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http://maryhigginsclarkbooklist.com/mary-higgins-clark-ive-got-you-under-my-skin/
|
Mary Higgins Clark โ I โ ve Got You Under My Skin Mary Higgins Clark โ I โ ve Got You Under My Skin is the first book in the Under Suspicion series This book had a publication date of April 1 , 2014 . I โ ve Got You Under My Skin book description When Laurie Moran โ s husband was brutally murdered , only three - year - old Timmy saw the face of his father โ s killer . Five years later his piercing blue eyes still haunt Timmy โ s dreams . Laurie is haunted by more โ the killer โ s threat to her son as he fled the scene : โ Tell your mother she โ s next , then it โ s your turn โฆ โ Now Laurie is dealing with murder again , this time as the producer of a true - crime , cold - case television show . The series will launch with the twenty - year - old unsolved murder of Betsy Powell . Betsy , a socialite , was found suffocated in her bed after a gala celebrating the graduation of her daughter and three friends . The sensational murder was news nationwide . Reopening the case in its lavish setting and with the cooperation of the surviving guests that night , Laurie is sure to have a hit on her hands . But when the estranged friends begin filming , it becomes clear each is hiding secrets โฆ small and large . And a pair of blue eyes is watching events unfold , too โฆ Click the cover to read reviews of this book on Amazon
|
[
"I โve Got You Under My Skin",
"Mary Higgins Clark"
] |
http://maryland.hometownlocator.com/zip-codes/data,zipcode,21227.cfm
|
Halethorpe , MD 21227 ZIP Code Profile Profile Map Photos Places Schools Jobs Photos of the local Halethorpe , MD area ZIP Code 21227 : Basic Data & USPS Preferred City Name Preferred Name , USPS Halethorpe , MD 21227 Acceptable Alternative Arbutus , MD 21227 Baltimore , MD 21227 Lansdowne , MD ZIP Code Type : STANDARD County Baltimore County Centroid : Latitude 39.253 , Longitude - 76.696 Time Zone : Eastern Time Zone ( UTC - 5 hours ) Observes DST : Yes ZIP Code 21227 has segments in 2 Counties / Independent Cities ( Baltimore , Baltimore City ) . Businesses Addresses : 1,309 PO Box Addresses : 233 Residential Addresses : 13,132 Multi - Family Addresses : 780 Single Family Addresses : 12,352 The ZIP Code maps and database are updated 4 times per year Database updated : February 1 , 2019 , Maps updated : February 1 , 2019 Jump to . . . ( On This Page ! ) 21227 2018 Demographic Data Growth Rates for 21227 ( Historical & 5 - Year Forecast ) Peer Comparisons ( Rank and Percentile ) Neighborhoods Demographics ( Home Values , Household Income , etc . ) Maryland Research Tools ( Easy Tools & Current Data ) Maryland Data Comparison Tool - 2018 Demographics Popular Places Near ZIP Code 21227 Top 20 Most Popular Places Near ZIP Code 21227 Popularity rankings are based on positive reviews , search queries , and other user data . Research a Maryland Address and get . . . Boundary Maps , Demographic Data , School Zones Review maps and data for the neighborhood , city , county , ZIP Code , and school zone . July 1 , 2018 , data includes home values , household income , percentage of homes owned , rented or vacant , etc . Halethorpe , MD 21227 Data & Demographics ( As of July 1 , 2018 ) POPULATION Total Population 33,583 Population in Households 33,403 Population in Familes 26,318 Population in Group Qrtrs 180 Population Density 2 3,283 Diversity Index 3 58 INCOME Median Household Income $ 57,922 Average Household Income $ 68,886 Per Capita Income $ 25,874 HOUSING Total Housing Units 13,492 ( 100 % ) Owner Occupied HU 7,922 ( 58.7 % ) Renter Occupied HU 4,597 ( 34.1 % ) Vacant Housing Units 973 ( 7.2 % ) Median Home Value $ 229,881 Average Home Value $ 248,665 HOUSEHOLDS Total Households 12,519 Average Household Size 2.67 Family Households 8,246 Average Family Size 3 NOTES Demographics are point estimates for July 1st of the current year and each for the forecast years . See References for more information . Population Density = Total Population per square mile . The Diversity Index is a scale of 0 to 100 that represents the likelihood that two persons , chosen at random from the same area , belong to different race or ethnic groups . If an area ' s entire population belongs to one race AND one ethnic group , then the area has zero diversity . An area ' s diversity index increases to 100 when the population is evenly divided into two or more race / ethnic groups . GROWTH RATE / YEAR 2010 - 2018 2018 - 2023 Population 0.26 % 0.31 % Households 0.07 % 0.21 % Families - 0.09 % 0.09 % Median Household Income 2.51 % Per Capita Income 2.95 % Halethorpe , MD 21227 - Peer Comparisons by Rank and Percentile The table below compares 21227 to the other 448 ZIP Codes in Maryland by rank and percentile using July 1 , 2018 data . The location Ranked # 1 has the highest value . A location that ranks higher than 75 % of its peers would be in the 75th percentile of the peer group . Variable Description Rank Percentile Total Population # 66 85th Population Density # 72 84th Diversity Index # 106 77th # 348 23rd # 379 16th Additional comparisons and rankings can be made with a VERY EASY TO USE Maryland Census Data Comparison Tool Quick & Easy Ways to . . . Get Current Demographic Data for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes View Boundary Maps , for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes Locate Physical , Cultural , and Historical Features Research Public Schools & Attendance Zones Maryland Census Data Comparison Tool Compare Maryland July 1 , 2018 Data Data Population Population Density Diversity Index Average Household Income Per Capita Income Locations Cites & Towns Counties / Independent Cities ZIP Codes Highest or Lowest Show Highest Values Show Lowest Values Results Show 20 Results Show 200 Results
|
[
"Halethorpe",
"ZIP Code"
] |
http://marylandhomeownersassociation.org/new-maryland-laws/
|
New Maryland Laws 5118 HB 77 Chapter 346 Delegate Holmes CONDOMINIUMS CLAIMS AGAINST DEVELOPERS AND VENDORS UNENFORCEABILITY OF CERTAIN PROVISIONS Making unenforceable certain provisions of certain condominium governing documents and other documents relating to asserting certain claims against a developer or vendor applying the Act prospectively etc EFFECTIVE OCTOBER 1 2018 SB 258 Chapter 347 Senator Kelley et al CONDOMINIUMS CLAIMS AGAINST DEVELOPERS AND VENDORS UNENFORCEABILITY OF CERTAIN PROVISIONS Making unenforceable certain provisions of certain condominium governing documents and other documents relating to asserting certain claims against a developer or vendor applying the Act prospectively etc EFFECTIVE OCTOBER 1 2018 53114 The 2015 Maryland General Assembly session is over To see the laws pending for 2016 In January 2016 go to the site link below choose Real Property on the drop down menu and a list of bills being considered this year will appear Keep checking every few days as bills are submitted over time If you have an opinion on one or more of these bills write or email the appropriate committee and your districts Senator and Delegate Better yet come to Annapolis and testify This is your state government have a voice The Maryland General Assembly has a new web site To assess the text of a bill on this redesigned site click on the bill number below which takes you to the bills administrative record if you then click on the pdf symbol next to the bill number you will get the full text of the bill Note that some existing laws are being modified The laws text being removed is in brackets and the text in bold is new text Legislation Signed Into Law in 2015 HB 1007 Disclosures to Purchasers on Resale of Unit or Lot Limitation on Fees This law limits the cost of a resale package to 175 or the actual cost HB 0649 Contract for Sale of New Home This law specifies among other things that a good faith deposit be returned should the contract be cancelled Legislation Signed into Law in 2014 HB 602 Foreclosure of Liens This law is a slight modification of a law passed last year It stated that a common ownership community COC may only foreclose on a lien that consists solely of assessments special assessments interest and reasonable costs and attorneys fees Foreclosure can not occur for only fines attorney fees or collection fees SB 865 Maryland Cooperative Transparency and Member Rights This bill gives owners in Cooperatives many of the rights that condominium owners have including a dispute resolution procedure Legislation Signed into Law in 2013 HB 286 Foreclosure of Liens This consumer protection law will limit attorney fees during the foreclosure of a lien to only an amount equal to the delinquent assessments If the association does allow excessive legal fees to be part of a lien this money can only be collected when the property changes hands The law also prohibits foreclosure on any property based only on fines andor legal fees owed HB 1308 Prohibition of Nonjudicial Evictions This law protects renters against malicious acts by a landlord Changing locks without a court order is no longer allowed HB 1090 Tenant Payment of Landlord Utility Bills If a landlord fails to pay utility bills and the utility company threatens to turn off service this law enables tenants to deduct payments from the rent due to a landlord and direct these payments to the utility company HB 388 Closed Meetings of Board of Directors This law allows a condominiuma Board of Directors to conduct the negotiation stage of a business transaction in closed session This stipulation is already part of the HOA Legislation Signed into Law in 2012 HB 906 Prince Georges CountyFee for Administrative Services Establishes administrative hearing services for the resolution of disputes involving common ownership communities located in Prince Georges County HB 126 Right of Entry Would allow managers to enter a condominium unit to inspect andor repair damage under certain circumstances HB 884 Default Notice to Condominium Unit Owners and Residents Unpaid condominium utility bills in arrears 60 days or longer must be posted in the condominiums common area by the utility provider SB 401 Towing or Removal of Vehicles from Parking Lots Places a limit on what can be charged and states that there must be photographic evidence of a violation Legislation Signed into Law in 2011 SB 532 Homeowners Association Elections Enforcement by the Division of Consumer Protection This MHAsupported law authorizes a lot owner who believes the board of directors has failed to comply with the election provisions of the associations governing documents to submit the dispute to the Division of Consumer Protection OAG HB 1246 A limited priority lien for assessments was passed The amount is limited to the lesser of four 4 months of unpaid regular assessments for common expenses or a maximum of 120000 in assessments Assessments for the purpose of this law does not include any late fees interest legal fees costs for filing the lien or any fines or special assessments HB 679 Amendment to condominium bylaws requiring each condominium owner to maintain a condominium owner insurance policy can be approved a by 51 majority rather than the 66 and 23 majority required by the Maryland Condominium Act Legislation Signed into Law in 2010 HB 695 This bill gives homeowners living HOAs the same right to comment on a proposed budget 30 days before its adoption that condominium homeowners have had for years Under current law a condominiums board is required annually to prepare and submit a proposed budget to unit owners at least 30 days before its adoption by the board at an open meeting The proposed budget and notice of the meeting may be provided to HOA and condominium owners electronically by posting on the HOAcondos web page or inclusion in an HOAcondos newsletter Additionally any expenditure of more than 15 of the previously adopted budgeted amount must be approved by a budget amendment at a special meeting of the HOA lot owners MHA HB 620 This bill will extend the warranty period for HOAs and condominium associations until at least 2 years after the developer turns over control of the association to the homeowners This will make sure that that condominium and homeowners associations have a reasonable and fair opportunity to identify and make warranty claims and request warranty repairs when faced with developer construction defects For more information go to httpwwwcowiemottcomWarrantyReformLegislationComesToMaryland Legislation Signed into Law in 2009 HB 137 Association Books and Records This legislation requires associations to provide homeowners copies of most books and records including board minutes financial statements and employee salaries within 21 days of receiving a written request The charge for copying and mailing books and records may not exceed the amount charged by Maryland courts 50 cents per page for copies made by a court clerk and 25 cents per page for copies made by a customer This took effect October 1 2009 HB 552 Closed Meetings of Board of Directors This legislation repeals the provision that boards may hold a closed meeting on a twothirds vote of the board members Meetings can be closed only for consultation and discussion of legal matters and for discussion of delinquencies It is still MD law that a statement of the time place and purpose of any closed meeting the record of the vote of each board member by which any meeting was closed and the authority under this section for closing any meeting shall be included in the minutes of the next meeting of the board of directors This took effect October 1 2009 HB 287 Condominium Master Policy Insurance This legislation provides that condominium master policy insurance policies must cover both general common elements and common elements in units Up to 5000 of the deductible will be the responsibility of the unit owner where the damage originated Each unit owner must be informed in writing each year as to the amount of the deductible This took effect June 1 2009 HB 687 Fidelity Insurance This requires an association to purchase fidelity insurance to provide for the indemnification of the community against loss resulting from fraud or criminal acts by any officer managing agent or employee who disburses funds for the community This insurance should be in place by October 1 2009 HB 667 Developer to Homeowner Transition This legislation describes what documents must be transferred to owners upon the transition to owner control as well as sets requirements for the election of the first board This took effect October 1 2009 Any violations of these or other CondoHOA laws should be reported to the Office of Consumer Protection Office of the Attorney General Maryland See Dispute Resolution
|
[
"New Maryland Laws"
] |
http://marylandhomework.com/product/ifsm-201-module-4-ethics/
|
Loading . . . Zoom IFSM 201 Module 4 Ethics $ 7.99 Add to cart Category : IFSM 201 Description Question 1 Points : 10 out of 10 Would the following be considered a violation of a user access agreement ? knowingly uploading or distributing files that contain viruses , spyware , or any other similar software or programs that may damage the operation of another โ s computer yes no maybe Question 2 Points : 10 out of 10 Would the following be considered a violation of a user access agreement ? In order to perform assigned job duties , accepting operating system updates daily after logging in to the company network . Yes No Maybe Question 3 Points : 1 0 out of 10 Would the following be considered a violation of user access agreement ? visiting social networking sites during lunch breaks yes no maybe Question 4 What is the purpose of a user access agreement ? to define all approved uses of the company โ s IT resources to define every sanction to be applied if a violation occurs to outline in general the acceptable and unacceptable use of IT resources to outline all acceptable and unacceptable behavior of all company employees Question 5 For the following scenario , indicate whether the activity would likely be or not be a violation of an employee code of conduct : John uses the color printer in his office to print copies of a flier he has created to publicize his company โ s employee picnic . likely a violation likely not a violation Question 6 Points : 1 0 out of 10 An employee Code of Conduct will list illegal behaviors , but it will not list unethical behaviors . True False Question 7 Which aspect of social networking poses the most risk ? Disclosure of personal information Communicating with people who share common interests The ability to read others โ posts Installing software to enable social networking Question 8 Which of the following factors determine whether a specific instance of file sharing is legal ? Is the material being shared copyrighted ? Is the sharing part of a business operation ? Does the sharing result in monetary gain for the person doing the sharing ? Is the site that is being used for the sharing primarily used for illegal sharing ? Question 9 The Digital Millennium Copyright Act โฆ ensures that Internet service providers ( ISPs ) have no penalties or obligations resulting from illegal software being posted on their sites . allows copying or distribution of copies of copyrighted software . provides penalties for bypassing or providing tools to bypass protection mechanisms built into copyrighted software . addresses only copyrighted software issues . Question 10 Using company - owned equipment and software , you write a software program as part of your job requirements . This is an original creation of yours , so are you free to use it outside of work and even sell it to others ? Question 11 In the list below , which online social networking activity might be considered dangerous and possibly result in a negative outcome ? Postings tips , project photos , and ideas on a hobby - related forum . Posting your resume on a job - seeking or job - posting site . Posting photos of oneself that might be considered risquรฉ or offensive . Posting vacation photos after you have returned home . Question 12 Which of the following statements is true ? Cyberbullies attack only minors . Cyberstalking is the cyberbullying of an adult . Cyberstalkers rarely request face - to - face meetings with their victims .
|
[
"IFSM 201",
"ETHICS"
] |
http://marylandpublicschools.org/about/Pages/DEE/Program-Approval/Continuing-Professional-Development.aspx
|
ABOUT US Directory MSDE Org Chart PDF MSDE Privacy Statement Offices Divisions School Systems Regulations School Effectiveness Continuing Professional Development To view a listing of currently approved Continuing Professional Development CPD courses or to locate your local school system CPD liaison please visit the MSDE Blackboard website Interested in applying for approval of a Continuing Professional Development course Please review MSDEs Continuing Professional Development Manual and submit a CPD Application It is important to note that the MSDE is dedicated to ensuring that all online CPD offerings meet accessibility standards Please review the May 5 2017 letter to CPD Liaisons and other developers of CPD coursework which outlines the Principles of accessible design If you have questions regarding the application process or would like to check the status of your CPD application please contact Pamela Darien at pameladarienmarylandgov If you have questions regarding whether an approved CPD may be used to renew a Maryland Educator Certificate please visit the Certification website Contact Information Pamela Darien Phone 4107670388
|
[
"Professional Development",
"local school system"
] |
http://marylandreferees.com/msr2/?page_id=367
|
FAQs Soccer Referee Training : Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) : How old do I have to be to become a referee ? The Maryland State Instructional Staff recommends that students be at least 13 years old before starting the class . Do I need to pre - register to attend the course ? Pre - registration helps organizers plan for the appropriate class size . Email the โ Contact โ for the course to register and to verify details of that course . What do I need to bring to class ? Standard note taking materials . A Law Book ( rules ) and other materials are provided at the first class . Individual instructors may provide hand - outs . When are entry - level referee courses held ? Typically in Maryland , courses convene before the Spring and Fall seasons : January - March and July - August . Courses will be posted on Maryland Referee website ( www . marylandreferees . com ) when scheduled . How long does it take to become a referee ? The Grade 8 referee course is 16 hours of instruction plus testing ( ~ 2 hours ) . This may be one weekend or spread over several weeks . Review of online material maybe required for some courses . Some organizations also hold a Field Practice , about 1 / 2 - day . Do I have to attend all classes ? What if I miss a session ? Yes ! Students must attend the full course of instruction covering the 17 Laws ( some laws maybe covered online ) , plus several other topics designed to teach you the basics of refereeing . It may be possible to attend a session elsewhere with the permission of both Lead Instructors , but the other class must be teaching the same material . How much does it cost to become a referee ? The Grade 8 Course Fee in Maryland is $ 35 , paid online at the time of registration along with the USSF annual registration fee of $ 45.00 Basic uniform kits are available from several suppliers , though the cost may vary , but typically about $ 70.00 . Local associations may also have a membership or assigning fee . This is separate from the registration fee . What is the test like ? The test is 50 questions True / False and Multiple Choice , plus 5 short answer questions . The passing score is 80 % . How and when do I register with USSF ? After the exam , you will be asked to complete a registration form for USSF . This registration is submitted through the Maryland ( or state of residence ) Referee Administrator . Technically , you may work anywhere in the U.S. through a USSF assignor . If you move to a different state , your registration will be transferred to that state . How do I get assigned to referee games ? Upon completion of the referee course , it is your responsibility to contact the assignor for the areas in which you would like to work games . A list of assignors is available on the Maryland Soccer Referee website . Can I use my parents โ e - mail ? No . For game assignments , you must have your own individual e - mail and be responsible to accept or decline assignments . How do I get paid when I referee games ? How much ? It depends . Different associations pay at different times . The referee association with whom you accept games will gladly explain to you their pay procedures . Do I have to have the full referee uniform ? Yes , you must have a uniform before accepting any game assignments . Uniform consists of a regulation jersey , shorts , and socks . As a minimum you must have the primary jersey โ gold with black pinstripes , black referee shorts , and black socks with three white stripes . You may not substitute your team shorts or other non - regulation uniform items . Remember , when you are wearing your uniform , you are representing every referee in Maryland . Act in a professional manner at all times . Are there other requirements to be a referee ? Every year you must re - certify with USSF , which entails rules training , which may be a single session or several separate sessions totaling a minimum of 5 hours and then take a recertification test . In Maryland there is no cost for the clinic ( s ) , but the annual registration fee with USSF is $ 45.00 . What about High School or Indoor Soccer games ? This course is only for USSF referee registration ; it is NOT high school , college , futsal , or indoor soccer . These organizations have different rules and administrative procedures . Contact the local referee organization or league / facility for requirements for these games . โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ โ Please note : This is a classroom setting and attendees are expected to act accordingly . Private conversations , text messaging , sleeping , etc . is unacceptable . Anyone participating in these activities will be asked to leave . Comments are closed .
|
[
"Soccer Referee",
"Training",
"The Maryland State"
] |
http://marylandsbest.maryland.gov/marylands-best-ice-cream-trail/
|
Main menu Features Recipes Tips News Events The 2018 Marylands Best Ice Cream Trail Posted in News Events Maryland has nine dairy farms that offer fresh delicious onfarm ice cream Together they make up the Marylands Best Ice Cream Trail Visit each creamery and get your trail passport stamped before September 25th and you may be named Marylands 2018 Ice Cream Trail Blazer 2018 MDs Best Ice Cream Trail Passport My Favorite Producers Add producers of interest to your Favorites list and click the link above to map and manage them
|
[
"Maryland"
] |
http://maryshelleyfrankenstein.weebly.com/historical-context.html
|
Mary Shelley ' s Frankenstein was created in the nineteenth century . This time period has very distinct characteristics in writing and life , many of these characteristics are prominently shown in Frankenstein . The supernatural was very popular in the 1800 ' s this came with romanticism , which was very popular then ( Faculty of Humanities , University of Capetown ) . The nineteenth century had many different fads . Romanticism was very popular , " this included political and social revolt , and attraction to the supernatural , the morbid , and the cruel " ( Professor Catherine Lavender ) . Some other influences in the 1800s were " Darwin ' s and his religious views , the industrial revolution , and the British Empire ' s expanding wealth and influence " ( Faculty of Humanities , University of Capetown ) . These influences are very noticeable in Frankenstein . On his way to the North Pole , Robert Walton finds Victor Frankenstein , a scientist tells Walton about the events of his life after he becomes obsessed with science and creates a monster . The monster then wants revenge and starts to kill off Victor ' s family , he says he wont stop unless Victor creates a female monster for him . Victor begins to create a female monster but abandons the project causing the original monster to kill Victors true love . Frankenstein wants revenge for the monsters revenge and ventures to the North Pole to find You can definitely tell that Frankenstein was written in this time period . One main give away is the fact that so many people end up dying in this book . A small boy , nanny , father , and lovely woman all perish on account of one mans actions . This shows that one person has a lot of effect on things . " " ( Faculty of Humanities , University of Capetown ) . Another main point that shows that this book was written in the nineteenth century is the idea that god did not create life . Overall , i think that it is very obvious that this book was written in the 1800 ' s .
|
[
"Frankenstein",
"Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein"
] |
http://marysturkeys.com/
|
Family Owned and Operated Mary โ s Free - Range Turkeys is proud to be family owned and operated since 1954 . Mary ' s sons , David & Ben Pitman , are the third - generation farmers who leads the company today . David and Ben have been taught by their father , Rick , who learned from his father , Don , about the importance of animal husbandry and our responsibility to protect the welfare of animals . Mary ' s Turkey , Mary ' s Non - GMO Turkey , Mary ' s Organic Turkey and Mary ' s Heritage Turkey are : โข Free - Range โข Fed a Vegetarian Diet โข Gluten - Free โข No Antibiotics EVER โข No Preservatives โข No Added Hormones Mary ' s Free - Range Turkey Mary ' s Free - Range turkeys are raised on healthful grains and allowed to roam in areas four times the size of areas provided by the average commercial turkey ranch . Their high - protein diet provides the optimal amount of nutrients for the turkey to grow into bigger and more flavorful turkeys than those typically found at the supermarket . Mary โ s Certified Organic Free - Range Turkey Mary ' s Certified Organic Free - Range turkeys are an additional step up the ladder in humane farming practices . These Turkeys have freedom to move about and receive a premium diet void of any chemical stimulators . Certified organic feeds must be certified by the USDA , and everything that goes into them must be certified as well . Mary ' s Organic Turkey feed contains : โข NO Antibiotics Ever โข Non - GMO Corn and Soybean Meal โข NO Animal By - Products โข NO Pesticide Treated Grains โข NO Grains Grown with Chemical Fertilizers Mary โ s Air - Chilled Heritage Turkey Mary ' s Free - Range Heritage turkeys are based on the first breed of turkeys that existed in the United States . They breed naturally as well as run and fly ! These extra activities result in larger thigh meat and slightly less breast meat than found on a typical turkey . All of these traits result in a superior tasting turkey that takes less time to cook than a regular turkey ! Mary ' s Heritage Turkey Video With the first juicy , satisfying bite of a Mary ' s Free - Range Turkey , you ' ll know that this bird is something special โ natural , plump , and tasty โ that โ s a Mary โ s Free - Range Turkey ! The Pitman family has raised turkeys for the Thanksgiving holiday since 1954 . Today , with more and more companies introducing " free - range " products , we want every consumer to experience the difference Mary ' s offers . To do that , we ' ve focused on quality , not quantity . Mary ' s perfect Free - Range birds begin life on a farm . At our farm , roam means lots of room . Every bird grows naturally with plenty of open space to grow healthfully in a caring environment . The Pitman family has built its reputation by growing fewer but superior Free - Range turkeys year after year . A key reason Mary ' s Free - Range Turkeys offer superior taste is the high protein diet complete with the finest grains and vegetable proteins that provide just the right amount of nutrients for our turkeys to grow bigger and develop better than birds you ' ll find at the supermarket . And you wo n ' t find antibiotics , animal by - products , hormones , preservatives , or additives in a Mary ' s Free - Range Turkey . Instead , when you purchase a fresh , home - grown Mary ' s Free - Range Turkey , prepare yourself for a dining experience that you and your family will remember forever . Click Here To
|
[
"Mary 's Turkey",
"Non-GMO Turkey ,",
"Heritage Turkey"
] |
http://marywinspear.ca/event/vintage-retro-collectibles-show
|
Vintage Retro Collectibles Show A A A Sun Aug 31 930 am Community Special Events Vintage Retro and Collectible Meet over sixty vintage retro and collectibles enthusiasts brought together for the very best biggest and brightest show and sale on Vancouver Island Entrance to the show is 4 from 930 400 There us an eary bird charge of 20 at 830 Childen are free when accompanied by an adult Please contact Josie at 2507441807 or email at josiejonesshawca Quick Links Event Calendar Facility Rentals Ticket Office Location
|
[
"vintage",
"sale",
"charge"
] |
http://mashable.com/2015/05/08/silicon-valley-unicorn/
|
In Silicon Valley , โ unicorn โ is a dirty word Tech has more startup " unicorns " than ever , including Uber , Airbnb , Snapchat and Stripe . Image : Mashable composite Rob Boudon By JP Mangalindan 2015 - 05 - 08 23 : 05 : 37 UTC Unicorns are mythical creatures , and in medieval lore they were visible only to very select people of exceptional purity . In Silicon Valley , however , if you miss a unicorn , you can always wait for the next one . After all , there are 90 of them . In the tech world , of course , a unicorn is not a flitting creature of fancy , but something very different : A startup that is a very tangible , concrete evidence of just how much money is looking for a home in Silicon Valley . " Unicorn " has become a widely used shorthand for startups who have won the techie jackpot : companies that are worth $ 1 billion or more , solely through fundraising and the generosity and faith of venture capitalists . See also : Google ' s Eric Schmidt turns from Silicon Valley to Wall Street Over a dozen unicorns , including Lyft and Pure Storage , a Flash - based enterprise storage company , had a presence at this week ' s Collision conference in Las Vegas , which bills itself as " a meeting place for people who are both building the companies of tomorrow and managing the companies of today . " The specter over the tributes to startups and techie success is the inevitable fall to earth . Some of those high - flying businesses will never live up to those stratospheric expectations , conceded Paddy Cosgrave , the Irish entrepreneur who runs the conference , as well as the annual Web Summit in Dublin . " But that has always been the nature of high - growth , high - profile private companies , " he added . In other words : Unicorns do n ' t have wings . The reality behind the myth That ultimate flightlessness โ the inevitable fall to earth โ is partly why in Silicon Valley , โ unicorn โ has become something of a dirty word . John Collison , president of the online and mobile payments company Stripe , gives voice to the disdain for unicorns . Collison cofounded Stripe with his brother Patrick , who serves as CEO . The payments company , which lets businesses and individuals process payments and charges a flat 2.9 % fee ( plus 30 cents ) for each transaction , is used by clients such as Apple , Facebook , Twitter , Lyft and Instacart . Stripe , which does not disclose its financials , qualifies as a unicorn thanks to a $ 70 million round of funding last winter valuing the company at $ 3.5 billion . โ I get an involuntary twitch every single time someone refers to us using valuation as kind of a shorthand , โ Collison told Mashable . โ I get an involuntary twitch every single time someone refers to us using valuation as kind of a shorthand , โ Collison told Mashable There are more so - called startup unicorns in tech than ever : About 90 , including Xiaomi ( $ 46 billion ) , Uber ( $ 41.2 billion valuation ) , Snapchat ( $ 15 billion ) , Airbnb ( $ 10 billion ) and Slack ( $ 2.8 billion ) . Uber ' s valuation alone trumps the Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) of countries like Iceland , Zimbabwe and Haiti combined Tech investors have a rule : For every 100 startups they invest in , 10 of them may become successful . However , just one of those 10 successful startups has the potential to be the next Facebook . โ The focus on valuations seems really misplaced , โ maintained Collison , who added the Stripe team does n โ t spend a lot of time thinking or talking about being a member of this growing billion - dollar startup club . Added Collison : โ Learning a valuation does n โ t really tell you much about the business and it becomes this weird scoreboard thing or ranked list . โ There ' s another worry : Such stratospheric numbers have folks wringing their hands , wondering if we ' re seeing another tech bubble . The dreaded bubble This is where the old and young in Silicon Valley diverge . โ It โ s real hard to answer , but everybody โ s instinct over the age of 22 is , โ Yeah , we โ re in a bubble , because valuations are so high , ' โ Logitech CEO Bracken Darrell told Mashable Bryan Johnson , who cofounded the online payments company Braintree and now runs OS Fund , a $ 100 million fund aimed squarely at startups working on projects with far - out goals like Planetary Resources for mining asteroids , or Human Longevity , which wants to lengthen the average human lifespan to 120 years . There is a bubble , Johnson explained โ sort of โ - but it โ s smaller than what we saw in 2000 and only applies to some areas of tech . Consumer companies like Snapchat , for example , do n ' t justify the hype , he suggested , let alone those sky - high valuations . โ I think the bubble is happening because you โ re seeing an abundance of capital that is interested in a similar number of investments , โ Johnson said . โ I think the bubble is happening because you โ re seeing an abundance of capital that is interested in a similar number of investments , โ Johnson said . โ They understand social media โ they understand that kind of business . But for them to jump into , say , hard science is a big jump . โ Some hold out some optimism that the end โ or even the middle โ of the current boom in valuations does n ' t have to be ugly . " It โ s a brutal system , " CEO Chet Pipkin told Mashable , but added that the tech industry is seeing its own kind of renaissance . He would know : since Pipkin started the private , Los Angeles - based tech company in 1983 , Belkin has evolved into a global business with more than 1,000 employees . Pipkin , meanwhile , is reportedly a billionaire . Khosla Ventures partner Ben Ling , who has held senior roles at Google and Facebook , suggested the bubble talk is overblown . While the dot - com era of the late 1990s and early 2000s had flops like Pets . com , which lacked sustainable business models , more companies today have the customers , revenue and growth to justify their lofty valuations . The 11 - year - old data software company Palantir may be worth $ 15 billion , for example , but offers products that help clients sift through big data and make sense of it . In fact , Palantir โ s software was reportedly used by the U.S. government to hunt down Osama bin Laden . Meanwhile , companies like Slack and Snapchat command high valuations ahead of huge profits , Ling explained , because of their " monetization potential . " They do n ' t make much now , in other words , but some investors bet they will down the road . " Pinterest , Snapchat and Slack ' s valuations are similar to 2007 , when many people thought it was crazy that Facebook was valued at $ 15 billion , but that does n ' t look so crazy today , " pointed out Ling . That may be true for industry insiders like Ling , but expect the hand - wringing to continue . Because until these startup unicorns become hugely profitable , their valuations will sound just as far - fetched as ever . Updated at 8 : 40 p.m. ET on May 9 to clarify Darrell and Pipkin ' s quotes . Topics : Apps and Software Business Small Business Startups startup unicorn vc venture capital Get our hottest stories delivered to your inbox . Sign up for Mashable Newsletters to get personalized updates on top stories and viral hits .
|
[
"Silicon Valley",
"Unicorns"
] |
http://mashable.com/2016/02/14/boy-sings-emotional-tribute/
|
Boy sings emotional tribute to his younger brother who died in crash By # MAKEFURHISTORY 2016 - 02 - 15 02 : 28 : 25 UTC It ' s pretty brave to step up and open up about a tragedy in the family , especially when you ' re auditioning for a TV show . That ' s what 14 - year - old Fletcher Pilon from the Central Coast in New South Wales did in an episode of Australia ' s Got Talent on Sunday . The teenager wrote and performed a song in tribute to his 10 - year - old brother Banjo , who he lost only months ago . Banjo was skateboarding when he was hit by a car in August . Pilon ' s touching performance was met with tears and a standing ovation from the crowd and the judges , in awe of his ability to perform so shortly after his brother ' s death . Not to mention Pilon has an incredible voice . His performance is absolutely spine - tingling . The ' Star Wars Episode IX ' trailer is here at last ' The Daily Show ' recaps WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange ' s embarrassing arrest Watch the adorable pre - Mad Men Kiernan Shipka throw a fake tantrum at Jimmy Kimmel ' s uncle Snapchat ' s new ' Game of Thrones ' lens brings a massive ice dragon to New York Topics : Australia Video Videos Culture Image : Channel Nine / Australia ' s Got Talent
|
[
"Fletcher Pilon",
"New South Wales",
"Australia 's Got Talent"
] |
http://masimopersonalhealth.com/
|
Data from the Masimo MightySat Gives Professional Swimmer Michael Andrew the Edge Watch later Share 1 / 2 Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . MightySat TM Fingertip Pulse Oximeter Better Data = Better Health TM Better Data = Better Performance Buy Now What Better Data Means to You MightySat is ideal for people who know they want a fingertip pulse oximeter and want the best available technology . MightySat is also for people who want to improve their health , wellness , or fitness by providing key measurements that are more accurate and not available on other health and wellness devices . Accurate When You Need it Most The Leading Hospital - Grade Technology Masimo pulse oximeters are the leading brand in hospitals because of Signal Extraction Technology ( SET ยฎ ) , which provides accurate measurements when other hospital - grade pulse oximeters fail โ during movement and low blood flow . Oxygen Saturation ( SpO 2 Oxygen level in the blood to indicate changes due to heart or lung function , oxygen use by your body , or altitude . Pulse Rate ( PR ) Number of heart pulses per minute to indicate overall fitness or exertion levels at any time . Perfusion Index ( Pi ) Strength of blood flow to the finger to indicate changes in blood circulation . The Masimo Accuracy Advantage Performance Index of Oxygen Saturation During Movement and Low Blood Flow * ยน Performance Index of Pulse Rate During Movement and Low Blood Flow * ยน SHOP NOW Breakthrough Measurements on MightySat MightySat gives you a more complete picture than the limited data available from other health and wellness devices . Respiration Rate ( RRp ) Number of breaths per minute to indicate how well your heart and lungs are functioning or how quickly you recover after exercise . Pleth Variability Index ( PVi ) Variation in perfusion index over your breathing cycle , which may indicate changes in hydration , breathing effort , perfusion , or other factors . * 2 - 4 BUY NOW Do More with Your Data Download the Free App * * * Display , track , and trend data on compatible devices through the Masimo Personal Health App Alert you when data is out of target range Share data through email and social media Automatically store data in Apple Health or TrainingPeaks Compatible with select iOS and Android devices . iPhone not included SHOP NOW Learn More Hospital - grade Technology For You Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . " My Masimo MightySat Pulse Oximeter has become an absolute staple in my Heather Jackson everyday routine training for Ironman triathlons . " Professional Triathlete , 2 Time Ironman Champion , 8 Time Ironman 70.3 Champion โ Sometimes matches are won by a few points , and I need every breath to count . Coco Vandeweghe MightySat helps me perform at my best . โ Professional Tennis Player on the WTA Tour " MightySat gives me accurate data to gauge my recovery . " Zach Osborne Supercross / Moto X Champion " MightySat gives me the accurate data I need as an elite athlete . " Michael Andrew Phenom Swimmer , Headed to 2020 Olympic Games - Swimming world calls him " next Michael Phelps " Tommy Haas Former ATP Tennis Player " MightySat allows me to track key biometrics and maximize my training by enabling me to Lauren Fendrick measure my ability to recover . " Professional Beach Volleyball athlete and 2016 Olympian " The accurate data from MightySat makes a difference in how I recover . " Ben Stoneberg Crossfit Games Champion " โ When games are decided by fractions , I need every competitive Brian Rowe advantage I can get and that is why I use the MightySat . Professional Soccer Player , Vancouver Whitecaps It gives me accurate data I know I can rely on . โ " I trust and rely on the accurate data from MightySat daily Michi Weiss to manage my training load . " Olympian and Ironman Champion Taylor Fritz " My MightySat provides accurate data that allow me to track Professional Tennis Player on the ATP Tour how my body is holding up . โ " The data from MightySat helps me measure my fatigue allowing me Joe Gambles to adjust my training according to how my body is responding to Professional Triathlete and Coach the stress or stresses placed on it . โ " MightySat gives me accurate data that helps me train smarter and perform better . " Andrea Hlavรกฤkovรก Professional Tennis Player , WTA Tour โ The addition of respiration rate to the MightySat is a game changer because we can now quantify Dotsie Bausch breathing - a fundamental indicator of health , wellness , and sports performance . " Olympic Cycling Silver Medalist Heather Jackson Triathlon Coco Vandeweghe Tennis Zach Osborne Motocross Michael Andrew Swimming Tommy Haas Tennis Lauren Fendrick Beach Volleyball Ben Stoneberg Crossfit Brian Rowe Soccer Michi Weiss Triathlon Taylor Fritz Joe Gambles Professional Triathlete Andrea Hlavรกฤkovรก Dotsie Bausch Cycling From the Leader in Hospital Pulse Oximetry Masimo is the leading brand of hospital pulse oximetersโต because they provide accurate measurements when other pulse oximeters fail by using revolutionary , Signal Extraction Technology ยฎ ( SET ) . Masimo SET uses five parallel signal processing engines that measure through challenging conditions , including movement and low blood flow . With MightySat , the same high - performing Masimo SET technology is now available for general wellness and health applications . References : 1 Shah N et al . J Clin Anesth . 2012 ; 24 ( 50 ) : 385 - 91 . 2 Schooljans A et al . Acta Anaesth Belg . 2010 ( 61 ) , 147 - 150 . 3 Mathews D et al . ASA 2014 . A1124 . 4 Perel A . Anesth Analg . 2014 Dec ; 119 ( 6 ) : 1288 - 92 . 5 iData Research U.S. Market for Patient Monitoring Equipment 2014 . * 10 volunteers with adhesive finger sensors from Masimo and the # 2 hospital - grade brand were tested during movement and low blood flow with machine - and volunteer - generated hand motions to calculate accuracy , which was defined as oxygen saturation within 7 % and pulse rate within 10 % of reference . * * It is suggested to measure PVi in the same body position , remaining still and without talking , at the same breathing rate and depth of breathing , until you see a high confidence PVi value ( displayed value is bright , not dim ) . An increase in PVi may indicate a decreased level of hydration , increased breathing effort , or other factors . A decrease in PVi may indicate an increased level of hydration , decreased breathing effort , or other factors . Multiple factors other than hydration and breathing effort can affect PVi , * * * The app is downloadable from the App Store โข for iOS devices or Google Play โข store for select Android devices . For an up - to - date list of compatible smart devices , see www . MasimoPersonalHealth . com . PLCO - 001094 / PLM - 10806A - 0717
|
[
"MightySat",
"fingertip pulse oximeter"
] |
http://masonic.wikidot.com/prayer-at-closing
|
Welcome page What is a Wiki Site How to edit pages How to join this site Site members Recent changes List all pages Page Tags Site Manager Page tags a admin apprentice architecture ark_mariners b biography books builder builder_mag c craft cryptic_rite d demolay e f famous fellowcraft french_rite furniture g general h hiramic_legend i j k knights_templar kych l m mackey master md ms n newton o oes p penalties pike prayer q r rites royal_arch royal_arch_masonry rsm rules s scottish_rite shriners solomons_temple stb symbolism t u v w wm x y york_rite z Add a new page Prayer at Closing Supreme Architect of the Universe accept our humble thanks for the many mercies and blessings which they bounty has conferred on us and especially for this friendly and social intercourse Pardon we beseech thee whatever thou has seen amiss in us since we have been together and continue to us thy presence protection and blessing Make us sensible of the renewed obligations we are under to love thee and as we are about to separate and return to our respected places of abode wilt thou be pleased so to influence our hearts and minds that we may each one of ooOoo This page is adapted from the Glossary at Phoenixmasonry Used with permission craft p prayer Help Terms of Service Privacy Report a bug Flag as objectionable Powered by Wikidotcom Unless otherwise stated the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons AttributionShareAlike 30 License
|
[
"Closing",
"Supreme Architect"
] |
http://massachusetts.hometownlocator.com/ma/plymouth/hingham.cfm
|
Hingham , MA Profile : Facts & Data Profile Maps Photos Places Schools Jobs JUMP DOWN PAGE TO : Basic Facts | Demographic Data | Peer Comparsions Hingham Local Links & Resources : Hotels Resources ALL Hingham Content Also See : Hingham , MA ZIP Codes & ZIP Code Maps | Local Area Photos Hingham , Massachusetts - Basic Facts Quick & Easy Tools Recent Data for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes Neighborhood Maps , Data , Home Values Research Public Schools Boundaries Locate Physical & Cultural Features City , Town , and ZIP Code Maps The Hingham Census Designated Place had a population of 5,776 as of July 1 , 2018 . Hingham ranks in the lower quartile for Diversity Index when compared to the other cities , towns and Census Designated Places ( CDPs ) in Massachusetts . See peer rankings below . The primary coordinate point for Hingham is located at latitude 42.2418 and longitude - 70.8898 in Plymouth County . The formal boundaries for the Hingham Census Designated Place encompass a land area of 3.1 sq . miles and a water area of 0.06 sq . miles . Plymouth County is in the Eastern time zone ( GMT - 5 ) . The elevation is 13 feet . The Hingham Census Designated Place ( GNIS ID : 2378140 ) has a U1 Census Class Code which indicates a census designated place with an official federally recognized name . It also has a Functional Status Code of " S " which identifies a statistical entity The Hingham Census Designated Place is located within Town of Hingham , a minor civil division ( MCD ) of Plymouth County Alternate Unofficial Names for Hingham : Bear Cove , Conihasset . Jump to . . . ( On This Page ! ) Hingham 2018 Demographic Data Growth Rates for Hingham ( Historical & 5 - Year Forecast ) Peer Comparisons ( Rank and Percentile ) Neighborhoods Demographics ( Home Values , Household Income , etc . ) Massachusetts Research Tools ( Easy Tools & Current Data ) Massachusetts Data Comparison Tool - 2018 Demographics Hingham , MA - Most Popular Things to Do Top 20 Most Popular Places Near Hingham Popularity rankings are based on positive reviews , search queries , and other user data . Also See : Nearby Photos | Nearby Hotels | Driving Directions Research a Massachusetts Address and get . . . Boundary Maps , Demographic Data , School Zones Review maps and data for the neighborhood , city , county , ZIP Code , and school zone . July 1 , 2018 , data includes home values , household income , percentage of homes owned , rented or vacant , etc . Hingham , MA Data & Demographics ( As of July 1 , 2018 ) POPULATION Total Population 5,776 Population in Households 5,680 Population in Familes 4,983 Population in Group Qrtrs 96 Population Density 2 1,866 Diversity Index 3 12 INCOME Median Household Income $ 126,053 Average Household Income $ 181,818 Per Capita Income $ 66,238 HOUSING Total Housing Units 2,139 ( 100 % ) Owner Occupied HU 1,560 ( 72.9 % ) Renter Occupied HU 489 ( 22.9 % ) Vacant Housing Units 90 ( 4.2 % ) Median Home Value $ 901,182 Average Home Value $ 1,043,429 HOUSEHOLDS Total Households 2,049 Average Household Size 2.77 Family Households 1,485 Average Family Size 3 NOTES Demographics are point estimates for July 1st of the current year and each for the forecast years . See References for more information . Population Density = Total Population per square mile . The Diversity Index is a scale of 0 to 100 that represents the likelihood that two persons , chosen at random from the same area , belong to different race or ethnic groups . If an area ' s entire population belongs to one race AND one ethnic group , then the area has zero diversity . An area ' s diversity index increases to 100 when the population is evenly divided into two or more race / ethnic groups . GROWTH RATE / YEAR 2010 - 2018 2018 - 2023 Population 0.27 % 0.44 % Households 0.08 % 0.32 % Families - 0.28 % 0.33 % Median Household Income 1.86 % Per Capita Income 2.21 % Hingham , MA - Peer Comparisons by Rank and Percentile The table below compares Hingham to the other 246 incorporated cities , towns and CDPs in Massachusetts by rank and percentile using July 1 , 2018 data . The location Ranked # 1 has the highest value . A location that ranks higher than 75 % of its peers would be in the 75th percentile of the peer group . Variable Description Rank Percentile Total Population # 112 55th Population Density # 96 61st Diversity Index # 213 14th # 16 94th # 20 92nd Additional comparisons and rankings can be made with a VERY EASY TO USE Massachusetts Census Data Comparison Tool Quick & Easy Ways to . . . Get Current Demographic Data for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes View Boundary Maps , for Cities , Towns , and ZIP Codes Locate Physical , Cultural , and Historical Features Research Public Schools & Attendance Zones Massachusetts Census Data Comparison Tool Compare Massachusetts July 1 , 2018 Data Data Population Population Density Diversity Index Average Household Income Per Capita Income Locations Cites & Towns Counties ZIP Codes Highest or Lowest Show Highest Values Show Lowest Values Results Show 20 Results Show 200 Results
|
[
"Hingham , Massachusetts",
"Basic Facts"
] |
http://massageheights.ca/membership
|
Member Benefits Exclusive Program Your Lifestyle Programs includes exclusive benefits that allow you to truly achieve your best potential : Complimentary Aromatherapy Member pricing for all additional monthly sessions Rollover unused services or combine sessions for a longer massage Choose to try new therapists and techniques each month Treatment plans with your therapist to maximize the effect Our Benefits Professional affordable and convenient therapeutic services in relaxing spa - like environment : Licensed , professional therapists Use your Membership at any of our locations in the Canada or Internationally Opened 7 days a week with extended hours Over 20 licensed therapists on staff with various modalities Same - day appointments and walks - ins welcome MASSAGE PROGRAMS Massage Heights prides itself on offering affordable program options that work for every type of guest . Wheather you are trying to work out a kink , or recover from an accident Massage Heights has a program that will work for you . Our programs vary in a number of ways , with the biggest difference between them being duration . For the guest in a rush , we offer 60 minute sessions that allow the guest to book massage when it is most convienient for them . We also offer 90 minute programs that allow our guests to incoprate Foundation 60 minute session Peak 90 minute session Heightened 60 + elevation Pinnacle Plus 90 + elevation WALK - IN ELEVATIONS Introductory 60 - minute Massage $ 64.99 Aromatherapy $ 12 Introductory 90 - minute Massage $ 94.99 Face Massage $ 24 Foot Scrub $ 24 60 - minute session ( Non - member ) $ 99.99 Hot Stone Therapy $ 40 90 - minute session ( Non - member ) $ 144.99 Dynamic Cupping $ 40
|
[
"Massage Heights",
"membership",
"MASSAGE PROGRAMS"
] |
http://masscases.com/cases/app/59/59massappct332.html
|
COMMONWEALTH vs . JOHN P . GOMES ( and ten companion cases [ Note 1 ] ) . Constitutional Law , Assistance of counsel , Search and seizure . Practice , Criminal , Assistance of counsel , Instructions to jury . Search and Seizure , Expectation of privacy . Arrest . Police , Unlawful arrest . Privacy . Evidence , Spontaneous utterance . This court concluded that absent the use of excessive or unnecessary force by police upon his person , an individual may not forcibly resist even an unlawful entry into his residence by one who he knows or has good reason to believe is a police officer engaged in the performance of his duties [ 333 ] ; consequently , at the criminal trial of multiple defendants on charges of assault and battery on police officers arising from the officers ' allegedly unlawful entry into certain premises , trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to request a jury instruction on At the criminal trial of multiple defendants on charges of assault and battery on police officers , counsel was not ineffective for failing to file a motion to suppress evidence obtained after police allegedly unlawfully entered certain premises , where not every codefendant had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the premises , and where the exclusionary rule did not reach evidence of a defendant ' s unlawful conduct in response to police violations of constitutional protections against unlawful search and seizure . [ 336 - 338 ] In a criminal case , a District Court judge properly denied a motion to dismiss charges stemming from the defendants ' forcible resistance to unlawful police entry into certain premises , where the police conduct , although unlawful , was neither egregious nor conscience - shocking , and where the remedy for all but the most egregious violations of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution or art . 14 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights is suppression of the evidence and its fruits , not dismissal of the resulting charges . [ 338 - 339 ] A District Court judge did not err in a criminal case when he declined to instruct the jury on the Fourth Amendment requirements for police to enter into a dwelling and to demand that an occupant produce identification , where the proposed instruction was irrelevant to the case . [ 343 - 344 ] McHUGH , J . , concurring . Page 333 This court concluded that no substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice resulted from the exclusion of excited utterance testimony in a criminal trial , where there was no dispute about the truth of those statements and where abundant testimony put the relevant question in issue . [ 344 ] COMPLAINTS received and sworn to in the Dorchester Division of the District Court Department on January 2 , 1998 . The cases were tried before Thomas J . May , J . Charles Allan Hope ( John H . Cunha , Jr . , with him ) for John P . Gomes & others . Rami M . Vanegas , Assistant District Attorney , for the Commonwealth . GRASSO , J . May an individual forcibly resist a warrantless police entry into his residence that is later determined to be unlawful , or is the right forcibly to resist police limited by the rule of Commonwealth v . Moreira , 388 Mass . 596 , 601 ( 1983 ) , to resistance against excessive or unnecessary force upon his person ? We hold that absent the use of excessive or unnecessary force by police upon his person , an individual may not forcibly resist even an unlawful entry into his residence by one who he knows or has good reason to believe is a police officer engaged in the performance of his duties . [ Note 2 ] 1 . Background . A melee erupted in the course of a police investigation into a possible breaking and entering into a residence at 8 Corwin Street in the Dorchester section of Boston . Although it was never determined whether a breaking and entering had occurred , or who might have been involved , seven individuals were charged with assault and battery upon the investigating officers . [ Note 3 ] We consider appeals by four of those individuals found guilty after jury trial : John Gomes ( Gomes ) ; Page 334 Arnaldo Fernandes ( Arnaldo ) [ Note 4 ] ; Aguinaldo Fernandes ( Aguinaldo ) ; and David Taylor ( Taylor ) . On appeal , the codefendants contend that trial counsel were ineffective in failing to ( 1 ) move to suppress everything that followed an allegedly unlawful entry into a residence at 6 Corwin Street , and ( 2 ) request that the jury be instructed on an asserted right to use force to resist unlawful entry into the residence . Closely related appellate contentions are that the trial judge erred in ( 1 ) denying motions to dismiss [ Note 5 ] ; and ( 2 ) refusing to instruct the jury on the Fourth Amendment requirements for police to enter the home or demand that an occupant produce identification . Finally , the defendants assert that the judge ' s exclusion of various excited utterances created a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice . We affirm . 2 . The entry and the ensuing melee . The contextual facts relevant to the issues on appeal are these . Early on New Year ' s morning , 1998 , Tiffany Talbert awakened to a loud banging on the side of her home at 8 Corwin Street . Talbert , who lived on the third floor of a three - family dwelling , peered out a kitchen window that overlooked the door to the cellar . She noticed a board leaning against the house . Talbert was alarmed because one month earlier someone had broken into her home via Talbert called the police . Boston police Officers Kevin Coyne and Joseph Tse arrived within minutes and entered the building through the cellar door that was normally kept locked . They proceeded to the third floor where they spoke with Talbert and then accompanied her to the cellar . There , in addition to the unlocked door , the officers discovered that one of the cellar Page 335 windows appeared to have been forced open from the outside . The officers secured the window and prepared to leave . At Talbert ' s request , the officers searched the perimeter and the yard at the rear of Talbert ' s house . While at the side of the house opposite the basement door , they heard hushed voices and saw a shadowy motion followed by the sound of a door closing . The lighting was limited . The officers walked in the direction of the voices and came to the door to 6 Corwin Street . Officer Coyne , who was in uniform , knocked on the door and identified himself as a police officer . Eventually , Arnaldo opened the door about a foot . From this vantage the police only could see the width of Arnaldo ' s face . He appeared intoxicated , with glassy eyes and an odor of alcohol on his breath . Coyne asked Arnaldo to open the door further , but Arnaldo refused to comply . Likewise , he refused to give his name or produce identification . Coyne placed one hand on the door and his foot in Officer Coyne again asked Arnaldo for identification . Arnaldo told the police to go to the front of the house , ring the second floor doorbell , and talk to his mother . Officer Tse proceeded in that direction , while Coyne remained at the door with Arnaldo . Arnaldo asked Officer Coyne to remove his foot from the entrance and then attempted to push the door closed . Coyne prevented Arnaldo from closing the door , using his foot and applying pressure with his hands , and directing that Arnaldo stop . During a struggle that ensued as Arnaldo sought to close the door , Arnaldo shoved Coyne in the chest . Coyne grabbed Arnaldo by his shirt and attempted to place him under arrest . Arnaldo resisted and Coyne yelled for Officer Tse to assist him . [ Note 6 ] The struggle to arrest Arnaldo and forcibly remove him from the house spilled out into the backyard where the officers attempted to handcuff Arnaldo . At some point , a group that included Aguinaldo , Gomes , and Taylor came running from Page 336 inside the house and joined the fracas . One of the assailants picked up a two by four piece of wood . Officer Tse responded with pepper spray aimed in the direction of Taylor , Gomes , and Arnaldo . The spray hung in the air , exposing everyone in the area , including the police , to its effects . With the arrival of backup , the police brought an end to the melee . 3 . The failure of counsel to file a motion to suppress evidence . The codefendants contend that trial counsel were ineffective in failing to file a motion to suppress . They maintain that Officer Coyne ' s placing his foot in the door and forcibly preventing Arnaldo from closing it constituted an unlawful entry that required suppression of everything that transpired thereafter as the " fruit of the poisonous tree . " Had the police allowed Arnaldo to close the door as he had a right to do , the argument goes , no evidence would have been gathered 398 Mass . 829 , 834 ( 1986 ) , cert . denied , 481 U.S. 1017 ( 1987 ) . We discuss a preliminary difficulty with this contention . Not every defendant could establish the requisite expectation of privacy in 6 Corwin Street to challenge the lawfulness of the entry under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution or art . 14 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights . See Minnesota v . Carter , 525 U.S. 83 , 90 - 91 ( 1998 ) ; Commonwealth v . Carter , 424 Mass . 409 , 411 ( 1997 ) ( defendant has the burden of establishing that search occurred ) . Neither Taylor nor Gomes resided at 6 Corwin Street or were overnight guests with a cognizable expectation of privacy in the premises . See Minnesota v . Olson , 495 U.S. 91 , 98 - 99 ( 1990 ) ; Commonwealth v . Morrison , 429 Mass . 511 , 513 ( 1999 ) . Nor were the four codefendants charged with possessory offenses stemming from a search or seizure of premises in which at least one had an expectation of privacy . See Commonwealth v . Frazier , 410 Mass . 235 , 243 ( 1991 ) ; Commonwealth v . Carter , 424 Mass . at 411 ( discussing very limited exception to general requirement that each defendant have an expectation of privacy in the place searched ) . Beyond the absence of a cognizable expectation of privacy in Page 337 Taylor and Gomes , [ Note 7 ] another fundamental problem exists with the defendants ' contention . Counsel were not ineffective in failing to request what the law would not countenance . See Commonwealth v . Reid , 400 Mass . 534 ( 1987 ) . Even if considered an unlawful entry , Officer Coyne ' s use of force to prevent Arnaldo from closing the door did not result in the seizure of contraband or other evidence of criminal activity , see Commonwealth v . Pietrass , 392 Mass . 892 , 900 - 901 ( 1984 ) , or lead to police observations of contraband or of other criminal activity inside the dwelling . See Commonwealth v . Ramos , 430 Mass . 545 , 550 - 551 ( 2000 ) . Compare Commonwealth v . Marquez , 434 Mass . 370 , 376 - 377 ( 2001 ) . Neither Fourth Amendment nor art . 14 exclusionary rules extend to suppression of evidence of crimes that are in reaction to an illegal search or seizure . See Commonwealth v . Saia , 372 Mass . 53 , 58 ( 1977 ) ( evidence sought to be suppressed not an " exploitation " of the primary illegality ) ; Commonwealth v . Mock , 54 Mass . App . Ct . 276 , 284 - 285 ( 2002 ) . " There is no simplistic ' but for ' analysis that applies in this area of the law . " Commonwealth v . Saia , supra . Here , as in Saia , we deal with " an attempt to suppress evidence which is a result of allegedly wilful acts of misconduct by ( the defendants ) , whose provocation and perhaps ultimate defense may be found in the fact of the entry itself . The exclusionary rule does not reach this far . " Ibid . In so holding , we follow numerous other jurisdictions that prohibit a defendant from invoking the exclusionary rule to suppress evidence of his own unlawful conduct in response to police actions in violation of constitutional protections against unlawful search and seizure . See , e.g. , State v . Miller , 282 N.C. 633 , 641 ( 1973 ) ( " [ A ] pplication of the exclusionary rule in [ the ] fashion [ sought by the defendants ] would in effect give the victims of illegal searches a license to assault and murder the officers involved " ) Page 338 ( 1971 ) ( such a policy in fundamental opposition to civilized rule of law ) ; Akron vs . Recklaw , Ohio Ct . App . No . 14671 ( Jan . 30 , 1991 ) ( criminal acts , including assault and resisting arrest , not excused because of earlier police transgressions ) . 4 . The denial of the motion to dismiss . The defendants also contend that the trial judge erred in denying their motion to dismiss . The judge did not err because this is not the very rare case in which egregious police misconduct might warrant dismissal . See Commonwealth v . Montes , 49 Mass . App . Ct . 789 , 793 ( 2000 ) . See also Commonwealth v . Shuman , 391 Mass . 345 , 353 - 355 ( 1984 ) . The police clearly possessed a basis for inquiring at 6 Corwin Street , if one were constitutionally required at all . Neither the Federal nor the Massachusetts Constitutions prohibit police from knocking on a citizen ' s door and making an initial inquiry that seeks voluntary cooperation from a respondent . See Commonwealth v . Fortune , 57 Mass . App . Ct . 923 , 924 ( 2003 ) ( " when a person is free to leave [ or close the door ] , the police need no justification to conduct an interrogation " ) . A mere request for identification , without more , does not require constitutional justification . Moreover , the initial actions of the police were measured and appropriate to a rapidly unfolding situation in the immediate aftermath of a reported burglary at 8 Corwin Street . The investigation disclosed an apparent unlawful entry , hushed voices outside , and a shadowy motion followed by a door closing . These facts and circumstances amounted to at least a reasonable suspicion that a crime had occurred and that the individuals involved might have fled to a nearby location . Good police work , if not just common sense , dictated further inquiry . As here , however , mere inquiry can quickly devolve to a circumstance requiring greater constitutional justification to prolong the inquiry or take more intrusive steps . See Commonwealth v . Barros , 435 Mass . 171 , 174 - 175 ( 2001 ) ( officer ' s second request to defendant had a compulsory dimension that first did not and transformed consensual encounter into a seizure ) . Officer Coyne ' s repeated demand that Arnaldo provide identification and his refusal to allow Arnaldo to close the door exceeded what was constitutionally permissible . The police Page 339 lacked a search warrant . Even if there was probable cause to believe that an unauthorized break had occurred at 8 Corwin Street , there was neither probable cause to believe that any perpetrator had fled to 6 Corwin Street nor an exigency justifying warrantless entry therein . [ Note 8 ] However , the police did not burst through a closed door unannounced in the dead of night . Although unlawful , Officer Coyne ' s actions were neither conscience - shocking nor egregious . See Commonwealth v . Montes , 49 Mass . App . Ct . at 793 . Nor did they warrant dismissal of criminal charges resulting from the subsequent physical resistance to police by Arnaldo and the other codefendants . Id . at 793 - 794 . The remedy for all but the most egregious Fourth Amendment or art . 14 violations is suppression of the evidence 49 Mass . App . Ct . 58 , 61 ( 2000 ) . We leave to another day the determination whether the circumstances under which an entry occurs might be so provocative and outrageous as to preclude imposition of a criminal penalty for resistance . See United States v . Russell , 411 U.S. 423 , 431 - 432 ( 1973 ) . See also Roberts v . State , 711 P . 2d 1131 , 1135 ( Wyo . 1985 ) ( " [ t ] here may be situations in which police activity is so provocative and resistance so understandable that it can only be concluded that the police were not 5 . Counsel ' s failure to request a jury instruction on the right forcibly to prevent entry . The defendants next argue that counsel were ineffective in failing to request a jury instruction on the right to use force to prevent unlawful police entry into the Page 340 home . At trial , Arnaldo ' s defense centered on the unlawfulness of the police entry , the reasonableness of his actions in attempting to close the door , and the excessive force used upon him ( including the police striking him in the head with a flashlight and macing him ) that would entitle him to use force in self - defense . [ Note 9 ] If Arnaldo were entitled forcibly to resist the entry , then , looking at the evidence in the light most favorable to him , the jury should have been allowed to consider , under proper instruction , whether the force he employed to close the door against Officer Coyne ' s foot and pressuring hands was a reasonable response to the unwarranted intrusion . Moreover , if Arnaldo were entitled to use force to repel the unlawful police entry , then he need not have waited until the police used excessive or unnecessary force upon his person in order to [ Note 10 ] If Arnaldo were entitled to such an instruction , then counsel ' s failure to request the instruction was manifestly unreasonable as it deprived him of an available substantial ground of defense to the charges . In sum , the question of Arnaldo ' s ability to resist forcibly the police entry was integral to the defense and the trial ' s outcome . We conclude that counsel were not ineffective because under Page 341 the circumstances , there was no right in Arnaldo ( or any of the defendants ) to use force to resist even an unlawful entry by the police . [ Note 11 ] Rather , the right to resist forcibly is limited to those instances where the police use excessive or unnecessary force upon the person . See Commonwealth v . Montes , 49 Mass . App . Ct . at 795 - 796 ; Commonwealth v . Peterson , 53 Mass . App . Ct . 388 , 390 - 391 ( 2001 ) . An unlawful entry into a dwelling by police is no small thing . " The right of police officers to enter into a home , for whatever purpose , represents a serious governmental intrusion into one ' s privacy . " Commonwealth v . Forde , 367 Mass . 798 , 805 ( 1975 ) . Against such violations arose James Otis ' s defense of privacy that became enshrined in art . 14 of the Massachusetts Declaration of Rights and later in the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution . See Harris v . United States , 331 U.S. 145 , 157 - 158 ( 1947 ) ( Frankfurter , J . , dissenting ) . See also Commonwealth v . Cundriff , 382 Mass . 137 , 143 - 145 & nn . 10 - 11 ( 1980 ) , cert . denied , 451 U.S. 973 ( 1981 ) . The security of one ' s privacy against arbitrary intrusion by the police is one of the core rights basic to a free society . See Wolf v . Colorado , 338 U.S. 25 , 28 ( 1949 ) . Notwithstanding the high value accorded the right to personal privacy , the modern view is to abolish or sharply curtail the use of force to resist police action . [ Note 12 ] The Supreme Judicial Court adopted this position in Commonwealth v . Moreira , 388 Mass . at 598 - 599 , and rejected , prospectively , the common - law rule of Commonwealth v . Crotty , 10 Allen 403 , 405 ( 1865 ) , that a person has the right to resist forcibly an unlawful arrest . Recognizing the trend toward judicial resolution of disputes and the expanding legal protections and rights available to those interacting with police , the Page 342 court determined self - help to be " anachronistic " and " antisocial in an urbanized society . " Commonwealth v . Moreira , 388 Mass . at 600 , quoting from State v . Koonce , 89 N.J. Super . 169 , 184 ( 1965 ) . Consequently , the court decided that an arrestee may reasonably be required to submit to a possibly unlawful arrest and to take recourse in the legal processes available to restore his liberty . Commonwealth v . Moreira , supra . The Moreira rationale is equally compelling in the context of resistance to possibly unlawful entry by police in the performance of their duties . [ Note 13 ] As with the lawfulness of an arrest , the lawfulness of police entry into a residence often presents close and peculiarly fact - dependent questions as to which lawyers and even judges may disagree . Id . See Commonwealth v . Forde , 367 Mass . at 805 ( distinction between entry to search and entry to arrest is slight ) ; Commonwealth v . Pietrass , 392 Mass . at 897 n . 8 ( for purposes of Fourth Amendment , no difference whether search of home is for a person or a thing ) . Such questions , In requiring a person to submit peacefully to police and pursue his remedies through the orderly judicial process , we are not unmindful that the available remedies , such as the suppression of evidence , or civil actions against the offending officers for trespass or violation of civil rights , see 42 U.S.C. ยง 1983 ( 2000 ) , might sometimes be deemed inadequate . However , the rule the defendants would have us espouse , that an individual Page 343 may forcibly resist an entry by police that is later determined to be unlawful , would encourage violence and erode the very security that our Federal and State Constitutions are designed to protect . Indeed , resistance would frequently result in far graver consequences for both the officer and the occupant than the unlawful intrusion itself . As Judge Learned Hand put it : " The idea that you may resist peaceful arrest . . . because you are in debate about whether it is lawful or not , instead of going to the authorities which can determine , . Accordingly , we agree with those jurisdictions that limit the right to resist police forcibly to situations where force is used against the person rather than against property or to effect entry . See United States v . Ferrone , 438 F . 2d 381 , 390 ( 3d Cir . ) , cert . denied , 402 U.S. 1008 ( 1971 ) ( no right forcibly to resist execution of search warrant even if unlawful ) . See also State v . Hatton , 116 Ariz . 142 , 147 - 148 ( 1977 ) ; State v . 6 . The judge ' s denial of request for instruction on Fourth Amendment requirements . The trial judge did not err in refusing to instruct the jury on the Fourth Amendment requirements for police to enter into a dwelling and to demand that an occupant produce identification . Such an instruction was irrelevant to the cases against Taylor , Gomes , and Aguinaldo , whose sole interactions with police occurred in the yard . See Commonwealth v . Montes , 49 Mass . App . Ct . at 794 n . 6 . Even as to Arnaldo , the Page 344 might be entitled to use force against the police in self - defense . [ Note 14 ] There was no question that Officers Coyne and Tse were police officers engaged in the performance of their duties . Nor was this a case addressing whether the police were liable civilly for trespass or violation of rights under 42 U.S.C. ยง 1983 . 7 . The excited utterances . Aguinaldo and Taylor also assert that the trial judge improperly precluded Ardilla Fernandes , Aguinalda Fernandes , and Nancy Ruggerio from repeating what Aguinaldo and Taylor told them about having been sprayed with mace . They maintain that such statements were admissible as excited utterances . See Commonwealth v . Carrasquillo , 54 Mass . App . Ct . 363 , 368 ( 2002 ) . Because the defendants lodged no objection to the judge ' s ruling , we review for whether there was a substantial risk of a miscarriage of justice . See Commonwealth v . Alphas , 430 Mass . 8 , 13 ( 1999 ) . There was no dispute that the police used mace to subdue the combatants . Numerous witnesses , both police and civilian , testified that Officer Tse used pepper spray which hung in the air and affected both the civilians and police in the area . Aguinalda and Ardilla Fernandes , Suzanne and Nancy Ruggiero , Arnaldo , Gomes , and Taylor also testified to the spray ' s effects upon them individually , including numb lips and burning eyes . There was abundant testimony that squarely put in issue whether each defendant ' s conduct was a reasonable response to 360 Mass . 860 ( 1971 ) ; Commonwealth v . Cokonougher , 35 Mass . App . Ct . 502 , 505 ( 1993 ) ( judge can exclude witnesses ' testimony , when their testimony is cumulative or repetitive ) ; Commonwealth v . Ramirez , 44 Mass . App . Ct . 799 , 802 ( 1998 ) . Judgments affirmed . MCHUGH , J . ( concurring ) . I agree that the convictions should Page 345 be affirmed . I also agree with the majority ' s reasoning in the cases involving Gomes , Taylor , and Aguinaldo Fernandes . In the case involving Arnaldo Fernandes ( Arnaldo ) , however , I do not believe that affirmance of the conviction requires the discussion set forth in part 5 of the majority ' s opinion , nor do I believe that affirmance requires us to reach out for the majority ' s broad and sweeping declaration , ante at 333 , that " an individual may not forcibly resist even an unlawful entry into his residence As the majority observes , Arnaldo argues here that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his attorney failed to request an instruction to the effect that " an official ' s attempt to enter a home illegally entitles the defendant to use reasonable force to resist the entry . " He argues that " [ t ] he jury should have been so [ instructed ] in order to properly assess whether the officers used excessive force in attempting to arrest [ Arnaldo ] , his brother , and their guests , and in determining whether [ Arnaldo ' s ] attempt to close the door , per the officers ' testimony , constituted an assault and battery . " Neither rationale , however , entitled Arnaldo to the instruction he claims his attorney failed to seek . Insofar as forceful resistance of an arrest is concerned , Commonwealth v . Moreira , 388 Mass . 596 ( 1983 ) , squarely held that individuals are not entitled to use force to resist even an unlawful arrest . Insofar as the door closing was concerned , Arnaldo was convicted of assaulting two officers , Coyne and Tse , only one of whom , Coyne , was at the door when Arnaldo was attempting to close it . Arnaldo also had been charged with assault and battery by means of a dangerous weapon , i.e. , the door , on Coyne . At the close of the Commonwealth ' s evidence , however , the judge entered a Page 346 to the door amounted to an assault and battery ; the judge already had ruled that it did not . [ Note McHugh - 1 ] Beyond that , it is virtually inconceivable that failure to give the requested instruction , under whatever rationale , materially affected the outcome of Arnaldo ' s trial . The absence of a material impact , without more , means that Arnaldo can not prevail on his claim of ineffective assistance , for we have said many times that " [ t ] o prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel , a defendant must establish ( 1 ) that his representative ' s performance reflected ' serious incompetency , inefficiency , or inattention . . . falling measurably below that which might be expected from an ordinary , fallible lawyer , ' Commonwealth v . Saferian , 366 Mass . 89 , 96 - 97 ( 1974 ) ; and ( 2 ) that these shortcomings deprived him of ' an otherwise available , substantial ground of defence ' or otherwise materially affected the outcome of his trial . Id . at 96 . See Commonwealth v . Fanelli , 412 Mass . 497 , 503 ( 1992 ) . " Commonwealth v . Scullin , 44 Mass . App . Ct . 9 , 11 ( 1997 ) . Only two percipient witnesses , Officer Coyne and Arnaldo , testified about the events at the door . If the jury believed Arnaldo , then no assault and battery of any kind occurred . [ Note McHugh - 2 ] If Coyne were believed , whatever force Arnaldo applied to the door was dwarfed by the shove , punches , and kicks Arnaldo administered as Officer Tse headed for the front of the house to Page 347 check on Arnaldo ' s identity . [ Note McHugh - 3 ] Even if reasonable force may be applied to resist a police officer ' s illegal intrusion , no reasonable person who accepted Coyne ' s view of events could conclude that Arnaldo ' s application of force was reasonable . Consequently , under either view of the evidence , failure to request a reasonable force instruction played no material role in the trial ' s outcome . That being the case , I see no reason to use this case as a vehicle for announcing a broad new rule that one ' s fellow citizens assembled and sworn as jurors have no right - - under any circumstances - - to assess the reasonableness of a forceful but nonassaultive effort to prevent an unbidden policeman ' s lawless nighttime entry into a dwelling . [ Note McHugh - 4 ] Such a rule would strip the jury of any role in deciding whether it was reasonable under any circumstances , for example , to keep the door locked in the face of a policeman ' s order to unlock it , to lean against a closed door to prevent its forceful opening , to close the door against an Page 348 official ' s outstretched hand , or to stand passively in a doorway to block an illegal entry . Sanctity of the home is , as the majority recognizes , ante at 341 , a core principle in our constitutional order . See Miller v . United States , 357 U.S. 301 , 307 ( 1958 ) ; United States v . United States Dist . Ct . , 407 U.S. 297 , 313 ( 1972 ) ; Commonwealth v . Panetti , 406 Mass . 230 , 234 n . 5 ( 1989 ) ; Commonwealth v . Marquez , 434 Mass . 370 , 374 - 375 ( 2001 ) . That principle produced the rule that the official who enters a dwelling with neither warrant nor justification for warrantless entry is a trespasser , see Commonwealth v . Wright , 158 Mass . 149 , 159 ( 1893 ) , [ Note McHugh - 5 ] against whom reasonable , nondeadly force may be used for the purpose of ejectment . See Commonwealth v . Haddock , 46 Mass . App . Ct . 246 , 248 - 249 ( 1999 ) . No doubt the realities of modern urban life require some rein on that rule , although the rule ' s longstanding existence , see Commonwealth v . Dominico , 1 Mass . App . Ct . 693 , 710 ( 1974 ) , and differences between the potential for violence inherent in dwelling invasions and the potential for violence attending arrests that the Supreme Judicial Court discussed in Commonwealth v . Moreira , 388 Mass . at 600 , leave me in some doubt about this court ' s power to apply that rein . Power conceded , though , the real question is not whether the rule should be restrained but to what degree and under what circumstances . The answer clearly implicates important aspects of the relationship between citizen and State . Providing such answers only when a case clearly requires them is the essence of judicial restraint . See Lockhart v . Attorney Gen . , 390 Mass . 780 Page 349 784 ( 1984 ) ; McMaster , petitioner , 12 Mass . App . Ct . 972 , 973 ( 1981 ) . See generally , e.g. , Commonwealth v . Bartlett , 374 Mass . 744 , 749 ( 1978 ) ; Ruggieri v . Somerville , 10 Mass . App . Ct . 43 , 44 ( 1980 ) . Cf . Bickel , The Least Dangerous Branch : The Supreme Court at the Bar of Politics 114 - 115 ( 1962 ) . I would apply that restraint here , decide the case on narrower grounds that are entirely adequate for its disposition , and save consideration of the broader principle the majority has embraced for the case in which the broader principle , as it now exists or as it is reformulated , must necessarily determine the outcome . FOOTNOTES [ Note 1 ] Four against Arnaldo L . Fernandes , two against Aguinaldo L . Fernandes , three against David Taylor , and one against John P . Gomes . [ Note 2 ] Our holding addresses forcible resistance to police , not passive resistance to entry . With due respect to the concurrence , our holding is neither broad nor sweeping and does not implicate nonforcible resistance such as locking an entry door prior to police entry or standing passively in the doorway , if indeed , that is what is meant by a " forceful but nonassaultive effort " to prevent police entry . [ Note 3 ] The charges against Arnaldo Fernandes included resisting arrest and being a disorderly person . The Commonwealth also brought charges against Manuel Lopes , Manuel Nova , and David Torres . At trial , the judge allowed motions for required findings of not guilty as to all charges against Torres and Lopes . The jury found Nova not guilty on all counts and acquitted the four codefendants of some of the other charges stemming from the brawl . [ Note 4 ] The trial judge allowed a motion for required finding of not guilty upon a complaint against Arnaldo alleging assault and battery by means of a dangerous weapon ( a door ) because there was no evidence that Arnaldo struck a police officer with the door . [ Note 5 ] At the close of the evidence , Taylor moved orally to dismiss the charges against him ; the other defendants joined in the motion . The judge initially treated the motion as one for required findings of not guilty , but ultimately treated it as a motion to dismiss and denied it . [ Note 6 ] Not material to our decision is the divergence in Arnaldo ' s trial testimony that he opened the door and granted permission to police to search the yard ; that he told police he lived there ; and that Coyne grabbed him as he reached for his wallet while standing in the hall . " A defendant is entitled to have the jury at his trial instructed on the law relating to self - defense if the evidence , viewed in its light most favorable to him , is sufficient to raise the issue . " Commonwealth v . Harrington 379 Mass . 446 , 450 ( 1980 ) . [ Note 7 ] From Arnaldo ' s trial testimony that he resided at 6 Corwin Street , we infer that he could easily have provided the necessary affidavit in support of a motion to suppress to establish his expectation of privacy in the premises . See Mass . R . Crim . P . 13 , 378 Mass . 871 ( 1979 ) ; Mass . R . Crim . P . 15 , as appearing in 422 Mass . 1501 ( 1996 ) . From the trial testimony we infer that Aguinaldo , who did not testify , could have done the [ Note 8 ] Nor did the facts known to police as they met Arnaldo at the door create a reasonable apprehension of danger to the police or others from Arnaldo or others inside . See Commonwealth v . Morrison , 429 Mass . at 514 - 515 , quoting from Commonwealth v . Hurd , 29 Mass . App . Ct . 929 , 930 ( 1990 ) ( " the need to protect or preserve life or avoid serious injury is justification for what would be otherwise illegal absent an exigency or emergency " ) ; Commonwealth v . Ortiz , 435 Mass . 569 , 572 - 573 ( 2002 ) ( warrantless entry of store ) . Compare Commonwealth v . Allen , 54 Mass . App . Ct . 719 , 720 - 721 ( 2002 ) . [ Note 9 ] From the Commonwealth ' s and defense ' s cases in combination , the evidence and fair inferences were that Officer Coyne kept his foot inside the door and pressed against the door with his hands as Arnaldo sought to close it ; that Coyne reached in , grabbed Arnaldo by the shirt , and threw him against the wall ; and that Arnaldo resisted by shoving and kicking . The struggle spilled out into the yard , where Arnaldo contended the police hit him with a flashlight , threw him against the side of the house , and maced 56 Mass . App . Ct . 698 , 699 ( 2002 ) ( " The evidence bearing upon self - defense may be contained in the Commonwealth ' s case , the defendant ' s case , or the two in combination " ) . [ Note 10 ] We may not avoid deciding whether Arnaldo was entitled to resist forcibly the unlawful police entry by parsing the events at issue into those relating to the complaint for assault and battery by means of a dangerous weapon , a door , and those that comprised the other blows to Officer Coyne and Officer Tse as part of Arnaldo ' s continuing resistance to entry and arrest . The jury were not asked to differentiate in their verdicts between those blows and kicks allegedly delivered by Arnaldo inside the dwelling and those in the yard . [ Note 11 ] Because the right to use force against police does not arise in order to protect property against unlawful entry , but only to protect the person against excessive or unnecessary force by police , it is not circumscribed by expectation of privacy considerations . Here , however , as Arnaldo alone sought to bar police entry , only he was in a position to seek such an instruction . [ Note 12 ] Similar concerns against violent resistance to police entry inform the common - law " knock and announce " rule . See Commonwealth v . Cundriff , 382 Mass . at 146 ; Commonwealth v . Sepulveda , 406 Mass . 180 , 182 ( 1989 ) ( rule grounded in desirability of decreasing potential for violence initiated by residents in response to sudden , unexpected invasion of premises , provoking further retaliatory violence by police ) . [ Note 13 ] We expressly reject dictum in Commonwealth v . Kiser , 48 Mass . App . Ct . 647 , 652 n . 3 ( 2000 ) , to the effect that an individual is entitled to use reasonable force to protect himself and his property from an unlawful intrusion by police . The court in Kiser relied upon dictum in Commonwealth v . Wright , 158 Mass . 149 , 158 - 159 ( 1893 ) , that expressed a view , rejected in Moreira , that a defendant may use reasonable force to resist police who lack the right to make a warrantless arrest . [ Note 14 ] The defendants make no challenge to the judge ' s correct instruction on self - defense that the defendants had the right to use force if the force being used to arrest was unnecessary or excessive . [ Note McHugh - 1 ] That being the case , Arnaldo could have , but did not , request an instruction removing the force he applied to the door as a possible basis for an assault and battery conviction . [ Note McHugh - 2 ] Arnaldo testified that he opened the door when the police asked him to , responded to their inquiries by telling them he lived there , but declined their requests for proof that he did so . He then tried to close the door , but Officer Coyne put his foot against it to prevent him from doing so . Arnaldo then asked Coyne to " kindly remove his foot from [ his ] property , " suggested that Coyne and Officer Tse go around to the front of the house to ask his mother who he was , and reached [ Note McHugh - 3 ] Officer Coyne testified that , after Arnaldo declined to provide his name , and while Coyne had his foot in the door , Coyne told Officer Tse to go to the front of the house to inquire of the mother in accordance with Arnaldo ' s request . After Tse left , Arnaldo tried to push the door closed . Coyne told him to stop . At that point , Arnaldo shoved Coyne in the chest . That prompted Coyne to attempt to place Arnaldo under arrest by grabbing his shirt , entering the vestibule of the apartment as he " began hitting Coyne , punching him and kicking him multiple times . Coyne pushed [ Arnaldo ] against the vestibule wall . . . . [ but ] could not control [ him ] . At some point Coyne and [ Arnaldo ] ended up on the floor ; Coyne did not know how they got there . Tse was present again , and with Tse ' s assistance , Coyne . . . got Arnaldo out of the vestibule into the area between the houses . Coyne . . . was able to get one handcuff on [ Coyne ' s testimony was , of necessity , recreated by stipulation of the Commonwealth and Arnaldo ' s attorney after some unexplained mishap resulted in its omission from the official recording of the trial . [ Note McHugh - 4 ] Although the issue that Arnaldo raises in this case is simply whether use of reasonable force to resist a police officer ' s unlawful entry into a dwelling is a defense to a charge of assault and battery , the majority ' s rule goes well beyond that issue and , on its face , would prohibit use of force to resist an unlawful entry whether or not that force produced an assault and battery . [ Note McHugh - 5 ] I can not agree that the pertinent language in Commonwealth v . Wright is dictum . See ante at note 13 . The defendants in Wright had been charged with assault and battery . The victim was a police officer and " deputy fish commissioner " whom the defendants forcibly repelled when he boarded their sloop to arrest them for trading in short lobsters . The court held that the officer had no right to arrest the defendants without a warrant and then , in the passage of pertinence , stated , " If [ the officer ] had no
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THOMAS B . BLACKSTONE vs . JAMES M . CASHMAN . Unlawful Interference . Practice , Civil , Instructions to jury . Malice . Discussion of the " actual malice " standard for proving improper motive or means on the part of a corporate official as an element of a claim of intentional interference with advantageous employment relations . [ 259 - 266 ] Cowin , J . , dissenting , with whom GREANEY and SPINA , JJ . , joined . In a civil action alleging intentional interference with advantageous economic relations , the defendant , who was one of two directors of the company at issue , was a corporate official , regardless of his involvement in day - to - day operations [ 266 - 268 ] ; therefore , the judge erred in not instructing the jury that , in order to prove that the defendant ' s actions were improper in motive or means , they had to find that the controlling factor in the defendant ' s alleged interference with the plaintiff ' s advantageous employment CIVIL ACTION commenced in the Superior Court Department on June 2 , 1998 . The case was tried before Robert J . Kane , J . , and motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and for a new trial were considered by him . After review by the Appeals Court , the Supreme Judicial Court granted leave to obtain further appellate review . George C . Deptula for the defendant . George P . Lordan , Jr . ( Dennis P . Derrick with him ) for the plaintiff . CORDY , J . This case is before us for the limited purpose of considering whether the defendant was entitled to an " actual malice " instruction when the plaintiff ' s claim of intentional interference with advantageous economic relations was submitted to the jury . To answer this question , we first consider what must be proved to establish that the interference was improper , Page 256 where the defendant is an official of the corporation that employed the plaintiff , and the economic relation allegedly interfered with is one of employment or prospective employment . We next consider whether the defendant ' s position as a corporate director and a fifty per cent shareholder qualifies him as a " corporate official " against whom actual malice must be established as an element of the plaintiff ' s claim . We then turn to the jury instructions . We conclude that the defendant was entitled to an actual malice instruction , and that the failure to give such an instruction was prejudicial . Accordingly , the verdict is set aside and the judgment for the plaintiff is vacated . 1 . Background . We summarize the evidence at trial . The plaintiff , Thomas B . Blackstone , an accountant , was employed by J.M. Cashman , Inc . ( company ) , for approximately seven years beginning in 1988 . By June , 1995 , his title at the company was chief financial officer and vice - president , and he had a written employment contract expiring June 30 , 1995 . The defendant , James M . Cashman ( Cashman ) , owned fifty per cent of the shares of the company and was a director . By August , 1994 , the two brothers had become deadlocked over the direction of their business and entered into an agreement to wind up and liquidate the company . To supervise this process , they agreed to hire an outside manager to serve as the chief executive officer of the company . After the first manager hired left the company , David Ferrari assumed the duties of chief executive officer on May 5 , 1995 . Ferrari had complete day - to - day control of the business . Both Ferrari and Blackstone worked at the company ' s The Cashman brothers did not involve themselves in the day - to - day management of the company . Ferrari , however , received and solicited advice from Jay on a regular basis ; he almost never spoke with Cashman . Cashman ' s primary concern was that the business be run in an even - handed manner . He felt that the company ' s management had favored his brother , and had Page 257 expressed particular suspicion to Ferrari and others that Blackstone was biased against him . [ Note 1 ] The events relevant to this suit occurred on June 5 , 1995 . As part of the windup agreement , each Cashman brother was due a check from the company for $ 20,000 , payable monthly on the first day of the month . Blackstone was responsible for sending these checks . Cashman , concerned that he had not received his monthly check for June , and believing that Blackstone was improperly withholding it , telephoned Blackstone at the company office in Quincy . [ Note 2 ] In the telephone call , Cashman demanded that Blackstone send the check as required , but Blackstone refused . Blackstone testified that Cashman was irate and swore at him during the conversation but did not threaten him . [ Note 3 ] The call ended after approximately five minutes with Cashman telling Blackstone that he was going to call Ferrari . Cashman then telephoned Ferrari , who took the call on a mobile telephone in his automobile . Cashman was highly agitated . He complained that Blackstone was improperly withholding his check , and insisted that Ferrari rectify the problem . During an outburst , Cashman used words to the effect that he would " go down and shoot [ Blackstone ] " or that he would " bash [ Blackstone ] over the head with a baseball bat " ; and that this would be Ferrari ' s fault because of his failure to ensure fair treatment by Blackstone . [ Note 4 ] Ferrari promised Cashman that he would investigate the problem . The conversation turned to other business matters , and ended after approximately twenty - five minutes . Following the telephone call , Ferrari attended a business meeting before returning to the company offices in Quincy . Page 258 There he spoke with Jay , and then to the company ' s attorney . Jay told Ferrari that he believed his brother ' s comments were driven by anger and were not serious threats to do harm to Blackstone . The attorney recommended that Ferrari send Blackstone home for the day , which he did without any explanation to Blackstone . Ferrari then spoke with Cashman ' s attorney , who similarly assured Ferrari that his client was not seriously threatening harm to Blackstone . Finally , later that same day , Cashman called Ferrari and assured him that Blackstone did not learn of the comments until the next day , when Ferrari informed him . Blackstone became visibly agitated . Ferrari did not tell Blackstone about any of his subsequent conversations , including Cashman ' s apology . Rather , Ferrari discussed with Blackstone possible measures to safeguard the premises , including installing bulletproof glass . Blackstone then left the office . Three days later , after a meeting which included Ferrari , the company ' s attorney , Cashman , and his attorney , Cashman signed a written letter of apology addressed to Ferrari . In that letter , he reiterated that his comments arose from his frustration and not from any serious intent , and he expressed embarrassment and remorse to Blackstone . Nonetheless , and despite repeated requests and assurances from Ferrari , Blackstone did not return to the company offices and worked from home until his contract expired at the end of the month . He testified that [ Note 5 ] Blackstone instituted the present action on June 2 , 1998 , by filing a two - count complaint in the Superior Court . He alleged intentional interference with his employment contract and intentional interference with advantageous future relations - - Page 259 that is , with the prospect of his continued employment with the company beyond the expiration of his contract . The case went to trial only on the claim of interference with future advantageous relations . [ Note 6 ] Before the case was submitted to the jury , Cashman requested an instruction on actual malice , which the judge declined . The jury returned a verdict in favor of Blackstone . Cashman ' s motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and for a new trial were denied . The Appeals Court affirmed . See Blackstone v . Cashman , 64 Mass . App . 1106 ( 2005 ) . We granted Cashman ' s request for further appellate review on the limited question whether there should have been an instruction on actual malice . See Blackstone v . Cashman 2 . Intentional interference with advantageous relations . The tort of intentional interference with advantageous relations protects a plaintiff ' s present and future economic interests from wrongful interference . The various species of this tort are described in Restatement ( Second ) of Torts ยง ยง 766 - 766B ( 1979 ) . This case involves interference described in ยง 766B ( b ) , [ Note 7 ] in that Cashman allegedly interfered with Blackstone ' s prospective employment contract with a third party , the company , [ Note 8 ] by Page 260 preventing him from acquiring or continuing the prospective relationship . [ Note 9 ] To make a successful claim for intentional interference with advantageous relations , a plaintiff must prove that ( 1 ) he had an advantageous relationship with a third party ( e.g. , a present or prospective contract or employment relationship ) ; ( 2 ) the defendant knowingly induced a breaking of the relationship ; ( 3 ) the defendant ' s interference with the relationship , in addition to being intentional , was improper in motive or means ; and ( 4 ) the plaintiff was harmed by the defendant ' s actions . See Weber v . Community 434 Mass . 761 , 781 ( 2001 ) ( Weber ) . The " actual malice " instruction at issue here goes to the third element , whether the interference was " improper in motive or means . " We have often considered intentional interference with advantageous relations in the context of employment . See , e.g. , Weber , supra at 781 - 783 ; Harrison v . NetCentric Corp . , 433 Mass . 465 , 476 - 479 ( 2001 ) ; Shea v . Emmanuel College , 425 Mass . 761 , 764 ( 1997 ) ( Shea ) ; Boothby v . Texon , Inc . , 414 Mass . 468 , 486 - 488 ( 1993 ) ( Boothby ) ; Wright v . Shriners Hosp . for Crippled Children , 412 Mass . 469 , 476 ( 1992 ) ( Wright ) ; Gram v . Liberty Mut . Ins . Co . , 384 Mass . 659 , 663 - 665 ( 1981 ) , S.C. , 391 Mass . 333 ( 1984 ) ( Gram ) . That context affects how a plaintiff employee must prove the element of " improper motive or means , " when the defendant is an official of the employer . In Gram , supra , a case involving the firing of an employee whose supervisors believed he was consistently violating company policies , we affirmed that " corporate officials " acting " within the scope of their employment responsibilities " are " privileged to act [ unless they do so ] out of malevolence , that is , with ' actual ' malice . Page 261 liability to corporate officials only when their actions are motivated by actual , and not merely implied , malice has particular force because ' their freedom of action directed toward corporate purposes should not be curtailed by fear of personal liability . ' " Id . at 663 - 664 , quoting Steranko v . Inforex , Inc . , 5 Mass . App . Ct . 253 , 273 ( 1977 ) , S.C. , 8 Mass . App . Ct . 523 ( 1979 ) . See Steranko v . Inforex , Inc . , supra at 272 - 273 ( collecting and explaining authorities for this proposition ) . We have further defined " actual malice " in these circumstances as " a spiteful , malignant purpose , unrelated to the legitimate corporate interest . " Wright , supra at 476 , quoting Sereni v . Star Sportswear Mfg . Corp . , 24 Mass . App . Ct . 428 , 432 - 433 ( 1987 ) . See Boothby , supra at 487 . The " actual malice " standard for proving improper motive or means on the part of a corporate official is a burden placed on the plaintiff , not a defense that must be proved by the defendant . [ Note 10 ] The dissent argues that the actual malice standard was long Page 262 ago rejected by this court , relying principally on United Truck Leasing Corp . v . Geltman , 406 Mass . 811 ( 1990 ) ( Geltman ) , decided nine years after Gram . Geltman is inapposite because it did not concern a corporate official acting within the scope of his corporate responsibilities . Geltman was accused of interfering with the contractual and prospective contractual relationship between United Truck Leasing and one of its customers , by causing the customer to break its contract with United Truck Leasing and enter into a contract with another company . See Geltman , supra at 813 . Geltman was not a corporate official of either United Leasing or the customer . He was not [ Note 11 ] It was in this context that we wrote that " malice , in the sense of ill will , has not been a true element of the [ intentional interference torts ] . " Geltman , supra at 814 . We have not rejected the actual malice standard for corporate officials acting with regard to contractual or prospective contractual relations between the corporation and its employees . To the contrary , we have explicitly affirmed the applicability of the actual malice standard in such circumstances no less than five times since our 1990 decision in Geltman . See Wright , supra at 476 ( hospital administrator had right to fire employee Page 263 " unless he did so malevolently , i.e. , for a spiteful , malignant purpose unrelated to the legitimate corporate interest " ) ; Boothby , supra at 487 ( same , citing Wright and Gram ) ; King v . Driscoll , 418 Mass . 576 , 581 ( 1994 ) ( King ) ( same , citing Wright , Boothby , and Gram ) ; Shea , supra at 764 ( where plaintiff employee complained that supervisor interfered with employment relationship , " [ t ] he improper motive or means required [ to be proved ] is ' actual malice . ' . . . any ' spiteful , malignant purpose , unrelated to the legitimate corporate interest ' " ) ; Weber , supra at 781 - 782 ( where claim for unlawful interference with advantageous relations is asserted against official of employer These precedents confirm the actual malice standard by repeated use of the term and recitation of its definition . The dissent suggests that these cases " simply used ' actual malice ' as a synonym for Geltman ' s ' improper motive or means requirement . ' " Post at 273 . Then , citing the discussion of intentional interference in King , supra at 587 , the dissent states that the King " opinion cites to [ the actual malice cases cited above ] and Geltman interchangeably , shifting seamlessly between the language and principles of both . " [ Note 12 ] The dissent next rests its argument on the last sentence of a Page 264 footnote in Harrison v . NetCentric Corp . , 433 Mass . 465 , 479 n . 16 ( 2001 ) . In that footnote , the court noted that after Geltman , we have " continued to define the improper interference required before a corporate officer could be liable in terms of ' actual malice , ' " and went on to state , without further explanation , that " [ t ] here is no practical difference , however , between ' actual malice ' and improper motives and means for purposes of this tort " ( emphasis in original ) . Id . We do not read into this statement , made in dictum , [ Note 13 ] an intent to abolish the longstanding actual malice standard applicable to cases such as the one before us . The dissent accounts for this footnote by arguing that it " attempted to alleviate " the " confusion " resulting from our application of the actual malice standard in the Weber , Shea , King , Boothby , and Wright cases by " reaffirm [ ing ] Geltman ' s characterization of the inquiry into the nature of the defendant ' s actions as whether such actions are ' improper in motive or means , ' regardless of whether the defendant is a corporate official . . . . " Post at 274 . Yet this " Geltman inquiry " Page 265 Tellingly , in the next case the court decided on the subject after Harrison v . NetCentric Corp . , supra , it reaffirmed that the actual malice standard was the correct standard to apply when an unlawful interference claim is asserted by an employee against an official of the employer . See Weber , supra at 781 . The dissent then gets to the real heart of its disagreement with our conclusion : it rejects the very idea that there should be a higher standard " that is more difficult to prove and is applicable only to certain defendants , " i.e. , corporate officials . This is motivated by a concern that the result here will " require giving corporate officials greater license to commit torts in circumstances far beyond this case . " Post at 275 . While we respect this concern , we do not find it decisive here . [ Note 14 ] What the dissent provides is the outline of a policy argument that we should change the law by eliminating the actual malice standard , rather than a convincing argument that we have in fact already done so . Our cases have consistently held to the contrary , concluding that a heightened standard is necessary to protect the freedom of corporate officers in certain circumstances . [ Note 15 ] The present case was briefed and argued on the limited question whether the trial judge applied the proper standard to the facts at hand . Thus , our task here is more narrow than the dissent ' s policy argument would have it . We must simply ask whether , based on our past precedents , the factual structure of this case warranted an actual malice instruction . In sum , the dissent errs by discounting the clear distinction Page 266 our cases have drawn between employer - employee interference cases like Gram , and third party interference cases like Geltman . As a result , it erroneously treats " actual malice " as lacking any meaning or application independent of the " improper in motive or means " standard . This argument produces a result that is plainly contradicted by our most recent precedent , Weber , supra at 781 . It also conflates a policy debate about the wisdom of the actual malice standard with the narrower question on which we granted review in this case . 3 . " Corporate official . " Blackstone argues that because Cashman was not involved in the " day - to - day " operation of the company , he was not a " corporate official " for purposes of this tort . Therefore , Blackstone contends that the " actual malice " standard does not apply . We disagree . The actual malice standard applies when " the claim is asserted against an individual official of the employer . " Weber , supra at 781 . Our cases do not explicitly define " individual official . " They do , however , treat the term expansively . We have applied the actual malice standard to high level corporate officers , as well as directors involved in management . See id . ( executive director ) ; Harrison v . NetCentric Corp . , supra at 478 ( chief executive officer ) ; King , supra at 587 ( shareholder - In concluding that Cashman is a corporate official for present purposes , we rely primarily on his status as one of only two Page 267 directors of the company . [ Note 16 ] It is a basic principle of our corporate law that a director has a fiduciary relationship with the corporation . See , e.g. , American Discount Corp . v . Kaitz , 348 Mass . 706 , 711 ( 1965 ) . This relationship includes duties of loyalty and of care - - that is , of " reasonable intelligence " in the oversight of corporate business . See Spiegel v . Beacon Participations , Inc . , 297 Mass . 398 , 410 - 411 ( 1937 ) ( listing duties ) . See also Production Mach . Co . v . Howe , 327 Mass . 372 , 377 ( 1951 ) ( director obliged " reasonably to protect the interests of the corporation " ) . These duties are underscored by the business corporations law , which vests all corporate powers in the directors , provides that " the business and affairs of the corporation shall be managed under [ their ] direction , " and establishes standards for their conduct in office . See G . L . c . 156D , ยง ยง 8.01 ( duties of directors ) , 8.30 ( standards for directors ) . The degree to which a director involves himself in day - to - day corporate affairs has little bearing on the nature or extent of his duties . See , e.g. , Demoulas v . Demoulas Super Mkts . , Inc . , 424 Mass . 501 , 528 - 543 ( 1997 ) ( in suit alleging violation of fiduciary duties , propriety of various directors ' actions analyzed without regard to their very different levels of participation in company business ) . Even if the daily management is wholly in the hands of a consultant executive , as in this case , a director like Cashman still maintains an interest in ( and certain responsibilities for ) the proper management of the company and , in this case , its orderly wind - up . In sum , a corporate director , whatever the frequency of his involvement in day - to - day operations , has an important interest in and responsibility for the conduct of business by the company ' s corporate officers . A director therefore qualifies as a corporate official for purposes of the tort of intentional interference with advantageous relations , when he acts in furtherance of a legitimate corporate purpose . Consequently , Blackstone had the burden of proving that Cashman acted with " actual malice " " unrelated to [ a ] legitimate corporate interest . " Boothby Page 268 Blackstone further argues that Cashman should not be accorded the protected status of a corporate official because his threats were motivated by his personal animus toward Blackstone rather than by any legitimate interest in receiving the agreed upon payment from the corporation , contending that while the latter may have prompted his call to Ferrari , it was the former that governed its contents . This argument , in effect , asks us to treat Cashman as a corporate official ( and therefore entitled to an actual malice standard ) only with respect to the specific request for his check Such parsing is tantamount to fact finding , and is best left to the jury . While it is plausible that a jury might conclude that the check was a pretext for making threats , it is equally plausible that a jury might conclude that Cashman ' s statements were ill - advised hyperbole directly related to his frustration at the late payment . The statements are intertwined , and their interpretation dependent on context and credibility . It also makes no difference to his status as a " corporate official " that the interest pursued by Cashman was the payment of money to himself . Cf . King , supra at 587 ( " The motivation of personal gain , including financial gain . . . is not enough to satisfy the improper interference requirement " ) . Under the agreement governing the wind - up , payments were due to him ( as a shareholder ) from the corporation at the first of each month . As a director , Cashman acted within the scope of 4 . Jury instructions . Because Cashman was a corporate official accused of interfering with Blackstone ' s prospective employment with the company , he was entitled to an actual malice instruction . Although he requested such an instruction , the trial judge declined to give it . This was error . The trial judge submitted the case to the jury by way of special questions . The question relating to the element of improper motive or means read , " Did James Cashman improperly interfere with Thomas Blackstone ' s prospective employment Page 269 with Cashman Company ? " There was no mention of the actual malice standard either on the special verdict sheet or in the judge ' s instructions . Rather , the judge instructed the jury to " focus your attention upon the element of means , not motive or purpose , " and told them , " As to means , specifically the threat , you [ the jurors ] as the conscience of this community , should ask if [ Cashman ' s ] conduct considered in light of contemporary [ mores ] , business ethics , and community [ Note 17 ] When considered together with the judge ' s instructions , the relevant special question effectively divides up the " improper in motive or means " element into two parts - - one relating to motive , and one relating to means - - with proof of either being sufficient to meet Blackstone ' s burden . Apparently , the judge believed that any higher standard deriving from Cashman ' s position as a director applied only to his motive ( getting his money ) , not to his means ( threats ) . This instruction does not accurately convey the application of the heightened actual malice standard to the " improper in motive or means " element . We have not applied the actual malice standard to motive and means separately . [ Note 18 ] Rather , when applying the actual malice standard , we have engaged in a single analysis of the entirety of the defendant ' s relevant conduct . [ Note 19 ] " Improper motive " and " improper means " become subsumed into the more stringent analysis implied by " actual malice . " See , e.g. , Boothby , supra at 487 ( defining " actual malice " as " spiteful , malignant purpose " without separate mention of motive Page 270 or means ) . Thus , the actual malice standard in effect replaces the disjunctive analysis " improper in motive or means " with a single question , whether the controlling factor in the alleged interference was actual malice . See Weber , supra at 781 . Accordingly , when the defendant is a corporate official , the improper motive or means element should be formulated as whether the controlling factor in the defendant ' s interference was actual malice - - that is , a spiteful , malignant purpose unrelated to a legitimate corporate interest . See id . 5 . Prejudice . An error in jury instructions is not grounds for setting aside a verdict unless the error was prejudicial - - that is , unless the result might have differed absent the error . See Mass . R . Civ . P . 61 , 365 Mass . 829 ( 1974 ) . See also Abramian v . President & Fellows of Harvard College , 432 Mass . 107 , 118 - 119 ( 2000 ) ( analyzing remedy for erroneous jury instructions in terms of prejudice ) ; S . Solomont & Sons Trust v . New England Theatres Operating Corp . , 326 Mass . 99 , 110 ( 1950 ) ( " substantial rights of the plaintiffs are not injuriously affected if the course taken reaches the inevitable result of the case " ) . We must therefore determine if Cashman suffered any prejudice from the lack of a malice instruction . The jury answered " yes " to the question whether Cashman " improperly interfere [ d ] " with Blackstone ' s prospective employment . As set forth above , they should have been asked whether the controlling factor in Cashman ' s alleged interference was " a spiteful , malignant purpose , unrelated to [ a ] legitimate corporate interest . " Nevertheless , if the jury ' s answer necessarily implied a finding of actual malice , the error would not be prejudicial . By instructing the jury to focus on " means , specifically the threat , " the judge unduly narrowed the range of the jurors ' consideration . Given the evidence presented at trial , the jury had sufficient grounds to conclude two very different things . They might have found that Cashman ' s demand to receive his check and the threats he made were indeed separate , divisible parts of the conversation , with the threats evidencing spiteful , malignant purpose unrelated to corporate interest . Alternatively , they might have found that the threats were integral to Cashman Page 271 result of his anger and frustration at what he perceived to be another example of Blackstone ' s bias against him in the carrying out of corporate responsibilities . Either one of these findings would be consonant with the conclusion that the threats were " wrongful " by " contemporary mores , " resulting in a " yes " to the interrogatory . Only the first conclusion , however , would constitute a finding of actual malice . If the threats Cashman made were found to be part and parcel of the expression of his business concern , that would not necessarily imply that he acted with actual malice . Personal financial gain and personal dislike " will not warrant an inference of the requisite ill will " to establish actual malice . King , supra at 587 . Nor do we think that an angry and ill - advised outburst necessarily warrants such an inference . This is not to say that the outburst was not relevant evidence of actual malice . To the contrary , it was highly relevant . It was not , however , conclusive on that point . Given that the threats were made to someone other than Blackstone ( to Ferrari ) , outside of his hearing , and were withdrawn and clarified before Blackstone even knew they had been made , the jury might have believed that Cashman was merely angry and did not seriously intend to threaten or do Blackstone any harm or to have the company ' s 400 Mass . 378 , 384 ( 1987 ) . We must therefore set aside the verdict and vacate the judgment . The case is remanded to the Superior Court for a new trial . So ordered . COWIN , J . ( dissenting , with whom Greaney and Spina , JJ . , Page 272 join ) . In United Truck Leasing Corp . v . Geltman , 406 Mass . 811 ( 1990 ) ( Geltman ) , we stated : " [ M ] alice , in the sense of ill will , has not been a true element of the torts of intentional interference either with a contract or with a prospective contractual relation . Some of our cases have used the word but , in the same breath , have eliminated any requirement of independent proof of malice . " Id . at 814 , citing Pino v . Trans - Atl . Marine , Inc . , 358 Mass . 498 , 504 ( 1970 ) , and Restatement of Torts ยง 766 comment m , at 62 ( 1939 ) . See Restatement ( Second ) of Torts ยง 766 comment r , at 16 ( 1979 ) ( " Ill will on the part of the actor toward the person harmed is not an essential condition of liability . . . . He may be liable even when he acts with no desire to harm the other " ) . We went on to " abandon the word malicious in the description of any element of these torts " 434 Mass . 761 , 781 ( 2001 ) ; Harrison v . NetCentric Corp . , , 476 ( 2001 ) ; Abramian v . President & Fellows of Harvard College , 432 Mass . 107 , 122 ( 2000 ) ; G.S. Enters . , Inc . v . Falmouth Marine , Inc . , 410 Mass . 262 , 272 ( 1991 ) . Nowhere in Geltman did we say that a different formulation of this element , still employing the term " malice , " would apply to some defendants but not others . Despite Geltman ' s explicit abandonment of the term " malice , " several subsequent tortious interference cases , with little or no citation to Geltman , required plaintiffs to prove " actual malice . " [ Note Dissent - 1 ] See , e.g. , Weber v . Community Teamwork , Inc . , supra at 781 ; Shea v . Emmanuel College , 425 Mass . 761 , 764 ( 1997 ) ; Page 273 King v . Driscoll , 418 Mass . 576 , 587 ( 1994 ) ; Boothby v . Texon , Inc . , 414 Mass . 468 , 487 ( 1993 ) . However , the post - Geltman cases on which the court relies , rather than creating an ambivalent tort with two confusingly different standards , simply used " actual malice " as a synonym for Geltman ' s " improper in motive or means " requirement . [ Note Dissent - 2 ] For instance , in King v . Driscoll , supra , Chief Justice Liacos ' s opinion cites to these cases and Geltman interchangeably , shifting seamlessly between the language and principles of both : " One of the elements of intentional interference with contractual relations is improper motive or means on the part of the defendant . Wright [ v . Shriners Hosp . for Crippled Children , 412 Mass . 469 , 476 ( 1992 ) ] . We have said that the improper motive or malevolence required is ' actual malice , ' Boothby v . Texon , Inc . , , 487 ( 1993 ) , citing Gram [ v . Liberty Mut . Ins . Co . , 384 Mass . 659 , 663 ( 1981 ) , S.C. , 391 Mass . 333 ( 1984 ) ] , ' a spiteful , malignant purpose , unrelated to the legitimate corporate interest . ' Wright , supra , quoting Sereni v . Star Sportswear Mfg . Corp . , 24 Mass . App . Ct . 428 , 433 ( 1987 ) . The motivation of personal gain , including financial gain , however , generally is not enough to satisfy the improper interference requirement . United Truck Leasing Corp . v . Geltman , , 817 ( 1990 ) . . . . Here , the judge identified only the motives of personal and financial gain . We perceive no reason why our conclusion in United Truck Leasing Corp . , supra , should not be applied to this case . " King v . Driscoll , supra at 587 . Page 274 Furthermore , nothing in the cases cited by the court turned on a distinction between " actual malice " and " improper motive or means " - - the results would have been identical under either formulation . The plaintiffs in these cases did not establish anything amounting to improper motive or means under Geltman . See Weber v . Community Teamwork , Inc . , supra at 782 ( only evidence considered was that defendant fired plaintiff in rude manner and replaced her with someone arguably less qualified ) ; Shea v . Emmanuel College , supra at 764 We recognized the confusion created by these cases and attempted to alleviate it , albeit unsuccessfully , in Harrison v . NetCentric Corp . , supra , a case where , as here , the defendant was a " corporate official " [ Note Dissent - 3 ] accused of interfering in the plaintiff ' s employment . In that case , we reaffirmed Geltman ' s characterization of the inquiry into the nature of the defendant ' s actions as whether such actions are " improper in motive or means , " regardless of whether the defendant is a corporate official : " In an effort to clarify the law in this area , we note that in United Truck Leasing Corp . v . Geltman , , 815 - 817 ( 1990 ) , we stated that we were ' abandon [ ing ] the word malicious in the description ' of the elements of a tortious interference claim , but we continued to define the improper interference required before a corporate officer could be liable in terms of ' actual malice . ' There is no practical difference , however , between ' actual malice ' and improper motives and means for purposes of this tort " ( emphasis added ) . ( Citations omitted . ) Page 275 Harrison v . NetCentric Corp . , supra at 479 n . 16 . Thus , we disavowed any notion of a substantively higher " actual malice " standard applicable only to corporate officials . The court now reintroduces the confusing term " actual malice " into the equation , notwithstanding our previous disavowal of it . In doing so , the court suggests , erroneously , that there is a heavier burden for plaintiffs to meet if they assert tortious interference against corporate officials . In effect , the court posits a separate tort of " malicious interference " that is more difficult to prove and is applicable only to certain defendants . According to the court , corporate officials require this additional protection because " their freedom of action directed toward corporate purposes Another flaw in the " actual malice " standard is its myopic focus on motive to the exclusion of means , despite the clearly disjunctive nature of the " improper in motive or means " element of the tort . [ Note Dissent - 4 ] See Draghetti v . Chmielewski , 416 Mass . 808 , 816 n . 11 ( 1994 ) ( " Draghetti only need offer evidence of either improper means or motive . [ He ] did not have to prove both " [ emphasis in original ] ) ; United Truck Leasing Corp . v . Geltman , supra at 816 - 817 & n . 10 ( plaintiff may establish liability by showing either improper motive or improper means ) ; Restatement ( Second ) of Torts ยง 767 comments c & d , at 29 - 33 ( 1979 ) ( both motive and means considered in determining whether interference is improper ) . The only significant difference between the two standards is that the court ' s Page 276 contracts through , for instance , misrepresentations or threats . See Restatement ( Second ) of Torts ยง 767 , comment c at 30 - 31 ( citing examples of improper means ) . In other words , no matter how egregious the means employed , the court ' s rule does not impose liability unless the plaintiff can also prove a " spiteful " or " malignant " state of mind . Such a rule leads to a particularly perverse result in this case , where the defendant was found to have interfered with the plaintiff ' s employment While the court insists that corporate officials will not be able to do their jobs without the security of an " actual malice " standard for tortious interference , at no point does the court state what purpose an " actual malice " standard serves that the " improper in motive or means " standard of Geltman does not . The Geltman standard does not impose liability on a corporate official who , in good faith and within the scope of his authority , does his job with the motive of fulfilling his obligations to his employer , even if Indeed , it is interesting to note that just recently , we unanimously rejected the use of " malice " as an element of another tort , malicious prosecution , and instead " adopt [ ed ] the ' improper purpose ' formulation in ยง 676 of the Restatement ( Second ) of Torts . . . . " Chervin v . The Travelers Ins . Co . , Link to previous search terms448Link to next search terms Mass . 95 , 110 ( 2006 ) . There , as in Geltman , we recognized Page 277 that the word " malice " is not helpful in distinguishing between tortious and lawful conduct , and that the simpler and more logical inquiry is , instead , whether the conduct is improper . Because I believe that the trial judge ' s instructions adequately explained the law as defined in Geltman and in the Restatement , and because a return to the concept and term " actual malice " is , in my view , an unwelcome and confusing step backward , I respectfully dissent . FOOTNOTES [ Note 1 ] In his cross - examination at trial , Thomas B . Blackstone admitted to having said and written on several occasions that he favored Jay Cashman ( Jay ) over the defendant , James M . Cashman ( Cashman ) . [ Note 2 ] At the time of the call and a call made shortly thereafter to David Ferrari , Cashman was on Nantucket Island . [ Note 3 ] Cashman denied swearing at Blackstone during the conversation , but the jury could have found otherwise . [ Note 4 ] Cashman testified that he had no intention whatsoever of harming Blackstone , and that he spoke as he did out of anger and frustration . [ Note 5 ] Blackstone had been contacting other prospective employers for several years . [ Note 6 ] Blackstone did not pursue his contract claim because of a severance agreement with the company . The judge determined that this agreement was not relevant to Cashman ' s liability , but only to damages , and that it would confuse the jury . It therefore was not admitted in evidence . It is not relevant to our analysis , which relates to the jury instructions and verdict . [ Note 7 ] Restatement ( Second ) of Torts ยง 766B ( 1979 ) provides : " Intentional Interference with Prospective Contractual Relation . One who intentionally and improperly interferes with another ' s prospective contractual relation ( except a contract to marry ) is subject to liability to the other for the pecuniary harm resulting from loss of the benefits of the relation , whether the relation consists of ( a ) inducing or otherwise causing a third person not to enter into or continue the prospective relation or ( b ) preventing the other from acquiring or continuing the prospective relation . " [ Note 8 ] Cashman ' s ownership of fifty per cent of the shares of J.M. Cashman , Inc . , did not make him a party to Blackstone ' s employment contract . A party to a contract can not be held liable for intentional interference with that contract . See Harrison v . NetCentric Corp . , , 477 - 478 ( 2001 ) . Although there may be cases in which a shareholder ( particularly of a close corporation ) is indistinguishable from the corporation , see id . , this is not such a case . [ Note 9 ] Other interference torts include intentional interference with the performance of a contract by a third person , see Restatement ( Second ) of Torts ยง 766 , and intentional interference with another ' s performance of his own contract , see id . at ยง 766A . " We have not consistently distinguished " interference torts , and , in general , " we need not make any such distinction . " United Truck Leasing Corp . v . Geltman , , 815 n . 6 ( 1990 ) ( Geltman ) . See Shafir v . Steele , 431 Mass . 365 , 369 ( 2000 ) ( acknowledging our past recognition of Restatement [ Second ] of Torts ยง ยง 766 & 766B , and explicitly adopting ยง 766A ) . [ Note 10 ] The use of the word " privilege " in the discussion in Gram v . Liberty Mut . Ins . Co . , , 663 ( 1981 ) , S.C. , ( 1984 ) ( Gram ) , of " improper motive or means " creates an interpretive difficulty in that it implies an affirmative defense or protection that must be raised and proved by the defendant . In more recent cases we have moved away from using the word " privilege " altogether , treating the corporate official status as creating a heightened burden on the plaintiff rather than providing a defense that must be asserted by the defendant . See Weber v . Community Teamwork , Inc . , , 781 - 782 ( 2001 ) ( Weber ) ( defining improper motive or means as actual malice , no mention of privilege ) ; Shea v . Emmanuel College , , 764 ( 1997 ) ( Shea ) ( same ) . We now state explicitly what has been implicit in our prior cases : the " actual malice " standard for proving improper motive or means on the part of a corporate official is a heightened burden placed on the plaintiff , not a defense that must be proved by a defendant . Any reference to a corporate official ' s " privilege " in our prior cases should be construed accordingly . The avoidance of the word " privilege " does not make any substantive difference to the 322 Mass . 356 , 360 ( 1948 ) . Those cases spoke of a " privilege " because the Restatement of Torts ยง 766 applied to " one who , without a privilege to do so , induces [ interference with advantageous relations ] . " The Restatement ( Second ) of Torts ยง 766 no longer uses the word " privilege . " We proceed similarly . [ Note 11 ] The same reasoning applies to another case cited by the dissent , Draghetti v . Chmielewski , 416 Mass . 808 ( 1994 ) ( Draghetti ) . While the defendant in Draghetti was the plaintiff ' s supervisor in a local police department , the employment relationship with which the defendant interfered was not between the plaintiff and the police department , but between the plaintiff and a third party employer . See Draghetti , supra at 809 - 810 . The supervisor gave false information to that third party employer so that it ( not the police department ) would terminate the plaintiff from another job . There was no interference alleged in the plaintiff ' s employment with [ Note 12 ] There is also no force in the dissent ' s observation that " nothing in the cases cited by the majority turned on a distinction between ' actual malice ' and ' improper motive or means ' - - the results would have been identical under either formulation . " Post at 274 , citing Weber , supra ; Shea , supra ; King v . Driscoll , , 587 ( 1994 ) ; Boothby v . Texon , Inc . , , 487 ( 1993 ) ; and Wright v . Shriners Hosp . for Crippled Children , , 476 ( 1992 ) . The results would have been identical under either standard in those cases only because in none of them was the evidence sufficient even to meet the lower " improper motive or means " standard , and consequently summary judgment was granted for the defendant officers on the interference claims . A plaintiff who can not prove that a defendant ' s actions were " improper motive or means " of necessity can not prove " actual malice . " Nevertheless , had the plaintiffs in those cases had sufficient evidence to get to a [ Note 13 ] In Harrison v . NetCentric Corp . , , 479 ( 2001 ) , the court did not reach the question whether the plaintiff ' s termination was based on improper motive or means , and whether actual malice would be required to prove that element , because the plaintiff had agreed in his at will employment contract that his employment could be interfered with in the very manner that prompted his subsequent complaint . [ Note 14 ] The factual circumstances to which the actual malice standard applies are constrained . Company officials do not qualify for the standard with respect to all actions taken on behalf of the company . It is applicable only where the relationship allegedly interfered with is with the company itself : e.g. , whom to hire , whom to discipline , whom to fire , with whom to do business . While the dissent characterizes the actual malice standard as giving " corporate officials greater license to commit torts in circumstances far beyond this case , " this greatly overstates the applicability [ Note 15 ] We disagree with the dissent ' s characterization of the higher standard for corporate defendants as " disquieting . " Post at 275 . As explained in Gram v . Liberty Mut . Ins . Co . , , 663 - 664 ( 1981 ) , this differing treatment stems from the principle that , in matters related to the conduct of the internal affairs of a corporation , corporate officials require a heightened level of protection from liability . See Steranko v . Inforex , Inc . , 5 Mass . App . Ct . 253 , 272 - 273 ( 1977 ) , S.C. , 8 Mass . App . Ct . 523 ( 1979 ) ( collecting and explaining authorities for proposition ) . [ Note 16 ] Because Cashman was a director , we need not reach the question whether , in a close corporation , simply being a shareholder is sufficient to qualify a defendant as a " corporate official . " [ Note 17 ] The judge then went on to charge that " a finding by you [ the jury ] of a threat to do bodily harm or kill would warrant a conclusion that [ Cashman ' s ] conduct was improper . " [ Note 18 ] We have permitted plaintiffs to prove either improper motive or improper means in cases in which the actual malice standard is not applicable . See , e.g. , United Truck Leasing Corp . v . Geltman , , 816 ( 1990 ) ( in commercial context , liability may arise from improper motives or improper means ) ; Draghetti v . Chmielewski , , 816 n . 11 ( 1994 ) ( where plaintiff ' s supervisor caused third party organization to fire plaintiff from his second job , proof of either improper motive or means adequate ) . [ Note 19 ] In that single analysis of " actual malice " the jury may , of course , consider both the defendant ' s means and motive to determine if actual malice is shown . Indeed , means is a window into motive and , by extension , into malice . Means is not , however , conclusive of motive . [ Note Dissent - 1 ] It is not a coincidence that those cases involved corporate official defendants and arose in the employment context . They drew on an earlier body of case law , which the court recognizes as now defunct , ante at 261 n . 10 , in which corporate official defendants could raise a " privilege " to interfere with a plaintiff ' s contractual relations by way of affirmative defense , which the plaintiff could then rebut by a showing of " express malice . " See , e.g. , Owen v . Williams , 322 Mass . 356 , 360 - 361 ( 1948 ) . That the post - Geltman opinions into which the term " actual malice " crept are an artifact of this abandoned approach is evident from references to actual malice as negating a corporate official defendant ' s " privilege . " See Weber v . Community Teamwork , Inc . , , 783 ( 2001 ) ; Boothby v . Texon , , 487 ( 1993 ) . [ Note Dissent - 2 ] While certain post - Geltman cases may have , understandably , employed terms such as " actual malice " and " privilege " that were vestiges of factually similar pre - Geltman cases , they did not overrule Geltman by embracing a substantively different standard . [ Note Dissent - 3 ] There is nothing in the court ' s use of the term " corporate official " that necessarily limits it to officials of entities that use the corporate form , rather than officials of any enterprise , however organized . [ Note Dissent - 4 ] I find puzzling the court ' s statement that , in cases involving corporate officials , " ' [ i ] mproper motive ' and ' improper means ' become subsumed into the more stringent analysis implied by ' actual malice . ' " Ante at 269 . It would seem that an improper means either is sufficient for liability or it is not .
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[
"THOMAS B . BLACKSTONE",
"JAMES M . CASHMAN",
"case"
] |
http://masseffect.wikia.com/wiki/Adept
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in : Biotics Classes Adepts and 4 more Adept English Edit Share This article is about the class in Mass Effect , Mass Effect 2 , Mass Effect 3 , and Mass Effect : Andromeda . For other uses , see Adept ( disambiguation ) Contents show Mass Effect Edit The Adept is the ultimate biotic , able to affect the physical world with the power of the mind . Adepts are durable and powerful manipulators of mass effect fields ; they can use biotics to violently manipulate objects in the environment , including nearby enemy targets . Gameplay focus is on disabling and debuffing enemies while dealing massive amounts of damage . Adepts possess all biotic abilities , but can only equip light armor , and may only gain specialist training with pistols . They also possess no tech skills . Biotic powers focus on manipulation of dark energy with Singularity Lift and Throw . They can weaken foes with Warp and protect themselves with Barrier The Adept class talent reduces recharge time for biotic talents and increases biotic protection . Talents Class : Basic Armor Pistols Unlocked at Basic Armor 5 Throw Lift Unlocked at Throw 6 Warp Singularity Unlocked at Warp 7 Barrier Stasis Unlocked at Barrier 4 Class Talent The Adept class talent reduces cooldown of biotic powers and increases biotic protection . An adept can specialize into Bastion or Nemesis giving them access to levels 7 - 12 . Each point spent in the Adept talent gives abilities as listed below : Reduces recharge time on and Stasis by 4 % . Increases biotic protection by 6 % . Reduces recharge time on biotic talents by 6 % . Increases biotic protection by 9 % . Reduces recharge time on biotic talents by 8 % . Increases biotic protection by 12 % . Reduces recharge time on biotic talents by 10 % . Increases biotic protection by 15 % . Reduces recharge time on biotic talents by 12 % . Increases biotic protection by 18 % . Reduces recharge time on biotic talents by 14 % . Increases biotic protection by 21 % . Mass Effect 2 Adepts are biotic specialists , capable of disabling and killing enemies with raw biotic power . While they lack advanced combat training , they are the best at defeating enemies without firing a shot . They are outfitted with L5x implants that can spawn a micro - singularity , damaging enemies and pulling them into the air . Weapons Training Heavy Pistols Submachine Guns Heavy Weapons Powers Class : Unlocked at Warp 2 Pull Unlocked at Singularity 2 Shockwave Unlocked at Pull 2 Biotic Mastery Mass Effect 3 Adepts are biotic specialists , capable of disabling and killing enemies with raw biotic power . While they lack advanced combat training , they are the best at defeating enemies without firing a shot . They are outfitted with L5x implants that can spawn a micro - singularity , damaging enemies and pulling them into the air . Powers Unlocked at Level 3 Shockwave Unlocked at Level 6 Pull Unlocked at Level 3 Cluster Grenade Unlocked at Level 6 Biotic Mastery Fitness Weight Capacity See also : Weight Capacity The Adept has a weight capacity bonus of 10 at Level 1 of Biotic Mastery , increasing to 30 at Level 2 . A maximum capacity bonus of 50 is achievable by choosing the ' Weight Capacity ' upgrade at Level 5 of Biotic Mastery . This puts the Adept in league with the Engineer , with the lowest potential weight capacity compared to other classes . Mass Effect : Andromeda Main article : Profiles Mass Effect : Andromeda no longer uses the class system of a locked in character " class " chosen at the beginning of gameplay but uses flexible Profiles instead . Pathfinder Ryder has the ability to change profiles at anytime ( including during combat ) . This allows a vastly larger amount of customization than seen in prior Mass Effect games . The Adept profile is one of seven profiles available to Ryder . Adepts are biotic specialists capable of disabling and killing enemies with powerful mass effect fields . This profile reconfigures Ryder ' s implant allowing him / her to defeat his / her opponents without firing a single shot . Bonus power - BIOTIC ECHOES : Biotic combos can set off additional explosions on each enemy they touch . Bonus power - BIOTIC JUMP & EVADES : Instead of jump jet , use biotic to jump and evade . See also Bastion Nemesis Adept Guide Adept Guide ( Mass Effect 2 ) Adept Guide ( Mass Effect 3 ) Classes Soldier Engineer Infiltrator Vanguard Sentinel Categories Biotics Classes Adepts Mass Effect Mass Effect 2 Mass Effect 3 Mass Effect : Andromeda Add category Languages : ฤesky Deutsch Espaรฑol Franรงais Nederlands Polski ะ ัััะบะธะน Recent Wiki Activity Foods Temporaryeditor78 โข 3 hours ago SAM Unic of the borg โข 22 hours ago Taavos Unic of the borg โข 23 hours ago Vallhallan Threshold Tenavik โข 1 day ago Help us grow Mass Effect Wiki Get Started
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[
"Adept",
"Mass Effect",
"biotic"
] |
http://masseffect.wikia.com/wiki/Upgrade_guide
|
in : Guides Equipment Mass Effect 2 Upgrade Guide Edit Share This article is about upgrades in Mass Effect 2 . For Mass Effect upgrades , see Equipment โ Upgrades For Mass Effect 3 upgrades , see Equipment Guide ( Mass Effect 3 ) For armor sets and pieces providing additional benefits in , see Armor Customization For information about the various research projects , see Research Contents show This Upgrade Guide lists the locations and prices for all equipment and power upgrades available in . Upgrades are listed by their locations and equipment type or biotic tech , with purchase prices given as before possible discounts where applicable . When starting a new play - through with a Shepard that beat the game , your upgrades from that previous file wo n ' t carry over . The amount of credits available from a normal play - through covering all missions , assignments and current DLC is 1,280,251 with a theoretical maximum of 1,347,951 if avoiding the use of medi - gel and heavy weapons and choosing Renegade options for credits . Acquiring all upgrades no longer requires importing a level 60 ( + 50,000 ) character with the " Rich " achievement ( + 100,000 ) or starting with the completion bonus ( + 200,000 ) from Mass Effect 2 as long as all the DLC is installed , otherwise these import standards are necessary . Note : See Credits by Location for tips on generating more income . Note that research costs depend on the number of upgrades researched so far . So the cost for the first Heavy Pistol Damage upgrade will always be 2,500 Palladium , regardless of where it is acquired , followed by 5,000 and 7,500 for the next two tiers . Acquiring an upgrade from a store does not change the cost of the research upgrades . You can also get up to 25 % discount on all research projects by being an Engineer , furthermore after completing the game with a single character all subsequent playthroughs will be granted + 50,000 of each resource for free . Total resources needed to research / buy all useful upgrades : 195,500 palladium ( 237,500 for all upgrades from DLC ) 275,000 platinum ( 305,000 for all upgrades from DLC ) 200,000 iridium ( 242,500 for all upgrades from DLC ) 31,000 element zero ( 35,000 for all upgrades from DLC ; + 5,000 for each Advanced Training and + 2,500 for each Retrain Powers ) 1,253,416 credits ( including discounts , this includes all maps , and items which either lead to more credits or which lead to other upgrades ) Upgrades by Location / Mission Edit Assignments N7 : Anomalous Weather Detected Damage Protection โ Reward . N7 : MSV Strontium Mule Heavy Skin Weave โ Located at the end of the mission on a hackable terminal with the payload . N7 : Blood Pack Base Heavy Weapon Ammo โ Reward . Project Firewalker : Prothean Site Biotic Damage โ Located at the end of the mission on a research terminal . Overlord : Atlas Station Heavy Skin Weave โ Located in the room at the bottom of the elevator , scan the damaged geth Arrival ( assignment ) Heavy Weapon Ammo โ After exploding the gas line on Aratoht , a path will be blocked by two sets of flames . Use the nearby valves to disperse the wall and access a room . In the back behind the shelf . Arrival ( assignment ) Medi - Gel Capacity โ In the hangar area with the crane on Aratoht . The crane must be manipulated to move a large box revealing a PDA with the upgrade . โ In a room on the left after leaving the reactor core at the Project Base Citadel Damage Protection โ Sold at Saronis Applications Tech Damage โ Sold at Saronis Applications . Submachine Gun Damage โ Sold at Rodam Expeditions Heavy Pistol Damage โ Sold at Rodam Expeditions . Sniper Rifle Damage โ Sold at Rodam Expeditions . Medi - Gel Capacity Sirta Foundation Derelict Reaper Sniper Rifle Damage โ After your first encounter with husks on the bridge , before you fight the first Scion . It is next to some power cells , some platinum and a terminal . โ In a hacked computer near the altar after fighting your first Scion of the level . Shotgun Damage โ In the middle of a bunch of Scion and Husk fights after the first cutscene featuring Legion , in the lower floor right at the side of power cells and just under a medikit . ( Easily Missed ) Disabled Collector Cruiser โ On a research terminal after examining the dead Collector and choosing a new weapon , but before encountering any Collectors Tech Damage โ After fighting the Praetorian Note : Either one of the following weapons or advanced weapon training can be obtained . See Collector Ship ( mission ) for more details . Weapon : M - 76 Revenant โ Soldier only . Weapon : M - 300 Claymore โ Soldier and Vanguard only . M - 98 Widow โ Soldier and Infiltrator only . Freedom ' s Progress โ On the destroyed YMIR Mech just outside Veetor ' s shack . Haestrom Dossier : Tali Heavy Pistol Damage โ At the bottom of a stairwell leading up to the raised walkway ( about half way along ) , next to the body of a quarian marine at the site of the first fight with the geth . ( Easily Missed ) M - 9 Tempest โ On a dead body just before the collapsed pillar area ( be sure to pick it up before using the radio ) Assault Rifle Damage โ In the room blocked by the collapsed pillar . Geth Pulse Rifle โ After the Colossus fight , in the room Tali is in ( only on Hardcore or Insanity difficulty ) . Horizon โ On a dead Collector , just after first seeing husks . You must do this before examining the dead husk . If you examined the husk first , you wo n ' t be able to go back to the dead Collector . Biotic Damage โ On a dead Collector when you first meet a Scion , after finding Delan . You can find the dead Collector right behind the building where the Scion emerges . Retrain Powers โ Automatically acquired after completing this mission . Collector Particle Beam โ The weapon is awarded automatically at the end of the mission , if it is not picked up at the two possible pickup locations . Illium Assault Rifle Damage Gateway Personal Defense โ Sold at Gateway Personal Defense . Submachine Gun Damage โ Sold at Gateway Personal Defense . Serrice Technology โ Sold at Serrice Technology . Bypass Module โ Sold at Serrice Technology . โ Sold at Gateway Personal Defense . Only available after completing the Collector Ship mission . โ Sold at Serrice Technology . Only available after completing the Collector Ship mission . Illium Dossier : The Assassin M - 97 Viper โ At the elevator leading up to the bridge , walk around to the left past the room where three salarians are hiding . โ Just before the windy bridge between the towers , on the ledge you drop from . Dossier : The Justicar M - 27 Scimitar โ In the area where the room with Elnora is , its on a desk to the right of the weapons locker . โ In the small room with Elnora , the asari hiding behind the desk . Lair of the Shadow Broker โ A research terminal in a room full of Shadow Broker Agents just at the beginning of the upper level of Baria Frontiers โ Check Tela Vasir ' s crashed skycar . Additional upgrades are available from the Shadow Broker ' s delivery terminal . Korlus Dossier : The Warlord โ At the top of the stair case after the waves of krogan Krogan Vitality โ In the same room you find Warlord Okeer Loyalty Missions Garrus : Eye for an Eye โ In a hackable terminal after the room where Fake ID is obtained . Grunt : Rite of Passage Shotgun Damage โ Awarded by the Shaman automatically . Jack : Subject Zero โ On a hackable research terminal , inside a room with Power Cell ammo , right before fighting Kureck Jacob : The Gift of Greatness โ In the abandoned camp just after the barricade is destroyed with the rigged LOKI mech . Kasumi : Stealing Memory โ On a dead mercenary by a door near the end of the mission ( in the room where truck arrives with enemies ) . Kasumi : Stealing Memory M - 12 Locust โ Next to Keiji ' s Graybox in Hock ' s vault . Legion : A House Divided Geth Shield Strength โ On a geth terminal found in a room that triggers conversation about the size of the station . Miranda : The Prodigal โ Lying on the table in a shipping container you walk through after the fight around the first conveyor system , just after the first elevator . Miranda : The Prodigal โ On a dead merc two fights after the first elevator ride , past the Submachine Gun upgrade . Mordin : Old Blood Krogan Vitality โ In the same room as the dead female krogan . Mordin : Old Blood โ On a hackable research terminal right before Maelon ' s room . Samara : The Ardat - Yakshi โ On the wall in Morinth ' s apartment . Tali : Treason Geth Shield Strength โ On a hackable monitor just down the hall after the first combat room on the Alarei . It ' s in a small room by itself . Tali : Treason โ Awarded after trial if Tali is found innocent ( either through Charm / Intimidate or " Rallying the Crowd " ) or by handing over evidence ( and losing Tali ' s loyalty permanently ) . Thane : Sins of the Father โ Immediately at the beginning on the 800 Wards on a datapad . Zaeed : The Price of Revenge โ On the Paragon path you can find a Heavy Weapons Ammo upgrade , in the room with the fire extinguisher systems , whereas on the Renegade path , you can find an Assault Rifles damage bonus , accessed from a terminal next to a servo with credits . Zaeed : The Price of Revenge M - 451 Firestorm โ On the body of a dead mercenary , both Paragon and Renegade choices . Normandy SR - 2 โ Complete Doctor Chakwas assignment Omega Kenn ' s Salvage โ Sold at Kenn ' s Salvage . โ Sold at Kenn ' s Salvage . Omega Market Hack Module Harrot ' s Emporium Omega Dossier : The Professor โ In the quarantine area , just after a barricade of mercs , examine a " Modified Assault Rifle " near a Blue Suns corpse . โ In the room opposite to the one Mordin is in inside the Clinic . M - 6 Carnifex โ Given automatically for talking to Mordin . Dossier : Archangel โ Right before the assault on Archangel . There is a door you have to bypass across from the A - 61 Mantis Gunship โ On the ground floor of Archangel ' s hideout during the assault , on a shelf near the base of the stairs . M - 15 Vindicator โ On a couch in the room Garrus is in . Purgatory Dossier : The Convict โ On a destroyed YMIR right after freeing Jack โ On a dead guard right after destroying the first YMIR . Shadow Broker Base โ Possible delivery from daily shipments . โ Possible delivery from daily shipments . Tuchanka Fortack ' s Database โ Sold at Fortack ' s Database . โ Sold at Fortack ' s Database . Ratch ' s Wares Upgrades by Type Prices shown are before the paragon / renegade discount and before the engineer research discount . The mineral cost for each upgrade type follows a fixed price progression . For example , the first Sniper Rifle upgrade you research costs 2,500 Platinum , the second 5,000 , the third 7,500 and the fourth 10,000 , regardless of where they were acquired . Upgrades bought in stores are instantly active and do not need to be researched ; they are not included in the price progression . Assault Rifle Upgrades Cost Upgrade Location 2,500 Iridium + 10 % Damage Mordin Recruitment Mission โ just past merc barricade 5,000 Iridium + 10 % Damage Tali Recruitment Mission โ in room blocked by pillar 7,500 Iridium Samara Loyalty Mission โ on wall in Morinth ' s apartment 10,000 Iridium Zaeed Loyalty Mission ( DLC ) โ Renegade choice only 12,500 Iridium Lair of the Shadow Broker Mission ( DLC ) โ delivery 60,000 Credits Illium : Gateway Personal Defense 60,000 Credits Tuchanka : Fortack ' s Database 15,000 Iridium + 25 % Penetration Unlocked after 2 damage upgrades 25,000 Iridium Accuracy Improvement Unlocked after 3 damage upgrades None M - 15 Vindicator Garrus recruitment mission โ on a couch in the room Garrus is in None M - 76 Revenant Collector Ship โ Soldier only Geth Pulse Rifle Tali Recruitment Mission โ after the Colossus fight , in the room Tali is in ( only on Hardcore or Insanity difficulty ) SMG Upgrades Cost Upgrade Location 2,500 Iridium Garrus Recruitment Mission โ bypass door near gunship 5,000 Iridium Thane Recruitment Mission โ just before windy bridge 7,500 Iridium Miranda Loyalty Mission โ shipping container after first elevator ( Easily Missed 10,000 Iridium Lair of the Shadow Broker Mission ( DLC ) โ delivery Citadel : Rodam Expeditions Illium : 15,000 Iridium + 50 % Shield Piercing Unlocked after 2 damage upgrades 25,000 Iridium + 50 % Extra Rounds Unlocked after 3 damage upgrades M - 9 Tempest M - 12 Locust Kasumi Loyalty Mission ( DLC ) - next to Keiji ' s Graybox in Hock ' s vault . Heavy Pistol Upgrades 2,500 Palladium โ stairwell bottom at first geth fight 5,000 Palladium Thane Loyalty Mission โ beginning of 800 blocks 7,500 Palladium Jacob Loyalty Mission โ just past the destroyable barrier 10,000 Palladium โ just past the fire obstruction , on a research terminal , in the Dracon Trade Center . Citadel : Tuchanka : 15,000 Palladium + 50 % Armor Piercing 25,000 Palladium Critical ( sometimes double damage ) M - 6 Carnifex Mordin Recruitment Mission โ given automatically for talking to Mordin Shotgun Upgrades 2,500 Platinum Jack Recruitment Mission โ on guard corpse after first large mech 5,000 Platinum Grunt Loyalty Mission โ awarded automatically 7,500 Platinum Reaper IFF โ in the middle of scion and husk fights 10,000 Platinum Omega : Kenn ' s Salvage 15,000 Platinum + 50 % Shield Piercing 25,000 Platinum + 100 % Extra Rounds M - 27 Scimitar Samara recruitment mission M - 300 Claymore Collector Ship โ Soldier and Vanguard only Sniper Rifle Upgrades 2,500 Platinum Grunt Recruitment Mission โ top of stairs after krogan waves 5,000 Platinum Garrus Loyalty Mission โ terminal just before raising shutters 7,500 Platinum Reaper IFF โ end of catwalk near sniped husks 10,000 Platinum Omega : Omega Market 15,000 Platinum + 50 % Armor Piercing 25,000 Platinum + 50 % Headshot Damage M - 97 Viper Thane Recruitment Mission โ At the elevator leading up to the bridge , walk around to the left past the room where three salarians are hiding . M - 98 Widow Collector Ship ( mission ) โ Soldier and Infiltrator only Heavy Weapon Upgrades + 15 % Heavy Weapon Ammo Freedom ' s Progress Mission โ dead mech outside Veetor ' s shack + 15 % Heavy Weapon Ammo Mordin Loyalty Mission โ terminal just past boss Zaeed Loyalty Mission ( DLC ) โ Near fire extinguisher , Paragon choice only Side Mission : N7 : Blood Pack Base 12,500 Iridium โ In one of the first rooms , accessed by redirecting the gas , with a log and a locker . 30,000 Credits 30,000 Credits Ratch ' s Wares ML - 77 Missile Launcher Unlocked after 1 ammo upgrade M - 622 Avalanche Unlocked after 2 ammo upgrades M - 920 Cain Unlocked after 3 ammo upgrades M - 451 Firestorm โ on the body of a dead mercenary , both Paragon and Renegade choices Collector Particle Beam Horizon Mission โ The weapon is awarded automatically at the end of the mission , if it is not picked up at the two possible pickup locations . After completing N7 : Blood Pack Communications Relay a Heavy Weapon Ammo upgrade may appear in the debriefing screen . The upgrade appears to be unusable , however ; it can not be researched . The only solution is reload an early save and play the mission again . Cybernetic Upgrades 2,500 Palladium + 10 % Health Horizon Mission โ just after first husks 5,000 Palladium + 10 % Health โ computer after first scion fight 7,500 Palladium Side Mission โ N7 : MSV Strontium Mule 10,000 Palladium Overlord : Atlas Station โ in the room at the bottom of the first elevator 12,500 Palladium โ in a room , after the elevator from the core room , on the left side of a hallway , with some palladium and a wall safe . 90,000 Credits 90,000 Credits 15,000 Palladium + 50 % Melee Damage Protection Unlocked after 2 health upgrades ( only affects health damage , not shields ) 25,000 Palladium + 25 % Melee Damage Unlocked after 3 health upgrades Shield Upgrades + 10 % Damage Protection Jack Recruitment Mission โ destroyed mech right after freeing Jack + 10 % Damage Protection Collector Ship Mission โ terminal before encountering Collectors Side Mission โ N7 : Anomalous Weather Detected โ on Vasir ' s crashed car โ only available after completing the Collector Ship mission Saronis Applications Redundant Generator Unlocked after 2 upgrades Hard Shields Unlocked after 3 upgrades Bio - Amp Upgrades 500 Element Zero โ dead Collector after fighting first Scion 1,000 Element Zero Samara Recruitment Mission โ in small room where Elnora is hiding 1,500 Element Zero Jack Loyalty Mission โ computer just before final fight 2,000 Element Zero Side Mission - Project Firewalker : Prothean Site Serrice Technology 3,000 Element Zero + 20 % Duration 5,000 Element Zero + 20 % Cooldown Reduction Omni - tool Upgrades 500 Element Zero Garrus Recruitment Mission โ main floor of house 1,000 Element Zero Kasumi Loyalty Mission ( DLC ) โ dead merc left to a door after second Ymir 1,500 Element Zero Collector Ship Mission โ after fighting the Praetorian 2,000 Element Zero Tali Loyalty Mission โ awarded automatically if Tali is found innocent โ only available after completing the Collector Ship mission 3,000 Element Zero + 20 % Duration 5,000 Element Zero + 20 % Cooldown Reduction Bypass Module Hack Module Harrot ' s Emporium Medical Upgrades + 1 Medi - Gel Capacity โ inside clinic + 1 Medi - Gel Capacity Miranda Loyalty Mission โ dead merc after first elevator Dr . Chakwas assignment โ Normandy : Serrice Ice Brandy โ In the hangar with the crane , behind the metal boxes , use the crane to gain access Sirta Foundation Trauma Module Unlocked after 2 upgrades Emergency Shielding Unlocked after 3 upgrades Normandy SR - 2 Upgrades 50,000 Platinum Med - Bay Upgrade Message after recruiting Mordin Thanix Cannon Garrus conversation option Heavy Ship Armor Jacob conversation option Multicore Shielding Tali Advanced Mineral Scanner Miranda Modular Probe Bay Thane Extended Fuel Cells Samara Morinth Upgrades tied to squadmates are also unlocked after completing their loyalty mission , regardless of whether their loyalty is gained . Squad Member Upgrades Geth Shield Tali Loyalty Mission โ computer just after first room Geth Shield Legion Loyalty Mission โ terminal in room showing size of ship Krogan Vitality Grunt Recruitment Mission โ same room as Warlord Okeer Krogan Vitality Mordin Loyalty Mission โ same room as dead female krogan + 20 % Mordin Tech Damage + 20 % Jack Biotic Damage Jack Weapon โ Grunt : Grunt Weapon โ Legion : Legion Credits by Location / Mission This is a list of how many credits are attainable and what missions they are on . Credits that are optional are listed separately from the totals . Power cells and med kits are listed because you can get 100 credits from each of them if you are full , but they are not included in the totals . These numbers show that if you maximize your credits ( and have all the appropriate DLC ) you will still fall a few thousand short of purchasing all upgrades , not including trinkets . That ' s also not taking into account the several thousand you will probably need to spend on probes and fuel . So starting bonuses from prior playthroughs are necessary to get all upgrades . If the Normandy SR - 2 possesses the Extended Fuel Cells or Modular Probe Bay upgrades after you complete the game , and the ship currently holds 1500 / 1500 fuel and 60 / 60 probes import this Mass Effect 2 save into a new game . The Normandy SR - 2 will possess 1500 / 1000 fuel and 60 / 30 probes following the Freedom ' s Progress Mission . However the probes may revert to 30 / 30 once a single probe has been fired ( only giving you one free probe ) , the extra 500 fuel will still be burnt off before your actual reserves are drained regardless . It is sometimes possible to bypass a safe , datapad , or container more than once ( does n ' t work 100 % of the time without tedious reloads ) , doubling or even tripling the credits received from that particular object . Rapidly press A ( Green ) on the Xbox 360 or Use ( Spacebar ) on the PC after the minigame screens flash green to accomplish this ( upon finishing the final circuit , or final line of hack code ) . Acquiring Urz and betting on him in the pit battles at Tuchanka ( save before each match ) can also provide an unlimited stream of credits due to his high win probability , although this method is tedious at best . If JavaScript is enabled , the columns may be sorted by clicking on the up / down arrow icons in the column headers . Location / Mission Power Cells Med Kits Funding Credits Found Total Notes Prologue : Awakening 1 3750 3750 7500 Freedom ' s Progress ( mission ) 1 4 10000 10000 20000 Horizon ( mission ) 4 3 30000 30000 60000 3 37500 37500 75000 6 25000 25000 50000 Sell the geth to Cerberus . ( + 20000 ) Dossier : The Professor 2 11 23000 48000 Let the batarian die , get datapad . ( + 2000 ) Dossier : Archangel 9 20000 40000 Dossier : The Convict 15000 15000 Dossier : The Warlord 2 5 40000 Dossier : The Assassin 8 60000 Dossier : The Justicar 6 25200 55200 Give the evidence to the volus . ( + 4800 ) Dossier : Tali 9 39000 69000 Jacob : The Gift of Greatness Grunt : Rite of Passage 5 Garrus : Eye for an Eye 13800 28800 Thane : Sins of the Father Jack : Subject Zero Samara : The Ardat - Yakshi 45000 Legion : A House Divided 24000 39000 Take the Paragon path . ( + 21000 ) 30001 60001 Illium : Liara : Systems Hacking 2000 2000 Illium : Liara : The Observer 4500 4500 If you romanced Liara , or imported your character from Mass Effect . ( + 500 ) Illium : The Justicar : Stolen Goods Found 1500 1500 Illium : The Assassin : Salarian Family Data Illium : The Prodigal : Lost Locket Found 500 500 Illium : Indentured Service Citadel : Found Forged ID 1000 1000 Giving asari forged IDs immediately ( + 2000 ) . Citadel : Crime in Progress Citadel : Krogan Sushi Omega : The Patriarch 3000 3000 Omega : Packages for Ish 2250 2250 The 2250 credits is for giving the packages to Anto . Convince Ish he is over his head ( + 1125 ) or give the packages to Ish ( + 2250 ) . Normandy Crash Site N7 : Lost Operative 4125 7875 N7 : Archeological Dig Site 7500 N7 : Blue Suns Base N7 : Javelin Missiles Launched N7 : MSV Estevanico N7 : Eclipse Smuggling Depot N7 : Wrecked Merchant Freighter N7 : Abandoned Research Station N7 : Hahne - Kedar Facility N7 : Abandoned Mine N7 : Imminent Ship Crash N7 : Mining the Canyon N7 : Endangered Research Station N7 : Quarian Crash Site N7 : Captured Mining Facility N7 : Blood Pack Communications Relay Project Firewalker : Rosalie Lost Project Firewalker : Survey Sites Located 1250 1250 2500 Project Firewalker : Geth Incursion 2500 Project Firewalker : Volcano Station 375 1625 Overlord 3 4 Overlord : Vulcan Station 2 5250 9000 Overlord : Prometheus Station 1 3 2 Lair of the Shadow Broker 4 10 36000 54000 90000 Arrival 3500 17550 21050 Totals 62 143 685,750 635,051 1,320,801 Optional 52,550 References โ GameFAQs : Mass Effect 2 : Upgrade Guide by zxcvalor โ GameFAQs : Mass Effect 2 : Money Finding Guide by SilDrag0n Mass Effect 2 Guides Completion Walkthrough Morality Upgrades Planet Scanning Classes Adept Engineer Infiltrator Sentinel Soldier Vanguard Other Squad Members PC Tweaks No One Left Behind Data Hound Merchants Research Guide Interrupts Categories Guides Equipment Add category
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[
"Upgrade Guide",
"Equipment Guide"
] |
http://massrealestatelawblog.com/2011/10/07/get-out-a-landlords-guide-to-massachusetts-evictions/
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Get Out ! A Landlord โ s Guide to Massachusetts Evictions by Rich Vetstein on October 7 , 2011 25 Comments in Landlord Tenant Law Massachusetts Real Estate Law Real Estate Litigation Massachusetts Summary Process Evictions : An Unlevel Playing Field For Landlords How do you evict a tenant in Massachusetts ? In Massachusetts , evictions are called โ summary process . โ According to the rules governing eviction cases , summary process is supposed to be โ just , speedy , and inexpensive . โ In practice , however , summary process can be anything but that . In fact , as I always inform my landlord clients , Massachusetts is one of the most tenant friendly states in the country , and an eviction can be costly , frustrating and unfair to landlords . In some cases , it can take many months to evict a tenant . Further , Massachusetts eviction practice is loaded with traps for the unwary and procedural complexities for landlords . Landlords who represent themselves do so at their own peril and will often arrive at court with their cases dismissed for not following these requirements . It โ s not a do - it - yourself situation . Grounds For Eviction A . Non - payment There are several common grounds for evicting a tenant . The most common is for non - payment of rent . In these cases , the landlord must send the tenant a statutory 14 day โ notice to quit โ before starting the eviction process . The 14 day notice to quit must be drafted carefully , and the best practice is to have it served by a constable or sheriff to ensure proof of delivery . The landlord must prove in court that the tenant received the notice , and service by constable or sheriff will automatically qualify as โ good service . โ Certified mail is not good enough as tenants can avoid pickup . Having an experienced eviction attorney draft the notice to quit can prevent have your case being โ dead on arrival . โ B . No - Fault Another common ground for eviction is for termination of a 30 day tenancy at will , otherwise known as a no - fault eviction . Again , a 30 day notice to quit must be served on the tenant before commencing an eviction . Landlords often trip up on this type of notice with short months . In practice , judges will often give tenants in no - fault evictions a bit more leeway in terms of vacating the premises . C . For cause โ For cause โ evictions encompass the range of bad behavior by tenants in violation of lease provisions . It could be illegal activity , drug use , excessive noise , uncleanliness , harassment of other residents , non - approved โ roommates โ and the like . Like all other evictions , the landlord must issue a notice to quit to the tenant stating the specifics of the offenses . โ For cause โ evictions are the most involved of all evictions as the landlord must offer proof by way of live testimony of the tenant โ s violations special expedited eviction process . Read our post on the Massachusetts Notice To Quit : Do n โ t Be Dead On Arrival At Eviction Court Going to Court Starting an eviction requires the preparation and service of a Summary Process Summons and Complaint . You can choose to file your case in the local District Court or the Housing Court which is specialized to hear evictions . The Housing Court fees are less expensive , but can be busier . Some Housing Court judges have the reputation of being tenant or landlord friendly as well . Some would probably be happier retired and playing golf . It โ s a tough job these days . The summary process summons and complaint form is complicated to the layperson . It must be first served by a constable or sheriff on the tenant . Then , no less than 7 days after , it must be filed with the court by the โ entry date , โ which is always a Monday . The hearings are almost always on Thursday morning . Again , it โ s best to have an experienced Massachusetts eviction attorney handle the legal paperwork . Tenant Defenses and Counterclaims Through the use of discovery requests , defenses and counterclaims , tenants in Massachusetts have ample legal means to delay and beat evictions . All tenants have a right to file โ discovery โ โ formal requests for information and documents โ from the landlord , which will automatically delay the hearing for two weeks . The tenant also may assert defenses and counterclaims against the landlord . These can range from improper notice or service , state Sanitary Code violations , no heat / hot water , failure to make repairs , retaliation , discrimination , and violations of prior post on security deposits ) . Regardless of the merits of such claims , these defenses and counterclaims make the eviction process more complicated , time - consuming , and expensive . Read my post on the Massachusetts State Sanitary Code โ Everything A Landlord Wanted To Know But Was Afraid To Ask Agreements for Judgment and Mediation Eviction sessions are very busy . In some courts , there are over 100 cases stacked up on any one day and only one judge to hear them all . Accordingly , the courts will encourage parties to work out their differences on their own through mediation which is an informal sit - down between the parties to discuss ways to resolve the case . Some courts have housing specialists who can preside over the mediation session . Mediation is always non - binding so if no agreement can be reached you can proceed to a trial . In the Housing Court , there are trained housing specialists who facilitate the mediation process . There are many advantages for landlords to mediation , and I almost always recommend giving it a try . The end result of a mediation is for the parties to sign an agreement for judgment . In a non - payment case , you can structure a payment plan and / or voluntary move - out . For a โ cause โ eviction , you can provide for a โ last chance โ agreement or move - out . The major benefit for landlords is that an agreement for judgment becomes a binding court order and the judge is supposed to enforce it upon proof of a violation . It also shows the judge that the landlord has been reasonable and accommodating . Experienced Massachusetts eviction attorneys will also make the tenants waive their rights On the other hand , sometimes the situation is untenable and you have to go before the judge . Some judges hold a basic hearing , giving both sides the opportunity to speak . Some judges , particularly in the Housing Court , are more formal and require an actual trial with live witnesses and exhibits . I โ ve had hearings last one minute and jury trials in eviction cases go on for days . But I โ m always prepared to put on a case on for trial , as I always have my client present in court Appeals Tenants in eviction cases do have a fairly robust right of appeal which can greatly delay resolution of the case . ( A good reason in and of itself to do an agreement for judgment waiving appeal rights ) . However , in certain cases , the landlord can ask the court to impose an appeal bond so the tenant must pay rent into court to proceed with the appeal . Most tenants do not have the financial ability to do that , so that will terminate the appeal . If you have any questions or need assistance with a Massachusetts summary process eviction , please contact me via email at rvetstein @ vetsteinlawgroup . com or by phone at 508 - 620 - 5352 . Richard D . Vetstein , Esq . is an experienced Massachusetts summary process & eviction attorney who has handled over 2,000 eviction cases all across Massachusetts . For help with a landlord tenant matter , please email him at rvetstein @ vetsteinlawgroup . com or call him at 508 - 620 - 5352 . Tagged as : best Massachusetts eviction attorney best Massachusetts eviction lawyer Boston MA eviction attorney lawyer Boston MA mortgage rates featured Framingham Natick MA eviction attorney Greater Boston eviction attorney lawyer how to evict a tenant in Massachusetts Landlord Tenant Law Massachusetts eviction attorney Massachusetts eviction lawyer Massachusetts landlord eviction Massachusetts Landlord Lawyer massachusetts landlord tenant attorney Massachusetts landlord tenant lawyer Massachusetts summary process Massachusetts summary process attorney Massachusetts summary process attorney lawyer Metrowest MA eviction attorney lawyer Newton MA eviction attorney lawyer Worcester MA eviction attorney lawyer Sorry , the browser you are using is not currently supported . Disqus actively supports the following browsers : Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11 + Safari Dave Galusi โข 5 years ago Greetings Attorney Vetstein , Fantastic blog ! Head and shoulders above all online offerings ! I am a friend of Mike Mooney , and a semi - new attorney practicing in Massachusetts . I had a question that I ca n ' t find an answer to and was hoping you knew and would be goodly enough to provide some wisdom . I have a client who a month ago bought a 2 family home which came with a month - to - month tenant - at - will in one of the units . Said tenant had not paid rent rent for almost a year ( likely professional tenant ) and the previous owner An added wrinkle is that the tenant is 5 months pregnant , and the longer this gets extended , the higher the likelihood , I suspect , that she will be in the unit rent free until 2014 as I ca n ' t see her being able to move or a judge ordering her out too quickly . Many many thanks . jimiandsamantha โข 3 years ago @ tara p71 is incorrect . the 14 day notice to quit was invalid as it had already been 2 months and you missed your entry date ( which would have been at the latest 6 wks after the 14 day notice was served . ) The 30 day notice was correct in that she would be entitled to all of August . my guess if 8 / 11 / 14 was your entry date which means that the original trial date was scheduled for 8 / 25 but if your tenant filed for discovery the earliest your trial would have been would have been on 9 / 8 ( unless she opted for a jury trial . ) Then she has 10 days to appeal which means at the earliest it would be 9 / 18 you could get an execution for judgement , but likely later . If she was 5 months pregnant in July , she may have had the baby by then so hopefully you found a way to serve her with a 14 day notice ? I ' m really curious as to the outcome , PLEASE PROVIDE AN UPDATE FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ! I wish you past - tense good luck ! Tara p71 โข 4 years ago If the tenant didnt pay the rent - then the 14 day notice should have surficed to get you a court date . I know someone who had a child - but was playing the professional tenant crap - and when they got to court - she had 24 hours to get out . Its ridiculous how the laws protect the tenants and not one protects the landlord . Eric D Mckinnon โข 4 years ago The reason the laws are the way they are is because in the past landlords abused there rights to no end this is why the laws were changed and even still i have seen landlords in housing court abuse there rights and even pay off mediators to strong arm tenants into signing agreements basically denying them there rights landladyinrecovery โข 6 years ago I have an at will tennant who regularly has drug deals on the property . Will a judge require proof in the form of a conviction ? Or will witness testimony suffice ? Don โข 5 years ago In a siuation where the tenant had a lease it expired and tenant became a TAW . Now additional people over 18 have moved in . I want to create a month to montb lease . I fiynd out I have to terminate the existing tenancy . What do I do with respect to property condition statement and security deposit that is already in place ? Tara p71 Do a walk through and reup it - I was also advised by my lawyer not to do a security deposit because they can make you jump through hoops if they break anything to use it . I gave my tenants back theres , with the 1 % interest as indicated by my bank so that will HOPEFULLy not be an issue . I wouldnt give them the bank account number because I didnt trust they wouldnt try to use it . I know I can pay bills online using my various accounts so I didnt want them to have sirernestbarker โข 6 years ago Hello , We recently accepted a check as security dep . for a tenancy - at - will to commence Sept 1 , with the balance to be paid then . We gave the gentleman and his " roommate " a set of keys . They asked if they could move some of their belongings in early and we agreed . Then , we found that the roommate had moved in with a 3rd ( unknown ) fellow . Now the check - writer had a falling out with his roommate and wants his check back . Apparently the ( unemployed ) Sickof IgnorantPeople โข 1 year ago This may be a little complicated . Someone i know bought a house , his aunt and uncle also moved into the house with him , along with a few other family members . Now A few months ago the Aunt left , after she left to make it official , he had her served with " notice to vacate " papers . She has not been back to stay at the house , and the date on the " notice to vacate " has passed . during this time she has however been back to pick up some of Jason Lewis โข 2 years ago If a tenant has stated he will no longer pay rent , does this constitute termination of the lease ? Tenant is also in violation of multiple terms of the lease and has become hostile after these violations were brought to his attention . Georgianna Groen โข 2 years ago Can a landlord serve a notice to quit in a text message ? Lisa Varela Hi I am a resident of Milton and I have two school age children the schools is refused to let my kid attend school due to and eviction notice I just received Sally J โข 3 years ago My question is regarding both mine and my landlords rights . I have a great relationship with my landlord , and we both seem to be getting the short end . My upstairs neighbors are the definition of horrible tenants ! The scream and yell at all hours , wake my children up in the middle of the night screaming , yelling , and excecive banging . They have pounded on my door threatening my family , not in the middle of the night and during the day , walked into my home causing me to keep my door and windows locked at all times . Oh , and not to mention gave me bugs ! I have recently started calling the police , ( something I know should have been PLEASE HELP ! ! ! Ethan Mr . Vetstein , this is great . I just learned a lot . I have one question . At least I think it ' s one question . I am a sole leaseholder in Medford who took on housemates to help by the rent . I was misinformed by the landlord that I was not at risk financially because these housemates would not be on the lease and could be kicked out like unwanted guests the instant they stopped paying rent . Live and learn . So now I am hip - deep in the eviction process you describe Thanks again for providing this helpful page . Little late - but I went through this with my last tenant . They moved out the weekend before our court date . They were already served and I had documentation so I went to court , they didnt ( I assume because they thought that moving most of their stuff out and leaving the keys would squash the court date ) . I got to court - told the magistrate exactly what happened - he asked me if they were in the military - no , do they owe me back rent - yes - so they gave a K In my case when they pushed my old roommate out , I was responsible for all the back rent . Even though his name was on the lease . They never went to court or even game him a notice just verbally told him to get out . He moved on his own . All bills were in my name , he had n ' t paid two months worth , and he moved out the day before next months rent was due . I felt because he did n ' t give notice I should n ' t pay had enough I received a judgment for possession and back rent . 10 days later , right before i get the execution to evict in the mail my tenant pays what he owes . Does the payment stop the execution or am i able to move forward and have constable serve him . I still want him out Mandiola Is he aggressive ? If so , file a restraining order against him . He will have to leave the place . If he is not aggressive then : Pick any one of these beautiful nights . Take everything he owns out and change the locks ten minutes later . Then leave the house for a week . He may take you to court . But see . . . . . . .roles have reversed now . I do n ' t think he will have the energy to take you to court . He will have to find MonkeyWelder I have an 18 year old daughter . who last night during a snow storm was evicted by her mothers husband with less than 10 minutes notice . This was from the house she has been residing for at least 4 years . My daughters mother and husband made her homeless in ten minutes . She literally had no where to go during a snow storm . ( I got her somewhere ) My daughter has not been allowed back to collect her personal effects . I am out of state and will have her with me in 24 hours K This is old , but in this case she should have contacted the police to get her stuff back Seriously - this a parent / child issue . not a landlord / tenant issue . Pewie In order to avoid legal fees , a long process , and the court system to evict my tenant - can I sell my house instead ? Would he still have the same rights if there was a new owner or would he be forced to move out ? Ive had the same thought - and have a plan if court doesnt rule in my favor to get them out but Im not gonna say it here . Never know whos watching ! Richard Vetstein He would still have same rights as if you were the owner . Previous post : SJC Looks At Roles Of Mortgage Servicers and MERS In Eaton v . FNMA Arguments Next post : Death and Taxes : Estate Sales & Probate Issues In Massachusetts Real Estate Practice
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[
"Massachusetts Evictions",
"Landlord โs Guide"
] |
http://massrealestatelawblog.com/tag/boston-rental-occupancy-limits/
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Boston rental occupancy limits Breaking SJC Rules FourPerson Student Apartment Not Illegal Lodging House by Rich Vetstein on May 15 2013 in Housing Court Landlord Tenant Law Leasing Massachusetts Real Estate Law PermittingZoning Rental Housing Safety Ruling Calls Into Question Boston Ordinance Prohibiting 5 or More Students In One Unit Those screams you are hearing now on Comm Ave arent the students They are the landlords who are undoubtedly rejoicing upon news that the Supreme Judicial Court just issued a major ruling in how student rentals occupancy limits indeed all rentals will be treated by housing inspectors and licensing authorities This is an important decision which may have farranging implications across the state and not just to student housing The closely watched case is City of Worcester v College Hill Properties download link to case here where the SJC has held that renting to 4 or more students in one apartment unit of a two and three family home is not a lodging house requiring a special license under the Massachusetts lodging housing law provided that the apartment meets all other sanitary and building code square footage occupancy thresholds The state code requires 150 sf of living space for the first occupancy and 100 sf for each additional person 3 occupants 350 sf of living space and 70 sf of bedroom space for the 1st person plus 50 sf for additional person 120 sf for 2 persons in one bedroom This decision applies statewide and to every type of rental housing including multifamilies buildings and townhouses The timing of the ruling is interesting in light of the recent fatal fire involving an overcrowded student apartment house in Allston and Mayor Meninos recent rental property registration and inspection rules Courts Reasoning Apartments Lodging Houses For history buffs the opinion is fun to read as it traces the Lodging House Law back to the days of brothels houses of illrepute and tenements Using a commonsense analysis Justice Lenk reasoned that lodging houses which are essentially temporary rentals of rooms without such amenities as a separate kitchens and bathrooms are quite different from the modern day apartment units with its more expensive amenities The court ruled that if an apartment satisfies the state sanitary and building code provisions for the amount of livingsleeping space utilities egress etc then it would be not be deemed a lodging City of Boston Undergrad Student Rule On the Chopping Block In the City of Boston a new zoning ordinance went into effect in 2008 prohibiting 5 or more undergraduate students from living in one apartment unit There is certainly a question as to whether the College Hill ruling effectively overrules this ordinance We will have to see whether the ordinance is challenged in court The other impact of this ruling is we should see an push for even more increased density in apartment rental housing which is exactly what Mayor Menino and the City of Boston doesnt want More Press Coverage Banker Tradesman Boston Globe Worcester Telegram Richard D Vetstein is an experienced Greater Boston landlord tenant attorney who represents rental property owners throughout Boston and Massachusetts You can contact him at 5086205352 or at infovetsteinlawgroupcom 4 comments Author Richard D Vetstein Esq is a nationally recognized real estate attorney and past Chair of the Boston Bar Associations Title Conveyancing Committee For more information about him click here You can contact Attorney Vetstein at rvetsteinvetsteinlawgroupcom or 5086205352 Follow Me More About Me Contact Us Confidentially Subscribe to our blog posts via email Recent Posts Governor Baker Approves New Short Term Rental Airbnb Law and Taxes Jan 1st 2019 New Occupancy Tax Statewide Registry Insurance Requirements and Inspections At the very en Mastermind of Complex Forgery Scheme Allen Seymour Indicted On 22 Felony Counts Dec 4th 2018 Attorney General Healy Announces Indictments Against Allen Seymour and ExWife As Ive written he Airbnb Seeks Federal Injunction Against Boston Short Term Rental Rules Nov 13th 2018 Court Challenge Puts City of Boston Short Term Rental Ordinance In Legal Limbo Referring to new C Murder At Million Dollar Airbnb House Party Leads to Local Crackdown On Short Term Rentals Oct 9th 2018 Land Court Considers Local Ban On Airbnb Rentals in Lynnfield Over Memorial Day in 2016 a contem Third Lawsuit Filed In Widespread Forgery Scheme Sep 17th 2018 Convicted Felon Allen Seymour of Oxford MA Named Again In Forgery Lawsuit As a Special Atto Vote Nick Carter for Governors Council Aug 28th 2018 Fall is approaching and that means elections are coming up soon I am enthusiastically endorsing Ni SJC Declines To Uproot Law On Tree Responsibility Jul 30th 2018 Court Declines to Cut Down Massachusetts Rule Neighbor Not Liable for Damage Caused By Healthy Tree Awards Topics Abatement ADA Access Adverse Possession Affordable Housing40B Appraisals Assessments Bankruptcy Blogging Boundaries 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[
"Boston rental occupancy limits",
"Boston rental occupancy limits",
"Lodging House"
] |
http://masteringlync.com/2013/09/19/client-registry-keys/
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Featured Lync Server 2013 Client Registry Keys ( Part One ) September 19 , 2013 admin @ gcmtotalsolutions . com 36 Comments Client Registry Keys โ Part One ( General & Personal Tab ) Client Registry Keys โ Part Two ( Contacts List & Status Tab ) Client Registry Keys โ Part Three ( My Picture & Phones Tab ) Client Registry Keys โ Part Four ( Alerts , Persistent Chat & Ringtones and Sounds ) Client Registry Keys โ Part Five ( Audio Device , Video Device , Call Forwarding , File Saving , Recording & Lync Meetings ) Client Registry Keys โ Part Six ( IM Tab ) [ UPDATED 10 / 14 / 2014 โ October CU added IM tab . See Part Six for additional information ] [ UPDATED 7 / 7 / 2014 โ Additional information about saving IM history and automatic saving of IM โ s ] [ UPDATED 9 / 21 / 2013 โ With new client features that include spell check ] So I โ ve been working on a client where we needed to push out some settings via registry key as there was no corresponding in - band provisioning . So I decided to take to the Bing โ s and see if I could find them all . I found Tom โ s blog : http : / / lyncdup . com / 2012 / 11 / what - lync - 2013 - client - setting - are - held - in - the - registry / Which gave me the list of possible values . What I was n โ t sure about was what the values would need to be and then found a few keys that Tom did n โ t have in his blog post . So I decided , why not go through the client page by page and see if I could find each registry key , what values would be supported and of course find the corresponding set - csclientpolicy value . Why would I do this you might ask ? Because I โ m a nerd and find this A few basics to be aware of . All of the registry keys will be found in the HKCU : SoftwareMicrosoftOffice15 . 0Lync Almost all of the values are DWORD values . Unless otherwise noted that is what they are . The values are 0 = unchecked / disabled and 1 = checked / enabled . Unless otherwise noted . Description Reg Key Values Client Policy Reopen my conversations when I sign in to Lync IsConversationStatePreservationEnabled 0 / 1 N / A Sign up for customer experience improvement โฆ EnableSQMData ( ONLY FOR LYNC 2010 ) Automatically send lync error info to Microsoft Logging in Lync EnableTracing 0 / 1 EnableTracing Also turn on Windows Event Logging EnableEventLogging EnableEventLogging Minimize to the notification area instead of task bar MinimizeWindowToNotificationArea N / A Personal Tab Description Reg Key Values Client Policy Sign - in address ServerSipUri REG_SZ Automatically start Lync when I log on to Windows SEE BELOW # 1 Show Lync in the foreground when it starts AutoOpenMainWindowWhenStartup Personal Information Manager Update my presence based on my โฆ DisableCalendarPresence Show meeting subject and location โฆ DisableMeetingSubjectAndLocation Show my Out of Office info โฆ DisablePresenceNote Save IM conversations in my email Conversation โฆ SEE BELOW # 2 EnableIMAutoArchiving Save call logs in my email conversation history folder SEE BELOW # 2 EnableCallLogAutoArchiving Share my location info with other programs I use Show pictures of contacts ShowPhoto DisplayPhoto # 1 Automatically start Lync Client Registry Location HKCUSoftwareMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionRun Registry Key Name Lync Registry Key Type REG_SZ Registry Key Value โ C : Program FilesMicrosoft Office 15rootoffice15lync . exe โ / fromrunkey # 2 โ Saving Conversation History This one gets asked all the time and I โ ve confirmed , this data can not be set via the registry . This information , if not set by your administrator , is actually stored in the back - end database . As a test , try the following : Go to client # 1 and uncheck Save IM conversations โฆ go to client # 2 , log out of Lync and log back in ( with same user of course ) and you will see it โ s unchecked . This can only happen because when you clear the setting it goes into the database . I โ ll scrub the database and see if I can find it . One item to remember is that EnableIMAutoArchiving just stops the automatic saving of IM โ s to conversation history . A user could still use the CTRL + S to save it themselves . You would need to also enable the DisableSavingIM client policy tag to completely stop saving of all IM โ s . You can learn all about this field here : http : / / masteringlync . com / 2013 / 11 / 11 / the - imautoarchiving - flag / I โ m in the process of finishing up this table . I โ ve found some old references for OCS 2007 / R2 / 2010 but they do n โ t apply to the 2013 client . So I โ m going to continue to fish through the registry for them . Once I โ ve finished those I โ ll move onto the next screen . โ Playing Videos in Uploaded PowerPoint Presentations in Lync 2013 Lync 2013 Spell Check โ Why does n โ t it work ? โ
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[
"Skype",
"Client Registry Keys"
] |
http://masterofhort.com/tag/growing-potatoes/
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Tag Archives : Growing Potatoes It โ s Tater - Plantin โ Time ! by Patty Leander Posted on February 5 , 2013 3 Valentine โ s Day is just around the corner โ a time for love , roses , wine , romance โฆ and taters ! Plant potatoes now for harvest in May or June . Photo by Bruce Leander The traditional time for planting potatoes in Central Texas is right around Valentine โ s Day or President โ s Day . Gardeners in North and West Texas should wait and plant in early March and gardeners in South Texas should plant right away . Potatoes are like people โ they are most comfortable and perform their best at room temperature , so in order to keep potatoes happy , we need to plant them so they can grow in our mild spring temperatures ( a pretty narrow window , I know ) and mature before those hot summer days Russian Banana fingerling potatoes . Photo by Bruce Leander Seed potatoes can be purchased at many local nurseries and feed stores , or they can be ordered through the mail ( but you โ d have to hurry at this point as planting time is near ) . My favorite mail order source for certified seed potatoes is Potato Garden ( www . potatogarden . com ) . Avoid the temptation to use potatoes from the grocery store โ they have often been treated with a sprout inhibitor and you do n โ t always know what variety they are . They could also carry disease organisms that could be transferred to the soil . Seed potatoes purchased from a reputable source are certified to be disease free . Potatoes cut and ready for planting ; small potatoes , like these fingerlings , can be planted whole . Photo by Bruce Leander A few tried and true varieties for Central Texas gardeners are Red Pontiac , Red La Soda , Kennebec and Yukon Gold . But do n โ t be afraid to try some new varieties , just try to avoid the late - season types that take too long to mature . I have had good success with Mountain Rose and Purple Viking as well as some of the fingerlings including Austrian Crescent Russian Banana Red Thumb A row of potatoes growing in bushel baskets . Photo by Bruce Leander Cut potatoes into pieces about the size of an egg , making sure each piece has one or two โ eyes โ . Allow the cut pieces to cure in a warm location for 2 - 4 days before planting . Some gardeners dust their seed potatoes with sulfur to help prevent soil borne disease . Remember that potatoes belong to the nightshade family , so try not to plant them where you have grown tomatoes , eggplant or peppers in the past . Potato foliage grows very quickly . The potatoes are ready for harvest after 3 1 / 2 months . Photo by Bruce Leander Prepare your soil a week or two before planting by mixing in a layer of well - rotted compost and 1 pound of organic fertilizer per 20 feet of row . When you are ready to plant dig a trench about 4 - 6 โ deep and plant the potato pieces in moist ( not wet ) soil 8 - 12 โ apart . Cover them with 2 - 4 โ of soil , pressing down firmly to ensure good soil contact over and around the potato piece . You will be amazed at how fast they grow . Before Potatoes are usually ready to harvest in June when the tops begin to turn yellow , but I start feeling around for tender new potatoes in mid - May . When the time does come for harvesting , dig the potatoes gently to prevent damage and let them air dry 1 - 2 hours in a warm , shady spot . Wipe the dirt off carefully and store potatoes in a cool , dark location . Seed potatoes planted in a bushel basket . Photo by Bruce Leander Growing potatoes above ground is fun to do , especially for kids . My young niece and nephew were visiting from out of state last Thanksgiving and they were delighted to harvest potatoes growing in a bushel basket in my garden . Bushel baskets are cheap and easy to work with and they last two or three seasons , but a wire cage or any open - ended container will work . Start by cutting the bottom off each basket . Plant potato pieces 2 - 3 inches deep in soil that has been loosened and amended with garden fertilizer The prize โ several Kennebec potatoes in the base of the basket . Photo by Bruce Leander Posted in Gardening Basics Masters of Horticulture Patty Leander Vegetables Tagged Austrian Crescent Container Grown Potatoes Growing Potatoes Kennebec Patty Leander Potato Garden Red La Soda Red Pontiac Red Thumb Russian Banana Yukon Gold Posted on June 18 , 2012 1 This weekend I had one of those experiences that remind me again why I love to garden . My daughter Heather came out for Father โ s Day . Since she loves going into the garden with me I always make sure she has something to pick . This weekend , I saved her a special treat ; blue fingerling potatoes . Of all of the things I harvest in the garden , potatoes are my absolute favorite . Each time I dig them it reminds me of an Easter egg hunt . I get so excited when I stick my fork in the ground and turn over the soil and find all of those spuds . Since I like doing this so much , I knew she would too . And , since they were blue , I knew it would make our dig a little more like an Easter egg hunt for her as well . My daughter is fueling up on fresh peaches before we started digging the potatoes I have absolutely no idea what type of potatoes we harvested . I got them from my mentor Cynthia Mueller last fall . I tried to grow them in my potato box and they did n โ t seem to make . However , this March , I looked in the box and I saw several little potato vines popping up so I immediately dug them up and moved them to my row garden . Potatoes of all sorts are pretty easy to grow . There are well over 800 varieties of potatoes in the world so there is a variety that will grow in just about any condition . Basically , potatoes come in three maturity types ; short season , mid - season and long season maturation types . To determine which ones are best for you , pick one that will mature between a planting date of three to four weeks before your last freeze and a harvest date before temperatures get up into the 90s . Potatoes can take some cold Digging with a shovel . I prefer to use a spading fork but this was handy and we did n โ t have too many vines to dig . The rule for planting potatoes is three to four weeks before your last frost date . In reality , here in the Gulf South , we can plant our potatoes anytime after Christmas . In fact , a friend of mine grew up next to an older gentleman that โ planted โ his potatoes on December 26 each year . I say โ planted โ , because he would scatter his seed potatoes on top of the ground and then cover them in about a foot of spoiled hay . I tell that story for two reasons . One , Freshly dug ! I have heard people say that you have to plant potatoes in sandy soil . Not true . While sandy soil allows potatoes to grow a little bigger and makes them a whole lot easier to harvest , you can grow them in clay ( or on top of the ground heavily mulched in hay ) . Potatoes have just about everything they need to grow stored in that tuber so if you can figure out a way to get them covered and watered , they are usually going to produce something for you Last year I tried growing potatoes in a box . I constantly โ hilled them up โ with compost . I think the compost gave them too much nitrogen . As you can see I got great vines and exactly one potato . For best results when you plant your potatoes , plant them in loose , well worked soil . If your soil has a good amount of organic material in it , do n โ t worry about adding any supplemental fertilizer . While they appreciate nitrogen as much as any plant , too much of it will cut your tuber production . Too much nitrogen will result in great big healthy looking vines but very few potatoes . Some of our โ blue โ potatoes in my favorite Texas Ware bowl . My wife roasted these with fresh rosemary and thyme from our garden , a little EVOO , salt and pepper . They were awesome ! When your plants get about a foot tall , you should โ hill โ them by pulling soil or mulch up over the base of the plant . Cover leaves and everything but leave at least half of the plant exposed . Continue to do this until your plant is about 2 โ tall . Hilling does a couple of things . First , if your variety is the type that will produce potatoes all along the submerged stem then hilling will increase your yield . This works great for some varieties and not so well for others . However Very few vegetables are as productive and easy to grow as potatoes . Plus they are incredibly good for you . If you have a milk cow and pile of potatoes you can keep yourself and your family alive indefinitely . With so many varieties out there , and their adaptability to soil types and pH , there is surely one out there for you to grow . Posted in Gardening Basics Vegetables Tagged Blue Fingerlings Blue Potatoes Brenham Fingerling Potatoes Gardening Horticulture Jay White Organic Gardening Texas A&M Post navigation
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[
"planting potatoes",
"Central Texas",
"Valentine โs Day"
] |
http://masterpkg.com/spray-foam-roofing-and-waterproofing/
|
Spray Foam Roofing & Waterproofing Spray Foam Roofing Application is a Combination of Sprayed Liquid , Component โ A โ Catalysis and Component โ B โ Resin , resulting in a seamless Spray Foam Insulation covering . A protective Elastomer / Acrylic is then applied ( rolled or sprayed ) to the finished Spray Foam Insulation product to prevent U.V. degradation . Advantages of Spray Foam Insulation ROOFING & WATERPROOFING Application 1 . Seamless Product : The liquid Spray Foam Insulation provides a monolithic membrane that covers the entire roof . The application of Spray Foam Insulation prevents moisture from permeating through joints , holes and damaged areas of the roof . 2 . Flexible : Foam Shapes around all irregular patterns of the damaged roof . NO โ BREAKS โ in roofing membrane . 3 . Lightweight : Foam weighs about 50 lbs per 100 square feet . 4 . Thermal Insulation : Typical R - Value is from 6.5 to R - 7 . 5 . Durability : Foam roofs require minimum maintenance and has an idenfinite life span . 6 . Prevents Air & Moisture infiltration . 7 . No โ DOWN TIME โ To install Spray Foam Roofing Insulation : Many occasions one does not need to remove existing roof . Simply clean existing roof of debris and then apply the foam . Foam firmly adheres to most substrates . Foam can be applied with minimal inpact on facility operation . 8 . Waterproofing : Water can not move through the roof laterally . Low permenace โ less than 1 % . 9 . Long Term Warranty : 10 โ 20 years certification 10 . The bright white surface coating meets or exceeds Title 24 โ Cool Roof โ requirements . This reduces energy costs and " heat island " air pollution .
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[
"Spray Foam Roofing",
"WATERPROOFING Application",
"U.V. degradation"
] |
http://mastersinpsychologyguide.com/articles/salary-outlook-sports-psychology
|
Sports Psychology Salary Graduates with a Master โ s degree in Sports Psychology can expect to make a good living in this discipline . There are many different types of jobs & careers that a sports psychologist could perform , combining elements of clinical psychology , counseling psychology , athletic research , and motivational speaking . They help athletes improve their performance , while studying the relationship between mental and physical health and how it affects human behavior . Salary Feature Average Sports Psychology salaries for job postings nationwide are 122 % higher than average salaries for all job postings nationwide . About Sports Psychology One of the most interesting specializations of psychology for those who are interested in sports and exercise , sports psychology is a field that helps study the way that the mind and body work together . Sports psychologists help athletes in a variety of ways . They may help with the mental aspects of sports rehabilitation after an injury , for example . They can also provide counseling to help athletes cope with the psychological pressure that accompanies a big game , and teach the types of techniques that help athletes perform at their highest level . They work with professional athletes as well as amateurs . A What Jobs Does This Lead To ? Sports psychologists could work at the college sports level or for professional teams , helping perform a variety of functions . The types of jobs that graduates of a Master โ s degree program in sports psychology have will typically fall into one of the following three categories : Applied Sports Psychologists โ This field focuses on teaching goal setting , visualization , and other motivational skills to athletes . Clinical Sports Psychologists โ Graduates working in a clinical capacity will help identify , diagnose and treat the types of mental disorders that are common to athletes . Depression , eating disorders , and performance anxiety can be treated by these professionals . Academic Sports Psychologists โ Some sports psychologists will choose to teach at the high school or college level . They may also work as researchers in university settings . Salary Prospects The typical salary for a sports psychologist will vary quite significantly depending on several factors . This includes the level of education , training , experience , and the area in which a sports psychologist chooses to specialize . The US Department of Labor states that the median salary for sports and clinical psychologists falls into the range between $ 41,850 and $ 71,880 , depending on these factors listed above . Those who choose to teach in a university faculty position can expect an average salary of $ 55,000 . At the higher end of the salary spectrum are those who work as consultants for professional sports figures , who may earn six figures or even more depending on the profile of the athlete and their level of experience . Job Outlook As with most areas of psychology , it โ s expected that the demand for sports psychologists will grow in the years to come . The outlook is best for those who hold an advanced degree , according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics . They expect that competition for the highest paying positions may be strong , so it โ s best for budding sports psychologists to distinguish themselves with a doctoral degree in this field or relevant work experience . Volunteering with sports teams may also help improve the chances of finding a high - paying position References : http : / / www . bls . gov / ooh / Life - Physical - and - Social - Science / Psychologists . htm http : / / psychology . about . com / od / psychologycareerprofiles / p / sportspsyc . htm About the Author : Ann Steele This website is co - authored by Ann Steele , a Marriage and Family Therapist in San Diego with extensive experience with children and adolescents . Ann Steele attended American School Of Psychology & Argosy University Online . She especially enjoys using music therapy for mental and emotional well - being . View all posts by Ann Steele
|
[
"Sports Psychology",
"Salary"
] |
http://mastersinpsychologyguide.com/articles/top-7-best-highest-paying-social-work-careers
|
Top 7 Best & Highest Paying Social Work Careers The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics has projected that the field of social work will grow by around 20 % over the next ten years . The average salary is just over $ 44,000 per year , which is not as high as most would expect . Nevertheless , salary is on the increase and different areas of social work earn more . ImageSource Becoming a Social Worker Before looking at the best & highest paying social work careers , it is important to understand the field of social work itself . Generally speaking , you will need at least a bachelor โ s degree to be able to work in this field , with most states even requiring a master โ s degree . But there are a few states that allow an associate โ s degree in the field of social work as well . Naturally , the higher your education , the higher your salary too . And , indeed , it is the very disparity in requirements between states that is causing the average salary of social workers to appear quite low , as many earn well above this . So what are the top 7 best and highest paying social work careers that you can choose from aside from the general social worker ? 1 . School Counselors School Counselors are often social workers . Their role is to work directly with children across all educational establishments . Their goal is to make sure that the mental health and overall well - being of pupils are either maintained or improved . Often , they will work closely together with children who are burdened with social or developmental delays , or children who live in abusive households . The salary of a school counselor varies mainly depending on the educational establishment , the types of students and the geographical location . However , the national average stands at $ 56,160 . To be a school counselor , you will need a master โ s degree at least . 2 . Speech Pathologists The role of speech pathologists is to ensure that speech disorders are diagnosed . They then spend time creating individual treatment plans that are designed to improve the speech of their patients . Although a lot of work is done with children born with speech disorders , such as those with a harelip , cleft palate or stutter , speech pathologists also frequently work with stroke victims and people with brain injuries . As a speech pathologist , you can expect to earn around $ 73,970 , which is a huge jump since the last average was calculated in 2010 . To become a speech pathologist , you will generally require a master โ s degree as well as a range of other training . This includes passing a national examination to become licensed , a set number of hours working clinically under direct supervision and a set amount of postgraduate experience . Requirements do vary on a state by state basis . 3 . The Social Work Teacher As a social work teacher , you can expect to earn on average $ 86,073 per year as a professor . An assistant professor will earn less . This does make it the highest paying job in social work in the country . However , to be a professor , you will need to hold at least a doctorate degree , usually a Ph . D . in the field . Indeed , training will take a lot of time and also requires quite an expensive investment . 4 . The Healthcare Social Worker As a healthcare social worker , you will help groups and individuals to cope with the psychological and social aspects of diseases and illnesses . The salary averages at $ 57,000 per year . Although this work can be done with a BSW , holding a master โ s degree will certainly improve your career and salary prospects . 5 . The Medical Social Worker The medical social worker is different from the healthcare social worker . Your role here is to liaise between community services ( rehab facilities , homeless shelters and so on ) and their clients . You will often be employed in emergency rooms or on discharge wards . According to the U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics , the salary averages at $ 53,400 . This is significantly higher compared to that of the general social worker . 6 . The Clinical Social Worker Clinical social workers require a great degree of training and need to pass a variety of exams . They work in many different fields and agencies . Their average salary is $ 48,010 according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics , although their place of employment makes this vary significantly . For instance , those in substance abuse will earn around $ 3,000 per year less . 7 . The Community Program Administrator Finally , there are social workers who want to go into management , which is possible through community program administration . Here , they will head social service programs or nonprofit agencies focusing on serving specific population groups . Your role here is to develop and manage strategic plans , raise funds , direct staff and control a budget . According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics , you can expect to earn around $ 57,950 per year . Additional ImageSource About the Author : Ann Steele This website is co - authored by Ann Steele , a Marriage and Family Therapist in San Diego with extensive experience with children and adolescents . Ann Steele attended American School Of Psychology & Argosy University Online . She especially enjoys using music therapy for mental and emotional well - being . View all posts by Ann Steele
|
[
"Social Worker",
"School Counselors",
"Speech Pathologists"
] |
http://mastersinpsychologyguide.com/careers/neuropsychologist
|
Neuropsychologist What We Do Neuropsychologists determine the relationship between the brain and behavior , and can find work in the field of academics , research , or as a clinical practitioner . Work Environment Neuropsychologists might work in the educational , medical , or forensics industry . How to Become A master ' s degree is required with a focus in cognitive and behavioral studies . Some companies may require a doctoral degree for advanced positions . Job Outlook Job growth in this career is expected to reach 22 % between 2010 and 2022 . Salary The average national salary of jobs for Neuropsychologist was $ 83,000.00 with a high confidence ranking based on over 250 sources . Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide are 45 % higher than average salaries for all job postings nationwide . Training & Certification Requirements A license in psychology is required in all U.S. states in order to work as a Neuropsychologist . Education Requirements Easily find and compare Bachelor ' s , Master ' s & PhD Psychology programs required for a Neuropsychologist . Compare the Top Salary Sites We ' ve researched the salary levels for Neuropsychologist from the top 3 job websites including Indeed . com , Careerbuilder . com and SimplyHired . com . Below are the compared salaries for Neuropsychologist : Below are the salaries for Neuropsychologist , as quoted by the top job websites : $ 83,000.00 $ 1.00 $ 52,000.00 All brand names are trademarks of their respective owners . All salary source data is public Average Salaries Across the Country The following lists ranks salaries in each state around the country . $ 83,000.00 ( High Confidence ( more than 250 sources ) ) In USD as of March 24 , 2014 55k 110k 165k Neuropsychologist Alabama - $ 81,000.00 ( Medium Confidence ( 75 - 250 sources ) ) Salary Rank : 14 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Alabama are the same as average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . In USD as of March 24 , 2014 55k 110k 165k $ 81,000.00 Alaska - $ 62,000.00 ( Medium Confidence ( 75 - 250 sources ) ) Salary Rank : 47 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Alaska are 24 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 62,000.00 Arizona - $ 68,000.00 Salary Rank : 44 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Arizona are 16 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 68,000.00 Arkansas - $ 79,000.00 Salary Rank : 20 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Arkansas are 2 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 79,000.00 California - $ 87,000.00 Salary Rank : 8 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in California are 7 % higher than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 87,000.00 Colorado - $ 72,000.00 Salary Rank : 34 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Colorado are 12 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 72,000.00 Connecticut - $ 93,000.00 Salary Rank : 4 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Connecticut are 14 % higher than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 93,000.00 DC - $ 98,000.00 Salary Rank : 1 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Washington , DC are 21 % higher than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 98,000.00 Delaware - Salary Rank : 35 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Delaware are 11 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . Florida - $ 76,000.00 Salary Rank : 27 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Florida are 6 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 76,000.00 Georgia - Salary Rank : 5 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Georgia are 14 % higher than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . Hawaii - $ 51,000.00 Salary Rank : 51 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Hawaii are 37 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 51,000.00 Idaho - $ 52,000.00 Salary Rank : 50 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Idaho are 36 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 52,000.00 Illinois - $ 91,000.00 Salary Rank : 6 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Illinois are 12 % higher than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 91,000.00 Indiana - $ 78,000.00 Salary Rank : 21 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Indiana are 4 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 78,000.00 Iowa - Salary Rank : 16 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Iowa are 3 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . Kansas - $ 73,000.00 Salary Rank : 32 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Kansas are 10 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 73,000.00 Kentucky - $ 69,000.00 Salary Rank : 41 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Kentucky are 15 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 69,000.00 Louisiana - Salary Rank : 42 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Louisiana are 15 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . Maine - $ 70,000.00 Salary Rank : 40 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Maine are 13 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 70,000.00 Maryland - Salary Rank : 10 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Maryland are 2 % higher than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . Massachusetts - $ 96,000.00 Salary Rank : 3 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Massachusetts are 19 % higher than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 96,000.00 Michigan - $ 82,000.00 Salary Rank : 11 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Michigan are 1 % higher than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 82,000.00 Minnesota - $ 71,000.00 Salary Rank : 37 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Minnesota are 13 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 71,000.00 Mississippi - $ 86,000.00 Salary Rank : 9 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Mississippi are 6 % higher than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 86,000.00 Missouri - Salary Rank : 17 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Missouri are 2 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . Montana - $ 74,000.00 Salary Rank : 30 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Montana are 9 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 74,000.00 Nebraska - $ 59,000.00 Salary Rank : 49 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Nebraska are 27 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 59,000.00 Nevada - $ 65,000.00 Salary Rank : 45 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Nevada are 20 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 65,000.00 New Hampshire - $ 80,000.00 Salary Rank : 15 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in New Hampshire are 2 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 80,000.00 New Jersey - Salary Rank : 7 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in New Jersey are 7 % higher than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . New Mexico - Salary Rank : 39 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in New Mexico are 12 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . New York - Salary Rank : 2 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in New York are 21 % higher than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . North Carolina - Salary Rank : 18 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in North Carolina are 3 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . North Dakota - Salary Rank : 38 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in North Dakota are 12 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . Ohio - Salary Rank : 22 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Ohio are 4 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . Oklahoma - Salary Rank : 31 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Oklahoma are 9 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . Oregon - $ 77,000.00 Salary Rank : 24 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Oregon are 5 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 77,000.00 Pennsylvania - Salary Rank : 25 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Pennsylvania are 5 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . Rhode Island - $ 75,000.00 Salary Rank : 28 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Rhode Island are 7 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 75,000.00 South Carolina - Salary Rank : 23 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in South Carolina are 4 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . South Dakota - $ 61,000.00 Salary Rank : 48 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in South Dakota are 25 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 61,000.00 Tennessee - Salary Rank : 29 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Tennessee are 8 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . Texas - Salary Rank : 19 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Texas are 3 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . Utah - $ 63,000.00 Salary Rank : 46 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Utah are 22 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . $ 63,000.00 Vermont - Salary Rank : 36 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Vermont are 11 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . Virginia - Salary Rank : 12 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Virginia are the same as average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . Washington - Salary Rank : 13 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Washington are the same as average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . West Virginia - Salary Rank : 26 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in West Virginia are 5 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . Wisconsin - Salary Rank : 33 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Wisconsin are 11 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . Wyoming - Salary Rank : 43 Average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings in Wyoming are 16 % lower than average Neuropsychologist salaries for job postings nationwide . Compare Related Professions Career Average Salary Salary Rank Applied Psychologist 123 Cognitive Psychologist 78 Aba Therapist $ 33,000.00 189 Licensed Clinical Psychologist 56 Mental Disorders Consultant $ 54,000.00 116 Traffic Psychologist $ 64,000.00 84 ( See all Careers )
|
[
"Neuropsychologist",
"Work Environment"
] |
http://mastersroulette.com/
|
Mobile devices : View classic mode for best experience W el come to our website Inportant notice : We have nothing to do with Balvinder Sambhi ' s roulette system called ' master roulette ' . His system is a martingale system . Our roulette system is based on SKILL and is called ' Masters Roulette ' ( plural ) . The world ' s most accurate and only ' ' GUARANTEED GENUINE ' ' Workable Visual Roulette System Get the ultimate edge in roulette ! Masters Visual Roulette Demonstration Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . 0 : 00 7 : 26 Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . 0 : 00 6 : 16 Above is a live demo inside a real casino on a modern casino wheel spun by a real dealer . We are the only team who are capable of showing our system ' s effectiveness inside a real casino environment . Note both my hands are occupied , my left hand is holding a camera the other a pen , I do not have another hand to operate another device , this is truly a true skill roulette system . In this demo I am performing the accuracy test to prove the results in this video did n ' t Beware of videos that show you a winning session without their skills validated , because anyone can win sometime and select to show you their winning session / s only . If they do , you will be none the wiser . In our next video ( below ) I used the same techniques as in the video above to predict actual winners , again on a casino wheel . This time on a modern auto wheel . 14 : 48 Earlier predictions possible live casino demo Notice the predictions are never more than half a wheel away from where the ball exits the track . This illustrates the consistency and accuracy of the predictions did n ' t just happened by chance which can not be demonstrated by systems that do not depend on real skill . This is how our real skill roulette system can be validated and authenticated . CLICK HERE to see more videos ' ' This is not a dealer signature visual roulette system demonstration . It is a demonstration of how effective our methods are in assessing the movement of the ball to determine the outcome of a spin . Or other words it is the next best thing to a roulette computer A dealer signature visual system is based on how the dealer controls the out come of the spin which can only be done by them spinning consistently . Our visual system do not only rely on consistent spins to predict accurately . It is really important to know not all visual systems are the same or have the same capabilities . What are the specific capabilities of our visual system ? And how does our visual system mathematically beat roulette ? Read on to find out . First a short introduction Our Masters true skill visual roulette system is assembled by our current team of successful roulette players Alex , Jason and Che . We have been accustomed to playing roulette with a margin for many years by using our latest combined advanced visual roulette techniques to overcome the house edge . All of the techniques we currently use will be included in a copy of our system to enable that you too can acquire the knowledge to play with a margin and rake in the chips on a regular basis betting on the game of roulette . Our complete system is brought to you by Che who is our chief demonstrator . He will provide you with the complete low - down and take you through a demonstration of some of the visual skills involved in the prediction process of our system . Those of you who are already familiar with the subject of visual roulette will probably be aware information on this subject have been brought to the public domain before . Our aim is to equip you with probably the most comprehensive and advanced winning visual roulette system on the market today to help you achieve complete wheel domination . You may not need to acquire another visual roulette system once you have acquired ours . Those of you who are new to this subject , we hope with the information we have provided on our website will convince you our The majority of systems on the market today can be said are based on some sort of stacking system ( a progression system ) . We could n ' t say if all of them will fail , but what we are aware of is all casinos have a house limit which negates the advantages of a stacking system whenever a player encounters a wall of 10 blacks / reds or more in a row , which can occur more often than most people think . However , visual roulette involves the visual assessment of the movement of the ball just how easily roulette can truly be beaten . During a typical roulette spin , you will have the ball in the wheel moving in one direction while the rotor ( the moving part of the wheel with the numbers on it ) moving in the opposite direction . As the ball loses enough of its momentum to stay on the track , without fail the ball will fall of the track and strike one of the vertical deflectors / pins on the wheel most of the time . This is shown in the picture below : - The picture above is taken from a still frame video clip showing a particular moment of the spin . The ball is moving in a clockwise direction while the rotor is moving in the opposite direction ( anti clockwise ) . As you can see the ball exits the track and strikes the 12 o โ clock pin / deflector on the wheel and # 31 on the rotor is underneath the ball at the moment the ball makes contact on the pin . We call this position of the ball and rotor at that moment of the spin to The science behind our system is simple . In almost every roulette spin at the moment the ball loses enough of its momentum and falls off the track : - Therefore through our understanding of basic physics of motion and centrifugal force and studies from trials from actual spins , we should be able to with some consistency , calculate approximately how much further ( on average ) the ball will travel from โ where on the rotor the ball exits the track โ before the ball comes to a rest in the winning number on the rotor ( the moving part of the wheel ) in every spin of the wheel . Similarly to a spinning top in motion , at the moment a spinning top begins to lose its spinning momentum and becomes unstable and starts to ' wobble ' , the spinning top should be spinning at a similar speed and should be carrying an almost identical amount of momentum at the stage the ' wobble ' occurs in every spin . Therefore through our understanding of basic physics and studies of trials from the same spinning top , we should be able to roughly predict with some consistency , the length of time the spinning top will continue to Unlike a spinning top a roulette ball does n ' t wobble when it loses a certain amount of its momentum during the spin but instead it simply falls off the track it ' s traveling on in the wheel . Since we know a roulette ball ( the object ) will be carrying an almost identical amount of momentum and speed as it exits the track in every roulette spin , the same principles of motion should also apply to the ball as it exits the track . With the ball traveling at a similar speed every time it Taking the information above into account , and in order to predict the outcome of a roulette spin with a degree of accuracy , one of our system โ s main objective ( at the start of every spin ) is to assess and predict ( in advance before the dealer calls no more bets ) โ where on the rotor the ball will exit the track and strike a pin โ โ . Most of the time the ball will strike a vertical pin / deflector in the wheel after it leaves the track . How you can take advantage of acquiring ( in advance ) the information of โ where on the rotor the ball will exit the track โ during a spin of a wheel can be best illustrated on electronic betting terminals when they go wrong ! Electronic betting terminals are touch bet betting terminals that are directly linked to live roulette wheels spun by real dealers mostly found in land based casinos . The technology has been around for some time . The purpose the technology serves is it allows punters to wager on wheels spun by real dealers away from the tables . On theses betting terminals punters are allowed to place bets before and during the spin of the wheel . What normally happens on these terminals is roughly in the last 5 seconds of every spin of the wheel the โ no more bets โ ( NMB ) announcement will come on to alert punters and will stop them from placing furthermore bets . This is achieved by a sensor situated inside the track of the roulette wheel which has the ability to the read the speed of the ball during the spin . The sensor is programmed ( by a casino staff member ) to detect a certain speed of the ball ( during the spin ) for the However , when a casino staff member makes the mistake of replacing the a lighter ball with a heavier ball without readjusting the NMB announcement on the terminals ( to adapt to the new heavier ball ) . On those rare occasions , punters have found they were able to place bets on their terminals up to the moment the ball falls off the track ( see picture below ) . Needless to say those lucky punters were able to make the most out of the casino staff โ s error on those rare occasions and cashed in before the The reason why this can happen is because , ' ' The heavier ball carries more weight , which means it will fall off the track sooner compared to the lighter ball ' ' . The graph below shows the spin duration times of two different types of ball ( one heavy one light ball ) thrown at the same strength . If the โ no more bets โ announcement on the terminals was originally programmed to suit the lighter ball to come on 3 - 4 ball revs ( about 5 secs ) before the end of every spin but is not reprogrammed to adapt to a new heavier ball placed in th e wheel , this automatically shifts the โ no more bets โ announcement to come on towards the end of the spin for the heavier ball and subsequently punters would be presented with the opportunity to be able to place bets near the end of every spin and cash in . We know t he ' ball speed ' the sensor detects during a spin ( programmed for the lighter ball ) triggers the NMB announcement to come on 5 secs before the end of every spin with the lighter ball . But if the sensor detects the same ball speed during a spin with the heavier ball in the wheel , it will trigger the NMB announcement to come on after the ball exits the track during every spin instead . This means no matter how soft or hard both balls are thrown , the same situation will occur and repeat itself in every spin shown in the graph ( above ) . Now , just imagine if you can recreate the same situation without having to wait for a casino staff member to make such a rare mistake of replacing the wrong type of ball in their wheels . Now you can . You can create the same situation by using our visual roulette system to predict , in advance , where on the rotor the ball will exit the track . And take advantage of the opportunity you create to gain an advantage . By simply applying the simple prediction process in our system , you will be able to predict โ in advance โ , with accuracy โ where on the wheel / rotor the ball will exit the track โ on every spin of the wheel on any whee and ball combination in any casino . And more importantly you will learn to recognize the right type of conditions ( ball spin ) to play to achieve the most consistent wins . Can we win every spin ? Again we aim to predict the ball will land in the section of the wheel from the . . . . . GREEN . . to the . . RED . . . . . coin placed in the wheel during the spin . The rotor ( moving part of the wheel ) is lifted half way through the demonstration to show the mechanics of the wheel is a genuine John Huxley wheel ( A common casino wheel ) and has not been rigged electronically to control the outcome of every spin . In the next video we will demonstrate one of our visual skills ( in the prediction procedure ) we use to obtain the predictions in our previous two videos were not obtained by chance from multiple attempts but by the application of true skill . A Visual Skill Only when we can identify a particular revolution of ball in a spin , will we be able to predict ' where on the rotor the ball will exit the track ' or ' which number ' on the rotor the ball will exit the track . We have chosen to predict the ball revolution 4 - 4.75 towards the end of the spin . It is possible to predict up to 9 revs or more before the end of every spin . With any effective visual roulette system , in order to predict the outcome of a spin , you will need to acquire the skill to identify a certain revolution of the ball during the spin . We have discovered a simple method to achieve this . The method we use is not guess work nor is it the traditional 1x 2x cross over pattern recognition method . Our method involves the observation of how the visual retention of a spin develops during the spin . It โ s a simple and effective method which can be used to consistently pick The video shows we were able to predict a particularly revolution of the ball in any spin , this meant we were able to pin point a specific stage of the ball ' s journey during a spin by visual assessment . With this ability , we only need to repeat the same visual assessment process during any spin to tackle any dealer to obtain the information we want . This should rule out our predictions obtained on all our other videos were derived from a dealer signature ( pattern of results created by the same person spinning the ball Providing we know the distance the ball covers in one revolution of the wheel , we should be able to calculate the remaining distance the ball has left to travel before it reaches the end of the spin ( before the ball exits the track ) from the same revolution of ball we identify in every spin . The illustration ( above ) depicts the entire journey of the ball of a whole spin . If the ball covers a total distance of 7 feet in each revolution of the wheel , the ball will have covered a total of 56 feet in the entire journey of the spin ( 8 revs x 7 feet = 56 ) . If we can identify the same 5th ball revolution before the end of the spin in every spin on the same wheel , we would be able to calculate from the 5th revolution to the end of every spin 1 ball revolution distance = 7 feet 5 Ball revolutions distance is 5 x 7 feet = 35 feet This explains why identifying a particular revolution in a spin is important in the prediction process . The physics and mathematics explained above illustrates how roulette is predictable providing if we also take into account of the wheel / rotor speed of the spin , this is because the rotor in the wheel is never static in any spin . . The good news for you , is we have already done all the calculations for you on our mini charts , so there โ s no need for you to play around with figures in your head or mentally adjust when the rotor speed is different from spin to spin . All that is essentially required Besides distance , it โ s important to be aware the total time the ball takes to complete the last 5 revolution of the ball ( or from any ball revolution you intend to identify for your wheel ) can fluctuate time to time due to air pressure and other condition changes . Our mini charts have also taken that factor into the equation to ensure the accuracy of your predictions are maintained . Considering the importance in the distance the ball covers from a particular ball revolution in any spin , and that there are about 9 numbers between each vertical pins on a wheel , It โ s also important to take into account which vertical pins / deflectors in the wheel the ball lands on most of the time on your wheel . We pay more attention to the vertical pins because the way the vertical pins are positioned in wheels offers more surface area for the ball to hit . Most of the time the ball will strike a vertical If the ball only lands on 1 pin on a wheel most of the time , the ball will likely to exit the track and strike the same pin most of the time on that wheel , then that wheel will have a single drop off area and will make the calculations of how far the ball has left to travel from a certain ball revolution identified to the end of a spin more straight forward . If the ball lands on 2 pins on a wheel most of the time , that wheel will have 2 drop off areas and miscalculations can be the distance ( 9 numbers ) of the two drop off areas unless our methods are used to maintain prediction accuracy . If the ball lands on 3 pins on a wheel most of the time , t h at wheel will have 3 drop off areas . To maintain prediction accuracy our system will take into account of the level of t he bias on any wheel in term s of which pins the ball lands on more frequently and how ma ny d rop off areas a wheel has . Our system includes the 1 pin game up to and including a level wheel g ame ( where the ball lands on all pins evenly ) to co pe with all levels of bias wheels . Again the information in our charts conveniently takes the pins on the wheel into account to enable your predictions are accurate and are in the right area on the wheel / rotor in every spin . Our 2 pin game is capable of mainta ining accuracy of โ where on the rotor the ball will exit the track โ on slow to fast rotor speeds regardless which dominate pin the ball lands on . This means players will no longer be restricted to only betting on slow rotor speeds in the 2 pin game . This should give the player complete wheel domination in the 2 pin game . Note : our definition of bias wheels is not the same as certain numbers being hotter than other numbers in the wheel . It ' s about which pin / s or deflector / s on the wheel the ball lands on most of the time . A one pin bias wheel is where the ball lands on the same pin on the wheel most of the time . Besides our system ' s capability to beat 1 - 3 pin bias wheels , in addition our system cover methods capable of beating LEVEL wheels . This will give players complete wheel domination . This means you can now acquire a long term winning margin on all levels of bias wheels including non bias wheels . Our level wheel game is also applicable on bias wheels . You will not be required to identify a particular ball revolution during a spin using our LEVEL wheel GAME . If we can not put your prediction / s in the favorable part of most common wheels found in most casinos or prove to you mathematically you will be able to obtain a margin , whether playing on level or bias wheels , we will give you a full refund . FULL REFUND ! Contact Us System Price More Info Demos Click on the link below to view our privacy policy Our Privacy Policy
|
[
"Roulette System",
"Balvinder Sambhi 's roulette system",
"' Masters Roulette"
] |
http://mastocytosis.wikia.com/wiki/Mast_cell
|
Mast cell Edit Share Contents show What is a Mast Cell ? Edit Oval - shaped mast cell , Bone marrow aspirate smear , Wright - Giemsa stain , 1000x , Dr Charles Hess Spindle - shaped mast cell , Bone marrow aspirate smear , Wright - Giemsa stain , 1000x , Dr Charles Hess We still have a lot to leabout the origins of mast cells ( or mastocyte ) , but it is generally accepted that they are the offspring of stem cells found in the bone marrow , and that mast cells start out life as mast cell ' precursor ' cells . Mast cell precursor cells migrate from bone barrow through the bloodstream to tissue and organ sites to eventually become mast cells . Mast cells are found abundantly in the skin , gastrointestinal and genitourinary ( reproductive and urinary ) tracts , but can also be found in clusters next to small blood vessels and in loose connective tissue . Mast cells might behave in different ways depending on where they end up in the body , and the cells adapt to whatever situation they find themselves . In healthy individuals , mast cells also die off regularly ( this is known as apoptosis ) after a set amount of time , allowing new mast cells to replace them . Mast cells are large , oval cells with coarse granules containing various substances densely packed into the cytoplasm , but can also be spindle - shaped . You might think of the mast cell like a very thin , sometimes leaky , water balloon , packed full of even smaller balloons that contain various potent substances . On the surface ( membrane ) of the mast cell are receptors ( called IgE - receptors ) , like tiny keyholes waiting for a Y - shaped key in order to unlock the cell . Mast cells sometimes have c - Kit receptors on their surface , for the stem cell factor ( SCF , c - Kit ligand ) and a bone marrow biopsy , if carried out correctly , can show if your mast cells have this receptor . This is interesting if you have Mastocytosis because it can suggest treatment options . The major function of mast cells is to protect the body from intruders ( including allergens and parasites ) by way of immediate hypersensitive reaction ( the allergic cascade ) - when mast cells perceive a threat , the cell disintegrates like a tiny bomb of chemicals . The chemicals released result in a near - instant chain reaction , which might mean an itchy nose if only a few cells disintegrate , to asthma or hives , right the way through to anaphylactic shock ( anaphylaxis ) if there is an over - reaction and mass disintegration of mast cells . Mast cells are what makes a wound itch as it is healing , and some people with Mastocytosis report that , at times , they heal extraordinarily quickly . No - one with too few mast cells has been found , suggesting they are essential to life . is MS What chemicals are inside a Mast Cell ? Some of the chemicals released by mast cells when activated are : โข heparin proteoglycan ( an anticoagulant ) โข serotonin โข dopamine โข tryptase ( mast cells located in mucosal areas have a higher level of tryptase than mast cells โข chymase โข histamine ( a substance that causes vasodilation and increased permeability of capillaries ) โข neutral proteases โข eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis ( ECF - A ) โข phospholipases activation , which results in the secretion of ยค prostoglandins and ยค leukotrienes ( also called slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis , SRS - A ) โข Pro - inflammatory cytokines : ยค IL - 4 , IL - 5 , IL - 6 , IL - 13 , IL - 18 , IFN - ฮณ , TNF - ฮฑ โข Chemokines : ยค MCP - 1 , IL - 8 , RANTES , eotaxin , leukotriene โข Proteases : ยค Tryptase , chymase , angiotensin converting enzyme ( ACE ) , carboxypeptidase , cathepsin G , cysteinyl cathepsins โข Hematopoeitic factors : ยค IL - 3 , GM - CSF โข Growth factors : ยค bFGF , VEGF , TGF - beta , PDGF โข Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan ( Activated mast cells also synthesize and secrete lipid - derived mediators ( such as prostaglandins , leukotrienes , and platelet - activating factor ) and cytokines ( such as interleukin 1 , interleukin 3 , interleukin 4 , interleukin 5 , interleukin 6 , interleukin 13 , tumor necrosis factor - alpha , GM - CSF , and several chemokines . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] These mediators contribute to inflammation by attracting other leukocytes . ) histamine , proteoglycans , serine proteases , tryptase , prostoglandins , leukotrienes , cytokines , chemokines How are Mast Cells activated ? We have learned , above , that the mast cell has an interior full of various substances , a thin membrane surface with tiny receptors waiting for the Y - shaped Antigen / IgE key in order to release the substances . A mast cell is activated ( or triggered ) when an antigen binds and crosslinks IgE - receptor complexes on the plasma membrane . At that point a signaling cascade is initiated ( like turning the key ) . The " Y Shaped " key A mast cell ( or mastocyte ) is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin . Although best known for their role in allergy and anaphylaxis , mast cells play an important protective role as well , being intimately involved in wound healing and defense against pathogens . In tests , granules inside the mast cells stain dark purple with basic blue dyes and a lavender / pink color with other staining techniques ( which is why you see them represented as purple in such branding as Mastopedia ) . Mast cells are not easily identified in routine staining because the granules are water - soluble and seldom preserved , which is why it is important , as a Masto patient , to ensure your doctor knows how to stain the slides correctly to get accurate results . Even when the granules are preserved , the mast cell plasma membrane is frequently ruptured in the staining process and granules may be seen in the surrounding tissue . Degranulation of a mast cell Origin and classification File : Mast cell . png Mast cells were first described by Paul Ehrlich in his 1878 doctoral thesis on the basis of their unique staining characteristics and large granules . These granules also led him to the mistaken belief that they existed to nourish the surrounding tissue , and he named them " Mastzellen " ( from the Ancient Greek masto , " I feed " ) . They are now considered to be part of the immune system Mast cells are very close to basophil granulocytes ( a class of white blood cells ) in blood ; the similarities between mast cells and basophils has led many to speculate that mast cells are basophils that have " homed in " on tissues . However , current evidence suggests that they are generated by different precursor cells in the bone marrow . Nevertheless , both mast cells and basophils are thought to originate from bone marrow precursors expressing the CD34 molecule . The basophil leaves the bone marrow already mature , whereas the mast cell circulates in an immature form , only maturing once in a tissue site . The tissue site an immature mast cell chooses to settle in probably determines its precise characteristics . Two types of mast cells are recognized , those from connective tissue and a distinct set of mucosal mast cells . The activities of the latter are dependent on T - cells Mast cells are present in most tissues in the vicinity of blood vessels , and are especially prominent near the boundaries between the outside world and the internal milieu , such as the skin , mucosa of the lungs and digestive tract , as well as in the mouth conjunctiva and nose Physiology Mast cells play a key role in the inflammatory process . When activated , a mast cell rapidly releases its characteristic granules and various hormonal mediators into the interstitium . Mast cells can be stimulated to degranulate by direct injury ( e.g. physical or chemical ) , cross - linking of Immunoglobulin E ( IgE ) receptors , or by activated complement proteins . Mast cells express a high - affinity receptor ( FcฮตRI ) for the Fc region of IgE , the least - abundant member of the antibodies . This receptor is of such high affinity that binding of IgE molecules is essentially irreversible . As a result , mast cells are coated with IgE . IgE is produced by B - cells ( the antibody - producing cells of the immune system ) . IgE molecules , like all antibodies , are specific to one particular antigen File : Mast cells . jpg In allergic reactions , mast cells remain inactive until an allergen binds to IgE already in association with the cell ( see above ) . Other membrane activation events can either prime mast cells for subsequent degranulation or can act in synergy with FceRI signal transduction . Allergens are generally proteins or polysaccharides . The allergen binds to the antigen - binding sites , which are situated on the variable regions of the IgE molecules bound to the mast cell surface . It appears that binding of two or more IgE molecules ( cross - linking ) is required to activate the mast cell . The clustering of the intracellular domains of the cell - bound Fc receptors , which are associated with the cross - linked IgE molecules , causes a complex sequence of reactions inside the mast cell that lead to its activation . Although this reaction is most well understood tapeworms , etc ) . The molecules thus released into the extracellular environment include : preformed mediators ( from the granules ) : histamine ( 2 - 5 pg / cell ) serotonin proteoglycans , mainly heparin ( active as anticoagulant serine proteases newly formed lipid mediators ( eicosanoids ) : prostaglandin D2 leukotriene C4 cytokines Eosinophil chemotactic factor Histamine dilates post capillary venules , activates the endothelium , and increases blood vessel permeability . This leads to local edema ( swelling ) , warmth , redness , and the attraction of other inflammatory cells to the site of release . It also irritates nerve endings ( leading to itching or pain ) . Cutaneous signs of histamine release are the " flare and wheal " - reaction . The bump and redness immediately following a mosquito bite are a good example of this reaction , which occurs seconds after challenge of the mast cell by an allergen . File : Histamine . png The other physiologic activities of mast cells are much less well - understood . Several lines of evidence suggest that mast cells may have a fairly fundamental role in innate immunity โ they are capable of elaborating a vast array of important cytokines and other inflammatory mediators , they express multiple " pattern recognition receptors " thought to be involved in recognizing broad classes of pathogens , and mice without mast cells seem to be much more susceptible to a variety of infections . Template : Fact Mast cell granules carry a variety of bioactive chemicals . These granules have been found to be transferred to adjacent cells of the immune system and neurons via transgranulation via their pseudopodia Allergic disease Many forms of cutaneous and mucosal allergy are mediated for a large part by mast cells ; they play a central role in asthma , eczema , itch ( from various causes ) and allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis . Antihistamine drugs act by blocking the action of histamine on nerve endings . Cromoglicate - based drugs ( sodium cromoglicate , nedocromil ) block a calcium channel essential for mast cell degranulation , stabilizing the cell and preventing release of histamine and related mediators . Leukotriene antagonists ( such as montelukast and zafirlukast ) block the action of leukotriene mediators , IgE antibody ( omalizumab ) also inhibits the binding of free IgE to the high - affinity IgE receptor ( FcฮตRI ) on the surface of mast cells and basophils , and are being used increasingly in allergic diseases Anaphylaxis In anaphylaxis ( a severe systemic reaction to allergens , such as nuts , bee stings or drugs ) , body - wide degranulation of mast cells leads to vasodilation and , if severe , symptoms of life - threatening shock . Autoimmunity Mast cells are implicated in the pathology associated with the autoimmune disorders rheumatoid arthritis , bullous pemphigoid , and multiple sclerosis . They have been shown to be involved in the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the joints ( e.g. rheumatoid arthritis ) and skin ( e.g. bullous pemphigoid ) and this activity is dependent on antibodies and complement components . Mast cell disorders Mastocytosis is a rare condition featuring proliferation of mast cells . It exists in a cutaneous and systemic form , with the former being limited to the skin and the latter involving multiple organs . References : Text & Image courtesy Barbara Vertel PhD . Histology " Connective Tissue 2 - Cells & Types of CT " Link : http : / / acad . rosalindfranklin . edu / cms / anatomy / histohome / lectures / ct2 / ct_2_lecture_with_figures . html http : / / www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / pubmed / 9495641 http : / / www . pnas . org / content / 102 / 32 / 11129 . full http : / / www . healthsystem . virginia . edu / internet / hematology / HessEDD / BenignHematologicDisorders / normal - hematopoietic - cells / mast - cell . cfm http : / / www . abcam . com / index . html ? pageconfig = resource&rid = 12011&pid = 10694 See also http : / / www . nature . com / nri / journal / v4 / n10 / fig_tab / nri1460_F1 . html This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia view authors ) Cite error : < ref > tags exist , but no < references / > tag was found Categories Add category
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[
"Mast cell",
"leabout",
"origins"
] |
http://matchboxforum.co.uk/learn-about-the-range/moy
|
Models of Yesteryear The Models of Yesteryear range was first produced in 1956 when Lesney Industries presented four historical diecast vehicle models designed by Jack Odell later of Lledo fame at the British Toy and Hobby Show at Harrogate in the United Kingdom a show that still runs to the present day The yesteryear range was produced in a much larger scale than previously produced models this meant that they could display a lot finer detail on each model Each model was diecast from solid zinc and then carefully hand finished The models were sold in toy shops all over England and eventually the world and soon became loved by children and adults alike In 1992 when Tyco Toys Inc brought the company they changed the range into mailorder and subscription sales only targeting adult collectors and loosing forever any remote idea that these are toys By doing this they also lost many of the collectors that they were targeting by making the range more thorough and therefore more expensive for someone to collect all released models and its inherent variations It was this change that lead to the creation of Matchbox Collectibles Collectors will often talk about 1st Series and 2nd Series Yesteryears but apart from the first issue of 16 models there is really no justification for the word Series having said that even amongst the first 16 models the scale and style changed considerably when the largerscale veteran cars were introduced Models were continually deleted and new ones introduced sometimes with old numbers sometimes with new and the range expanded The coding used on this website is based on the original number each model was released under eg Y12 for the Ford Model T Van The next number in the code is the release or series number eg Y123 Ford Model T Van means that it is the 3rd series or 3rd time the code of Y12 has been used The final number is the issue or variation number eg Y12317 Ford Model T Van means that this model was released as Y12 it was considered the 3rd series and the particular example being shown or discussed is issue variant Of course this became difficult when in 1992 models started to be released under the banner Matchbox Collectables in a series or groups of vehicles a prime example of this is the Great Beers of the World which were released with a number beginning with YGB Eventually the decision was made not to even provide a three digit series number and models began to be released with either a YY number which mainly was based on the original Y number eg YY012 is a Ford Model T just the same as Y123 is or they were released with a YYM Other models listed may have a DYM number this signifies that the model was released as a Dinky brand car even though it was made from a Yesteryear die NB Models Y48 to Y60 inclusive were never allocated to any models and hence nothing was ever produced under those numbers Check out the whole list and model details
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[
"Lesney Industries",
"United Kingdom"
] |
http://materialforengineering.blogspot.com/2016/07/download-free-resonance-study.html
|
FREE MATERIAL FOR ENGINEERING ENTRANCE EXAMS Friday 1 July 2016 DOWNLOAD FREE RESONANCE STUDY MATERIALDPPsRESONANCE CLASS NOTES DPPsRESONANCE AITS DOWNLOAD FREE RESONANCE CLASS NOTES DPPs FULL MODULES RESONANCE AITS PAPERS BANSAL CLASSES NOTESDPPs Download daily practice papers DPPs of Bansal classes FIITJEE DPPs Question banks These RESONANCE Classes study materials are most crucial problems to be solved for acing JEE MAINS and ADVANCE with flying colours These all AITS papers Question banks are only availabe on this blog and nowhere else So practice them hard and win the battle of JEE Happy Downloading Download free RESONANCE Study material Physics Chemistry and Maths Physics Download free RESONANCE Physics DPP full module gravity Click Here or Click Here to Download Download free RESONANCE Physics DPP full module Centre of mass Click Here or Click Here to Download Download free RESONANCE Physics DPP full module rectilinear motion Click Here or Click Here to Download CHEMISTRY Download free RESONANCE Chemistry DPP full module Click Here to Download Download free RESONANCE Chemistry DPP full module Periodic Table Click Here to Download Download free RESONANCE Chemistry DPP full module Mole Concept Click Here to Download Download free RESONANCE DLPD PACKAGE Download free RESONANCE full Vistaar Expert pack Click Here to Download MATHS Download free RESONANCE Maths study material Click Here to Download Download free RESONANCE Maths study material Binomial Theorem Click Here to Download Download free RESONANCE Maths study material Sets and Relations Click Here to Download Posted by College Guide at 115200 Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Labels Allen Bansal BITSAT Class 12 Board DPPs FIITJEE FIITJEE Kota Free Kota Study Material With Solutions For IITJEE From FIITJEE Kota IIT JEE JEE Advance JEE Mains Resonance Older Post Home
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[
"ENGINEERING ENTRANCE EXAMS",
"MATERIAL"
] |
http://materiasprimasyderivados.com/surplus-chemicals.html
|
Materias Primas y Derivados SAS As a part of our ongoing operation based on our expertise and contacts built through the last 30 years we commercialize buy sell surplus raw materials in their original packaging or their intermediate products from A to Z whether they result from changes in formulations byproducts variations in specifications obsolescence or other reasons on the part of the sellers Buyers profit from the opportunity of an excellent purchasing price Sellers obtain earnings from an inventory which has become a liability Our ecosystem at large benefits from turning a disposable waste into a useful good for everyones welfare Food Ingredients Gums Heat transfer Fluids Hydrocolloids Industrial Inks Latex Leaveners Lubricants Metal Oils and Fats Packagings Paint Paper Chemical Perfumes Pharmaceutical Pigments Plastics Plasticizers Plating Agents Polymers PRODUCTS Active Ingredients Adhesives Agricultural Feed Ingredients Antioxidants Blowing Agents Bottles Cleaning Coalescing Agents Coatings Colorants Consumer Goods Construction Cosmetics Desinfectants Dispersants Dyes Epoxies Films Fine Chemicals Foams Polyethylene Polypropylene Pulp Reinforcements Resins Retardants Rubber Sealants Silicones Silicas Solvents Stearates Surfactants Textiles Urethanes UV Filters Viscosity modifiers Vitamins Water Treatment Agents Waxes and many more
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[
"Materias Primas y Derivados"
] |
http://math.buffalo.edu/%7Esww/poetry/bontempa_a.html
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Arna Bontemps A Black Man Talks of Reaping THE DAY - BREAKERS Southern Mansion back to Snally Gaster ' s African American Phat Library Experience Not enough poems here ? Email me your favorite works of the masters ( no amateurs please ) . CONTACT A Black Man Talks of Reaping I have sown beside all waters in my day . I planted deep within my heart the fear that wind or fowl would take the grain away . I planted safe against this stark , lean year . I scatterd seed enough to plant the land in rows from Canada to Mexico . But for my reaping only what the hand can hold at once is all that I can show . Yet what I sowed and what the orchard yields my brother ' s sons are gathering stalk and root , small wonder then my children glean in fields they have not sown , and feed on bitter fruit . THE DAY - BREAKERS We are not come to wage a strife With swords upon this hill , It is not wise to waste the life Against a stubborn will . Yet would we die as some have done . Beating a way for the rising sun . Southern Mansion Poplars are standing there still as death And ghosts of dead men Meet their ladies walking Two by two beneath the shade And standing on the marble steps . There is a sound of music echoing Through the open door And in the field there is Another sound tinkling in the cotton : Chains of bondmen dragging on the ground . The years go back with an iron clank , A hand is on the gate , A dry leaf trembles on the wall . Ghosts are walking . They have broken roses down And poplars stand there still as death .
|
[
"Arna Bontemps",
"A Black Man Talks of Reaping",
"THE DAY-BREAKERS"
] |
http://math.buffalo.edu/~sww/0history/hwny-douglass-family.html
|
timeline of Frederick Douglass and family 1818 . ( Exact date unknown ) Frederick Douglass is born as Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey , a slave at Holme Hill Farm , Talbot County , Maryland . His mother , Harriet Bailey , was a field slave from whom he was separated during his infancy . Douglass only saw his mother four or five times thereafter and for only a few hours each time . She had been sold to a man who lived twelve miles from where Douglass lived , and to see her son required that after her day ' s work in the field she walk the twelve miles , visit with him for a short time during the night , walk the twelve miles back to her home , and work a second Douglass never knew for certain whom his father was . He did know that his father was white , and he believed he was his master , Aaron Anthony . 1826 . Sent to live with Hugh Auld family in Baltimore . 1827 . Asks Sophia Auld to teach him his letters . Hugh Auld stops the lessons because he feels that learning makes slaves discontented and rebellious . 1834 . Hired Out to Edward Covey , a " slave breaker " , to break his spirit and make him accept slavery . 1836 . Tries to escape from slavery , but his plot is discovered . Frederick Douglass 1836 - 38 . Works in Baltimore shipyards as a caulker . Falls in love with Anna Murray , a free Negro ( daughter of slaves ) . 1838 . Douglass escapes from slavery and goes to New York City . Marries Anna Murray . 1839 . Doughter Rosetta ( 1839 - 1906 ) is born . Frederick subscribes to William Garrison ' s The Liberator . Anna Murray Douglass 1840 . Son Lewis Henry ( 1840 - 1908 ) is born . 1841 . Speaks at a meeting of the Bristol Anti - Slavery Society , and subsequently , at the urging of William Lloyd Garrison , Douglass became a lecturer for the American Anti - Slavery Society and travels widely in the East and Midwest lecturing against slavery and campaigning for rights of free Blacks . 1842 . Son Frederick Douglass , Jr . ( 1842 - 1892 ) is born . 1843 . Organized by Abner A . Frances , Henry Moxley ( see 1832 , the Charles L . Reason ( the first Black math professor at a white college ) , and others , a National Convention of Colored Men was held in Buffalo to find ways to end slavery . The keynote speaker , Samuel H . Davis of Buffalo , called on northern Blacks to take part in the great battle for our rights in common with other citizens of the United States . Meeting in Buffalo around the same time was the abolitionist National Convention of the Liberty Party . However , William Wells Brown did not trust the Liberty 1836 ) . Frederick Douglass attended both conventions . He reports : For nearly a week I spoke every day in this old post office to audiences increasing in numbers and respectibility til the [ Michigan Avenue ] Baptist church was thrown open to me . When this became too small I went on Sunday into the open park and addressed an assembly of 4,000 persons . [ Goldman 1844 . Son Charles Remond ( 1844 - 1920 ) is born . 1845 . Publishes the first of three autobiographies : The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass : An American Slave . To escape recapture following publication , goes to England lecturing on the American anti - slavery movement throughout the British Isles . 1846 . Becomes legally free when British supporters purchase his freedom from Hugh Auld , his former master . 1847a . Frederick and Anna Murray Douglass , attracted by Susan B . Anthony ' s very active women ' s movement , moved their family ( 8 year old Rosetta , 7 year old Lewis , 5 year old Frederick , and 3 year old Charles ) to Rochester New York . Even their prejudice forced the Douglass ' children to be educated elsewhere . The presence of Frederick Douglass , a famous ex - slave who became a prominent abolitionist , publisher and spokesman against slavery , helped to enhance Rochester ' s reputation as a liberal minded city . In fact , Douglass used his own Rochester home as one of the stops used for fugitive slaves . 1847b . Martin R . Delany moves from Pittsburgh to Rochester in order to found with and work with Frederick Douglass and William Cooper Nell on a new paper , North Star , printed in the basement of Memorial African Methodist Episcopal Zion church , a flourishing center for " underground " activities . Some local citizens were unhappy that their town was the site of a black newspaper , and the New York Herald urged the citizens of Rochester to dump Douglass ' s printing press into Lake Ontario . Gradually , Rochester came to take pride in the North Star and its bold editor . starting the North Star marked the end of his dependence on Garrison and other white abolitionists . The paper allowed him to discover the problems Rollin Once the North Star began to circulate , Douglass ' s friends in the abolitionist movement rallied to join in praising it . However , not everyone was pleased to see another antislavery paper - especially one edited by an ex - slave . Some local citizens were unhappy that their town was the site of a black newspaper , and the New York Herald urged the citizens of Rochester to dump Douglass ' s printing press into Lake Ontario . Gradually , Rochester came to take pride in the and its bold editor . The town had a reputation for being pro - abolitionist . Rochester ' s women were active in antislavery societies , and through them Douglass kept in close contact with the leaders in the fight for women ' s rights , among them Susan B . Anthony , Lucretia Mott , and Elizabeth Cady Stanton . Along with the good will of Rochester ' s abolitionist and female political activists , Douglass received encouragement from the local printer ' s union . The received a number of glowing reviews , but unfortunately the praises did not translate into financial success . The cost of producing a weekly newspaper was high and subscriptions grew slowly . For a number of years , Douglass was forced to depend on his own savings and contributions from friends to keep the paper afloat . He was forced to return to the lecture circuit to raise money for the paper . During the paper ' s first year , he was on the road for six months . In the spring of 1848 , he had to mortgage In the midst of these troubles , a friend from England arrived to help Douglass with his financial problems . Julia Griffiths had raised enough money to help launch the paper , and now she was prepared to fight for its survival . Griffiths put the North Star ' s finances in order , and Douglass was eventually able to regain possession of his home . By 1851 , he would be able to write to his friend , the abolitionist publisher and politician Gerrit Smith , " The North Star sustains itself , and partly sustains my large family . It has reached a living point . Hitherto , the struggle of its life has been to live . Now it more than lives . " Despite the ups and downs , Douglass ' s newspaper continued publication as a weekly until 1860 and survived for three more years as a monthly . After 1851 , it would be titled Frederick Douglass ' Paper . Douglass ' s newspaper symbolized the potential for blacks to achieve whatever goals they set . The paper provided a forum for black writers and highlighted the success achieved by prominent black figures in American society . The paper survived as a weekly until 1860 and then for three more years as a monthly . 1848 . Douglass attends the first women ' s rights convention at Seneca Falls , NY and advocates the right to vote for women . While he roamed far beyond his original bounds , his wife , though hard - working , remained uneducated and politically unambitious . In England he met Julia Griffiths and brought her home to live with him in the Rochester family house as a tutor for his children and for wife Anna in 1848 . But his effort with his wife failed and Anna remained almost totally illiterate until her death . A scandal erupted when Julia Griffiths began to serve as Douglass ' s office and business manager and soon became his almost constant companion . She arranged his lectures , dealt with the paper ' s finances and accompanied him to meetings . People in Rochester gradually adjusted to the sight of the black leader and the white woman walking arm in arm down the street . 1849a . Annie Douglass , Frederick ' s last child , is born . 1849b . On May 5 Douglass is attacked by gang of toughs when he walks along Battery in New York City with two British women friends , Julia and Eliza Griffiths . 1850a . Publishes an attack on the Compromise of 1850 and the new fugitive - slave law . 1851a . Changes the name of North Star to Frederick Douglass ' Paper . Helps three fugitive Maryland slaves escape to Canada as " Station Master " of the Rochester terminus of the Underground Railroad ( read more ) . 1851b . Julia Griffiths helped put the ' North Star ' s ' finances in order . Julia Griffiths was one of six founders of the Rochester Ladies ' Anti - Slavery and Sewing Society . The " Sewing " was later dropped . By March , 1852 , the Society had grown to nineteen members , when they held the first of their Festivals , or bazaars . In these events , held annually for over a decade , the women of the Society raised money through the sale of items made locally or contributed by other anti - slavery societies as far away as Britain , and through gate receipts for lectures by Frederick Douglass , Gerrit Smith , or other activists held in the Corinthian Hall . The first Festival was advertised Autographs for freedom , a collection of antislavery essays by William Wells and Black mathematician Charles Reason and others , with facsimile signatures of the contributors , which sold so well that a second edition was prepared the following year . In the winter of 1854 - 55 , the Society also sponsored its first annual lecture series , bringing in renowned speakers . Once again , the Society found a large and receptive audience for their message . Colleagues in British antislavery societies provided an important and regular source of funds through bazaars held on behalf of the Rochester Society . By the late 1850s , the annual receipts of the Society surpassed $ 1,500 . The bulk of the money raised by the Society was used in the important task of keeping Frederick Douglass ' Paper solvent , but money was also used to help support a school for freedmen in Kansas and for the publication and distribution of anti - slavery literature in Kentucky . The Society played a crucial support role in one stretch of the Underground Railroad , providing small cash gifts directly to fugitive slaves to aid them on the last leg of their escape to Canada . The Society ' s annual reports for 1855 and 1856 listed 136 fugitives who had passed through Rochester with the Society ' s help , and by the following year , they had begun Harriet Tubman . The pro - slavery pessure and Black and White lover scandal became too much and in 1855 Julia Griffiths returned to England and got married 1851c . Douglass aids three fugitive Maryland slaves , wanted for murdering their former master when he tried to recapture them in Pennsylvania in escaping to Canada . The three are among hundreds Douglass helps flee to freedom as " station master " of the Rochester terminus of the Underground Railroad . 1852a . Splits with Garrison over the means to achieve the abolition of slavery . Chosen vice - presidential candidate at the Liberal Party convention . Delivers his famous speech , " What to the Slave is the Fourth of July ? " in Corinthian Hall , Rochester , New York . 1852b . Griffiths decided to spare Douglass further embarrassment by moving out of his home . She remained his close associate until she left the United States . 1853 . With Frederick Douglass as a draw , the National Negro Convention ( also known as the Colored National Convention ) meets in Rochester . 1855a . Douglass writes a second autobiography : My Bondage and My Freedom 1855b . Aware that Douglass ' enemies were using his highly public relationship with Griffith as negative fodder , Julia Griffith returns home to England . 1855c . Douglass meets Ottilie Assing . Ottilie ( 1819 - 1884 ) was a German ( half - Jew ) journalist for the prestigious German newspaper Morgenblatt fรผr gebildete Leser , who traveled to Rochester , New York , in 1856 to interview Douglass . Assing spent the next 22 summers with the Douglass family , working on articles , the translation project , and tutoring his children . Anna Douglass , Frederick ' s wife , was somewhat older than Frederick and illiterate , was als ill much of the time . She shared little of her husband ' s intellect or interests , and seemed unable to cope with the large household . Assing , on the other hand , was a passionate abolitionist , was politically astute , and contributed a great deal to Douglass ' work . The affair was never confined to the domestic sphere , and it was never a secret . For most of their 26 year friendship , when apart , Frederick and Ottilie weekly wrote each other . Assing was confident that , upon Anna ' s death , Douglass would marry her . Oh , bitter news ! He wed another woman - white , bright and 20 years his junior . Heartbroken and ill Ottilie Assing [ Note . The Douglass ' s letters to Assing were burned , and only a handful survive from Assing to Douglass . There is a book by a professor of American Studies at University of Muenster in Germany : Love across Color Lines : Ottilie Assing and Frederick Douglass . By Maria Diedrich . ( New York : Hill and Wang , 1999 . xxx , 480 pp . $ 35.00 , isbn 0 - 8090 - 1613 - 3 . ) ] 1857 . The Rochester public schools desegregate after years of Frederick Douglasses protestations . 1858 . John Brown stays at the Douglass home in Rochester while developing plans for encouraging a slave revolt . 1859a . Escapes to Canada to avoid being arrested as an accomplice in John Brown ' s plan to seize Harper ' s Ferry and sails to England : Douglass knew and supported John Brown in his assisting escaped slaves to reach Canada . But when in 1859 Brown told him of the plan to assault the Harpers Ferry Arsenal and to arm the slaves for an insurrection , Douglass knew that his friend had gone round the bend and declined to participate in the raid . Brown ' s confiscated papers mentioned the name of Douglass , and a request for his arrest was issued . This led Douglass to take an immediate unplanned voyage to Europe , where he met up with Ottilie Assing , and , 1859b . Ottilie Assing , vividly described for a German paper , a demarcation line that surrounded Douglass ' s home : " This is the house of FD , the famous colored orator , who lives in the country close to Rochester , and American color prejudice is the demon which surrounds this house like a Chinese wall , beyond which only the most determined and ardent abolitionists dare to step . " 1859c . Eleven - year old daughter Annie Douglass dies . 1860 . Returns to the United States upon hearing of the death of his , Annie . Her death had the effect of curtailing Douglass ' European speaking tours . 1861 . Calls for the use of Black troops to fight the Confederacy through the establishment of Negro regiments in the Union Army . 1863a Congress authorized black enlistment in the Union army . The Massachusetts 54th Regimate was the first black unit to be formed , and the governor of the state asked Frederick Douglass to help in the recruitment . Douglass agreed and wrote an editorial that was published in the local newspapers . " Men of Color , to Arms , " he urged blacks to " end in a day the bondage of centuries " and to earn their equality and show their patriotism by fighting in the Union cause . His sons Lewis and Charles were among the first Rochester African Americans to enlist 1863b . Rosetta Douglass , daughter of Frederick , returns to Rochester with new husband Nathaniel Sprague . 1863c . Douglass visits President Lincoln , protests discrimination against black troops ; visits President Lincoln in White House to plead the case of the Negro soldiers discriminated against in the Union army ; receives assurance from Lincoln that problem will be given every consideration ; visits secretary of War Stanton and assured that he will receive a commission in Union Army to Recruit Negro soldiers in South . 1864 . Frederick Douglass served as an adviser to President Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War and fought for the adoption of constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights and other civil liberties for blacks . Douglass provided a powerful voice for human rights during this period of American history and is still revered today for his contributions against racial injustice . 1865 . Douglass speaks at memorial meeting on life and death of Lincoln called by Negroes of New York City after New York Common Council refused to permit Negroes to participate in the funeral procession when Lincoln ' s body passed through the city . Later Mrs . Lincoln sends him the martyred president ' s walking stick . 1866 . Attends convention of Equal Rights Association and clashes with women ' s rights leaders over their insistence that the vote not be extended to Black men unless it is given to all women at the same time . 1867 . Turns down President Andrew Johnson ' s offer to name him commissioner of the Freedmen ' s Bureau inasmuch as the National Black Leadership supported General Oliver O . Howard ' s continuation in the post . 1869 . Frederick ' s son Lewis marries Amelia Loguen , daughter of Bishop Jermain Loguen 1870 . Becomes owner and editor of The New National Era , a weekly newspaper in Washington . DC . 1871 . Appointed Assistant Secretary to the Conimission of Inquiry into the possible annexation of Santo Dorningo . 1872 . Douglass is nominated for vice - president by Equal Rights Party on a ticket headed by Victoria Woodhull . During the 1872 presidential election , and Frederick Douglass was given an unexpected honor . He was chosen as one of the two electors - at - large from New York , the men who carried the sealed envelope with the results of the state voting to the capital . After the election , Douglass expected that he would be given a position in the Ulysses S . Grant administration , but no post was offered , so he returned 1874 . Named president of Freedman ' s Savings and Trust Company . 1877 . Appointed US marshall of the District of Columbia . Douglass 188_ 1878 . Douglass purchases " Cedar Hill " a 9 - acre estate in the Anacostia section of Washington , DC . 1881 . Frederick Douglass is appointed Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia . He publishes a third autobiography : Life and Times of Frederick Douglass 1882a . Florence Sprague and Viola VanBuren where the first Black teachers in the Rochester School District . ( note : it appears not to be true that Florence is daughter of Rosetta Douglass Sprague , see 1863 1882b . Anna Douglass , died after a long illness . 1883 . Distinguished Men of New York 1884a . Resigns as Recorder of Deeds for the District of Columbia . 1884b . Frederick Douglass marries his secretary Helen Pitts , a white woman from Honeoye New York ( not 20 miles distant Honeoye Falls ) , who was nearly 20 years younger than he . Both families recoiled ; hers stopped speaking to her ; his was bruised for they felt his marriage was a repudiation of their mother . Hellen Pitts was a graduate of Mount Holyoke Seminary , and daughter of Gideon Pitts , Jr . , an abolitionist colleague and friend of Douglass ' . Gideon ' s home was a station on the Underground Railroad . . While living in Washington , D.C. before her marriage , Helen had worked on a radical feminist publication called the Alpha Helen is a direct descendent of John and Priscilla Alden and a cousin to Presidents John and John Q . Adams . As a result , the marriage of a Mayflower Daughter to a former slave was yet another source of outrage to those who opposed the inter - racial marriage with Douglass . It was Pitts ' race , and not her age upset both the black and the white communities . Douglass ' response was , My first wife was the color of my mother , my second is the color of my father Pitts , nevertheless , would prove to be most influential at establishing the Frederick Douglass home and maintaining the legacy of Douglass after his death . . Helen Pitts Douglass 1884c . Frederick Douglass ' lover of 26 years , Ottilie Assing commits suicide ( see 1856 above ) . 1886 . 1986 - 87 Frederick and Helen travel to England , France , Italy , Egypt and Greece in 1886 - 87 . 1888 . Appointed Consul General to Haiti by President Benjamin Harrison 1889 . Appointed Charge d ' Affaires for Santo Domingo as well as Minister Resident to Haiti . 1891 . Resigns as Minister to Haiti . 1892 . Below - President Benjamin Harrison attends ceremony at Kodak Park with Frederick Douglass , Mayor Hiram Edgerton and Civil War veterans . 1893 . Announces plans to establish Freedom Manufacturing Co . , a textile manufacturing firm , on a site near Norfolk , Virginia , where he hopes to employ 300 blacks . The scheme proves to be a sham by unscrupulous promoters using his name and prestige . 1895 . On February 20 , Frederick Douglass at Cedar Hill , Anacostia , after attending a women ' s rights meeting , was struck by a massive heart attack and died at the age of 77 . As news of Douglass ' s death spread throughout the country , crowds gathered at the Washington church where he lay in state to pay their respects . Black public schools closed for the day , and parents took their children for a last look at the famed leader . His wife and children accompanied his body back to Rochester , where he The Frederick Douglass Home . At the request of Helen Pitts Douglass , Congress chartered the Frederick Douglass Memorial and Historical Association , to whom Mrs . Douglass bequeathed the house . Joining with the National Association of Colored Women ' s Clubs , the association opened the house to visitors in 1916 . The property was added to the National Park system on September 5 , 1962 and was designated a National Historic Site in 1988 . The Frederick Douglass National Historic Site is located at 1411 W Street , SE in Washington , D . C . and it is opened to the 1896 . Rosetta Douglass Sprague was a founding member of the National Association of Colored Women . 1898 . The first monument to a black man , Frederick Douglass ( also see 1847 ) , was established in Rochester . 1910 . While serving as president of the Frederick Douglass Memorial Association , Mary Talbert was responsible for the restoration of the Frederick Douglass Home in Anacostia , Maryland . She also served as a delegate to the International Council of Women in Norway , and lectured internationally internationally on race relations and women ' s rights . For more on Talbert click Talbert Children of Frederick Douglass : Rosetta , Lewis Henry , Frederick , Jr . , Charles Resmond , Annie Mary Louise was the daughter of Charles Resmond Douglass . Her siblings were Charles Frederick , Joseph Henry , Annie Elizabeth , Julia Ada , Edward and Haley George . Mount Hope Cemetery Graves of Frederick Douglass and Helen Pitts Douglass in Rochester New York , Some references : Douglass , Frederick . Life and Times of Frederick Douglass : His Early Life as a Slave , His Escape From Bondage , and His Complete History Written by Himself . New York : Collier Books , 1962 . Douglass , Frederick . Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave , Written by Himself . Ed . Benjamin Quarles . Cambridge , Mass . : Harvard UP , 1960 . Douglass , Helen Pitts . In Memoriam : Frederick Douglass . Freeport , N.Y. : Books for Libraries Press , 1971 . Diedrich , Maria . Love across Color Lines : Ottilie Assing and Frederick Douglass Hill and Wang , 1999 , 480 pp . $ 35.00 , isbn 0 - 8090 - 1613 - 3 . ) Douglass , Frederick . T he Heroic Slave . ( published in Autographs for Freedom , edited Julia Griffiths [ Cleveland : John P . Jewett & Company , 1853 ] May 2003 letters from Jean Czerkas < JFCZERKAS @ msn . com > . Florence Sprague is not a child of Rosetta Douglass . Rosetta , her husband Nathan , three of their daughters and only son are interred in historic Mt . Hope Cemetery in Rochester , New York . There children are : Alice Louisa ; Annie Rosine ; Harriet Bailey ; Estelle Irene ; Fredericka Douglass ; Herbert Douglass ; Rosebelle Mary . Other sites : Frederick Douglass home Frederick Douglass Museum and Cultural Center back to African American History of Western New York 1770 - 1830 1831 - 1865 1866 - 1899 1900 - 1935 1935 - 1970 1971 - 2000 INTRODUCTION REFERENCES GLOSSARY Since 4 / 96 , visitors to the African American History of Western New York . CONTACT US
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http://math.hawaii.edu/~hile/math100/combb.htm
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2B Permutations ABC ACB BAC BCA CAB CBA Each one of the arrangements of the women is called a permutation ; altogether there are six possible permutations . But what if there were ten ladies ? Now the problem becomes more serious , as it would take forever to write down all the possibilities , and even if you tried you would never know whether you left any out . Thus it appears that we must devise a method of counting the permutations without actually writing them all down . The way to do this is to divide the procedure of lining up the women into steps , and then use the multiplication principle . Going back to the case of three ladies , we imagine that there are three slots where the ladies may stand : In arranging the ladies there are three corresponding steps ; we must fill the first slot , then the second slot , and then the third . We have three ways to place a lady in the first slot . After this first step is complete , there are then two ways of filling the second slot , as there are only two ladies left . Finally , after filling the first two slots , there is only one lady left , so there is just one way to fill the last slot . By the multiplication principle , the 3 ยท 2 ยท 1 = 6 . Of course the same technique works with ten ladies , except that we need ten slots and ten steps instead of three . The number of permutations of ten women is 10 ! = 10 ยท 9 ยท 8 ยท 7 ยท 6 ยท 5 ยท 4 ยท 3 ยท 2 ยท 1 = 3,628,800 . We use the shorthand notation 10 ! to refer to this long product . More generally , for any positive integer N the notation N ! designates the product N ! = N ยท ( N โ 1 ) ยท ( N โ 2 ) ยท โฆ ยท 3 ยท 2 ยท 1 . We read " N ! " as " N factorial " . Some other factorials are 1 ! = 1 2 ! = 2 ยท 1 = 2 3 ! = 3 ยท 2 ยท 1 = 6 4 ! = 4 ยท 3 ยท 2 ยท 1 = 24 5 ! = 5 ยท 4 ยท 3 ยท 2 ยท 1 = 120 6 ! = 6 ยท 5 ยท 4 ยท 3 ยท 2 ยท 1 = 720 . A permutation of a group of objects is a way of placing the objects in an order . Since obviously our method of ordering ladies should work just as well with general objects , we have the following rule : First Permutation Rule The number of possible permutations of N objects is N ! There are many other ways of ordering objects besides lining them up for a picture , as the ensuing examples will demonstrate . example 1 Six horses are entered in a race . In how many different orders can the horses complete the race ? There are six steps in ordering the horses . First we choose a first place winner , then a second place finisher , then third , fourth , fifth , and sixth . There are 6 choices for first , then 5 choices for second , 4 for third , etc . ; therefore , the number of possible permutations is 6 ! = 6 ยท 5 ยท 4 ยท 3 ยท 2 ยท 1 = 720 . example 2 A dance class has 5 men students and 5 women students . How many ways can the teacher form 5 couples to dance the waltz ? We divide the procedure of forming couples into 5 steps . First we number the women 1 through 5 . There are 5 ways of choosing a male partner for woman # 1 . Then for woman # 2 there are only 4 choices remaining , for woman # 3 only 3 choices , for woman # 4 there are 2 choices , and finally for woman # 5 there is but 1 choice . The number of ways the teacher can form 5 couples is 5 ! = 5 ยท 4 ยท 3 ยท 2 ยท 1 = 120 . example 3 A baseball team has 9 starting players . How many ways can the coach make out the batting order ? The coach may select the leadoff batter in 9 ways , then the second batter in 8 ways , the third batter in 7 ways , etc . , until the last batter can be chosen in only one way . The end result is 9 ! = 9 ยท 8 ยท 7 ยท 6 ยท 5 ยท 4 ยท 3 ยท 2 ยท 1 = 362,880 . example 4 Lori ' s dog gave birth to 4 puppies . As she has no space for more than one dog , she will give one puppy to each of her four cousins . In how many ways can she distribute the four puppies among her cousins ? The four steps are to give Fido to a cousin , in one of 4 ways , then Lassie to another cousin in one of 3 ways , then Rover to a cousin in one of 2 ways , and finally Spot to the last cousin . The number of possible permutations is 4 ! = 4 ยท 3 ยท 2 ยท 1 = 24 . example 5 Four acrobats will line up for a picture . Each acrobat has the option of standing on his / her feet or standing on his / her head . How many possible pictures are there ? This problem combines our permutation formula with the multiplication principle . We can divide the procedure of lining up and positioning the acrobats into five steps : Step 1 - line up the 4 acrobats : 4 ! = 24 ways Step 2 - position the first acrobat : 2 ways Step 3 - position the second acrobat : 2 ways Step 4 - position the third acrobat : 2 ways Step 5 - position the fourth acrobat : 2 ways Thus the number of possible pictures is the product 24 ยท 2 ยท 2 ยท 2 ยท 2 = 384 . If we wanted to go into more detail , we could divide step 1 into 4 smaller steps - by lining up the acrobats one at a time . However , as we already have a formula for the lining - up procedure , we may as well use it . Returning to the acrobats , let us now suppose that an acrobat troupe consists of 10 members , and that their publicist will choose 4 members of the troupe and line them up for a publicity picture ( standing normally - to keep it simple ) . How many possible pictures are there under these conditions ? This problem is slightly different from the preceding permutation problems , because now we do not order all the objects in the group but just a certain number of them . Nevertheless , the method of solving the problem is the same - we divide the procedure into steps and use the multiplication principle . We imagine four slots where the acrobats are to stand , and fill the slots one a time . The first slot can be filled in 10 ways , the second in 9 ways , and so on . The number of ways of lining up 4 of the 10 available acrobats is 10 9 8 7 = 5040 . The shorthand way of writing the product on the left is P ( 10 , 4 ) ; that is , P ( 10 , 4 ) = 10 ยท 9 ยท 8 ยท 7 = 5040 . We say that the number of permutations of 10 objects taken 4 at a time is P ( 10 , 4 ) . More generally , if N and M are positive integers and N โฅ M , then P ( N , M ) represents the number of ways of choosing M objects from N objects and placing them in an order ; the way to calculate this number is to multiply P ( N , M ) = N ยท ( N โ 1 ) ยท ( N โ 2 ) ยท โฆ ( continue for M factors ) . Here are examples : P ( 7 , 3 ) = 7 ยท 6 ยท 5 = 210 P ( 12 , 4 ) = 12 ยท 11 ยท 10 ยท 9 = 11,880 P ( 4 , 1 ) = 4 P ( 9 , 5 ) = 9 ยท 8 ยท 7 ยท 6 ยท 5 = 15,120 P ( 100 , 2 ) = 100 ยท 99 = 9,900 P ( 6 , 6 ) = 6 ยท 5 ยท 4 ยท 3 ยท 2 ยท 1 = 720 The last example , P ( 6 , 6 ) , illustrates what we already know - that the number of ways of choosing N objects from N objects and placing them in an order is P ( N , N ) = N ! The example P ( 4 , 1 ) = 4 illustrates the general formula for choosing one object from N objects , P ( N , 1 ) = N . In summary , our second rule for permutations is Second Permutation Rule The number of possible permutations of M objects chosen from N objects is P ( N , M ) . example 6 A football team has 5 players trying out for the quarterback position . How many ways can the coach select a starting quarterback and a backup quarterback ? Here we are choosing 2 objects from 5 objects , and then ordering the two objects - one as a starter and the second as a backup . There are 5 ways of choosing the starter and then 4 ways of choosing the backup ; thus the number of permutations is P ( 5 , 2 ) = 5 ยท 4 = 20 . example 7 In a race of 7 women , in how many ways can first , second , and third place ribbons be awarded ? From the 7 women there are 7 possible winners , and then 6 possible runner - ups , and finally 5 possible third place finishers . We are choosing 3 from 7 and placing them in an order ; the number of ways is P ( 7 , 3 ) = 7 ยท 6 ยท 5 = 210 . example 8 Janet has 6 business suits , and will travel to LA for a business convention the first 3 days of next week . How many ways can she choose suits for Monday , Tuesday , and Wednesday , ( a ) if she wears a different suit each day ? ( b ) if she is willing to wear the same suit repeatedly ? The first question is a permutation question , while the second is not . If she wears a different suit each day , then we must choose one suit for Monday , a different one for Tuesday , and still another for Wednesday . We have 6 choices for Monday , 5 for Tuesday , and 4 for Wednesday , so the number of permutations is P ( 6 , 3 ) = 6 ยท 5 ยท 4 = 120 . In the second question we may make the same choice each day , so for each day there are 6 choices . By the multiplication principle , the number of ways of making the three choices is 6 ยท 6 ยท 6 = 216 . example 9 A dance class has 7 men and 5 women . How many ways can the instructor form 5 couples to rehearse the tango ? This problem is a little tricky . The way to handle it is to choose a man for each woman . In step 1 we choose a man for Alice , in step 2 we choose a man for Betty , etc . , until all 5 women have a partner . For Alice there are 7 choices , then for Betty 6 choices , and so on , so that after 5 steps the number of permutations is P ( 7 , 5 ) = 7 ยท 6 ยท 5 ยท 4 ยท 3 = 2,520 . If we try it the other way around - that is , choose a woman for each man - then the method fails because not every man can be given a woman . Moreover , we can not just give a woman to 5 of the men , because then we are restricting the number of men to 5 and thereby changing the problem ; we will miss some possibilities for couples if we arbitrarily discard 2 men . example 10 Suppose 4 cars at once enter a parking lot with 6 empty parking places . In how many ways can the drivers choose parking spaces ? This problem is like the previous tango problem . We have to match cars with parking places . Since there are more parking places than cars , not every parking place will get a car ; but every car will have a parking place so we will assign the parking places to the cars . For the Chevy there are 6 choices , then for the Ford 5 choices , next for the Honda 4 choices , and finally for the Mazda 3 choices . The number of permutations is P ( 6 , 4 ) = 6 ยท 5 ยท 4 ยท 3 = 360 . EXERCISES 2B How many ways can 6 students line up at the cafeteria to order a hamburger ? How many ways can 4 math professors be assigned to teach 4 math classes , if each is to teach but one class ? Nine male actors are auditioning for parts in The Three Musketeers . How many ways can the director cast the parts of Aramis , Athos , and Porthos ? How many ways can the three musketeers line up for a picture , if each is given the choice of wearing or not wearing his hat ? each is given the choice of wearing or not wearing his hat , and also the choice of carrying or not carrying his sword ? Meg has 12 cookbooks . How many ways can she choose 6 of her books and line them up on a shelf above her kitchen counter ? Amy ' s cat had a litter of 5 male kittens and 3 female kittens . How many ways can Amy choose a female kitten and a male kitten to give to her niece ? 4 of the kittens and give one to each of her 4 cousins ? 2 male kittens and give one to each of her two sisters ? a male kitten for Larry , a female kitten for Moe , and a male kitten for Curly ? 3 male kittens and line them up for a picture ? 3 kitten couples to dance the cat - tango ? How many ways can a club with 20 members choose a President , Vice - President , Secretary , and Treasurer ? ( No one person can hold two positions . ) The mailman is bringing 4 letters to an apartment house with 7 mailboxes . How many ways can the mailman distribute the 4 letters among the 7 mailboxes if no mailbox receives more than one letter ? each mailbox can receive any number of letters ? Three cars have entered a parking lot with 11 empty parking spaces . Each car has an option of backing into its parking space or driving in forwards . How many ways can the 3 drivers select parking spaces ? parking spaces and parking positions ? A baseball pitcher has a fastball , a curve , a slider , a screwball , and a changeup . How many ways can he choose his next 3 pitches if he wants to mix up his pitches and not throw the same type of pitch twice ? he is willing to repeat himself ? The UH baseball team has 6 starting pitchers . How many ways can the coach choose 3 different starters for their 3 games with Arizona on Friday , Saturday , and Sunday ? Sylvia has 4 clean skirts and 5 clean blouses to wear to school this week . How many ways can she choose outfits for Monday , Wednesday , and Friday if she does not wish to wear the same skirt or blouse twice ? she is willing to repeat her attire ? she is willing to repeat her skirts but not her blouses ?
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T HIS PAGE DISCUSSES ONE POSSIBLE SOLUTION to the following exercise from this online Java textbook Exercise 51 In all versions of the PairOfDice class in the instance variables die1 and die2 are declared to be public They really should be private so that they are protected from being changed from outside the class Write another version of the PairOfDice class in which the instance variables die1 and die2 are private Your class will need methods that can be used to find out the values of die1 and die2 The idea is to protect their values from being changed from outside the class but still to allow the values to be read Include other improvements in the class if you can think of any Test your class with a short program that counts how many times a pair of dice is rolled before the total of the two dice is equal to two Discussion The versions of the PairOfDice class in Section 2 differ in how the dice are initialized I like the idea of initializing the dice to random values so I will work with the following version public class PairOfDice public int die1 Number showing on the first die public int die2 Number showing on the second die public PairOfDice Constructor Rolls the dice so that they initially show some random values roll Call the roll method to roll the dice public void roll Roll the dice by setting each of the dice to be a random number between 1 and 6 die1 intMathrandom6 1 die2 intMathrandom6 1 end class PairOfDice After a PairOfDice object has just been created the number on each die is definitely between 1 and 6 just like the number on a real die Can we be sure that this will always be true Not if the instance variables die1 and die2 are public since they can be changed from outside the class There is nothing to stop someone from changing them to 42 and 17 or anything else Its not good enough to say that youre not supposed to do that with dice I want an absolute guarantee that my dice objects can only have the values that real dice could have By making die1 and die2 private I can have that guarantee because the code that I write in the PairOfDice class is the only code that will ever affect the values of the variables So we will make die1 and die2 private and add instance methods getDie1 and getDie2 to return the values of die1 and die2 As for other improvements I can forsee that people who use my class will often be interested in the total on the dice so they will tend to say things like dicegetDie1 dicegetDie2 a lot If this is going to be done over and over why not provide a method in the class to do it So I will also add a method getTotal that returns the total value showing on the two dice The complete modified PairOfDice class is shown below Here is another improvement that I thought about We could modify the roll method so that in addition to rolling the dice it would also return an int value giving the total on the dice For example this would allow us to replace diceroll val dicegetTotal with val diceroll Since its legal to call a function with a subroutine call statement we could still say diceroll if we just want to roll the dice without recording the total immediately However I decided that it was a little clearer to leave this feature out The main program is easy especially since weve done the same problem before without using objects in Exercise 31 Note how the pair of dice object is used To test whether or not the total on the dice is 2 I use the test while dicegetTotal 2 To show the numbers on the two dice I use SystemoutprintlnThe dice come up dicegetDie1 and dicegetDie2 Remember that a function call such as dicegetDie1 represents a value so it can be used anyplace where a literal number or variable could be used There is no requirement that you assign the value returned by the function to a variable You can use it directly The complete main program is shown below The Solution The Modified PairOfDice Class An object of class PairOfDice represents a pair of dice where each die shows a number between 1 and 6 The dice can be rolled which randomizes the numbers showing on the dice public class PairOfDice private int die1 Number showing on the first die private int die2 Number showing on the second die public PairOfDice Constructor Rolls the dice so that they initially show some random values roll Call the roll method to roll the dice public void roll Roll the dice by setting each of the dice to be a random number between 1 and 6 die1 intMathrandom6 The Main Program Rolls a pair of dice until the dice come up snake eyes with a total value of 2 Counts and reports the number of rolls public class Main public static void mainString args PairOfDice dice A variable that will refer to the dice int rollCount Number of times the dice have been rolled dice new PairOfDice Create the PairOfDice object rollCount 0 Roll the dice until they come up snake eyes do diceroll SystemoutprintlnThe dice come up dicegetDie1 and dicegetDie2 rollCount while dicegetTotal 2 Report the number of rolls SystemoutprintlnnIt took rollCount rolls to get a 2 end class RollFor2
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[
"Solution"
] |
http://math.tutorcircle.com/geometry/how-to-convert-square-feet-to-linear-feet.html
|
Math Geometry Math Unit Conversions How to Convert Square Feet to Linear Feet How to Convert Square Feet to Linear Feet ? Foot ( plural feet ) is defined as a unit of length . Foot is defined in FPS ( foot pound second ) unit system and is equals to 0.3048 meters exactly in MKS ( meter kilogram second ) unit system . When unit feet is defined for area , it will be written Square feet ( or square foot ) . Here we will discuss how to convert square feet to linear feet ? Square feet ( singular square feet ) are defined as imperial of area . Square foot can also be defined as area of square with 1 ) First of all , find either length or width of area . It must be confirmed that area is measured in square feet . 2 ) For calculating length in linear feet , area must be divided by width . Thus area in ( feet ) 2 / width in feet = length in linear feet . 3 ) And to find width in linear feet , area will be divided by length . Thus area in ( feet ) 2 / length in feet = width in linear feet . For instance , if area is 300 square feet and width of the house is 30 linear feet then length in square feet will be 300 square feet / 30 feet = 10 linear feet . 100 cm Equals How Many Inches How To Calculate Metric Conversions From Large To Small In Weight
|
[
"Square Feet",
"Linear Feet",
"Conversions"
] |
http://math.tutorvista.com/algebra/system-of-linear-equations.html
|
Math Algebra 1 System of Linear Equations System of Linear Equations A system of equations is set of equations that deal with all together at once . It is simpler than non linear equations . The simplest system of linear equations is the one which has two equations and two variables . General form of Linear equations : a 1 x 1 + a 2 x 2 + โฆ โฆ + a n n = b a , a 2 โฆ a n are Coefficients and x , x 2 , . . . . , x are variables and b is the constant . System of Linear Equations Definition Back to Top A set of n equations with n unknown variable with linear degree ( one degree ) are called linear systems . A linear equation is an equation involving one or more variables in which only the operations of multiplication by real numbers and summing of terms are allowed . Several linear equations involving the same variables are considered together is making a system of linear equations . Patterns within Systems of Linear Equations Back to Top Consistent System of Linear Equations System of linear equation is consistent mean that the system has atleast one solution whereas inconsistent system means that system of linear equations has no solution . The system has exactly one solution . Systems have one and only one solution when the two lines have different slopes . If two lines have the different slopes then eventually at some point they must meet . After all lines are not parallel . The system has infinite solutions Systems have only infinite solutions when the lines are parallel and the lines have the same y - intercept . If our two lines have the same slope are and the same y - intercept , they are actually the same exact line . In other words , systems have the infinite solutions when the two lines are the same line ! As an example consider the following two lines Line 1 : y = x + 3 Line 2 : 2y = 2x + 6 These two lines are exactly the same line . If you multiply line 1 by two you get line 2 . System of Linear Equations with no Solution Systems have no solution when our lines are parallel and the lines have different y - intercepts . As an example look at the following two lines : Line 1 : y = 5x + 13 Line 2 : y = 5x + 12 Solving Systems of Linear Equations A system of linear inequalities is a system having two or more equations together . To solve the systems of linear equations means to find all of its solutions . Here , we can solve the system of linear inequalities with two variables . Let us discuss some system with different methods . Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Graphing Let us sketch graph for the system of equations : x + y = 2 and x - y = 4 Given : x + y = 2 and x - y = 4 Step 1 : Input / output table for both the equations . x + y = 2 or y = 2 - x x 0 1 y 2 1 0 and x - y = 4 or y = x - 4 x 4 y - 4 - 2 Step 2 : Graph of the given system : From the graph , it is clear that point of intersection is ( 3 , - 1 ) . So , the values of x and y are x = 3 and y = - 1 . Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Substitution Let us solve system of equations : x + y = 2 and x - y = 4 Given : x + y = 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( i ) and x - y = 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ii ) Substitution Method : Step 1 : Select equation ( i ) and solve for y . x + y = 2 y = 2 - x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( iii ) Step 2 : Substitute the value of y in equation ( i ) , we get x - ( 2 - x ) = 4 x - 2 + x = 4 2x = 6 or x = 3 Step 3 : Again , put the value of x in equation ( iii ) y = 2 - 3 = - 1 Therefore , the system of the solution is ( 3 , - 1 ) . Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Elimination Let us solve system of equations x + y = 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( i ) and x - y = 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( ii ) Elimination Method : Since sign of coefficient of y in both the equations is same . So , eliminate y by adding both the equations . Add ( i ) and ( ii ) x + y = 2 x - y = 4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2x = 6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - = > x = 3 Put x = 3 in equation ( i ) , we have 3 + y = 2 y = 2 - 3 = - 1 Therefore , the system of the solution is ( 3 , - 1 ) . Solving Systems of Linear Equations using Matrices x + y = 2 and x - y = 4 Cramer ' s Rule : D = | | = - 1 - 1 = - 2 D = 4 = - 2 - 4 = - 6 D = 4 = 4 - 2 = 2 Now , x = = 3 y = = = - 1 Systems of Linear Equations Word Problems Given below are some of the word problems that explains the applications of systems of linear equations . Solved Example Question : 6 melons and 2 orange cost is dollar 22 . The cost of 9 melons and 4 orange is dollar 35 . Find the cost of one melon and one orange . Solution : Let the cost of one melon is x and for one orange is y . According to the statement : 6x + 2y = 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 1 ) 9x + 4y = 35 โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ . . ( 2 ) Solve for x and y We multiply both sides of equation ( 1 ) by 2 and equation ( 2 ) by - 1 , we get 12x + 4y = 44 - 9x - 4y = - 35 3x = 9 ( adding the two equations ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Now divide by 3 on both the sides We get x = 3 We have added the two equations and we get x = 3 Now , we will plugin back x = 3 in equation ( 1 ) 6 ( 3 ) + 2y = 22 18 + 2y = 22 Take - 18 on both the sides 2y = 22 - 18 2y = 4 Now , divide by 2 on both the sides y = 2 Therefore , the cost of one melon is 3 dollar and for one orange is 2 dollar . System of Linear Equations Examples Given below are the examples on solving systems of linear equations : Solved Examples Question 1 : Solve 15x + 3y = 21 and 8x - 2y = 4 Solution : 15x + 3y = 21 โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ ( 1 ) 8x - 2y = 4 โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ . . . ( 2 ) We multiply both sides of equation ( 1 ) by 2 and equation ( 2 ) by 3 , we get 30x + 6y = 42 24x - 6y = 12 54x = 54 ( Adding the equations ) Now , divide by 54 on both the sides We get x = 1 We have added the two equations and we got x = 1 Now , we will plugin back x = 1 in equation ( 1 ) 15 ( 1 ) + 3y = 21 15 + 3y = 21 Take - 15 on both the sides 3y = 21 - 15 3y = 6 Now , divide by 3 on both the sides y = 2 Question 2 : Solve 5x + 4y = 12 and 4x - 4y = 6 5x + 4y = 12 โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ ( 1 ) 4x - 4y = 6 โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ โฆ . . ( 2 ) 9x = 18 Adding ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Now , divide by 9 on both the sides We get x = 2 We have added the two equations and we got x = 2 Now , we will plugin back x = 2 in equation ( 1 ) 5 ( 2 ) + 4y = 12 10 + 4y = 12 Take - 10 on both the sides 4y = 12 โ 10 4y = 2 Now , divide by 4 on both the sides y = = 0.5 Linear Equations Related Topics Math Help Online Online Math Tutor
|
[
"System of Linear Equations",
"infinite solutions",
"Substitution"
] |
http://math.tutorvista.com/algebra/triangular-matrix.html
|
Math Linear Algebra Matrix Theory Matrices Types of Matrices Triangular Matrix Triangular Matrix The arrangement of elements in rows and columns are called as matrix . If the number of rows and number of columns are same in a matrix , then it is called as square matrix . We say order of matrix is m x n , if it has m rows and n columns . If the elements above or below the diagonal of the matrix is zero , then it is called as triangular matrix . It is called so because the non zero elements will be in the form of a triangle . Triangular matrix must be a square matrix . Upper Triangular Matrix Back to Top Upper triangular matrix is also called as the upper diagonal matrix . If each and every element below the diagonal element is zero , then it is called as the upper diagonal or triangular matrix . Upper triangular matrix is conflict from the lower triangular matrix . Let us see upper diagonal matrix . Strictly Upper Triangular Matrix If each and every element of diagonal and below the diagonal is zero , then it is called as the strictly upper triangular matrix . A matrix A with i rows and j column , A = [ a ] is a strictly upper triangular matrix if a = 0 for i j . A strictly upper triangular matrix is of the form 0 0 I nverse of Upper Triangular Matrix A triangular matrix is invertible if and only if its diagonal entries are non zero . The inverse of an invertible upper triangular matrix is upper triangular . Below are the examples on upper diagonal matrix : Solved Examples Question 1 : A = 1 1 2 What type of matrix is this ? Solution : Given A = 2 In above matrix , each and every element below the diagonal element is zero . Then , it is called as the upper diagonal or triangular matrix . Question 2 : Derive the upper diagonal matrix for 3 Solution : Given 3 We want to derive the upper diagonal matrix ( If each and every element below the diagonal element is zero then it is called as the upper diagonal or triangular matrix ) We want to do 2 processes to get upper diagonal or triangular matrix Step 1 : Subtract row 1 from row 2 and write the answer in row 2 Step 2 : Subtract row 1 from row 3 and write the answer in row 3 In above matrix , each and every element below the diagonal element is zero . Then , it is called as the upper diagonal or triangular matrix . Lower Triangular Matrix Back to Top Lower diagonal matrix is also called as the lower triangular matrix . Here all the elements above diagonal of the matrix will be zero . The solving of lower triangular matrix is same as upper triangular matrix . If each and every element above the diagonal element is zero , then it is called as the lower diagonal or triangular matrix . Inverse of Lower Triangular Matrix A triangular matrix is invertible if and only if its diagonal entries are non zero . The inverse of an invertible lower triangular matrix is lower triangular . U nit Lower Triangular Matrix Unit triangular matrix where all the diagonal are one . A lower triangular matrix is unit lower triangular if it has ones on the diagonal and each and every element above the diagonal element is zero . Unit lower triangular matrix is of the form : A = Below are the examples on lower diagonal matrix : Solved Examples Question 1 : What type of matrix is this ? Here , all elements above the diagonal is zero so it is a lower triangular matrix . Question 2 : Find the Lower Triangular Matrix of the given matrix 4 5 4 5 We have to make all the elements above the diagonal matrix zero For that , we have to perform row operations If R , R and R are the 3 rows then to make the elements above diagonals zero we do the operation R 1 = 2R - R We get This is the corresponding lower triangular matrix . Determinant of Triangular Matrix A triangular matrix is a square matrix with all zero entries either below or above its main diagonal . The determinant of a triangular matrix is the product of the diagonal entries . Solved Example Question : Find the determinant of a triangular matrix 6 7 Let A = 6 7 Since determinant of a triangular matrix is the product of the diagonal entries . = > Det of ( A ) = 1 * 6 * 3 * 5 = 90 . Eigenvalues of Triangular Matrix Eigenvalues of triangular matrix are the entries on main diagonal . If A is an m x m triangular matrix , then its eigenvalues are the entries on its main diagonal . Solved Example Question : Find the eigenvalues of given matrix Let A = Now , det of ( I - A ) = | ฮป ฮป | = ( - 2 ) ( - 5 ) ( + 3 The eigenvalues are = 2 , = 5 and = - 3 . Symmetric Matrix Related Topics Math Help Online Online Math Tutor
|
[
"Triangular Matrix",
"Calculators"
] |
http://math.tutorvista.com/geometry/coplanar-lines.html
|
Math Geometry Lines Coplanar Lines Coplanar Lines Coplanar Lines are lines which lie on the same plane . Two parallel lines or two intersecting lines always lie in a plane . Thus , two line are coplanar , if and only if they are either parallel or intersecting . Lines in three dimensional space are coplanar , only if they are not skewed lines . Two lines which are neither parallel nor intersecting are called skewed lines . Two skew lines are always non coplanar . Three distinct points are always said to be coplanar . However , when a fourth point is added or more points are added in the space , they can exist in some other plane . Three vectors are coplanar , if one of them can be expressed as a linear combination of the other two . If are three non zero and non coplanar vectors and x , y , z are scalars then x + y + z = only if x = y = z = 0 The following figure will explain you the co - planar points in a plane . In the above figure , the points M , N , O , P are coplanar . Condition for Coplanarity of two lines : Let the equation of two given lines be = . . . . . ( 1 ) and = = . . . . . . ( 2 ) Direction of these lines are a 1 , b 1 , c and a 2 , b 2 , c . The lines ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) will be coplanar , if they are parallel or intersecting i.e , if either a : b : c = a : b : c or Hence , the given lines ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) are coplanar if , Examples of Coplanar Lines Back to Top Below are some examples based on coplanar lines Example 1 : For the following figure , pick the right statement / statements from the following : a ) The Points M , N , O , P , Q , R , S , T and U are coplanar . b ) The Points M , N , Q , and R are coplanar . c ) The Points U , O , and P are coplanar . d ) The Points Q , R , S , T , and U are coplanar . Choices : A . a and b only B . c only C . a only D . d only Correct Answer : D Explanation : Step 1 : A plane is defined as a flat surface , which extends in all directions . Step 2 : The Points M , N , O , P lie on the plane M and P , Q , R , S , T lie on the plane P . Therefore , the statement a ) is not true . Step 3 : The Points M , N , Q , and R lie on two dissimilar planes . Therefore , they are not coplanar . Therefore , the statement b ) is also not true . Step 4 : The Points U , O , and P lie on two dissimilar planes . Therefore , they are not coplanar . Therefore , the statement c ) is also not true Step 5 : The Points Q , R , S , T , and U lie on the same plane and therefore the points are coplanar . Therefore , the statement d ) is true . Example 2 : Check whether the following lines are co - planar or not . 3x + 5y + 6 = 0 and 3x + 5y + 10 = 0 Solution : The given equations are 3x + 5y + 6 = 0 and 3x + 5y + 10 = 0 The slope intercept form can be given as y = mx + b , where m indicates the slope . Comparing the above equation with the given equation , we get : 5y = - 3x - 6 Dividing by 5 on both sides , we get y = We get m = - - - - - - - - ( 1 ) The slope intercept form can be given as y = nx + b , where n indicates the slope . Comparing the above equation with the given equation , we get 5y = - 3x - 10 Dividing by 5 on both sides we get : y = = x - 2 We get n = - - - - - - - - - ( 2 ) Equation ( 1 ) = ( 2 ) , that is m = n That is the slopes of the two equations are equal ( that is the lines are parallel ) and therefore the two lines are co - planar . Coplanar Lines Practice Problems Back to Top Problem 1 : Show that the lines and are coplanar . Problem 2 : Check whether given lines = z are coplanar or not . Orthogonal Lines Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines Related Topics Math Help Online Online Math Tutor
|
[
"Coplanar Lines",
"parallel lines",
"skewed lines ."
] |
http://math.tutorvista.com/geometry/hexagon.html
|
Math Geometry Polygon Types of Polygon Hexagon Hexagon Geometry is a very useful branch of mathematics which deals with lines and shapes . It is concerned about the questions based on shapes and sizes of geometrical figures . Geometrical figures are defined as shapes that have predetermined names . Each geometrical shape shares few particular properties that are predefined in geometry . We often study about regular and irregular polygons in geometry . Polygon is a geometrical figure that is bounded by line segments . In order to be a polygon , a figure must have at least 3 sides and essentially no curves . A hexagon is called as a six - sided polygon . It has six sides and six vertices . It is named so because the word hexagon is made up of two Greek words Hexa and gonia . Hexa refers to six and gonia means angles . A hexagon has six sides and six angles . The image of a regular hexagon is shown below : A regular hexagon has all the sides equal as well as all the angles equal . While , an irregular hexagon does not possess this property . The sum of interior angles of the regular hexagon ( six sided polygon ) is 720 โ and for exterior angle is 360 โ . Here , you going to get knowledge about hexagons in detail . You will also learn different formulas related to hexagon and few sample problems based on those . Hexagon Definition Back to Top Hexagon is a six sided polygon . A hexagon has an even number of sides and even angles ( 6 angles ) . In a regular hexagon , opposite sides are parallel . Hexagon Shape : Hexagon Formula Back to Top To find the area , perimeter , incircle and diagonal of a hexagon use the below formulas : Let x be the side length of a regular hexagon . Then , Area = 3 โ 3 2 x 2 Perimeter = 6 x Incircle = โ x Diagonal = 2 x Hexagon Angles Here , we can learn about the interior and exterior angles of a hexagon . Hexagon Interior Angles : The sum of the measure of the interior angles of an n sided polygon equals ( n - 2 ) 180 degrees . For hexagon , number of sides , n = 6 Therefore , Interior angle = 180 ( 6 - 2 ) = 720 Thus , the sum of the measure of the interior angles of a hexagon is 720 o Exterior Angle of a Hexagon : We can find the exterior angle of the regular polygon using the following formula , Exterior Angle = 180 degree - interior angle . Hexagon Dimensions Let a hexagon with side length t , smallest width b , largest width B , inradius r and circumradius R . Hexagon Table : Hexagonal Dimensions Formulas t = R = B = r = b b = t = R = 2r = B B = 2t = 2R = b r = t R 4 Area of a Hexagon The total space inside the boundary of the hexagon is called as the area of a hexagon . Area of a Hexagon is measured in terms of square units . Hexagon Area Formula : Area of a six sided polygon is given as follows : Area of a Hexagon = 2.59807 t Where , t is the side length . โ Read More Perimeter of Hexagon Perimeter of a hexagon can be found by adding all the sides . A regular hexagon is a 6 sided polygon where each side is of equal length . If the length of the hexagon is x , then perimeter is P = 6 x where , P = Perimeter of a hexagon . Regular Hexagon A regular hexagon has six equal sides and six equal interior angles . As all sides of the regular hexagon are equal is equilateral hexagon and is made up of six equilateral triangles . A regular hexagon has all sides of the same measure , and each internal angle is 120 degrees . โ Read More Irregular Hexagon An irregular hexagon has six sides that may be different measure . The interior angles are not all congruent , some interior angles may be greater than 180 o , but the sum of all interior angles is 720 degrees . Equiangular Hexagon A 6 sided figure with all equal angles is equiangular hexagon . It contains six interior angles each is of 120 and their sum is 720 Hexagon Degrees : The formula to find an interior angle of an n - sided polygon is given by n n โ * 180 . For hexagon , n = 6 = > Each of its internal angle = 120 degrees Hexagon Diagonals A diagonal is a line segment that connects non - adjacent vertices in a polygon . The formula to find diagonals of an n - sided polygon is given by Number of diagonals = โ For hexagon , n = 6 = > Number of diagonals = 6 6 = 9 . Convex Hexagon A polygon has all angles less than 180 degrees or all the diagonals of a polygon lie within the interior of the polygon , the polygon is convex otherwise the polygon is concave . Hexagon sides = 6 Hexagon Tessellation A tessellation is a way to tile a floor with regular shapes or polygons so that there are no gaps or overlaps . Tessellations with congruent regular polygons is called regular tessellations . Let us see with the help of diagram how regular hexagon can easily tessellate . Regular Hexagon Tessellation : Hexagon Prism A prism having hexagonal bases is called a hexagonal prism . A hexagonal prism is a prism composed of 2 hexagonal bases and 6 rectangular faces . It is an octahedron with 8 faces , 18 edges , and 12 vertices . Volume of Hexagon : The volume of the hexagonal prism = 3 * apothem height * side of the base * height of the hexagonal prism . If ' a ' is the apothem height , ' b ' side of the base and ' h ' is the height of the prism , then Volume of hexagon prism = 3abh . Hexagon in Nature There are so many nature โ s creations are beautiful mathematical models . The regular hexagon is a 6 - sided geometric figure found in the environment . For example , hexagon is used in tessellation and in building a honeycomb . Examples of Hexagons Given below are some examples on hexagons . Solved Examples Question 1 : Find the area of the Hexagon whose side is 9 cm . Solution : Area of a Hexagon = 2.59807 a = 2.59807 * 9 = 2.59807 * 81 = 500.72742 cm Question 2 : Find the area of the Hexagon whose side is 12 cm . Solution : Area of a Hexagon = 2.59807 a = 2.59807 * 12 = 2.59807 * 144 = 374.12208cm Question 3 : Find the area of the Hexagon whose side is 14 cm . = 2.59807 * 14 2.59807 * 196 = 509.22172cm Hendecagon Pentagon More topics in Hexagon Regular Hexagon Area of a Hexagon Related Topics Math Help Online Online Math Tutor
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[
"Hexagon"
] |
http://math.tutorvista.com/geometry/scalene-triangle.html
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Math Geometry Triangle Types of Triangles Scalene Triangle Scalene Triangle In geometry , while studying about lines , shapes and angles , we come across different types of triangles . Triangle is a 2 dimensional shape bounded by three sides and has three interior angles in total . Triangle classifications : ( 1 ) On the basis of angles - a ) Acute - Angled Triangle : All the angles less than 90 โ b ) Obtuse - Angled Triangle : One angle greater than 90 โ c ) Right - Angled Triangle : One angle equal to ( 2 ) On the basis of sides - a ) Equilateral Triangle : All the sides of same length . b ) Isosceles Triangle : Two sides of same length . c ) Scalene Triangle : All the sides different lengths . Let us have a look on scalene triangle , is a very commonly used triangle in geometry . Scalene triangle is defined as a triangle with three unequal sides and three unequal angles . In the above figure , all the sides are of different lengths . The three angles are also of different measures . What is a Scalene Triangle Back to Top A triangle that has 3 unequal sides . If all the angles of any triangle are different , then the triangle is scalene , and all the sides are different measure . Pictures Properties Back to Top A scalene triangle has No congruent sides . No equal angles . No line of symmetry . Area The total space inside the boundary of the scalene triangle . Area is measured in terms of square unit . Formula : Area can be calculated by using the following formula , Area = 1 2 ร b ร h where , b is the base and h is height or Area = โ s s โ a โ c ( when all sides are given ) where , = a + + c 2 is the semi - perimeter of the triangle . Perimeter Perimeter defined as the total distance around the scalene triangle . Formulas : Perimeter = , where and are the sides of the triangle . Types Given below are special types : Acute Scalene Triangle In acute scalene triangles , the three angles are acute and the three sides are of different lengths . Obtuse Scalene Triangle One of the angles of triangle is obtuse angle and all the sides are of different measures . Right Scalene Triangle One of the angles is right angle and all the three sides are of different measures . Special Scalene Right Triangles All the three angles of measure ( 30 - 60 - 90 ) degrees . Scalene Triangle in Real Life Below are some real life images based on scalene triangle : Examples Given below are some of the example problems : Solved Examples Question 1 : p > If the sides of the triangle are 12 cm , 4 cm and 8 cm . Determine the area . Solution : Step 1 : The sides of the triangle are 12 cm , 4 cm and 8 cm . Step 2 : The formula to calculate the area is , Area = โ where , s = is the semi - perimeter of the triangle . Step 3 : Substitute the values in the formula . s = 12 4 8 s = 24 s = 12 Step 4 : Substitute the value of s in formula s ( s - a ) ( s - b ) ( s - c ) . = 12 ( 12 - 12 ) ( 12 - 4 ) ( 12 - 8 ) = 12 ( 0 ) ( 8 ) ( 4 ) = 12 ( 0 ) = 0 Step 5 : The area is 0 cm Question 2 : If the sides of the triangle are 14 cm , 6 cm and 12 cm , find the area and perimeter . Solution : Step 1 : The sides of the triangle are 14 cm , 6 cm and 12 cm . Step 2 : The formula to calculate the area is , Area = where , s = is the semi - perimeter of the triangle . Step 3 : Substitute the value in the above formula 14 6 12 = 32 s = 16 Step 4 : The value of s is 16 substitute in formula 16 16 14 6 10 4 80 = 1280 = 35.77 Step 5 : The area is 35.77 cm Step 6 : The formula for perimeter is ( P ) = a + b + c . Step 7 : Substitute the value in the formula Perimeter = 14 + 6 + 12 = 32 cm Step 8 : The perimeter is 32 cm . Isosceles Triangle Related Topics Math Help Online Online Math Tutor
|
[
"Scalene Triangle",
"geometry"
] |
http://math.ucla.edu/ugrad/diagnostic
|
Home Undergraduate About the Math Diagnostic Test ALEKS PPL Who should take the Math Diagnostic Test Students who do not have AP credit or other course credit for Math 1 Math 31A or Math 3A Students who are waiting for UCLA to receive their AP test scores or other course credit Students who have AP credit or other course credit for any of these courses but wish to repeat courses at UCLA please note that repeating the course means no grade or unit credit and a permanent transcript notation Each student who takes the diagnostic test through ALEKS PPL will be charged a 20 fee nonrefundable upon logging in which covers 12 months of access to the Prep and Learning Module Taking the diagnostic test does not grant additional credit or remove credit that is already awarded by UCLA Admission What is ALEKS PPL UCLA requires an ALEKS Placement Preparation and Learning ALEKS PPL Assessment to determine the mathematics course in which you will have the greatest success ALEKS PPL is a webbased program that uses artificial intelligence to map a students strengths and weaknesses The Placement Assessment is up to 30 questions and generally takes 6090 minutes to complete After the Placement Assessment an individualized Prep and Learning Module is available for students to refresh their knowledge on forgotten topics Students then have the opportunity to reassess and improve their placement ALEKS consists of three parts An Initial Placement Assessment The Prep and Learning Module an individualized selfpaced online review Access to 1 additional Placement Assessments UCLA encourages each student to spend time in the Prep and Learning Module even if the desired score is achieved because time spent in ALEKS will ultimately lead to better preparation and improved grades When do I take the ALEKS PPL assessment Students beginning classes in Winter 2019 may begin the assessment on October 19th 2018 to January 20th 2019 Students need to demonstrate readiness for their scheduled courses via ALEKS assessment prior to the start of classes If your enrollment pass is active you can selfenroll into the appropriate math class 24 hours after receiving your score How long will the assessment take The assessment will ask up to 30 questions You should plan to complete the assessment in one 23 hour sitting uninterrupted you CAN NOT pause or go in and out of the test When can I retake the test You must work in your Learning Module for at least five hours in between placement assessments Theres a 48 hour cooling off period after each placement assessment You can work in your Learning Module during this time but you canot start a new placement assessment until the cooling off period has ended About the Math Diagnostic Test ALEKS PPL Get Ready to Take the Diagnostic Test Take the Diagnostic Test Placement Results and Retakes AP Test Scores and Credit
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[
"ALEKS PPL",
"UCLA"
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http://math.wikia.com/wiki/Cardinal_number
|
in : Cardinal numbers Cardinal number Edit Share This article is about the mathematical concept . For number words indicating quantity ( " three " apples , " four " birds , etc . ) , see Cardinal number ( linguistics ) Aleph Null , the smallest infinite cardinal In mathematics cardinal numbers , or cardinals for short , are a generalization of the natural numbers used to measure the cardinality ( size ) of sets . The cardinality of a finite set is a natural number โ the number of elements in the set . The transfinite cardinal numbers describe the sizes of infinite sets . Cardinality is defined in terms of bijective functions . Two sets have the same cardinal number if and only if there is a bijection between them . In the case of finite sets , this agrees with the intuitive notion of size . In the case of infinite sets , the behavior is more complex . A fundamental theorem due to Georg Cantor shows that it is possible for infinite sets to have different cardinalities , and in particular the set of real numbers and the set of natural numbers do not have the same cardinal number . It is also possible for a proper subset of an infinite set to have the same cardinality as the original set , something that can not happen with proper subsets of finite sets . There is a transfinite sequence of cardinal numbers : $ 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , \ ldots , n , \ ldots ; \ aleph_0 , \ aleph_1 , \ aleph_2 , \ ldots , \ aleph_ { \ alpha } , \ ldots . \ $ This sequence starts with the , including zero , ( finite cardinals ) , which are followed by the aleph numbers ( infinite cardinals of well - ordered sets ) . The aleph numbers are indexed by ordinal numbers . Under the assumption of the axiom of choice , this transfinite sequence includes every cardinal number . If one rejects that axiom , the situation is more complicated , with additional infinite cardinals that are not alephs . Cardinality is studied for its own sake as part of set theory . It is also a tool used in branches of mathematics including combinatorics abstract algebra , and mathematical analysis Contents show History The notion of cardinality , as now understood , was formulated by Georg Cantor , the originator of set theory , in 1874 โ 1884 . Cantor first established cardinality as an instrument to compare finite sets ; e.g. the sets { 1 , 2 , 3 } and { 2 , 3 , 4 } are not equal , but have the same cardinality : three . Cantor identified the fact that one - to - one correspondence is the way to tell that two sets have the same size , called " cardinality " , in the case of finite sets . Using this one - to - one correspondence , he applied the concept to infinite sets ; e.g. the set of natural numbers N = { 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . } . He called these cardinal numbers transfinite cardinal numbers , and defined all sets having a one - to - one correspondence with N to be denumerable ( countably infinite ) sets Naming this cardinal number $ \ aleph_0 $ aleph - null , Cantor proved that any unbounded subset of has the same cardinality as , even if this might appear at first glance to run contrary to intuition . He also proved that the set of all ordered pairs of natural numbers is denumerable ( which implies that the set of all rational numbers is denumerable ) , and later proved that the set of all algebraic numbers is also denumerable . Each algebraic number z may be encoded as a finite sequence of integers which are the coefficients in the polynomial equation of which it is the solution , i.e. the ordered n - tuple $ ( a_0 , a_1 , . . . , a_n ) , \ ; a_i \ in \ mathbb { Z } , $ together with a pair of rationals $ ( b_0 , b_1 ) $ such that z is the unique root of the polynomial with coefficients $ ( a_0 , a_1 , . . . , a_n ) $ that lies in the interval $ ( b_0 , b_1 ) $ In his 1874 paper , Cantor proved that there exist higher - order cardinal numbers by showing that the set of real numbers has cardinality greater than that of . His original presentation used a complex argument with nested intervals , but in an 1891 paper he proved the same result using his ingenious but simple diagonal argument . This new cardinal number , called the cardinality of the continuum , was termed $ \ mathfrak { c } $ by Cantor . Cantor also developed a large portion of the general theory of cardinal numbers ; he proved that there is a smallest transfinite cardinal number ( $ \ aleph_0 $ , aleph - null ) and that for every cardinal number , there is a next - larger cardinal $ ( \ aleph_1 , \ aleph_2 , \ aleph_3 , \ cdots ) . \ $ His continuum hypothesis is the proposition that $ \ mathfrak { c } $ is the same as $ \ aleph_1 $ , but this has been found to be independent of the standard axioms of mathematical set theory ; it can neither be proved nor disproved under the standard assumptions . Motivation In informal use , a cardinal number is what is normally referred to as a counting number , provided that 0 is included : 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . . They may be identified with the beginning with 0 . The counting numbers are exactly what can be defined formally as the finite cardinal numbers . Infinite cardinals only occur in higher - level mathematics and logic . More formally , a non - zero number can be used for two purposes : to describe the size of a set , or to describe the position of an element in a sequence . For finite sets and sequences it is easy to see that these two notions coincide , since for every number describing a position in a sequence we can construct a set which has exactly the right size , e.g. 3 describes the position of ' c ' in the sequence < ' a ' , ' b ' , ' c ' , ' d infinite sets it is essential to distinguish between the two โ the two notions are in fact different for infinite sets . Considering the position aspect leads to ordinal numbers , while the size aspect is generalized by the cardinal numbers described here . The intuition behind the formal definition of cardinal is the construction of a notion of the relative size or " bigness " of a set without reference to the kind of members which it has . For finite sets this is easy ; one simply counts the number of elements a set has . In order to compare the sizes of larger sets , it is necessary to appeal to more subtle notions . A set Y is at least as big as , or greater than or equal to a set X if there is an injective ( one - to - one ) mapping from the elements of X to the elements of Y . A one - to - one mapping identifies each element of the set with a unique element of the set . This is most easily understood by an example ; suppose we have the sets = { 1 , 2 , 3 } and = { a , b , c , d } , then using this notion of size we would observe that there is a mapping : 1 โ a 2 โ b 3 โ c which is one - to - one , and hence conclude that has cardinality greater than or equal to . Note the element d has no element mapping to it , but this is permitted as we only require a one - to - one mapping , and not necessarily a one - to - one and onto mapping . The advantage of this notion is that it can be extended to infinite sets . We can then extend this to an equality - style relation . Two sets and are said to have the same cardinality if there exists a bijection between and . By the Schroeder - Bernstein theorem , this is equivalent to there being both a one - to - one mapping from to and a one - to - one mapping from to . We then write | | = | | . The cardinal number of itself is often defined as the least ordinal a with | a | = | | . This is called the von Neumann cardinal assignment ; for this definition to make sense , it must be proved that every set has the same cardinality as some ordinal ; this statement is the well - ordering principle . It is however possible to discuss the relative cardinality of sets without explicitly assigning names to objects . The classic example used is that of the infinite hotel paradox , also called Hilbert ' s paradox of the Grand Hotel . Suppose you are an innkeeper at a hotel with an infinite number of rooms . The hotel is full , and then a new guest arrives . It ' s possible to fit the extra guest in by asking the guest who was in room 1 to move to room 2 , the guest in room 2 to move to room 3 , and so on , leaving room 1 vacant . We can explicitly write a segment of this mapping : 1 โ 2 2 โ 3 3 โ 4 . . . n โ n+ 1 . . . In this way we can see that the set { 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . } has the same cardinality as the set { 2 , 3 , 4 , . . . } since a bijection between the first and the second has been shown . This motivates the definition of an infinite set being any set which has a proper subset of the same cardinality ; in this case { 2 , 3 , 4 , . . . } is a proper subset of { 1 , 2 , 3 , . . When considering these large objects , we might also want to see if the notion of counting order coincides with that of cardinal defined above for these infinite sets . It happens that it does n ' t ; by considering the above example we can see that if some object " one greater than infinity " exists , then it must have the same cardinality as the infinite set we started out with . It is possible to use a different formal notion for number , called ordinals , based on the ideas of counting and considering each number in turn , and we discover that the notions of cardinality and ordinality are divergent once we move out of the finite numbers . It can be proved that the cardinality of the real numbers is greater than that of the natural numbers just described . This can be visualized using Cantor ' s diagonal argument ; classic questions of cardinality ( for instance the continuum hypothesis ) are concerned with discovering whether there is some cardinal between some pair of other infinite cardinals . In more recent times mathematicians have been describing the properties of larger and larger cardinals . Since cardinality is such a common concept in mathematics , a variety of names are in use . Sameness of cardinality is sometimes referred to as equipotence equipollence , or equinumerosity . It is thus said that two sets with the same cardinality are , respectively , equipotent equipollent equinumerous Formal definition Formally , assuming the axiom of choice , the cardinality of a set is the least ordinal ฮฑ such that there is a bijection between and ฮฑ . This definition is known as the von Neumann cardinal assignment . If the axiom of choice is not assumed we need to do something different . The oldest definition of the cardinality of a set ( implicit in Cantor and explicit in Frege and Principia Mathematica ) is as the class [ X ] of all sets that are equinumerous with . This does not work in ZFC or other related systems of axiomatic set theory because if is non - empty , this collection is too large to be a set . In fact , for X โ โ
there is an injection from the universe into [ X ] by mapping a set m { m } ร X and so by limitation of size is a proper class . The definition does work however in type theory and in New Foundations and related systems . However , if we restrict from this class to those equinumerous with that have the least rank , then it will work ( this is a trick due to Dana Scott it works because the collection of objects with any given rank is a set ) . Formally , the order among cardinal numbers is defined as follows : | | โค | | means that there exists an injective function from . The Cantor โ Bernstein โ Schroeder theorem states that if | | โค | | and | | then | | . The is equivalent to the statement that given two sets , either | | or | | . A set is Dedekind - infinite if there exists a proper subset of with | | , and Dedekind - finite if such a subset does n ' t exist . The finite cardinals are just the , i.e. , a set is finite if and only if | n | = n for some natural number . Any other set is infinite . Assuming the axiom of choice , it can be proved that the Dedekind notions correspond to the standard ones . It can also be proved that the cardinal aleph null or aleph - 0 , where aleph is the first letter in the Hebrew alphabet , represented $ \ aleph $ ) of the set of natural numbers is the smallest infinite cardinal , i.e. that any infinite set has a subset of cardinality $ \ aleph_0 . $ The next larger cardinal is denoted by $ \ aleph_1 $ and so on . For every ordinal ฮฑ there is a cardinal number $ \ aleph_ { \ alpha } , $ and this list exhausts all infinite cardinal numbers . Cardinal arithmetic We can define arithmetic operations on cardinal numbers that generalize the ordinary operations for natural numbers . It can be shown that for finite cardinals these operations coincide with the usual operations for natural numbers . Furthermore , these operations share many properties with ordinary arithmetic . Successor cardinal Template : Details If the axiom of choice holds , every cardinal ฮบ has a successor ฮบ + > ฮบ , and there are no cardinals between ฮบ and its successor . For finite cardinals , the successor is simply ฮบ + 1 . For infinite cardinals , the successor cardinal differs from the successor ordinal Cardinal addition If are disjoint , addition is given by the union of . If the two sets are not already disjoint , then they can be replaced by disjoint sets of the same cardinality , e.g. , replace by ร { 0 } and by ร { 1 } . $ | X | + | Y | = | X \ cup Y | . $ Zero is an additive identity ฮบ + 0 = 0 + ฮบ = Addition is associative + ฮผ ) + ฮฝ = + ( ฮผ + ฮฝ ) . Addition is commutative Addition is non - decreasing in both arguments : $ ( \ kappa \ le \ mu ) \ rightarrow ( ( \ kappa + \ nu \ le \ mu + \ nu ) \ mbox { and } ( \ nu + \ kappa \ le \ nu + \ mu ) ) . $ Assuming the axiom of choice , addition of infinite cardinal numbers is easy . If either $ \ kappa $ or $ \ mu $ is infinite , then $ \ kappa + \ mu = \ max \ { \ kappa , \ mu \ } \ , . $ Subtraction Assuming the axiom of choice and , given an infinite cardinal ฯ and a cardinal , there exists a cardinal such that ฯ if and only if โค . It will be unique ( and equal to ) if and only if < Cardinal multiplication The product of cardinals comes from the cartesian product $ | X | \ cdot | Y | = | X \ times Y | $ ยท 0 = 0 ยท = 0 . = 0 $ \ rightarrow $ = 0 or = 0 ) . One is a multiplicative identity ยท 1 = 1 ยท Multiplication is associative ( ) ยท ยท ( ) . Multiplication is commutative Multiplication is non - decreasing in both arguments : โค $ \ rightarrow $ Multiplication distributes over addition : ยท ( ) = and ( ) ยท Assuming the axiom of choice , multiplication of infinite cardinal numbers is also easy . If either or is infinite and both are non - zero , then $ \ kappa \ cdot \ mu = \ max \ { \ kappa , \ mu \ } . $ Division Assuming the axiom of choice and , given an infinite cardinal ฯ and a non - zero cardinal , there exists a cardinal ฯ if and only if . It will be unique ( and equal to ) if and only if < Cardinal exponentiation Exponentiation is given by $ | X | { | Y | } = \ left | X Y \ right | $ where is the set of all functions from 0 = 1 ( in particular 0 0 = 1 ) , see empty function If 1 โค , then 0 = 0 . 1 = 1 . 1 = ( Exponentiation is non - decreasing in both arguments : ( 1 โค ) and Note that 2 | | is the cardinality of the power set of the set Cantor ' s diagonal argument shows that 2 | | > | | for any set . This proves that no largest cardinal exists ( because for any cardinal , we can always find a larger cardinal 2 ) . In fact , the class of cardinals is a proper class All the remaining propositions in this section assume the axiom of choice : If are both finite and greater than 1 , and is infinite , then is infinite and is finite and non - zero , then If 2 โค ฮบ and 1 โค ฮผ and at least one of them is infinite , then : Max ( ฮบ , 2 ) โค ฮบ โค Max ( 2 , 2 Using Kรถnig ' s theorem , one can prove ฮบ < ฮบ cf ( ฮบ ) and ฮบ < cf ( 2 ) for any infinite cardinal ฮบ , where cf ( ฮบ ) is the cofinality of ฮบ . Roots $ { \ kappa } $ and a finite cardinal $ { \ mu } $ greater than 0 , the cardinal $ { \ nu } $ satisfying $ { \ nu } { \ mu } = { \ kappa } $ will be $ { \ kappa } $ Logarithms $ \ kappa $ and a finite cardinal $ \ mu $ greater than 1 , there may or may not be a cardinal $ \ lambda $ satisfying $ { \ mu } { \ lambda } = { \ kappa } $ . But , if such a cardinal exists , it is infinite and less than and any finite cardinality $ \ nu $ greater than 1 will also satisfy $ { \ nu } { \ lambda } = { \ kappa } $ The logarithm of an infinite cardinal number ฮบ is defined as the least cardinal number ฮผ such that ฮบ โค 2 . Logarithms of infinite cardinals are useful in some fields of mathematics , for example in the study of cardinal invariants of topological spaces , though they lack some of the properties that logarithms of positive real numbers possess . The continuum hypothesis The ( CH ) states that there are no cardinals strictly between $ 2 { \ aleph_0 } . $ The latter cardinal number is also often denoted by ; it is the cardinality of the continuum ( the set of ) . In this case $ 2 { \ aleph_0 } = \ aleph_1 . $ The generalized continuum hypothesis ( GCH ) states that for every infinite set , there are no cardinals strictly between | | and 2 . The continuum hypothesis is independent of the usual axioms of set theory , the Zermelo - Fraenkel axioms together with the axiom of choice ( ZFC See also Template : Col - 1 - of - 3 Counting Names of numbers in English Large cardinal Inclusion - exclusion principle Template : Col - 2 - of - 3 Nominal number Ordinal number Regular cardinal Template : Col - 3 - of - 3 Mathematics portal The paradox of the greatest cardinal Aleph number Beth number Notes โ Deiser , Oliver ( May 2010 ) . " On the Development of the Notion of a Cardinal Number " . History and Philosophy of Logic 31 ( 2 ) : 123 โ 143 . doi 10.1080 / 01445340903545904 โ Enderton , Herbert . " Elements of Set Theory " , Academic Press Inc . , 1977 . ISBN 0122384407 Robert A . McCoy and Ibula Ntantu , Topological Properties of Spaces of Continuous Functions , Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1315 , Springer - Verlag Eduard Cech , Topological Spaces , revised by Zdenek Frolรญk and Miroslav Katetov , John Wiley & Sons , 1966 . D.A. Vladimirov , Boolean Algebras in Analysis , Mathematics and Its Applications , Kluwer Academic Publishers . References Template : Aut Infinity , Part IX , Chapter 2 , Volume 3 of The World of Mathematics . New York : Simon and Schuster , 1956 . Template : Aut Naive set theory . Princeton , NJ : D . Van Nostrand Company , 1960 . Reprinted by Springer - Verlag , New York , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 90092 - 6 ( Springer - Verlag edition ) . External links Weisstein , Eric W . , " Cardinal Number " from MathWorld Cardinality at ProvenMath proofs of the basic theorems on cardinality . Template : Number Systems This page uses content from Wikipedia . The original article was at Cardinal number The list of authors can be seen in the page history . As with the Math Wiki , the text of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons Licence Retrieved from " http : / / math . wikia . com / wiki / Cardinal_number ? oldid = 20793 Categories Cardinal numbers
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[
"Cardinal number",
"natural numbers",
"bijective functions"
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http://mathandmultimedia.com/2010/08/27/geogebra-tutorial-graphing-piecewise-functions/
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GeoGebra Tutorial 32 Graphing Piecewise Functions August 27 2010 Guillermo Bautista GeoGebra Software Tutorials 0 6 5 0 0 In this tutorial we are going to learn how to graph piecewise functions In our example we will graph the piecewise function The output of our tutorial is shown below GeoGebra has not yet developed a way to construct piecewise functions however its features is more than good enough for improvisation In the construction below we will use the function command to graph functions with specified domains We will create manually the two endpoints of the functions on 11 and 10 We will also use the vector tool to construct arrows Click the image to go to view the applet If you want to follow this tutorial stepbystep you can open the GeoGebra window in your browser by clicking here The output applet of this tutorial can be viewed here StepbyStep Instructions 1 Open GeoGebra In this tutorial we will not need the coordinate Axes so be sure that it is displayed If not from the menu bar click to display it in the GeoGebra window 2 In graphing a piecewise function we will use the function command of GeoGebra The syntax of the function command is function fab where f is the equation of the function a is the start xvalue and b is the end xvalue So to graph y 1 x with domain 1 type function1x 1 and the press the ENTER key The symbol can is located on the dropdown list box located to the immediate right of the input box 3 To graph the second function y x 2 from with domain 1 type functionx21 and then press the ENTER key Your drawing should look like Figure 1 Figure 1 4 Now using the New Point tool construct two points with coordinates 10 and 11 5 We will now change the color of the point at 10 to black and change the color of the point at 11 to white To do this right click the point and choose the Object Properties from the context menu 6 In the Object Properties window select the Color tab and choose the appropriate color Figure 2 7 Next we use the Vector between Two Points on the first graph to construct arrows on the graphs Figure 3 8 Next we hide the vector points To do this right click the points and choose Show Object from the context menu Your graph should look like the figure shown above 9 Next use the Move Graphics View to adjust the drawing pad such that the line and curve after the vector are not shown 10 Save your file by clicking FileSave on the menu bar GeoGebra graphing piece wise functions GeoGebra graphs GeoGebra move graphics view tool GeoGebra New Point tool GeoGebra vector between two points tool graphing piecewise functions Categories Announcements 48 Art and Math 10 Audio Video and Animation 47 Beauty of Math 13 Blog Carnival 74 Blog Tips 6 Blogging Tutorial 4 Blogs 6 Book Review 3 Calculus and Analysis 19 College Algebra 6 College Geometry 2 College Mathematics 68 Combinatorics 9 Compass and Ruler 2 Dbook 1 Desmos 1 Elementary School Geometry 8 Elementary School Mathematics 19 Elementary School Number Theory 4 1 Fun and Jokes 25 Funny Mathematics 15 Games and Puzzles 27 Gapminder 1 General Education 14 GeoGebra 132 Geometers Sketchpad 14 Geonext 2 Gnuplot 1 Google Sketchup 3 High School Algebra 93 High School Calculus 19 High School Geometry 67 High School Mathematics 431 High School Number Theory 33 High School Probability 8 High School Statistics 3 High School Trigonometry 5 History of Math 18 iPad App 18 iPad Tips 1 Latex Typesetting 10 Literature and Poetry 2 Math in Real Life 21 Math Lite 80 Math News 3 Math Palette 27 Math Photos 2 Math Software 13 Maxima 3 Microsoft Excel 1 Microsoft Mathematics 8 Microsoft PowerPoint 1 Miscellaneous 102 Number Theory 17 Off Topic 8 OpenOfficeorg 2 Pedagogy and Teaching 18 Post Summary 87 Probability and Statistics 7 Problem Solving and Proofs 26 Problems Sets 5 Question and Answer 4 Question From Readers 1 Questions and Quandaries 19 Resources and Freebies 98 Screencasts and Videos 1 Scribd 1 Set Theory 11 Software Tutorials 138 Teaching Tools 87 Top Posts 15 1 Web 20 Technology 95 Wingeom 2 Winmat 1 Wolfram Alpha 3 Wordpress 10
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[
"Graphing Piecewise Functions"
] |
http://mathandreadinghelp.org/6th_grade_math_terms.html
|
Math 6th Grade Math Terms and Definitions 6th Grade Math Terms and Definitions If your 6th grader is struggling in math , one reason may be that he or she does n ' t know the vocabulary terms that are being used in class . Keep reading to find out how you can help your child organize and review math terms . How to Help Your 6th Grader Learn New Math Terms There tends to be a shift in the focus of math curricula from 5th grade to 6th grade . In 6th grade , students are introduced to new concepts , including ratios , proportions and statistics . Similarly , they begin to learn algebraic expressions like solving for a variable and exponents . All of these topics come with new vocabulary terms , which may be confusing at first . Help your child keep track of these terms by teaching him how to create and maintain his own math dictionary . It will be most helpful if he starts the dictionary at the beginning of the year or at the beginning of a unit . The dictionary can be kept in the back of his math notebook to allow for easy access during class and at home when he ' s doing his homework . This exercise will help your child develop organizational skills . Be sure that he continues to add terms to the dictionary as new ones are introduced . In addition , this method can extend beyond math class . All subjects have content area vocabulary and keeping a dictionary is one way to keep all these terms straight . Make sure that your child rephrases the definition in his own words . Also , encourage your 6th grader to categorize the words by concept , rather than alphabetically like a typical dictionary . This organization will be helpful when studying for tests . 6th Grade Math Terms by Concept Number System Exponent The integer that shows you how many times to multiply the number by itself . For instance , 4 2 = 4 x 4 = 16 . Square root When you calculate the square root of a number , you ' re finding out what number can be squared ( multiplied by itself ) to equal another number . The square root of 36 is 6 because 6 2 = 36 . Ratio and Proportions Rate A rate often reveals the speed at which something can be done . An example is 60 miles an hour . This rate compares the distance to time . Ratio A relationship between two numbers that shows the relative size of both . For instance , if a recipe requires eight cups of sugar and two cups of flour , the ratio of sugar to flour is 8 : 2 , which can be reduced to 4 : 1 . Proportion An equation that compares two ratios . This concept is often used to solve for an unknown . For instance , if you ' re driving at 60 miles per hour for five hours , how many miles will you travel ? Solve this problem with a proportion : 60 / 1 = x / 5 . You ' ll travel 300 miles . Statistics Median The middle value in a list of numbers . Consider this list of numbers : 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 . Three is the median because it ' s in the middle . Mean The average of a list of numbers . To calculate mean , add all the values and divide by the total number of values . For the numbers 3 4 5 , the mean is four because 3 + 4 + 5 = 12 รท 3 = 4 . Did you find this useful ? If so , please let others know ! Tweet Other Articles You May Be Interested In Elementary Math Help : 5th and 6th Grade Mathematics classes get increasingly difficult towards the end of elementary school . Learn how to help your fifth and sixth grade students improve their math skills . MIND Games Lead to Math Gains Imagine a math teaching tool so effective that it need only be employed twice per week for less than an hour to result in huge proficiency gains . Impossible , you say ? Not so . . .and MIND Research Institute has the virtual penguin to prove it . We Found 7 Tutors You Might Be Interested In Huntington Learning What Huntington Learning offers : Online and in - center tutoring One on one tutoring Every Huntington tutor is certified and trained extensively on the most effective teaching methods In - Center and Online K12 What K12 offers : Online tutoring Has a strong and effective partnership with public and private schools AdvancED - accredited corporation meeting the highest standards of educational management Online Only Kaplan Kids What Kaplan Kids offers : Online tutoring Customized learning plans Real - Time Progress Reports track your child ' s progress Online Only Kumon What Kumon offers : In - center tutoring Individualized programs for your child Helps your child develop the skills and study habits needed to improve their academic performance In - Center and Online Sylvan Learning What Sylvan Learning offers : Online and in - center tutoring Sylvan tutors are certified teachers who provide personalized instruction Regular assessment and progress reports In - Home , In - Center and Online Tutor Doctor What Tutor Doctor offers : In - Home tutoring One on one attention by the tutor Develops personlized programs by working with your child ' s existing homework In - Home Only TutorVista What TutorVista offers : Student works one - on - one with a professional tutor Using the virtual whiteboard workspace to share problems , solutions and explanations Online Only
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[
"Grade Math",
"Number System"
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http://mathathome.org/LessonPlans/Horizontal/LessonPlanHorizontalWeb.php
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Horizontal , Vertical , Diagonal In this lesson , children will identify and sort pictures of objects with diagonal , horizontal and vertical orientations . Math Lesson for : Toddlers / Preschoolers ( See Step 5 : Adapt lesson for toddlers or preschoolers . ) Content Area : Geometry Measurement Learning Goals : This lesson will help toddlers and preschoolers meet the following educational standards Understand measurable attributes of objects and the units , systems and processes of measurement Apply appropriate techniques , tools and formulas to determine measurements Specify locations and describe spatial relationships using coordinate geometry and other representational systems Use visualization , spatial reasoning and geometric modeling to solve problems Learning Targets : After this lesson , toddlers and preschoolers should be more proficient at : Comparing and ordering objects according to attributes Describing and naming relative positioning in space ( above , below , in front of , behind , next to , before ) and distance ( near to , far , close ) Describing , naming and interpreting relative positions in space and applying ideas about relative position Finding and naming locations with simple relationships such as โ near to โ and in coordinate systems such as maps Developing common referents for measures to make comparisons and estimates Describing an object by its shape and location Horizontal , Vertical , Diagonal Lesson plan for toddlers / preschoolers Step 1 : Gather materials . Realistic pictures of diagonal , horizontal and vertical objects Poster board Markers Tape Index cards ( 4 ร 6 ) Glue stick Note : Small parts pose a choking hazard and are not appropriate for children age five or under . Be sure to choose lesson materials that meet safety requirements . Step 2 : Introduce activity . Before you begin the lesson , create the table below . Use markers to draw a chart and write the orientation terms on the poster board . Cut out the pictures of the arrows ( e.g. , diagonal , horizontal and vertical ) and glue each one onto an index card and place it under the appropriate heading . Horizontal Diagonal Vertical Explain to the children that they are going to learn new words . Point to the diagonal arrow and say : โ Our first word is diagonal . โ Using your photo cards , explain : โ Now I am going to show you some pictures of objects that are diagonal . โ Place one or two of the diagonal photo cards under the heading . Show the horizontal arrow and say : โ Our second word is horizontal . โ Using your photo cards , explain : โ Now I am going to show you some pictures of objects that are horizontal . โ Place one or two of the photo cards under the horizontal heading . Show the vertical arrow and : โ Our third word is vertical : โ Now I am going to show you some pictures of objects that are photo cards under the heading . Ask for volunteers to place the remaining cards in the proper categories . Hold up one of the cards for all of the children to see and ask : โ In which category do you think the picture should go ? โ After the volunteer places the photo card in a category , ask the volunteer why he / she placed the card in that category . By asking the children to explain their reasoning , you should be able to come up with definitions for each of the words . For example , if a child explains that they placed a picture of a rocket ship blasting off into the vertical category because the rocket ship is going up , then you can start to formulate a definition of using the word โ up . โ Tell the children to place the remaining cards as you write down definitions for each of the three words . Step 3 : Engage children in lesson activities . After the children have seen all of the photo cards , that they will now play a sorting game . Take all of the cards down from the chart and pass out a card to each child . Ask the children to look at their photo cards and decide if they show an object that is horizontal or Ask the children to choose the category / arrow that their photo card should go under and allow them to put their cards on the chart . Repeat until all of the photo cards have been sorted . Additional Extensions Use real objects instead of photo cards . Use the new vocabulary during transition times . While the children are lining up , you can : โ It โ s time to go outside . I need everyone to stand up straight and and then line up at the door . โ For nap time , you can : โ It is time for everyone to lie down horizontally on their rest mats . โ Step 4 : Math vocabulary . Horizontal Going side - to - side , like the horizon Vertical : In an up - down position , upright Diagonal : In a slanted direction Glossary of MATH vocabulary Step 5 : Adapt lesson for toddlers or preschoolers . Adapt Lesson for Toddlers Toddlers may : Have limited vocabulary and difficulty with word retrieval when looking at and sorting the cards Home child care providers may : Use just one directional word at a time ( Ask questions that include a directional word so that the children can answer โ yes โ or โ no โ to the questions . โ ) Adapt Lesson for Preschoolers Preschoolers may : Be ready to apply their knowledge beyond the chosen cards Home child care providers may : Use real objects instead of photo cards to show the meaning of and Use the new vocabulary during transition times ( Lining up , you can : โ It is time to go outside . I need everyone to stand up straight and and then line up at the door . โ For nap time , you can : โ It is time for everyone to lie down horizontally on their rest mats . โ ) Comment on this lesson Print this lesson Connect with families Comment on this lesson Share this lesson
|
[
"mathematician",
"every child",
"Geometry"
] |
http://mathbench.umd.edu/modules/misc_scaling/page09.htm
|
map | < | > home Graphing on a log scale What happens when you graph on a log scale ? Each increment of your axes increases by a factor of 10 ( also called an order of magnitude ) rather than by equal increments . What do we mean by this ? Let ' s think about it in terms of our mammal data . Our full data set lists the size and metabolic rate of 600 mammals that range in size from 2.5 grams ( a shrew ) to 325,000 grams ( a moose ) . If we graph that on a normal scale , we might start with 0 , then increase the scale in increments of 50,000 until we reach 350,000 ( that would capture our entire shrew to moose range ) . Our axis would look like this : What happens if we change to a log scale . This time , instead of equal increments of 50,000 , we are going to increase by an order of magnitude ( a factor of 10 ) for each step along the axis : Notice how this drastically changes where the actual numbers occur - in the normal graph , the majority of the scale is taken up by the range between 50,000 and 350,000 . In the log scale , these numbers occur in a very small section near the end . The log scale draws out the area where the smaller numbers occur . Look where the value " 100,000 " shows up along each scale : The above log - scaled axes still display the actual values of the weight . But log - scaled graphs are often portrayed with the values of the log labeled on the axis . For graphs with data displayed this way , just remember that each number represents the number of zeros after the " 1 " ( when positive ) or after the decimal point ( if negative ) . Also , notice that the label specifies that the values are the log of the weight ( rather than the weight itself ) . Displaying data in this way reminds us that the group of mammals we are considering spans six orders of magnitude in terms of their weight ! < | top > home Copyright University of Maryland , 2007 You may link to this site for educational purposes . Please do not copy without permission requests / questions / feedback email : mathbench @ umd . edu
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[
"log scale",
"Graphing",
"metabolic rate"
] |
http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.09.06/h/george2.html
|
George , A cubic yard is a yard cubed . So ( 1 yard ) 3 = 1 3 yard = 1 yard = 1 cubic yard . Since 1 yard = 3 feet , we have 1 cubic yard = ( 1 yard ) = ( 3 feet ) = 3 feet = 27 cubic feet . Simply put , when dealing with square or cubic units , you square or cube the appropriate conversion factor . Cheers , Stephen La Rocque .
|
[
"cubic yard",
"cubic feet",
"conversion factor"
] |
http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.09.06/h/san3.html
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Hi san , A relation from a set X to a set Y is called a function if each element of X is related to exactly one element in Y . That is , given an element x in X , there is only one element in Y that x is related to . For example , consider the following sets X and Y . I ' ll give you a relation between them that is not a function , and one that is . X = { 1 , 2 , 3 } Y = { a , b , c , d } Relation from X to Y ( i.e. , in XxY ) : { ( 1 , a ) , ( 2 , b ) , ( 2 , c ) , ( 3 , d ) } This relation is not a function from X to Y because the element 2 in X is related to two different elements , b and c . ( Note , if you transpose the ordered pairs you < i > would < / i > have a function from Y to X - can you see WHY ? ) Relation from X to Y that is a function : { ( 1 , d ) , ( 2 , d ) , ( 3 , a ) } This is a function since each element from X is related to only one element in Y . Note that it is okay for two different elements in X to be related to the same element in Y . It ' s still a function , it ' s just not a one - to - one function . Hope this helps , Haley
|
[
"function",
"relation"
] |
http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.09.06/s/aydee1.html
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Aydee we have two responses for you Hi Aydee If you start with the equation x 3 4x 2 7x 10 0 you can factor it and get x 1x 2x 5 0 and thus the roots are x 1 x 2 and x 5 To solve your problems you apply this process backwards Find a polynomial with roots 1 2 and 5 Start with the roots x 1 x 2 and x 5 and construct the polynomial x 1x 2x 5 0 You can then expand this expression if you wish and get x 3 4x 2 7x 10 0 Penny Aydee The roots of an equation are the values that make it equal zero If this is a regular polynomial then that means there are as many factors at least as there are roots So the equation is the product of three factors if there are three roots Each root corresponds to one of the factors equalling zero so you can deal with them individually Think of each of the roots as a separate function if you like fxgxhx 0 so fx 0 or gx 0 or hx 0 Since it doesnt matter which is which lets say f7 0 7 is one of the roots of your first equation What is the simplest value thing you can do to 7 to turn it into 0 Subtract 7 So fx x 7 See how if x 7 then fx 0 And this means f7g7h7 must be 0 as well Hence 7 is a root and one of the factors of the equation is x7 Hope this helps Stephen La Rocque
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[
"equation"
] |
http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.09.07/h/matthew1.html
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Matthew , I did a web search to attempt to determine the density of asphalt and on the SImetric site I found Asphalt , crushed 721 kilograms per cubic meter Concrete , asphalt 2243 kilograms per cubic meter One is three times as heavy as the other so the type of asphalt is extremely important . Once you know the density you can have Google do the calculations , even if the density is in metric units . I ' ll illustrate with the crushed asphalt density . Type 12 cubic yards in cubic meters into the Google search engine at it returns 12 ( cubic yards ) = 9.1746583 cubic meters . Multiply by the density ( 721 kg / m 3 to find the weight in kilograms ( 6614.929 kilograms ) . Finally type 6614.929 kilograms in tons into Google to get a response of 6 614.929 kilograms = 7.29171106 short tons I hope this helps , Penny
|
[
"SImetric site",
"asphalt",
"density"
] |
http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.09.07/h/melissa2.html
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TEXT SIZE HOME Question from Melissa Hello I am looking to find out how many different combinations there are in 12 sports games Lets say I have 12 baseball games total 24 teams and there can only be two results win or lose no ties How many combinations can there be for 12 games Thankyou very much Hi Melissa For each game there are two possible results the first team wins and the second loses or the first team loses and the second team wins Thus if there are only 2 teams and one game there are 2 possible outcomes If you add a second game then regardless of the outcome of the first game there are two possible outcomes for the second game Thus there are 2 2 2 2 4 possible outcomes if there are two games Now add a third game Again regardless of the outcome of the first two games there are two possible outcomes for the third game Thus there are 2 2 2 2 3 8 possible outcomes if there are three games This argument shows you how to determine the number of possibilities for any number of games Penny
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[
"Question"
] |
http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.09.07/h/odette1.html
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Hi Odette , Look at the answer I gave to Clarence Definition : A rectangle is a quadrilateral with all four angles right angles From this definition you can prove that the opposite sides are parallel and of the same lengths . A rectangle can be tall and thin , short and fat or all the sides can have the same length . Definition : A square is a quadrilateral with all four angles right angles and all four sides of the same length . So a square is a special kind of rectangle , it is one where all the sides have the same length . Thus every square is a rectangle because it is a quadrilateral with all four angles right angles However not every rectangle is a square , to be a square its sides must have the same length . Penny
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[
"rectangle",
"square"
] |
http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.09.09/h/shahrukh1.html
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I am always uncomfortable using percentages in your situation Why not just say that it takes onefourth the time That sounds pretty impressive to me But to answer your question compare your situation to running a race a onesecond improvement in the 100m dash is far more impressive than a 1second improvement in the 1500m run In the first case going from say 10 seconds to 9 seconds represents an improvement of 1 second in 10 or 10 In the second case going from 200 seconds to 199 seconds represents an improvement of 1 second in 200 or 5 The rule for using percents is that YOU MUST HAVE A PERCENT OF SOMETHING In my example it is a percentage of the former record Improvement for the dash 10 of 10 seconds 110 1 second Improvement for the run 5 of 200 seconds 005200 1 second Back to your example sorry but I agree with your client the improvement of 9 seconds is 75 of the former time of 12 seconds An improvement of 100 would mean that the new procedure is instantaneous You can not do better than 100 of some quantity Athletes no matter how determined can not give more than 100 of what they are capable of giving despite what they might say in interviews The trouble with your claim is that there is no number available to multiply by 3 to end up with 3 seconds Chris It is working 300 faster and the time is 75 shorter With comparisons like this it is always important to specify exactly what quantity is changing Note also that if you changed back it is the the speed that would reduce by 75 and the loading time that would increase by 300 Good Hunting RD
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[
"loading time",
"improvement"
] |
http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.09.12/h/meriem1.html
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Hi Merium , We have a number of responses for you . This is a ' typical ' question where the teacher is trying to extend the applications of Euler ' s formula , where we do not usually have the requirements of a connected planar graph ! I think I have posted some previous answers to this ( here and elsewhere ) . There is a context where it makes sense - building a closed cone with pieces of paper and tape . - there are two pieces of paper ( faces ) - there are two pieces of tape used ( 2 edges ) and - there are two places where the pieces of tape end ( vertices ) 2 - 2 + 2 = 2 . Walter According to wikipedia , a cone " is the solid figure formed by the locus of all straight line segments that join the apex to the base . " Thus it is a three dimensional object . If the base of the cone is a polygon with n edges then the cone is called a pyramid . Each edge on the perimeter of the base , when joined with the apex of the pyramid , will form a triangle which has 3 sides . For each edge of the base there is one such triangular face of the cone . Thus the edges of a pyramid are the n edges of the base plus n additional edges which join the vertices of the base to the apex . If the base of the cone is a smooth curve , e.g. a circle then we may want to re - think what the word " edge " means in this case since a simple straight line segment does not seem to fit . Think about a round table for example , we all know what it means for something to fall off the edge of the table . In this case the " edge " is simply the perimeter of the base , and the sides of the cone have no edges . Use these ideas to explore the notion of " edge " for a cone that has a base which has some curvy parts and some straight parts . What do you think ? Dr . L . Dame I suggest that you look a previous responses we have given to this and similar questions , In particular http : / / mathcentral . uregina . ca / QQ / database / QQ . 09 . 08 / h / deb1 . html http : / / mathcentral . uregina . ca / QQ / database / QQ . 09 . 06 / h / erica1 . html and http : / / mathcentral . uregina . ca / QQ / database / QQ . 09 . 06 / s / felicia1 . html Harley
|
[
"Meriem",
"three dimensional object",
"pyramid"
] |
http://mathematics.laerd.com/maths/trigonometry-sine-and-cosine-rules-intro.php
|
Trigonometry - Sine and Cosine Rule Introduction The solution for an oblique triangle can be done with the application of the Law of Sine and Law of Cosine , simply called the Sine and Cosine Rules . An oblique triangle , as we all know , is a triangle with no right angle . It is a triangle whose angles are all acute or a triangle with one obtuse angle . The two general forms of an oblique triangle are as shown : Sine Rule ( The Law of Sine ) The Sine Rule is used in the following cases : CASE 1 : Given two angles and one side ( AAS or ASA ) CASE 2 : Given two sides and a non - included angle ( SSA ) The Sine Rule states that the sides of a triangle are proportional to the sines of the opposite angles . In symbols , Case 2 : SSA or The Ambiguous Case In this case , there may be two triangles , one triangle , or no triangle with the given properties . For this reason , it is sometimes called the ambiguous case . Thus , we need to examine the possibility of no solution , one or two solutions . Cosine Rule ( The Law of Cosine ) The Cosine Rule is used in the following cases : 1 . Given two sides and an included angle ( SAS ) 2 . Given three sides ( SSS ) The Cosine Rule states that the square of the length of any side of a triangle equals the sum of the squares of the length of the other sides minus twice their product multiplied by the cosine of their included angle . In symbols : Go to the next page to start practicing what you have learnt .
|
[
"Trigonometry",
"Sine Rule",
"Cosine Rule"
] |
http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.divide.fractions.html
|
How do you divide fractions ? Say , 2 / 3 divided by 3 / 4 . Would n ' t it be nice if dividing fractions were as easy as dividing whole numbers ? Well , dividing fractions can be as easy as multiplying fractions , if we use this shortcut : . . .invert and multiply . Say you want to divide 2 / 3 by 3 / 4 , like this : 2 / 3 _____ 3 / 4 That looks complicated . Can we start by getting rid of the denominator fraction , so we only have to deal with the numerator fraction ? There ' s a way to do just that : if we multiply a fraction by its reciprocal , the result equals one . In this case , the reciprocal of 3 / 4 is 4 / 3 . If we multiply both the numerator and denominator by 4 / 3 , we get : 2 / 3 4 / 3 _____ * ____ 3 / 4 4 / 3 Why did we multiply by a fraction with 4 / 3 in both the numerator and denominator ? Because this fraction equals one , and when we multiply by one , we do n ' t change the values in the problem . Why should you be careful to multiply by a fraction equal to one ? Are you ready ? Let ' s multiply . 2 / 3 4 / 3 8 / 9 8 / 9 _____ * _____ = _______ = _____ = 8 / 9 3 / 4 4 / 3 12 / 12 1 Where does " invert and multiply " come from ? Well , since the denominator becomes 1 using our method , you wind up with just the numerator multiplied by the reciprocal of the denominator . If you understand this , you can make up a shortcut : invert the denominator fraction and multiply it by the numerator fraction . 2 / 3 2 4 8 _____ = _ * _ = _ 3 / 4 3 3 9 Danger : it ' s important to invert the denominator fraction ( what you ' re dividing by ) , because otherwise your answer will come out upside - down ! It ' s not that you ca n ' t divide fractions using division , it ' s just a whole lot easier using multiplication . Is there another way And see : Fractions , Decimals , Percents - Dr . Math FAQ Fraction Help - Teacher2Teacher FAQ From the Dr . Math archives : Elementary School Level : Fractions and Decimals Middle School Level : Fractions and Percents Fraction Basics Adding , Subtracting , Multiplying , Dividing Fractions Cross - Multiplication Dividing by a Fraction Dividing Fractions Dividing Fractions Explaining Dividing Fractions On the Web : Dividing Simple Fractions - S.O.S. Math Fractions - Harcourt How to Multiply and Divide Fractions - DAU Tutorial Modules
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[
"Dividing Fractions"
] |
http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.prob.world.html
|
Ask Dr Math FAQ Dr Math FAQ Classic Problems Formulas Search Dr Math Dr Math Home Probability in Our Lives A basic understanding of probability makes it possible to understand everything from batting averages to the weather report or your chances of being struck by lightning Probability is an important topic in mathematics because the probability of certain events happening or not happening can be important to us in the real world Weather forecasting Suppose you want to go on a picnic this afternoon and the weather report says that the chance of rain is 70 Do you ever wonder where that 70 came from Forecasts like these can be calculated by the people who work for the National Weather Service when they look at all other days in their historical database that have the same weather characteristics temperature pressure humidity etc and determine that on 70 of similar days in the past it rained As weve seen to find basic probability we divide the number of favorable outcomes by the total number of possible outcomes in our sample space If were looking for the chance it will rain this will be the number of days in our database that it rained divided by the total number of similar days in our database If our meteorologist has data for 100 days with similar weather conditions the sample space and therefore the denominator of our fraction and on 70 of these days it rained a favorable outcome the probability of rain on the next similar day is 70100 or 70 Since a 50 probability means that an event is as likely to occur as not 70 which is greater than 50 means that it is more likely to rain than not But what is the probability that it wont rain Remember that because the favorable outcomes represent all the possible ways that an event can occur the sum of the various probabilities must equal 1 or 100 so 100 70 30 and the probability that it wont rain is 30 Flipping coins If you want to know the probability of a coin landing heads heads is the favorable outcome There is only one way for a coin to land heads so the numerator of the probability fraction is 1 The sample space consists of the total number of ways that a coin can land Since a coin can only land either heads or tails 2 ways the sample space is made up of only two possible outcomes and the denominator of the probability fraction is 2 Thus the probability of a coin landing heads is 12 which is the same as saying that a coin lands heads 50 of the time What is the probability of the coin landing tails We can do the same analysis as for the coin landing heads finding a probability of 12 or knowing that if a coin doesnt land heads it has to land tails and understanding that the sum of the probabilities must equal 1 subtract the probability of a coin landing tails must be 1 12 12 In this case both probabilities a 12 chance of landing either heads or tails remain true no matter how many times you flip a coin each time the coin is equally likely to fall heads or tails Even if your coin has fallen heads 50 times in a row the chance that the next toss will fall tails is still 12 Batting averages Lets say your favorite baseball player is batting 300 What does this mean A batting average involves calculating the probability of a players getting a hit The sample space is the total number of atbats a player has had not including walks A hit is a favorable outcome Thus if in 10 atbats a player gets 3 hits his or her batting average is 310 or 30 For baseball stats we multiply all the percentages by 10 so a 30 probability translates to a 300 batting average This means that when a Major Leaguer with a batting average of 300 steps up to the plate he has only a 30 chance of getting a hit and since most batters hit below 300 you can see how hard it is to get a hit in the Major Leagues Are we likely to be struck by lightning In the United States an average of 80 people are killed by lightning each year Considering being killed by lightning to be our favorable outcome not such a favorable outcome the sample space contains the entire population of the United States about 250 million If we assume that all the people in our sample space are equally likely to be killed by lightning so people who never go outside have the same chance of being killed by lightning as those who stand by flagpoles in large open fields during thunderstorms the chance of being killed by lightning in the United States is equal to 80250 million or a probability of about 000032 Clearly you are much more likely to die in a car accident than by being struck by lightning Combinations and permutations the lottery What if you want to know the probability of winning the lottery Combination and permutation formulas are very useful for solving probability problems Imagine a lottery where you pick six numbers from 149 and for a winning number their order matters Here you must use the formula for permutations to figure out the size of the sample space which consists of the number of permutations of size k that can be taken from a set of n objects n n_P_k n k In our problem we want to find 49_P_6 which is equal to 49 49_P_6 10068347520 43 Since only one possible ordering of the six numbers can win the lottery there is only one favorable outcome The sample space however is quite large because it is equal to 49_P_6 which is roughly 10 billion This means that the probability of winning the lottery is about 1 in 10 billion If we define the lottery in a slightly different way the probability of winning greatly improves Suppose you still pick 6 numbers from 149 but this time order doesnt matter Now you can use the formula for combinations to figure out the sample space which consists of the number of combinations of size k that can be chosen from a set of n objects n n_C_k k n k In our problem we want to find 49_C_6 which is equal to 49 49_C_6 13983816 6 43 Since there is only one combination of six numbers that will win the lottery there is again only one favorable outcome so your chances of choosing the winning number are quite slim However the sample space has shrunk considerably by a factor of 1000 because 49_C_6 is only roughly 14 million The probability of winning this second lottery is 1 in 14 million What would happen if you bought 7 million tickets If you picked a different combination of six numbers for each of those 7 million tickets youd have 7 million of the possible winning combinations and the numerator of your probability fraction would therefore be 7 million Given the second lottery with a sample space of 14 million possible combinations the probability of winning the lottery is 7 million14 million a probability of 50 Thus you can see that the more tickets you buy the better your chances of winning the lottery However you need to buy lots and lots of tickets before the number of tickets you hold really makes a difference Even if you buy 100 tickets which might cost you 100 your chances of winning would still only be 10014 million not even close to a 1 chance Back to Introduction to Probability
|
[
"Weather forecasting",
"Flipping coins",
"baseball player"
] |
http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.why.math.html
|
Ask Dr . Math : FAQ Dr . Math FAQ | | Classic Problems | | Formulas Search Dr . Math Dr . Math Home Why do we need to learn math ? There are actually thousands of different jobs that require some knowledge of mathematics . Here are more than 30 firsthand accounts from Mathematicians at Work telling what some college math majors are doing , from an Air Traffic Control Systems Analyst and a Lawyer to a Data Capture Facility Troubleshooter on the Hubble space telescope . Exactly How Is Math Used In Technology ? , from the Mathematics Department of the British Columbia Institute of Technology , provides examples of math uses for biomedical engineering , food technology , building technology , chemical sciences , civil and structural engineering , graphics and computer - aided drawing ( CAD ) , electronics , environmental health , mechanical engineering , mining technology , nuclear medicine , occupational health , petroleum technology , prosthetics , forestry and wildlife , robotics , and surveying . Examining How Mathematics is Used in the Workplace , by Annie and John Selden for the Mathematical Association of America ' s Teaching and Learning Research Sampler , provides abstracts of studies on how much mathematics is used in various occupations : Mathematics in Automobile Production ; Proportional Reasoning by Nurses ; Modeling the Mathematics of Banking ; Mathematical Models as Seen by Biologists ; and How do Scientists Interpret Graphs ? From the Dr . Math Archives Why Is Math Important ? Math Used Every Day Math in Everyday Life Math in Everyday Life : Projects What ' s the Purpose of Algebra ? Jobs That Use Geometry Real - World Carpentry and Trigonometry Mathematics in the Applied Sciences Why do we need algebra ? Why Study Practical Geometry ? Math and the Law The Importance of Math Do We Really Need to Learn Math ? Where Are Derivatives Used in Real Life ? Why Do I Need to Study Math ? Why Do We Have to Study Math in School ? What is Geometry For ? From the Math Forum ' s Key Issues in Mathematics Why should students take mathematics courses ? Tom Davis , Principal Scientist , Silicon Graphics Inc . Lee Rainwater , Professor of Sociology ( retired ) , Harvard University Colin Adams , written for the undergraduates of Williams College From the emailbag . . . Dear Dr . Math , Why is math one of the most important subjects that we study in school ? - Thanks , Katie Hi Katie , Probably because it is used in so many other subjects . There are uses of mathematics in all the " hard " sciences , such as biology , chemistry , and physics ; the " soft " sciences , such as economics , psychology , and sociology ; engineering fields , such as civil , mechanical , and industrial engineering ; and technological fields such as computers , rockets , and communications . There are even uses in the arts , such as sculpture , drawing , and music . In addition , anything which uses a computer uses mathematics Furthermore , learning mathematics forces one to learn how to think very logically and to solve problems using that skill . It also teaches one to be precise in thoughts and words . Practice doing that is obviously very useful in many different areas of life . - Doctor Rob , The Math Forum Dear Dr . Math , In algebra we are dealing with rates of change . What is the point of using this ? What kind of jobs need algebra ? - Derek Dear Derek , Rate of change comes up a lot in physics . How fast is something moving ? The answer is the rate of change with respect to time of its distance from a reference point . If my variable rate mortgage goes up 1 percent , how will that affect my mortgage payment ? The answer is a rate of change . Many other similar situations could be quoted to you . Rate of change really is often found in practical , everyday problems . And any kind of technical job , from computer programmer to traffic engineer to tax accountant , involves some algebra - even carpentry sometimes uses it ! Many of these jobs pay well and are very enjoyable . - Doctor Rob , The Math Forum I ' ve asked people over and over again what science has to do with math . I think it has to do with measurement . - Thank you , Tawny . Hi , Tawny ! Great question . I love it when people really think about what is going on . Measurement is certainly a major contribution of math to the many areas of science . Not just length measurements , either , but also time , velocity , quanitity , volume , and even probability . Math helps scientists and engineers use measurements they have made on certain areas of their systems to calculate other measurements they have not made but want to know . In some cases the measurements that are desired could not be made any other way ; for instance , the speed of light was first calculated by bouncing light across a great distance and back Math is also used in science to prove formulas from the basic concepts of how our universe works ( we call these first principles ) . This is a very important part of it to me , as that is what I do . I take some basic principles about a problem I want to solve , design a math model that fits the description , and then try to prove some property I would like to use from the model . This type of scientific work is called theoretical , and the results from it are then used by Math has often been referred to as the language of science , as everything we do involves math , from the formulas we use to model the world , to the trials and measurements we use to test and apply our models . I hope this has helped to explain the connection . Math is critical to science , so if you are interested in becoming a scientist or engineer then I really encourage you to keep studying your math . Even if you are n ' t thinking of going into science or engineering , math is heavily used in business , economics , social studies , communication , etc . In reality math is the basic language of the world , for everyone uses math in most everything they do ( often without realizing it ) . Math can be a great friend to you in whatever you want to do , so keep up the good work . - Doctor Keith , The Math Forum When would you use Pythagorean Theorem in a real life job ? - Charlene Young , Hancock County Middle School Hi - There are lots of times you might need to know ! Heck , even if you do n ' t have a job and you sit around and watch TV all day , you need to know . For instance , if you ' re going to buy a TV you need to know it : let ' s say you ' re looking for the biggest TV that will fit on your TV table , which is 15 inches wide . But TV screens are n ' t measured by how wide they are , they ' re measured diagonal distance across the screen . Ding ! Pythagorean theorem ! Some examples of jobs that use the Pythagorean theorem every day are engineers ( bridges and buildings are essentially made of lots of triangles - it makes them strong ) , pilots and navigators ( to figure out distances and headings ) , football players ( " should I run straight up the field , or diagonally ? " ) , and musicians ( well , perhaps I ca n ' t think of a way musicians use it , but they do use other contributions that Pythagoras made to music - scales and tuning ) . - Doctor Ken , The Math Forum On the Web : Why Study Math . . . . - Sue Esch , Mathematics , Juniata College Because mathematics is intriguing . As Bertrand Russell put it , " Mathematics is the subject in which we do not know what we are talking about nor whether what we say is true . " So , perhaps , first and foremost , we should study it to find out what it is . We owe it to ourselves to at least know what mathematics is before we claim that it is n ' t really important in our daily lives or before we close off career opportunities which depend on it . Why Study Math ? - University of Montana What Can You Do with a Math Major ? Even if you do not choose a career in the mathematical sciences , studying as much mathematics as you can is a good way to keep your options open . Mathematics is an excellent foundation for , and is usually a prerequisite to , all areas of science and engineering . Students in such areas as anthropology , sociology and psychology , as well as law , business and medicine benefit from a solid background in mathematics and statistics . In addition , mathematical training will help you to better understand Why Study Mathematics & Statistics ? - Acadia University , Nova Scotia , Canada Here are just a few of the fields in which mathematics and statistics graduates have found employment : Insurance and insurance related business , where actuarial mathematics is the foundation of the entire industry ; computer systems and technology , education , government , banking , accounting , telecommunications , management consulting , environmental science , information systems , and operations research . Why did I study mathematics ? - Prof . Angelo Mingarelli [ Mathematics ] requires a special , almost new , way of thinking , thought patterns which are incongruous with our daily experiences . Would you be thinking about the proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus while you ' re shopping for groceries , or wonder whether or not Mercury will ever crash into the sun while whitewater rafting ? How about whether or not the sun will actually rise tomorrow morning while on a date ? Probably not . . . unless you ' re on your way to being , or are , a mathematician . . There are many other interesting questions to be asked . Why should the public support mathematics ? What do mathematicians do that is important ? The Math Forum has collected some answers - see " Key Questions for Mathematics . " How to study math Learning Strategies Database ( Center for Advancement of Learning , Muskingum College ) . Background information , purposes and advantages of various strategies , and descriptions of specific strategies for studying math . The site includes general tips and suggestions , strategies for information organization , and substitution and memory strategies . Success in Mathematics : from the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science at Saint Louis University . Tips on how to study mathematics , how to approach problem - solving , how to study for and take tests , and when and how to get help . From the Dr . Math Archives Help in Studying for Math Tips for Studying
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"mathematics"
] |
http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/formulas/faq.circle.html
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also see Defining Geometric Figures Circle All points on the circumference of a circle are equidistant from its center . Radius : r Diameter : d Circumference : C Area : K d = 2r C = 2 Pi r = Pi d K = Pi r 2 = Pi d 2 / 4 C = 2 sqrt ( Pi K ) K = C / 4 Pi = Cr / 2 To read about circles , visit The Geometry Center . Arc of a Circle A curved portion of a circle . Length : s Central angle : theta ( in radians ) , alpha ( in degrees ) s = r theta = r alpha Pi / 180 Segment of a Circle Either of the two regions into which a secant or a chord cuts a circle . ( However , the formulas below assume that the segment is no larger than a semi - circle . ) Chord length : c Height : h Distance from center of circle to chord ' s midpoint : d Central angle : theta ( in radians ) , alpha ( in degrees ) Area : K Arc length : s theta = 2 arccos ( d / r ) = 2 arctan ( c / ( 2d ) ) = 2 arcsin ( c / ( 2r ) ) h = r - d c = 2 sqrt ( r - d ) = 2r sin ( theta / 2 ) = 2d tan ( theta / 2 ) = 2 sqrt [ h ( 2r - h ) ] d = sqrt ( 4r - c ) / 2 = r cos ( theta / 2 ) = c cot ( theta / 2 ) / 2 K = r [ theta - sin ( theta ) ] / 2 = r arccos ( [ r - h ] / r ) - ( r - h ) sqrt ( 2rh - h = r arccos ( d / r ) - d sqrt ( r - d theta = s / r K = r [ s / r - sin ( s / r ) ] / 2 For much more about segments of circles , see The Arc , Chord , Radius , Height , Angle , Apothem , and Area . Sector of a Circle The pie - shaped piece of a circle ' cut out ' by two radii . Central angle : theta ( in radians ) , alpha ( in degrees ) Arc length : s theta / 2 = r alpha Pi / 360 theta = s / r K = rs / 2 Back to Contents
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[
"Circle Formulas",
"Arc",
"Segment"
] |
http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/54159.html
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Circular Motion Date 01272001 at 175827 From Kim Subject Trigonometry word problems involving speed and angular speed I have two questions I cant find any formula in my book to help me and I dont know where to begin 1 An electric hoist is being used to lift a piece of equipment The radius of the drum on the hoist is 10 inches and the equipment must be raised 1 foot Find the number of degrees through which the drum must rotate 2 A car is moving at a rate of 50 miles per hour and the radius of its wheels is Date 01282001 at 131656 From Doctor Roy Subject Re Trigonometry word problems involving speed and angular speed Hello Thanks for writing to Dr Math Lets recall some facts about circular motion for each of these problems 1 We must raise an object 1 ft The pulley drum has a radius of 10 in In other words we must move the rope along the pulley drum 1 ft 12 in We can find that the circumference of a circle is 2pir which is 20 pi in in this case So we rotate the pulley by 1220pi We know that a circle httpmathforumorgdrmath
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[
"Circular Motion"
] |
http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/54330.html
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Exponents on a Scientific Calculator Date 082197 at 171008 From David Brownfield Subject Using a scientific calculator This is my first year in Algebra I am trying to learn to use my new scientific calculator My problem is that I am not using the EXP key correctly I needed to input 8 to the 2nd and I pushed 8 and then the EXP key and then 2 and I kept getting 800 I KNOW 8 to the 2nd is not 800 What am I doing wrong httpmathforumorgdrmath
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[
"Scientific Calculator",
"Exponents"
] |
http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/55397.html
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Congruent Parts Congruent Triangles Congruent ( CPCTC ) Date : 11 / 28 / 2001 at 17 : 50 : 12 From : Brittany Subject : Congruent Parts Congruent Triangles Congruent Dear Dr . Math , I am a freshman and my teacher taught us CPCTC , but I do not understand when to use it , why we use it , and how it proves anything . Can you help ? Thanks , Brittany Date : 11 / 28 / 2001 at 23 : 21 : 45 From : Doctor Peterson Subject : Re : Congruent Parts Congruent Triangles Congruent Hi , Brittany . CPCTC is a complicated way to say something obvious : if two things are identical , then every part of them is identical too . For example , if I wrote you a letter and made a Xerox copy of it , then the first word on both copies would be the same . If I copied a photograph of myself , then the left ear on both copies would http : / / mathforum . org / dr . math /
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[
"Math",
"CPCTC )"
] |
http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/56111.html
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Committee of Six Date 10071999 at 134554 From Samantha Subject Groupingorder A club has 8 male and 8 female members The club is choosing a committee of 6 members The committee must have 3 male and 3 female members How many different committees can be chosen Can you give me a systematic method to approach questions like this I homeschool my kids and would really appreciate it Thanks Samantha Date 10071999 at 165514 From Doctor Peterson Subject Re Groupingorder Hi Samantha This problem involves what we call combinations which you can learn about in our FAQ httpmathforumorgdrmathfaqfaqcombpermhtml httpmathforumorgdrmath
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[
"Committee of Six"
] |
http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/58756.html
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Numbers and Numerals Date : 11 / 20 / 98 at 11 : 14 : 53 From : Will Crall Subject : Numbers and numerals Dear Dr . Math , What is the difference between numbers and numerals ? Will ( 6th Grade Student ) Date : 11 / 20 / 98 at 16 : 55 : 35 From : Doctor Peterson Subject : Re : Numbers and numerals Hi , Will . The difference is sort of like the difference between a person and his name . You are a person , and there is just one of you . But different people probably call you by different names . Your name is n ' t you , but it represents you . In the same way , a number is a thing that we talk about in math , such as " three http : / / mathforum . org / dr . math / Date : 01 / 29 / 2002 at 04 : 48 : 01 From : Am Subject : Numerals and numbers What is the exact difference between numerals and numbers ? Date : 01 / 29 / 2002 at 09 : 07 : 49 From : Doctor Peterson Subject : Re : Numerals and numbers Hi ! I did a little extra research to check up on my understanding here , and was a little surprised ! A number is an abstract concept ; a numeral is a way to express a number , usually in writing . For example , the number 5 can be thought of as the concept of " fiveness " which all sets of five objects have in common ; it can be expressed using numerals http : / / mathforum . org / dr . math / problems / moore9 . 6 . 97 . html The History of Numbers and Numerals http : / / mathforum . org / dr . math / problems / jacobs12 . 8 . 98 . html We all agree that a numeral is a representation of a number . - Doctor Peterson , The Math Forum http : / / mathforum . org / dr . math /
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[
"The Math Forum",
"Numbers",
"Numerals"
] |
http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/60969.html
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Defining Quartiles Date : 07 / 20 / 2002 at 16 : 37 : 30 From : Tom Subject : quartiles Dear Dr . Math : We have a project for statistics class where we have to collect a set of data , then find the mean , median , mode , range , upper quartile , lower quartile , interquartile range , and standard deviation . We also have to plot the data in a stem - and - leaf plot , dot plot , histogram , and box - and - whisker plot . I decided to collect data on Date : 07 / 20 / 2002 at 16 : 45 : 49 From : Doctor Twe Subject : Re : quartiles Hi Tom ! Thanks for writing to Dr . Math ! Quartiles are simple in concept but can be complicated in execution . The concept of quartiles is that you arrange the data in ascending order and divide it into four roughly equal parts . The upper quartile is the part containing the highest data values , the upper middle quartile is the part containing the next - highest data values , the lower quartile is the part http : / / exploringdata . cqu . edu . au / ticktack . htm Quartiles : How to calculate them ? ( This is a document in Microsoft Word format ) http : / / www - wl . itss . nerc . ac . uk / products / sas / doc / quartiles . doc I hope this helps ! If you have any more questions , write back ! - Doctor TWE , The Math Forum http : / / mathforum . org / dr . math / Date : 07 / 20 / 2002 at 16 : 51 : 50 From : Tom Subject : Thank you ( quartiles ) Thanks , Dr . Math ! That really helps clear things up ! Tom
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[
"Quartiles",
"ascending order",
"four roughly equal parts"
] |
http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/72241.html
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Modal Class of a Histogram with Unequal Class Widths Date 07122007 at 181311 From David Subject Modal Class of a Histogram with unequal class widths Why is the modal class of a histogram with unequal class widths the bar with the highest frequency density This gives a different answer when you look for the modal class from a frequency table I am confused because I have always been taught that the modal class is the one with the highest frequency from a histogram or frequency table httpmathforumorgdrmath Date 07132007 at 050526 From David Subject Modal Class of a Histogram with unequal class widths So if you use a frequency table that has unequal class widths to work out the mode you could get a different modal class to the one found by a histogram So with unequal class widths we could get different modal class depending on which method is used Date 07132007 at 105441 From Doctor Peterson Subject Re Modal Class of a Histogram with unequal class widths Hi David If you defined modal class as simply the class with the greatest frequency from the table then you can get different results than when you use the proper definition which like the histogram is based on frequency density rather than frequency itself This is why we do not define modal class that way Doctor Peterson The Math Forum httpmathforumorgdrmath Date 07132007 at 125743 From David Subject Thank you Modal Class of a Histogram with unequal class widths Thanks for your help I now understand that the definition for a modal class either from a Histogram or Frequency Table is the one which gives the greatest frequency density But why is the modal class the one with the highest frequency density I can see it for equal widths but do not quite see it for unequal class widths Regards David Date 07132007 at 230751 From Doctor Peterson Subject Re Modal Class of a Histogram with unequal class widths Hi David You seem to be asking the same question you started with so perhaps what I said was not convincing with regard to the modal class There is a reason for that this is really a matter of definition and there are two reasonable ways one could define modal class as an extension of the idea of mode First we can just take the modal class as the one with the greatest frequency and not worry about the ideas I showed httpmathforumorgdrmath Date 07142007 at 123044 From David Subject Thank you Modal Class of a Histogram with unequal class widths Thanks for your help I now understand and will be using the frequency density definition
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[
"Math Forum",
"Histogram"
] |
http://mathhelpforum.com/business-math/157861-united-states-banker-rule.html
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Forum University Math Help Forum Business Math United States Banker Rule Results 1 to 4 of 4 Thread : United States Banker Rule LinkBack Thread Tools Sep 29th 2010 , 01 : 51 PM # 1 BreedingtheSpawn Newbie Joined Aug 2010 Posts 7 United States Banker Rule A partial payment is made on the date ( s ) indicated . Use the United States Rule to determine the balance due on the note at the date of maturity . ( The Effective Date is the date the note was written . ) Assume the year is not a leap year . Partial 3500 Payment Date January 9 2793.69 2716.41 Any help on this problem would be appreciated , what I am getting confused on is the United States Banker Rule . Follow Math Help Forum on Facebook and Google+ Sep 30th 2010 , 03 : 55 AM # 2 emakarov MHF Contributor Joined Oct 2009 Posts 5,577 Thanks 790 It may happen that nobody in this forum knows what the United States Banker Rule is , so it is better to provide a definition . Also , you may get better responses in the Business Math forum Follow Math Help Forum on Facebook and Google+ Sep 30th 2010 , 04 : 33 AM # 3 BreedingtheSpawn Newbie Aug 2010 7 Originally Posted by emakarov It may happen that nobody in this forum knows what the United States Banker Rule is , so it is better to provide a definition . Also , you may get better responses in the Business Math forum Here is a definition of the US Rule : The US Rule determines interest paid on the loan after a partial payment is made before the due date of the loan . The partial payment pays the interest first for that given time and then a part of the principal . The interest for the remaining part of the loan is calculated on the new principal and the days since the partial payment . When applying the US Rule , the Banker ' s Rule is used to calculate the interest ( 360 days = 1 year and any fractional 10 : 35 AM # 4 MHF Contributor Oct 2009 5,577 Thanks 790 Disclaimer : my specialization is mathematical logic . ( All calculations done in OpenOffice Calc . ) Between the effective date and the partial payment date there are 238 date . Therefore , the interest on that date was 257.83 . The partial payment is greater that that interest , so the balance of the payment is applied to the principle . Therefore , the new principle is 2757.83 . Between the partial payment date and the maturity date there are 44 days , so the interest is 21.91 . So , the balance due is 21.91 . Similar Math Help Forum Discussions measure and states Posted in the Differential Geometry Forum Replies : 2 Last Post : Mar 4th 2011 , 06 : 55 AM Steady States Posted in the Advanced Algebra Forum Replies : 4 Last Post : Nov 18th 2010 , 03 : 18 PM Property that states ( x - x ) = 0 Posted in the Algebra Forum 1 Sep 8th 2009 , 01 : 00 PM Anagrammed U.S. Capitals and States Posted in the Math Puzzles Forum 4 Jul 29th 2009 , 12 : 49 PM Add a Letter - U.S. States Posted in the Math Puzzles Forum 6 Jun 22nd 2009 , 12 : 56 PM Search tags for this page bankers rule undefined us rule for interest us rule for pa4 banker rule banker ' s rule definition banker ' s rule in finding interest definition of u.s. rule i united states rule math untited states rule on prin partial payment is made united states rule banker ' s rule bankers rule definition a partial payment is made on the date indicated use the united states rule to determine the balance due when is united states banker rule due date Click on a term to search for related topics . Search Tags banker rule states united View Tag Cloud
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"United States Banker Rule"
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http://mathhelpforum.com/statistics/169829-two-statistics-questions.html
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Forum PreUniversity Math Help Forum Statistics Two Statistics Questions Results 1 to 6 of 6 Thread Two Statistics Questions LinkBack Thread Tools Jan 31st 2011 1242 PM 1 maggsmaggs Newbie Joined Jan 2011 Posts 3 Two Statistics Questions 1 A tire company has developed a new type of steelbelted radial tire Extensive testing indicates the population of mileages obtained by all tires of this new type is normally distributed with a mean of 40000 miles and a standard deviation of 4000 miles The company wishes to offer a guarantee providing a discount on a new set of tires if the original tires purchased qualify the guarantee mileage What should the guaranteed mileage be if the tire company desires that no more than 2 percent of the tires will fail to meet the guaranteed mileage Do you go to the left part of the curve to answer this question thus a negative zscore Or is the zscore positive If you do go to the left what Zscore should you use If you use the closest to 502 you use 205 but that corresponds to 4798 which would be surpassing that 2 limit Using 206 would thus seem to make more sense as a Zscore even though its further from the 48 than 205 That make sense Thanks in advance Follow Math Help Forum on Facebook and Google Jan 31st 2011 0109 PM 2 pickslides Master Of Puppets Joined Sep 2008 From Melbourne Posts 5237 Thanks 34 Hi there maggsmaggs I think you are trying to solve After some further calculations you should get Last edited by pickslides Jan 31st 2011 at 0109 PM Reason Bad Latex Follow Math Help Forum on Facebook and Google Jan 31st 2011 0121 PM 3 maggsmaggs Newbie Joined Jan 2011 Posts 3 So if you just using a simple zscore table with probabilities listed for every hundredth 201 202 203 etc should you use 206 or 205 Follow Math Help Forum on Facebook and Google Jan 31st 2011 0150 PM 4 pickslides Master Of Puppets Joined Sep 2008 From Melbourne Posts 5237 Thanks 34 205 rounded like in regular practice Follow Math Help Forum on Facebook and Google Jan 31st 2011 0200 PM 5 maggsmaggs Newbie Joined Jan 2011 Posts 3 But if you use 205 then you are inherently making the probability more than 2 ya know Does that make sense Like you have two posts above the actual zscore is between 205 and 206 Appreciate the help Follow Math Help Forum on Facebook and Google Jan 31st 2011 0251 PM 6 pickslides Master Of Puppets Joined Sep 2008 From Melbourne Posts 5237 Thanks 34 Originally Posted by maggsmaggs But if you use 205 then you are inherently making the probability more than 2 ya know Does that make sense Like you have two posts above the actual zscore is between 205 and 206 Appreciate the help I know what you are saying but the error is negligible ie 15 miles Follow Math Help Forum on Facebook and Google Similar Math Help Forum Discussions Please help with statistics questions Posted in the Advanced Statistics Forum Replies 1 Last Post Oct 10th 2010 0838 PM Statistics Questions Posted in the Statistics Forum Replies 1 Last Post Jun 29th 2009 0539 PM statistics questions Posted in the Statistics Forum Replies 2 Last Post May 20th 2008 1157 AM very last statistics questions Posted in the Advanced Statistics Forum Replies 1 Last Post Jan 8th 2008 0326 AM A few statistics questions Posted in the Advanced Statistics Forum Replies 13 Last Post Jun 6th 2007 1122 AM Search tags for this page a tire company has developed a new type of steelbelted radial tion of mileages obtained by all tires of this new typ Click on a term to search for related topics Search Tags questions statistics Contact Us Home Forum Cryptocurrency Forum Top
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"Statistics Questions"
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http://mathonline.wikidot.com/the-open-and-closed-sets-of-a-topological-space-examples-1
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The Open and Closed Sets of a Topological Space Examples 1 Fold Table of Contents The Open and Closed Sets of a Topological Space Examples 1 Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 The Open and Closed Sets of a Topological Space Examples 1 Recall from The Open and Closed Sets of a Topological Space page that if X tau is a topological space then a set A subseteq X is said to be open if A in tau and A is said to be closed if Ac in tau Furthermore if A is both open and closed then we say that A is clopen We will now look at some examples of identifying the open closed and clopen sets of a topological space X tau Example 1 Let X a b c d and consider the topology tau emptyset c a b c d a b c X What are the open closed and clopen sets of X with respect to this topology The open sets of X are those sets forming tau 1 beginalign quad mathrmopen sets of X emptyset c a b c d a b c X endalign The closed sets of X are the complements of all of the open sets 2 beginalign quad mathrmclosed sets of X emptyset a b d c d a b d X endalign The clopen sets of X are the sets that are both open and closed 3 beginalign quad mathrmclopen sets of X emptyset a b c d X endalign Example 2 Prove that if X is a set and every A subseteq X is clopen with respect to the topology tau then tau is the discrete topology on X Let X be a set and let every A subseteq X be clopen Then every A subseteq X is open ie every subset of X is open so tau mathcal PX Hence tau is the discrete topology on X Example 3 Consider the topological space mathbbZ tau where tau is the cofinite topology Determine whether the set of even integers is open closed andor clopen Determine whether the set mathbbZ setminus 1 2 3 is open closed andor clopen Determine whether the set 1 0 1 is open closed andor clopen Show that any nontrivial subset of mathbbZ is never clopen Recall that the cofinite topology tau is described by 4 beginalign quad tau U subseteq X U emptyset mathrmor Uc mathrmis finite endalign We first consider the set of even integers which we denote by E 2 0 2 We see that Ec is the set of odd integers ie Ec 3 1 1 3 which is an infinite set Therefore E not in tau so E is not open Furthermore we have that Ecc E is an infinite set and Ec not in tau so E is not closed either We now consider the set mathbbZ setminus 1 2 3 We have that mathbbZ setminus 1 2 3 c 1 2 3 which is a finite set Therefore mathbbZ setminus 1 2 3 in tau so mathbbZ setminus 1 2 3 is open Now consider the complement mathbbZ setminus 1 2 3 c 1 2 3 The complement of this set is 1 2 3 c mathbbZ setminus 1 2 3 which is an infinite set so 1 2 3 c not in tau Hence mathbbZ setminus 1 2 3 is not closed Lastly we consider the set 1 0 1 We have that 1 0 1 c mathbbZ setminus 1 0 1 which is an infinite set so 1 0 1 not in tau so 1 0 1 is not open Now consider the complement 1 0 1c mathbbZ setminus 1 0 1 The complement of this set is 1 0 1 is finite seo 1 0 1c in tau Hence 1 0 1 is closed Lastly let A subseteq mathbbZ be a nontrivial subset of mathbbZ ie A neq emptyset and A neq mathbbZ Suppose that A is clopen Then A is both open and closed Hence by definition A and Ac are both open Hence Ac and A are both finite But mathbbZ A cap Ac which implies that mathbbZ is a finite set which is preposterous since the set of integers is an infinite set Hence A can not be clopen
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"Topological Space"
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http://mathopenref.com/axis.html
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About these ADVERTISEMENTS Axis A line , used as a reference to determine position , symmetry and rotation . ( Plural : ' axes ' pronounced " AXE - ease " ) 1 . In coordinate geometry and trigonometry The coordinate plane is organized around two axes : the x - axis running horizontally , and the y - axis running vertically . The position of a point on the plane is described by two numbers that measure the distance from the point to these two reference lines . See Coordinates of a point 2 . Axis of symmetry This is a line about which a shape is symmetrical . That is , the shape on one side of the line is a mirror image of the shape on the other . The shape could be the graph of a function or a physical object . On the left below we can see that a parabola ( graph of y = ax 2 + bx + c ) has a vertical line of symmetry running through its vertex . On the right , a photo of a face has an axis of symmetry down the center . To explore the parabola further see Quadratic Explorer and check " axis of symmetry " . 3 . Axis of a solid The axis of a solid is an imaginary line passing through the solid , about which the object is symmetrical . For example the axis of a cylinder runs between the centers of end end ( base ) . A way to think about this is if you rotate the cylinder about the axis it would rotate smoothly , without any wobble . If you could not see any pattern on the surface you would have trouble seeing it was rotating at all . For more see Definition and properties of cylinder 4 . Axis of rotation A line about which a solid object rotates . The earth is a solid that rotates once per day around a line through the North and South pole . This is its axis of rotation and runs through the center of the earth . ( As it happens , the earth ' s rotational axis is not vertical . It leans over an angle of about 23.5 ยฐ , and it is this tilt that produces the four seasons . The animated image below shows the axis as vertical however . ) ( C ) 2011 Copyright Math Open Reference . All rights reserved
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[
"Axis of symmetry",
"Axis of a solid",
"Axis of rotation"
] |
http://mathopenref.com/coordpoint.html
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About these ADVERTISEMENTS Coordinates of a point from Latin : coordinare " to set in order , arrange " A pair of numbers defining the position of a point on a two - dimensional plane Try this Drag the point A . As you drag note the two numbers that define its position on the plane . Hide details Full screen Print RESET Options Pointers โ Coordinates โ Grid Close X The coordinates of a point are a pair of numbers that define its exact location on a two - dimensional plane . Recall that the coordinate plane has two axes at right angles to each other , called the x and y axis . The coordinates of a given point represent how far along each axis the point is located . Ordered Pair The coordinates are written as an " ordered pair " as shown below . The letter P is simply the name of the point and is used to distinguish it from others . The two numbers in parentheses are the x and y coordinate of the point . The first number ( x ) specifies how far along the x ( horizontal ) the point is . The second is the y coordinate and specifies how far up or down the y to go . It is called an ordered pair because the order of the two numbers matters - the first is always the x ( horizontal ) coordinate . The sign of the coordinate is important . A positive number means to go to the right ( x ) or up ( y ) . Negative numbers mean to go left ( x ) or down ( y ) . ( The figure at the top of the page has the values of the axes labelled with the appropriate sign ) . Abscissa The abscissa is another name for the x ( horizontal ) coordinate of a point . Pronounced " ab - SISS - ah " ( the ' c ; ' is silent ) . Not used very much . Most commonly , the term " x - coordinate " is used . Ordinate The ordinate is another name for the y ( vertical ) coordinate of a point . Pronounced " ORD - inet " . Not used very much . Most commonly , the term " y - coordinate " is used . Things to try In the figure at the top of the page , first press ' reset ' . If you prefer it , you can drag the origin into any corner to display just one quadrant . The point A is in the top right quadrant ( first quadrant ) . Note how both x and y coordinates are positive because the point is up and to the right of the origin . Drag the point into the top left quadrant ( second quadrant ) . Note now that the x - coordinate is negative because it is to the left of the origin , where x values are negative . Drag the point to the lower right quadrant ( fourth quadrant ) . The x - coordinate is positive again because it is to the right of the origin , but now the y coordinate is negative , due to it being below the origin . While you are here . . . . . I have a small favor to ask . Over the years we have used advertising to support the site so it can remain free for everyone . However , advertising revenue is falling and I have always hated the ads . So , would you go to Patreon and become a patron of the site ? When we reach the goal I will remove all advertising from the site . It only takes a minute and any amount would be greatly appreciated . Thank you for considering it ! โ John Page Become a patron of the site at patreon . com / mathopenref Other Coordinate Geometry topics Introduction to coordinate geometry The coordinate plane The origin of the plane Axis definition Coordinates of a point Distance between two points Introduction to Lines in Coordinate Geometry Line ( Coordinate Geometry ) Ray ( Coordinate Geometry ) Segment ( Coordinate Geometry ) Midpoint Theorem Distance from a point to a line - When line is horizontal or vertical - Using two line equations - Using trigonometry - Using a formula Intersecting lines Cirumscribed rectangle ( bounding box ) Area of a triangle ( formula method ) Area of a triangle ( box method ) Centroid of a triangle Incenter of a triangle Area of a polygon Algorithm to find the area of a polygon Area of a polygon ( calculator ) Rectangle Definition and properties , diagonals Area and perimeter Square Definition and properties , diagonals Area and perimeter Trapezoid Definition and properties , altitude , median Parallelogram Definition and properties , altitude , diagonals Print blank graph paper ( C ) 2011 Copyright Math Open Reference . All rights reserved
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[
"Coordinates",
"two-dimensional plane",
"Abscissa"
] |
http://mathscinotes.com/2016/03/converting-specific-humidity-to-relative-humidity/
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โ Nuclear Spent Fuel Annual Generation Rate Unfortunate Satellite Launch Problem Allows Test of Relativistic Time Dilation โ Converting Specific Humidity to Relative Humidity Posted on 26 - March - 2016 by mathscinotes Quote of the Day Keep away from people who try to belittle your ambitions . Small people always do that , but the really great people make you feel that you too , can become great . โ Mark Twain . As always , he said it just right . Introduction Figure 1 : Relative Humidity Vs Temperature For a Fix Specific Humidity ( 24 grams of Water Vapor / kg of Air ) . I often have to interpret odd test requirements . In a test specification based on GR - 487 , a humidity test is called out where we need to have a fixed specific humidity ( i.e. 24 grams of water vapor per per kilogram of air ) . For a given specific humidity , the relative humidity will vary with temperature . Since my test gear can control relative humidity , I need to derive a relationship between relative humidity and the specific humidity , which I show in Figure 1 . This was a quick Friday afternoon calculation . I was a bit surprised that I could not find a table that contained this information โ I pulled out Mathcad and solved the problem on my own . Here is my Mathcad work if you are interested . Background GR - 487 Test Requirement Here is an excerpt from GR - 487 that calls out the specific humidity requirement . At temperatures above 32 ยฐ F ( 90 ยฐ F ) , the relative humidity may be limited to that corresponding to a specific humidity of 0.024 kg of water per kg of dry air . During the period of descending temperatures โ i.e. 32 ยฐ C ( 90 ยฐ F ) to 4.4 ยฐ C ( 40 ยฐ F ) โ the relative humidity shall be 80 - 95 % . There is a small error in this statement . Strictly speaking , the requirement is specified in terms of kg of water vapor versus kg of dry air . Technically , this term is known as the mixing fraction , but it is very close in value to the specific humidity . Both terms are described below . Definitions mixing fraction ( symbol w ) AKA Humidity Ratio ( HR ) Ratio of the mass of water vapor to the mass of dry air . It is often expressed in terms of gram of water vapor per kg of dry air . Symbolically it is defined as , where m v is the mass of water vapor , and m d is the mass of dry air ( Source ) . Dew Temperature ( symbol tdew The dew temperature is the temperature at which dew forms and is a measure of atmospheric moisture . It is the temperature to which air must be cooled at constant pressure and water content to reach saturation ( Source ) . Relative Humidity ( symbol RH Relative humidity is the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at the same temperature . Relative humidity depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest ( Absolute Humidity ( symbol AH Absolute humidity is the total mass of water vapor present in a given volume of air . It does not take temperature into consideration . Absolute humidity in the atmosphere ranges from near zero to roughly 30 grams per cubic meter when the air is saturated at 30 ยฐ C ( Specific Humidity ( symbol SH Specific humidity is the ratio of water vapor mass ( v ) to the air parcel ' s total ( i.e. , including dry ) mass ( a ) and is sometimes referred to as the humidity ratio . Specific humidity is approximately equal to the " mixing ratio " , which is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapor in an air parcel to the mass of dry air for the same parcel . We can express the specific humidity as Analysis Relative Humidity Given Dew Point and Temperature Figure 2 shows how I computed the relative humidity given the air temperature and dew point . For references , see the documents in Appendix A or click on the links in Figure 2 ( brown color Figure 2 : Relative Humidity Versus Temperature and Dew Point . I perform a verification of this routine in Appendix B Calculation of Specific Humidity ( SH ) Given RH and Temperature ( T ) and Pressure ( P ) Figure 3 shows how I calculated the specific humidity given the air temperature and relative humidity given the model in this paper . Here is a numerical example that I used to check my result . Further checks are done in Appendix C Figure 3 : Specific Humidity Function . In Appendix D , I compare the the formula from Figure 3 to a standard psychrometric curve that relates the humidity ratio ( HR ) = SH / ( 1 - SH ) to relative humidity and temperature . The agreement is good . Calculation of RH Given T and SH In Figure 3 , I have a relationship between SH vs RH , T , and P . In Figure 1 , I need to invert this relationship to obtain RH vs SH , T , and P . I perform this inversion numerically ( i.e. root function ) in Figure 4 to generated Figure 1 . Figure 4 : Mathcad Code to Plot Figure 1 . Conclusion Our testing of an assembly was held up while we discussed the required RH required . I view this as another example of the endless number of unit conversions that I end up doing . Appendix A : Key Reference Material I am going to use Appendix A to store some useful reference material . The Use of Dew - Point Temperature in Humidity Calculations Humidity Conversion Calculations Good Lecture on the Topic NASA Technical Note on Humidity from Dew Point Appendix B : Reference Material For Checking Results Figure 5 shows a table of dew points that I found on the web . I will duplicate that table using my routine for computing relative humidity given temperature and dew point . Figure 5 : Reference of Dew points Values for Different Temperatures and Relative Humidities . Figure 6 shows the same type of table generated by my Mathcad routine . The agreement at high temperatures ( > 20 ยฐ C ) is excellent โ less so at low temperatures . Since my GR - 487 work is at high temperature , my results will be accurate . Figure 6 : My Dew Point Calculation Results . Figure 7 shows the Mathcad code that generated Figure 6 . Figure 7 : Mathcad code for Generating Reference Table . Figure 8 shows a simple comparison of a table of specific humidity values generated using my SH formula for 100 % humidity at various temperatures . A comparable formula from the web is also shown . Figure 8 : Second Table Used for Checking My Model . Figure 9 shows the Mathcad code that generated the results of Figure 8 . Figure 9 : Mathcad Code for Generating Specific Humidity Example . Appendix D : Psychrometric Curve vs Fig 3 Formula . Figure 10 shows a comparison between the formula shown in Figure 3 and a standard psychrometric chart Figure 10 : Psychrometric Chart vs Fig . 3 Formula . Rate this ( 5 Votes ) This entry was posted in General Science . Bookmark the permalink โ Nuclear Spent Fuel Annual Generation Rate Unfortunate Satellite Launch Problem Allows Test of Relativistic Time Dilation โ
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"Specific Humidity",
"Relative Humidity",
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http://mathworld.wolfram.com/BinomialCoefficient.html
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Wolfram Web Resources ยป 13,684 entries Last updated : Thu Apr 11 2019 Created , developed , and nurtured by Eric Weisstein at Wolfram Research Discrete Mathematics > Combinatorics > Binomial Coefficients > Recreational Mathematics Mathematical Art Mathematical Images > MathWorld Contributors Sondow Interactive Entries Interactive Demonstrations Binomial Coefficient The binomial coefficient is the number of ways of picking unordered outcomes from possibilities , also known as a combination or combinatorial number . The symbols and are used to denote a binomial coefficient , and are sometimes read as " choose . " therefore gives the number of k - subsets possible out of a set of distinct items . For example , The 2 - subsets of are the six pairs , and , so . The number of lattice paths from the origin to a point ) is the binomial coefficient ( Hilton and Pedersen 1991 ) . The value of the binomial coefficient for nonnegative and is given explicitly by ( 1 ) where denotes a factorial . Writing the factorial as a gamma function allows the binomial coefficient to be generalized to noninteger arguments ( including complex ) as ( 2 ) For nonnegative integer arguments , the gamma function reduces to factorials , leading to ( 3 ) which is Pascal ' s triangle . Using the symmetry formula ( 4 ) for integer and complex , this definition can be extended to negative integer arguments , making it continuous at all integer arguments as well as continuous for all complex arguments except for negative integer and noninteger , in which case it is infinite ( Kronenburg 2011 ) . This definition , given by ( 5 ) for negative integer and integer is in agreement with the binomial theorem , and with combinatorial identities with a few special exceptions ( Kronenburg 2011 ) . The binomial coefficient is implemented in the Wolfram Language as Binomial n k ] , which follows the above convention starting in Version 8 . Plotting the binomial coefficient ( 6 ) in the - plane ( Fowler 1996 ) gives the beautiful plot shown above , which has a very complicated graph for negative and is therefore difficult to render using standard plotting programs . For a positive integer , the binomial theorem gives ( 7 ) The finite difference analog of this identity is known as the Chu - Vandermonde identity . A similar formula holds for negative integers ( 8 ) There are a number of elegant binomial sums The binomial coefficients satisfy the identities ( 9 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) The product of binomial coefficients is given by ( 13 ) where is a hyperfactorial and is a As shown by Kummer in 1852 , if is the largest power of a prime that divides , where are nonnegative integers , then is the number of carries that occur when is added to in base ( Graham et al . 1989 , Exercise 5.36 , p . 245 ; Ribenboim 1989 ; Vardi 1991 , p . 68 ) . Kummer ' s result can also be stated in the form that the exponent of a prime dividing is given by the number of integers for which ( 14 ) denotes the fractional part of . This inequality may be reduced to the study of the exponential sums , where is the Mangoldt function . Estimates of these sums are given by Jutila ( 1973 , 1974 ) , but recent improvements have been made by Granville and Ramare ( 1996 ) . R . W . Gosper showed that ( 15 ) for all primes , and conjectured that it holds only for primes . This was disproved when Skiena ( 1990 ) found it also holds for the composite number . Vardi ( 1991 , p . 63 ) subsequently showed that is a solution whenever Wieferich prime and that if with is a solution , then so is . This allowed him to show that the only solutions for composite are 5907 , , and , where 1093 and 3511 are Wieferich primes Consider the binomial coefficients , the first few of which are 1 , 3 , 10 , 35 , 126 , . . . ( OEIS A001700 ) . The generating function is ( 16 ) These numbers are squarefree only for , 3 , 4 , 6 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 36 , . . . ( OEIS A046097 ) , with no others known . It turns out that is divisible by 4 unless belongs to a 2 - automatic set , which happens to be the set of numbers whose binary representations contain at most two 1s : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 16 , 17 , 18 , . . . ( OEIS A048645 ) . Similarly , is divisible by 9 unless belongs to a 3 - automatic set , consisting of numbers for which the representation of in ternary consists entirely of 0s and 2s ( except possibly for a pair of adjacent 1s ) . The initial elements of are 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 18 , 19 , 21 , 22 , 27 , . . . ( OEIS A051382 ) . If is squarefree , then must belong to . It is very probable that is finite , but no proof is known . Now , squares larger than 4 and 9 might also divide , but by eliminating these two alone , the only possible for are 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 18 , 33 , 34 , 36 , 40 , 64 , 66 , 192 , 256 , 264 , 272 , 513 , 514 , 516 , 576 768 , 1026 , 1056 , 2304 , 16392 , 65664 , 81920 , 532480 , and 545259520 . All of these but the last have been checked , establishing that there are no other such that is squarefree for Erdลs showed that the binomial coefficient with power of an integer for the single case ( Le Lionnais 1983 , p . 48 ) . Binomial coefficients are squares when triangular number , which occur for , 6 , 35 , 204 , 1189 , 6930 , . . . ( OEIS A001109 ) . These values of have the corresponding values , 9 , 50 , 289 , 1682 , 9801 , . . . ( OEIS A052436 ) . The binomial coefficients are called central binomial coefficients , where is the floor function , although the subset of coefficients is sometimes also given this name . Erdลs and Graham ( 1980 , p . 71 ) conjectured that the central binomial coefficient is never squarefree for , and this is sometimes known as the Erdลs squarefree conjecture Sรกrkลzy ' s theorem ( Sรกrkลzy 1985 ) provides a partial solution which states that the binomial coefficient is never for all sufficiently large ( Vardi 1991 ) . Granville and Ramare ( 1996 ) proved that the only values are and 4 . Sander ( 1992 ) subsequently showed that are also never for sufficiently large as long as is not " too big . " For distinct , then the function ( โ ) satisfies ( 17 ) ( Vardi 1991 , p . 66 ) . Most binomial coefficients have a prime factor , and Lacampagne et al . ( 1993 ) conjecture that this inequality is true for all , or more strongly that any such binomial coefficient has least prime factor or with the exceptions for which , 19 , 23 , 29 ( Guy 1994 , p . 84 ) . The binomial coefficient ( mod 2 ) can be computed using the XOR operation XOR , making Pascal ' s triangle mod 2 very easy to construct . Sondow ( 2005 ) and Sondow and Zudilin ( 2006 ) noted the inequality ( 18 ) for a positive integer a real number . SEE ALSO : Apรฉry Number Balanced Binomial Coefficient Ballot Problem Bernoulli Triangle Binomial Binomial Distribution Binomial Identity Binomial Sums Binomial Theorem Central Binomial Coefficient Choose Christmas Stocking Theorem Chu - Vandermonde Identity Combination Deficiency Erdลs Squarefree Conjecture Exceptional Binomial Coefficient Factorial Fibonomial Coefficient Gamma Function Good Binomial Coefficient - Subset Kings Problem Klee ' s Identity Lah Number Multichoose Multinomial Coefficient Pascal ' s Formula Permutation q - Binomial Coefficient Roman Coefficient Sรกrkลzy ' s Theorem Stanley ' s Identity Star of David Theorem Stolarsky - Harborth Constant Strehl Identities Szรฉkely Identity Wolstenholme ' s Theorem RELATED WOLFRAM SITES : http : / / functions . wolfram . com / GammaBetaErf / Binomial / REFERENCES : Abramowitz , M . and Stegun , I . A . ( Eds . ) . " Binomial Coefficients . " ยง 24.1.1 in Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas , Graphs , and Mathematical Tables , 9th printing . New York : Dover , pp . 10 and 822 - 823 , 1972 . Comtet , L . Advanced Combinatorics : The Art of Finite and Infinite Expansions , rev . enl . ed . Dordrecht , Netherlands : Reidel , 1974 . Conway , J . H . and Guy , R . K . In The Book of Numbers . New York : Springer - Verlag , pp . 66 - 74 , 1996 . Erdลs , P . ; Graham , R . L . ; Nathanson , M . B . ; and Jia , X . Old and New Problems and Results in Combinatorial Number Theory . New York : Springer - Verlag , 1998 . Erdลs , P . ; Lacampagne , C . B . ; and Selfridge , J . L . " Estimates of the Least Prime Factor of a Binomial Coefficient . " Math . Comput . 61 , 215 - 224 , 1993 . Feller , W . " Binomial Coefficients " and " Problems and Identities Involving Binomial Coefficients . " ยง 2.8 and 2.12 in An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications , Vol . 1 , 3rd ed . New York : Wiley , pp . 48 - 50 and 61 - 64 , 1968 . Fowler , D . " The Binomial Coefficient Function . " Amer . Math . Monthly 103 , 1 - 17 , 1996 . Graham , R . L . ; Knuth , D . E . ; and Patashnik , O . " Binomial Coefficients . " Ch . 5 in Concrete Mathematics : A Foundation for Computer Science . Reading , MA : Addison - Wesley , pp . 153 - 242 , 1989 . Granville , A . " Arithmetic Properties of Binomial Coefficients . I . Binomial Coefficients Modulo Prime Powers . " In Organic Mathematics . Proceedings of the Workshop Held in Burnaby , BC , December 12 - 14 , 1995 ( Ed . J . Borwein , P . Borwein , L . Jรถrgenson and R . Corless ) . Providence , RI : Amer . Math . Soc . , pp . 253 - 276 , 1997 . Granville , A . " Arithmetic Properties of Binomial Coefficients . " http : / / www . dms . umontreal . ca / ~ andrew / Binomial / Granville , A . and Ramarรฉ , O . " Explicit Bounds on Exponential Sums and the Scarcity of Squarefree Binomial Coefficients . " Mathematika 43 , 73 - 107 , 1996 . Guy , R . K . " Binomial Coefficients , " " Largest Divisor of a Binomial Coefficient , " and " Series Associated with the - Function . " ยง B31 , B33 , and F17 in Unsolved Problems in Number Theory , 2nd ed . New York : Springer - Verlag , pp . 84 - 85 , 87 - 89 , and 257 - 258 , 1994 . Harborth , H . " Number of Odd Binomial Coefficients . " Not . Amer . Math . Soc . 23 , 4 , 1976 . Hilton , P . and Pedersen , J . " Catalan Numbers , Their Generalization , and Their Uses . " Math . Intel . 13 , 64 - 75 , 1991 . Jutila , M . " On Numbers with a Large Prime Factor . " J . Indian Math . Soc . 37 , 43 - 53 , 1973 . Jutila , M . " On Numbers with a Large Prime Factor . II . " J . Indian Math . Soc . 38 , 125 - 130 , 1974 . Kronenburg , M . " The Binomial Coefficient for Negative Arguments . " 18 May 2011 . http : / / arxiv . org / abs / 1105.3689 / Le Lionnais , F . Les nombres remarquables . Paris : Hermann , 1983 . Ogilvy , C . S . " The Binomial Coefficients . " Amer . Math . Monthly 57 , 551 - 552 , 1950 . Press , W . H . ; Flannery , B . P . ; Teukolsky , S . A . ; and Vetterling , W . T . " Gamma Function , Beta Function , Factorials , Binomial Coefficients . " ยง 6.1 in Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN : The Art of Scientific Computing , 2nd ed . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press , pp . 206 - 209 , 1992 . Prudnikov , A . P . ; Marichev , O . I . ; and Brychkow , Yu . A . Formula 41 in Integrals and Series , Vol . 1 : Elementary Functions . Newark , NJ : Gordon & Breach , p . 611 , 1986 . Ribenboim , P . The New Book of Prime Number Records . New York : Springer - Verlag , pp . 23 - 24 , 1989 . Riordan , J . " Inverse Relations and Combinatorial Identities . " Amer . Math . Monthly 71 , 485 - 498 , 1964 . Sander , J . W . " On Prime Divisors of Binomial Coefficients . " Bull . London Math . Soc . 24 , 140 - 142 , 1992 . Sรกrkลzy , A . " On the Divisors of Binomial Coefficients , I . " J . Number Th . 20 , 70 - 80 , 1985 . Skiena , S . Implementing Discrete Mathematics : Combinatorics and Graph Theory with Mathematica . Reading , MA : Addison - Wesley , p . 262 , 1990 . Sloane , N . J . A . Sequences A001109 / M4217 , A001700 / M2848 , A046097 A048645 A051382 , and A052436 , in " The On - Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . " Sondow , J . " Problem 11132 . " 112 , 180 , 2005 . Sondow , J . and Zudilin , W . " Euler ' s Constant , - Logarithms , and Formulas of Ramanujan and Gosper . " Ramanujan J . 12 , 225 - 244 , 2006 . Spanier , J . and Oldham , K . B . " The Binomial Coefficients . " Ch . 6 in An Atlas of Functions . Washington , DC : Hemisphere , pp . 43 - 52 , 1987 . Sved , M . " Counting and Recounting . " Math . Intel . 5 , 21 - 26 , 1983 . Vardi , I . " Application to Binomial Coefficients , " " Binomial Coefficients , " " A Class of Solutions , " " Computing Binomial Coefficients , " and " Binomials Modulo an Integer . " ยง 2.2 , 4.1 , 4.2 , 4.3 , and 4.4 in Computational Recreations in Mathematica . Redwood City , CA : Addison - Wesley , pp . 25 - 28 and 63 - 71 , 1991 . Wolfram , S . " Geometry of Binomial Coefficients . " 91 , 566 - 571 , 1984 . Referenced on Wolfram | Alpha : Binomial Coefficient CITE THIS AS : Weisstein , Eric W . " Binomial Coefficient . " From MathWorld - - A Wolfram Web Resource . http : / / mathworld . wolfram . com / BinomialCoefficient . html Wolfram Web Resources Mathematica ยป The # 1 tool for creating Demonstrations and anything technical . Wolfram | Alpha ยป Explore anything with the first computational knowledge engine . Wolfram Demonstrations Project ยป Explore thousands of free applications across science , mathematics , engineering , technology , business , art , finance , social sciences , and more . Computerbasedmath . org ยป Join the initiative for modernizing math education . Online Integral Calculator ยป Solve integrals with Wolfram | Alpha . Step - by - step Solutions ยป Walk through homework problems step - by - step from beginning to end . Hints help you try the next step on your own . Wolfram Problem Generator ยป Unlimited random practice problems and answers with built - in Step - by - step solutions . Practice online or make a printable study sheet . Wolfram Education Portal ยป Collection of teaching and learning tools built by Wolfram education experts : dynamic textbook , lesson plans , widgets , interactive Demonstrations , and more . Wolfram Language ยป Knowledge - based programming for everyone .
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http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CantorDust.html
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Wolfram Web Resources ยป 13,685 entries Last updated : Wed Apr 17 2019 Created , developed , and nurtured by Eric Weisstein at Wolfram Research Applied Mathematics > Complex Systems > Fractals > Interactive Entries Interactive Demonstrations > Cantor Dust Cantor dust is a fractal that can be constructed using string rewriting beginning with a cell [ 0 ] and iterating the rules ( 1 ) The th iteration of Cantor dust is implemented in the Wolfram Language as CantorMesh n , 2 ] . Let be the number of black boxes , the length of a side of a box , and the fractional area of black boxes after the th iteration , then ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) The number of black squares after , 1 , 2 , . . . iterations is therefore 1 , 4 , 16 , 64 , 256 , 1024 , 4096 , 16384 , . . . ( OEIS A000302 ) . The capacity dimension is therefore ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) SEE ALSO : Box Fractal Cantor Set Cantor Square Fractal Haferman Carpet Sierpiลski Carpet Sierpiลski Sieve REFERENCES : Dickau , R . M . " Cantor Dust . " http : / / mathforum . org / advanced / robertd / cantor . html Mandelbrot , B . B . The Fractal Geometry of Nature . New York : W . H . Freeman , p . 80 , 1983 . Ott , E . Chaos in Dynamical Systems . New York : Cambridge University Press , pp . 103 - 104 , 1993 . Sloane , N . J . A . Sequences A000302 / M3518 and A100831 in " The On - Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . " Referenced on Wolfram | Alpha : Cantor Dust CITE THIS AS : Weisstein , Eric W . " Cantor Dust . " From MathWorld - - A Wolfram Web Resource . http : / / mathworld . wolfram . com / CantorDust . html Wolfram Web Resources Mathematica ยป The # 1 tool for creating Demonstrations and anything technical . Wolfram | Alpha ยป Explore anything with the first computational knowledge engine . Wolfram Demonstrations Project ยป Explore thousands of free applications across science , mathematics , engineering , technology , business , art , finance , social sciences , and more . Computerbasedmath . org ยป Join the initiative for modernizing math education . Online Integral Calculator ยป Solve integrals with Wolfram | Alpha . Step - by - step Solutions ยป Walk through homework problems step - by - step from beginning to end . Hints help you try the next step on your own . Wolfram Problem Generator ยป Unlimited random practice problems and answers with built - in Step - by - step solutions . Practice online or make a printable study sheet . Wolfram Education Portal ยป Collection of teaching and learning tools built by Wolfram education experts : dynamic textbook , lesson plans , widgets , interactive Demonstrations , and more . Wolfram Language ยป Knowledge - based programming for everyone .
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http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ConvexPolygon.html
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Wolfram Web Resources ยป 13,684 entries Last updated : Mon Apr 15 2019 Created , developed , and nurtured by Eric Weisstein at Wolfram Research Geometry > Plane Geometry > Polygons > Interactive Entries Interactive Demonstrations > Convex Polygon A planar polygon is convex if it contains all the line segments connecting any pair of its points . Thus , for example , a regular pentagon is convex ( left figure ) , while an indented pentagon is not ( right figure ) . A planar polygon that is not convex is said to be a concave polygon Let a simple polygon have vertices for , 2 , . . . , , and define the edge vectors as ( 1 ) where is understood to be equivalent to . Then the polygon is convex iff all turns from one edge vector to the next have the same sense . Therefore , a simple polygon is convex iff ( 2 ) has the same sign for all , where denotes the perp dot product ( Hill 1994 ) . However , a more efficient test that does n ' t require a priori knowledge that the polygon is simple is known ( Moret and Shapiro 1991 ) . The happy end problem considers convex - gons and the minimal number of points ( in the general position ) in which a convex - gon can always be found . The answers for , 4 , 5 , and 6 are 3 , 5 , 9 , and 17 . It is conjectured that , but only proven that ( 3 ) where is a binomial coefficient SEE ALSO : Concave Polygon Convex Hull Convex Polyomino Convex Polyhedron Convex Polytope Happy End Problem Lattice Polygon Polygon REFERENCES : Hill , F . S . Jr . " The Pleasures of ' Perp Dot ' Products . " Ch . II . 5 in Graphics Gems IV ( Ed . P . S . Heckbert ) . San Diego : Academic Press , pp . 138 - 148 , 1994 . Moret , B . and Shapiro , H . Algorithms from P to NP . Reading , MA : Benjamin Cummings , 1991 . Referenced on Wolfram | Alpha : Convex Polygon CITE THIS AS : Weisstein , Eric W . " Convex Polygon . " From MathWorld - - A Wolfram Web Resource . http : / / mathworld . wolfram . com / ConvexPolygon . html Wolfram Web Resources Mathematica ยป The # 1 tool for creating Demonstrations and anything technical . Wolfram | Alpha ยป Explore anything with the first computational knowledge engine . Wolfram Demonstrations Project ยป Explore thousands of free applications across science , mathematics , engineering , technology , business , art , finance , social sciences , and more . Computerbasedmath . org ยป Join the initiative for modernizing math education . Online Integral Calculator ยป Solve integrals with Wolfram | Alpha . Step - by - step Solutions ยป Walk through homework problems step - by - step from beginning to end . Hints help you try the next step on your own . Wolfram Problem Generator ยป Unlimited random practice problems and answers with built - in Step - by - step solutions . Practice online or make a printable study sheet . Wolfram Education Portal ยป Collection of teaching and learning tools built by Wolfram education experts : dynamic textbook , lesson plans , widgets , interactive Demonstrations , and more . Wolfram Language ยป Knowledge - based programming for everyone . THINGS TO TRY : 65537 - gon 257 - gon polygons A Test for the Convexity of a Quadrilateral Jon Perry
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http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Degenerate.html
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Algebra Applied Mathematics Calculus and Analysis Discrete Mathematics Foundations of Mathematics Geometry History and Terminology Number Theory Probability and Statistics Recreational Mathematics Topology Alphabetical Index Interactive Entries Random Entry New in MathWorld MathWorld Classroom About Contribute to Send a Message to the Team Book Wolfram Web Resources ยป 13,684 entries Last updated : Mon Apr 15 2019 Created , developed , and nurtured by Eric Weisstein at Wolfram Research History and Terminology > Terminology > > Disciplinary Terminology Medical Terminology > Interactive Entries Interactive Demonstrations Degenerate A limiting case in which a class of object changes its nature so as to belong to another , usually simpler , class . For example , the point is a degenerate case of the circle as the radius approaches 0 , and the circle is a degenerate form of an ellipse as the eccentricity approaches 0 . Another example is the two identical roots of the second - order polynomial . Since the roots of an th degree polynomial are usually distinct , which coincide are said to be degenerate . Degenerate cases often require special treatment in numerical and analytical solutions . For example , a simple search for both of the above equation would find only a single one : 1 . The word degenerate also has several very specific and technical meanings in different branches of mathematics . SEE ALSO : Monster - Barring Multiple Root Pathological Trivial REFERENCES : Arfken , G . Mathematical Methods for Physicists , 3rd ed . Orlando , FL : Academic Press , pp . 513 - 514 , 1985 . Referenced on Wolfram | Alpha : Degenerate CITE THIS AS : Weisstein , Eric W . " Degenerate . " From - - A Wolfram Web Resource . http : / / mathworld . wolfram . com / Degenerate . html Wolfram Web Resources Mathematica ยป The # 1 tool for creating Demonstrations and anything technical . Wolfram | Alpha ยป Explore anything with the first computational knowledge engine . Wolfram Demonstrations Project ยป Explore thousands of free applications across science , mathematics , engineering , technology , business , art , finance , social sciences , and more . Computerbasedmath . org ยป Join the initiative for modernizing math education . Online Integral Calculator ยป Solve integrals with Wolfram | Alpha . Step - by - step Solutions ยป Walk through homework problems step - by - step from beginning to end . Hints help you try the next step on your own . Wolfram Problem Generator ยป Unlimited random practice problems and answers with built - in Step - by - step solutions . Practice online or make a printable study sheet . Wolfram Education Portal ยป Collection of teaching and learning tools built by Wolfram education experts : dynamic textbook , lesson plans , widgets , interactive Demonstrations , and more . Wolfram Language ยป Knowledge - based programming for everyone . THINGS TO TRY : alternating group A_5 German numeral names mean { 21.3 , 38.4 , 12.7 , 41.6 } Nodal Surfaces of Degenerate States Michael Trott Curves through Given Points in the Plane Ana Moura Santos
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"Degenerate",
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http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Extremum.html
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Algebra Applied Mathematics Calculus and Analysis Discrete Mathematics Foundations of Mathematics Geometry History and Terminology Number Theory Probability and Statistics Recreational Mathematics Topology Alphabetical Index Interactive Entries Random Entry New in MathWorld MathWorld Classroom About Contribute to Send a Message to the Team Book Wolfram Web Resources ยป 13,684 entries Last updated : Mon Apr 15 2019 Created , developed , and nurtured by Eric Weisstein at Wolfram Research Calculus and Analysis > Calculus > Maxima and Minima > Interactive Entries Interactive Demonstrations > Extremum An extremum is a maximum or minimum . An extremum may be local ( a.k.a. a relative extremum ; an extremum in a given region which is not the overall maximum or minimum ) or global . Functions with many extrema can be very difficult to graph Notorious examples include the functions and near , plotted above . Another pathological example is near 0 and 1 , which has extrema in the closed interval [ 0 , 1 ] ( Mulcahy 1996 ) . SEE ALSO : Global Extremum Global Maximum Global Minimum Kuhn - Tucker Theorem Lagrange Multiplier Local Extremum Local Maximum Local Minimum Maximum Minimum REFERENCES : Abramowitz , M . and Stegun , I . A . ( Eds . ) . Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas , Graphs , and Mathematical Tables , 9th printing . New York : Dover , p . 14 , 1972 . Mulcahy , C . " Plotting and Scheming with Wavelets . " Math . Mag . 69 , 323 - 343 , 1996 . Tikhomirov , V . M . Stories About Maxima and Minima . Providence , RI : Amer . Math . Soc . , 1991 . Referenced on Wolfram | Alpha : Extremum CITE THIS AS : Weisstein , Eric W . " Extremum . " From - - A Wolfram Web Resource . http : / / mathworld . wolfram . com / Extremum . html Wolfram Web Resources Mathematica ยป The # 1 tool for creating Demonstrations and anything technical . Wolfram | Alpha ยป Explore anything with the first computational knowledge engine . Wolfram Demonstrations Project ยป Explore thousands of free applications across science , mathematics , engineering , technology , business , art , finance , social sciences , and more . Computerbasedmath . org ยป Join the initiative for modernizing math education . Online Integral Calculator ยป Solve integrals with Wolfram | Alpha . Step - by - step Solutions ยป Walk through homework problems step - by - step from beginning to end . Hints help you try the next step on your own . Wolfram Problem Generator ยป Unlimited random practice problems and answers with built - in Step - by - step solutions . Practice online or make a printable study sheet . Wolfram Education Portal ยป Collection of teaching and learning tools built by Wolfram education experts : dynamic textbook , lesson plans , widgets , interactive Demonstrations , and more . Wolfram Language ยป Knowledge - based programming for everyone . THINGS TO TRY : extremum 7 - ary tree factor x 12 - y 12 Graphical Illustration of Bivariate Constrained Optimization Izidor Hafner Fermat ' s Theorem on Stationary Points Julio Cesar de la Yncera
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[
"Extremum"
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http://mathworld.wolfram.com/FastFourierTransform.html
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Calculus and Analysis Integral Transforms Fourier Transforms Interactive Entries Interactive Demonstrations Fast Fourier Transform The fast Fourier transform FFT is a discrete Fourier transform algorithm which reduces the number of computations needed for points from to where lg is the base2 logarithm FFTs were first discussed by Cooley and Tukey 1965 although Gauss had actually described the critical factorization step as early as 1805 Bergland 1969 Strang 1993 A discrete Fourier transform can be computed using an FFT by means of the DanielsonLanczos lemma if the number of points is a power of two If the number of points is not a power of two a transform can be performed on sets of points corresponding to the prime factors of which is slightly degraded in speed An efficient real Fourier transform algorithm or a fast Hartley transform Bracewell 1999 gives a further increase in speed by approximately a factor of two Base4 and base8 fast Fourier transforms use optimized code and can be 2030 faster than base2 fast Fourier transforms prime factorization is slow when the factors are large but discrete Fourier transforms can be made fast for 3 4 5 7 8 11 13 and 16 using the Winograd transform algorithm Press et al 1992 pp 412413 Arndt Fast Fourier transform algorithms generally fall into two classes decimation in time and decimation in frequency The CooleyTukey FFT algorithm first rearranges the input elements in bitreversed order then builds the output transform decimation in time The basic idea is to break up a transform of length into two transforms of length using the identity sometimes called the DanielsonLanczos lemma The easiest way to visualize this procedure is perhaps via the Fourier matrix The SandeTukey algorithm Stoer and Bulirsch 1980 first transforms then rearranges the output values decimation in frequency SEE ALSO Aliasing DanielsonLanczos Lemma Discrete Fourier Transform Fourier Matrix Fourier Transform Fractional Fourier Transform Hartley Transform Leakage Number Theoretic Transform Winograd Transform REFERENCES Arndt J FFT Code and Related Stuff httpwwwjjjdefxt Bell Laboratories Netlib FFTPack httpnetlibbelllabscomnetlibfftpack Bergland G D A Guided Tour of the Fast Fourier Transform IEEE Spectrum 6 4152 July 1969 Blahut R E Fast Algorithms for Digital Signal Processing New York AddisonWesley 1984 Bracewell R The Fourier Transform and Its Applications 3rd ed New York McGrawHill 1999 Brigham E O The Fast Fourier Transform and Applications Englewood Cliffs NJ Prentice Hall 1988 Chu E and George A Inside the FFT Black Box Serial and Parallel Fast Fourier Transform Algorithms Boca Raton FL CRC Press 2000 Cooley J W and Tukey O W An Algorithm for the Machine Calculation of Complex Fourier Series Math Comput 19 297301 1965 Crandall R Jones E Klivington J and Kramer D Gigaelement FFTs on Apple G5 Clusters 27 Aug 04 httpimagesapplecomacgpdf20040827_GigaFFTpdf Duhamel P and Vetterli M Fast Fourier Transforms A Tutorial Review Signal Processing 19 259299 1990 Lipson J D Elements of Algebra and Algebraic Computing Reading MA AddisonWesley 1981 Nussbaumer H J Fast Fourier Transform and Convolution Algorithms 2nd ed New York SpringerVerlag 1982 Papoulis A The Fourier Integral and its Applications New York McGrawHill 1962 Press W H Flannery B P Teukolsky S A and Vetterling W T Fast Fourier Transform Ch 12 in Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN The Art of Scientific Computing 2nd ed Cambridge England Cambridge University Press pp 490529 1992 Ramirez R W The FFT Fundamentals and Concepts Englewood Cliffs NJ PrenticeHall 1985 Stoer J and Bulirsch R Introduction to Numerical Analysis New York SpringerVerlag 1980 Strang G Wavelet Transforms Versus Fourier Transforms Bull Amer Math Soc 28 288305 1993 Van Loan C Computational Frameworks for the Fast Fourier Transform Philadelphia PA SIAM 1992 Walker J S Fast Fourier Transform 2nd ed Boca Raton FL CRC Press 1996 Referenced on WolframAlpha Fast Fourier Transform CITE THIS AS Weisstein Eric W Fast Fourier Transform From MathWorld A Wolfram Web Resource httpmathworldwolframcomFastFourierTransformhtml Wolfram Web Resources Mathematica The 1 tool for creating Demonstrations and anything technical WolframAlpha Explore anything with the first computational knowledge engine Wolfram Demonstrations Project Explore thousands of free applications across science mathematics engineering technology business art finance social sciences and more Computerbasedmathorg Join the initiative for modernizing math education Online Integral Calculator Solve integrals with WolframAlpha Stepbystep Solutions Walk through homework problems stepbystep from beginning to end Hints help you try the next step on your own Wolfram Problem Generator Unlimited random practice problems and answers with builtin Stepbystep solutions Practice online or make a printable study sheet Wolfram Education Portal Collection of teaching and learning tools built by Wolfram education experts dynamic textbook lesson plans widgets interactive Demonstrations and more Wolfram Language Knowledgebased programming for everyone Contact the MathWorld Team 19992019 Wolfram Research Inc Terms of Use
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[
"FFT",
"Gauss",
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http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Gradient.html
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Wolfram Web Resources ยป 13,684 entries Last updated : Mon Apr 15 2019 Created , developed , and nurtured by Eric Weisstein at Wolfram Research Algebra > Vector Algebra > Interactive Entries > Interactive Demonstrations > Gradient The term " gradient " has several meanings in mathematics . The simplest is as a synonym for slope The more general gradient , called simply " the " gradient in vector analysis , is a vector operator denoted and sometimes also called del or nabla . It is most often applied to a real function of three variables , and may be denoted ( 1 ) For general curvilinear coordinates , the gradient is given by ( 2 ) which simplifies to ( 3 ) in Cartesian coordinates The direction of is the orientation in which the directional derivative has the largest value and is the value of that directional derivative . Furthermore , if , then the gradient is perpendicular to the level curve through if and perpendicular to the level surface through if In tensor notation , let ( 4 ) be the line element in principal form . Then ( 5 ) For a matrix ( 6 ) For expressions giving the gradient in particular coordinate systems , see curvilinear coordinates SEE ALSO : Convective Derivative Curl Derivative Divergence Laplacian Relative Rate of Change Slope Vector Derivative REFERENCES : Arfken , G . " Gradient , " and " Successive Applications of . " ยง 1.6 and 1.9 in Mathematical Methods for Physicists , 3rd ed . Orlando , FL : Academic Press , pp . 33 - 37 and 47 - 51 , 1985 . Kaplan , W . " The Gradient Field . " ยง 3.3 in Advanced Calculus , 4th ed . Reading , MA : Addison - Wesley , pp . 183 - 185 , 1991 . Morse , P . M . and Feshbach , H . " The Gradient . " In Methods of Theoretical Physics , Part I . New York : McGraw - Hill , pp . 31 - 32 , 1953 . Schey , H . M . Div , Grad , Curl , and All That : An Informal Text on Vector Calculus , 3rd ed . New York : W . W . Norton , 1997 . Referenced on Wolfram | Alpha : Gradient CITE THIS AS : Weisstein , Eric W . " Gradient . " From MathWorld - - A Wolfram Web Resource . http : / / mathworld . wolfram . com / Gradient . html Wolfram Web Resources Mathematica ยป The # 1 tool for creating Demonstrations and anything technical . Wolfram | Alpha ยป Explore anything with the first computational knowledge engine . Wolfram Demonstrations Project ยป Explore thousands of free applications across science , mathematics , engineering , technology , business , art , finance , social sciences , and more . Computerbasedmath . org ยป Join the initiative for modernizing math education . Online Integral Calculator ยป Solve integrals with Wolfram | Alpha . Step - by - step Solutions ยป Walk through homework problems step - by - step from beginning to end . Hints help you try the next step on your own . Wolfram Problem Generator ยป Unlimited random practice problems and answers with built - in Step - by - step solutions . Practice online or make a printable study sheet . Wolfram Education Portal ยป Collection of teaching and learning tools built by Wolfram education experts : dynamic textbook , lesson plans , widgets , interactive Demonstrations , and more . Wolfram Language ยป Knowledge - based programming for everyone .
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[
"Gradient",
"vector analysis",
"real function"
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http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Limacon.html
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Wolfram Web Resources ยป 13,685 entries Last updated : Wed Apr 17 2019 Created , developed , and nurtured by Eric Weisstein at Wolfram Research Geometry > Curves > Plane Curves Polar Curves > Geometry Geometric Construction > History and Terminology Disciplinary Terminology Biological Terminology Interactive Entries Interactive Demonstrations Limaรงon The limaรงon is a polar curve of the form ( 1 ) also called the limaรงon of Pascal . It was first investigated by Dรผrer , who gave a method for drawing it in Underweysung der Messung ( 1525 ) . It was rediscovered by รtienne Pascal , father of Blaise Pascal , and named by Gilles - Personne Roberval in 1650 ( MacTutor Archive ) . The word " limaรงon " comes from the Latin limax , meaning " snail . " If , the limaรงon is convex . If , the limaรงon is dimpled . If , the limaรงon degenerates to a cardioid . If , the limaรงon has an inner loop . If , it is a trisectrix ( but not the Maclaurin trisectrix ) . For , the inner loop has area ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) where . Similarly the area enclosed by the outer envelope is ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) Thus , the area between the loops is ( 8 ) In the special case of , these simplify to ( 9 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) Taking the parametrization ( 12 ) ( 13 ) gives the arc length as a function of as ( 14 ) where is an elliptic integral of the second kind . Letting gives the arc length of the entire curve as ( 15 ) is a complete elliptic integral of the second kind The limaรงon can be generated by specifying a fixed point , then drawing a sequences of circles with centers on a given circle which all pass through . The envelope of these curves is a limaรงon . If the fixed point is on the circumference of the circle , then the envelope is a cardioid The limaรงon is an anallagmatic curve . The limaรงon is the conchoid of a circle with respect to a point on its circumference ( Wells 1991 ) . Wolfram Web Resources Mathematica ยป The # 1 tool for creating Demonstrations and anything technical . Wolfram | Alpha ยป Explore anything with the first computational knowledge engine . Wolfram Demonstrations Project ยป Explore thousands of free applications across science , mathematics , engineering , technology , business , art , finance , social sciences , and more . Computerbasedmath . org ยป Join the initiative for modernizing math education . Online Integral Calculator ยป Solve integrals with Wolfram | Alpha . Step - by - step Solutions ยป Walk through homework problems step - by - step from beginning to end . Hints help you try the next step on your own . Wolfram Problem Generator ยป Unlimited random practice problems and answers with built - in Step - by - step solutions . Practice online or make a printable study sheet . Wolfram Education Portal ยป Collection of teaching and learning tools built by Wolfram education experts : dynamic textbook , lesson plans , widgets , interactive Demonstrations , and more . Wolfram Language ยป Knowledge - based programming for everyone .
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[
"Limaรงon",
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http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Proof.html
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Foundations of Mathematics Theorem Proving Proofs Recreational Mathematics Mathematical Humor Proof A rigorous mathematical argument which unequivocally demonstrates the truth of a given proposition A mathematical statement that has been proven is called a theorem According to Hardy 1999 pp 1516 all physicists and a good many quite respectable mathematicians are contemptuous about proof I have heard Professor Eddington for example maintain that proof as pure mathematicians understand it is really quite uninteresting and unimportant and that no one who is really certain that he has found something good should waste his time looking for proof This opinion with which I am sure that almost all physicists agree at the bottom of their hearts is one to which a mathematician ought to have some reply To prove Hardys assertion Feynman is reported to have commented A great deal more is known than has been proved Derbyshire 2004 p 291 There is some debate among mathematicians as to just what constitutes a proof The fourcolor theorem is an example of this debate since its proof relies on an exhaustive computer testing of many individual cases which can not be verified by hand While many mathematicians regard computerassisted proofs as valid some purists do not There are several computer systems currently under development for automated theorem proving among them TH OREM A page of proofrelated humor is maintained by Chalmers SEE ALSO Conjecture Constructive Proof Deep Theorem Dissection Proof Existence Problem Existence Theorem Experimental Mathematics Hypothesis Lemma Nonconstructive Proof Paradox Proof without Words Proposition QED Reductio ad Absurdum Rigorous Theorem Trivial TwoColumn Proof REFERENCES Aigner M and Ziegler G M Proofs from the Book New York SpringerVerlag 1999 Allenby R Numbers and Proofs Oxford England Oxford University Press 1997 Benson D C The Moment of Proof Mathematical Epiphanies Oxford England Oxford University Press 1999 Chalmers D Philosophical Humor httpconscnetphilhumorhtml Derbyshire J Prime Obsession Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics New York Penguin 2004 Epstein D and Levy S Experimentation and Proof in Mathematics Not Amer Math Soc 42 670674 1995 Garnier R and Taylor J 100 Mathematical Proof New York Wiley 1996 Greenwald S J Simpsons Math httpwwwcsappstateedusjgsimpsonsmathblackboardhtml Hardy G H Mathematical Proof Mind 38 125 1929 Hardy G H Ramanujan Twelve Lectures on Subjects Suggested by His Life and Work 3rd ed New York Chelsea 1999 Laczkovich M Conjecture and Proof Washington DC Math Assoc Amer 2001 The Omega Group The OMEGA System httpwwwagsunisbdeomegasoftomega Pรณlya G How to Solve It A New Aspect of Mathematical Method 2nd ed Princeton NJ Princeton University Press 1988 Pรณlya G Mathematical Discovery On Understanding Learning and Teaching Problem Solving 2 vols in One New York Wiley 1981 Pรณlya G Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning Vol 1 Induction and Analogy in Mathematics Princeton NJ Princeton University Press 1990 Pรณlya G Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning Vol 2 Patterns of Plausible Inference Princeton NJ Princeton University Press 1990 Krantz S G Techniques of Problem Solving Providence RI Amer Math Soc 1997 Research Institute for Symbolic Computation Overview of Theorema httpwwwriscunilinzacatresearchtheoremadescription Solow D How to Read and Do Proofs An Introduction to Mathematical Thought Process 2nd ed New York Wiley 1990 Vakil R A Mathematical Mosaic Patterns and Problem Solving Washington DC Math Assoc Amer 1997 Wickelgren W A How to Solve Mathematical Problems Elements of a Theory of Problems and Problem Solving New York Dover 1995 Wolfram S A New Kind of Science Champaign IL Wolfram Media p 1157 2002 Referenced on WolframAlpha Proof CITE THIS AS Weisstein Eric W Proof From MathWorld A Wolfram Web Resource httpmathworldwolframcomProofhtml Wolfram Web Resources Mathematica The 1 tool for creating Demonstrations and anything technical WolframAlpha Explore anything with the first computational knowledge engine Wolfram Demonstrations Project Explore thousands of free applications across science mathematics engineering technology business art finance social sciences and more Computerbasedmathorg Join the initiative for modernizing math education Online Integral Calculator Solve integrals with WolframAlpha Stepbystep Solutions Walk through homework problems stepbystep from beginning to end Hints help you try the next step on your own Wolfram Problem Generator Unlimited random practice problems and answers with builtin Stepbystep solutions Practice online or make a printable study sheet Wolfram Education Portal Collection of teaching and learning tools built by Wolfram education experts dynamic textbook lesson plans widgets interactive Demonstrations and more Wolfram Language Knowledgebased programming for everyone Contact the MathWorld Team 19992019 Wolfram Research Inc Terms of Use
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[
"Foundations of Mathematics",
"Wolfram Research"
] |
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/QuartileDeviation.html
|
Algebra Applied Mathematics Calculus and Analysis Discrete Mathematics Foundations of Mathematics Geometry History and Terminology Number Theory Probability and Statistics Recreational Mathematics Topology Alphabetical Index Interactive Entries Random Entry New in MathWorld MathWorld Classroom About Contribute to Send a Message to the Team Book Wolfram Web Resources ยป 13,684 entries Last updated : Thu Apr 11 2019 Created , developed , and nurtured by Eric Weisstein at Wolfram Research Probability and Statistics > Descriptive Statistics > Quartile Deviation where and are the first and third quartiles and is the interquartile range SEE ALSO : Interquartile Range Quartile Quartile Variation Coefficient REFERENCES : Kenney , J . F . and Keeping , E . S . Mathematics of Statistics , Pt . 1 , 3rd ed . Princeton , NJ : Van Nostrand , p . 36 , 1962 . Referenced on Wolfram | Alpha : Quartile Deviation CITE THIS AS : Weisstein , Eric W . " Quartile Deviation . " From - - A Wolfram Web Resource . http : / / mathworld . wolfram . com / QuartileDeviation . html Wolfram Web Resources Mathematica ยป The # 1 tool for creating Demonstrations and anything technical . Wolfram | Alpha ยป Explore anything with the first computational knowledge engine . Wolfram Demonstrations Project ยป Explore thousands of free applications across science , mathematics , engineering , technology , business , art , finance , social sciences , and more . Computerbasedmath . org ยป Join the initiative for modernizing math education . Online Integral Calculator ยป Solve integrals with Wolfram | Alpha . Step - by - step Solutions ยป Walk through homework problems step - by - step from beginning to end . Hints help you try the next step on your own . Wolfram Problem Generator ยป Unlimited random practice problems and answers with built - in Step - by - step solutions . Practice online or make a printable study sheet . Wolfram Education Portal ยป Collection of teaching and learning tools built by Wolfram education experts : dynamic textbook , lesson plans , widgets , interactive Demonstrations , and more . Wolfram Language ยป Knowledge - based programming for everyone . THINGS TO TRY : bet one million pesos on red at roulette common multiples of 10 , 25 images of the space - filling polyhedra
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[
"Quartile Deviation"
] |
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Ray.html
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Wolfram Web Resources ยป 13,685 entries Last updated : Wed Apr 17 2019 Created , developed , and nurtured by Eric Weisstein at Wolfram Research Algebra > Vector Algebra > Geometry > Line Geometry Lines > Ray There are several definitions of a ray . When viewed as a vector , a ray is a vector from a point to a point In geometry , a ray is usually taken as a half - infinite line ( also known as a half - line ) with one of the two points and taken to be at infinity SEE ALSO : Interval Line Line Segment Vector CITE THIS AS : Weisstein , Eric W . " Ray . " From MathWorld - - A Wolfram Web Resource . http : / / mathworld . wolfram . com / Ray . html Wolfram Web Resources Mathematica ยป The # 1 tool for creating Demonstrations and anything technical . Wolfram | Alpha ยป Explore anything with the first computational knowledge engine . Wolfram Demonstrations Project ยป Explore thousands of free applications across science , mathematics , engineering , technology , business , art , finance , social sciences , and more . Computerbasedmath . org ยป Join the initiative for modernizing math education . Online Integral Calculator ยป Solve integrals with Wolfram | Alpha . Step - by - step Solutions ยป Walk through homework problems step - by - step from beginning to end . Hints help you try the next step on your own . Wolfram Problem Generator ยป Unlimited random practice problems and answers with built - in Step - by - step solutions . Practice online or make a printable study sheet . Wolfram Education Portal ยป Collection of teaching and learning tools built by Wolfram education experts : dynamic textbook , lesson plans , widgets , interactive Demonstrations , and more . Wolfram Language ยป Knowledge - based programming for everyone . THINGS TO TRY : ray Are ( 2 , - 1 ) and ( 4 , 2 ) linearly independent ? diameter of a nonagon with apothem 4
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[
"Algebra",
"Lines",
"Ray"
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http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SeriesExpansion.html
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Wolfram Web Resources ยป 13,684 entries Last updated : Mon Apr 15 2019 Created , developed , and nurtured by Eric Weisstein at Wolfram Research Calculus and Analysis > Series > Series Expansions > MathWorld Contributors Uznanski > Interactive Entries Interactive Demonstrations Series Expansion A series expansion is a representation of a particular function as a sum of powers in one of its variables , or by a sum of powers of another ( usually elementary ) function Here are series expansions ( some Maclaurin , some Laurent , and some Puiseux ) for a number of common functions . ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) ( 13 ) ( 14 ) ( 15 ) ( 16 ) ( 17 ) ( 18 ) ( 19 ) ( 20 ) ( 21 ) ( 22 ) ( 23 ) ( 24 ) ( 25 ) ( 26 ) ( 27 ) ( 28 ) ( 29 ) ( 30 ) ( 31 ) ( 32 ) ( 33 ) SEE ALSO : Laurent Series Maclaurin Series Power Series Puiseux Series Series Series Reversion Taylor Series This entry contributed by Dan Uznanski CITE THIS AS : Uznanski , Dan . " Series Expansion . " From MathWorld - - A Wolfram Web Resource , created by Eric W . Weisstein http : / / mathworld . wolfram . com / SeriesExpansion . html Wolfram Web Resources Mathematica ยป The # 1 tool for creating Demonstrations and anything technical . Wolfram | Alpha ยป Explore anything with the first computational knowledge engine . Wolfram Demonstrations Project ยป Explore thousands of free applications across science , mathematics , engineering , technology , business , art , finance , social sciences , and more . Computerbasedmath . org ยป Join the initiative for modernizing math education . Online Integral Calculator ยป Solve integrals with Wolfram | Alpha . Step - by - step Solutions ยป Walk through homework problems step - by - step from beginning to end . Hints help you try the next step on your own . Wolfram Problem Generator ยป Unlimited random practice problems and answers with built - in Step - by - step solutions . Practice online or make a printable study sheet . Wolfram Education Portal ยป Collection of teaching and learning tools built by Wolfram education experts : dynamic textbook , lesson plans , widgets , interactive Demonstrations , and more . Wolfram Language ยป Knowledge - based programming for everyone . THINGS TO TRY : Backhouse ' s constant sqrt ( ( 1 - x 2 ) / ( 3 - x ) ) series expansion at x = 1 / 2 Fourier series expansion of x 2 Series Expansions of Powers of Trigonometric Functions Michael Trott Series Expansion of 1 / ( 1 - x ) Jon Perry
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[
"Series Expansion"
] |
http://matriarchy.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=36&Itemid=26
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The Emotional Background of the Patriarchal Paradigm Emergence of a Paradigm This essay is an invitation to reflect about modern world by studying our emotional fundamentals which create the characteristics of culture and inversely are formed by culture themselves . I assume that human life as animal is lived in a flowing emotional dynamic , which builds the basic scenario in every moment where all our actions start out . Further I assume that all human actions are determined not by ratio but by emotions ( whishes , preferences , fears , ambitions ) . If we claim to be rational , then we suppress - to ourselves and others - the emotional sources on which our rational arguments ground . At the same time I think , that living , acting or moving inside a given culture is carried by various configurations of emotions which determine what humans of this culture see or do not see . These configurations or patterns of emotions set up the meanings of their actions , establish the content of their symbolization and the course of their thinking in a way that settles in fact the identity of their culture . Finally I believe that our understanding of what we do or omit will improve , if we study the emotional fundamentals of our culture . And maybe we can change our actions by becoming conscious of these cultural fundamentals . What is a culture ? Historically we started as humans in the family of two legged primates when language came up as form of interconnection of actions on the basic of consent . This defined our line . Language works only with agreement of everybody ( consent ) , because otherwise there is no mutual understanding . Our line emerged when this consent of language was maintained from generation to generation and became a standard among a certain group of primates . While this happened the historical process of emotional imprint was initiated , because every new generation learned language and put it into action of consent , like instituted in culture . Actually humankind was brought into existence when our ancestors began to live in conversation by weaving together emotional imprint with actions of language . The complex term ' conversation ' includes also , exchanges of thoughts , ideas and opinions , dialogues , discussions etc . Intercultural changes If we assume , a culture as a way of life which is a closed net of manners ( conversations ) , than a culture arises as soon as a society begins to conserve this way of life . And vice versa it disappears or changes if the net of manners is not preserved anymore . Let us focus now on two special issues . One is the European patriarchal paradigm including all individuals of industrial countries . The other is the culture that preceded the newer paradigm and which is called matriarchal . Both of them distinguish in their nets of manners and consequently distinguish in their emotions and resultant actions . Our wishes lead us What happened in humans ' history ? The history of humankind follows the way of humanly wishes , preferences and favors . These wishes , preferences and favors determine in every given moment , what we do . Our actions are not influenced by the availability of natural resources or the economic possibilities or whatever external circumstances . The intertwinement of our biology with our culture produces in every moment our whishes and preferences and determines at the very same moment our actions and consequently what appears to us as possibilities or chances . That also is the case when we seem to act under compulsion of circumstances . We always do , what we will , either directly , because we want this to do , or indirectly because we want the outcome of what we do , even if we do not like our doing so . We have to understand these correlations ; otherwise we can not be aware of what we do as cultural beings , because we do not realize that our emotions lead us and that they are the source of our actions inside of the cultural paradigm . The history of humankind stays unexplainable , too , if we do not recognize that the course of human actions follows the course of human desires . The patriarchal paradigm The sheer patriarchal aspects of our way of life in all industrial countries are characterized through a closed network of manners , what we call patriarchy . This network of patriarchal conversations performs a kind of life where fight , competition , hierarchy , authority , power , growth , development , control of natural resources , rational justification of control and domination of others through the possession of the truth is significant . For instance , in our patriarchal nations we speak of fighting against poverty and exploitation , if we want correct social inequity . Or we call it fight against pollution of the environment , if we want to keep our surroundings clean . Or we say that we defy natural force when we confront a natural phenomenon that means a catastrophe to us . Possession is fundamental in the patriarchal paradigm . We live with ownership and we act starting from there , as if it was legitimately to limit the mobility of others in certain fields , while we retain the privileges of the freedom of action for ourselves . We do so with the entitlement of the ownership rights of which we name natural resources , ideas or the truth . In patriarchy we distrust the self determination of other individuals , especially children ' s . But permanently we claim for ourselves the right to make decisions about what is right or wrong for others . This is a continuous attempt to control life of anyone else . We live hierarchical , demand obedience from each other and proclaim that it would not be possible to live together orderly without authority and subordination . The Matriarchal Culture The members of matriarchal cultures had - and still have in some regions of the world - a completely unique network of manners . The evidence and discoveries of archaeology , anthropology , ethnology and modern studies of matriarchy enables us nowadays to study these societies ' way of life and gives us direct access to them . We can reconstruct the principles of their network of conversation : first from the archaeological discoveries of ancient matriarchies , second from the knowledge of peoples who still live in such cultures and third from non - patriarchal manners which still exist in the mesh of our net of manners today . The humans who lived for example in Europe , Africa or Minor Asia before 5000 B.C.E. have been gatherers and farmers and of course they knew all kinds of crafts . They did not fortify their cities and did not know hierarchical differences between men and women , men and men , women and women or old and young . Ancient matriarchal cities had had a size up to approximately 10,000 inhabitants , just not more to stay autarkic . Matriarchal economics is always the economy of subsistence . How did matriarchal people live ? To describe matriarchal societies is difficult for several reasons . First our language and system of writing is linear and can spread out only vertically or horizontally . Our writing is unable to represent the world of ideas of the ancient , which is indicated by a shape of a circle implicating a magic dimension ( Example : The Indian Medicine Wheel ) . Second : Not every matriarchal society - ancient or current - looks the same on first sight , although they all have an identical network of conversation . Therefore I will use an example of a still living society , which is very good documented by its member Makilam : The Kabyles , which belong to the people of Berbers and live in the North of Algeria . ( see The Magical Life of Berber Women in Kabylia and Symbols and Magic in the Arts of Kabyle Women The cultivation of the earth Characteristically a closed matriarchal society produces everyday sustenance only for their own inhabitants , on the land in and around their village . The very high civilized late matriarchies ( Old Egypt , Crete , Old Sumer , etc . ) also traded worldwide . Worries about productivity , rentability or competition are unknown . Inside the kin , who is spread over the village , people exchange goods and services . So the village is place of production , consumption and reproduction and is completely independent . In matriarchal tribes private ownership is unknown . Housing and land belong to all members , because the earth represents a holy good , inherited from the ancestors , that has to be passed on to the next generation . In addition the cultivation of land is a ritual act in harmony within the cycle of the seasons , in order not to speed up harvests and not to disturb the natural development . All activities of traditional societies are determined by rituals in balance with nature . After an old down handed ritual of gestures - passed on from generation to generation by the mothers to the daughters - the women are modelling pottery , create woven goods or transform products of earth into food . Division of labor does not exist , but a wholeness of temporal successive steps , which depend on the cycle of sun and moon . The matriarchal people are living in a daily symbiosis with nature and the relationship of humans to nature is determined by a view that includes the whole . Cult of family and ancestors Matriarchal societies keep very often unrecognized as such , because one of the men ' s jobs is to represent the clan outside . Since foreigners negotiate only with men and see women merely at work if ever , they are not and can not be aware of the different social structure of a matriarchal people . The politics are made in the houses on the principle of consent where every single person has a voice . If more extensive decisions are due , smaller groups like a family find consent and send a representative to the gathering of the clan , they do the same on behalf of the family and send one to the gathering of the tribe and so on . The representatives go forth and back until everybody agrees . In this political structure judges , policemen or prisons do not exist . It is not known , that a matriarchal kin tried to subdue a neighbour . Personal affairs are managed verbally , because registry offices , administration or land offices do not exist . A person lives hers or his social identity as a part of the group , while individuality is not only respected but supported . His or hers responsibility is directed to the family and for his / her defence one always knows the clan behind her / him . As a result of this collective consciousness , nobody ever feels isolated , but rather protected . Matriarchal life could and can never be centered around actions , which ground on ownership of the truth . Everything is obvious and visible for those , who live in an always steady way of a constantly returning cycle of birth , death and rebirth . Earth nourishes everybody and everything in that way . Death , by the way , always determines the passage of one phase to the next . For instance fire ends the circle of pottery making and also transforms food , which has to be cooked before eating . Culture is conservative Cultures are conservative because they are the media which bring forth their members throughout growing up and these members establish culture through their process of life . It is obvious , that the network of conversations in matriarchal cultures are not based on war , fight , mutual rejection in competition , excluding , ownership , capture , authority and obedience , power and control , good and bad , tolerance and intolerance , violence , aggression and exploitation . It is quite the opposite : it is participation , solidarity , collaboration , sharing , understanding , agreement , respect und common inspiration . The fact that these words still exist in our modern patriarchal languages indicates that the corresponding actions are part of today ' s life , too . But they are reserved for special occasions ; anyhow they are not used to describe our general way of life . They are used to conjure up utopian situations , visions , and are rather appropriate for pupils than for an adults ' real ' life . We live in competition , i.e. we lead a fight with the goal of mutual deactivation . That way we establish hierarchies of privileges und claim that this would guarantee social progression , where the best will select themselves and rise up . The patriarchal paradigm teaches us that different opinions means fight or quarrel and arguments are weapons . Above all we describe harmonious relations as peaceful , i.e. the opposite of war , as if war would be the essential human activity ! The emotional imprint In their earliest matriarchal childhood girls and boys grow up with deeply physical contact with their mothers , incorporated into the biological process to become integrated human beings with functional self - consciousness and awareness of their bodies . So the children experience reappearing physical encounters in total trust and acceptance which are the basics of an individual ' s future social life . Cooperation not competition , respect not rejection , sharing not possession , are the emotional fundamentals . Patriarchy is different for our kids : Due to the expectations of mother and father demands turn up , which are supposed to prepare children for ' real ' life - adult life . Such demands negate the children ' s emotions . Demands , which will be justified as religious truths or traditional values . Demands , which are postulated to be legitimate or will be ' proved ' with rational arguments based on the same emotions that they shall justify . Children have to learn to defend their possessions , to accept limits for their liberty of action , which do not originate in harmony of life , but in accomplishment of ownership rights by force . Further : In the beginning of life children experience their bodies as pleasant and beautiful within the fondling of their mother and full of playful joy in physical encounters with their siblings . But soon the mother refuses the kids fondling as not only just in the way but as obscene activities one has to feel shame about . Kids do not understand , but have no possibilities of withstanding , what happens to them without being turned down or be punished as stubborn , stupid or wayward . And obediently they take over the cultural imprint themselves including what is demanded . Increasingly they learn to compete , take in possession , governing and control other people as expression of power and autonomy . They start to attach more value to tolerance than respect , appearance more than integrity , hierarchy and authority more than honesty and trust , growth and wealth more than harmony and balance . And finally they consider reproduction as a transcendent value for woman to achieve herself . Biologically becoming a human being is built on growing into language and into emotion , where social coexistence will be based on love ; otherwise the process of socialization will be heavily disordered . According to the report of monk Salimbene of Parma Frederick the Great , King of Prussia ask the question of which language would be the primal language . In an experiment babies were provided only with the absolutely necessary and tried to be raised without love and without speaking in their presence . The result was that all children died after a while . As insane that experiment was , it shows that we become social beings within the intimacy with our mothers in our childhood . Children who do not grow up from early age within total confidence and acceptance of their mother do not develop to a well integrated social being . ' When all the shelter and stimulus of his experience in arms have been given in full measure , the baby can look forward , outward , to the world beyond his mother , sure of himself and accustomed to a well - being that his nature tends to maintain . He is expectant of the next set of appropriate experiences . ' ( Liedloff ) The way of growing up in early childhood makes all the differences between different habits . Therefore life in a matriarchal culture can not be lived as a non - stopping fight and war for domination and power , because control and taking possession do not exist . If we have a look to the cult of ancient matriarchies , we will see figurines or rock painting which speak the language of dynamical harmony of existence . Power , authority and domination simply do not fit . Human life in a Matriarchy is always part of a network of processes and relations and never depends on a singular characteristic . Anything that exists is nothing in itself or comes from itself ; it is what it is only in relatedness with everything else . The baby grows up in a process of life where the world is getting more and more complex , with new activities and responsibility that broadens , but always in joyful participation of every aspect of the world as a whole . Matriarchal people live their lives in total responsibility . Acting responsible means to be completely conscious about the own actions and their consequences and act from the acceptance of these consequences . Patriarchal thinking is linear by its nature . It happens on a background of taking possession and control and moves primarily to certain result or outcome and is blind for the relatedness of all that is . Therefore patriarchal thinking is systemic irresponsible . It excludes . To live in fully relatedness and responsibility requires the emotional openness to the multi - dimensions of life that only comes from the biology of love . The beginning of a new paradigm Earlier I mentioned networks of conversation , which are preserved as way of life by the community . To understand how paradigm change can happen we have to look at the circumstances who initiate the alteration of the network of conversation that determines the alteration . Also the change can not happen without change of the emotional imprint . So let us reconstruct , what has happened in history . Archaeology tells us , that pre - patriarchal European cultures have been conquered and destroyed brutally by Indo - European nomads , which came 6500 years ago from east . At this time or later patriarchal societies emerged in different places all over the world . As an example I will use James DeMeos impressive study , the Saharasia - Theses . ' A massive climate change shook the ancient world , when approximately 6000 years ago vast areas of lush grassland and forest in the Old World began to quickly dry out and convert into harsh desert . The vast Sahara Desert , Arabian Desert , and the giant deserts of the Middle East and Central Asia simply did not exist prior to 4000 B.C.E. ' ( DeMeo ) . The global warm - up after the Ice - Ages forced the drying - out of this vast desert region , which is since DeMeo established as ' Saharasia ' , and the drier conditions created social and emotional havoc among developing human agricultural societies in these same regions . Other researchers , like Heide Gรถttner - Abendroth , Wilhelm Reich , Riane Eisler or Humberto Maturana came to similar conclusions . From harmony to traumatization To experience one or two poor crops is one thing , to see your starving kin , your village , or cities disappear is another . ' Recent eyewitness reports of culture - change occurring during famine and starvation conditions indicate a resultant breakdown of social and family bonds . Under the most severe famine conditions , husbands often leave their wives and children in search of food ; they may or may not return . Starving children and elderly family members are eventually abandoned to struggle on their own , or to die . Children may form roving bands dedicated to stealing food , and the remaining social fabric may be utterly torn apart . The maternal - infant bond appears to endure the longest Patriarchal origins People who lived before in a harmonious situation with a ' giving earth ' suddenly had to confront the quick dry up of land and forest . For a certain time and several generations they moved to fertile regions and started settlement over again . But the dryness caught up . They had to keep moving , starting over again and again until they could not plant and harvest any more crops . The society could not fall back into the stage of gatherers and hunters , because there was nothing to gather and nothing to hunt in dry land . So they became nomads who followed the yearly migration of wild animal herds to have food like the Laplanders hike with the reindeer herds until today . In 4000 and later dryness and resulting rural migration become obvious . In Central Asia the settlements transferred to the plains and river beds , that indicates the comedown of big societies . These people were no herdsmen because they did not own these animals which they followed , although they lived on them . They did not limit the mobility of these herds so other animals like wolves , co - eaters , had access to them , too . With other words : at this time our matriarchal ancestors have not been herdsmen , because they did not restrict the access to the herds they lived on , and they did not do this because the emotional imprint of possession was not part of their way of life . From hunting to murder Raising domesticated animals asks for a different way of life , like caring and fostering , and they are the main characteristics of emotional imprint which determines the bringing up of domestic animals and not to possess them . Therefore the culture of herdsmen - the pastoral network of conversation - emerges , when members of a human society start to prohibit the customary access to the food resources ( the herds which were followed ) to other regular joining eaters , like predators . And if they did this on a regular everyday behaviour this became a habit through upbringing the children and passing it on from one generation to the next . The herdsmen ' s way of life can not have emerged without fundamental emotional changes , which made it possible , and these emotional changes must have happened in the process of the acceptance of herdsmen ship itself . What exactly happened during the process of acceptance to be herdsmen ? The first step was the unconscious action of occupation , i.e. fixing a limit for co - eaters to disallow access to their regular food , the herd . The realization of setting such an operational boundary must have led to kill the participating predators . To take the life of an animal was nothing new for our ancestors ; hunters did it always to feed their families . But to kill an animal to have something to eat or to kill animals to keep them away from their natural food resources systematically are actions with very different emotional preconditions . In the first case the hunter executes a sacred rite , an act which belongs to the context of life : A life will be taken in order that another can live . In the second case the murderer aims directly at the life of the killed animal and the reason is not , that a life is taken to support another one . In the second case life is destroyed to acquire possession ; and possession is defined just by this act . The emotions which constitute these completely different actions are diametrical opposed . In the first case the hunter who takes the life of an animal is thankful . In the second case the killed animal is a threat for a man - made order established by becoming herdsmen , where the person who kills the animal is proud . Therefore I use the term hunting for the first case and murder for the second . Note that in that moment when the emotions which define those actions ( thankfulness , pride ) become visible also comes in sight , that the first action makes the animal a friend , the second an enemy . So the enemy came into being with herdsmanship , the enemy as the one whose life is taken to secure the new order , by fighting to get in possession of something . In addition a loss of confidence happened as a result of keeping permanent necessary attention to protect the herd and exclude other eaters . The emotion of insecurity emerged . But more : with this insecurity another emotion of security became apparent when killing and excluding other animals . With this change of emotional imprint and the connected actions , a further alteration was brought about : enmity , as the recurrent desire to negate the other . With enmity emerged the enemy and therewith the instruments of hunting became weapons , because they were used now to kill the joining eaters . By hindering others to access natural resources herdsman ship emerged . In this process this habit became a characteristic of the normal life of these families und had been passed from generation to generation . The network of conversation founded in pastoral patriarchal life became the regular way of life in the new paradigm , independent of currently lived herdsmanship . The consequences are : because new habits changed the emotions and following actions , the network of conversation changed accordingly . If these are passed down from generation to generation , i.e. they will be preserved , than we have a paradigm change . Friend or enemy ? Human actions and emotions as such can be lived in different fields , i.e. what one learns in one part of living and being can be easily transferred to another part . As soon as enmity and possession had been learned , they could be lived as well in relation to land , ideas or convictions , if the circumstances allowed that . If ' the other ' is the enemy , individualism is impossible . Confidence and trust into the natural harmony of life got lost and was replaced by worries about the availability of livelihood . The longing for security was satisfied by expansion of the herds . In that process three further changes in the dynamics of emotions happened : permanent desire of accumulation of things , which give security ; the high esteem of growth as form of getting security , and the fearful look at the death as source of pain and total loss . In fact , the esteem of growth results in actions , which open the floodgate to exponential growth of population : every kind of birth control is prohibited - opposed to the matriarchal view of fertility as a cyclic system of life and dead . With time also women and children lost their freedom and became possessions due to their connection to sexuality and reproduction and became a source of wealth and with that security . At the same time they are ' the other ' and therefore ' the enemy ' . Synopsis : Inside the matriarchal culture another paradigm could emerge as a result of vast changes of climates . The nurturers and caretakers , the women , were substituted by men , who were more mobile in a state of emergency and had the ability of linear thinking , what was necessary at the edge of life or dead . There was no room for integrating or ethical thoughts and they did their job of surviving . By becoming herdsmen the male kin members saved their existence - not more , not less . The price was to become murderers . Therefore ' matriarchy ' is a taboo . Patriarchy is not a culture and neither a way of life of its own ; it is based on and defined by matriarchal elements , just twisted and bended and perverted into the opposite , but still reconstructible . The patriarchal paradigm has no tradition , no mythology , and no cult , that does not lead to matriarchal roots . We live in a pseudo - society that sits on its history like a parasite on a tree . The current matriarchal societies show us : without massive pressure from outside no other paradigm will emerge . It is just the natural continuum that moves on from one generation to the next for thousands of years . Social Bookmarking
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http://matrix.wikia.com/wiki/Seraph
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in : Males Programs Exiles and 15 more Seraph English Edit Share Seraph Gender : Male Height : 1.80 meters Hair : Black Eye Color : Brown Purpose : Protecting The Oracle Type of Exile : Human ( Seraphim Affiliation ( s ) : The Oracle The Merovingian ( formerly ) You do not truly know someone until you fight them . โ Seraph [ src ] is a supporting character in the second and third films of The Matrix Trilogy . He is portrayed by Taiwanese Hong Kong based martial arts actor Collin Chou Contents show Biography Edit History Seraph ' s program code appearance . It is known that when Seraph came to the Matrix he began to work for the Merovingian . When he was working for the Merovingian the Oracle approached him and asked him to protect her . Ever since , the Merovingian has seen him as a traitor . At some point in the past , he also eluded and may have even defeated Agent Smith A program that appears as a human of Asian descent , Seraph behaves as a guardian , similar to a computer login screen equipped with a powerful Challenge - Handshake Authentication Protocol ; to protect access to more important programming , it challenges anyone for the proper credentials . In this case , Seraph fights the challenger , allowing those with sufficient fighting skill ( and the rightful reasons to access ) to meet the Oracle . The Arrangement with Neo and The Oracle Seraph fighting Neo to test to see if he is The One Wanting Neo to see the Oracle , Morpheus , during the meeting regarding the Sentinels digging from the surface , asks a ship to stay behind and meet with the Oracle . Ballard of the Caduceus accepts and after a while , Seraph appears behind him , causing the captain to quickly aim his gun at the guardian . When Ballard disbelieves his claim as the Oracle ' s guardian , Seraph apologises to him in advance before disarming him and they get into a brief fight . As Ballard had an advantage , Seraph stops the fight and guides Ballard to the Oracle . The crew was soon chased by Smith , who assimilates Bane after he gets Malachi out first . Neo is soon summoned by the Oracle and arrives at a tea house , where Seraph waited . Seraph apologizes to Neo in advance before launching a furious attack to test Neo ' s true skill , and as such his authenticity as The One Seraph guarding the Oracle while Neo speaks with her . After Neo proves his capabilities of handling himself in combat , Seraph then leads Neo to the Oracle , who is sitting on a bench in a playground within the Matrix . As the Oracle speaks with Neo , Seraph guards and watches The Oracle to prevent any source of danger from appearing and harming her . After Neo ' s conversation with the Oracle , Seraph then takes the Oracle back through the door from where they entered from leaving Neo with his new quest . Battle for Restoration Seraph is apparently unable to ward away an event that cost the Oracle her " shell " or avatar that most of the Zion operatives were familiar with ( not realizing that the Oracle is actually a program and not a bluepill ) . The event left the Oracle with a different appearance and Seraph was apparently needed for other purposes . While Neo was trapped within Mobil Avenue , Seraph contacted the Logos from the Matrix to the real world , saying that the Oracle wants to speak to Niobe . When Niobe arrives , Seraph apologishe ' s in advance before fighting her , after she bests him , he takes her to the Oracle , where she gives Niobe advice on whether or not to help Neo when the time is right . After they speak , Seraph leads her to the same hallway he and Neo took and gives some advice before closing the door , inadvertently leading her to be cornered by Smith , but she manages to get out of the Matrix . He later contacted Morpheus from the Matrix to the real world once again , saying that the Oracle would like to speak with him and Trinity . After revealing her new shell to Morpheus and Trinity , the Oracle tells them about the Trainman and that he is the one that can free Neo from Mobil Avenue Seraph , Morphues , and Trinity about battle with the Club Hel guards . Once reaching the subway , the three of them manage to find the Trainman but he escapes to Club Hel and tells The Merovingian about the situation . Once Seraph , Trinity , and Morpheus realize that they must find the Merovingian , the three of them go to Club Hel . Seraph , Trinity , and Morpheus moving across the dancefloor while looking for the Merovingian . Before entering the underground club , the three of them battle against exile guards and some of the Merovingian ' s henchmen . After the battle , they enter the club and move across the dancefloor while wielding their guns and looking for the Merovingian . The Merovingian appears from the upper level and tells them that the three of them must give up their weapons in order for them to talk . Seraph , Trinity , and Morpheus do so and go upstairs . Seraph held at gunpoint by the guards while Trinity speaks to the Merovingian . Once on the second level , the three of them find the Trainman , Persephone , and more of the Merovingian ' s guards . The Merovingian makes a proposition that he will allow the Trainman to release Neo if they give him the eyes of the Oracle . Trinity , outraged by the offer , attacks the guards around her and Seraph and Morpheus join in with the struggle . The fight ends with Trinity holding a pistol to the Merovingian ' s head while Seraph held a Luger P08 at the Trainman , saying that all of them will die at that moment if Neo is not released . After Persephone persuades the Ambushed by Smith Smith speaking to Seraph before he assimilates him . After the conflict in Mobil Avenue , Sati was released and was left in the Oracle ' s care . Seraph continued to guard the Oracle and Sati . After Neo was released from Mobil Avenue , Seraph was told to watch Sati . While they were leaving the Oracle ' s apartment , the apartment hallway lights started to turn off . Agent Smith , who is now a virus in the Matrix , revealed himself to be the cause of this event and Seraph grabbed Sati and tried to escape from Smith . They entered an apartment room and hid there hoping Smith would not find them . Smith eventually enters into the room and after a brief talk with Seraph , he assimilated both Seraph and Sati . The New Day Seraph and Sati approaching as a new dawn awaits . When Neo ' s Machine City quest to bring peace between the people of Zion and the Machines is successful and the Matrix is reloaded . All programs that were possessed by Smith were then free . Seraph found Sati and both of them approached the Oracle , who was sitting on a park bench . After Sati asked if Neo will return , Seraph asked if the Oracle knew that this new day of peace would come . The Oracle told Seraph that she did not know but believed it would and the three of them stare into the sun shining down within the Matrix . Personality Very little is known about Seraph ' s personal life . What is known is that he believes that the best way to get to know a person is engaging in a fight with them , to test their power , skill and determination . When not fighting , guarding or escorting people during important missions , Seraph likes to spend his free time drinking Tea and meditating . It ' s also implied that Seraph likes cookies as , when Neo arrives Oracle , in an effort to talk to Neo alone ; excuses Sati with the bowl of The Matrix Online Seraph returns in The Matrix Online , originally continuing to protect the Oracle . Interpretation Origin In The Matrix Online , Seraph was speculated to have been originally a , exiles that were former Agents of one of the previous Matrixes . He became employed by the Merovingian when he was exiled into the Matrix , and had his wings torn out due to betrayal . The Merovingian , upon seeing Seraph in club Hel , remarks : " L ' ange sans ses ailes " , which translates from french as " The angel without his wings " . A Possible Previous ' One ' An existing theory on the origins of Seraph is that he was , at one time , one of the 5 original ' Ones ' , this based on the observation that he appears to be nearly equal in combat ability to Neo . Seraph ' s name has its origins in the Judeo - Christian Seraphim . These are angels that , in the Christian angelarchy , are of the highest rank . An observation made by some fans is that , through the eyes of Deus Ex Machina , Neo appears angelic and fiery . This ties back into the religious angelarchy as the Seraphim , being angels , are synonymous with fire , their title literally translated as " burning ones " . Seraph was of the same fiery golden color , this color being symbolic of spirit in the Matrix , which is a further indicator that he may have once been a human or ' One ' . Also , as God ' s guardians , the Seraphim were said to have 6 wings upon them , 2 guarding their feet , 2 their face and 2 they used to fly . This is important to note , in that there were 6 ' Ones ' in total , Neo being the sixth and final . Also important is that the Smith that assimilated the Oracle was likely the recently assimilated Seraph , noting the final exchange of words between this Smith and the Oracle , which were as follows : Oracle : " What did you do with Sati ? " Smith : " Cookies need love like everything does . " Oracle : " You are a bastard . " Smith : " You would know , Mom . " โ The Oracle [ src ] Assuming that the Smith in question was once Seraph , and that Seraph , himself , was once a ' One ' , the use of the word Mom is important when considering the Oracle ' s role in the creation of the current model of the Matrix , which was running through its 6th time . The Oracle was literally the creator , or mother , of the Prime Program ( The Path of the One ) . She created it in order to suppress the anomaly , the rejection of the Matrix program by 1 % of the population , that existed in the architects current incarnations of the Matrix . So , in considering the above , assuming that Smith was Seraph , a ' One ' , it would be entirely proper for him to call her Mom ( A side note , a comparative example of an assimilated programming speaking through Smith was in Smith ' s and Neo ' s final fight . Smith , being the assimilated Oracle , tells Neo , " Everything that has a beginning , has an end , . " It was only ever then that Smith called Neo by his preferred name , implying that it was , in fact , the Oracle directly speaking ) . Also interesting is the Smith - assimilated Seraph ' s exclamation , " Cookies need love like everything does " ( Although this is quoting Sati , she has learned of cookies through the Oracle ) ( Perhaps that phrase is pronounced by Smith - assimilated Sati , instead , it ' s more logical ) . This is of interest in that cookies were believed to be important in the relationship between the Oracle and Neo , or the ' One ' . Food is known for its transfer of information in the Matrix and it is believed that Furthermore , in support of Seraph ' s possible previous incarnation as a ' One ' , it is known that particular humans can be rebirthed in the Matrix after their physical bodies have ceased . An example of this would be Trinity ' s rebirth in the Matrix ( Also composed of golden code ) , as it was revealed in that both she and Neo ( and discernibly all other ' Ones ' ) were a cumulation of decades of Machine research into translating human DNA perfectly into Machine code , allowing them to interface directly with technology without the need for simulated interfaces . This program was called The Biological Interface Program and was created by the Oracle ( Further solidifying the Oracle as mother of the ' Ones ' ) . In compliance with the above information , it is implied that Seraph once worked for the Merovingian , which would be fitting if he was reborn in the Matrix . It is likely that , just as Neo did when he first entered the Matrix through TBI , Seraph would have ' re - materialized ' at Mobil Avenue ( the train station ) , the departing from which reaching was only possible by riding the train . The train was run by the train master and the train master was under the control of the Merovingian . Ultimately , Appearances The Matrix Reloaded The Matrix Revolutions Enter the Matrix The Matrix : Path of Neo References โ The word Seraph is based on the biblical term Seraphim the name of the highest choir of angels . At one point in The Matrix Revolutions , one of the Hel club guards recognizes Seraph and says " It ' s wingless . " Categories Males Programs Exiles Exiles in MxO Characters Exile Characters Resistance Characters The Matrix Reloaded Enter the Matrix The Matrix : Path of Neo The Matrix Comics Characters in The Matrix Reloaded Characters in The Matrix Revolutions Characters in Enter the Matrix Characters in The Matrix : Path of Neo Characters in MxO Characters in The Matrix Comics Add category Languages : ะ ัััะบะธะน
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http://matse1.matse.illinois.edu/metals/prin.html
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Scientific Principles Structure of Metals : Metals account for about two thirds of all the elements and about 24 % of the mass of the planet . They are all around us in such forms as steel structures , copper wires , aluminum foil , and gold jewelry . Metals are widely used because of their properties : strength , ductility , high melting point , thermal and electrical conductivity , and toughness These properties also offer clues as to the structure of metals . As with all elements , metals are composed of atoms . The strength of metals suggests that these atoms are held together by strong bonds . These bonds must also allow atoms to move ; otherwise how could metals be hammered into sheets or drawn into wires ? A reasonable model would be one in which atoms are held together by strong , but delocalized , bonds . Bonding Such bonds could be formed between metal atoms that have low electronegativities and do not attract their valence electrons strongly . This would allow the outermost electrons to be shared by all the surrounding atoms , resulting in positive ions ( cations ) surrounded by a sea of electrons ( sometimes referred to as an electron cloud ) . Because these valence electrons are shared by all the atoms , they are not considered to be associated with any one atom . This is very different from ionic or covalent bonds , where electrons are held by one or two atoms . The metallic bond is therefore strong and uniform . Since electrons are attracted to many atoms , they have considerable mobility that allows for the good heat and electrical conductivity seen in metals . Above their melting point , metals are liquids , and their atoms are randomly arranged and relatively free to move . However , when cooled below their melting point , metals rearrange to form ordered , crystalline structures . Crystals To form the strongest metallic bonds , metals are packed together as closely as possible . Several packing arrangements are possible . Instead of atoms , imagine marbles that need to be packed in a box . The marbles would be placed on the bottom of the box in neat orderly rows and then a second layer begun . The second layer of marbles can not be placed directly on top of the other marbles and so the rows of marbles in this layer move into the spaces between marbles in the first layer . The first layer of marbles Layer " A " Layer " B " AB packing Packing marbles in the third layer requires a decision . Again rows of atoms will nest in the hollows between atoms in the second layer but two possibilities exist . If the rows of marbles are packed so they are directly over the first layer ( A ) then the arrangement could be described as ABA . Such a packing arrangement with alternating layers would be designated as ABABAB . This ABAB arrangement is called hexagonal close packing ( HCP ) If the rows of atoms are packed in this third layer so that they do not lie over atoms in either the A or B layer , then the third layer is called C . This packing sequence would be designated ABCABC , and is also known as face - centered cubic ( FCC ) . Both arrangements give the closest possible packing of spheres leaving only about a fourth of the available space empty . The smallest repeating array of atoms in a crystal is called a unit cell . A third common packing arrangement in metals , the body - centered cubic ( BCC ) unit cell has atoms at each of the eight corners of a cube plus one atom in the center of the cube . Because each of the corner atoms is the corner of another cube , the corner atoms in each unit cell will be shared among eight unit cells . The BCC unit cell consists of a net total of two atoms , the one in the center and eight eighths from the corners . In the FCC arrangement , again there are eight atoms at corners of the unit cell and one atom centered in each of the faces . The atom in the face is shared with the adjacent cell . FCC unit cells consist of four atoms , eight eighths at the corners and six halves in the faces . Table 1 shows the stable room temperature crystal structures for several elemental metals . Aluminum FCC Nickel FCC Cadmium HCP Niobium BCC Chromium BCC Platinum Cobalt HCP Silver Copper Titanium Gold Vanadium Iron Zinc Lead Zirconium Magnesium Unit cell structures determine some of the properties of metals . For example , FCC structures are more likely to be ductile than BCC , ( body centered cubic ) or HCP ( hexagonal close packed ) . Figure 4 shows the FCC and BCC unit cells . ( See Crystal Structure Activity ) Body Centered Cubic Face Centered Cubic As atoms of melted metal begin to pack together to form a crystal lattice at the freezing point , groups of these atoms form tiny crystals . These tiny crystals increase in size by the progressive addition of atoms . The resulting solid is not one crystal but actually many smaller crystals , called grains . These grains grow until they impinge upon adjacent growing crystals . The interface formed between them is called a grain boundary . Grains are sometimes large enough to be visible under an ordinary light microscope or even to the unaided eye . The spangles that are seen on newly galvanized metals are grains . ( See A Particle Model of Metals Activity ) Figure 5 shows a typical view of a metal surface with many grains , or crystals . Crystal Defects : Metallic crystals are not perfect . Sometimes there are empty spaces called vacancies , where an atom is missing . Another common defect in metals are dislocations , which are lines of defective bonding . Figure 6 shows one type of dislocation . These and other imperfections , as well as the existence of grains and grain boundaries , determine many of the mechanical properties of metals . When a stress is applied to a metal , dislocations are generated and move , allowing the metal to deform . Mechanical Properties : When small loads ( stresses ) are applied to metals they deform , and they return to their original shape when the load is released . Bending a sheet of steel is an example where the bonds are bent or stretched only a small percentage . This is called elastic deformation and involves temporary stretching or bending of bonds between atoms . When higher stresses are applied , permanent ( plastic ) deformation occurs . For example , when a paper clip is bent a large amount and then released , it will remain partially bent . This plastic deformation involves the breaking of bonds , often by the motion of dislocations . See Figure 8 . Dislocations move easily in metals , due to the delocalized bonding , but do not move easily in ceramics . This largely explains why metals are ductile , while ceramics are brittle . If placed under too large of a stress , metals will mechanically fail , or fracture . This can also result over time from many small stresses . The most common reason ( about 80 % ) for metal failure is fatigue . Through the application and release of small stresses ( as many as millions of times ) as the metal is used , small cracks in the metal are formed and grow slowly . Eventually the metal is permanently deformed or it breaks ( fractures ) . ( See Processing Metals Activity ) Processing : In industry , molten metal is cooled to form the solid . The solid metal is then mechanically shaped to form a particular product . How these steps are carried out is very important because heat and plastic deformation can strongly affect the mechanical properties of a metal . Grain Size Effect : It has long been known that the properties of some metals could be changed by heat treating . Grains in metals tend to grow larger as the metal is heated . A grain can grow larger by atoms migrating from another grain that may eventually disappear . Dislocations can not cross grain boundaries easily , so the size of grains determines how easily the dislocations can move . As expected , metals with small grains are stronger but they are less ductile . Figure 5 shows an example of the grain structure of metals . Quenching and Hardening : There are many ways in which metals can be heat treated . Annealing is a softening process in which metals are heated and then allowed to cool slowly . Most steels may be hardened by heating and quenching ( cooling rapidly ) . This process was used quite early in the history of processing steel . In fact , it was believed that biological fluids made the best quenching liquids and urine was sometimes used . In some ancient civilizations , the red hot sword blades were sometimes plunged into the bodies of hapless prisoners ! Today metals are quenched in water or oil . Actually , quenching in salt water solutions is faster , so the ancients were not entirely wrong . Quenching results in a metal that is very hard but also brittle . Gently heating a hardened metal and allowing it to cool slowly will produce a metal that is still hard but also less brittle . This process is known as tempering . ( See Processing Metals Activity ) . It results in many small Fe 3 C precipitates in the steel , which block dislocation motion which thereby provide the strengthening . Cold Working : Because plastic deformation results from the movement of dislocations , metals can be strengthened by preventing this motion . When a metal is bent or shaped , dislocations are generated and move . As the number of dislocations in the crystal increases , they will get tangled or pinned and will not be able to move . This will strengthen the metal , making it harder to deform . This process is known as cold working . At higher temperatures the dislocations can rearrange , so little strengthening occurs . You can try this with a paper clip . Unbend the paper clip and bend one of the straight sections back and forth several times . Imagine what is occurring on the atomic level . Notice that it is more difficult to bend the metal at the same place . Dislocations have formed and become tangled , increasing the strength . The paper clip will eventually break at the bend . Cold working obviously only works to a certain extent ! Too much deformation results in a tangle of dislocations that are unable to move , so the metal breaks Heating removes the effects of cold - working . When cold worked metals are heated , recrystallization occurs . New grains form and grow to consume the cold worked portion . The new grains have fewer dislocations and the original properties are restored . Alloys : The presence of other elements in the metal can also change its properties , sometimes drastically . The arrangement and kind of bonding in metals permits the addition of other elements into the structure , forming mixtures of metals called alloys . Even if the added elements are nonmetals , alloys may still have metallic properties . Copper alloys were produced very early in our history . Bronze , an alloy of copper and tin , was the first alloy known . It was easy to produce by simply adding tin to molten copper . Tools and weapons made of this alloy were stronger than pure copper ones . Adding zinc to copper produces another alloy , brass . Although brass is more difficult to produce than bronze , it also was known in ancient times . ( See " Gold " Penny Activity ) Typical composition of some alloys is given in Table 2 . Alloy Composition Brass Copper , Zinc Bronze Copper , Zinc , Tin Pewter Tin , Copper , Bismuth , Antimony Solder Lead , Tin Alnico Aluminum , Nickel , Cobalt , Iron Cast iron Iron , Carbon , Manganese , Silicon Steel Iron , Carbon ( plus small amounts of alloying elements ) Stainless Steel Iron , Chromium , Nickel Alloys are mixtures and their percentage composition can vary . This is useful , because the properties of alloys can be manipulated by varying composition . For example , electricians need a solder with different properties than the one used by plumbers . Electrical solder hardens very quickly producing an almost immediate connection . This would not be practical for plumbers who need some time to set the joint . Electrical solder contains about 60 % tin , whereas plumber ' s solder contains about 30 % . Pewter originally contained lead , and since pewter was used for plates and goblets , it probably was a source of lead poisoning . Pewter made today is lead - free . Increased knowledge of the properties of metals also leads to new alloys . Some brasses form shape memory alloys which can be bent and will return to their original shape when gently heated . Zinc alloys , used as a coating on steel , slow corrosion ( galvanized steel ) . Cadmium alloys find extensive use in solar cells . The ability of cupronickel to resist the build - up of deposits makes it useful for cages in fish farming . Iron and Steel : Carbon steels vary in the percentage of carbon they contain . The amount of carbon affects the properties of the steel and its suitability for specific uses . Steels rarely contain more than 1 % carbon . Structural steel contains about 0.1 - 0.2 % carbon by weight ; this makes it slightly more ductile and less apt to break during earthquakes . Steel used for tools is about 0.5 - 1 % carbon , making it harder and more wear resistant . Cast iron is between 2.5 and 4 % carbon and finds use in low cost applications where 3 C ; in quenched steels , it also increases the hardness and strength of the material . Bobby pins and paper clips are processed in much the same way but contain different amounts of carbon . Bobby pins and paper clips are formed from cold worked steel wire . The paper clip , containing little carbon , is mostly pure Fe with some Fe C particles . The bobby pin has more carbon and thus contains a larger amount of Fe C which makes it much harder and stronger . The properties of steel can be tailored for special uses by the addition of other metals to the alloy . Titanium , vanadium , molybdenum and manganese are among the metals added to these specialty steels . Stainless steel contains a minimum of 12 % chromium , which stops further oxidation by forming a protective oxide on the surface . Corrosion : Corrosion of metals can be a major problem , especially for long - term structural applications like cars , bridges , and ships . Most corrosion is electrochemical ( galvanic ) in nature . To have corrosion , an anode ( a more easily oxidized region ) and a cathode ( a less easily oxidized region ) must be present . These may be different types of metals or simply different regions on the same metal . Some sort of electrolyte that can allow the transport of electrons must also be present . Corrosion involves the release of electrons at the anode due to the high oxidation potential of the atoms at the anode . As the electrons are released , metal cations are formed and the metal disintegrates . Simultaneously , the cathode , which has a greater reduction potential , accepts the electrons by either forming negative ions or neutralizing positive ions . In the case of the activity or electromotive force series , a metal such as zinc reacts with hydrogen and serves as both the anode and the cathode . ( See Activity Series Activity ) The equation for this reaction is : Hydrogen bubbles at the cathode while the anode is destroyed . Surface imperfections , the presence of impurities , orientation of the grains , localized stresses , and variations in the environment are some of the factors determining why a single piece of metal may serve as both electrodes . For example , the head and point of a nail have been cold worked and can serve as the anode while the body serves as the cathode . ( See Corrosion of Iron Activity ) Although oxidation at the anode and reduction at the cathode are simultaneous processes , corrosion usually occurs at the anode . The cathode is almost never destroyed . In 1824 , Davy developed a method of protecting the hulls of ships from corrosion by using zinc that can be periodically replaced . Zinc is more active than the steel in the hull and will serve as the anode and be corroded ; it is sacrificed to protect the steel structure . The steel that would have been both the anode and cathode normally serves as the cathode . This is cathodic protection . Pipe lines are similarly protected by the more active metal magnesium . Sometimes electric currents are maintained in short sections of pipe lines with a length of similar metal wired to serve as the sacrificial anode . Corrosion is a major problem that must be solved in order to effectively utilize metals . Iron combines with oxygen in the air forming iron oxide ( rust ) , eventually destroying the usefulness of the metal . ( See Optional : Chemical Hand Warmer Activity ) Fortunately , some metals , such as aluminum and chromium , form a protective oxide coating that prevents further oxidation ( corrosion ) . Similarly , copper combines with sulfur and oxygen forming the familiar green patina . Understanding the chemistry of metals leads to the development of methods to reduce and prevent corrosion . Chromium atoms are about the same size as iron atoms and can substitute for them in iron crystals . Chromium forms an oxide layer that allows stainless steel to resist corrosion . Metals can be painted or they can be coated with other metals ; galvanized ( zinc coated ) steel is an example . When these two metals are used together , the more active zinc corrodes , sacrificing itself to save the steel . Metal Ores : Gold , silver , and copper were the first metals used because they are found in the free or elemental state . Most metals found in nature are combined with other elements such as oxygen and sulfur . Energy is needed to extract metals from these compounds or ores . Historically , the ease with which a given metal could be extracted from its ore , along with availability , determined when it came into use , hence the early use of copper , tin , and iron . The formulas for some ores are given below : Hematite Fe 2 O Rutile TiO Magnetite Fe O 4 Zircon ZrSiO 4 Pyrite FeS Cassiterite SnO Chalcocite Cu S Bauxite Al Cinnabar HgS Galena PbS These ores are ionic compounds in which the metals exist as positive ions . For example the oxidation state of iron in hematite is + 3 ; the oxidation state of copper in chalcocite is + 1 . Extracting metals from their ores is an oxidation - reduction ( Redox ) reaction . In the elemental state , metals consist of atoms not ions . Since atoms have no overall charge the metal ions gain electrons in the reaction ; they are reduced . The overall reaction for the reduction of copper from chalcocite is : This is the overall reaction only . The complete process is not this simple . The reduction of metals from their ores typically requires a series of chemical and mechanical processes . These are usually energetically expensive , consuming large amounts of heat and / or electrical energy . For example , about five percent of the electricity consumed in the United States is used to produce aluminum . It costs about one hundred times as much to make an aluminum pop can , starting with the ore , as it does to melt and form recycled aluminum . Extracting metals from ores may also produce pollutants such as the sulfur dioxide above . Whenever possible , recycling and The relative difficulty of extracting metals from their ores indicates that this is their preferred state . Once removed from their ores , and in the elemental state , most metals display considerable tendency to react with oxygen and sulfur and return to their natural state ; they corrode ! In corrosion , the metal is oxidized . It loses electrons , becoming a positive ion . ( See Corrosion of Metals Activity ) Metals Summary Metals have useful properties including strength , ductility , high melting points , thermal and electrical conductivity , and toughness . They are widely used for structural and electrical applications . Understanding the structure of metals can help us understand their properties . Metal atoms are attached to each other by strong , delocalized bonds . These bonds are formed by a cloud of valence electrons that are shared between positive metal ions ( cations ) in a crystal lattice . In this arrangement , the valence electrons have considerable mobility and are able to conduct heat and electricity easily . In the crystal lattice , metal atoms are packed closely together to maximize the strength of the bonds . An actual piece of metal consists of many tiny crystals called grains that touch at grain boundaries . Due to the delocalized nature of the bonds , metal atoms are able to slide past each other when the metal is deformed instead of fracturing like a brittle material . This movement of atoms is accomplished through the generation and movement of dislocations in the lattice . Processing techniques that change the bonding between atoms or affect the number or mobility of dislocations can have a large effect on the mechanical properties of a metal . Elastic deformation of a metal is a small change in shape at low stress which is recoverable after the stress is removed . This type of deformation involves stretching of the metal bonds , but the atoms do not slide past each other . Plastic deformation occurs when the stress is sufficient to permanently deform the metal . This type of deformation involves the breaking of bonds , usually by the movement of dislocations . Plastic deformation results in the formation of more dislocations in the metal lattice . This can result in a decrease in the mobility of these dislocations due to their tendency to become tangled or pinned . Plastic deformation at temperatures low enough that atoms can not rearrange ( cold - working ) , can strengthen a metal as a result of this effect . One side effect is that the metal becomes more brittle . As a metal is used , cracks tend to form and grow , eventually causing it to break or fracture . Dislocations can not easily cross grain boundaries . If a metal is heated , the grains can grow larger and the material becomes softer . Heating a metal and cooling it quickly ( quenching ) , followed by gentle heating ( tempering ) , results in a harder material due to the formation of many small Fe C precipitates which block dislocations . Mixing of metals with other metals or nonmetals can result in alloys that have desirable properties . Steel formed from iron and carbon can vary substantially in hardness depending on the amount of carbon added and the way in which it was processed . Some alloys have a higher resistance to corrosion . Corrosion is a major problem with most metals . It is an oxidation - reduction reaction in which metal atoms form ions causing the metal to weaken . One technique that has been developed to combat corrosion in structural applications includes the attachment of a sacrificial anode made of a metal with a higher oxidation potential . In this arrangement , the anode corrodes , leaving the cathode , the structural part , undamaged . The formation of a protective coating on the outside of a metal can also resist corrosion . Steels that contain chromium metal form a protective Only a few pure metals can be found in nature . Most metals exist as ores , compounds of the metal with oxygen or sulfur . Separating the pure metal from the ore often involves large amounts of energy as heat and / or electricity . Due to this large expenditure of energy , it makes sense to recycle metals when possible . Discussion Questions 1 . How are ores extracted from the earth ? 2 . Name 4 alloys and the metals from which they are made . 3 . What impact does " cold working " have on metals ? 4 . What process makes metals hard , but brittle ? 5 . What process makes metals softer and easier to work ? 6 . Give three methods used to reduce corrosion . 7 . Give 2 valuable impacts of recycling . Problem Assume the radius of one iron atom is 1.24 angstroms ( 1 angstrom = 1 x 10 - 8 cm ) . What would be the density of body centered cubic ( BCC ) iron in grams / cubic centimeter ? Hint : Find the mass and volume of one unit cell . Remember to count only the fraction of each atom in the cell . Extension : The maximum solubility of carbon in BCC iron is one atom for every 5000 atoms of iron . What would be the density of steel with the maximum amount of carbon dissolved ? Solution = m / V = # atoms x ( mass / atom ) / cell volume In BCC iron , there are two iron atoms per unit cell . ( 8 x 1 / 8 + 1 ) One iron atom has a mass of 55.85 amu or 9.27 x 10 - 23 grams . The total mass of one unit cell is 1.85 x 10 - 22 grams . Let ( r ) be the radius of an iron atom . The atoms at the corners contact the atom in the middle , making the diagonal of the box equal to ( 4r ) . If we call one side of the box ( L ) , a diagonal of the cube face would be equal to ( square root of 2 ) times ( L ) . One side , the diagonal of the cube face , and the diagonal of the box make a right triangle . Using the Pythagorean theorem , ( L ) 2 + ( square root 2 x ( L ) ) = ( 4r ) Solving for L and plugging in for ( r ) , we find that L = 2.86 angstroms or 2.86 x 10 - 8 cm . The volume of the cube ( unit cell ) is ( L ) = 2.34 x 10 - 23 cm . Dividing the mass by the volume we get : Density = 7.91 grams / cm Next Topic : References Metals Table of Contents MAST Home Page
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Scientific Principles Polymerization Reactions The chemical reaction in which high molecular mass molecules are formed from monomers is known as polymerization . There are two basic types of polymerization , chain - reaction ( or addition ) and step - reaction ( or condensation polymerization Chain - Reaction Polymerization One of the most common types of polymer reactions is chain - reaction ( addition ) polymerization . This type of polymerization is a three step process involving two chemical entities . The first , known simply as a monomer , can be regarded as one link in a polymer chain . It initially exists as simple units . In nearly all cases , the monomers have at least one carbon - carbon double bond . Ethylene is one example of a monomer used to make a common polymer . Step 1 : Initiation The first step in the chain - reaction polymerization process , initiation , occurs when the free - radical catalyst reacts with a double bonded carbon monomer , beginning the polymer chain . The double carbon bond breaks apart , the monomer bonds to the free radical , and the free electron is transferred to the outside carbon atom in this reaction . Step 2 : Propagation The next step in the process , propagation , is a repetitive operation in which the physical chain of the polymer is formed . The double bond of successive monomers is opened up when the monomer is reacted to the reactive polymer chain . The free electron is successively passed down the line of the chain to the outside carbon atom . Step 3 : Termination Termination occurs when another free radical ( R - O ) , left over from the original splitting of the organic peroxide , meets the end of the growing chain . This free - radical terminates the chain by linking with the last CH component of the polymer chain . This reaction produces a complete polymer chain . Termination can also occur when two unfinished chains bond together . Both termination types are diagrammed below . Other types of termination are also possible . Step - Reaction Polymerization Step - reaction ( condensation ) polymerization is another common type of polymerization . This polymerization method typically produces polymers of lower molecular weight than chain reactions and requires higher temperatures to occur . Unlike addition polymerization , step - wise reactions involve two different types of di - functional monomers or end groups that react with one another , forming a chain . Condensation polymerization also produces a small molecular by - product ( water , HCl , etc . ) . Below is an example of the formation of Nylon 66 , a common polymeric clothing material , involving one each of two monomers , hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid , reacting to form a dimer of Nylon 66 . Polymer Chemical Structure The monomers in a polymer can be arranged in a number of different ways . As indicated above , both addition and condensation polymers can be linear , branched , or cross - linked . Linear polymers are made up of one long continuous chain , without any excess appendages or attachments . Branched polymers have a chain structure that consists of one main chain of molecules with smaller molecular chains branching from it . A branched chain - structure tends to lower the degree of crystallinity and density of a polymer . Cross - linking in polymers occurs when primary valence bonds are formed between separate polymer chain molecules . Chains with only one type of monomer are known as homopolymers . If two or more different type monomers are involved , the resulting copolymer can have several configurations or arrangements of the monomers along the chain . The four main configurations are depicted below : Polymer Physical Structure Segments of polymer molecules can exist in two distinct physical structures . They can be found in either crystalline or amorphous forms . Crystalline polymers are only possible if there is a regular chemical structure ( e.g. , homopolymers or alternating copolymers ) , and the chains possess a highly ordered arrangement of their segments . Crystallinity in polymers is favored in symmetrical polymer chains , however , it is never 100 % . These semi - crystalline polymers possess a rather typical liquefaction pathway , retaining their solid state until they reach their melting point at T m Amorphous polymers do not show order . The molecular segments in amorphous polymers or the amorphous domains of semi - crystalline polymers are randomly arranged and entangled . Amorphous polymers do not have a definable T m due to their randomness . At low temperatures , below their glass transition temperature ( T g , the segments are immobile and the sample is often brittle . As temperatures increase close to g , the molecular segments can begin to move . Above , the mobility is sufficient ( if no crystals are present ) that the polymer can flow as a highly viscous liquid . The viscosity decreases with increasing temperature and decreasing molecular weight . There can also be an elastic response if the entanglements can not align at the rate a force is applied ( as in silly putty ) . This material is then described as visco - elastic . In a semi - crystalline polymer , molecular flow is prevented by the portions of the molecules in the crystals until the temperature is above . At this point a visco - elastic material forms . These effects can most easily be seen on a specific volume versus temperature graph . Members of the Polymer Family Polymers can be separated into two different groups depending on their behavior when heated . Polymers with linear molecules are likely to be thermoplastic . These are substances that soften upon heating and can be remolded and recycled . They can be semi - crystalline or amorphous . The other group of polymers is known as thermosets . These are substances that do not soften under heat and pressure and can not be remolded or recycled . They must be remachined , used as fillers , or incinerated to remove them from the environment . Thermoplastics Thermoplastics are generally carbon containing polymers synthesized by addition or condensation polymerization . This process forms strong covalent bonds within the chains and weaker secondary Van der Waals bonds between the chains . Usually , these secondary forces can be easily overcome by thermal energy , making thermoplastics moldable at high temperatures . Thermoplastics will also retain their newly reformed shape after cooling . A few common applications of thermoplastics include : parts for common household appliances , bottles , cable insulators , tape , blender and mixer bowls , medical syringes , mugs , textiles , packaging , and insulation . Thermosets Thermosets have the same Van der Waals bonds that thermoplastics do . They also have a stronger linkage to other chains . Strong covalent bonds chemically hold different chains together in a thermoset material . The chains may be directly bonded to each other or be bonded through other molecules . This " cross - linking " between the chains allows the material to resist softening upon heating . Thus , thermosets must be machined into a new shape if they are to be reused or they can serve as powdered fillers . Although thermosets are difficult to reform , High thermal stability and insulating properties . High rigidity and dimensional stability . Resistance to creep and deformation under load . Light - weight . A few common applications for thermosets include epoxies ( glues ) , automobile body parts , adhesives for plywood and particle board , and as a matrix for composites in boat hulls and tanks . Polymer Processing There are five basic processes to form polymer products or parts . These include ; injection molding , compression molding , transfer molding , blow molding , and extrusion . Compression molding and transfer molding are used mainly for thermosetting plastics . Injection molding , extrusion and blow molding are used primarily with thermoplastics . Injection Molding This very common process for forming plastics involves four steps : Powder or pelletized polymer is heated to the liquid state . Under pressure , the liquid polymer is forced into a mold through an opening , called a sprue . Gates control the flow of material . The pressurized material is held in the mold until it solidifies . The mold is opened and the part removed by ejector pins . Advantages of injection molding include rapid processing , little waste , and easy automation . Molded parts include combs , toothbrush bases , pails , pipe fittings , and model airplane parts . Compression Molding This type of molding was among the first to be used to form plastics . It involves four steps : Pre - formed blanks , powders or pellets are placed in the bottom section of a heated mold or die . The other half of the mold is lowered and is pressure applied . The material softens under heat and pressure , flowing to fill the mold . Excess is squeezed from the mold . If a thermoset , cross - linking occurs in the mold . The mold is opened and the part is removed . For thermoplastics , the mold is cooled before removal so the part will not lose its shape . Thermosets may be ejected while they are hot and after curing is complete . This process is slow , but the material moves only a short distance to the mold , and does not flow through gates or runners . Only one part is made from each mold . Transfer Molding This process is a modification of compression molding . It is used primarily to produce thermosetting plastics . Its steps are : A partially polymerized material is placed in a heated chamber . A plunger forces the flowing material into molds . The material flows through sprues , runners and gates . The temperature and pressure inside the mold are higher than in the heated chamber , which induces cross - linking . The plastic cures , is hardened , the mold opened , and the part removed . Mold costs are expensive and much scrap material collects in the sprues and runners , but complex parts of varying thickness can be accurately produced . Blow Molding Blow molding produces bottles , globe light fixtures , tubs , automobile gasoline tanks , and drums . It involves : A softened plastic tube is extruded The tube is clamped at one end and inflated to fill a mold . Solid shell plastics are removed from the mold . This process is rapid and relatively inexpensive . Extrusion This process makes parts of constant cross section like pipes and rods . Molten polymer goes through a die to produce a final shape . It involves four steps : Pellets of the polymer are mixed with coloring and additives . The material is heated to its proper plasticity . The material is forced through a die . The material is cooled . An extruder has a hopper to feed the polymer and additives , a barrel with a continuous feed screw , a heating element , and a die holder . An adapter at the end of an extruder blowing air through an orifice into the hot polymer extruded through a ring die produces plastic bags and films . Process Thermoplastic ( TP ) or Thermoset ( TS ) Advantages Disadvantages Injection Molding TP , TS It has the most precise control of shape and dimensions , is a highly automatic process , has fast cycle time , and the widest choice of materials . It has high capital cost , is only good for large numbers of parts , and has large pressures in mold ( 20,000 psi ) . Compression Molding TS It has lower mold pressures ( 1000 psi ) , does minimum damage to reinforcing fibers ( in composites ) , and large parts are possible . It requires more labor , longer cycle than injection molding , has less shape flexibility than injection molding , and each charge is loaded by hand . Transfer Molding TS It is good for encapsulating metal parts and electronic circuits . There is some scrap with every part and each charge is loaded by hand . Blow Molding TP It can make hollow parts ( especially bottles ) , stretching action improves mechanical properties , has a fast cycle , and is low labor . It has no direct control over wall thickness , can not mold small details with high precision , and requires a polymer with high melt strength . Extrusion TP It is used for films , wraps , or long continuos parts ( ie . pipes ) . It must be cooled below its glass transition temperature to maintain stability . Recycling : Today ' s Challenge , Tomorrow ' s Reward Overview Consumer waste in the United States poses a challenge to everyone . Waste solid materials can be grouped into the following categories : metals - aluminum , steel , etc . glass - clear , colored , etc . paper - newsprint , cardboard , etc . natural polymers - leather , grass , leaves , cotton , etc . synthetic polymers - synthetic rubbers , polyethylene terephthalate , polyvinyl chloride , etc . Today , consumers are using more products and , therefore , producing more solid waste . As time goes by , we find ourselves with less space to put this waste . Eighty percent of all solid waste is buried in landfills . Today there are one third fewer landfills in operation than the 18,500 available a decade ago , making land - filling much more expensive . Tipping fees , the charge to the waste hauler for dumping a load of solid waste , have been increasing regularly . Municipalities have imposed restrictions and / or have banned the startup of new landfills within their boundaries . As an example , 50 % of New Jersey ' s solid waste is shipped out of state for landfill burial . The amount which synthetic polymers contribute to the weight of solid waste will continue to go up as the use of plastics increases as projected below . Year Total Waste Percentage Plastics 1960 76 million tons 2.7 % 1984 133 million tons 7.2 % 1995 142 million tons 8.4 % 2000 159 million tons 9.8 % ( projected ) Plastics constitute between 14 and 22 % of the volume of solid waste . One possible answer to this problem is recycling . In 1990 , 1 to 2 % of plastics , 29 % of aluminum , 25 % of paper , 7 % of glass , and 3 % of rubber and steel as post consumer wastes were recycled . Obviously , increasing the amount of plastics recycled would appear to be the answer . However , a major handicap in the reuse of plastics is that reprocessing adds a heat history , degrades properties and makes repeat In response to the contaminants issue in plastic recycling , plastic products are being designed " reuse - friendly " . Products are being made with recyclability as a viable means for disposal . At least one company has designed a 2 - liter beverage bottle made of all PET for cost effective recycling . Concerning the reuse of recycled plastics , many organizations are reevaluating the use of recycled plastics . As an example , plastic beads are being used to remove paint from aircraft employing a " sand blasting " type method . Previously , harsh , environmentally Another reason for not discarding plastics is the conservation of energy . The energy value of polyethylene ( PE ) is 100 % of an equivalent mass of # 2 heating oil . Polystyrene ( PS ) is 75 % , while polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) and PET are about 50 % . With the energy value of a pound of # 2 heating oil at 20,000 B.T.U. , land filling plastics results in a waste of energy . Some countries , notably Japan , tap into the energy value of plastic and paper with waste - to - Another factor in the recycling equation is the economic trend of increasing tipping fees at landfills . In northeastern states , tipping fees have progressively increased , but in western states the fees have remained low due to the local government subsidies to landfills . As the cost of land filling of solid waste increases , so does the incentive to recycle . When the cost of land filling exceeds the cost of recycling , recycling will be a practical alternative to land filling . These factors have led to certain recommendations by the United States Environmental Protection Agency . In order of highest to lowest , the EPA ' s recommendations are : source reduction , recycling , thermal reduction ( incineration ) , and land filling . Each of these is not without its problems . Source reduction calls for the redesigning of packaging and / or the use of less , lighter , or more environmentally safe materials . The trade - off could mean reduced food packaging with the possibility of higher food spoilage rates . There would be fewer plastics Recycling of Different Plastics PET ( polyethylene terephthalate ) In 1989 , a billion pounds of virgin PET were used to make beverage bottles of which about 20 % was recycled . Of the amount recycled , 50 % was used for fiberfill and strapping . The reprocessors claim to make a high quality , 99 % pure , granulated PET . It sells at 35 to 60 % of virgin PET costs . The major reuses of PET include sheet , fiber , film , and extrusions . When chemically treated , the recycled product can be converted into raw materials for the production of unsaturated polyester resins . If sufficient energy is used , the recycled product can be depolymerized to ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid and then repolymerized to virgin PET . HDPE ( high density polyethylene ) Of the plastics that have a potential for recycling , the rigid HDPE container is the one most likely to be found in a landfill . Less than 5 % of HDPE containers are treated or processed in a manner that makes recycling easy . Virgin HDPE is used in opaque household and industrial containers used to package motor oil , detergent , milk , bleach , and agricultural chemicals . There is a great potential for the use of recycled HDPE in base cups , drainage pipes , flower pots , plastic lumber , trash cans , automotive mud flaps , kitchen drain boards , beverage bottle crates , and pallets . Most recycled HDPE is a colored opaque material , that is available in a multitude of tints . LDPE ( low density polyethylene ) LDPE is recycled by giant resin suppliers and merchant processors either by burning it as a fuel for energy or reusing it in trash bags . Recycling trash bags is a big business . Their color is not critical , therefore , regrinds go into black , brown , and to some lesser extent , green and yellow bags . PVC ( polyvinyl chloride ) There is much controversy concerning the recycling and reuse of PVC due to health and safety issues . When PVC is burned , the effects on the incinerator and quality of the air are often questioned . The Federal Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) has ordered its staff to prepare environmental impact statements covering PVC ' s role in landfills and incineration . The burning of PVC releases toxic dioxins , furans , and hydrogen chloride . These fumes are carcinogenic , mutagenic , and teratagenic . This is one of the reasons why PVC must be identified Currently , PVC is used in food and alcoholic beverage containers with FDA approval . The future of PVC rests in the hands of the plastics industry to resolve the issue of the toxic effects of the incineration of PVC . It is of interest to note that PVC accounts for less than 1 % of land fill waste . When PVC is properly recycled , the problems of toxic emissions are minimized . Various recyclers have been able to reclaim PVC without the health problems . Uses for recycled PVC include aquarium tubing , drainage pipe , pipe fittings PS ( polystyrene ) PS and its manufacturers have been the target of environmentalists for several years . The manufacturers and recyclers are working hard to make recycling of PS as common as that of paper and metals . One company , Rubbermaid , is testing reclaimed PS in service trays and other utility items . Amoco , another large corporation , currently has a method that converts PS waste , including residual food , to an oil that can be re - refined . The Future Recycling is a viable alternative to all other means of dealing with consumer plastic waste . In response to the problem of mixed plastic waste , a coding system has been developed and adopted by the plastic industry . The code is a number and letter system . It applies to bottles exceeding 16 ounces and other containers exceeding 8 ounces . The number appears in the 3 bent arrow recycling symbol with the abbreviation of the plastic below the symbol . Western European companies , especially the German firms Hoechst and Bayer , have entered the recyclable plastic market with success . With a high tech approach , they are devising new methods to separate and handle mixed plastics waste . A potential use for recycled materials includes plastic lumber . The recycled plastic is mixed with wood fibers and processed into a replacement for lumber . The wood fibers would have become land fill if not reused . The end product is called Biopaste . This is expected to eventually become a multi - million dollar enterprise . Research and development continue to improve this product . Recycling is a cost effective means of dealing with consumer plastic waste . Research to reduce the cost of recycling needs to continue . Recycling of plastics is not going to reach the level of the recycling programs of paper and some metals until lower cost , automatic methods of recycling are in place . Fortunately , the solutions to these problems are not beyond the scope of our technology or our minds . Below is a chart listing the different types of plastics and their uses before and after they are recycled . Resin Code Resin Name Common Uses Examples of Recycled Products Polyethylene Terephthalate ( PET or PETE ) Soft drink bottles , peanut butter jars , salad dressing bottles , mouth wash jars Liquid soap bottles , strapping , fiberfill for winter coats , surfboards , paint brushes , fuzz on tennis balls , soft drink bottles , film High density Polyethylene ( HDPE ) Milk , water , and juice containers , grocery bags , toys , liquid detergent bottles Soft drink based cups , flower pots , drain pipes , signs , stadium seats , trash cans , re - cycling bins , traffic barrier cones , golf bag liners , toys Polyvinyl Chloride or Vinyl ( PVC - V ) Clear food packaging , shampoo bottles Floor mats , pipes , hoses , mud flaps Low density Polyethylene ( LDPE ) Bread bags , frozen food bags , grocery bags Garbage can liners , grocery bags , multi purpose bags Polypropylene ( PP ) Ketchup bottles , yogurt containers , margarine , tubs , medicine bottles Manhole steps , paint buckets , videocassette storage cases , ice scrapers , fast food trays , lawn mower wheels , automobile battery parts . Polystyrene ( PS ) Video cassette cases , compact disk jackets , coffee cups , cutlery , cafeteria trays , grocery store meat trays , fast - food sandwich container License plate holders , golf course and septic tank drainage systems , desk top accessories , hanging files , food service trays , flower pots , trash cans Next Topic : References Polymers Table of Contents MAST Home Page
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http://mattdyson.org/blog/2014/07/text-to-speech-on-a-raspberry-pi-using-google-translate/
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Text to Speech on a Raspberry Pi using Google Translate Posted on Jul 12 , 2014 by Matt For a couple of upcoming projects , I โ ve been trying to find a way of making a Raspberry Pi take an input of a piece of text and vocalise it through a pair of connected speakers ( so - called Speech Synthesis ) . There are a number of methods listed on the eLinux wiki page on the subject , however I found the suggested available packages produced rather robotic sounding results , and I was after something a bit more natural and pleasant sounding , rather than something to scare the bejeezus out of me every time it speaks . The most natural sounding offering is a hidden and unofficial API provided through the Google Translate service , which produces some very nice sounding audio , and is very accurate most of the time . Unfortunately , it โ s limited to 100 characters at a time , which starts to be a problem when you want to read out large swathes of text . There are a few scripts that I found ( including this one from Dan Fountain ) that offer an interface to this API , however the majority of them just split the input at the 100 character mark ( or by the previous space to it ) , which leads to broken sounding sentences in some cases , where the pre - existing punctuation could be used . In order to get something slightly more natural sounding , I set about bodging together some Python , and came up with the following : Please note : this script no longer works ! Google made some changes to their TTS engine during July 2015 which meant this script would no longer work , as the translate_tts request would be redirected to a CAPTCHA page . There is an updated version of the script available in my SVN repository , and now at Github as well # ! / usr / bin / python # googletts # Created by Matt Dyson ( mattdyson . org ) # http : / / mattdyson . org / blog / 2014 / 07 / text - to - speech - on - a - raspberry - pi - using - google - translate / # Some inspiration taken from http : / / danfountain . com / 2013 / 03 / raspberry - pi - text - to - speech / # Version 1.0 ( 12 / 07 / 14 ) # Process some text input from our arguments This can also be downloaded from my projects repository at http : / / projects . mattdyson . org / projects / speech / googletts , where updated versions may be available . The package mpg123 is required to play the resulting MP3 file that Google Translate returns . The easiest way to get this script installed will be with the following ( run as root on your Raspberry Pi ) : $ apt - get install mpg123 $ cd / usr / bin / $ svn co http : / / projects . mattdyson . org / projects / speech speech $ chmod + x speech / googletts $ ln - s speech / googletts $ googletts " Hello world , the installation of the text to speech script is now complete " Unfortunately , if a clause of a sentence is longer than 100 characters there will still be an unwanted pause in the middle , as the script does not know where best to split the text , and if you โ re using a lot of punctuation you might find the text takes a long time to read back . I โ d be welcome to incorporate any improvements people may suggest ! This entry was posted in python raspberrypi . Bookmark the permalink Post navigation โ Blinkytape AlarmPi : The Raspberry Pi Smart Alarm Clock โ
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http://matthewstransport.com/
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Homepage General Haulage Pallet Distribution Warehousing Distribution Vacancies Application Forms Contacts Quotation MATTHEWS TRANSPORT WAREHOUSING DISTRIBUTION Matthews Transport was first developed in 1977 by husband and wife team Jim and Megan Matthews based in a small unit with just one vehicle and offering a 24hr service nationwide Since then the Company has grown on the strength of its reputation following a move in 1992 to a larger wholly owned premises with 30000 sq feet of warehousing The 2 acre site is well situated in North Manchester within 1 mile of the M60 motorway Strengthening the fleet to deal with the increasing demand for their services enabled them to maintain a carefully planned operation and to be The business is now run by their two sons Stephen and Jason who have experience in all aspects of the transport and warehousing industry Customers range from small local businesses to Blue Chip companies all of which are provided with the same level of service regardless of size or profile Exceeding customer expectations is our business Nobody does it better OUR SERVICES General Haulage Trailer Mounted Crane Trailer Mounted forklift Tail lifts LowLoader Trailer 18t Rigid Trucks Trailer Rental Pallet Distribution Warehousing Distribution Home General Haulage Pallet Distribution Warehousing and Distribution Vacancies and Application Forms Contacts and Quotation All goods carried stored under RHA conditions 2009 All storage subject to owners own insurance Download Terms and Conditions for Carriage Download Terms and Conditions for Storage Matthews Transport Warehousing and Distribution Website Designed and Developed by Capture Design January 2013 Valid XHTML CSS
|
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http://mattienottage.org/mattienottage/
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Biography Widely endorsed as a prophet to the nations God has used Dr Mattie Nottage to captivate audiences around the world through her insightful lifechanging messages Back to Home MEET DR MATTIE NOTTAGE Widely endorsed as a prophet to the nations God has used Dr Mattie Nottage to captivate audiences around the world through her insightful lifechanging messages Dr Nottage is married to Apostle Edison Nottage She copastors along with her husband Believers Faith Outreach Ministries International in Nassau Bahamas Mantled with an uncanny spirit of discernment and an undeniable prophetic anointing Dr Nottage is a wellrespected international preacher prolific teacher motivational speaker life coach playwright author gospel recording artist and revivalist She is the President and Founder of Mattie Nottage Ministries International The Global Dominion Network Empowering Group of Companies The Youth In Action Group and The Faith Village For Girls Transformation Program She is also The Chancellor of The Mattie Nottage School of Ministry She is the Founder of the prestigious Mattie Nottage Outstanding Kingdom Womans Award Dr Nottage has ministered the gospel in places such as Ireland Brazil Africa The Netherlands throughout the United States of America and The Caribbean Gifted with an authentic anointing God uses her to set the captive free and to fan the flames of revival throughout the nations Dr Mattie Nottage has an endearing passion to train and equip individuals to advance the Kingdom of God and walk in total victory She is the author of her bestselling book Breaking The Chains From Worship to Warfare I Still Want YouThe Call To A Deeper Place Secrets Every Mother Should Tell Her Daughter About Life and the highly anticipated I Refuse To Die TRILOGY Dr Nottage is also a regular columnist in The Tribune the national newspaper of the Bahamas She has also written numerous publications stage plays and songs including the 1 smash hit CD Singles The Verdict Is InNot Guilty I Refuse To Die and I Still Want You She has regularly appeared as a guest on various television networks including The Trinity Broadcasting Network TBN The Word Network The Atlanta Live TV The Babbie Mason Talk Show Babbies House and AM 1490 WMBM radio station amongst others Additionally Dr Mattie Nottage has been featured in several magazine publications such as the Preaching Woman Magazine and the Gospel Today Magazine as one of Americas most influential pastors She along with her husband are the hosts of their very own television show Transforming Lives which airs weekly on The Impact Network Dr Nottage is the former Chairman of the National Youth Advisory Council to the government of the Bahamas and was also recognized and awarded a Proclamation of State by the Mayor and Commissioner of MiamiDade County Florida for her exemplary community initiatives that bring transformation and empowerment to the lives of youth and families globally Further Dr Nottage has earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in Christian Counseling a Masters of Arts degree in Christian Education and a Doctor of Divinity degree from the renown St Thomas University in Jacksonville Florida and is also a graduate of Kingdom University Additionally she has earned her Certified Life Coaching Degree from the F W I Life Coach Training Institute Dr Mattie Nottage is known as a Trailblazer and a Doctor of Deliverance who is committed and dedicated to Breaking Chains and Transforming Lives VIEW MY BLOG APOSTLE EDISON NOTTAGE Prayer does not make FAITH work FAITH makes prayer work By Senior Pastor Apostle Edison Nottage
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http://mattpilz.com/dual-boot-windows-xp-32-bit-and-windows-10-64-bit-on-an-ssd-drive/
|
Dual Boot Windows XP 32Bit and Windows 10 64Bit on an SSD Drive February 23 2018 by Matt Introduction In many ways modern computers are alien compared to the hardware available during Windows XPs debut in 2001 Back then hard drives connected through IDE instead of SATA and dedicated graphics cards were powered by the nowdefunct AGP standard instead of PCI Express which was years away from inception 128 MB of RAM would make programs speed along and a 30 GB hard drive was substantial External flash drives were still in their infancy and cost over 100 for 16 MB capacity 64bit processors were still a mythical prospect to consumers By comparison a typical Windows 10 workstation computer in 2018 will have at least 8 GB of RAM and 1 TB of hard drive space Gaming machines and those built to accommodate the latest hardware eg Oculus Rift will have 32 GB of RAM a blazing fast solidstate drive for their OS and core applications and a dedicated video card that itself can contain gigabytes of video memory Broadband Internet and wireless connectivity are now commonplace and the days of dialup modems are but a relic from the past 64bit processors are now the standard rather than the exception Despite all of the major OS releases since XP and the radically evolving technologies I still find worthiness in maintaining a Windows XP install for specialized tasks yes this article is written in 2018 There are certain hardware productsincluding scanners musical instruments and gaming componentsthat still serve a purpose but have no driver support beyond XP Some software applications and games also lack compatibility with modern operating systems even if ran in compatibility mode or via a virtual machine Several years ago I detailed the process of bringing XP compatibility to the NVIDIA Geforce 9Series cards and echoed similar sentiments about XP in that article In this article I will document the complete process I use in 2018 to install Windows XP 32bit and Windows 10 64bit on the same solidstate SSD hard drive with all modern hardware Your mileage may vary but hopefully the advice offered here will be of some benefit to anyone hoping to still run XP in this modern era Baseline Computer Specs Used in this Tutorial To set the foundation here are the exhaustive specs of the computer and all peripherals that I will be installing Windows XP 32Bit and Windows 10 64Bit on as a dualboot setup from a SSD COMPUTER CASE Rosewill BLACKHAWK ATX Mid Tower POWER SUPPLY EVGA SuperNOVA 1000 P2 220P21000XR 80 PLATINUM 1000W MOTHERBOARD MSI Gaming Z97 GAMING 5 LGA 1150 Intel ATX PROCESSOR Intel Core i74790K Devils Canyon QuadCore 40 GHz LGA 1150 88W CPU HEATSINK Cooler Master Hyper 212 EVO CPU Cooler with 120mm PWM Fan MEMORY GSKILL Ripjaws X Series 32GB 4 x 8GB 240Pin DDR3 SDRAM DDR3 1600 PC3 12800 VIDEO CARD MSI GeForce GTX 980 Ti GAMING 6G GDDR5 PCI Express 30 x16 SOUND CARD ASUS Xonar DX 71 Channels 24bit 192KHz PCI Express x1 HARD DRIVE PRIMARY Samsung SSD 840 Pro Series SATA 256 GB HARD DRIVE SECONDARY Multiple SATA drives 14 TB OPTICAL DRIVE SONY Black Bluray Burner SATA BD5300S0B OEM KEYBOARD Thermaltake Tt e SPORTS Poseidon Z Mechanical KBPIZKLBLUS01 MOUSE Logitech G700s 910003584 Rechargeable wired wireless MONITOR DUAL PRIMARY ASUS VG248QE Black 24 144 Hz MONITOR SECONDARY Samsung 32 Class Series 5 5300 M5300 1080p HDTV PRINTER 1 Epson XP630 Inkjet PRINTER 2 HP OfficeJet 7610 Wide Format Inkjet PRINTER 3 Brother HLL2315DW Laser SCANNER 1 Epson Perfection V700 SCANNER 2 Epson Perfection V600 HEADSET Logitech G930 Wireless AUDIO INTERFACE Focusrite Scarlett 2i2 MICROPHONE Audio Technica ATR2100 WEB CAMERA Logitech HD Pro C920 GAME CONTROLLER Microsoft Xbox One Wireless CARD READER Rosewill RDCR11003 35 74in1 Internal Card Reader with USB 30 Port USB ADAPTER 1 SYBA USB 30 PCIe w internal 19 Pin USB 30 Header SDPEX20139 USB ADAPTER 2 Inateck KT5001 PCIE to USB 30 5Port w 15Pin Power Connector INTEGRATED ETHERNET Killer E2200 Gigabit Ethernet USB WIFI ADAPTER Netgear A6200 These components were not chosen based specifically on use or compatibility with Windows XP since Windows 10 is the prominent operating system for almost all daily activity As such getting some of the components to cooperate nicely with Windows XP is not always an automated process I will detail the issues and solutions as needed for my particular hardware where relevant in this article Installation Prerequisites Slipstream XP SSD SATA and Windows 10 DVDUSB By default the Windows XP 32Bit installer does not support SATA connections If you boot from a vanilla XP disc you will need to manually load in the appropriate drivers for your hard drives to be recognized This traditionally required you to copy the drivers to a floppy disk tap F6 during setup and then specify the disk drive Obviously this is not an accommodating approach given the lack of floppy drives and controllers on modern PCs An unwise makeshift solution would be to set the SATA controller to ATA in the BIOS instead of AHCIdont do this What youll want to do is locate the proper SATA drivers for your motherboard and then slipstream them onto a custom Windows installer CD Even if your motherboard manufacturer offers no support for Windows XP like the MSI Z97 I use here you will still be able to find the generic chipset SATA drivers for XP by checking a little lowerlevel In my case the Z97 is an Intel chipset that uses Intel Rapid Storage Technology With that knowledge I was able to download the 64bit compatible floppy version of the drivers from Intels site directly Please refer to your motherboards specs to determine the embedded SATA chipset and from there you can search for XP SATA drivers direct from the chipset manufacturer To load the SATA chipset drivers onto the installation CD a custom slipstream version is required The added benefit is that this method also allows you to preload all of the Windows updates to save time later on This is made easy via nLite and UDC There are hundreds of detailed tutorials on this subject so I will reference a few below Terabyte Unlimited Creating a Windows XP Slipstreamed Disc using nLite Expert Reviews How to Slipstream an XP Disc with SP3 and All Other Updates KOMKU Integrate SATA Driver into Windows XP Installation CD using nLite Use nLite and UDC to create a custom slipstream of Windows XP with updates and SATA drivers Once you have completed the slipstream process as described in the tutorials above you should have a shiny new Windows XP CDDVD with your preloaded SATA drivers and whatever optional updates you elected to apply You could alternatively create a bootable USB installerbut that is more involved of a process and has more room for error so my recommendation is to stick to a CDDVD You will also need to create a Windows 10 64Bit installer The easiest route for this is to simply download the official Windows 10 Media Creation Tool and then run through the wizard Basically the process is as follows Accept the Agreement Create Installation Media for Another PC Edition Windows 10 Architecture 64Bit ISO File Select Save Location Wait for Download to Finish Use the Windows Media Creation Tool to download an ISO of Windows 10 to burn on a disc After the Windows 10 64Bit ISO has downloaded you can easily burn it by rightclicking the file and selecting Burn Disc Image You can also use the freeware application Imgburn my burning software preference to burn the image and verify its contents At this point you should have TWO installation discs ready for use Windows XP 32Bit CDDVD slipstreamed with SATA drivers and optional SP3hotfixes Windows 10 64BIt DVD from Media Creation Tool Before continuing you may wish to verify that each disc can boot successfully to the Windows installer screen without incident Typically you can tap F11 when you first boot to open the boot menu where you can then select the CDDVD drive as the boot source Make sure to select SATA instead of UEFI as the boot source if multiple options are listed You should also make sure that all of your hard drives are connected in the desired arrangement and visible in the BIOS before continuing Reordering the drives after getting both operating systems installed without proper preparation can lead to boot loader corruption Starting Fresh Wiping the Hard Drive Although it is technically feasible to install Windows XP retroactively from an existing Windows 10 install I highly recommend against it Due to the drastic difference in boot loader tech between XP and Windows 10 and a bevvy of other potential complications I find it best to start from absolutely nothing and install the operating systems sequentially Doing so will eliminate dozens if not hundreds of iterative steps and subsequent requirements to get both of them booting properly The steps below will completely wipe your main OS hard drive Do so at your own discretion and only after you have done a thorough backup Also make sure to download a backup of any crucial drivers that may not be detected by default for your new install WiFi Ethernet drivers especially To begin I like to completely erase the SSD drive and wipe out all existing partitions starting from complete scratch The simplest and most stable approach for this is to do so using the Windows 10 Installation Disc Boot from your fresh Windows 10 DVDUSB Select SATA instead of UEFI when booting from DVD if given the option You can access the boot menu typically by tapping F11 when at the BIOSCMOS screen but your device may vary Youll have to also press any key to confirm booting from the DVD when prompted Click NEXT Click INSTALL NOW Click I DONT HAVE A PRODUCT KEY even if you have a key we dont need it yet and click NEXT Select the desired OS eg Windows 10 Pro or Windows 10 Home depending on your license and click NEXT Click I ACCEPT THE LICENSE TERMS after reading them of course and then NEXT Select CUSTOM INSTALL WINDOWS ONLY ADVANCED Delete all partitions that are on the SSD drive or your designated OS drive to start from a blank slate all existing system OS Partitions If there are other MSRReserved partitions on other drives but no other drive has a bootable operating system installed to it you can delete those as well to avoid any conflict they may be remnants from old OS installs on other drives Leave the drive unpartitioned for now Do NOT use the Windows 10 DVD to create any partitions before Windows XP is installed Click X to quit the Windows 10 setup and shutdown Start fresh Remove all existing partitions on your designated OS drive all data will be lost Now that we have our hard drive devoid of any partitions we can begin the Windows XP install while also setting up the appropriate partitions for both operating systems Partitioning and Installing Windows XP 32Bit As noted previously the most errorfree approach to getting a working Windows XP and Windows 10 dualboot setup is to install Windows XP first With a clean slate for our hard drive previously established we can shift focus to partitioning and XP installation I recommend plugging in a traditional PS2 keyboard or USBtoPS2 adapter if you have one before continuing to ensure maximum compatibility for the windows XP installer At the very least make sure your USB keyboard and mouse are plugged into USB 20 ports instead of USB 30 Some modern motherboards will not have proper drivers for native USB functionality from the windows XP install unless you have slipstreamed the necessary USB drivers onto the CD previously By using a PS2 keyboard you can easily navigate all screens without a mouse if needed eg via TAB and keys Reboot using the slipstreamed Windows XP 32Bit CD that contains the needed SATA drivers for the hard drive If you are using a USB keyboard and it does not function you will need to use a PS2 keyboard reboot required if you plug it in after the installer loads When the Windows Setup screen appears press ENTER Then press F8 after reading the agreement of course Locate the SSD drive you wish to install the OS to ensure that UNPARTITIONED SPACE is highlighted and then press C to create a new partition Enter the partition capacity for the XP install Note that with this utility 1024MB 1GB Without wanting to eat up too much of the SSD for XP partition I chose 8704 to reserve 85GB of my 2385GB available capacity This is plenty of space for the full XP install and core programs with enough wiggle room for any temporary files and file extraction as needed A clean full install of windows XP Profession 32Bit consumes about 32GB of space leaving 53GB to spare in my example If you plan to install large applications or games directly to the same XP partition youll obviously want to make it bigger I find it more suitable to use a less expensive SATA drive for most XPbased application installs and data storage needs while preserving the bulk of the SSD space for the Windows 10 OS and applications 230 GB free for Windows 10 in my case When the desired size has been specified press ENTER to create the partition Create a new partition for Windows XP at the desired size Here I use 8707 85 GB for the XP saving 230 GB on my SSD for Windows 10 After the above steps we now have a single physical hard drive with one XPready partition and the rest empty and awaiting Windows 10 Although we could format the other partition as well from this screen I prefer to let Windows 10s utility do that during installation since it also includes a system partition Continuing on from the partitioning steps above select the newly created partition PARTITION1 NEWRAW and press ENTER Select FORMAT THE PARTITION USING THE NTFS FILE SYSTEM QUICK and press ENTER After a moment the partition will be formatted and the XP installer will enter preparing mode by copying the installation files to your computer Wait for the XP installer to reboot the PC Do NOT attempt to boot from the CD again ignore if prompted When the XP installation screen appears follow the prompts as necessary until Windows XP has been successfully installed You will be asked for a user name computer name product key and time zone among other basic prompts Install XP as usual After setup completes you should arrive at the WELCOME screen of XP Page through the welcome screen until you arrive at the windows XP desktop Verify that Windows XP boots correctly by removing the CDDVD and performing a couple resets and without tapping any keys XP should boot up within a few seconds on modern hardware Follow the standard Windows XP installation process entering your name license key and other options when prompted After setup completes make sure you can boot to the Windows XP desktop without the CD Here it is on a modern PC 32bit limits RAM to 4GB but is the most compatible with software and hardware and more than sufficient for all XPrelated tasks Installing Windows 10 64Bit With Windows XP booting successfullyalbeit without any proper drivers yetwe can move on to installing Windows 10 Recall that we previously created two sections on the OS drive a tiny partition for Windows XP and the rest for Windows 10 Heres how to install Windows 10 Insert the Windows 10 DVDUSB created previously and boot to it from BIOS usually by tapping F11 Be sure to select SATA instead of UEFI if given the choice Click NEXT Click INSTALL NOW If you do not have a product key and Windows 10 was previously installed on your machine as an upgrade or OEM click I DONT HAVE A PRODUCT KEY otherwise enter your key and click NEXT Select the desired OS eg Windows 10 Pro or Windows 10 Home depending on your license and click NEXT Click I ACCEPT THE LICENSE TERMS after reading them of course and then click NEXT Select CUSTOM INSTALL WINDOWS ONLY ADVANCED Click on the remaining UNALLOCATED SPACE of the hard drive that XP was installed to then click NEXT Wait for the installation to finish Your PC may restart during this time Step through the basic Windows 10 configuration wizard If you are using a USB WiFi or Ethernet card without native drivers you may have to skip the Internet Connection check for now I also recommend creating a simple local account Once everything is set you can connect to the Internet apply updates switch the account to a Microsoft one for synchronization and so on Restart the computer An OS selector should appear after Windows 10 begins booting At this point both WINDOWS 10 and EARLIER VERSION OF WINDOWS should work for selecting between the two OSes from the OS selector and you should test both after removing the DVD Follow the standard Windows 10 installation process entering the appropriate information when prompted After installing Windows XP and Windows 10 a visual OS selector screen will appear Test both operating systems to ensure they can boot in the next steps we will make the boot loader better After setup completes make sure you can boot to the Windows 10 desktop without the DVD Here it is on a modern PC Following all of the steps above you should now have a modern SSDSATA drive dualbooting Windows XP 32Bit and Windows 10 64Bit It is still not perfect since selecting XP from the boot menu will force a full restart before it begins loading But assuming you can boot to either OS without error you are in good shape already We will improve the boot sequence in the next section Improving Boot Menu and OS Switching Efficiency There are a couple techniques to improving the boot loader screen and make it easier and faster to switch between XP and Windows 10 To start we will switch the boot menu to legacy mode from Windows 10 This will remove the visual OS selector and replace it with the traditional black screen selector and more importantly will allow XP to load immediately upon selecting it without a reboot Boot back into Windows 10 Open an admin cmd rightclick Run As Administrator and enter bcdedit set current bootmenupolicy legacy You should see a notice that The operation completed successfully This will restore the original legacy boot system NOTE Major Windows 10 updates might restore the visual boot menu If that happens simply enter the command above again Select System Windows Key PauseBreak Advanced System Settings Advanced Startup and Recovery Change the time to display list of operating systems to 1 second Make modifications to the Boot Menu to enable legacy mode and a 1 second counter to streamline the OS selection process After completing the above steps reboot your computer While booting tap up key or down key so that when the boot menu appears it will not automatically select to the boot screen and you can choose from either system Test booting into XP it should boot within seconds without any reboot required and also try Windows 10 NOTE As mentioned earlier you may have to use a PS2 keyboardmouse or USBtoPS2 adapter temporarily for Windows XP since modern motherboards dont always include working USB ports by default for XP So if your keyboard and mouse dont function in XP in any USB port you try you can temporarily use the PS2 port We can do even more to improve the convenience of switching from Windows 10 to Windows XP using EasyBCD and iReboot EasyBCD NeoSmart Technologies is a simplified GUI for managing the boot menu to greater complexity than what is possible using the default Windows Boot Manager It is a freeware application if used for personal noncommercial use We already completed 99 of the boot loader settings ourselves in the steps above but we can rename the boot menu items and so forth via EasyBCD This application is also valuable for restoring and reconfiguring boot records after adding or removing hard drives switching drive order or installing an older OS when a new OS is already installed an advanced topic Boot into Windows 10 64Bit Make sure you can connect to the Internet install the drivers for your WiFi or Ethernet card as appropriate Open the EasyBCD landing page scroll down to the NonCommercial solution and click Register Optionally enter your name and email not required to download and click the DOWNLOAD button Install the application by following the standard setup wizard Launch EasyBCD select your default language and accept the agreement for use of the free Community Edition Click Edit Boot Menu and you should see the two entries appear in the list Doubleclick on Earlier Version of Windows and rename it to Windows XP then click Save Settings You could optionally change the default to Windows XP instead of Windows 10 but I wouldnt advise this There are a lot more options under Advanced Settings but in most cases you shouldnt modify those settings since our boot system is already working and making the wrong change can result in an unbootable system Optionally use EasyBCD to make additional modifications to the boot menu such as changing the label to Windows XP iReboot is another freeware application from NeoSmart Technologies that provides oneclick reboot capability for switching between Windows 10 and Windows XP without having to worry about the boot menu at all This makes it ultra convenient to switch between operating systems at will This application has to be installed on both machines for maximum effectiveness Boot into Windows 10 64Bit Make sure you can connect to the Internet install the drivers for your WiFi or Ethernet card as appropriate Open the iReboot landing page scroll down and click the Download NonCommercial Use Only button Optionally enter your name and email not required to download and click the DOWNLOAD button Install the application by following the standard setup wizard Make sure that Launch on Startup is selected so that the ability to switch operating systems is always available Then run iReboot iReboot will appear as an icon in the taskbar near the clock if you dont see it click the up arrow to view all taskbar icons Rightclick the iReboot tray icon and then select Reboot on Selection to check it This will enable oneclick reboot to the selected OS To boot to Windows XP from within Windows 10 rightclick the iReboot tray icon and then select Windows XP The PC will reboot immediately to Windows XP The freeware application iReboot allows you to conveniently switch between operating systems with oneclick The same process described for iReboot above must also be done from Windows XP so that the option is available from both systems Repeat steps 17 above from your Windows XP install you may need to use a PS2 keyboardmouse and install appropriate WiFiEthernet drivers first Driver Woes Windows XP Hardware Tips and Tricks For Windows 10 you can now freely install all drivers and updates as needed I recommend running Windows Update Settings Updates Check for Updates and applying all discovered updates until the system is fully uptodate You may have to run it several times You should also install all crucial drivers including for your video card sound card WiFi and Ethernet motherboard and so on It gets a lot more complicated with Windows XP Given the fact that Microsoft itself stopped supporting Windows XP in 2014 it is understandable that modern hardware manufacturers do not spend time or resources to support Windows XP anymore You will not find Windows XP listed as a supported operating system for virtually any high end modern hardware with no official drivers provided Having repeated this very process ad nauseum with multiple modern computers I will provide some tips and tricks below Motherboard Drivers First things first check the manufacturer website for your motherboard Although increasingly rare you may luck out and find that your motherboard still provides at least some Windows XPcompatible drivers If so youll save a lot of grief by getting those installed first If you are less fortunate and no XP drivers are available on the manufacturer website such is the case with the Z97 and most recent motherboards youll have to get more creative Note that a lot of features of the motherboard may still function even with just the default Windows drivers but onboard peripherals will usually require Regardless of motherboard brand most are still comprised of common chipsets that do still have Windows XP drivers floating around You can ascertain the embedded chipsets by reviewing your motherboard specs third party technical reviews and by doing a visual examination of the motherboard to note the various identifiers on the embedded chips From there you can query the chipset website instead of the motherboard manufacturer website which will typically still provide legacy drivers Audio Drivers with XP Support Realtek AC97 High Definition Audio Almost all motherboards include onboard audio in the form of HD Audio or AC97 for legacy audio If you do not have a dedicated sound card you can install working audio drivers for the onboard sound in XP through the referenced links The last XP release for HD Audio is R274 2014 and for AC97 is A406 2008 Make sure to download the version that indicates XP compatibility If you do have an external sound card but no XP drivers are available for it you can still use the onboard HD Audio while in XP mode Depending on your speaker setup you may be able to run the onboard audio to one input and the dedicated sound card audio to another input and then switch accordingly depending on your OS You could also pick up a cheap stereo audio selector to connect both cards and switch between them A final solution would be to use a simple splitter but note that this could degrade audio quality The latest line of Sound Blaster cards do not support Windows XP nor do any of the unofficially modded drivers I am using an ASUS Xonar DX which supports everything from DOS to Windows 10 and has comparative audio fidelity to most of the higher end Soundblaster cards I had previously used a Sound Blaster ZX with onboard HD Audio for Windows XP using another input on my speaker system Xonar provides full support for all operating systems complete with 71 audio so is more convenient If you have a Xonar sound card you should also consider the unofficial UNi Xonar Drivers which offer benefits over the manufacturer drivers and are more lightweight Video Drivers with XP Support I previously wrote a tutorial on how to modify NVIDIA GeForce 9Series drivers GTX960 GTX970 GTX980 GTX980 TI Titan X to regain Windows XP support Unfortunately such a process is not so feasible with the 10Series that run on the new Pascal architecture While I havent personally invested in a 10Series card yet to experiment it does not seem like anyone else has had success so far even using my original tutorial as a guide NVIDIA staffers have confirmed that they dont even have any functional XP capabilities internally for the latest line of cards NVIDIA also stopped updating the last surviving XP driver for the GTX 960 in July of 2016 The If your motherboard has onboard video in the form of Intel HD 4000 or lower you can download compatible drivers from Intels website with the last XPcompatible release being v145605449 2014 You can find similar legacy drivers for onboard AMD video graphics at AMDs website I havent researched the aforementioned drivers to determine whether or not they could be modified to accommodate more recent onboard GPUs in a similar fashion to the NVIDIA drivers It is possible to enable onboard video and have a dedicated PCIe video card at the same time although exact configuration and compatibility varies by BIOS and chipset If running both embedded for XP and dedicated for Windows 10 you will either have to use two inputs on your display or invest in an HDMI switch to toggle between display outputs A third option that is relatively similar to the one above would be to have two dedicated video cards installed in your computer with outputs from each going to your monitor or through a switch to toggle between them In this manner one could have for instance a Geforce GTX960 as a secondary card with drivers installed in XP and a GTX1080 with drivers installed in Windows 10 This is a somewhat clunky approach but one that could be considered if all else fails with your primary card Network Drivers with XP Support Ethernet drivers compatible with Windows XP are generally easier to find than other sets but again it varies by motherboard and newer ones still can prove a challenge You will want to begin by searching the motherboards website for drivers even if a motherboard doesnt offer major drivers for XP they may still supply XPcompatible drivers for the onboard Ethernet controllers If the motherboard manufacturer does not offer XPcompatible Ethernet drivers the next step is to review the actual Ethernet chipset through the motherboard specs physical chipset labeling or hadware ID from Device Manager From there you can check the chipset manufacturers site directly In some instances an Ethernet chipsets are essentially just rebranded versions of others that do have XP driver support Generally you will get leads if you search the hardware device ID or on Google and see what variety of names come up On the Z97 the Killer E2200 Gigabit Ethernet controller has no XPcompatible drivers However its actual chipset is derived from the QualcommAtheros AR8161 chip and Atheros does offer Windows XP drivers Since these have different branding you will need to update the Ethernet via Device Manager in Windows XP by browsing to the extracted drivers just downloaded If you instead use a USB WiFi adapter youll typically be able to find XPcompatible drivers for it on the manufacturers website even if you have to search back several versions I have a Netgear A6200 and was able to find Windows XPcompatible drivers on the official website Of course before the USB adapter will work you will first need to get the USB ports themselves working USB Ports with Windows XP Drivers Integrated USB ports on modern machines can be complicated in Windows XP as well Namely because USB 30 ports built on Intel architecture is categorically unsupported Intel instead recommends setting xHCI Mode in BIOS to AutoSmart Auto to mimic USB 20 functionality using default Windows drivers Other motherboards that use AMD architecture may have better luck with chipset drivers Usually your motherboard will still have at least a couple USB 20 ports in the back and most cases have some USB 20 ports on the front as well These ports are more likely to be picked up and usable in Windows XP without any added drivers including for your keyboard and mouse To alleviate the struggle in cases of difficult motherboards consider purchasing a USB 20 or USB 30 expansion port that is compatible with XP The allows optional expansion to a front panel and 5 dedicated USB 30 channels plus it has Windows XP supported drivers When using these ports in Windows XP the speeds will be restricted to USB 20 the norm for any functional USB 30 port in Windows XP I have a second two port USB 30 expansion card Syba SDPEX20139 that likewise provides Windows XP support By using these ports for peripherals that you wish to share between XP and Windows 10 you can ensure they will function perfectly in each and at USB 30 speeds in Windows 10 and USB 20 speeds in Windows XP If you use one of these cards to also power a front panel USB component those ports will likewise behave as intended across both operating systems Extended Windows XP Security Updates Even if you slipstreamed service pack 3 and subsequent updates into your custom installer I recommend that you run Windows Update on XP after connecting to the Internet and downloading any lingering patches In addition a small Registry update can help spoof the update system into providing additional updates even beyond the 2014 end of life cycle for Windows XP To apply the update open Regedit in Windows XP and then Navigate to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE SYSTEM WPA Rightclick on the WPA folder in the left navigation panel and then select New Key Name the newly created key PosReady Rightclick on the PosReady key and then select New DWORD Name the new DWORD Installed Doubleclick the new DWORD and then set the Value Data to 1 Decimal Restart your computer and boot into Windows XP again After leaving the compute idle but connected to the Internet for at least several minutes run a Windows Update scan again Using this approach you may find additional security patches and updates when that can be downloaded and installed Alternatively there are some sources that provide download links and bundles containing the additional updates for inclusion within the slipstreamed install such as RyanVM Conclusion I was initially reluctant to write this guide considering the seeming obscurity of its practical use in 2018 However my tutorial on getting modern NVIDIA cards to cooperate with XP has consistently been one of the top five most frequented and discussed posts on this website The former XPrelated article is routinely referenced by other communities whenever someone raises the question about getting their modern hardware to work on the nowarchaic XP operating system This suggests that there are still enough enthusiasts or XP purists to find some value in creating this detailed starttofinish guide on dual booting between the platforms As hardware continues to evolve maintaining a perfectly functional Windows XP install will become increasingly challenging My suggestion to all would be to first consider virtualization for Windows XP functionality eg via VirtualBox or VMWare to verify whether or not a dedicated install is actually needed For a lot of applications and uses running XP as a guest machine from within Windows 10 is perfectly adequate However for XPbased applications or peripherals that depend more strictly on physical hardware emulation might not cut it at which point this guide can serve as a solid foundation for getting a dualboot system upandrunning This article depicts one path toward the ultimate objective It is a welltested and fairly consistent approach that I personally evolved through years of completing this same process using many different methods Alternate paths that Ive explored over time have included Using separate hard drives for each operating system installing Windows XP after the modern operating system has been installed creating a bootable USB with a complete XP install and using legacybased BIOS settings including disabling AHCI for added XP compatibility I slowly grew to adopt the current method as my preferred choice to avoid many pitfalls and drawbacks of the abovementioned alternatives This entry was posted in Retro Tutorial Bookmark the Post navigation How To Downgrade Epson XP Printer Firmware Fix Ink Not Recognized Error XP300 to XP630 XP640 XP830 Guide Fix Epson Scan Not Responding Windows 10 2018 V300 V600 V700
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Planning meals using the multi - mix principle Back Print Yahoo Email Cแปก chแปฏ There are many different types of foods . To eat a diet that is good for their health , people need to eat a variety of foods . There are many ways to group foods together . One way is described here . The multi - mix principles is about choosing foods from different groups , and putting them together to make nutritious meals . When you are giving a demonstration always use foods that are available in your community , and when you are talking about foods always use the names that are used locally . Different types of foods Staple foods The staple foods are those that people in a community like to eat and that they can usually afford . The staple foods give people most of the energy they need to live , work and play . In many countries the staple food is cereal like rice , millet , maize , wheat or sorghum . A cereal staple not only gives energy but also helps children to grow and develop . In other countries the staples food is a starchy root or fruit like yam , cassava , breadfruit , green banana or sweet potato . A starchy root or fruit staple food gives only energy . Alone , it will not be enough to help children grow and develop properly . Peas , beans , seeds , nuts or foods from animals should be eaten with astarchy root staple . Peas and beans These are important foods for growth . When added to the staple food , they help children to grow well . They are also good for pregnant and breast - feeding women who are eating for themselves and to help their unborn or young baby become strong and healthy . Some of these foods are chickpeas , lentils , dhal , soya seeds , melon seeds and groundnuts , can also be included in this group . Dark green leafy vegetables and orange vegetables These vegetables are important to keep the eyes healthy . They can also help make the blood rich in iron . Children need these vegetables . So do women , especially those who are pregnant or breast - feeding . Some of these foods are spinach , pak choi , cassava leaves , many wild dark green leaves , carrot and pumkins . Foods from animals Foods that come from animals are important to help children grow and to keep them strong and healthy . However , they are often expensive . Whenever possible , small amounts of these foods shoulbe be eaten with the staple food . Small children and breast - feeding and pregnant women should eat some of these foods with the staple boys do . They needs these foods more than men and older boys do . Eggs , milk , youhurt , fish , poultry and meat are examples of these foods . Fruits Fruits are useful for keeping the eyes and skin healthy . They are not always eaten as part of a meal , but are very good as snacks , or to eat at the end of a meal . Juices of fruits make good drinks for children and for women who are taking iron pills . They help the body use the iron . Pawpaw , mango , orange , lime , cashew fruit , guava , pineapple , and soursop are examples from this food group . Oils and fats Oils and fats are important foods for young - children and for pregnant and breast - feeding women . They make other foods taste good , and are often used for cooking other foods . They make soft foods easier for small babies to eat . Young children need oils or fats to help them grow strong . Cooking oil , groungnut oil , butter , margarine , and lard are examples . Multi - mixes When trained health workers are helping people learn how to make eat meals that are nutritious , they talk about types of foods and mixtures of foods . The multri - mix idea can be useful in teaching nutrition . Most family meals will contain more than one food . It is important that the foods are choosen from the different types of foods you have just read about . Last updated : 10 / 29 / 2013 Viewed : 23162 Top page
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Tuesday July 9 2013 To Gray Or Not To Gray That Is The Question Almost a third of women under 30 are already going gray some start in their teens 80 percent of American women color their hair WTH 30 of women notice grays in their 40s Grey hair Dying it Bleaching Hiding it Societys obsession with youth and looking youngToxins brain damage Alzheimers severe reactions to hair dye chemicals Artificial fake unnatural Expensive Being brave Liberating Authentic Being real Healthy Learning t o love your true self Confidence Are you ready to stop poisoning your brain your body All of it is bad natural doesnt always mean safe Read the labels I will post about henna at the bottom of this post They are all risky and years of that Is it worth it for vanity Id rather die getting hit by a bus than from years of dying my hair every 6 weeks Since I have researching about this I am look at those statistics almost all the women above age 40 are dying their hair I can now spot those who dye their hair pretty well now On many it looks fake it looks weird And I also notice those who dont and those who are transitioning to their natural colors Gosh they are gorgeous 25 of the population will react to the chemicals in hair dye even if they havent in the past just one day your body has had enough and it can kill you rare that it is It is extremely toxic And when you research what it does to your brain it is not worth looking younger The fact is even if you dye it you have grey hair it grows out of you Poison yourself or embrace grays and let it be weird perhaps and learn to not care what others think Let it be empowering liberating healing What are your thoughts Too scared to let the grays out Scared you might be mistaken for being your age or a bit older What are you so scared of Dont the toxins scare you Who do you think you are fooling and why do you want to Im asking myself all of these questions and more as I contemplate letting silver hair sprinkle though my dark curls I found my first grays at age 20 I started hiding them just a few years ago Every time I dye the roots I am very unsure about it all It is the only unhealthy thing I do and I do not like it it It isnt me Henna The only truly natural plantderived permanent hair color is henna and not even every shade of it John Masters of the eponymous salon and beauty brand says The lone shade thats 100 percent natural is that orangered one which doesnt suit many people Henna is also famously unpredictable in its saturation so its no surprise that he like most professional colorists prefers not to use it Henna itself DOES NOT come in a range of colors The only dye molecule in henna Lawsonia Inermis in sufficient quantity to stain hair is Lawsone which is a redorange molecule Any company that claims they create the wide range of henna colors with 100 henna using roots bark or other parts of the henna plant to achieve their colors is lying or seriously ignorant Only henna leaves are useful for dying hair and other parts of the henna plant do not dye hair other colors Chemicals metallic salts or other plants must be added to henna to make any color other than red These premixed colors are compound hennas Posted by Jennifer at 239 PM No comments Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels authentic bleaching brain damage dying hair going gray gray hair graying greying greys hair dye healthy henna reactions to dyes silver tinting hair toxic toxins Saturday July 6 2013 Fresh Produce Sucking at Gardening P We tried to garden We suck at it We spent a lot of money on organic composted soil truck loads wood to build the raised beds tools seeds starter plants starter peat moss things irrigation stuff etc then there was blood sweat tears and much hope and killed anticipation We got hit by mold insects crickets birds deer pheasants yes a bird but a cool one and rather large and whoknowswhat We rarely got to eat any of our home grown food and it got more than frustrating so we quit No green thumbs here We did find that rosemary Since we eat nonGMO organic produce and want it fresh as can be what are our other options CSA Community Supported Agriculture You commit to buying a box of produce every week the CSA gathers produce from local organic farms and boxes them up and delivers to your house at least here they do Awesome Then there are Farmers Markets I have a hard time believing that most of these are organic farms I find the sellers say whatever you wish to hear to make the sell Is there anyway we can be more certain I dont need them to Posted by Jennifer at 546 PM No comments Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels community health food stores CSA failure farmers markets gardens grow your own organic gardening produce raised beds Friday July 5 2013 EAT REAL FOOD Im going to be blunt because I get fed up not many will see this post anyway and people rationalize way too much for my sanity Most peoples health and weight issues have everything to do with eating stuff that is NOT EVEN FOOD They are foodlike products They are fake they are processed they are artificial they are chemicals poisons and harmful in every level they are crapola Research proves they are horrible toxic diseasecausing hazardous to human health But still you eat them WTH Most people I find dont even know what REAL FOOD is Seriously If it comes in a box in a can in a package if it is surrounded in plastic if it sits on a shelf if you didnt make it yourself completely if it it didnt grow on a plant or on a tree or in the ground it ISNT FOOD There are 17 ingredients in McDonalds french fries people That isnt food I really dont give a crap if you wish to kill yourself with your food choices just stop rationalizing it Know what you are choosing to eat and what you are choosing to feed your family Get real Wake up Really your kids wont eat anything except McNuggets or sugar cereals or pizza pockets Whaaa Whaaa Whaaa Stop buying it stop giving it to them STOP And when they get hungry enough they will eat the food you have in your house the REAL FOOD and you will be actually nourishing their growing bodies They will learn to appreciate actual food But you have to abide by this yourself No sneaky junk And guess what You will feel and look better too Bonus One more time Real food is nonGMO vegetables fruits raw nutsseeds legumes whole grains and if you must but definitely not for me organic freerange hormonefree antibioticfree meats from the butcher and omega3 eggs from free range chickens near your home Dairy milk is NOT food you are NOT a baby cow and pasteurization is horrible and milkproducts again not good Dont ask me why google is your friend Posted by Jennifer at 152 PM No comments Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels Dairy disease eat real food fake foods GMO health healthy justification lifestyle nonGMO processed foods rationalization self lies weight Thursday November 17 2011 Holiday Season Traditions Food Ah the holiday season Traditions Family It is one of the most stressful times of the year for many people Juggling family friends work and more Money issues rear up as we think we have to make the season the best make people happy not disappoint anyone We tend to put pressure and stress on ourselves Doesnt make much sense but that is what happens People during this time of the year get more depressed drink more fall off the wagon overeat and overspend It doesnt sound so jolly to me Why do it Why I dont get it You make the choices you live them The people I know who are happiest during the holidays are the ones who have tossed away all the shoulds and do what they want to do Take out Chinese for Thanksgiving dinner playing scrabble and hanging out with friends laughing and being goofy Going on a romantic trip for Christmas A moviethon of sequels of some great flick everyone loves Perhaps a long hike in a beautiful spot and a picnic Cross country skiing Monopoly or Risk night I gave up all the holiday shoulds 9 years ago My life is much better for it This year for Thanksgiving Im having Thanksgiving breakfast for my three children and husband Im thinking fruit crepes to start Later a big bowl of assorted fruit salad pears figs apples pomegranate citrus banana something else fun I find I get a delivery of farm fresh veggies the day before so Ill make a meal out of that selection Easy Healthy More time to spend and enjoy my family Later on that day a romantic walk on the beach with my husband My Christmas is focused on family No gifts My children get gifts from me on their birthdays when I find something that they will absolutely love and when they need something not because society tells me I have to buy them stuff they all ready have enough stuff So it is getting together eating healthy food from the farms No stress No pressure Perhaps another walk on the beach Food Food Traditional food I was never partial to it I was called a picky eater my whole childhood Its funny now because the foods I would eat are very healthy But I was teased I was a problem to feed which confused me Raw veggies needed nothing to prepare a green salad was easy raw fruit is again easy rice or a plain baked potato easy Family holiday meal times were a trial for me All that food and nothing I cared to consume Nothing even drew me to try it It wasnt until I was an adult I Meat was disgusting as well All that chewing is it gum or food I couldnt swallow my throat would close up I found 101 ways to hide the meat on my plate I told everyone Animals are my friends and I dont eat my friends The beets in a canshape Soggy limp green beans the weird stuff that they stuffed into a birds cooter Really No I wasnt drawn My mouth did not water I was hungry all day I preferred simple foods dont even mash my potatoes and put milk in it that is just weird again eww Is it any wonder I became vegetarian and then vegan Healthy simple fresh food This is what my body has told me is right for me from the getgo The point is you can do anything you want You dont have to do what everyone else does Why Why be like everyone else Is everyone else happier Healthier More relaxed Make some changes ease up on the pressure Make the day have some bits of you sprinkled in not what some people thought would be nice over 100 years ago Jennifer Michaels is a holistic health coach and the Chief Wellness Hero at Maui Health Wellness Coaching She helps her clients take the overwhelm and confusion out of their health journeys Posted by Jennifer at 130 PM No comments Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels food healthy picky Surviving the holidays tradional Surviving the Holidays I read the following and it resonated within me plus I love the no BS stand It is to the point blunt and true The holiday season can be a joyous time when we celebrate with our family and friends However with unhealthy foods everywhere I take bad nutrition seriously because people die from it Food addiction is powerful for sure but think about if that junk food white flour white rice and white sugar are dangerous junk is worth a cancer diagnosis or open heart surgery When junk food is eaten i ncluding the traditional diseasepromoting foods served at the holidays you may get momentary pleasure as it passes the lips but the results continue on to compromise your health now and many years in the future For some reason people do not realize that they arent granted a new body after they harm the one they have We pay a price usually later in life for our dietary indiscretions As we get older the more years one remains overweight and the more times you indulge in cancercausing foods the more difficult it becomes to assure protection against a tragic lifethreatening cancer when you finally do decide to eat healthfully Now is the time to throw your cigarettes away not next year Now is the time to get off your soft drinks and sugar addiction not after the holidays Since everyone can use great healthy recipes to make delicious desserts and main dishes I do not see the reason to eat white flour and sugarfilled garbage that creates cancer Just because the world has gone crazy and has become addicted to dangerous refined foods and factory farmed junkfood chicken and meats factoryfarmed meats are junkfood too doesnt mean you should join the selfdestructive insanity Remember how eating unhealthful and overeating while celebrating the holidays left you feeling ill and regretful in the past And it wasnt likely that pleasurable either I doubt pigging out on junk is that pleasurable compared to cocaine or heroin Not that I would know that but I do know that food addiction kills a thousand times more people each year than cocaine addiction Plus not having good health magnifies every emotional problem plaguing your life and is a contributory cause of depression Now is the time to change things Make the effort set the example and do not let the holidays derail your commitment Giving up addictive and harmful habits are tough but you have to be tough on yourself to succeed Accept no excuses It will be well worth it Do it now Make the commitment Fast forward to next holiday season you will make the best choices the ones that will allow you to achieve overall health and quality of life Youll be celebrating your health instead of simply indulging in the traditional destructive foods As you eat for optimal health and vitality youll be able to more fully enjoy the special times with family and friends You will flourish and it will be the most enjoyable holiday season youve ever had There will be no need to start over next January 1st You will already be committed to your health and feel pleased with yourself for maintaining your healthy habits over the holidays Joel Fuhrman MD Posted by Jennifer at 1247 PM No comments Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels celebrating feast healthy Joel Fuhrman preventing disease Surviving the holidays Friday October 28 2011 Growing Babies Healthy Pregnancy Equals Healthy Baby One of the most important things we do is bring children into this world It is huge It is amazing Many do not think about the health of the mother and father BEFORE they conceive Having a healthy father and a healthy mother is the foundation of growing a healthy baby Once you are pregnant you should be very conscious of growing a healthy baby This includes the foods you eat as well as your environment and your thoughts A healthy pregnancy benefits not only the baby but the mother to insure a healthy easy birth without complications You are a mother as soon as you are carrying a baby within you and that baby is depending on you for its health and well being Im sure you want a healthy happy baby No parent dreams of having a child with autism physical disabilities mental disabilities complications disfigured premature etc These are our fears Eating right and living a healthy lifestyle can give your baby the best start heshe can have I will guide you to growing a healthy baby I will support you and ease your fears and concerns I will give you information on concerns you may have so you can make the right decisions for you and your family I was told I couldnt conceive I changed my diet and added herbs and supplements and other lifestyle changes nine months later I was pregnant I went on to have three healthy beautiful easy pregnancies and now have three amazing children I was very focused on growing healthy children before pregnancy during and after birth in regards to the quality of my breast milk and their lifestyle lighting noise clothing toys touch Talk with me today about scheduling a FREE consultation and see how my program can support you and your growing family 8082692701 I see people in person on Maui and over the phone all over the world Posted by Jennifer at 1230 PM No comments Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels childbirth conceiving healthy healthy baby postnatal pregnancy prenatal Thursday October 27 2011 How confident will you be when you look and feel the way youve always wanted Imagine having the tools to reinvigorate your body in a way that transforms the passion you have for life when you wake up the energy you have throughout the day and even the way you will look for the next decade Are you one of the 78 million people whos tired of feeling less vital than you did 10 years ago who feels burned out and unsatisfied or is having trouble figuring out health challenges How many of these symptoms and nagging issues are you ALREADY dealing with Pain Fatigue Weight Issues Depression Anxiety Digestive problems Sagging skin Low sex drive Hormonal imbalances Brain Fog Low muscle retention How confident will you be when you look and feel the way youve always wanted How satisfying will it feel to be energized and motivated to do the things you always wanted tothe things you never had time to do before and live a long life that is vibrant and productive no matter the age What if I told you I could show you how to take charge of YOUR LIFE now naturally without costly procedures and turn back the clock by at least 10 years What could you accomplish Take control of your life and look forward to rather than fear how youll feel in another 10 years Discover the basic steps you can take to improve your appearance energy and moods Contact me jennifermauihealthcoachcom Posted by Jennifer at 922 PM No comments Email This BlogThis Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Subscribe to Posts Atom
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http://mavensphotoblog.com/2012/06/04/agriculture-in-californias-coachella-valley/
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Agriculture in California โ s Coachella Valley โ Measure , measure , measure โ seems to be the mantra for the Coachella Valley Water District , who are rightfully proud of their water efficiency and management and eager to show the difference in farming methods that differentiate them from their neighbors to the south in the Imperial Valley . I โ ve toured through the area twice on tours ; it โ s the next stop after the Imperial Valley and the differences are striking and obvious . The Coachella Valley includes the desert communities of Palm Springs , Desert Hot Springs , Indio and others , and is located at the north end of the Salton Sea . The Imperial Valley located at the south end . Both valleys contribute drainage water to the Salton Sea , but in vastly different amounts . Whereas in the Imperial Valley , water is still measured in inches , water runs in open laterals , and the Imperial Irrigation District fully admits that one - third of the water brought into the Imperial Valley will end up in the Salton Sea ( due to tailwater , canal spills and field drainage ) , agriculture in the Coachella Valley is handled much differently . You ca n โ t see the water being moved around because all irrigation water is carefully measured and delivered to the fields in underground pipes . Tailwater has been prohibited since the 1950s โ all water that leaves the farm must do so through the field โ s drainage system . This means no operational spills or tailwater running off the fields . Over 60 % of farms in the Coachella Valley are using drip irrigation . The combination of all of these water efficient practices means that the Coachella Valley discharges much less drainage to the Salton Sea then their southern counterparts . Besides reducing water use , the use of drip irrigation allows pesticides and herbicides to be added directly to the irrigation lines . Drip irrigation does tend to increase crop yields ; however , it is not appropriate or effective for all types of crops . Agriculture is a major industry in the Coachella Valley , with about 70,000 acres producing $ 575 million dollars of crops and ag products per year . Top crops are citrus , dates , table grapes , melons , lettuce , carrots , broccoli and bell peppers . Shade houses are used on some farms to protect plants from winds , pests , and diseases ; shade houses tend to provide higher and consistent yields for the crops grown inside . Dates are one of the top crops here ; the Coachella Valley produces virtually all of the dates grown in the U.S. ( Sorry , not the best picture of date palms . ) Dates have been cultivated in the Coachella Valley since the early 1900s , their cultivation encouraged by the establishment of a date research station in 1904 . ( Historical pictures courtesy of the Coachella Valley Historical Sociey , via the University of Redlands Salton Sea website . ) Agriculture began in the Coachella Valley around the turn of the twentieth century with the discovery of plentiful artesian wells . Groundwater was plentiful โฆ in the beginning . ( Below : a well digger at work ) However , eventually groundwater levels started dropping , and the valley farmers looked to the Colorado River for irrigation water . The 122 - mile Coachella Canal was completed in 1949 , conveying water from the Colorado River via gravity to the Coachella Valley . It was one of first to be controlled by telemetry . Today , two - thirds of Coachella Valley farms irrigate their farms using Colorado River water ; the remaining one - third use groundwater . Some canal water is used for irrigating a portion of the area โ s 125 golf courses although most are irrigated with groundwater ; recycled water is used for golf courses and outdoor irrigation wherever possible . Using canal water and other alternate sources for irrigation helps to preserve the higher - quality groundwater for domestic use . ( Photo of the Desert Springs Golf Course by flickr photographer Ian Agrimis . ) Here โ s an aerial shot of the Palm Springs & Desert Hot Springs area where you can see the large number of golf courses ( WikiMedia , photo date 2007 ) : Baby grapes โฆ More from the field of grapes โฆ ( if they โ re table grapes , is it still a vineyard ? ) Funny , I was here just a few months ago on my road trip through Painted Canyon . The red hill off in the distance is where the San Andreas Fault runs through Painted Canyon . Here โ s a picture I took on that day , looking generally in this direction . The Coachella Valley Water District actively recharges the groundwater basins . Here on the western side of the valley is one of the four groundwater recharge sites . For more information on the Coachella Valley : Water and the Coachella Valley , webpage from the Coachella Valley Water District Coachella Valley Resource Conservation District webpage Maven June 4 , 2012 Agriculture agriculture Coachella Valley 4 Comments
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http://mavericktraveler.com/serbian-women-the-perfect-combination-of-slavic-and-mediterranean-genes/
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Serbian Women : What They Do n โ t Tell You James Maverick Updated October 15 , 2018 I give you three reasons to visit Serbia : Tall , dark and sexy . Those were my first impressions of Serbian women after I landed in Belgrade โ s Tesla International Airport . Over the next few days , as I braved the chilly street of Serbia โ s capital , my impressions were only strengthened , reinforced and solidified . I โ ve been with all kinds of women but there โ s something very alluring about Slavic women . First , they โ re very feminine โ they just ooze femininity . While the rest of the world is being infested with feminist cancer , Serbia โ like the rest of Slavic countries โ has simply been immune . Seems like feminism and Slavs are like oil and water : they just do n โ t mix too well . Of course , as an Eastern European guy , I โ m also a bit biased having grown up around them from an early age . My single gripe with Slavic women is that most of them have pale skin . I โ m not much into blondes and prefer my women to have a bit of color , especially if they have a bit darker skin tones . There are the Spaniards and Italians but they โ re quickly going the way of their American counterparts : unfeminine , rude and bitchy . Then again , I โ m just not too crazy about Western women Come to think of it , Brazilian women fit this requirement perfectly with their sexy olive skin and bikini tans , but I โ m miles away from the promised land . Enter Serbia . Serbian women are Slavic but with dark , olive - skinned complexions of their Mediterranean counterparts . They are tall , slim , have dark hair and striking eyes . Result : the perfect combination of beauty , elegance , and sexiness . Introduction Before we get into women , a little history lesson is in order . And Serbia is one country that โ s rich in history . For 500 years it was ruled by Ottoman Empire ( Turks ) . After its collapse , the region gained the notoriety of being known as the โ Powder Keg of Europe โ as the inciter of several conflicts leading to the outbreak of World War I . After World War II , it became one of the five republics of the newly formed Yugoslavia . In 1991 โ after more disastrous wars โ it finally became an independent state . In 1999 , Serbia was accused by Western nations of genocide and subsequently bombed by NATO . The latest issue is the partly recognized Republic of Kosovo ( which is now a de - facto state ) , and , as I quickly discovered , an interesting topic of conversation with the girls . Although , I would recommend treading carefully when discussing politics and other sensitive issues . For many years , Serbia and the surrounding region has been a melting pot of different races such as Slavs , Turks , and Muslims . That might explain the country โ s interesting culture as well as the dark / sexy complexion of the women . Language Serbians speak Serbian , a south Slavic language , which is the same as Croatian and Montenegrin . Unlike Croatians who use the Latin alphabet , Serbians use Cyrillic , so if you do n โ t know a Cyrillic language , you might need to familiarize yourself with it to understand and read the signs . It โ s actually very simple and should n โ t take you much time . As a native Russian speaker , I could easily understand most of the written text but being able to understand spoken speech was next to impossible . Moreover , I โ ve heard that if you already speak another Slavic language , becoming fluent in Serbian takes as little as 1 - 3 months . If speaking foreign languages is n โ t your thing , you โ ll be glad to know that English is widely spoken in Serbia . ( That โ s what I had to rely on . ) Most Serbians under 35 have a decent command of English ; of course , the younger generation tends to speak it very well . The women OK , now we โ re getting to the part of why you โ re here : women . It seems like the more south in Europe you go , the more traditional and relationship - minded are the women . Northern European women like Danish and Swedish are fairly easy to bed and tend to sleep on first dates . On the other hand , The Balkans are home of the most traditional women on the entire European continent . ( Spanish , Italian and Portuguese women are also very traditional , but , unlike Serbian women , they โ re much more Westernized . ) Traditional means you ca n โ t just fly here , meet a girl on your way home from the airport and have sex within a few hours . It just does n โ t work like that . This is definitely not America with its no - strings - attached culture . Traditional means meeting a woman , inviting her on a couple of dates , doing lots of walks and just generally getting to know her first before commencing any kind of a relationship , sexual or otherwise . A longer time commitment is required . Think weeks and months instead of days and weekends . Serbian women , like other Balkan people , rarely have one - night stands , and will need to see you a few times before giving you access to the goods . The good news is that the women are extremely loyal to their men , a far cry from the โ anything goes โ culture of Western countries ( particularly American ) . Serbians are also some of the tallest people in Europe , along with Dutch and Lithuanians . Unlike the other two , Serbians are also relatively big and intimidating people . Women are also pretty tall . It was very common to see women who were at least 5 โ 8 ( 173 cm ) and above . Add a pair of high heels and your typical Serbian woman can easily reach 180 - 185cm . At only 5 โ 9 ( 175 cm ) , I was definitely on the short end of the spectrum in Belgrade . Sure , there were guys my height and women who were shorter , but the average height hovered somewhere around 1.78 - 1.80 ( 5 โ 11 - 6 โ ) . So , if you โ re someone who โ s on the shorter side ( under 5 โ 7 ) , be prepared to be surrounded by lots of tall people . Personally , I prefer women who are my height or shorter . Though , I do n โ t have any insecurities dating women who โ re taller . It โ s just I know from experience that most women would prefer a taller guy so that they can wear their high heels without feeling insecure themselves . What kind of guys do Serbian women like ? First of all , Serbians love Russian - speakers . So , if you โ re from Eastern Europe and speak Russian ( Ukrainian , Russian , Belorussian , and other former republics ) , you will generally have a good time . As soon as a Serbian person discovered that I โ m a Russian - speaker ( or as soon as they noticed me speaking Russian on the phone ) , they immediately became receptive and started asking me questions . Obviously , this is more so with the older generation ( 30 + ) ; younger women are more Westernized . They wear Nike โ s , carry their iPhones and love watching Sex And The City Apart from Russian - speakers , I noticed Serbian women have a preference for darker men : Italians , Spaniards , Portuguese as well as Latin Americans . Meeting women during the day When I was in Belgrade last month , I spent most days walking around the city and approaching women . Honestly , I โ m not a big approach machine and do n โ t have a natural ability women I do n โ t know , but what made it easier was the fact that I really needed directions because I was an outsider . So , what I did was carry a city map with me at all times , making it easy to approach girls waiting at public squares , parks and bus stops . As soon as I spotted a cute girl , I would walk over , and ask her if she knew a particular landmark . Then , I would judge her reaction . If she was n โ t in a rush to go anywhere and seemed interested in continuing our conversation , I would ask her a couple of questions , tell her where I โ m from and go from there . If things continued to go well , I would ask her for a number or invite her out to get something to eat or go for a walk . The center of Belgrade is very walkable , so it โ s never a problem to go for a pleasant walk or jump into a cozy coffee shop . Generally , I found Serbian girls to be very warm and approachable . One girl even volunteered to be my guide , showing me around the old fortress of Kalemegdan . Where to meet women during the day A great place to jumpstart your day game is to head to one of the main city squares ( I liked Trg Republica with the big monument ) . There you will see various people waiting for their friends to show up . The other good place to spit game is the pedestrian street of Knez Mihailova . Generally speaking , you really ca n โ t go wrong meeting women anywhere in the center area . It โ s very compact . There are tons of different coffee shops and restaurants . That โ s where you โ ll meet women who โ re just strolling around and not really in a rush to go anywhere . When a woman is n โ t in a rush anywhere , she โ s probably looking to be approached . So , if you notice a cute girl , do n โ t hesitate to approach her and strike a conversation . In some countries approaching is easier because of eye contact ( especially Ukraine and Russia ) . In Serbia , however , you will almost never receive eye contact ( I almost never did ) . Thus , do n โ t make the mistake of waiting for any approach invitations ( e.g. , eye contact ) before approaching her . If I waited for eye contact in Serbia , I would never meet a single girl and get laid . Meeting women at night Serbia like other Balkan countries ( including Romania , but not counting Croatia ) is n โ t the best place to meet women at night . Generally , women go out to party and drink with groups of friends , people they already know . When you go out , you will notice big groups of people consisting of men and women . The problem is that you wo n โ t know if the guys in the group are the girls โ boyfriends , brothers , protectors or just friends from school or work . Unfortunately , unlike American or British bars where people are typically standing up and talking to each other โ and looking to meet others . In Serbia , people typically go out with those they already know . This makes it hard to meet people at night . An exception is to visit a club targeted to foreigners . Popular clubs change all the time so ask anyone in Belgrade and they โ ll point you in the right direction . It will be much easier to meet women in the clubs than in the bars . When going to the clubs , make sure to dress sharp . A fitted suit with or without a tie is an option , but you can also wear a nice jacket , a good shirt with a nice pair of jeans . Do n โ t forget to shine your shoes ( no sneakers ) . And you โ ll be ready to meet beautiful women . If you โ re Latin , you must check out one of the many Latin / Salsa clubs in Belgrade . The last time I was there , I did n โ t see a single foreigner . What I did see was a club full of gorgeous women dressed to the 9s , who were dying to dance Latin beats , but , because Serbian guys , do n โ t like to dance , there were n โ t many takers . Thus , if you know a thing or two about Latin dances , this would be the very first place I would check out . Meeting women online Meeting women online is a true - tested mechanism and is popular pretty much anywhere in the world . Obviously one of the most popular ways to meet women is via Tinder , an app through which you can meet women from Argentina to Zimbabwe and anywhere in between . In my experience , Tinder has generally worked really well in Serbia . Unlike in other countries , I generally did n โ t have to work very hard to get matches . As soon as I got a match , I would send her a quick message . If she replied , I would try to add her on either Viber or WhatsApp , two of the most popular apps , the former being very popular in the region . This is exactly what I did in Ukraine , and has generally worked very well . After that , I would immediately try to arrange a date . The thing about this part of the world is that you do n โ t really need to plan dates that far in advance . If you ask a girl out on chat , she automatically assumes you mean the same day or tonight . In that case , she would immediately tell you whether she โ s available to meet up or not . I would say that 50 % of the women I asked were able to meet up later that night for a drink . The remaining ones were either unavailable the same day or just plainly were n โ t interested . Still , if you rely on Tinder alone , and have a decent profile , you should have no problems setting a date for every day of the weak or even having dates twice a day if you โ re so inclined . Of course , once you start meeting women , you โ ll probably click with a few of them ( hopefully ) , and they would be interested in seeing you again . Thus , as time goes on you โ ll have a mix of new women and those who you โ ve seen before . During my trip to Belgrade , I had to spend several days working , so I was n โ t available to meet a new woman every single day . Nevertheless , I met more than enough women during my stay that I did n โ t really need to go out that much . Where to stay in Serbia Serbia is n โ t a huge country , but it โ s diverse enough with various regions and cities . A great way to think about Serbia is that there are actually two Serbia โ s : north and south , with the capital of Belgrade straddling in the middle . Chances are , your first point of contact will be Belgrade . Belgrade is the capital and Serbia โ s largest city . It โ s not a huge city , with a population of only 1.3M . Thus it โ s smaller than other capitals like Kiev , Minsk and , of course , Moscow . Belgrade is an awesome city . It โ s walkable , friendly and is , for the most part , aesthetically pleasing . I say , โ for the most part โ because Serbia was one of the countries that were bombed by NATO during the 1999 campaign . When I was there , there were several buildings that were completely destroyed and gutted . I think the government decided against preparing them to show the world how a European country was bombed by other European nations . Belgrade is divided by the river Danube . To the north of the river , you have the neighborhood of New Belgrade , a mostly residential neighborhood without much action . The center , and where most of the action takes place , is actually to the south of the river . That โ s where you have the main pedestrian street with all the shops as well as the main square . When I was in Belgrade , I stayed in a great neighborhood called โ Dorฤol . โ It was a very bohemian neighborhood and even reminded me a little of Latin America . This is an ideal area of the city to rent an apartment . There are tons of great little coffee shops , restaurants and unique shops for you to check out . It โ s also a great neighborhood to do some approaching because the women who โ re walking around are n โ t in especially on - guard as compared to other parts of the city that are full of discos and bars โ and horny men . Another big city is Novi Sad in the northern Vojvodina region . Vojvodina is completely different from Belgrade and Southern Serbia . The women there have lighter skin tones and , in my opinion , are more approachable than women in both Belgrade in the Southern region . I took a day trip to Novi Sad from Belgrade . I did about five approaches and got four numbers . The last girl was genuinely scared of some foreigner approaching her . In the South , you have the main city of Niลก . The southern region is much more traditional and conservative owing to the fact that it was ruled by the Ottomans for many years . Women are typically much more conservative and family - oriented in the South than in both Belgrade and Northern Serbia . Although I did n โ t visit Niลก , I was told by many Serbs that Niลก is actually โ the authentic โ Serbia . I was n โ t actually sure what they meant , but I assumed what they were referring to is a more traditional , more Balkan part of Serbia where people are friendlier and more open than in the North . Another thing I heard about Niลก is that it โ s a place where you can have excellent food , especially amazing meat , a Serbian specialty . The food Owing to its long history and pleasant weather , Serbia makes for a great culinary destination . The first thing I noticed is the heavy influence of Arabic and Turkish cuisine . There are tons of Turkish restaurants where one can grab a โ doner . โ Plus , they also have their own popular sauce , โ Ajvar โ and โ Kajmac โ that are derived from similar Turkish sauces . Meat is also a big deal in Serbia . In fact , during my sojourn in Belgrade , it appeared that meat was the only thing I ate . One of my favorite restaurants was an outdoor joint in the center that served amazing meat . I once ordered a plate of meat , thinking that it would be of modest size and that I would need to order something else later on . Indeed , the plate was n โ t large but it seemed never - ending . I remember eating , eating and eating and still not seeing the bottom of that plate . When I finished the plate , I realized that it was one of the delicious meat plates I โ ve ever eaten . As I mentioned above , I was told on numerous occasions that the southern city of Niลก is known for their amazing bbq , steaks and other meat plates . Unfortunately , I did n โ t get a chance to visit it when I was there , but I will definitely make the trip next time . When to visit Serbia Unlike Eastern Europe , Serbia is blessed with a much warmer climate and longer summers . There are still four basic seasons : cold winter , nice spring , hot summer , and a comfortable fall . My first trip to Belgrade was in the winter ; February to be exact . The city was covered with snow like a typical Eastern European capital . But it was n โ t too cold , only about - 5 C ( 28 F ) or so . My second trip to Belgrade was in late September , several years later . I had just spent the summer in St . Petersburg , Russia . While the summer in Russia was pleasant , as soon as September hit , the temperatures rapidly dropped and the skies turned from bright sunny to cloudy . Not to mention that people became groggier and unfriendlier . The Russian winter was just around the corner . So , I grabbed a flight to Belgrade , Serbia . When I landed in Belgrade , the temperature was a balmy 28C , and I felt I was on vacation . It also helped my Airbnb apartment had a beautiful garden area where I was having breakfast every morning . It was a far cry from St . Petersburg and its cold and windy weather . It stayed warm until around the beginning of November . Around that time , the temperatures began to gradually drop and , by the end of November , it had gotten pretty cold . At that point , I left Belgrade for a warmer climate . Final thoughts Serbia was my first foray into Balkans . ( I โ ve also been to Romania , but it โ s debatable whether it โ s considered to be part of the region . ) My first trip only lasted a week . For the second trip , I stayed much longer : three months . Still , even three months felt like barely scratching the surface . That โ s why I certainly plan to do a longer trip next time and visit more countries in the area : Bosnia - Herzegovina , Montenegro , Macedonia , and even Croatia . If you โ re planning a trip to Serbia , do n โ t think twice , just grab a ticket and go . You will not be disappointed . It โ s one of the most interesting and friendliest countries I โ ve visited โ not just in Europe but in the entire world . BTW , if you โ re interested in meeting and dating Serbian women , I wholeheartedly recommend this site Read Next : Bulgarian Women : Dark , Mysterious , and More Balkan Than Slavic Interested in building your own passive , location - independent business ? Want to avoid needless trial and error ? Want to start off on the right foot under proper guidance ? Check out the Maverick Mentorship program . It has helped 100s of guys just like yourself to build their own business . Click here to learn more 122 Comments G February 25 , 2013 at 4 : 24 pm Those girls lookin โ pretty fly , that โ s for sure . How โ s the place overall , dangerous / safe ? Reply Maverick ( Post author ) February 25 , 2013 at 6 : 09 pm Safer than New York City , and most of big city America probably . Reply Zolotnik September 2 , 2016 at 5 : 56 am I think you should go to Bukarest and pound ciganis , they seem to match your standards intellectually and physically , objasnjava zasto ne ustaje drug . After five years you can travel to southern India or somalia . Ivana October 29 , 2016 at 12 : 58 pm You should come to Novi Sad ! Its beutiful town in which you can see mixture of many cultures and nations through the history who live even today in peace and respect . Our mentality is different from town to town : ) . .as a result of turbulent and rich history . Mario June 28 , 2017 at 6 : 30 am Hello . . I โ m going to attend the Exite concert in nove sad July 7th . . can u please advise me where to go or best clubs to visit . Thank you . Mario Joe Vegas February 25 , 2013 at 4 : 39 pm โ Serbia is a country rich in history . โ Rich in history but currently poor ? I heard it โ s pretty poor , thoughts ? Maverick ( Post author ) February 25 , 2013 at 6 : 10 pm It โ s not the richest country in the world , that โ s for sure โฆ rachel October 23 , 2013 at 6 : 45 pm not the poorest either steve peterson August 17 , 2016 at 3 : 06 am Like many formerly socialist countries , poverty increased with the fall of communism and the Berlin Wall . It โ s a fact , like it or not . Nikola August 17 , 2016 at 10 : 13 am Only thing poor is your education . Jugoslavia had nothing to do with the USSR nor did the fall of the Berlin wall have anything to do with the โ poverty โ experienced now . It โ s actually unlawful NATO bombing that had the worst effect . Please do some research before you pretend to have a clue . Danijela October 6 , 2016 at 9 : 08 am Nikola is absolutely right . If you do n โ t know do n โ t speak about it , not publicly at least . USA was the one that destroyed Serbian economy by having Merciful Angel bombing action โฆ . thanks for mercy . So that explains that by only watching what you tv news are showing and they even use word mercy and angel when doing evel , you do n โ t have a clue what the hell is happening . Keep watching tv and do n โ t comment . Bee September 25 , 2016 at 10 : 31 am and not pure โฆ . Ljuba February 24 , 2017 at 6 : 12 am Your wallet can be tiny but your soul and history can be very rich โฆ two diferent things . Michael March 21 , 2019 at 9 : 40 pm Well I do n โ t want to put it poor rather it has money โ s worth . Ever since I lived in Bulgaria I learned the plum right from the trees were 0.70 Leva ( about 40 cents ) per Kilo that might have cost me just 10 times higher in the U.S. Super Market . Taste ? Bulgarian plum was far better . . James February 25 , 2013 at 4 : 48 pm Somehow I found the 3rd one the most appealing . Of course , I would demolish all of them in bed . What about you ? Tom Jones February 25 , 2013 at 5 : 07 pm I โ d bang all of them , no questions asked . February 25 , 2013 at 6 : 08 pm You got no idea โฆ No , wait , you know exactly what I meant . Daniella October 6 , 2016 at 9 : 22 am As a Serbian woman I must say you did a good job . Showed how you do not have a clue about Serbian woman . Yes you need few weeks in order to get there but not if you have wrong belives and Tv presumption of Serbia . We do not measure rich in money so we do not consider ourselfs pour . We just have less money then we used to have but we still have more important things in life . West lost everything in order to gain money . So thinking like that you can bang drug Vlad February 16 , 2017 at 6 : 33 pm Thanks for your comment . These ignorant illiterate dumbos that think the whole world revolves around โ democratic โ USA can only dream about getting laid in Serbia . I live on North American continent for over 20 years , married to Serbian woman and I am more than familiar with ignoignorance of these pricks as well as with the respect and some use of brain you have to have to get in to the pants of women he described very fairly . The best women in the world , I grew up there and going back there as soon rivsdiary February 25 , 2013 at 11 : 34 pm great stuff man . February 26 , 2013 at 9 : 56 am Thanks Rivs ! Dennis February 25 , 2013 at 11 : 49 pm Been meaning to hit up that region . Now I will . Thanks for the post ! February 26 , 2013 at 9 : 56 am Enjoy Dennis . jon February 26 , 2013 at 12 : 39 am Whens the Brazil dating guide coming out ? February 26 , 2013 at 9 : 55 am Very soon . Finished third draft not too long ago . Are you on the mailing list ? Alby Lenn June 25 , 2016 at 3 : 39 am Can you make an article about those typical โ blonde โ countries like Germany , Norway , Sweden , Denmark etc ? Alby Lenn June 25 , 2016 at 3 : 40 am Can you make an article about the typical โ blonde โ countries like Germany , Norway , Denmark , Sweden etc ? DC Phil February 26 , 2013 at 1 : 47 pm As an EE , you probably fit in much easier than other guys would . I โ ve heard that some Serbs can be snotty ( but not slutty ) , especially in Belgrade , and that they might not warm up to Americans as readily as they would other nationalities . The Balkan Wars , NATO bombings , and all that , which I understand is still a touchy subject with them and best left untouched . Have you heard the same ? February 26 , 2013 at 2 : 27 pm That โ s what I thought as well , but the young people care more about having visa - free access to EU ( this was on the verge of being revoked ) , not what the most fashionable politics are at the moment . So I would n โ t worry too much about these concerns . 3rd Millenium Men February 26 , 2013 at 2 : 06 pm Fantastic post , your blog is fast becoming one of the most entertaining in the Manosphere โฆ taking over where Gmac left . Keep up the great writing . February 26 , 2013 at 2 : 28 pm Thanks man , appreciate it . Miguel Garcia October 10 , 2015 at 10 : 32 pm My question is very simple ( I hope . ) What is a single Serbian Lady / Girl called ? I think in German / Germany a single Girl / Lady is called a โ Fraulein . โ Thanks Danko May 16 , 2013 at 12 : 57 am Maverick your spot on with all your post . Belgrade has some some undiscovered talent just came back and I โ m going back for sure . My ex is from Croatia so I had to see its neighbor . . Great 8 - 9s and 10s Like yourself I travel all over and cant seem to get enough . . I โ m stuck on Eastern Europe at the moment . Dont waste your time in Macedonia though ! Dated one years back in Australia , solid 8 and nothing to write home about . The rest in Macedonia Shreeya June 23 , 2013 at 9 : 24 am Hey , I came across your site by accident but find it really interesting to read . One of my closest friends is Serbian so I had to read this and wanted to tease her about it later . But to be honest , your description seems spot on , it โ s like you โ re describing my friend โ dark , pretty , kind , and traditionally minded . Oh , and she โ s getting married to a Russian guy . Now I โ m really curious what you think of women from India ( my home ps . I live in the States and find American women quite irritating too ! Jason Kone November 29 , 2014 at 1 : 01 am Indian women outside of India ( UK / US / etc ) are more American than American women when it comes to career and the importance of money but still extremely traditional when it comes to marriage / dating / sex . There are exceptions , but having grown up with large amounts of 1st gen Indians it was a very interesting melting of cultures . As for women in India I have no clue . Anonymous July 29 , 2013 at 4 : 53 am I prefer pale skin over tanned , because tanned girls start to wrinkle faster and their skin does n โ t look as smooth as they get older . But thats my own observation . I think iv le just seen a lot of beautiful pale girls like snow white . I like blondes too , but I prefer natural blondes over bleached ones . I dont really care about hair colour much though , whatever suits the girl ! Oh and btw while Serbs can often be tall and dark , a lot of them are also look very Jason Kone November 29 , 2014 at 12 : 59 am Yeah , I was really into genetics before I decided to go the clinical route with my doc , and I remember reading that there are a lot of physical characteristic that are โ genetically โ more attractive like height , facial symmetry / distances , certain signs of strong immunity , etc but others like skin / hair / eye color are a function of culture and have no genetic basis , they โ re just preference . For example , as far as Pakistan / India / South & East Asia ( i.e. the majority of the world Oh ! and funny enough what I did end up studying was diabetes / metabolism / obesity and you โ re spot on with Brazil . The US often has a reputation as being the โ fattest country โ but oddly enough this is very โ split up โ by race . African Americans and Hispanics are majorly tipping the curves in the US , if you look at the Northeastern states which are mostly white and Hawaii which is mostly Japanese / Chinese the obesity rate is lower than half of Europe , but the states that are majority Kim September 9 , 2016 at 7 : 38 am Could you say more about this supposed threshold of skin darkness that is apparently so unattractive to so many ? It sounds far fetched . Also , what made you cite Nigerians as being an example of โ very dark โ skin ? Have you been to this country , and do you know many Nigerians of different ethnicities ? If you have , you would not say this . Plus , who are you comparing them to ? Nigerians are made up of various ethnic groups , who vary in skin tone considerably . sonja August 9 , 2013 at 2 : 18 pm nice article ! ( I would say it โ s rather mediterranian look , not โ influence by Turks โ those slavs who mixed up with turks ( croats or serbs ) are mostly those who changed the religion and now are called bosniaks , not serbs ) What I like : that they love to be pretty ! DIOR said : there are no ugly women , only lazy ones Steve September 29 , 2013 at 7 : 22 am No its the other way around , those Serbs & Croats who accepted Islam & are referred to as Bosniaks today , were not touched by the Ottoman Turks , as a religious customary rule . It was only the Serb & Croat women who refused to accept Islam who were raped & persecuted by the Ottoman Turks . You would be hard pressed to find many dark Bosniaks today . You have better luck finding dark christian Serbs & Croats Nina November 23 , 2014 at 6 : 08 am Eat shit , serbs have more turkish blood than croatians and bosnians because you live on the south East Part of balkan . Im bosniak and i have blue eyes and blonde hair ! ! November 29 , 2014 at 12 : 49 am I โ m bosniak and I look Nigerian ! ! ๐ jk Ruby Tuesday December 26 , 2016 at 3 : 21 pm you do n โ t have any clue โฆ read the biologist and other scientists and newest researches โฆ actually we have much more in common with celts and slavs than with anyone else โฆ also read history โฆ for how long celts were here โฆ of you can read at all โฆ Lana July 18 , 2017 at 2 : 29 am Oh do you ? Go lick a Nazi ass like you cowards did in World war 2 . Jimmy March 20 , 2016 at 12 : 43 pm It has a lot to do with mixing in times of Roman Empire , too , with some of โ disappeared โ groups โ like Avars , Celts , Ilyrians , Dacians , etc . Yes Celts are still with us , but not in region . Natasha August 19 , 2016 at 11 : 08 am Yes . When researching haplogroups on eupedia , several years ago I realized it is a fact : darker tones on Serbia , Bosnia and Croatia are due to genes of old inhabitans of Balkan . Also it explains why being a dark man was often synonym to being handsome in Serbian pre - ottoman poems and legends . Slavs were blond and ginger but older ancestors who lived in Balkans and with whom part of Svavs who came to the peninsula mixed - were dark haired and brown eyed . Emina May 28 , 2017 at 6 : 42 pm Bosniaks are lighter then Serbs . If u go to Bosnia u will see that 80 % people are are very light blonde with light eyes . On the other side Serbs are darker and look more like Turks . So โฆ Farzino September 8 , 2013 at 1 : 57 am Just got back from Belgrade and had an amazing time . Have lived in the states for 34 years and I too agree with you about American woman - sense of entitlement and bitchy is what characterizes many ( and most of the attractive ones ) . Would rather talk to a European girl over an American girl any day . Andjeka September 26 , 2013 at 10 : 05 pm Well , I โ m Serbian . I think my country very rich in spirit , love , preserved nature , it โ s nice to be a part of this country . As long as we have smiles on our faces , we can not be poor , it is too beautiful to be poor โฆ rachel October 23 , 2013 at 6 : 46 pm exactly Andjela September 26 , 2013 at 10 : 06 pm Well , I โ m Serbian . I think my country very rich in spirit , love , preserved nature , it โ s nice to be a part of this country . As long as we have smiles on our faces , we can not be poor , it is too beautiful to be poor โฆ Alcar October 2 , 2013 at 6 : 30 pm HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA stop humiliating yourself , bro . You are too egomanic narcissists to even realize that you are poor at every aspect and completely jealous of Germany . You just jump out at 990AD before you did n โ t exist as an ethnic group because it was just Slavs . Germans existed back then because they appeared in 100BC and beyond . You are too ignorant to have an opinion . Teodora October 9 , 2013 at 3 : 55 pm Prevedi ovo , dok su Srbi jeli zlatnim kasikama na dvoru , Nemci su bili zivotinje koji su jeli rukama ! Yves August 28 , 2016 at 7 : 46 am Are any of us responsible for what happened in the past ? A country โ s current people are what make it great . Ruby Tuesday December 26 , 2016 at 3 : 28 pm If you can read at all , than read a Harvard โ s study about it . Also check the swiss scientists research about Serbian geneaology and celts influence on it . .the last studies go til 30 % โฆ โ Serbian gene is 12,000 years old and comes from the son of Noah , argued in his scientific work , Russian biologist Anatolii Alekseevich Klesov . . Scientific work of Anatolii Alekseevich Klesov , Professor of biology at โ Harvard โ of Russian origin , with analysis of genes shows that Serbs are ancestors of today โ s Slavs and many other nations in Europe , whose gene is 12,000 years old . According to the theory of Klesov , who heads the scientific consultative administration of Genealogical International Bureau , the Russians are descendants of those who were living in the Balkans , today โ s Serbia , Bosnia , Montenegro and Macedonia . Serbian genes ( R1A1 ) are 12,000 years old as opposed to others that are old four to seven thousand years . All A โ nations ( except two ) in Europe have over 40 % Serb gene , the scientist claims . โ Alcar October 2 , 2013 at 6 : 36 pm Rich in spirit ? What โ s that mean ? Willpower ? You must check what Germanic countries did for the planet Earth then talk about willpower . HAHAHAHAHAHAHA dude you make me laugh . Except WW2 , look further into the past and you will see infinity number of scientists and philosophers jump in front of your poor eyes , clueless kid . You do n โ t have to be proud of Serbia because it โ s a unimportant aspect . You ca n โ t be pride of that nation , you Serbs do n โ t deserve all that false pride . It โ s useless . Do n โ t think still that you are the centre of the world and better than Germany because facts prove otherwise , that Ognjen December 25 , 2013 at 2 : 33 am First of all you dont know what you are talking about we have a lot to be proud about Nikola Tesla for example and when u say about Germany no you clueless buffoon you should pick a book or do some research and visigoths and goths and other shit and plz let us not talk about this coz you just seem like a internet troll and fool if u want i can give you my email and give you a lecture about history of Europe , now just go crawl under the stone you came from or hide in your disqus_YxORfr0h8b December 21 , 2014 at 12 : 15 am And German Nazis who murdered millions of Serbians , Polish , Jews and Roma Gypsies in World War 2 should feel proud of themselves should they ? โฆ .Serbians are not low , not compared to German Nazis , at least our country didnt have Hitler ruling it and his evil SS henchman who were most probably jealous of Jews , serbs , polish people , roma gypsies โฆ so jealous that they deciding to massacre them in their millions โฆ . . low country , if anyone is from a low country it would be the Nazi Germans ! Amy July 18 , 2017 at 11 : 04 am Your post reminded me of what the Nazi collaborators in the Baltic countries were like ; They were more barbaric and cruel to โ nondesirables โ ( Jews , Serbs , Gypsies , political enemies etc . ) than most Nazis actually were . The acts that they did I did not think could be more disturbing than human experiments ( well that actually probably was the worst ) , the gas chambers , or shooting people . As the granddaughter of Holocaust survivors in Germany and Austria , it interests me why there โ s today more of an Lana July 19 , 2017 at 6 : 07 am I am not anti German . As I have much German blood , as well as Serbian . I do not equate being a Nazi with being German . I was responding to a person who of Croatian descent was putting down the Serbian people during WW2 . Serb , s were not with the Nazi โ s you have that incorrect . Tjey fought against them . It was the Croations , Polish , Ukrainians that participated in their attrocitys as cowards . That was the reason for my comment . I am sorry that your family went through God Speed . Sasha loves eggs June 18 , 2015 at 8 : 09 am Jelaous of what ? Please ! Serbia is one of the most beautiful countries in Europe , and Serbians are proud of it . Not just that , we are proud of Nikola Tesla . I think you are too dumb to know what he did for whole world , and Germany too . Take your jelaosy elsewhere . โฅ Love you too Jennifer August 12 , 2016 at 1 : 41 pm Alcar , what a pretty name , reminds me of the name Clara . Your words are filled with hatred and anger . At the se token , you sound more like my little sister so stop your whining ! ! ! Nikola August 17 , 2016 at 10 : 32 am While the Germanic tribes were fighting over cow shit and eating with their filthy hands Serbs were eating with Forks and Knives . Also you ignorant Nazi fuck , the Vinca empire ( SITUATED AT THE HEART OF THE BALKANS , SERBIA ) has now been named the Cradle of Civilization removing Mesopotamia from that list . They do n โ t teach you Hitler youths too well up there in the black forest . Danijela August 2 , 2017 at 4 : 48 pm If you do not know what โ reach in spirit โ means , how could you talk of ignorance ? And there is a quote on ignorance and infinity of the space by Einstein that your comment proves โฆ I understand that you had no luck with a Serbian women , and I can see why , but it is not because you are German , there are some great people who are German origin , but have respect to our culture - everyone who is open minded and kind will be equally treated in Serbia , but who wants Lose teaupa October 3 , 2013 at 11 : 14 am My name is marijana ivana pupovac im 22 and live in australia . my dad is serb and mum is half croation half hungrarian . my cars are turbo and of course i drive manual by da way i have a wrx car and a supra . sooo sexy guyz talk to me Lose teaupa October 3 , 2013 at 11 : 16 am Forgot to mension im a model in croatia October 3 , 2013 at 11 : 23 am Look im marijana ivana pupovac my mum is half leb half serb and dad is full croation i live in aussie and i love germany by da way im an model and drives turbo car wrx and supra Lianna November 3 , 2013 at 3 : 27 pm That is wrong to say Serbs are dark olive skinned . Some might be but most of those would be Gypsies ( Rom ) or Vlachs . Serbian people vary from an average ruddy color to a very pale color . Please get your facts straight before spreading lies like you are doing in this blog of yours . Ana November 15 , 2014 at 2 : 23 pm I fully agree with Lianna ! Sugarsail1 January 21 , 2015 at 9 : 18 pm probably works in the tourist business โฆ I was sure ready to buy a ticket as soon as soon as I saw those women . CB November 22 , 2013 at 3 : 08 pm I โ m dating a Serbian girl . The best woman I โ ve ever been with . .My God those eyes โฆ . .among other things ! Mpho August 19 , 2016 at 2 : 17 pm I just saw a Serbian woman on campus , and I immediately fell in love with her . She does n โ t know it yet but I wanna marry her . Yves August 28 , 2016 at 7 : 40 am Maybe you should get to know her ? No one is perfect Bjorne November 5 , 2014 at 7 : 10 am Hey alcar , you Germans are funny always trying to be Scandinavia Ana November 15 , 2014 at 2 : 21 pm Omg this article is silly , it โ s not true at all that Serbs are dark olive skinned . Almost everything about this text is funny to me . . lol guy December 2 , 2014 at 6 : 02 am Serbs have always been black haired , even before the Turks - thats how we described heroes in our epic poems , that was the noble ideal of Serbian people . Tall dark and strong . The blonde people were not very desirable . โ Kada vide crne oci Marku pod Bogdanom noge obumrese โ โ Kosa joj je krilo gavranovo obrvice s mora pijavice , a oci su dvije trnjinice โ โ Crna oka cela siroka mrka brka od uha do uha โ . One correction โ we were not ocupied by Turks for 500 years we were ocupied kelly January 7 , 2015 at 9 : 44 pm when I hear Serbiya Iautomatically thinkof Ana Ivanovic she โ s a stunning beauty lord January 9 , 2015 at 4 : 48 am Hi , I need some advice on Serbian girls . I met with a Serbian girl on internet ( vk ) before going to Belgrade and met her there . We drank , listened to music , made really good conversations , kissed and really had fun . I did not push up for more because I really liked her . It also looks like she liked me too . She told me that she had wonderful memories , had very good time , felt very comfortable and safe with me , etc . It was a great 3 days Ivana October 21 , 2016 at 4 : 50 pm Hello there , I do n โ t know if it โ s too late to reply but here โ s the thing , you have to show her that you really mean coming back to see her . The thing with us is that we โ re family oriented and we โ re very passionnate . So she might be cautious , as she really likes you , and since you โ re not living in the country , she might , wondering if she โ ll ever see you again ? if this might go somewhere ? We tend to like when things are straight so , if you โ re really coming back to see her just be assertive about it and it should get better ( if she really likes you as you said ) I hope it was n โ t too late for these tips ! Belo February 9 , 2015 at 1 : 17 pm I am offended as American born woman with Slavic parents . Know that not most American women are slutty as you say . . We are all different just like Balkans Slavs Russian Most American ( I โ m Orthodox Christian ) are also very loyal and passionate women . One difference is education and ability to support ones self not to be reliant on but choose to be with a man . Although I am not a feminist and appreciate old customs and Men who are men ( protective proud and strong ) I think it unfair to cast American Gal February 21 , 2015 at 11 : 26 am Why do feel to stereotype American women ? I agree with Belo โฆ most American women are not slutty . I โ m not a feminist either but I am educated and I can rely on myself if I choose too . Is that what you consider slutty ? August 28 , 2016 at 7 : 37 am Yes . He is calling women that do n โ t want to sleep with him , sluts / feminists and idealizing the others . Pathological . Josie January 16 , 2017 at 10 : 43 am I had to lol at this . I โ m not even sure exactly how I found this blog . American men seem to love insulting American women . It seems like we are seen as overweight tramps who love foreign accents , but we are also prudes compared to European women . I do n โ t get it โฆ are we tramps or are we prudes ? When I was 21 I went backpacking around Europe and then backpacking around Israel at 25 . People were always surprised to see how shy I was . I like meeting Loro March 13 , 2015 at 9 : 40 pm So a Slav thinks Merican women are slurs โฆ . .now I heard it all Loro March 13 , 2015 at 9 : 41 pm Sluts * ะะฐะฑัะต March 18 , 2015 at 4 : 16 pm Darker hair and slightly darker skin than skandinavians is because Slavs mixed with Balkan population that lived there prior under Romans . And Serbs are impossible to tell apart from other central Europeans except that there are more good looking people on average . As far as the Turks go anyone who has seen a real Turk will understand that they have nothing to do with Balkan populations . Muslims aka Bosniaks have complex , they have sold their nationality for dinner to the Turks and called themselves Turks for 500 years , and Turks have not raped women as ะะฐะฑัะต March 18 , 2015 at 4 : 23 pm And as far as wealth and safety go , Serbia is in bad economical state after wars and sanctions but still well above Romania and Bulgaria who are in EU and since most people have homes from their parents they can save some money so its not so bad for most people except in desolate areas . And Serbia is safe country you can let your children play outside after the dark without worrying , but since people are proud and offer respect they also expect same from others so do n โ t provoke people or insult them since s May 7 , 2015 at 10 : 28 am okay i can not believe anything i read in this article . first of all this is such an objectifying post for women and second of all โ feminist cancer โ so since when are equal rights a bad thing because i wasnt notifyied Alexander Seifalian August 14 , 2015 at 6 : 36 am I love Serbia as well as Serbian people , they are rich in history and people are very friendly . gaspaco August 19 , 2015 at 9 : 01 am Ah my friend , I think your preceptions got the better of you . The Serbian girls do seem like you have to date them for a while , but this is not so , you just need to ignore your perceptions and push forward . If you meet a serbian girl at a bar , as soon as she is comfortable to be with you , you have to move her to a quiet spot , say the kids playground round the back of the beach bar on a Wednesday in the middle of the nigth ( hahah ) , and slowly but surely you will be enjoying that peach on the slide , on the swings , and finaly on the bench , before taking her back away from the winter cold to her friends , and finding out she has a boyfriend ! Just liek the Nordic girls these girls have a thing for foreign guys , except they put out a diferent aura which tricks most men into thinking they do n โ t do one night stands . The best nights to get one night stands would be weekdays as there are less people out and its easier to find privacy , weekends are good too though . August 28 , 2016 at 7 : 06 am I think you both are generalizing . How about asking them . Derp ! jb August 25 , 2015 at 9 : 29 pm โ โฆ I would use standard game to transition the conversation and get a number . โ Hilarious ! As if it โ s a math problem that can always be solved the same way . August 28 , 2016 at 7 : 33 am I think what he was trying to say is women are easily fooled receptacles of male โ game โ and โ deep game โ to get them into bed and drop them afterward without committing to their pesky feelings . Because women are naive as a rule and just ca n โ t see guys like this coming โฆ suuuuure . Maybe we โ ll keep pretending you are actually charming us so we can have a one - night stand with a dumb western jock , since we have had too many really smart , tall dark local men and want a โ flavor of the week โ ourselves . Mywoolhat October 10 , 2015 at 10 : 47 am Serbs are a blend of all Europeans . That is why they are handsome people but the Slavic / northern genes show through in many Serbs but there is something else mixed in with that that make them look good . But I would not count the gypsies because well gypsies are gypsies even if they might want to call themselves Serbs . August 28 , 2016 at 7 : 13 am You are right ! Some alien , non - Romany gene was bestowed from heaven to Serbian women . Thank GOD they are n โ t part Romanian because your dick is pristine and you deserve the best . Anastasya December 13 , 2015 at 9 : 57 pm Loooooooooooool , I โ m serbian and that article is really stupid , everyone knows that slavic girls are most beautiful women in the world , Serbia is not the most rich country but our aesthetics is unique and so attractive , and I โ m blonde girl , so dont sterotype with brunnets toumi mohamed January 14 , 2016 at 7 : 26 am all serbian are beautiful it s big dream to marry one s Capper February 10 , 2016 at 8 : 52 pm Same could have been said for Croatia which is actually on the coast . Croats and Serbs look a lot alike except Croats are more commonly bit lighter . - I - I April 14 , 2016 at 12 : 34 pm I just cant look and people over races and borders anymore so just individually โฆ and for all of you people who hate on Serbia its okay ! you are in deep lies so you can just hate and stay blind and talk that Serbia is evil and all that maybe if you change mind God will forgive you . .we have something you dont have and i know you wish to have all that โฆ there is a big reason they want to remove us and destroy are real history โฆ there have been so many open and secret james March 22 , 2017 at 10 : 14 am as an American I want to tell the serbian people I โ m sorry for the evil Clinton โ s making NATO bomb your country we should have been on your side the Clintons thought by helping the Muslims everything would be fine but most American knew this was wrong and many years later we see how evil and corrupt the Clintons are so again on behalf of the American people I โ m sorry to the good people of serbia TheDON May 16 , 2016 at 10 : 33 pm Yugoslavian people are just so good looking . I think it โ s because the mountain ranges offered protection to many people and the rivers helped them move around . They mingled in that area whoever they may have been ! Masha May 18 , 2016 at 6 : 25 pm It seem that people in america really think it โ s normal describing women as biological species . As a slavic girl , I am offended . Slavic women are most passionate , caring , loving , strong in the world . โ very feminine โ they ooze femininity . While the rest of the world is being infested with feminist cancer , Serbia โ like the rest of Slavic countries โ has simply been immune . โ Frankly , in Serbia , women are more feminist by their nature than any western nation . They are strong , protective , ready to stand till end in hard situation . Moreover , many of them are far more intelligent and capable than men . So , western men , we had enough of broken lifes ( especially russian girls ) of those sick dating - marriage apherism during 90s . So please , stop looking at us as on some exotical animals . August 28 , 2016 at 7 : 19 am Take heart that this article was written by a man who has problems relating to women on a deeper level ( or else he would n โ t be talking about โ deep game โ and gathering numbers for status . ) I do n โ t see him being able to stick with an independent woman anyway , so maybe he โ ll move on to another country . Dimitrije May 27 , 2016 at 10 : 39 am So incredible how meny whong informations in a such a short text . Too meny . James Maverick , you could just read at least one text of Serbia before you wrote this bullshit . Just one ! Even from Wikipedia for example , not more then this . James Maverick May 27 , 2016 at 11 : 06 am Well , instead of criticizing me , you could at least share some of your ideas or opinions . vito August 13 , 2016 at 4 : 47 am Do the women there all look like Nina Senicar ? Also let me know when your website is up . Thank you Anelej August 11 , 2016 at 5 : 13 pm โ While the rest of the world is being * infested * with feminist * cancer * , Serbia โ like the rest of Slavic countries โ has simply been immune . โ โ Is you for real ? https : / / m . popkey . co / d9ed94 / 4VYvR . gif โ Feminism โ the advocacy of women โ s rights on the ground of the * equality * of the sexes . Just a plain Google search would have sufficed . Mara August 13 , 2016 at 1 : 34 pm Thank God I was n โ t the only one that saw that . I could n โ t read any further ! Hailey August 12 , 2016 at 1 : 56 pm The biggest slut here is James ! ! ! ! Mara August 13 , 2016 at 1 : 33 pm As a Serbian woman , I thought it would be fun to read this article . However , I read this part , and could n โ t go further . Feminist cancer ? Seriously ? โ While the rest of the world is being infested with feminist cancer , Serbia โ like the rest of Slavic countries โ has simply been immune . Seems like feminism and Slavs are like oil and water : they just do n โ t mix too well . โ Milica August 13 , 2016 at 5 : 08 pm What a pathetic article ! Offensive on so many levels ! Crish August 29 , 2016 at 6 : 25 am I want to do with Serbia , Bosnia Herzgovina firms in Plastic raw materials . I will buy above from them . Linden September 10 , 2016 at 12 : 12 pm Serbian women have nice faces . Do n โ t look at the gypsy tzigane artists / models shown all over google . Huzoor Bux November 23 , 2016 at 6 : 18 am what are your views about central Asian women more particularly about Turkmen , Tajik , Uzbek and Kyrgiz women โฆ MJ January 6 , 2017 at 11 : 56 pm Ah , stunning , long - limbed Stana Katic with eyes like rare gems . If she is the standard Serbian beauty then that must indeed be the most gorgeous group of people on the planet . I โ ve never seen a more beautiful woman . And despite the alpha female she played on โ Castle , โ she is in real life ultra modest and feminine . So far so good โฆ Neb March 4 , 2017 at 8 : 57 pm Dear God , friend ! So many mistakes and false historical facts . Yugoslavia was a union , not a nation ! There were 6 republics , not 5 , in Yu ! Serbs did not regain their freedom after Ottoman Empire collapsed , rather Serbs defeated Ottoman Empire together with Greeks and somewhat Bulgarians in 108 years long period of wars , upraising , revolts and more wars : 1804 โ 1912 . Ottoman Turks were also conquering the Balkans a bit by bit , piece by piece , aquireing all Duchies , one by one , over the period of 1377 โ 1450 . It all happened after the Serbian Empire collapsed , with the death of Tzar Dushan 1344 , and the Empire was divided between the nobles and warlords . And yes , the women are beautiful ! Cheers ! ๐ George April 21 , 2017 at 8 : 43 am I think people shouldn write about stuff they know nothing about and your assumption about a โ mix of Slavic and Turkish โ shows how ignorant you are . Darker hair that some South Slavs , including Serbs , have in a certain degree comes with mixing with Old Balkan population . Italians , Greeks , Thracians , Dacians , Illyrians , Celts โฆ There have been genetic studies that proove this and if you wanna sound smart and make conclusions about genetics of certain peoole it would be a good idea to do a little research first . And also . The Ootoman Empire never colapsed as you wrote . They were kicked out after 350 ( not 500 ) years and later destroyed in WW1 . Seriously this articke is a pile of steaming horse s * * t . I โ m not even gonna bother with reading the rest . A huge thumbs down . George April 21 , 2017 at 8 : 47 am And Btw where did your dark skun come from since compared to you most Serbians look like Norwegians ? Douchebag . ะะฐั ะะพะปัะพ ะัะปะณะฐััะบะธ June 24 , 2017 at 3 : 19 am Probably from his Purto Rican / Jewish half black mother . : ) ) ะะฐั ะะพะปัะพ ะัะปะณะฐััะบะธ June 24 , 2017 at 3 : 02 am You f * * g cu * t , you speak the same sh * t about all other women in region . The reason Balkan women are Mediteranean looking is because they are Mediteranean + Slavic . That is because of a mixture between the Slavic tribes with the local Ilyro - Thraco - Dacian tribes living in the area long before a cut d * ck , bowed leg smelly Turk ever exsited on the map of the world . But your ignorance is beyond imagination and your Judo - Mason brain can not percept it โฆ . Wow November 10 , 2017 at 2 : 16 pm I loved reading an article on Serbian women through the lens of a straight / white / privileged and obviously conservative man ! Honestly , you made a couple of very offensive comments about feminism and women from the U.S. , which did not allow me to take this article seriously AT ALL . Additionally , considering that you ca n โ t make blanket statements about an entire culture after only having spent one week there , this article clearly should not be taken at all seriously . Ridiculous . Also , get with the program and educate yourself Ksusha February 19 , 2018 at 4 : 10 pm Why do American guys have such a fetish for Slavic women ? Youre the typical American guy with a fetish for Slavic women and I know youre not โ native Russian โ because no Russian ppl use the fucking name James
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http://maxandruby.wikia.com/wiki/Max_%26_Ruby_Wiki
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Home Edit Share Welcome to Max & Ruby Wiki ! The online Max & Ruby database that any bunny can edit We are currently working on 289 articles . Max and Ruby is a Canadian animated series that debuted in 2002 ( following a pilot episode in 2001 ) . The show is aimed at a preschool audience . Created by children ' s book author & illustrator Rosemary Wells and based on the world of her Max and Ruby books , the episodes present stories about Max , a rambunctious and determined three - year - old bunny , and his big sister , Ruby , a patient , goal - oriented , sometimes restrictive seven - year - old bunny . The show presents an uplifting message Nick Jr . Wikis 64 Zoo Lane Allegra ' s Window Backyardigans Ben & Holly ' s Little Kingdom Blaze and the Monster Machines Blue ' s Clues Bob the Builder Bubble Guppies Corn & Peg Dino Dan Dora the Explorer Franklin The Fresh Beat Band Fresh Beat Band of Spies Go , Diego , Go ! Gullah Gullah Island Jack ' s Big Music Show Lalaloopsy LazyTown Little Bear Little Bill Little Charmers Maggie and the Ferocious Beast Maisy Max & Ruby Mia and Me Mike the Knight Miss Spider ' s Sunny Patch Friends Nella the Princess Knight Nick Jr . Puppies Ni Hao , Kai - Lan Olivia Oobi Oswald PAW Patrol Peppa Pig Peter Rabbit Pinky Dinky Doo Pocoyo Rubbadubbers Shimmer and Shine Team Umizoomi Teletubbies Thomas and Friends Tickety Toc Wallykazam ! Wonder Pets ! Wow ! Wow ! Wubbzy ! Yo Gabba Gabba Zack & Quack Corn & Peg Hey Duggee More Nick Jr . Wikis . . . Categories Browse I like your shows
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