manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

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52_217	drink due to poor filtration and decades-old wooden supply pipes. Environmental research and
52_218	clean-up efforts have contributed to the diversification of the local economy in the
52_219	post-millennium era, and signs of vitality remain, including a multimillion-dollar polysilicon
52_220	manufacturing plant locating nearby in the 1990s and the city's recognition and designation in the
52_221	late 1990s as an All-America City and also as one of the National Trust for Historic Preservation's
52_222	Dozen Distinctive Destinations in 2002.
52_223	See also Anaconda Copper History of Montana References Works cited External links
52_224	History & culture of Butte at official City and County of Butte-Silver Bow website
52_225	Butte mining history at Mining History Association
52_226	History Butte
53_0	Jardine Matheson Holdings Limited (also known as Jardines) is a Hong Kong-based Bermuda-domiciled
53_1	British multinational conglomerate. It has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and
53_2	secondary listings on the Singapore Exchange and Bermuda Stock Exchange. The majority of its
53_3	business interests are in Asia, and its subsidiaries include Jardine Pacific, Jardine Motors,
53_4	Hongkong Land, Jardine Strategic Holdings, DFI Retail Group, Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group, Jardine
53_5	Cycle & Carriage and Astra International. It set up the Jardine Scholarship in 1982 and Mindset, a
53_6	mental health-focused charity, in 2002.
53_7	Jardines was one of the original Hong Kong trading houses or Hongs that date back to Imperial
53_8	China. 58 per cent of the company's profits were earned in China in 2019. The company is controlled
53_9	by the Keswick family, who are descendants of co-founder William Jardine's older sister, Jean
53_10	Johnstone.
53_11	Jardine Matheson is a Fortune Global 500 company. In 2013, both Jardine Matheson and Jardine
53_12	Strategic were among the top 200 publicly traded companies in the world, as valued by market
53_13	capitalisation.
53_14	History 19th century to WWII: The early days
53_15	The firm of Jardine, Matheson & Company emerged in 1832 from an evolving process of partnership
53_16	changes in the trading business Cox & Reid, a partnership established in 1782 between John Cox and
53_17	John Reid, the latter having been agent of the Austrian trading company, Trieste Company.
53_18	University of Edinburgh Medical School graduate William Jardine (1784-1843) joined the firm, by
53_19	then having morphed through Cox & Beale, Beale & Company and Beale & Magniac into Magniac &
53_20	Company, and the original partners long gone, in 1825 at the invitation of principal Hollingworth
53_21	Magniac. University of Edinburgh graduate James Matheson joined three years later as Magniac
53_22	prepared to retire. With the cession of Hong Kong under the 1842 Treaty of Nanking, the firm, by
53_23	then named Jardine, Matheson & Company, set up its headquarters on the island and grew rapidly.
53_24	Continuing its longstanding trade in smuggled opium, tea, and cotton, the firm diversified into
53_25	other areas including insurance, shipping, and railways. By the mid-19th century, the company had
53_26	become the largest of the hongs or foreign trading conglomerates with offices in all the important
53_27	Chinese cities as well as Yokohama, Japan. One of its branch agencies, Glover and Co., established
53_28	in Nagasaki, was known in Japan as an arms dealer who contracted with then-rebel forces from Chōshū
53_29	Domain who led the Meiji Restoration in 1868.
53_30	In the early decades of the 20th century, Jardines built cotton mills, a press packing plant, and a
53_31	brewery in Shanghai while expanding into Africa, America, and Australia. When war came to China in
53_32	1937, the firm suffered heavily both in Hong Kong and in mainland China.
53_33	After the 1949 foundation of the People's Republic of China, trading conditions for foreign
53_34	companies under the new Communist regime became increasingly difficult.
53_35	Post-WWII restructuring and expansion
53_36	The firm listed in Hong Kong in 1961. The landmark Mandarin Hotel opened in Hong Kong in 1963 as
53_37	the city's first five star hotel.
53_38	In 1970, Jardine Fleming, the first merchant bank in Asia, opened for business while a real estate
53_39	company and sugar plantations in Hawaii and the Philippines were acquired. A Hong Kong building
53_40	boom in the mid 1970s saw Jardine's buy Gammon Construction, the largest construction and civil
53_41	engineering group on the island. A presence was re-established on the mainland in 1979 following
53_42	China's reform and opening up and a year later the firm established the Beijing Air Catering
53_43	Company Ltd., the first foreign joint venture in the country. During the 1970s Jardines also
53_44	expanded their insurance interests with acquisitions in the United Kingdom and the United States
53_45	laying the groundwork for the foundation of Jardine Insurance Brokers.
53_46	By 1980, the firm had operations in southern Africa, Australia, China, Great Britain, Hong Kong,
53_47	Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, as
53_48	well as the United States, and employed 37,000 people. After re-domiciling to Bermuda in 1984 ahead
53_49	of the 1997 handover of Hong Kong, in 1990 Jardine Matheson Holdings and four other listed group
53_50	companies arranged primary share listings on the London Stock Exchange in addition to their Hong
53_51	Kong listings. Other significant developments during this decade included the merging of Jardine
53_52	Insurance Brokers with Lloyd Thompson to form Jardine Lloyd Thompson, the acquisition of a 16%
53_53	interest in Singapore blue-chip Cycle & Carriage and Dairy Farm’s purchase of a significant stake
53_54	in Indonesia's leading supermarket group Hero. Hotel brand Mandarin Oriental also embarked on a
53_55	strategy to double its available rooms and improve returns.
53_56	The first decade of the new millennium saw Jardine Cycle & Carriage acquire an initial 31% stake in
53_57	Astra International, which has since been increased to just over 50%. Hongkong Land became a Group
53_58	subsidiary for the first time following a multi-year programme of steady open market purchases
53_59	while Jardine Pacific raised its interest in Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminals Limited from 25% to 42%.
53_60	In 2018, Jardines sold its 41% interest in Jardine Lloyd Thompson to Marsh and McLennan Companies.
53_61	21st-century operations
53_62	Jardines today comprises a group of companies with extensive operations across Asia and, through
53_63	some of its businesses, the world. The firm's business interests include Jardine Pacific, Jardine
53_64	Motors, Hongkong Land, Dairy Farm, Mandarin Oriental, Jardine Cycle & Carriage, through which its
53_65	interest in Astra is held. The Group also has strategic interests in other entities.
53_66	Jardine Pacific
53_67	Jardine Pacific is a holding company which represents a significant number of the Group's
53_68	non-listed interests in Asia, principally in engineering and construction, transport services,
53_69	restaurants and IT services. These include a number of Jardines’ long-standing businesses such as
53_70	Jardine Engineering Corporation (JEC), Jardine Aviation Services, Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminals,
53_71	Jardine Schindler (joint-venture with the Schindler Group which evolved from JEC's earlier
53_72	appointment as Schindler's sole Hong Kong representative), Gammon Construction and Jardine Travel
53_73	Group as well as more contemporary interests that reflect the demands of Asian consumers; among
53_74	them Pizza Hut restaurants in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Vietnam and Myanmar, KFC franchises in Hong Kong,
53_75	Macau and Taiwan, and Jardine OneSolution IT services.
53_76	Jardine Motors
53_77	Jardine Motors is active in the sales and service of motor vehicles in Hong Kong, Macau, mainland
53_78	China and the United Kingdom.
53_79	Subsidiary Zung Fu, which has held the Mercedes-Benz luxury vehicle franchise in Hong Kong for over
53_80	50 years, has achieved one of the highest market penetrations in the world for the luxury brand and
53_81	ranks among its top international performers. The group also represents Smart and Hyundai passenger
53_82	cars in Hong Kong. Zung Fu is expanding its presence across the growing market of Southern China
53_83	where it is actively developing a network of Mercedes-Benz dealerships.
53_84	In the United Kingdom, Jardine Motors is one of the country's largest retail dealership groups with
53_85	a portfolio of specialist franchises that includes Aston Martin, Audi and Volkswagen, Jaguar and
53_86	Land Rover, Mercedes Benz and Porsche.
53_87	Hongkong Land
53_88	Hongkong Land is an Asian property investment, management and development group. Established in
53_89	Hong Kong in 1889 by Sir Paul Chater and William Keswick, the group today has property interests

52_217

drink due to poor filtration and decades-old wooden supply pipes. Environmental research and

52_218

clean-up efforts have contributed to the diversification of the local economy in the

52_219

post-millennium era, and signs of vitality remain, including a multimillion-dollar polysilicon

52_220

manufacturing plant locating nearby in the 1990s and the city's recognition and designation in the

52_221

late 1990s as an All-America City and also as one of the National Trust for Historic Preservation's

52_222

Dozen Distinctive Destinations in 2002.

52_223

See also Anaconda Copper History of Montana References Works cited External links

52_224

History & culture of Butte at official City and County of Butte-Silver Bow website

52_225

Butte mining history at Mining History Association

52_226

History Butte

53_0

Jardine Matheson Holdings Limited (also known as Jardines) is a Hong Kong-based Bermuda-domiciled

53_1

British multinational conglomerate. It has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and

53_2

secondary listings on the Singapore Exchange and Bermuda Stock Exchange. The majority of its

53_3

business interests are in Asia, and its subsidiaries include Jardine Pacific, Jardine Motors,

53_4

Hongkong Land, Jardine Strategic Holdings, DFI Retail Group, Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group, Jardine

53_5

Cycle & Carriage and Astra International. It set up the Jardine Scholarship in 1982 and Mindset, a

53_6

mental health-focused charity, in 2002.

53_7

Jardines was one of the original Hong Kong trading houses or Hongs that date back to Imperial

53_8

China. 58 per cent of the company's profits were earned in China in 2019. The company is controlled

53_9

by the Keswick family, who are descendants of co-founder William Jardine's older sister, Jean

53_10

Johnstone.

53_11

Jardine Matheson is a Fortune Global 500 company. In 2013, both Jardine Matheson and Jardine

53_12

Strategic were among the top 200 publicly traded companies in the world, as valued by market

53_13

capitalisation.

53_14

History 19th century to WWII: The early days

53_15

The firm of Jardine, Matheson & Company emerged in 1832 from an evolving process of partnership

53_16

changes in the trading business Cox & Reid, a partnership established in 1782 between John Cox and

53_17

John Reid, the latter having been agent of the Austrian trading company, Trieste Company.

53_18

University of Edinburgh Medical School graduate William Jardine (1784-1843) joined the firm, by

53_19

then having morphed through Cox & Beale, Beale & Company and Beale & Magniac into Magniac &

53_20

Company, and the original partners long gone, in 1825 at the invitation of principal Hollingworth

53_21

Magniac. University of Edinburgh graduate James Matheson joined three years later as Magniac

53_22

prepared to retire. With the cession of Hong Kong under the 1842 Treaty of Nanking, the firm, by

53_23

then named Jardine, Matheson & Company, set up its headquarters on the island and grew rapidly.

53_24

Continuing its longstanding trade in smuggled opium, tea, and cotton, the firm diversified into

53_25

other areas including insurance, shipping, and railways. By the mid-19th century, the company had

53_26

become the largest of the hongs or foreign trading conglomerates with offices in all the important

53_27

Chinese cities as well as Yokohama, Japan. One of its branch agencies, Glover and Co., established

53_28

in Nagasaki, was known in Japan as an arms dealer who contracted with then-rebel forces from Chōshū

53_29

Domain who led the Meiji Restoration in 1868.

53_30

In the early decades of the 20th century, Jardines built cotton mills, a press packing plant, and a

53_31

brewery in Shanghai while expanding into Africa, America, and Australia. When war came to China in

53_32

1937, the firm suffered heavily both in Hong Kong and in mainland China.

53_33

After the 1949 foundation of the People's Republic of China, trading conditions for foreign

53_34

companies under the new Communist regime became increasingly difficult.

53_35

Post-WWII restructuring and expansion

53_36

The firm listed in Hong Kong in 1961. The landmark Mandarin Hotel opened in Hong Kong in 1963 as

53_37

the city's first five star hotel.

53_38

In 1970, Jardine Fleming, the first merchant bank in Asia, opened for business while a real estate

53_39

company and sugar plantations in Hawaii and the Philippines were acquired. A Hong Kong building

53_40

boom in the mid 1970s saw Jardine's buy Gammon Construction, the largest construction and civil

53_41

engineering group on the island. A presence was re-established on the mainland in 1979 following

53_42

China's reform and opening up and a year later the firm established the Beijing Air Catering

53_43

Company Ltd., the first foreign joint venture in the country. During the 1970s Jardines also

53_44

expanded their insurance interests with acquisitions in the United Kingdom and the United States

53_45

laying the groundwork for the foundation of Jardine Insurance Brokers.

53_46

By 1980, the firm had operations in southern Africa, Australia, China, Great Britain, Hong Kong,

53_47

Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, as

53_48

well as the United States, and employed 37,000 people. After re-domiciling to Bermuda in 1984 ahead

53_49

of the 1997 handover of Hong Kong, in 1990 Jardine Matheson Holdings and four other listed group

53_50

companies arranged primary share listings on the London Stock Exchange in addition to their Hong

53_51

Kong listings. Other significant developments during this decade included the merging of Jardine

53_52

Insurance Brokers with Lloyd Thompson to form Jardine Lloyd Thompson, the acquisition of a 16%

53_53

interest in Singapore blue-chip Cycle & Carriage and Dairy Farm’s purchase of a significant stake

53_54

in Indonesia's leading supermarket group Hero. Hotel brand Mandarin Oriental also embarked on a

53_55

strategy to double its available rooms and improve returns.

53_56

The first decade of the new millennium saw Jardine Cycle & Carriage acquire an initial 31% stake in

53_57

Astra International, which has since been increased to just over 50%. Hongkong Land became a Group

53_58

subsidiary for the first time following a multi-year programme of steady open market purchases

53_59

while Jardine Pacific raised its interest in Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminals Limited from 25% to 42%.

53_60

In 2018, Jardines sold its 41% interest in Jardine Lloyd Thompson to Marsh and McLennan Companies.

53_61

21st-century operations

53_62

Jardines today comprises a group of companies with extensive operations across Asia and, through

53_63

some of its businesses, the world. The firm's business interests include Jardine Pacific, Jardine

53_64

Motors, Hongkong Land, Dairy Farm, Mandarin Oriental, Jardine Cycle & Carriage, through which its

53_65

interest in Astra is held. The Group also has strategic interests in other entities.

53_66

Jardine Pacific

53_67

Jardine Pacific is a holding company which represents a significant number of the Group's

53_68

non-listed interests in Asia, principally in engineering and construction, transport services,

53_69

restaurants and IT services. These include a number of Jardines’ long-standing businesses such as

53_70

Jardine Engineering Corporation (JEC), Jardine Aviation Services, Hong Kong Air Cargo Terminals,

53_71

Jardine Schindler (joint-venture with the Schindler Group which evolved from JEC's earlier

53_72

appointment as Schindler's sole Hong Kong representative), Gammon Construction and Jardine Travel

53_73

Group as well as more contemporary interests that reflect the demands of Asian consumers; among

53_74

them Pizza Hut restaurants in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Vietnam and Myanmar, KFC franchises in Hong Kong,

53_75

Macau and Taiwan, and Jardine OneSolution IT services.

53_76

Jardine Motors

53_77

Jardine Motors is active in the sales and service of motor vehicles in Hong Kong, Macau, mainland

53_78

China and the United Kingdom.

53_79

Subsidiary Zung Fu, which has held the Mercedes-Benz luxury vehicle franchise in Hong Kong for over

53_80

50 years, has achieved one of the highest market penetrations in the world for the luxury brand and

53_81

ranks among its top international performers. The group also represents Smart and Hyundai passenger

53_82

cars in Hong Kong. Zung Fu is expanding its presence across the growing market of Southern China

53_83

where it is actively developing a network of Mercedes-Benz dealerships.

53_84

In the United Kingdom, Jardine Motors is one of the country's largest retail dealership groups with

53_85

a portfolio of specialist franchises that includes Aston Martin, Audi and Volkswagen, Jaguar and

53_86

Land Rover, Mercedes Benz and Porsche.

53_87

Hongkong Land

53_88

Hongkong Land is an Asian property investment, management and development group. Established in

53_89

Hong Kong in 1889 by Sir Paul Chater and William Keswick, the group today has property interests