hardtop that was 8 inches (203 mm) longer than the AMX). At the time, none of the concept cars carried the Rambler nameplate, which AMC started phasing out in 1966 in favor of AMC.
Of the four, only the 4-door Cavalier sedan with four seats was designed by Dick Teague in AMC's advanced design studio. While the "Project IV" cars were shown to the public, the automaker prepared future production cars. Elements of the Cavalier's design were incorporated into the new 1970 model year AMC Hornet, which required tooling and final stampings by summer 1969.
Innovations
The Cavalier was a study in symmetry. It was built to demonstrate the use of numerous interchangeable body panels. For example, the fenders on opposite corners were identical. Similarly, the doors were shared with opposite sides (an idea originated by Cord on its prototype 935 Saloon) since the rear doors were hinged in the back (suicide door). The hood and decklid were also interchangeable. The Nash Metropolitan, which was introduced in 1953 and sold by AMC until 1962, also had interchangeable inner panels, but their outer skins differed. In addition to reducing tooling costs by thirty percent, the design objective of the AMC Cavalier was also to demonstrate ways to reduce the production costs.Another small independent automaker also sought to reduce manufacturing costs toward the end of its existence. Studebaker developed a concept car with a 113-inch (2,870 mm) wheelbase for potential launch in 1967–1969. The fiberglass construction of the "Familia" design study featured interchangeable hood and trunk, doors, bumpers, head-light, and taillight housings, windshield and back window, as well as side windows. However, the Familia's concepts were not incorporated into Studebaker production cars.
The Cavalier also featured curved sides, as if a fuselage, punctuated by full wheel arches and riding on 13-inch (330 mm) "mag" wheels with whitewall tires. The rear roof pillars ("C" pillar) were a "flying buttress" design providing the profile view of the car with a sweptback roof style to what appears to be a short rear deck. The rear window was recessed between the C pillars, making back area look similar to that of the General Motors' 1966–1967 "A" body platform two-door models, such as the Chevrolet Chevelle and Pontiac GTO. The swept-back panels and roof were covered in black vinyl to enhance the car's deep red metallic body finish.The Cavalier featured a minimal amount of ornamentation compared to contemporary production cars, but was comparable to popular foreign makes as AMC was interested in marketing the car overseas. Utility was enhanced with dual-action scissor-type hinges on the deck lid so it could be opened like a normal trunk lid, or elevated to the height of the car's roof to accommodate tall, large, and bulky items in the trunk area.Safety was emphasized with wrap-around rear lights designed to illuminate alternate warning signals in green, yellow, and red. A built-in roll bar reinforcement allowed for the thin pillar posts and roof panel. Exterior door handles were replaced with flush, push-type door buttons.The dashboard of the Cavalier was a schematic layout of the car; the vehicle's profile and interior cavities were represented in the design of the dashboard.Under the innovative body panel structure, the concept vehicle had a conventional front-mounted 343 cu in (5.6 L) 280 bhp (209 kW) AMC V8 engine with rear-wheel drive (FR layout). The compact-sized AMC Cavalier rode on a 108-inch (2,743 mm) wheelbase and offered seating capacity for six adults.
Legacy
According to Robert B. Evans, chairman of the automaker at the time, the Cavalier toured the auto show circuit to "help restore public confidence in AMC, where sales have sagged.""The styling of this car totally works when contrasted with the other similarly sized offerings" during the mid-1960s that included the Chevrolet Corvair and the Ford Falcon.Except for the short hood giving it equal-length front and rear decks, many of the Cavalier's styling touches found their way into the AMC Hornet that was introduced for the 1970 model year. The Hornet was also designed under the direction of Richard A. Teague. "The Cavalier's strong horizontal lines, flat surfaces, minimal overhangs and blockish face were all visual hints to the 1970 AMC Hornet compact." Although the production Hornets did not use interchangeable body parts, its front and rear bumpers were made from the same stamping.A coupe version of the Cavalier was also part of the "Project IV" concept tour, but was designed without parts swapping. This companion model, called the "Vixen" also forecast the 1970 Hornet appearance "in its simple blunt "face," dual headlamps, long-hood/short-deck profile, and flared wheel openings."Teague took the exact opposite of the Cavalier's symmetrical design for the 1973 "Hornet GT" concept car. This car featured differently styled sides and pillars to test ways of improving both visibility and roof strength, as well as gaining more interior space.
Postage stamp
The Sharjah Post Office issued a 3 dirham (Dh) airmail stamp in January 1971 depicting a drawing of the AMC Cavalier (Michel catalog stamp number 783). It is part of a "Post Day" series of stamps illustrating a pair of early and modern automobiles. The postage stamp shows a 1904 Rambler and the Cavalier is misidentified on the stamp as a 1970 car, probably because the concept vehicle looked so similar to the AMC Hornet that was introduced for the 1970 model year.
Name
American Motors planned to use the "Cavalier" name for a new pony car model to debut in 1968. By that time, however, General Motors had secured the rights to the "Cavalier" name, which it would use fourteen years later on the Chevrolet Cavalier. The second choice was selected: Javelin.
References
American Motors Corporation, Public Relations Department, "Project IV" Press Releases (various dates).
McGuire, Bill (28 September 2017). "Pressing Forward: the 1966 American Motors Cavalier Prototype". Mac's Motor City Garage. Mac's Motor City Garage. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
Strohl, Daniel (11 April 2011). "AMX's genesis: AMC's Project IV". Hemmings. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
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The AMC Cavalier was a compact concept presented by American Motors (AMC) in 1965, noted for symmetrical elements of its design and its interchangeable body parts.
Origin
The AMC Cavalier was one of four prototypes that hinted at AMC's future production vehicles. In 1966, the Cavalier became part of "Project IV" touring the auto show circuit. This group of four show cars included the Vixen (a 4-seat coupe with "flying buttress" rear roof pillars), the AMX prototype (a 2-seat coupe that evolved into the real production car), and the AMX II (a notchback hardtop that was 8 inches (203 mm) longer than the AMX). At the time, none of the concept cars carried the Rambler nameplate, which AMC started phasing out in 1966 in favor of AMC.
Of the four, only the 4-door Cavalier sedan with four seats was designed by Dick Teague in AMC's advanced design studio. While the "Project IV" cars were shown to the public, the automaker prepared future production cars. Elements of the Cavalier's design were incorporated into the new 1970 model year AMC Hornet, which required tooling and final stampings by summer 1969.
Innovations
The Cavalier was a study in symmetry. It was built to demonstrate the use of numerous interchangeable body panels. For example, the fenders on opposite corners were identical. Similarly, the doors were shared with opposite sides (an idea originated by Cord on its prototype 935 Saloon) since the rear doors were hinged in the back (suicide door). The hood and decklid were also interchangeable. The Nash Metropolitan, which was introduced in 1953 and sold by AMC until 1962, also had interchangeable inner panels, but their outer skins differed. In addition to reducing tooling costs by thirty percent, the design objective of the AMC Cavalier was also to demonstrate ways to reduce the production costs.Another small independent automaker also sought to reduce manufacturing costs toward the end of its existence. Studebaker developed a concept car with a 113-inch (2,870 mm) wheelbase for potential launch in 1967–1969. The fiberglass construction of the "Familia" design study featured interchangeable hood and trunk, doors, bumpers, head-light, and taillight housings, windshield and back window, as well as side windows. However, the Familia's concepts were not incorporated into Studebaker production cars.
The Cavalier also featured curved sides, as if a fuselage, punctuated by full wheel arches and riding on 13-inch (330 mm) "mag" wheels with whitewall tires. The rear roof pillars ("C" pillar) were a "flying buttress" design providing the profile view of the car with a sweptback roof style to what appears to be a short rear deck. The rear window was recessed between the C pillars, making back area look similar to that of the General Motors' 1966–1967 "A" body platform two-door models, such as the Chevrolet Chevelle and Pontiac GTO. The swept-back panels and roof were covered in black vinyl to enhance the car's deep red metallic body finish.The Cavalier featured a minimal amount of ornamentation compared to contemporary production cars, but was comparable to popular foreign makes as AMC was interested in marketing the car overseas. Utility was enhanced with dual-action scissor-type hinges on the deck lid so it could be opened like a normal trunk lid, or elevated to the height of the car's roof to accommodate tall, large, and bulky items in the trunk area.Safety was emphasized with wrap-around rear lights designed to illuminate alternate warning signals in green, yellow, and red. A built-in roll bar reinforcement allowed for the thin pillar posts and roof panel. Exterior door handles were replaced with flush, push-type door buttons.The dashboard of the Cavalier was a schematic layout of the car; the vehicle's profile and interior cavities were represented in the design of the dashboard.Under the innovative body panel structure, the concept vehicle had a conventional front-mounted 343 cu in (5.6 L) 280 bhp (209 kW) AMC V8 engine with rear-wheel drive (FR layout). The compact-sized AMC Cavalier rode on a 108-inch (2,743 mm) wheelbase and offered seating capacity for six adults.
Legacy
According to Robert B. Evans, chairman of the automaker at the time, the Cavalier toured the auto show circuit to "help restore public confidence in AMC, where sales have sagged.""The styling of this car totally works when contrasted with the other similarly sized offerings" during the mid-1960s that included the Chevrolet Corvair and the Ford Falcon.Except for the short hood giving it equal-length front and rear decks, many of the Cavalier's styling touches found their way into the AMC Hornet that was introduced for the 1970 model year. The Hornet was also designed under the direction of Richard A. Teague. "The Cavalier's strong horizontal lines, flat surfaces, minimal overhangs and blockish face were all visual hints to the 1970 AMC Hornet compact." Although the production Hornets did not use interchangeable body parts, its front and rear bumpers were made from the same stamping.A coupe version of the Cavalier was also part of the "Project IV" concept tour, but was designed without parts swapping. This companion model, called the "Vixen" also forecast the 1970 Hornet appearance "in its simple blunt "face," dual headlamps, long-hood/short-deck profile, and flared wheel openings."Teague took the exact opposite of the Cavalier's symmetrical design for the 1973 "Hornet GT" concept car. This car featured differently styled sides and pillars to test ways of improving both visibility and roof strength, as well as gaining more interior space.
Postage stamp
The Sharjah Post Office issued a 3 dirham (Dh) airmail stamp in January 1971 depicting a drawing of the AMC Cavalier (Michel catalog stamp number 783). It is part of a "Post Day" series of stamps illustrating a pair of early and modern automobiles. The postage stamp shows a 1904 Rambler and the Cavalier is misidentified on the stamp as a 1970 car, probably because the concept vehicle looked so similar to the AMC Hornet that was introduced for the 1970 model year.
Name
American Motors planned to use the "Cavalier" name for a new pony car model to debut in 1968. By that time, however, General Motors had secured the rights to the "Cavalier" name, which it would use fourteen years later on the Chevrolet Cavalier. The second choice was selected: Javelin.
References
American Motors Corporation, Public Relations Department, "Project IV" Press Releases (various dates).
McGuire, Bill (28 September 2017). "Pressing Forward: the 1966 American Motors Cavalier Prototype". Mac's Motor City Garage. Mac's Motor City Garage. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
Strohl, Daniel (11 April 2011). "AMX's genesis: AMC's Project IV". Hemmings. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
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Commons category
|
{
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4
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Lesley Osmond (23 November 1921 – March 1987) was a British actress. She appeared in the 1953 West End musical The Glorious Days.
Selected filmography
Asking for Trouble (1942)
In Which We Serve (1942)
We'll Meet Again (1943)
I'll Turn to You (1946)
The Mysterious Mr. Nicholson (1947)
House of Darkness (1948)
This Was a Woman (1948)
The Story of Shirley Yorke (1948)
Let's Have a Murder (1950)
Chelsea Story (1951)
Death Is a Number (1951)
References
External links
Lesley Osmond at IMDb
|
given name
|
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